&ER&
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Research and Development
Washington, DC 20460
September 1986
Research and Development
Office of
Exploratory Research
Fiscal Year 1986
Summary of Awards
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Preface
i;
The collection of abstracts in this volume pertains
to research grants awarded by the Office of Exploratory
Research (OER) during the fiscal year 1986. Each one of
these investigator-initiated i research-projects has been
reviewed by a specially constituted peer review panel
and approved for award on its; scientific merit. Further,
for agency-relevancy, the projects have been subjected
to a relevancy review by in-house scientists. While
the projects may be recommended for one to three year
awards, the initial year of each listed grant is con-
sidered to be FY'86. '
Additional information Jon any individual project
may be obtained from OER upon request by writing to
Virginia Broadway, RD-675, Environmental Protection
to Agency, 401 M St., S. W., Washington, D.C. 20460,
or calling FTS-382-7473 or (202) 382-7473,
*****
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OFFICE OF EXPLORATORY RESEARCH
SUMMARY OF AWARDS -FY 1986
Table of Contents
Grant
Number Title Page No.
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
R81-2243-01 Potentiation of the Cardiovascular-
Pulmonary Actions of Lead by Altitude. 1
R81-2459-01 Mechanism of Differential Toxicity of
Dichlorobenzidine-and Congeners 2
R81-2542-01 Effects of Varying Doses of UV on Mammalian
Skin: Simulation of Decreasing Stratospheric
Ozone ; 4
j
R81-2781-01 An Aerosol Dispersion Test for Detecting
Pulmonary Responses to Industrial
Pollutants : 6
!
R81-2865-01 Fate of DNA Damage in Human Fetal Cells 8
i
R81-2869-01 Synergism in Pulmonary Effects of Nitrogen
.Dioxide and Ozonej 10
R81-2977-01 In Vitro Immunotoxicological Screening of
MetaTs '. • 12
R81-3003-01 2,3,7,8-TCDD and Related Compounds and
Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity 14
R81-3049-01 Pulmonary, Metabolic, and Ventilatory
Responses of Older Men and Women to Ozone
and Nitrogen Dioxide 15:
R81-3140-01 Mechanism of Nickel Induced Chromosomal
Aberrations j . 17
t
R81-3156-01 Heavy Metal Effects on Gene Expression in
Human Cells i 18
i
(i)
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Table of Contents
Grant
Number Title Page No.
R81-3228-01 Neurotoxicity Studies in Neuronal Cell
Cultures , 19
R81-3254-01 Role of Xenobiotics in Modifying Replicat-
ing DNA 20
R81-3324-01 Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: Immuno-
logical Consequences in Humans 22
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
R81-2311-01 Incorporation, Concentration and Exchange
of Lipophilic Contaminants in an Aquatic
Ecosystem , 24
R81-2379-01 The Use of Wetlands to Treat Acid Mine
Drainage: Growth Responses of Sphagnum
and Mechanisms of Metal Retention in Peat 26
R81-2385-01 Long-Term Effects of Municipal Sludge on
Ecosystem Development 27
R81-2475-01 Modulation of Nitrogen Loading Impacts
in an Estuary 29
R81-2662-01 The Production of Dimethyl Sulfide by
Marine Phytoplankton 30
R81-2767-01 Spread of Bacteria and Their Plasmids Among
Animals and Man in the Natural Environment 31
R81-2797-01 Development of Early-Warning Indices of
Ovarian Dysfunction and Reduced Hatching
Success in Fish Exposed to Pollutants 33
R81-2813-01 Multispecies Microcosm Tests for Predicting
the Effects of Chemicals on Aquatic
Ecosystems 34
R81-2818-01 Scaling Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetics Models
in Fish 36
(2)
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Grant
Number
R81-2827-01
R81-2838-01
R81-3181-01
R81-3190-01
R81-3212-01
R81-3229-01
R81-3280-01
R81-3315-01
R81-1862-01
R81-1974-01
R81-2101-01
R81-2657-01
R81-2913-01
1
i
Table of Contents
Title
Microbial Degradation of Polychlorinated
Biphenyls
Alteration of Plant-Insect Interaction
by Air Pollution
Interactions of Acid precipitation with .
