VI
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Hw
CONTENTS
Page
Abstract. .
Tables
Figures
Acknowledgements . .
Conclusions
Recommendations
Introduction
Methods
Preparation of soil mixtures
Plant culture. ....
Sample collection
Assay of Nitrogenase
Chemical analyses
Statistical analysis .
Justification
Summary
Results .
Trace and selected elemental composition
Tannery sludge and soil
Soil mixtures
Effect on seedling emergence
Effect on tall fescue
Growth
Elemental content
Effect on bush bean
Growth
Nitrogenase activity
Elemental content . . . .
Effects on corn
Growth. . .
Elemental content
Discussion. . ;
References
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FIGURES
Number
1. The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
dry matter yields of tall fescue at the first cut
2. The effect of commercial nitrogen fertilizer on the first cut of
tall fescue in LOM (low organic matter) soil
3. The effect of tannery sludge on the first cut of tall fescue in LOM
(low organic matter) soil
4. Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and
tannery sludge on the first cut of tall fescue in LOM (low organic
matter) soil
5. The effect of chromium on the growth of tall fescue
6. The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
dry matter yield of tall fescue at the second cut ....
7. Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and
tannery sludge on the second cut of tall fescue
8. The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
dry matter yields of tall fescue at the third cut ...
9. The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
the first harvest of bush beans
10. The effect of commercial nitrogen fertilizer on the first harvest of
bush beans in LOM (low organic matter) soil
11. The effect of tannery sludge on the first harvest of bush beans in
LOM (low organic matter) soil
12. Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and
tannery sludge on the first harvest of bush beans in LOM (low
organic matter) soil
13. The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
the second harvest of bush beans
14. The effect of chromium on the first harvest of bush beans
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I
FIGURES (continued)
Number
Page
»i
15. Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and
tannery sludge on the second harvest of bush beans grown in LOM (low
organic matter) soil
16. The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
the third harvest of bush beans ; . . .
17. The effect of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
nitrogenase activity in the nodules of bush beans at the first
harvest . . .
18. The effect of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
nitrogenase activity in the nodules of bush beans at the second
harvest
19. The effect of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
nitrogenase activity in the nodules of bush beans at the third
harvest
20. The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
the first harvest of corn
21. -The effect of commercial nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of corn
in LOM (low organic matter) soil
22. The effect of tannery sludge on the growth of corn in LOM (low
organic matter) soil
23. Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and
tannery sludge on the first harvest of corn grown in LOM (low
organic matter) soil
24. The effect of chromium on the growth of corn.
25. The effects of-tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
the second harvest of corn
_26. Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and
tannery sludge on the second harvest of corn in LOM (low organic
matter) soil i
27. The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
the third harvest of corn
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TABLES
Number
Page
1. Preliminary analysis of tannery sludge from the S. B. Foot Tanning
Co. in Red Wing, Minnesota, high organic matter (HOM) soil, and low
organic matter (LOM) soil
2. Composition of soils for growth of tall fescue
3. Composition of soils for growth of bush beans
4. Composition of soils for growth of corn
5. Analysis of soil for fescue growth prior to planting
6. Analysis of soil for fescue growth 23 weeks after seed planting . . .
7. Final analysis of soil for fescue growth
8. Analysis of soil for bush bean growth prior to planting . .
9. Analysis of soil for bush bean after second planting
10. Final analysis of soil for bush bean growth
11. Analysis of soil for corn growth prior to planting
12. Analysis of soil for corn after second planting
13, Final analysis of soil for corn growth
14. Effects of various soil mixtures on seedling emergence
15. Effect of tannery sludge, trivalent chromium, and lime on the growth
of tall fescue, bush beans, and corn
16. Nitrogenase dependent reduction of acetylene to ethylene in the root
nodules of bush beans grown in various soil mixtures.
17. Analysis of the first cut of tall fescue. .
18. Analysis of the second cut of tall fescue .
19. Analysis of the third cut of tall fescue. .
20. Analysis of the first harvest of bush beans
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TABLES (continued)
Number
Page
21. Analysis of the second harvest of bush beans.
22. Analysis of the third harvest of bush beans .
23. Analysis of the first harvest of corn . . . .
24. Analysis of the second harvest of corn. . . .
25. Analysis of the third harvest of corn . . . .
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ABSTRACT
The addition of tannery sludges to agricultural land may have benefits in
terms of added nitrogen for crop growth. An experiment was designed using
tannery sludge as nitrogen fertilizer to investigate the potential of it as an
alternative to commercial fertilizer.
Soils containing 38% and 7% organic carbon (high and low organic matter
soils, respectively) and having nitrogen contents of 1.3% and 0.2%, respec-
tively, were amended with commercial nitrogen fertilizer or tannery sludge
which contained 1.6% chromium. A portion of the tannery sludge was supple-
mented with additional chromium salt before addition to the soils. The re-
sulting soils were than analyzed for total and available chromium and selected
nutrient and trace element concentrations.
Corn, bush beans, and tall fescue were grown from seed in the soils and
their tops were harvested, dried, and analyzed for chromium and selected
element concentrations. Bush beans and corn were again grown from seed in the
same soils 9 weeks after the first harvest and a third time 9 weeks after the
second harvest. Tall fescue was cut 3 times and allowed to re-grow from the
crown after the first and second cuttings. Nine weeks after the first harvest
and at the end of the experiment, the same analyses that were conducted on the
soils initially were conducted again.
The results of adding tannery sludge to soils were increased soil pH and
total chromium concentration as well as increased concentrations of nitrogen,
sulfur, phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium. Soluble chromium increased in
soils with decreasing organic matter content and soil pH. The concentrations
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of chromium in plant tops increased with increasing concentration of soluble
chromium in the soil. At the'first harvest, plant dry weight was increased
with tannery sludge addition to the soil although to a smaller extent than
with commercial nitrogen fertilizer. Plant dry weight at the second harvest
was increased to a greater extent with tannery sludge addition than with
commercial nitrogen fertilizer. The results of the analyses of the second
harvest were similar to those observed at the first harvest. The dry weights
of only corn and tall fescue increased, at the third harvest, to a greater
extent with tannery sludge addition than with commercial nitrogen fertilizer.^
Plants grew to less than 6% of the dry weight of the control or not at
all in soils amended with tannery sludge that contained greater than 16% total
chromium.
These results indicate that the growth of corn, tall fescue, and bush
bean will increase as a result of tannery sludge addition to nitrogen defic-
ient soil. Trivalent chromium, when present in tannery sludge at excessive
concentration, will prevent or reduce plant growth.
'O^X^The"dry weights of bush beansr^»t^bhc third teMPves**,. did not differ with
( tannery sludge or commercial nitrogen fertilizer addition to the soils.
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CONCLUSIONS
The dry weights of corn, tall fescue, and bush bean will Increase as a
result of tannery sludge application to soil that is nitrogen deficient.
Although sludge application at the first planting does not stimulate plant
growth to the same extent as commercial nitrogen fertilizer, significant
stimulation of growth is observed. After sludge has remained in the soil 16
and 20 weeks, respectively, growth of corn and tall fescue is stimulated by
tannery sludge to a greater extent than by commercial fertilizer. These
results suggest that plant available nitrogen in soil amended with tannery
sludge is renewed by mineralization of sludge nitrogen and/or altentuation of
toxic materials in the sludge. Trivalent chromium salt causes lack of or
reduced corn and bush bean growth when applied to soils with tannery sludge at
concentrations which are 10-fold or more higher than those originally in the
sludge. The presence of lime or a high organic matter content in the soil
will alleviate some of the toxic effects of chromium in tannery sludge. The
amount of growth of tall fescue in nitrogen deficient soil is not reduced by
tannery sludge containing 10 times the amount of chromium initially present
although growth is prevented or reduced when 100 times the initial amount of
chromium is used. The growth of bush bean and corn is also prevented or
reduced when sludge with 100 times the initial amount of chromium is added to
soils. Additional experiments are required to study the problems of chromium
toxicity and/or mineralization/of sludge nitrogen.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
Nitrogenous solid wastes from the leather tanning and finishing industry
should be carefully characterized with respect to total elemental, toxics, and
organic composition prior to disposal on agricultural land. If disposal on
agricultural land should be recommended, the practice should not be continued
on any one field for more than 10 years since accumulation of chromium may
reduce crop yields to unacceptable levels. Although the results suggest that
chromium is relatively immobile in soils, long term studies must be conducted
in the field before the consequences of repeated tannery sludge applications
are completely understood.
-The-maximum rate of tannery sludge application should be that which
supplies adequate nitrogen for normal crop yield. Should the application rate
be increased, the number of repeated applications should be proportionately
decreased to prevent accumulation of potentially hazardous elements such as
chromium, cadmium, and nickel in plants.
More greenhouse and laboratory work is needed to correlate uptake of
certain heavy metals with their concentration in soils amended with tannery
sludge and to determine sinks for chromium. Field work is needed to determine
the quality and quantity of yields obtained from agricultural crops grown on
tannery sludge amended soil as compared to yields with commercial nitrogen
fertilizers.
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INTRODUCTION
Tanneries generate over 45 thousand metric tons of waste materials a year
as a result of trlvalent chromium mediated leather tanning operations (Conrad
et a_K, 1976). Wastewater treatment sludges account for 60% of the solid
wastes from tanneries. Essentially all the potentially hazardous waste from
the hair removal and tanning operations are present in these sludges which
have been found to contain about 2% chromium, 6% nitrogen, 6% calcium, and a
small combined quantity (0.06%) of zinc, lead, and copper. The elements
potentially hazardous to living systems are chromium, zinc, lead and copper.
About 60% of this solid waste is disposed of in landfills with the remainder
disposed in trenches or lagoons. Disposal of chrome tannery sludges in land-
fills places thousands of pounds of chromium in a confined space. Lined
landfills as opposed to open trenches or lagoons may be necessary to provide
adequate health and environmental protection because of potentially hazardous
waste constituents. An alternative to this method of disposal would be dis-
persion of sludges on large areas of crop land.
Wastewater sludges from the beamhouse and tanyard of a chrome tannery may
have agricultural use in terms of added nitrogen and lime to soil to maintain
crop growth. However, excessive amounts of trivalent chromium salts can
reduce plant growth when applied to soil (Wallace et a_L , 1976; Mortvedt and
Giordano, 1975; Kick and Braun, 1977). Consequently, addition of tannery
sludges to soils may also result in reduced plant growth. Crop yield may thus
be reduced if these industrial wastes are applied to agricultural soils indis-
criminately.
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A greenhouse investigation was conducted in which tannery sludge con-
taining trivalent chromium was added to loess soil (low in organic matter),
gley loam soil, and an acid sandy soil (Kick and Braun, 1977). The effect of
the tannery sludge on growth, yield, and chromium content of spring rye,
Serradella, green mustard, winter rye, winter wheat, spinach, and rye grass
was studied. Sludge was applied such that the concentration of chromium
ranged from 80 to 2884 mg per kg of soil. It was found that growth of all
plant species tested decreased when the chromium concentration exceeded 500 mg
per kg of soil when the pH was lower than 6.0. Addition of lime to loess and
loam soils, to a pH higher than 6.0, raised the chromium toxicity threshold to
1000 mg per kg of soil. It was further observed by Braun that the chromium
content in the grain of winter wheat and winter and spring rye were not influ-
enced by any concentration of chromium in the soil. However, the chromium
content of the green matter in mustard, rye grass, and spinach increased up to
23 mg per kg dry matter as the soil chromium increased. The solubility of
chromium in ammonium acetate increased with increasing chromium concentration
in the soils and was also proportional to uptake of the element by plants.
This investigation is designed to determine the toxic and/or beneficial
effects on plant growth when tannery sludges that contain chromium are added
to soils. The purpose is to help define an environmentally safe and bene-
ficial means to utilize tannery sludges.
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METHODS
Preparation of Soil Mixtures.
Tannery sludge was dried 24 hours in a forced draft oven at 50°C, pulver-
ized in a hammer mill, and sieved to pass through a 2 mm screen. The sludge
was characterized by analysis of lime equivalency, electroconductivity, chrom-
ium and selected element content prior to addition to soils (Table 1).
Two acid soils, one from the boundary area around Labish peat and having
a high organic matter content and the other the A horizon of an Amity silty
clay loam soil and low in organic matter, were collected from the Willamette
Valley of Western Oregon and air dried. Each of the dry soils was sieved to
pass through a 2 mm screen, homogenized in a cement mixer and analyzed for
lime requirement, electroconductivity, cation exchange capacity, chromium, and
selected element content prior to amendment with tannery sludge (Table 1).
Each soil was then divided into two portions, one of which was limed by homog-
enizing with the calcium carbonate. The soils that resulted from these treat-
ments are as follows (Tables 2-4): (1) acid soil high in organic matter, (2)
acid soil low in organic matter, (3) neutral soil high in organic matter, and
(4) neutral soil low in organic matter.
A portion of each acid soil was amended with tannery sludge equivalent to
one-half, one, and two times the normal agricultural application rate of
nitrogen for a given crop prior to planting (Tables 2-4). The amount of
sludge added was based on the sum of the total soluble nitrogen (ammonium,
nitrate, and nitrite) plus 18% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen (Table 1). An
equal portion of acid soil low in organic matter was amended with commercial
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fertilizer to nitrogen contents which are one-half, one, and two times the
amounts required for normal crop growth prior to planting (Extension Service,
1978). No commercial fertilizer was added to the high organic matter soil
because it contained nitrogen in quantities equivalent to or greater than that
required for normal crop growth. Sludge quantities were added to the high
organic matter soil in quantities equivalent to those added to the low organic
matter soil.
Portions of tannery sludge were mixed with sugar reduced basic chromium
sulfate (trivalent chromium), which is the compound used in chrome tanning.
The tanning compound (16% chromium) was added to the tannery sludge, based on
its chromium content, to concentrations which were 10 and 100 times the chrom-
ium concentrations measured initially in the sludge. These chromium supple-
mented sludges were applied to the acid soils in quantities equivalent to
those which supply nitrogen in amounts required for normal growth of the
plants (Table 2-4).
The two limed soils received the following additions: (1) commercial
nitrogen fertilizer at twice normal application rate of nitrogen (Extension
Service, 1978), (2) sludge at twice the normal agricultural application rate
with respect to nitrogen, and (3) sludge at twice the normal agricultural
application rate with respect to nitrogen plus chromium at 100 times the
initial chromium concentration in the sludge (Tables 2-4). No commercial
fertilizer was added to the limed high organic matter soil because it con-
tained nitrogen in quantities equivalent to or greater than those required for
normal crop growth. Sludge quantities added to the high organic matter soil
were equivalent to those added to the low organic matter soil.
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The soils with their various amendments were homogenized, assayed for
numerous parameters (Tables 5-13), and placed In the greenhouse for plant
culture.
Plant Culture.
Hybrid sweet corn (Zea Mays L cv. Jubilee), bush bean (Phaseolus vul-
garls L., cv. blue lake 53), and tall fescue (Festuca elatior L.) were grown
In one-gallon capacity polyethylene containers which contained the various
soil mixtures. The sides and bottom of each polyethylene container were
covered with a layer of opaque plastic to exclude light and prevent algal
growth. The plastic was covered with aluminum foil during the summer months
to reflect the sunlight and reduce soil temperatures to ambient level in the
greenhouse. The greenhouse was maintained at 24°C in the day and 18°C at
night. Natural light was supplemented with sodium vapor lamps about 11,000
lux and a 16 hour photoperiod was maintained. The soil water content was
maintained at 50% field capacity by daily addition of reverse osmosed (R/0)
Water equal to that lost by evapo-transpiration (Reuss et aK, 1978). The
quantity of water to be added was determined by weighing the soil and plant
containers then adding water to a constant weight.
Seeds of corn, bush bean, and tall fescue were planted 6, 6, and 12 seeds
per container, respectively. The number of seedlings which emerged from the
soil were counted when it became evident that sprouting had ceased. This
_/•
number was used to determine a percent emergence of seeds planted. Seedlings
of corn and bush bean were then removed from each container until only two
remained per container. No seedlings were removed from the fescue container.
Immediately after the second harvest, each soil mixture for corn and bush
bean growth was homogenized in one pool per treatment, combining 4 replicates
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into one mixture. Two 200 g soil samples were taken from each homogenate and
analyzed for pH, soil electroconductivity, and selected nutrient and trace
element concentrations. The remaining soil from each treatment was again
divided into 4 replicates per treatment and used for the third planting of
corn and bush bean after a 9 week fallow period. The soil mixtures for tall
fescue were sampled without disturbing the plants by removing a 100 g column
of soil from each container. Soil from 2 of 4 replicates were combined into
200 g samples giving 2 samples per treatment which were analyzed for pH, soil
electroconductivity, and selected nutrient and trace element concentrations.
Sample Collection.
The above ground organs of corn and bush bean.were harvested 42 and 49
days after each planting, respectively. The soils in which corn and bush bean
were .planted remained fallow for 9 weeks after the first harvest and were then
re-planted and harvested in the same manner. Percent emergence of seedlings
was determined after each planting. The soils were again allowed to remain
fallow 9 weeks after the second planting before being planted and harvested a
third time. These procedures were repeated until there were three harvests of
corn and bush bean. Tall fescue seeds were planted and seedling emergence was
determined once at the beginning of the experiment. The fescue leaves were
harvested on days 73, 146, and 292 by cutting them two inches above the soil
surface. The leaves were allowed to grow again after the first and second
harvests. There were four replicate containers of each soil treatment and
plants from two were combined at each harvest. The plant material resulting
from each harvest of corn, bush bean and tall fescue was dried 24 hours in a
forced draft oven at 70°C, ground in a Wiley mill, and analyzed for nutrient
and selected element content (Tables 17-25).
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Assay of Nitrogenase.
Nitrogenase dependent reduction of acetylene to ethylene in the root
nodules of bush beans was assyed by a modification of the method used to assay
soil cores of corn and sorghum plants from the field (Barber et aj., 1976).
The lids were placed on the polyethylene containers with bush bean roots after
plant tops had been harvested. A hole was cut in the center of each lid and
then closed with a septum value. One-tenth volume of air was removed from the
closed container by a hypodermic syringe and replaced by an equal volume of
acetylene, giving 0.1 atm of the gas. Soils with the bush bean roots were
incubated 3 hours with acetylene in air, after which a 1 ml gas sample was
withdrawn from each container by a hypodermic syringe. Ethylene concentration
in the sample was measured by gas chromatography. ..
Chemical Analyses.
Soil analyses were performed using the methods of soil analysis used in
the soil Resting laboratory at Oregon State University (Kauffman and Gardner,
1976). Some slight modifications to most of the methods were required for
best performance. Total chromium analysis in soil was performed by reacting
soil with nitric and hydrofluoric acids in a sealed plastic bottle. Chromium
was then determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Plant tissue analysis for trace metals was performed by digesting the
plant tissue with nitric and perchloric acids and determining trace metals on
the inductively coupled plasma emission spectrometer. Calcium and potassium
were measured with atomic absorption spectrophotometry on the same digest.
Total phosphorus and total nitrogen analyses were performed on the plant
tissue and soil using a modified Kjeldahl procedure in which dry potassium
sulfate, mercuric oxide and concentrated sulfuric acid are reacted with the
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plant tissue instead of a solution of the three (Am. Pub. Health Service, Am.
Water Works Assoc., Water Pollut. Control Fed., 1976). Nitrogen and phos-
phorus were then determined colorimetrically on a Technicon autoanalyzer.
Justification and Summary of Statistical Analysis.
Valid use of the analysis of variance or the LSD (least significant
difference) procedure requires that experimental errors be independently and
normally distributed with a common variance. Randomization will usually
ensure independence. Although violation of the normality assumption is rarely
a serious problem, it is a procedure that allows treatment variances to depend
upon treatment means. When treatment means fluctuate widely, the variances
will also and a transformation of the data may be required (Steel and Torrie,
1960).
In these experiments, treatments means often varied greatly with treat-
ment standard deviations increasing proportionally. Therefore, all data were
transformed to their respective common logarithms for all statistical analysis
(Steel and Torrie 1960, p. 157). Means, standard errors, and LSD's (least
significant differences) were computed using the logarithmic data. The means
given in Tables 15-25 and the graphs are geometric means, which are simply the
antilogs of the means of the logarithmic data. The error bars in the graphs
represent the antilog of the mean ± standard deviation of the logarithmic
data. The antilog of the LSD for the log data yields a ratio to determine if
two means differ-significantly—the ratio of the larger to the smaller mean
must exceed this value for statistical significance. The tables contain a
percentage which is computed from the corresponding ratio and called the least
significant percentage (LSP). The LSP gives the percentage increase of the
larger mean over the smaller mean which is required for significance of dif-
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ferenee. Each LSP value in the tables and graphs Is percent of the smaller
mean. The means in Tables 5-13 are arithmetical because a log transformation
of these data was not required. Since the data in Table 14 were recorded as
percent, log transformation was not performed and significance of difference
between means was determined using the least significant difference (LSD)
test.
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RESULTS
Trace and Selected Elemental Composition.
Tannery siudge and soi1. The tannery sludge contained most of the plant
nutrient elements as well as several potentially hazardous trace elements such
as chromium, zinc, and copper (Table 1). The concentration of chromium was
15.9 g/kg dry sludge, that of total nitrogen was 2.9%, and the concentration
of soluble nitrogen (ammonium, nitrate, and nitrite) was 57 mg/kg dry sludge.
The mean concentration of organic carbon in the high organic matter (HOM) soil
was more than three times that in the low organic matter (LOM) soil before
tannery sludge additions were made. More than twelve times as much soluble
nitrogen was available for plant uptake in the HQM soil than in the LOM soil.
The concentrations of soluble phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium in the HOM
soil were 7, 2, and 3 times, respectively, those in LOM soil.
Soil mixtures. The total concentrations of the hazardous trace elements
in the tannery sludge was decreased in the soil-sludge mixtures due to disper-
sion of sludge particles within the soil (Tables 2-5, 8 and 11). Before
planting, the pH values of both the low organic matter (LOM) and the high
organic matter (HOM) soils were increased when tannery sludge was added
(Tables 5, 8, and 11). However, the pH increases did not occur to the same
extent as those resulting from lime addition and the different pH values
observed for each soil mixture reflected differences in lime requirements of
the mixtures. Addition of both tannery sludge and lime decreased the electro-
conductivity and soluble phosphorus concentrations in the soil mixtures. The
cation exchange capacities were greater in HOM soil than in LOM soil but did
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14
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not increase consistently in either soil upon addition of tannery sludge. The
inorganic carbon content of the soil mixtures increased with addition of
tannery sludge although organic carbon did not appear to increase.
Total nitrogen did not appear to increase in LOM soil with addition of
commercial nitrogen fertilizer although there were clearly increases in am-
monia nitrogen (Tables 5, 8, and 11). Neither total nor ammonia nitrogen
appeared to increase with increasing addition of tannery sludge despite a
sludge nitrogen content of 2.8% (Table 1). Soluble calcium increased with
increasing addition of tannery sludge to LOM soil but did not so increase in
HOM soil and no increases were observed in either soil with addition of lime.
Total sulfur, sulfate, total phosphorus, magnesium, and sodium concentrations
increased in both LOM and HOM soil mixtures with sludge addition. Nitrate,
nitrite, and soluble trace elements did not increase with addition of tannery
sludge. The concentrations of soluble manganese and soluble phosphorus de-
creased in soil to which tannery sludge and/or lime had been added.
Twenty-three weeks after the first planting, pH values of the soil mix-
tures in which tall fescue and corn were grown had not changed from those
observed before planting (tables 6, 9, and 12). Those soil mixtures contain-
ing tannery sludge and/or lime and planted with bush beans became slightly
more acidic after 23 weeks and the lime requirements of these soils reflected
the pH values. The inorganic carbon concentrations decreased in acid soils 23
weeks after tannery sludge had been added regardless of species grown, but the
concentration of organic carbon did not change in any of the soils. Soluble
calcium increased in high organic matter (HOM) soil 23 weeks after tannery
sludge and/or lime had been added. An increase in soluble calcium was also
observed in low organic matter (LOM) soil to which tannery sludge was added
15
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after liming. Soil electroconductivity increased 23 weeks after tannery
sludge was added to soil regardless whether or not it had been limed.
Total nitrogen did not appear to change in the soil after 23 weeks of
use. Ammonia content, however decreased 0.330.01 and 0.87-0.06 the initial
values in soils amended with commercial fertilizer and tannery sludge, respec-
tively when compared to ammonia concentrations in the same soils before plant-
ing (Tables 6, 9, and 12). Nitrate and nitrite increased 44% to 30-fold after
23 weeks in soil amended with commercial fertilizer and planted with bush bean
or corn, but did not change in any soil in which tall fescue was growing. Ni-
trate and nitrite increases of 44% to 100-fold were observed in acid LOM soils
amended with tannery sludge and planted with bush bean or corn but no changes
were observed in sludge amended LOM soil planted with tall fescue. There were
decreases in nitrate and nitrite concentration after 23 weeks in LOM and HOM
soils which were limed and planted with tall fescue and in HOM soil mixtures
planted with corn. The concentrations of total sulfur, total phosphorus, and
soluble phosphate were essentially unchanged in the soils after 23 weeks.
Sulfate increased in LOM soil planted with tall fescue, but was essentially
unchanged in all other soils.
The concentration of soluble chromium in LOM soil amended with tannery
sludge containing 100 times the initial concentration of chromium decreased to
0.25 the initial value after 23 weeks in soil planted with corn or bush bean
while that in HOM soil amended with tannery sludge increased 47-fold when
compared to that in soil before planting (Tables 6, 9, and 12). There was a
us3*~
4-fold soluble chromium increase in LOM soil with 15.1 g Cr/kg (amended.tan-
- 1
nery sludge containing 100 times the initial amount of chromium) and planted
with tall fescue for 23 weeks. Soluble lead increased in acid LOM soil after
23 weeks and decreased with sludge addition to soil planted with fescue and
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corn. Lead decreased after 23 weeks in HOK soil planted with fescue and corn.