Plant Cuticles
Structure-Activity of Electron-Withdrawing
Aromatics '
Are Intermittent Streams Stable Ecosystems?
Mechanism of Ion-Leakage from Plant Cells
Induced by UVB-Stress
Aerosol -Nitrogen Inputs to a Tree/Grass
Ecotone
Influence of Two Types of Clay and Phosphorus
Loading on Lake Productivity
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY & PHYSICS (WATER)
Validation of the; Transport Equation in
Unsaturated Soil
Identification of Environmental Electro-
philes
Metal Ion Binding by Humic Materials
Aqueous Solubilities of Organic Pollut-
ants and Related Compounds
Adsorption of Halbgenated Organic
Compounds in the Unsaturated Zone
Page No
38
40
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
51
53
55
(3)
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Table of Contents
Grant
Number Title Page No.
R81-2919-01 Wetting Front Instability in Layered
Soils and Its Inclusion in Monitoring
and Modeling Techniques 56
R81-2944-01 Catalysis of Organic Pollutant Hydrolysis
by Metal Oxide Surfaces 57
R81-3360-01 The Use of Fluorescence Lifetime Select-
ivity in the Detection and Determination
of HPLC-Separated Polycylic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Water Samples 59
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY & PHYSICS (AIR)
R81-1936-01 Development and Validation of a Source-
Receptor Air Pollution Model
for Hydrocarbons and Toxic Organics 61
R81-2139-01 Effects of Electrostatic Forces and Shear
in the Collection of Non-Spherical Particles 62
R81-2263-01 Spectroscopic Studies of Potentially
Hazardous Gaseous Pollutants in an Indoor
Environment 63
R81-2830-01 Optimization of Detection Sensitivity and
Selectivity in Laser Mass Spectrometry 65
R81-2962-01 Global Climate Model Development and
Sensitivity Experiments . 66
R81-2973-01 Atmospheric Chemistry of Gas-Phase PAH
and Their Occurrence in Ambient Air 67
R81-3012-01 Atmospheric HOX Experimental Studies 69
R81-3451-01 Further Development of Regional Elemental
Tracers for Contaminants in Precipitation 70
IA with NSF • Experimental Studies of Acid Generation
in Atmospheric Aerosols 72
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Table of Contents
Grant i
Number . Title Page No.
i
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
R81-2137-01 Particle Deposition in Wakes 73
!
R81-2534-01 Mechanisms of Rotavirus Inactivation by
Water Disinfectants 74
R81-2544-01 . Formation of Products of Incomplete
Combustion in Incinerators 75
R81-2555-01 Removal of Dioxins from Industrial
Wastewater by Sorption 77
R81-2760-01 Raw Water Quality; and Optimal Water
Treatment Plant Design 78
R81-3076-01 Reaction Kinetics1 of NOX Formation and
Removal in Hydrocarbon Fuel Combustion 79
R81-3178-01 Oxidation of Toxic Compounds in
Methanotropic Si ofi1m Reactors 80
R81-3322-01 An Investigation of Radon Daughter
Buildup in GAC Beds 81
i
R81-3326-01 Photocatalytic Degradation of Hazardous
Wastes Using Semiconductor Particles 82
R81-3332-01 Emulsion Liquid Extraction of Aqueous
Contaminants: Effects of Emulsion
Breakage and Multiple Extractable Solutes 84
R81-3645-01 Particulate Transport in Electrostatic
Precipitators: The Effect of Electrode
Geometry > 85
Index by Principal Investigators' Name! 86
Index by Institution 91
(5)
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Title: Potentiation of the Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Actions of Lead
by Altitude. !