Concentration of the element did not vary consistently with any of the amend-
ments to soil planted with bush bean. Copper concentration decreased in HOM
soil after 23 weeks when the pH was below 6.9, but it increased in LOW soil
planted with fescue. Concentrations of zinc and manganese decreased with
increasing amounts of sludge and increasing soil pH. Concentrations of cad-
' '
mium, molybdenum, and boron had not changed after 23 weeks were predominantly
A
below levels which allowed precise measurement. The concentrations of soluble
manganese in soils planted with bush bean and corn had not changed, however,
those in soils planted with fescue increased when compared to those before
planting. Soluble potassium decreased in HOM soil after 23 weeks and was
lowest in soil planted with bush beans. There were increases in potassium
concentration with increasing sludge addition to LOM soil planted with corn.
Soluble potassium increased after 23 weeks in soils planted with tall fescue.
Sodium increased in soils planted with corn or bush beans that did not contain
tannery sludge. There was an an increase in sodium in HOM soil and a decrease
in LOM soil planted with tall fescue. Soluble iron concentration increased in
HOM soil planted with bush bean and corn and in all soils planted with tall
fescue after 23 weeks. There was a decrease in iron concentration in LOM soil
with increasing tannery sludge when the soil was planted with corn although
the concentration increased in limed soil which did not contain sludge.
Several trends were observed in the final analyses of the soil mixtures.
Soil electroconductivity, pH, soluble calcium, total sulfur, total chromium,
sulfate, and soluble sodium increased with tannery sludge addition to low
organic matter (LOM) and high organic matter (HOM) soils used to grow tall
fescue (Table 7). Soil electroconductivity, total sulfur, total and soluble
chromium, and sulfate were increased in the soil amended with tannery sludge
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17
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supplemented with additional chromium. The pH values were higher in soil
amended with tannery sludge and/or lime, but the soils become more acid when
amended with sludge containing 100 times the initial concentration of chrom-
ium. The concentration of soluble chromium and sulfate in soils containing
chromium supplemented sludge decreased when the soils were limed. The concen-
trations of soluble iron and manganese decreased in LOM soil as a result of
tannery sludge or lime addition. However, the concentration of manganese
increased in limed soil to which tannery sludge had also been added. Soluble
boron increased in soil containing sludge supplmented with chromium salt
although the increase was not proportional to the amount of chromium added.
The concentration soluble chromium was lower in HOM than in LOM soil and lime
addition further decreased the concentration in each soil. The concentration
of ammonia was greater in soils containing sludge with 100 times the initial
concentration of chromium than in any of the other soils. HOM soil with 14.8
g chromium per kg soil contained more ammonia than any of the other soils.
Soluble chromium, total sulfur, total chromium, sulfate, nitrate and
nitrite, and soluble sodium concentrations were greater in the final analysis
of soils for bush bean growth when tannery sludge and chromium was added and
they increased with sludge addition (Table 10). Soil pH also increased with
supplemental chromium salt addition. Addition of lime decreased the lime re-
quirement (increased pH units) but chromium supplemented LOM soil remained
very acid. Soil electroconductivity was greater in chromium supplemented
soils and increased in HOM soil with increasing tannery sludge addition.
Total sulfur, total chromium, soluble chromium, sulfate, and soluble sodium
concentrations were greater in soil supplemented with addition chromium salt.
The concentrations of manganese and boron were greater in soils containing
sludge supplemented with more than 9 grams of chromium per kg (100 times the
V
18
-------
initial concentration in the sludge) than in the other soils. HOM soil sup-
plemented 9.2 grams chromium per kg soil contained more ammonia than any soil.
The concentration of soluble manganese decreased when tannery sludge or lime
was added to soils. The concentration of soluble chromium was higher in LOM
soil with chromium supplemented sludge than in HOM soil with the same total
chromium concentration and soluble chromium also decreased when the soils were
limed.
Final analysis of soil mixtures for corn growth revealed that both soil
pH and electroconductivity increased with tannery sludge addition to soils
(Table 13). Soil pH decreased while electroconductivity increased further
when the sludge was supplemented with chromium salt before addition to soils.
Soluble calcium, total chromium, and soluble sodium concentrations increased
with tannery sludge addition to soils. Total sulfur, total and soluble chrom-
ium, sulfate, and soluble sodium concentrations increased further when the
tannery sludge was supplemented with chromium salt. The concentration of
ammonia was greater in HOM soil containing 16.1 g chromium per kg (sludge had
100 times initial concentration of chromium) than in any other soil mixture.
The concentration of nitrates and nitrites increased in LOM soils amended with
commercial nitrogen fertilizer, tannery sludge or lime. The concentration of
soluble phosphorus decreased in HOM soil amended with tannery sludge or lime.
The concentration of iron in LOM soil decreased with tannery sludge or lime
addition. The concentration of manganese decreased with tannery sludge or
lime addition to soils although an increase was observed which the soil were
supplemented with addition chromium salt. There was also more boron in the
chromium supplemented soils.
The concentration of soluble potassium decreased in all soils for fescue
growth, but that of zinc increased in, acid HOM containing tannery sludge and
19
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in limed KOM control soils throughout the experiment (Tables 5-7). The soil
electroconductivity increased throughout the experiment in all soils for corn
growth except limed LOM soil. Soluble lead concentration increased in the
limed control and in acid HOM soils for corn growth that contained tannery
sludge. Soluble chromium decreased in acid and limed soils that contained 16
g chromium per kg dry soil (tannery sludge supplemented with 100 times the
initial concentration of chromiui^and planted with corn/.
Effect on Seedling Emergence.
Seedlings failed to emerge at the first planting when corn, tall fescue,
or bush bean seeds were planted in acid and limed LOM (low organic matter)
soil to which sludge containing chromium salt at 100 times the initial concen-
tration was added (Table 14). Percent seedling emergence was decreased to 30%
or less at the first planting in all species when seeds were planted in HOM
(high organic matter) soil to which chromium was added at the preceeding
concentration. Percent emergence was greater than 80% in all species when LOM
or HOM soil were amended with quantities of commercial fertilizer or sludge
that gave half the nitrogen required for normal crop growth and when HOM soil
was limed and further amended with the quantity of sludge that is twice normal
agricultural application rate with respect to nitrogen. Addition of either
tannery sludge or commercial nitrogen fertilizer to acid LOM soil resulted in
increased rates of fescue and bush bean seedling emergence at the first plant-
ing.
Only three soil mixtures caused a significant decrease in bush bean
seedling emergence at the second planting; these were acid and limed LOM and
acid HOM soil; each of which contained tannery sludge with 100 times the
amount of chromium initially present in the sludge (Table 14). The acid and
*
20
-------
limed LOM and acid HOM soils with 100 times the initial concentration of
chromium in the sludge allowed 0, 0, and 77%, respectively, of the seeds
planted to emerge as seedlings. There were no statistically significant de-
creases in bush bean seedling emergence in limed HOM soil to which the same
amount of chromium had been added. Similar effects were observed in corn
seedlings emergence, however, a significant decrease was also observed when
the HOM soil was limed before adding sludge containing 100 times the initial
concentration of chromium.
At the third planting, bush bean seedlings did not emerge from LOM soil
containing tannery sludge with 100 times the initial concentration of chromium
regardless whether or not the soil had been limed (Table 14). Emergence was
significantly reduced in HOM soil containing the same amount of chromium.
Bush bean emergence was not decreased significantly in any of the other soil
mixtures. Corn seedlings did not emerge at the third planting from LOM soil
containing tannery sludge with 100 times the initial concentration of chromium
regardless whether or not the soil mixture was limed. Corn seedling emergence
was significantly reduced in HOM soil containing tannery sludge with 100 times
the initial concentration of chromium. Corn emergence at the third planting
was not decreased significantly in any of the other soil mixtures.
Effects on Tall Fescue.
Growth. The dry weight of tall fescue continued to increase after emer-
gence from soil amended with either tannery sludge or commercial nitrogen
fertilizer, but the amount of growth sustained by the sludge was less that
sustained by commercial fertilizer in the LOM (low organic matter) soil (Figs.
1*4). Fescue grown in the LOM and HOM (high organic matter) soils amended
with tannery sludge contained more dry matter than those plants grown on the
*
21
-------
same soils without amendment. The dry weight of fescue was not decreased In
LOM soil amended with sludge containing 10 times the Initial concentration of
chromium (Table 17). Tall fescue did not survive when 100 times the initial
concentration of chromium was present in sludge used to amend LOM and HOM
soil. When the HOM soil was limed before addition of tannery sludge contain-
ing 100 times the initial concentration of chromium, plant dry weight was
reduced 94% below that on both acid and limed HOM soils which were not amended.
The dry weights of tall fescue increased with increasing tannery sludge
addition to LOM soil at the second and third harvests and were greater in
those plants were grown on sludge amended soil than on that amended with
commercial nitrogen fertilizer (Figs. 6-8). The dry weights of plants grown
on HOM soil also increased with increasing tannery,sludge addition. The dry
weights of tall fescue grown on LOM soil amended with tannery sludge contain-
ing 30 times the initial concentration of chromium were greater at the second
and third harvests than those of comparable plants grown on non-amended LOM
soil (Table 15). Plants grown on acid HOM soil amended with tannery sludge
containing 10 times the initial concentration of chromium did not differ from
comparable control plants grown on non-amended HOM soil at the second an third
harvests. At the second harvest, plants grown on limed HOM soil that was
amended with tannery sludge containing 100 times the initial concentration of
chromium weighed more than those grown on acid HOM soil without addition but
less than those on HOM soil which had only been limed. At the third harvest,
the dry weights of plants grown on limed HOM soil with no other additions and
those grown on the same soil amended with sludge containing 100 times the
initial concentration of chromium did not differ. However, the latter group
of plants weighed less than those plants grown in non-amended acid HOM soil.
22
-------
Elemental composition. The first harvest concentrations of nitrogen,
phosphorus, and sulfur in tall fescue increased with increasing commercial
nitrogen fertilizer addition to LOM (low organic matter) soil (Table 17).
Concentration of nitrogen increased 20% above the LOM control and 43% above
the HOM control in plants grown at the largest tannery sludge additions to LOM
and HOM (high organic matter) soils, respectively. Phosphorus, however,
decreased in plants from both soils with tannery sludge and lime addition, but
changes in sulfur concentration did not correlate with addition of tannery
sludge. Calcium concentration increased with sludge and lime addition to HOM
soil but differences in concentrations of calcium in plants grown on LOM soil
were not correlated with additions to the soil. The concentration of magnes-
ium increased in tall fescue grown in LOM and HOM soils with increasing com-
mercial fertilizer and.tannery sludge additions. Concentration of chromium
increased with increasing sludge addition to acid HOM soil and limed LOM and
HOM soils. Ten and 100-fold additions of chromium to sludge before addition
to soils did not result in proportionately greater chromium concentrations in
tall fescue. The concentrations of soluble iron and manganese decreased in
plants as the organic matter content increased in the soil mixtures.
At the second cutting of tall fescue, the average concentration of nitro-
gen for all treatments was about 50% lower than that in the first harvest and
varied with concentrations in soil after 23 weeks from beginning of experiment
rather than with additions made at the beginning (Table 18). The concen-
trations of phosphorus, sulfur, magnesium, copper and zinc decreased in tall
fescue grown in low organic matter (LOM) soil that had commercial nitrogen
fertilizer added. The concentrations of phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, and
magnesium decreased in plants from LOM soil that had tannery sludge added.
Nitrogen and manganese concentrations decreased in plants from high organic
*
23
-------
matter (HOM) soil to which sludge was added and manganese concentration de-
creased with increasing pH and organic matter content of all soils. The
concentration of chromium in tall fescue generally varied with the soluble
chromium in the soil although there were increases in plants grown in limed
soil which could not be accounted for in terms of increases in soluble chrom-
ium.
At the third cutting of tall fescue, the concentrations of nitrogen and
potassium in plants were generally decreased below those at the second cutting
while the concentrations of phosphorus, chromium and iron were increased
(Tables 18 and 19). The concentrations of copper and lead were increased in
plants growing on soil amended with tannery sludge and lime at the third
cutting above those growing in the same soil mixtures at the second cutting.
The concentration of nickel was increased in plants from all soil mixtures
except the LOM (low organic matter) and HOM (high organic matter) control
soils which did not receive commercial nitrogen fertilizer, tannery sludge, or
lime additions.
The concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus in the third cut of tall
fescue grown on LOM soil amended with 320 pounds of commercial nitrogen per
acre were significantly below those of plants from the control LOM soil (Table
19). The concentration of nitrogen was greater in tall fescue harvested from
LOM soil having 1.3J5 g chromium per kg dry soil (amended with tannery sludge
containing 10 times the initial concentration of chromium) than in plants from
control LOM soil-. The concentrations of phosphorus and boron initially in-
creased in plants from LOM soil which received tannery sludge but decreased
with larger sludge additions. The concentration of phosphorus decreased in
plants from high organic matter (HOM) soils with sludge addition and when
chromium salt was added to the sludge. Sulfur in plants from LOM and HOM
»
24
-------
soils amended with commercial fertilizer and tannery sludge, respectively,
increased when the soils were amended but decreased as further addition of
each amendment was made. Sulfur concentration was statistically greater in
plants from limed HOM soil with 14.6 g chromium per kg dry soil (containing
sludge with 100 times the initial chromium concentration) than in plants from
\
the limed control HOM soil. The concentrations of calcium, potassium and
copper increased in plants from LOM soil with addition of commercial nitrogen
fertilizer. The concentration of calcium was significantly greater in plants
from limed HOM and LOM soil containing sludge than in those from the limed
control soils, but it decreased when chromium salt was added.
The concentration of cadmium increased in at the third cut of tall fescue
from HOM soil that received tannery sludge with additional chromium salt. The
concentration chromium increased in plants as a result adding chromium salt to
sludge used to amend LOM and HOM soils. The concentrations of chromium in
plants grown on soil amended with tannery sludge were greater than those from
corresponding control soils, but the concentrations in plants from LOM soil
containing commercial fertilizer were not significantly different from those
in plants from LOM soil containing the corresponding quantities of tannery
sludge based on nitrogen content. Copper concentrations increased in tall
fescue when grown in LOM soil containing commercial nitrogen fertilizer. The
concentration of nickel increased in plants grown on LOM and HOM soil mixed
with tannery sludge as the amount of added sludge increased. The concentra-
tion of manganese decreased in plants growth on HOM soil mixed with tannery as
the amount of added sludge increased; the concentration also decreased in
plants from limed control soils.
25
-------
Effects on BushBeans.
Growth. After the first planting, dry weights of bush bean plants in-
creased with addition of tannery sludge to soils through the quantity equiv-
alent to the amount of nitrogen required for normal crop growth prior to
planting (Figs. 9-12). No further growth increase in dry weight occurred
beyond this addition. Bush bean dry weights did not change significantly as a
result of sludge addition to HOM (high organic matter) soils when compared to
control HOM soil without addition of sludge or commercial fertilizer. There
was neither increase nor decrease in growth with further addition of sludge to
HOM soil. Bush bean clearly accumulated more dry matter in acid soil than in
limed soil regardless or other soil amendments(Table 15). At the first har-
vest, the chromium additions significantly decreased the dry weights of all
bush bean plants so treated and none of them survived when sludge containing
10 and 100 times the initial amount of the element was added to LOM soil.
Although bush bean grew in acid and limed HOM soil amended with tannery sludge
containing 100 times the initial concentration of chromium, the dry weights
were decreased 95% and 90% respectively (Fig. 13).
The dry weights of bush beans grown on HOM soil were greater at the
second harvest than that on (LOM) low organic matter soil when no fertilizer
or sludge additions were made (Fig. 14). However, there were no significant
dry weight differences between treatments in soils where additions .were made,
regardless of whether tannery sludge or commercial nitrogen fertilizer was
added. A decrease in growth was observed in HOM soil containing tannery
sludge. Comparison of the data in Figure 14 with that in Figure 9 shows the
growth stimulation obtained with tannery sludge persisted longer when compared
to that with commercial nitrogen fertilizer (Figure 15). Chromium additions
decreased the dry weight of bush bean^at the second harvest although to a
26
-------
smaller extent than was observed in the first one (Table 15). The dry weights
of bean plants grown in LOM soil amended with tannery sludge containing 10
times the initial concentration of chromium were reduced 40% below those in
control LOM soil. No plants survived in the same soil amended with sludge
containing 100 times the initial concentration of chromium. The dry weights
of bush beans were not reduced below the control at the second harvest when
plants were grown in HOM soil amended with sludge containing 10 times the
initial concentration of chromium. When the chromium concentration was raised
to 100 times the initial value in the sludge, dry weights were reduced 87% and
80% in acid and limed HOM soil, respectively.
At the third harvest, the dry weights of bush beans grown in LOM soil
containing the various amounts of commercial nitrogen fertilizer did not
differ from those in control LOM soil containing no fertilizer or tannery
sludge additions (Fig. 16). Bush beans grown on LOM soil containing tannery
sludge equivalent to the quantities of nitrogen in the commercial nitrogen
fertilizer weighed the same as those plants grown on control .LOM soil. The
dry weights of bush beans grown on HOM soil responded positively to sludge
additions equivalent to half and one times the quantity of nitrogen required
for normal plant growth. However, the weights were all significantly lower
than those of plants grown on control HOM soil containing no fertilizer or
sludge additions. Bush beans did not grow on acid or limed LOM soil amended
with tannery sludge containing 100 times the initial amount of chromium. The
dry weights did not differ among plants grown on LOM, HOM, and limed HOM soil
amended with tannery sludge containing 10, 10 and 100, and 100 times the
initial concentration of chromium, respectively (Table 15).
Nitrogenase activity. There was decreasing nitrogenase activity in bush
bean nodules with increasing tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer
27
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additions to soil (Figures 17-18). Nitrogenase activity was minimal in LOM
soil amended with sludge in an amount equivalent to twice the nitrogen re-
quired for normal bush bean growth. Nitrogenase activity did not decline in
HOM soil amended with sludge at the first harvest (Fig. 17). Addition of
chromium to tannery sludge in an amount equal to 10 times that initially in
the sludge and adding the mixture to HOM soil (0.84 g Cr/kg soil) did not
decrease nitrogenase activity at the first harvest, but there were decreases
at the subsequent harvests. Activity was decreased at all three harvests and
in every soil combination where sludge containing 100 times the initial amount
of chromium was applied. Nitrogenase activity was also decreased each soil to
A
which lime was applied with and without commercial fertilizer or sludge addi-
tion. The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer addi-
tion to soils were relatively similar in each of the three harvests although
nitrogenase activity declined with each subsequent harvest.
Elemental composition. The concentrations of phosphorus and boron were
decreased in plants from limed soil at the first harvest of bush beans (Table
20). The concentration of manganese in bush beans decreased with increasing
tannery sludge addition to HOM soil (R = -0.90). The concentration of the
element also decreased 72% and 88% below the controls in bush beans grown in
limed LOM and HOM soils, respectively, which had not received tannery sludge.
The concentration of manganese was decreased 85% below the HOM control in
limed HOM soil which was amended with sludge. The concentration of magnesium
increased with addition of commercial nitrogen fertilizer to LOM soil. The
concentrations of chromium in bush beans increased as the quantity of sludge
added to HOM soil increased (R = 0.98). However, the chromium concentration
in those plants grown on HOM soil amended with sludge containing a 10- fold
addition of the element (0.84 g Cr/kg'soil) did not differ statistically from
28
-------
that in plants grown In the same soil amended with tannery sludge without
added chromium. The concentration of chromium in bush beans grown on HOM soil
amended with tannery sludge containing a 100-fold addition of the element was
4.6 times that in HOM soil containing sludge with the 10-fold addition when
the former soil was not limed and 6.0 times that when it was limed.
At the second harvest, the concentrations of the macronutrient elements,
except calcium, in bush beans were not different from those in the first
harvest (Table 21). The concentrations of calcium, and the micronutrient
element manganese were greater at the second harvest and plants absorbed more
calcium from limed soil than from acid soil. The concentrations of nitrogen
in bush beans at the second harvest grown on low organic matter (LOM) soil
amended with tannery sludge increased as the quantity of sludge increased.
Those nitrogen concentrations in plants grown on soil amended with commercial
nitrogen fertilizer increased as the fertilizer increased but were lower than
the concentrations in plants from sludge amended LOM soil. The magnesium
concentrations in plants grown on LOM soil amended with commercial nitrogen
fertilizer and tannery sludge increased as the quantity of each amendment
increased but the increases were greater with tannery sludge. The concentra-
tion of zinc increased in bush bean grown on high organic matter (HOM) soil as
tannery sludge increased (R = 0.98).
f
The concentrations of chromium in the second harvest d bush beans from
LOM soil amended with tannery sludge containing 10 times the initial amount of
chromium were twice those in plants from the same soil amended with sludge
containing no added chromium. Plants from acid and limed HOM soil amended
with sludge containing 100 times the inital chromium concentration absorbed
2.8 and 6.3 times, respectively, as much of the element in their tops as
plants from the same soils amended with sludge lacking the added chromium.
29
-------
The concentrations of boron, cadmium, copper, lead, manganese, nickel, and
zinc in plants grown on soil containing the higher concentration of chromium
were greater thanfin/those} plants from all other soil mixtures.
The concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, cadmium, chromium, copper,
and nickel in bush beans were higher at the third harvest than at the second
(Tables 21 and 22). The concentration of zinc was higher in plants grown on
the unlimed soils at third harvest than it was in plants from the same soils
at the second harvest.
Analysis of the third harvest of bush beans also revealed that the con-
centration of phosphorus was lower in plants grown on limed soils than of the
corresponding acid soils (Table 22). The concentration of sulfur was greater
in bush beans from soils containing chromium supplemented tannery sludge than
in plants from soil containing sludge without the additional chromium. The
^
concentration, of cadmium, chromium and nickel were greater in plants from
soils amended with sludge containing added chromium than in those from any
other soils; the concentration of copper was greater only in plants from HOM
soil with 9.1 or 9.2 g Cr per kg soil (soil containing sludge with 100 times
the initial concentration of chromium). The concentration of manganese in-
creased with commercial nitrogen fertilizer addition to soils, but decreased
with tannery sludge and lime additions. Then concentration of manganese was
higher in the plants from LOM soil which received tannery sludge supplemented
with chromium salt than in any of the other soils. The concentration of
nickel decreased in plants grown in LOM soil with commercial fertilizer addi-
tion to the soil. The concentration of zinc decreased in bush beans grown in
limed soils when compared to the corresponding acid soils.
30
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Effects on Corn.
Growth. The dry weights of corn increased at the first harvest when
commercial nitrogen fertilizer or tannery sludge were applied to low organic
matter (LOM) soil equivalent to half the quantity of nitrogen required for
normal crop growth (Fig. 20). However, corn dry weight increases did not
correlate with increases in the quantities of sludge or commercial fertilizer
added to LOM soil. There was no further increase in dry weights at the first
harvest when commercial nitrogen fertilizer was added in the quantity required
for normal corn growth (175 Ibs/acre) although twice that addition resulted in
a 94% increase above the controls without addition of sludge or commercial
fertilizer. Corn growth at the first harvest, as measured by dry weight
increase, was stimulated to a greater extent with Commercial nitrogen fertil-
izer addition than with tannery sludge (Figs. 20-23). The dry weights of corn
were not changed at the first harvest with any addition of tannery sludge to
high organic matter (HOM) soil. The dry weight was decreased in all soils to
which sludge containing chromium at 10 times the initial concentration was
added (Table 15). Corn did not grow in LOM soil amended with tannery sludge
containing 100 times the initial concentration of chromium. Liming of HOM
soil was required for corn growth when sludge containing 100 times the initial
concentration of chromium was added to it, but the dry weights were reduced
94% at the first harvest in limed soil containing this quantity of added
chromium (Fig. 24). Addition of only lime to LOM soil resulted in increased
corn growth although the opposite effect was observed for HOM soil.
At the second harvest, the dry weights of corn grown in LOM soil amended
with tannery sludge were significantly greater than those in the same soil
amended with commercial nitrogen fertilizer (Figs. 25 and 26). The dry weights
of corn increased also with increasing sludge addition to HOM soil (Fig. 25).
31
-------
Corn growth, as measured by dry weight Increases, was stimulated to a greater
extent in LOM soil with tannery sludge than with commercial nitrogen fertil-
izer. At the second harvest, growth on soil containing sludge with 10 times
the initial concentration of chromium was increased on both LOM and HOM soils
(Table 15). There was corn growth at the second and third harvests on acid
and limed HOM soil amended with tannery sludge containing chromium at 100
times the initial concentration. Corn dry weights were less on the acid than
on the limed HOM soil containing added chromium. Growth increased at the
second and third harvests on LOM soil which had only been limed, but the
opposite effect was again observed on the HOM soil.
At the third harvest, dry weights of corn were increased in all LOM soils
containing tannery sludge and in those LOM soils containing commercial nitro-
gen fertilizer equivalent to 87.5 and 175 pounds of nitrogen per acre, when
compared to the control LOM soil with no sludge or commercial fertilizer
additions (Fig. 27). The dry weights of plants grown in HOM soil were in-
creased above the HOM control with no additions only when the sludge equiv-
alent to twice the amount of nitrogen required for normal crop growth (350
pounds of nitrogen per acre) was applied. Dry weight of corn on control HOM
soil was not statistically different from that on control LOM soil at the
third harvest due to a decline in growth on HOM soil (Figs. 20, 25,and 27 and
Table 15). The effects of using chromium supplemented tannery sludges on corn
growth at the third harvest were similar to those observed at the second
harvest.
Elemental composition. At the first harvest of corn, the concentrations
of nitrogen, sulfur, and manganese increased in plants with increasing commer-
cial nitrogen fertilizer and tannery sludge in low organic matter (LOM) soil
(Table 23). The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, boron, and iron in-
32
-------
creased in corn with increasing additions of tannery sludge to LOM soil, but
lead and nickel decreased. The concentration of calcium increased with in-
creasing tannery sludge addition to high organic matter (HOM) soil at the
first harvest. The concentration of manganese decreased in limed HOM soils
while that of zinc decreased when both HOM and LOM soils were limed. Addition
of tannery sludge containing 10 times the initial concentration of chromium to
LOM soil (1.47 g Cr/kg soil) resulted in a greater concentration of chromium
in plants grown in this soil mixture although the increase was not propor-
tional to the addition of the element. The concentration of chromium in corn
grown in HOM soil amended with sludge containing 10 times the initial amount
of the element was not statistically greater than that in control plants.
The concentrations of calcium, magnesium, chromium, copper, and manganese
in the second harvest of corn were greater than those observed at the first
harvest while those of boron and lead were less than those observed at the
first harvest (Table 24). The concentration of nitrogen at the second harvest
increased in corn as the amounts of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and tannery
sludge increased in LOM soil. The concentrations of phosphorus and magnesium
increased in corn plants grown on HOM soil as tannery sludge increased. The
concentration of magnesium decreased with the organic carbon content of the
LOM and HOM soil mixtures. The concentration of calcium in corn increased as
sludge addition to LOM soil increased. The concentration of potassium de-
creased with sludge addition to the HOM soil and when the LOM and HOM soils
were limed. -The eoircuntrotlohB ef iron and zinc wore Iocs in corn gpownuon
manganese in plants grown on acid HOM soil was less than that in plants grown
on acid LOM soil and decreased in both soils when lime was added.
33
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The concentrations of chromium in the second harvest of corn grown on HOM
soil were less than those in plants grown on LOM soil. The concentration of
chromium in corn grown on acid LOM soil amended with tannery sludge containing
10 times the initial concentration of chromium, was not statistically differ-
ent from that in plants grown on the same soil without added chromium. The
concentrations of chromium in corn grown on acid HOM soil amended with tannery
sludge containing 10 and 100 times the initial concentration of chromium were
not different from those in plants grown on the same soil without added chrom-
ium. The concentration of chromium in plants grown on limed HOM soil receiv-
ing 100-fold additional chromium was 2.5 times that in plants grown on limed
HOM without added chromium.
The concentrations of cadmium, copper, iron, and nickel were higher at
the third harvest of corn plants than at the second, but the concentration of
potas'sium was lower (Tables 24 and 25). When the concentrations of the ele-
ments were compared within the third harvest it was found that nitrogen in-
creased in plants with tannery sludge addition to LOM soil after an initial
decrease below the corresponding LOM control (Table 25). The concentration of
sulfur in corn plants grown on acid LOM soil increased with commercial nitro-
gen fertilizer and tannery sludge addition to the soil; the concentration of
sulfur also increased in limed HOM soil containing 16.0 g Cr per kg soil
(100-fold addition of chromium to sludge). The concentration of calcium
increased in plants with tannery sludge addition to LOM soil but was signifi-
cantly lower in plants from soil that received lime and chromium supplemented
sludge. The magnesium concentration was greater in plants from limed LOM and
HOM soils which received tannery sludge than in plants from any other soil
mixture. Boron increased in plants from acid LOM soil with commercial nitro-
gen fertilizer addition. The concentration of cadmium in plants from soils
34
-------
containing chromium supplemented sludge was higher than that in plants from
any other soil mixture.
The concentration of chromium was lower in plants harvested from limed
soils than in those from corresponding acid soils. The concentration of
chromium did not vary consistently with any other treatment of either LOM or
HOM soil and the highest concentration of the element occurred in plants from
LOM soil amended with 175 pounds of commercial nitrogen per acre, a soil which
never contained tannery sludge.
The concentrations of copper and zinc decreased in corn as tannery sludge
addition to LOM soil increased. The concentration zinc was also lower in
plants grown on limed soil than on the corresponding acid soils. The concen-
tration of manganese increased as the quantity of sludge in the LOM soil
increased but did remained below the control concentration. Manganese con-
centration decreased in plants from HOM soil as the quantity of tannery sludge
added increased. Manganese concentration also decreased in plants following
addition of lime to LOM and HOM soils.
The concentration of calcium increased throughout the experiment in
plants from the limed soils except those that received chromium supplemented
tannery sludge (Tables 23-25). The concentration of manganese increased with
each harvest of plants grown on acid soils which did not receive chromium
supplemented sludge. The concentration of chromium increased throughout the
experiment in plants from HOM and limed LOM soils. The concentration of iron
increased in plants grown on limed soils as"the experiment continued.
35
-------
DISCUSSION
The results of this experiment show that the dry weights of corn, bush
beans, and tall fescue can increase as a result of tannery sludge application
to soils. The concentrations of chromium (15.9 g/kg dry sludge) and nitrogen
(2.9%) in the sludge were approximately half that previously reported (Conrad,
et al_., 1976). It is expected that the concentrations of elements in tannery
sludges will vary with the source of the sludge. This will make quantitative
chemical analyses imperative before addition of tannery sludge from any given
•v-
source to agricultural land.
The soils to which tannery sludge was to be added were virtually identi-
cal with respect to pH before any additions were made (Table 1). However, the
mean concentration of organic carbon in the HOM (high organic matter) soil was
more than three times that in the LOM (low organic matter) soil. More than
twelve times as much soluble nitrogen was available for plant uptake in the
HOM soil than in the LOM soil. Soluble phosphorus, magnesium, and potassium
were each of greater concentration in the HOM than in LOM soil. Thus, when
the nutrient status of the two soils are compared the HOM soil appears much
more suitable for growth of agricultural plants than LOM soil.
The decreased concentrations of soluble manganese and soluble phosphorus
in soils following lime and/or tannery sludge addition is likely due to a
change in soil pH because the solubility of compounds of both elements will
decrease when pH is increased. The reduced growth of bush beans in soil
containing lime and/or sludge may be due to reduced uptake of manganese and/or
phosphate. Few compounds of manganese (except sulfates and sulfides) are
36
-------
soluble in neutral aqueous solution whereas many of the same compounds are
soluble in acid.
The addition of tannery sludge to soils increased the concentration of
some nutrients in the soils. For example, nitrogen and calcium which are
plant macronutrient elements were added with the sludge and their presence
would be expected to improve plant growth in nutrient deficient soil. The
concentrations of total nitrogen and calcium did not always appear to increase
when sludge, commercial fertilizer, or lime were added to soil because the
addition was very small when compared to the concentrations of these elements
already in the soil. Nitrogen is often growth-limiting in soils but the
concentration of soluble nitrogen decreased inconsistently throughout the
duration of this experiment. Plant growth however continued to decrease in a
manner indicating depletion of a nutrient element(s) in the soil. The concen-
tration of only soluble potassium consistently decreased and this decrease
occurred only in the soil used to grow tall fescue. It is therefore difficult
to correlate changes in plant growth within a .treatment in this experiment
with changes in the concentration of nutrient elements in the soil over a
period of time.
The more rapid loss of ammonia from tannery sludge amended soil after 23
weeks than from soil amended with commercial fertilizer indicates that a
greater portion of ammonia in the sludge is in the NH3 (dissolved gas) state
as opposed to the ammonium salt in the commercial fertilizer. This may also
account for the increases in nitrates and nitrites after 23 weeks in soil
amended with commercial fertilizer and planted with bush beans and corn whereas
oxidized nitrogen compounds did not increase in tannery sludge amended soil.
The tannery sludge may also have inhibited growth of nitrifying bacteria in
soil which contained sludge and therefore allowed ammonia to be released from
37
-------
the soil before oxidation of the nitrogen could occur. However, these explan-
ations do not account for the lack of nitrate and nitrite in the soil planted
with tall fescue. Sampling technique may account for the difference since the
soil planted with tall fescue was not removed from the polyethylene container
before soil specimens were taken for analysis (see Methods).
Chromium is not considered a nutrient element for plant growth although
some beneficial effects of the element in nutrient media have been reported
(Bertrand and De Wolf, 1965; Bertrand and De Wolf, 1968). The toxic effects
of trivalent chromium are also documented although it is less toxic than
hexavalent chromium (Mortvedt and Giordano, 1975; Wallace et aj., 1976; Skeff-
ington et a_L , 1976).
The concentration of chromium in soil is reported to range from traces to
250 ppm (Mertz, 1969). The chromium concentration in the low organic matter
(LOM) and high organic matter (HOM) soils used in this experiment were within
this range. The chromium concentration remained within this range when one-
half the quantity of tannery sludge equivalent to the available nitrogen
required for normal crop growth was added. Final analysis of the soils at the
end of the experiment revealed that the concentration of chromium in LOM soils
amended with the quantity of sludge equivalent to the amount of nitrogen
required for normal crop growth was also less than 250 ppm.
The concentration of chromium in plant vegetative parts are reported to
range from 10. to 1000 ppb (Mertz, 1969). Other reports have given ranges of
2, 1.3-2.0, and 0.4 ppm chromium in the above-ground organs of perennial
ryegrass, corn, and bush beans, respectively, grown in soil without chromium
addition from any source (Bolton, 1975; Mortvedt and Giordano, 1975; Wallace
et al.. 1975). Chromium in plant tops ranged from less than 1.03 to 10.5 ppm
in plants grown on soils without chromium or tannery sludge addition in this
38
-------
experiment (Tables 17-25). Chromium in the tops of plants grown on soil
amended with tannery sludge equivalent to 2 times the amount of fertilizer
nitrogen required for normal crop growth ranged from 1.48 to 8.6 ppm. Maximum
chromium concentrations of 11.0 and 20.5 ppm were measured in the tops of bush
beans grown on soil amended with tannery sludge containing chromium at 10 and
100 times, respectively, the initial chromium concentration in the sludge
(Table 22). The chromium concentration observed in plants in this experiment
were higher than those reported in other experiments although concentrations
of the element in the soil were within the reported range. Many factors
affect the rate of chromium uptake by plants. These include soil physical and
chemical properties such as pH and CEC, solubility of the chromium compound,
and the species of plant. Thus, the conditions of this experiment may have
favored chromium uptake as well as uptake of other heavy metals such as cad-
mium, copper, and nickel.
Although the concentration of soluble chromium decreased in LOM and
increased in HOM soils planted with corn and bush bean containing additional
salt after 23 weeks, it was consistently lower in HOM soil. The increase in
soluble chromium in LOM soil planted with tall fescue may have been due to
technique which allowed the other soils to lay fallow and exposed to air
before sampling whereas the tall fescue soil could not be so manipulated (see
Methods). The liming effect of tannery sludge applied to acid soil continued
throughout the experiment, however, LOM soil to which tannery sludge contain-
ing 100 times the initial concentration of chromium was added became more acid
with chromium addition and lime did not prevent the LOM soil from becoming
acid. The high concentration of ammonia in HOM soil amended with tannery
sludge containing 100 times the initial concentration of chromium was observed
in the final analyses of the HOM soils used to grow all these plant species
39
-------
(Tables 7, 10 and 13). These soils were apparently made more acid by the
chromium addition and the increased acidity have catalyzed deami nation of .
A 40*-"
ami no acids and proteins in the soil and tannery sludge since the HOM was 1.31
A
per nitrogen (Table 1).
It is not known whether or not the chromium compounds present in the soil
at the end of this experiment will have the same or similar properties to the
chromium compounds that will exist after 100 years of tannery sludge applica-
tion. However, if the chromium compounds are similar it can be concluded that
the soil will no longer be useable for growing plants. The soil will also
exhibit diminished capacity for growing crops similar to corn and bush beans
after 10 years of tannery sludge addition if the chromium remains in the soil.
The increasing concentration of soluble salts of elements such as sodium
and boron in soils with tannery sludge addition concomitant ly with increasing
soil electroconductivity indicates that a high soluble salt concentration may
have influenced the growth of the experimental plants. The plants1 response
to nitrogen and other nutrient element uptake would, however, obscure any
beneficial effects obtained from the soluble salts and the effects of chromium
would likewise obscure toxic effects.
All three plant species were adversely affected by the greater chromium
addition. This result indicates that chromium inhibits plant growth when
present in the soil at concentrations that approximate the result of 100 years
of tannery sludge application (Table 15). The growth of corn and bush bean
but not tall fescue are always inhibited when 10 years' sludge application is
simulated. This is assuming that chromium hydroxide sulfate (trivalent chrom-
ium) utilized in this experiment and chromium oxide (trivalent chromium)
already in the sludge are chemically similar and the chemical and physical
properties of these compounds do not change upon addition to the soil. It is
40
-------
also assumed that the properties of the chromium do not change over 10 to 100
years In the soil. It cannot be concluded that plants grown on soils amended
with the chromium supplemented tannery sludges will be identical to plants
grown on the same soils that have been amended annually with tannery sludge.