Principal Investigator:
Alan Tucker
Institution:
Colorado State University
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year )$74,534
EPA Project No.
R81-2243-01
Summary ,
The overall goal of this study is to characterize
altitude induced potentiation of the deleterious effects
of long-term lead exposure on the heart, systemic and
pulmonary circulations, and on aspects of renal function
involved in the-control of blood pressure. Specific
objectives are to determine the effects, in neonatal
and adult rats, of long term exposure to lead in drink-
ing water under!environmental conditions simulating
alti'tudes of 5,000 and 10,000 ft. on: 1) Growth rate and
systemic blood pressure; 2) In vitro pulmonary vascular
responsiveness to endogenous vasoactive agents; 3)The
mass of the right and left ventricles; 4) Morphology
of lungs and heart; 5) Plasma renin activity, plasma
renin concentration, plasma renin substrate concen-
tration, pulmonary levels of converting enzyme activity,
and regulation of in vitro renin release; 6) Organ dis-
tribution of lead; 7) Urinary catecholamine excretion;
8) Serum creatinine and 24-hour creatinine clearance; and
9) The sensitivity of the heart to the arrhythmogenic
effect of nonrepinephrine.
Relationship of!this project to EPA's mission
This study should provide the health program
with significant information on the apparent additive
and/or synergistic relationship between heavy metal
toxicity and altitude exposure on cardiovascular
homeostasis, and provide information on the potential
mechanism involved. Results should be helpful in
developing drinking water health advisories. This
research is of particular interest to John O'Neil
at the Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Water
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Title: Mechanism of Differential
and Congeners
Summary
Toxicity of Dichlorobenzidine
Principal Investigator:
Michael Iba
Institution:
Rutgers University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year )$116,526
EPA Project No.
R81-2459-01
Benzidine, 3,3'-dichlorobenzidine (DCB), o-toli-
dine, and o-dianisidine are related aryl amines used in
the pigment and other industries. Based on criteria of
toxicity established for benzidine, the most studied of
the four chemicals, DCB has been considered to be the
least toxic of these chemicals. More recent studies,
however, suggest that the amine is toxic and that its
toxicity as well as the mechanisms of its metabolic
activation may differ from those of its congeners. Re-
cently, the International Agency for Research on Cancer
ruled that "available data are inadequate to evaluate
the carcinogenicity of DCB to man". Biochemical
studies, in which DCB, benzidine, o-tolidine and
o-dianisidine are compared, would not only provide
relevant metabolic data on DCB but would also shed
some light on the mechanism of the differential
toxicology of the four chemicals. For these reasons
this study will compare the four chemicals in terms of
their biochemical factors that are likely to modulate
their toxicity. Specifically, the study will:
1. Assess the inducibility of hepatic cytochromes
P-450 by the amines;
2. Assess the contributions of cytochromes P-450
and the flavoprotein amine monooxygenases to
the hepatic microsomal oxidation of the amines;
3. Compare the effects of the amines on hepatic
microsomal lipid peroxidation; and
4. Characterize metabolites of the amines
may be involved in toxicity;
that
To provide continuity between enzymic data and
the cellular effects of the chemicals, in vitro as
well as in vivo studies of the incorporation of the
amines into nucleic acids will be carried out. The
role thereon, of which has been implicated
in the hepatic activation of aryl amines, will be
assessed.
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Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This study should provide the health research
program with new concepts and information about the
hazard evaluation of benzidine congeners in general,
and specifically provide information on whether
dichlorobenzidine is or is not of relatively little
hazard. This research is of particular interest to Elma
.Akin at the Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
i
Water and!Toxic Substances
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Title: Effects of Varying Doses of UV on Mammalian Skin: Simulation of
Decreasing Stratospheric Ozone
Principal Investigator:
Issac Willis
Institution:
Morehouse School of
Medicine
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(2 year)$185,747
EPA Project No.