However, it can be concluded that 1,300 to 28,000 tng total chromium and 0.3 to
8,720 mg soluble chromium per kg dry soil can reduce and/or prevent seed
germination and plant growth.
Lack of a statistically significant decrease in bush bean seedling emer-
gence after the third planting in limed HOM soil amended with chromium supple-
mented sludge indicates that a neutral soil reaction and presence of organic
matter will decrease some of the harmful effects of chromium in soil (Table
14). Organic matter and a neutral pH would cause chromium to decrease in
aqueous solution by~making it less soluble and therefore less available for
plant uptake (Bartlett and Kimble 1976). Similar effects were also observed
in corn and tall fescue seedling emergence although a significant decrease in
corn seedling'emergence was observed after the first planting when the HOM
soil was limed before adding sludge with 100 times the initial concentration
of chromium. This effect was not seen at the second and third plantings of
corn. More chromium had been added to the soils for corn growth because this
soil received more tannery sludge (Table 4). The large sludge addition was
necessary because of the high nitrogen requirement of corn (Extension Service,
1978). The higher concentration of chromium may have decreased corn seedling
emergence more than that of the other plants. The plant available chromium
had decreased at subsequent harvests (Tables 11-13), which may have allowed
more corn to sprout.
The reduced growth of the first cut of tall fescue and the first harvest
of corn in tannery sludge amended LOM*soil in comparison to growth in com-
41
-------
mercial nitrogen fertilizer may have been due to insufficient plant available
nitrogen in the sludge. Therefore addition of larger quantities of sludge
would be expected to improve plant growth as long as the amount of chromium
(and other toxic materials) added did not exceed levels that are harmful to
plants. The experiment with bush beans was complicated by the decreased
growth of plants in limed soil. The results of the first harvest of bush bean
were, however, similar to those of the first corn and fescue harvests.
Only one addition of tannery sludge or commercial nitrogen fertilizer was
made in the experiment, but the dry weights were greater when corn and fescue
were grown on sludge amended soil than on that amended with commercial nitro-
gen fertilizer at the second harvest (Figs. 6, 25, and 26). The stimulation
of growth obtained with tannery sludge at the first harvest persisted longer
than that with commercial fertilizer and was more pronounced at the second
harvest. The nitrogen from commercial fertilizer is not renewable without
further addition while that from tannery sludge is renewed by mineralization
of sludge nitrogen. Therefore, tannery sludge is a more persistent source of
nitrogen than commercial nirogen fertilizer. It may be concluded that miner-
alization of sludge supplied nutrients, particularly nitrogen, for plant
growth. However, the greater growth of corn and fescue on sludge amended at
the second harvest may also be due in part to attenuation of toxic constitu-
ents in the sludge. Growth in tannery sludge amended soil may have been
delayed by growth-retarding materials in the sludge, such as gaseous ammonia
and ethylene, which must dissipate before plants can grow rapidly in the
vegetative stages (Wollan et aJL 1978).
The decreased growth of bush beans with increasing tannery sludge addi-
tions is not likely due to nitrogen saturation since growth in LOM soil with
no sludge continued to increase with the addition of commercial nitrogen
42
-------
fertilizer (Fig. 9). The decreased growth may be due to the liming effects of
the sludge or the toxic effects of materials which inhibit bush bean growth
more than that or corn and tall fescue. Metallic cations that are not in
solution when the soil has a neutral or basic pH will be mobilized for plant
uptake in acid soil. Bush beans may require a micronutrient, for example
soluble manganese, which is available in sufficient quantity only in acid soil
(Tables 8, 9, and 10). This could explain the greater growth in acid soils.
However, this also indicates that addition of tannery sludge with a pH of 10
or more to soil would tend to decrease growth of the beans either directly or
indirectly and nullify some of the beneficial effects of the added nitrogen
from this source.
The decrease in bush bean dry weights observed after sludge addition to
HOM soil may be due to a decrease in soil acidity and/or toxic effects of the
sludge (Fig. 9). The increase in growth above the control observed after
tannery sludge addition to LOM soil indicates that the sludge supplied
essential nutrient element(s), probably nitrogen, which is growth limiting
since growth also increased with commercial nitrogen fertilizer addition.
Comparison of the data in Figure 9 with that in Figure 14 shows the growth
stimulation in LOM soil obtained with tannery sludge addition persisted longer
than that with commercial fertilizer. The situation is the same as that with
tall fescue in that nitrogen from commercial fertilizer is not renewable
without further addition while that from tannery sludge is renewed by mineral-
ization of sludge nitrogen.
The decline in nitrogenase activity in bush bean nodules following tan-
nery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer addition indicates that nitro-
gen was available in the soil with both additions since available fixed nitro-
gen will inhibit biological reduction'of atmospheric nitrogen (Hardy et al.,
43
-------
1973). Nitrate, ammonia and urea will decrease nitrogen fixing activity in
soybean. Similar effects may be expected in bush bean which is also a legum-
inous nitrogen fixing plant. Toxic effects of the sludge may account for the
greater decline in nitrogenase activity in plants grown on soil amended with
tannery sludge. Activity declined as the experiment proceeded and plant
nutrients were depleted in the soil. The low activity in limed soil may be
due to lack of root growth since bush beans grow less in limed soils.
The presence of toxic elements in the sludge may explain the lack of
response by corn to increasing sludge addition. It is not likely that addi-
tion of tannery sludge elevates the pH to a value at which an essential and
limiting micronutrient element ceases to be available for corn uptake since
liming the soil did not decrease the amount of growth (Table 15). Nitrogen
saturation in the soil cannot be concluded since growth increased with in-
^
creasing quantities of commercial nitrogen fertilizer added to LOM soil and
was greater at the first harvest than that produced by the sludge. Growth was
not changed with addition of sludge to HOM soil, indicating that nitrogen was
not growth limiting in this soil at the first harvest. Observation of the
growth of corn in HOM (high organic matter) soil at the second and third
harvests shows that the sludge is a source of a plant nutrient element or
elements, since growth increased in proportion to sludge added. It is also
possible that the presence of the organic matter might have reduced some of
the toxic effects of the sludge and allowed the dry weight of corn to increase
with tannery sludge addition to the HOM soil.
Essential nutrients in the tannery sludge may have enhanced growth of
tall fescue sufficiently to obscure chromium effects in LOM soil amended with
sludge containing 10 times the initial concentration of the element so that
there was no significant dry weight reductions. The same nutrients may also
44
-------
be present in HOM soil with or without sludge addition since the plant dry
weight is greater in HOM than LOM soil (Table 15). The toxic effects of
chromium might then be seen without symptoms of nutrient deficiency. It is
also possible that tall fescue may be less sensitive to chromium than corn or
bush beans which failed to grow normally in LOM soil amended with tannery
sludge containing 10 times the initial chromium concentration.
All three species grew more nearly normal in HOM soil with the same
amount of chromium added to it. The organic matter in the HOM appeared to
remove the chromium from solution and allow the plants to grow in this soil.
The element remained in solution in LOM soil at a sufficiently high concentra-
tion to prevent plant growth whereas organic matter removed chromium from
solution (Tables 5-13). The organic matter in the acid HOM soil apparently
removed enough chromium from solution to allow some bush beans to grow when
100 times the amount of the element present initially in sludge was added to
it. Corn seedlings sprouted at this concentration but did not grow apprec-'
iably.
The low organic matter content of LOM soil allowed chromium to remain in
solution at a sufficiently high concentration to prevent seed germination and
plant growth when tannery sludge containing 100 times the initial chromium
concentration was added. Liming of soil, as well as a high organic matter
content is required for plants to grow when sludge containing chromium at 100
times the initial concentration was added to soils. Liming will raise the pH
of soil and cause precipitation of chromium salt from solution (Bartlett and
Kimble 1976). Salt crystals indeed formed at the surface of limed LOM and HOM
soils. The removal of the element from solution would be expected to prevent
its uptake by plants. Thus liming of soil to which chromium has been added
will allow plant growth with reduction of some of the toxic effects provided
45
-------
the chromium concentration is not so high as to inhibit seed germination and
sprouting of seedlings.
When the first cutting of tall fescue was analyzed the result indicated
that absorption of nutrient elements such as nitrogen and phosporus and the
potentially hazardous element chromium were dependent upon the concentration
of their soluble compounds in the soil solution. An exception to this would
be the high concentrations of nitrogen and sulfur in plants from limed HOM
soil containing the 100-fold addition of chromium; the high concentrations of
nitrogen and sulfur are likely due to the greatly reduced growth of these
plants at the first cutting. The results of the second cutting were similar
to those of the first although many of the nutrient elements were lower in
concentration in the plant leaves (Table 18). Depletion of nutrients by the
crop previously grown may account for the decrease in nutrient element concen-
tration. Further decreases in the concentrations of the macronutrient ele-
ments nitrogen and potassium at the third cutting are likely the result of
nutrient depletion in the soil.
There was also an increase in the concentrations of trace elements and
heavy metals such as copper, lead, and nickel in plants from the third cutting
of tall fescue. The increase in concentration of such elements may have
occurred as a result of the nutrient deficient status of the soil. Trace
elements with chemical properties similiar to the nutrient metal cations which
are deficient in the soil solutions may have been absorbed by the plants
instead of the nutrient elements. This explanation is presented because
neither the concentrations of the soluble trace element compounds in the soil
nor the soil pH changed sufficiently to account for the increased heavy metal
uptake (Table 19).
46
-------
A high concentration of chromium In the soil may decrease calcium uptake
by tall fescue. This effect was observed in all three cuts but was more
pronounced in plants from the third cut (Tables 17-19). Although the concen-
tration of chromium did not increase in proportion to the concentration of the
element in the soils increases were observed. These results indicate that
th'ere is a limit to the amount of tannery sludge that can be applied to soils
before chromium uptake becomes excessive in tall fescue. This limit will
depend on the concentration of chromium in the sludge relative to that of
nitrogen. The agricultural value of tannery sludge will therefore depend on
the ratio of nitrogen concentration to the concentration of hazardous mater-
ials in the sludge. Sludge with a higher mineralizable nitrogen content wffi <*
iCsA/Vt-,
«eod-fco be applied to soil in smaller amounts than that with a lower content.
Contamination of the so'il with hazardous material will then be decreased.
The results of bush bean plant analysis suggest that decreases in growth
as a result of tannery sludge addition to the soil are partly due to the
liming effect"of the sludge. The high negative correlation (R = -0.90) of
manganese concentration in plants with tannery sludge addition suggest that
the element is made less available to plants by lime addition to soils. There
were indeed decreases in soluble manganese in soils following lime and sludge
addition although the decreases did not always correlate with the sludge
addition (Tables 8-10).
Analysis of the soils after the second bush bean harvest revealed more
nitrates and nitrites in sludge amended soil than in that amended with commer-
cial fertilizer (Table 9). The greater growth of bush beans in sludge amended
soil may be attributed to higher soil soil nitrate concentration.
No conclusions relative to the effects of tannery sludge could be drawn
from the third harvest of bush bean. • Results of the third harvest were comp-
47
-------
licated by very poor growth of the plants because of the decreased nutrient
value of the soil following the repeated use of it. Cobalt concentrations
were not measured in this experiment although cobalt is required by legumes to
fix atmospheric nitrogen. Cobalt deficiency would prevent nitrogen fixation
and growth in nitrogen deficient soils. However, growth of bush beans was
*fn*s* in HOM (high organic matter) soil which was not nitrogen deficient
(Table 10). The conditions limiting growth of bush bean in this experiment
are not immediately known.
The increasing concentrations of nutrient elements in corn at the first
harvest as a result of tannery sludge addition is indicative of the potential
of tannery sludge to supply nutrients for plant growth. Also, a liming effect
is suggested in the decrease of heavy metals such as lead and nickel in corn
following sludge and lime additions. The results also indicate that chromium
.—v is not readily available to plants when tannery sludge has been applied to
soils with a high organic matter content. Chromium is more available to
plants grown in soil of a low organic matter content. Tannery sludge will
enhance the growth of corn in nutrient deficient soil and can therefore be
considered as an alternative to commercial fertilizer. However, the results
also indicate 10 years' application of tannery sludge with the chromium con-
tent of the sludge used in this experiment can lead to significantly greater
chromium concentrations in the tops of corn plants than would be found if
sludge were not used.
Both tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer were sources of
nitrogen for corn at the second harvest as the dry weights of the plants
increased with addition of each to LOM (low organic matter) soil. Neither the
concentration of available nitrogen in the soil nor the concentration of
nitrogen in plants were greater at the second harvest of corn from sludge
48
-------
amended soil than at the first. This suggests that another nutrient element,
for example, calcium or phosphorus may have become more available to plants
grown in sludge amdended soil to cause them to grow more than those grown in
soil amended with commercial fertilizer.
Chromium uptake in corn from the second harvest did not increase signifi-
cantly as a result of addition of the element to LOM soil with sludge contain-
ing 10 times the initial amount of chromium. Ten-fold more chromium could be
added to HOM (high organic matter) soil without a statistically significant
increase in concentration of the element in corn. The concentrations of trace
metals such as lead, cadmium, and nickel did not increase in corn plants with
tannery sludge addition and remained at barely detectable levels regarding
soil treatment (Table 24).
Poor growth of corn plants resulting from nutrient depletion in the soil
complicated the third harvest. Few conclusions can be drawn from these data
that are relevant to tannery sludge effects on corn growth. The concentra-
tions of the elements in the plants remained nearly the same as in earlier
harvests probably because the corn dry weights were decreased.
49
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REFERENCES
Am. Pub. Health Assoc., Am. Water Works Assoc. and Water Pollut. Control Fed.
1976. Mary A. Franson (ed.). 14th ed. Standard Methods for the Examin-
ation of Water and Wastewater. American Public Health Assoc., Washing-
ton, D.C.
Andrzejewski, M. 1970. Use of chromium leather waste as nitrogen source in
fertilization of plants. Rocz Nauk Roln Ser A. Rosl. 96:315-358. (Pol.)
Barber, L. E., J. D. Tjepkema, S. A. Russell, and H. J. Evans. 1976. Acety-
lene reduction (nitrogen fixation) associated'with corn inoculated with
Spirillum. Applied and Environ. Microbiol. 32:108-113.
Bartlett, R. J. and J. M. Kimble. 1976. Behavior of chromium in soils:
trivalent forms. J. Environ. Qua!. 5:379-383.
Bertrand, D. and De Wolf, A. 1965. Les chrome, oliogelement dynamique pour
les vegetaux superiors. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Ser. D 261:5616-5617.
Bertrand, D. and OeWolf, A. 1968. Necessite de 1 'oligoelement chrome pour la
culture de la pomme de terre. Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Ser. D 266:1494-
1495.
Bolton, J. 1975. Liming effects on the toxicity to perenial ryegrass of a
sewage contaminated with zinc, nickel, copper, and chromium. Environ.
Pollut. 9:295-304.
Conrad, E. T., G. S. Mitchell, and D. H. Bauer. 1976. U.S. EPA, Assessment
of Industrial Hazardous Waste Practices ~ Leather Tanning and Finishing
Industry. A. Pearce (ed.). Hazardous Waste Management Division, Office
of Solid Waste, Washington, D.C., PB-261-018.
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Extension Service. 1978. Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
Hardy, R. W. F., R. C. Burns, and R. D. Holsten. 1973. Applications of the
acetylene-ethylene assay for measurement of nitrogen fixation. Soi1
Biol. Biochem. 5:47-81.
Kauffman, M. D., and E. H. Gardner. 1976. Methods of soil analysis used in
the soil testing laboratory at Oregon State University. Special report
321. Agr. Expt. Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon.
Kick, V. H. and B. Braun. 1977. The effect of chromium containing tannery
sludges on the growth and the uptake of chromium by different crops.
Landwirtschaftliche Forschung 30(2):160-173. (Ger.).
Hertz, W. 1969. Chromium occurrence and function in biological systems.
Physiol. Rev. 49:163-239.
Mortvedt, J. J. and P. M. Giordano. 1975. Response of corn to zinc and
chromium in municipal wastes applied to soil. J. Environ. Qua). 4:170-
174.
Reuss, J. 0., H. L. Dooley, and William Griffis. 1978. Uptake of cadmium
from phosphate fertilizers by peas, radishes, and lettuce. J. Environ.
Qua!. 7:128-133.
Skeffington, R. A., P. R. Shewry, and Peterson. 1976. Chromium Uptake and
Transport in Barley Seedlings (Hordeum vulgare L.). Planta 132:209-214.
Steel, R. G. D. and J. H. Torrie. 1960. Principles and proceures of statis-
tics. McGraw-Hill Inc. New York. pp. 128, 157.
Wallace, A., S. M. Soufi, J. W. Cha, and E. M. Romney. 1976. Some effects of
chromium toxicity on bush bean plants grown in soil. Plant and Soil
44:471-473.
51
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Figure 1
The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on dry
matter yield of tall fescue at the first cut. Significance of difference
between means was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test
(see Methods). LSP 05 = 151%.
52
-------
(l)High organic matter soil +tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil + commercial N fertilizer
(3}Low organic matter soil + tannery sludge
Commercial N(lbs/A) :
,7 Tannery sludge(T/A) i
. I
-------
Figure 2
The effect of commercial nitrogen fertilizer on the first cut of tall
fescue in LOM (low organic matter) soil. The two containers on the left
contain plants grown in control LOM soil without fertilizer and those on the
right contain plants grown with the equivalent of 160 pounds of commercial
nitrogen fertilizer per acre.
53
-------
Figure 2
-------
Figure 3
The effect of tannery sludge on the first cut of tall fescue in LOW (low
organic matter) soil. The two containers on the left contain plants grown in
control LOM soil without tannery sludge and those on the right contain plants
grown in the equivalent of 9.3 tons of tannery sludge (160 IDS. available N)
per acre.
54
-------
Figure 3
-------
Figure 4
Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and tannery
sludge on the first cut of tall fescue in LOM (low organic matter) soil. The
O
two containers jfn the left contain plants grown with the equivalent of 160
pounds of commercial nitrogen per acre and those on the right contain plants
grown on 9.3 tons of tannery sludge (160 Ibs. available N) per acre.
-------
Figure 4
-------
Figure 5
The effect of chromium on the growth of tall fescue. Plants on the left
were grown in HOM (high organic matter) soil containing 14.6 g chromium per kg
dry soil while those on the right were in control soil without added chromium.
-------
Figure 5
-------
Figure 6
The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on dry
matter yield of tall fescue at the second cut. Significance of difference
between means was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test
(see Methods). ISP 05 = 66%.
57
-------
0)High organic matter soil +tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil +commercial N fertilizer
(3)Low organic matter soil +tannery sludge
32*0 Commercial N(lbs/A)
Tannery sludge(T/A)
Figure 6
-------
Figure 7
Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and tannery
sludge on the second cut of tall fescue. The plants in the left container
were grown in LOM (low organic matter) soil amended with the equivalent of 160
pounds of commercial nitrogen per acre and those on the right were grown with
9.3 tons tannery sludge (160 Its. available N) per acre.
58
-------
Figure 7
-------
Figure 8
The effect of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on dry
matter yield of tall fescue at the third cut. Significance of difference
between means was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test
(see Methods). LSP 05 = 20%.
59
-------
(l)High organic matter soil + tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil + commercial N fertilizer
(3)Low organic matter soil + tannery sludge
3000
Figure 8
Commercial N(lbs/A)
Tannery sludge(T/A)
'TV:
J—.._i.. :_i .4-.— I—u-
I • • • '. I i I ! ;
-------
Figure 9 .
The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
growth of bush beans at the first harvest. Significance of difference between
means was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test (see
Methods). LSP 05 * 46%.
60
-------
(l)High organic matter soil + tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil + commercial N fertilizer
{3}Low organic matter soil + tannery sludge
JLOO Commercial N(lbs/A)
Tannery sludge(T/A)
I ;
.'J..:.
-------
Figure 10
The effect of commercial nitrogen fertilizer on the first harvest of bush
beans in LOM (low organic matter) soil. The two containers on the left con-
tain plants grown in control LOM soil without fertilizer and those on the
right contain plants grown with the equivalent-of 100 pounds of commercial
nitrogen fertilizer per acre.
61
-------
Figure 10
-------
I
Figure 11
The effect of tannery sludge on the first harvest of bush beans in LOM
(low organic matter) soil. Plants in the two containers on the left are in
control LOM soil without tannery sludge and those on the right are in LOM soil
with the equivalent of 5.8 tons of tannery sludge per acre.
62
-------
Figure 11
-------
Figure 12 -
Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and tannery
sludge on the first harvest of bush beans in LOM (low organic matter) soil.
The two containers on the left contain plants grown with the equivalent of 100
pounds of-commercial nitrogen per acre and those on the right contain plants
grown on 5.8 tons of tannery sludge (100 Ibs. available N) per acre.
63
-------
Figure 12
-------
Figure 13
The effect of chromium on the first harvest of bush beans. The two
containers on the left contain plants grown in control HOM (high organic
matter) soil without tannery sludge or chromium addition; plants on the right
were grown in HOM soil amended with the equivalent of 5.8 tons of chromium
supplemented sludge per acre. The sludge contained 10 times the initial
concentration of chromium.
64
-------
Figure 13
-------
Figure 14
The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
growth of bush beans at the second harvest. Significance of difference be-
tween means was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test
(see Methods). LSP 05 = 37%.
-------
i
(l)High organic matter soil + tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil + commercial N fertilizer
(3}Low organic matter soil + tannery sludge
10
IS
_ o>
t/>
Q_
o
en
5
t>
O
3±
i
1 -
-.
...
D
\
£G
^V
JL.9
1 1
700 A0<
^3 l/t
JLOO Commercial N(lbs/A)
Tannery sludge(T/A)
Figure 14
• r-l
-------
Figure 15
Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and tannery
sludge on the second harvest of bush beans grown in LOM (low organic matter)
soil. The two containers on the left contain plants grown with the equivalent
of 100 pounds~of commercial nitrogen per acre; those on the right contain
plants grown on 5.8 tons of tannery sludge (100 Ibs. available N) per acre.
66
-------
Figure 15 .
-------
Figure 16
The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
growth of bush beans at the third harvest. Significance of difference between
means was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test (see
Methods). ISP 05 = 52%.
67
-------
•10 r
(l)High organic matter soil + tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil + commercial N fertilizer
(3)Low organic matter soil + tannery sludge
JL.OO Commercial N(lbs/A)
I LI Tannery sludge(T/A)
-------
Figure 17
The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on ni-
trogenase activity in the nodules of bush beans at the first harvest. Signif-
icance of difference between means was determined using the least significant
difference (LSD) test (see Methods). LSP 05 - 277%.
68
-------
§
(l)High organic matter soil + tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil + commercial N fertilizer
(3)Low organic matter soil + tannery sludge
Commercial N(lbs/A)
Tannery sludge (tons/A)
Figure 17
-------
Figure 18
The effects of-tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
nitrogenase activity in the nodules of bush beans at the second harvest. Sig-
nificance of difference between means was determined using the least signifi-
cant difference (LSD) test (see Methods). LSP 05 = 503%.
69
-------
(l)High organic matter soil + tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil + commercial N fertilizer
(3}Low organic matter soil + tannery sludge
t
Q-
T3
-------
Figure 19
The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on ni-
trogenase activity in the nodules of bush beans at the third harvest. Signif-
icance of difference between means was determined using the least significant
difference (LSD) test (see Methods). LSP 05 = 930%.
70
-------
(l)High organic matter soil + tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil + commercial N fertilizer
(3)Low organic matter soil + tannery sludge
/©o r
Commercial N(lbs/A)
,*7 Tannery sludge(T/A)
Figure 19
-------
Figure 20
The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on the
growth of corn at the first harvest. Significance of difference between means
was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test (see Meth-
ods). LSP 05 = 39%.
71
-------
(l)High organic matter soil + tannery sludge
(2}Low organic matter soil + commercial N fertilizer
(3)Low organic matter soil + tannery sludge
350 Commercial N(lbs/A)
£0*5 Tannery sludge(T/A)
Figure 20
-------
Figure 21 .
The effect of commercial nitrogen fertilizer on the growth of corn in LOM
(low organic matter) soil. The two left containers contain plants grown in
control LOM soil without fertilizer and those on the right contain plants
grown with 175 pounds of commercial nitrogen fertilizer per acre.
72
-------
Figure 21
-------
Figure 22
The effect of tannery sludge on the growth of corn in LOM (low organic
matter) soil. The two left containers contain plants grown in LOM soil amended
with the equivalent of 10.2 tons tannery sludge (175 Ibs. available N) per
acre; containers on the right contain plants grown in control LOM soil without
tannery sludge.
73
-------
Figure 22
-------
Figure 23
Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen fertilizer and tannery
sludge on the first havest of corn grown in LOM (low organic matter) soil.
The two containers on the left contain plants grown in LOM soil amended with
the equivalent of 175 pounds of commercial nitrogen fertilizer per acre; those
on the right contain plants grown in LOM soil amended with 10.2 tons tannery
sludge (175 IDS. available N) per acre.
-------
Figure 23
-------
Figure 24
The effect of chromium on the growth of corn. The containers on the left
*M*4)
contain plants grown in control HOM (high organic matter) soil without^chrom-
ium; plants on the right were grown in HOM soil with 1.4p g chromium per kg
dry soil.
75
-------
Figure 24
-------
Figure 25
The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on
growth of corn at the second harvest. Significance of difference between
means was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test (see
Methods). LSP 05 - 22%.
76
-------
(l)Migh organic matter soil ^tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil +commercial N fertilizer
(3)Low organic natter soil -«-tannery sludge
Commercial N(lbs/A)
2L0,5 Tannery sludge(T/A)
Figure 25
in.it
-------
Figure 26
Comparison of the effects of commercial nitrogen and tannery sludge on
the second harvest of corn grown in LOM (low organic matter) soil. The plants
on the right were grown with 10.2 tons tannery sludge (175 Ibs. available N)
per acre and those on the left were grown with 175 pounds of commercial nitro-
gen per acre.
77
-------
Figure 26
-------
Figure 27
The effects of tannery sludge and commercial nitrogen fertilizer on the,
growth of corn at the third harvest. Significance of difference between means
was determined using the least significant difference (LSD) test (see Methods).
LSP 05 = 38%."
78
-------
0)High organic matter soil + tannery sludge
(2)Low organic matter soil 4commercial H fertilizer
(3)Low organic matter soil +tannery sludge
350 Commercial N(lbs/A)
; £.0*.5 Tannery sludge(T/A)
Figure 27
;;i to t.ii- iiu h
-------
TABLE 1. Preliminary analysis of tannery sludge from the S. B. Foot Tanning Co. in Red Wing, Minnesota,
high organic matter (HQM) soil, and low organic matter (LOM) soil. The results are given as
mean ± standard deviation.
Constituent
Total N (g/kg)
Total Cr (g/kg)
Total Ca (g/kg)
Soluble Ca (g/kg)
Total P (g/kg)
Total S (g/kg)
Total Mg (g/kg)
Total Na (g/kg)
Total Fe (g/kg)
Total Mn (g/kg)
Total K (g/kg)
Organic C (g/kg)
T**nv.n~n* *» /* /JT/1*«V\
Inorganic C (g/Kg)
NH4 (mg/kg)
N02+N03 (ng/kg)
Total Cd (mg/kg)
Total Cu (mg/kg)
Total Ni (mg/kg)
Total Zn (mg/kg)
Soluble P (mg/kg)
Total Mo (mg/kg)
Lime requirement
(pH units)
Electroconductivity
(pmho/cm)
Cation exchange
capacity (meq/100 g
pH
Soluble Mg (mg/kg)
K (rag/kg)
S04 (mg/kg)
" Mn (mg/kg)
" Mo (mg/kg)
B (ms/kg) .
" Na (mg/kg)
" Zn (mg/kg)
" Cu (reg/kg)
Ni (mg/kg)
Fe (mg/kg)
, " Cr (mg/kg)
Pb (mg/kg)
" Cd (mg/kg)
Total Pb (mg/kg)
T*** ^1 D /mn /lsM\
Total B (mg/kg)
Tannery Sludge
28.
15.
140.
39
1.
15.
7.
6.
18.
1.
0.
207
56.
46.
36.
182.
1.
8
9
0
43
6
49
45
4
23
191
7
<
<
7
0
0
0
±
±
±
±
±
±
4
±
±
±
i
±
±
1.
3.
±
±
±
±
1.1
1.4
10.0
1
0.05
1.1
4.59
0.23
0.4
0.05
0.002
46
7.0
0
3
11.5
3.1
3.5
0.0
1
0
4
1
1
0
0
32
1
25
71
4
33
76
75
27
LOM
.6
.072
.56
.46
.20
<
.28
.033
.67
.12
.30
soil
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
± 0.
0.001
± 0.
± 0.
± 4.
4 0.
4 1.
HOM soil
2
016
12
01
00
01
006
16
12
85
t 90.0
.3
<
<
.63
.00
.50
.33
< 80 <
9.
1.
10.
327
122
6050
128
414
414
5
2
2
-
4
±
±
±
±
±
...
4
±
0.0
5
.7
144
0.12
0.1
30
4
260
-
11
-------
TABLE 2. Composition of soils for growth of tall fescue.
Aaount of each soil constituent (grams/container)
Soil mixture
LOM
LOM + 80 Ibs. coral. N/A
LOM + 160 Ibs. coml. N/A
LOW + 320 Ibs. coml. N/A
LOM + 4.7 tons sludge/A
LOM + 9.3 tons sludge/A
LOM + 18.7 tons sludge/A
HOM
HOM + 4.7 tons sludge/A
HOM +9.3 tons sludge/A
HOM + 18.7 tons sludge/A
LOM + 9.3 tons sludge/A + 1.37 g
Cr/kg dry soil
LOM + 9.3 tons sludge/A + 15. 1 g
Cr/kg dry soil
HOM +9.3 tons sludge/A + 1.34 g
Cr/kg dry soil
HOM +9.3 tons sludge/A + 14.8 g
Cr/kg dry soil
Limed LOM
Limed HOM
Limed LOM + 320 Ibs. com!. N/A
Limed LOM + 18.7 tons sludge/A
Limed HOM + 18.7 tons sludge/A
Limed LOM + 18.7 tons sludge/A
+ 14.9 g Cr/kg dry soil
Limed HOM + 16.7 tons sludge/A
+ 14.6 g Cr/kg dry soil
Tannery
sludge
15.79
31.59
63.18
11.66
23.31
46.63
31.59
31.59
23.31
23.31
63.18
46.63
63.18
46.63
Commercial Chromium Low organic
N Lime [as matter
fertilizer (CaCOQ Cr(OH?S04] (Amity) soil
3119
0.98 3119
1.97 3119
3.94 3119
3119
3119
3119
4.27 3119
47.23 3119
3,14
34.66
19.49 3119
57.69
3.94 19.49 3119
19.49 3119
57.60
19.49 46.48 3119
57.60 34.30
High organic
matter
(Labish) soil
,
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
-------
TABU 3. Composition of soils for growth of bust) bean.
Soil mixture
LOM
LOM + 50 Ibs. coml. N/A
LOM +. 100 Ibs. coml. N/A
LOM 4- 200 Ibs. coml. N/A
LOM + 2.9 tons sludge/A
LOM + 5.8 tons sludge/A
LOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
HOM
HOM +2.9 tons sludge/A
HOM + 5.8 tons sludge/A
HOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
LOM + 5.8 tons sludge/A + 0.85 g
Cr/kg dry soil
LOM + 5.8 tons sludge/A + 9.46 g
Cr/kg dry soil
HOM +5.8 tons sludge/A + 0.84 g
Cr/kg dry soil
HOM + 5.8 tons sludge/A + 9.2 g
Cr/kg dry soil
Limed LOM
Limed HOM
Limed LOM + 200 Ibs. coml. N/A
Limed LOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
Limed HOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
Limed LOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
* 9.3 g Cr/kg dry soil
Limed HOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
•«• 9.1 g Cr/kg dry soil
Tannery
sludge
9,85
19.70
39.40
7.27
14.51
29.08
19.70
19.70
14.54
14.54
39.40
29.08
39.40
29.08
Amount of each soil constituent (grams/container)
Commercial Chromium Low organic High organic
N Lime [as matter matter
fertilizer (CaCO«) Cr(OH)SO«] (Amity) soil ^Labish) soil
3119
0.60 3119
1.21 3119
2.42 3119
3119
3119
3119
2.66 3119
29.20 3119
1.97
21.58
19.49 3119
57.69
2.42 19.49 3119
19.49 3119
57.60
19.49 28.90 3119
57.60 21.36
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
-------
TABLE 4. Composition of soils for growth of corn.
Amount of each soil constituent (grans/container)
Soil mixture
LOW
LOM + 87.5 Ibs. com). N/A
LOM + 175 Ibs. com!. N/A
LOM + 350 Ibs. coml . N/A
LOM + 5.1 tons sludge/A
LOM + 10.1 tons sludge/A
LOH + 20.5 tons sludge/A
HOH
HOM + 5.1 tons sludge/A
HOM +10.2 tons sludge/A
HOM + 20.5 tons sludge/A
LOH + 10.2 tons sludge/A + 1.47 g
Cr/kg dry soil
LOM i- 10.2 tons sludge/A + 16.2 g
Cr/kg dry soil
HOH + 10.2 tons sludge/A + 1.47 g
Cr/kg dry soil
HOH + 10.2 tons sludge/A * 16.1 g
Cr/kg dry soil
Limed LOM
Limed HOM'
Limed LOM + 350 Ibs. coml. N/A
Limed LOM + 20.5 tons sludge/A
Limed HOH + 20.5 tons sludge/A
Limed LOH + 20.5 tons sludge/A +
16.0 g Cr/kg dry soil
Limed HOM + 20.5 tons sludge/A +
16.0 g Cr/kg dry soil
Tannery
sludge
17.02
34.03
68.07
12.79
25.57
51.14
34.03
34.03
25.57
25.57
68.07
51.14
68.07
51.14
Commercial Chromium Low organic
N Lime [as matter
fertilizer (CaCO,) Cr(OH)S04] (Amity) soil
3119
1.06 3119
2.12 3119
4.24 3119
3119
3119
3119
4.59 3119
50.59 3119
3,46
37.92
19.49 3119
57.69
4.24 19.49 3119
19.49 3119
57.60
19.49 49.98 3119
57.60 37.54
High organic
natter
(Labish) soil
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
2349
-------
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TABLE 15. Effect of tannery sludge, trivalent chromium, and line on the growth"of tall fescue, bush bean,
and corn. The soils were low (LOM) and high (HOM) in organic natter content. Significance of
differences between means was determined by the LSD test (see Methods).
Dry Weight of tall fescue (mg/plant)
Plant
Tall fescue
Plant
Bush beans
Plant
Corn
Soil mixtures
LOM +9.3 tons sludge/A + 1.37 g Cr/kg dry soil
HOM «• 9.3 tons sludge/A + 1.34 g Cr/kg dry soil
HOM + 9.3 tons sludge/A + 14.8 g Cr/kg dry soil
Lined LOM
Limed HOM
Limed LOM + 320 Ibs. conl. N/A
Limed LOM + 18.7 tons sludge/A
Limed HOH + 18.7 tons sludge/A
Lined HOM + 18.7 tons sludge/A + 14.6 g Cr/kg dry soil
LSP*
Dry
Soil mixtures
LOW + 5.8 tons sludge/A + 0.85 g Cr/kg dry soil
HOM + 5.8 tons sludge/A + 0.84 g Cr/kg dry soil
HOM + 5.8 tons sludge/A + 9.2 g Cr/kg dry soil
Limed LOM
Limed HOM
Limed LOM + 200 Ibs. coml. N/A
Limed LOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
Limed HOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
Limed HOM * 11.7 tons sludge/A + 9. 1 g Cr/kg dry soil
LSP*
-
Soil mixtures
LOM + 10.2 tons sludge/A + 1.47 g Cr/kg dry soil
HOM + 10.2 tons sludge/A + 1.47 g Cr/kg dry soil
HOM + 10.2 tons sludge/A + 16.1 g Cr/kg dry soil
Limed LOM
Limed H6M
Limed LOM + 350 Ibs. coml. N/A
Limed LOM + 20.5 tons sludge/A
Limed HOM + 20.5 tons sludge/A
Limed HOM + 20.5 tons sludge/A + 16.0 g Cr/kg dry soil
First
harvest
49
208
----
429
850
1408
595
1074
47
151
Second
harvest
31
190
-""
349
307
653
528
693
227
66
Weight of bush beans (g/four
First
harvest
—
9.6
0.9
3.6
2.2
2.4
1.8
2.0
1.7
46
Dry Weight
First
harvest
0.7
2.8
---
3.7
9.6
5.0
3.2
19.3
0.8
LSP* 40
Second
harvest
2.5
9.8
1.3
4.5
7.8
4.9
4.0
15.4
2.0
37
of corn {g/four
Second
harvest
2.6
9.3
0.5
4.4
10.9
4.4
3.5
14.7
1.6
22
Third
harvest
629
383
-»--
602
578
495
704
1014
596
20
plants}
Third
harvest
3.5
1.8
2.2
5.3
1.8
4.9
3.7
2.7
-1.4
52
plantsj
Third
harvest
3.1
3.5
^^—
5.5
3.2
6.1
3.5
4.7
1.2
38
* Least significant percentage at the 5X level of statistical significance (see Methods).
-------
TABLE 16. Nitrogenase dependent reduction of acetylene to ethylene in the
root nodules of bush beans grown in various soil mixtures. The
soils were low (LOM) and high (HOM) in organic matter content.
Significance of differences between means was determined using the
LSD test (see Methods).
Soil
LOM +5.8 tons sludge/A + 0.85 g
Cr/kg dry soil
HOM +5.8 tons sludge/A + 0.84 g
Cr/kg dry soil
HOM +5.8 tons sludge/A + 5.2 g
Cr/kg dry soil
Limed LOM
Limed HOM
Limed LOM + 200 Ibs. coml. N/A
Limed LOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
Limed HOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
Limed HOM + 11.7 tons sludge/A
+ 9. 1 g Cr/kg dry soil
*LSP 05
Nitrogenase
First
harvest
0.17
95.50
0.00
17.28
0.00
0.22
0.83
0.00
0.00
277
Activity (ppm C2H4
Second
harvest
0.37
70.39
0.37
0.73
6.47
0.06
0.04
11.51
0.04
503
f ormed/hr. )
Third
harvest
0.00
0.04
0.02
0.02
0.04
0.01
0.00
0.01
0.06
930
* Least significant percentage at the 5% level of statistical significance
(see Methods).
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