R81-2542-01
Summary
The overall objectives of this project are to:
(a) determine the carcinogenic potentialities of varying
increments of DVB (290-320 nm) in combination with
various doses of UVA (320-400 nm} radiation in a manner
which simulates stratospheric ozone depletion;
(b) determine the photobiological and histological
bases for the results in (a); (c) determine the pro-
tective effectiveness and photochemical stability of
certain sunscreening agents vis-a-vis ozone depletion
as well as search for and test new broad spectrum sun-
screens; (d) conduct pilot studies to assess the relative
role of systemic and antigenic effects (if any) in UV
photo-carcinogenesis under simulated conditions of
ozone depletion; and (e) conduct pilot studies aimed at
determining the nature and location of the photoreceptor
for such systemic and antigenic effects in the skin.
These investigations can best be accomplished using
albino inbred hairless mice exposed to solar simulating
radiation or from "monochromatic" radiation under well
defined conditions. Histopathological and electron
microscopic changes will be noted. Determinations of
UVA and UVB photo augmentation maxima, dose and
intensity-response relationships and action spectra
for UV carcinogenesis will be undertaken, in order to
provide mechanistic insight. Potential broad spectrum
sunscreens will be determined on the basis of spectral
characteristics as well as potential (photo) toxic or
(photo) allergic effects. Selected PABA and benzophenon
derivatives commonly used in sunscreens will be tested
for photochemical stability alone, and in mutual combina-
tion, via monitoring for changes in absorption spectral
properties, SPF values, and ability to protect against
chronic UV damage. Systemic involvement will be checked
by comparing tumor production (on the dorsal surface)
in mice which have been pre-irradiated on the ventral
surface with that in unpre-irradiated mice in order to
check tumor antigenicity and the presence of suppressor
cells. Tape stripping experiments will test the
hypothesis that the photoreceptor for systemic and
antigenic effects is located near the surface of the
skin, and may involve urocanic acid.
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Relationship of thisproject to EPA*s mission
This project is complementary to the Agency's
interest in the! decreases in stratospheric ozone that
is known to lead to significant increase in skin cancer.
The data obtained will increase our understanding of
the carcinogenicity of increased UV exposure that will
result from partial ongoing ozone depletion of the
stratosphere. This work will investigate the potential
extent of such deleterious effects as well as provide
information concerning prophylaxis and adjustments
necessary to prevent these effects. This research is
of particular interest to Ralph Smialowicz at the
Health Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle
Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
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Title: An Aerosol Dispersion Test for Detecting Pulmonary Responses to
Industrial Pollutants
Principal Investigator:
Morton Lippmann
Institution:
New York University
Medical Center
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year}$117,373
EPA Project No.
R81-2781-01
Summary
According to a recent study, it has been found
that young adult cigarette smokers without clinical
lung disease differ markedly from age and sex matched
nonsmokers in the degree of dispersion of a bolus of
0.5 urn aerosol during normal tidal breathing. Their
differences in conventional spirometric indices (FVC,
FEV1.0 FEFgs.ys) were much smaller and less significant.
In other studies, we have shown that 8-14 year old
children engaged in summer camp programs have small, but
significant decrements in spirometric indices when ex-
posed to ambient air pollutants. These field studies
with children have been performed with the participation
of Dr. F. E. Speizer and colleagues from Harvard medical
School. Finally, in other Harvard studies on children's
lung function, Speizer and colleagues have shown that
FEVipQ was lower by 0.7 to 0.8 ml +_ 0.2% in children
with"mothers smoking one pack of cigarettes per day
than in children of nonsmokers.
This study will measure aerosol dispersion and
conventional spirometric indices in relation to house-
hold exposures to sidestream smoke and other indoor
combustion effluents in adults and children. These
measurements will be done to show that the aerosol dis-
persion test (ADT) can provide a more sensitive tool
for screening and diagnosis of small airways abnormali-
ties than can conventional spirometric tests.
The study envisages collection of sufficient ex-
posure information from questionnaire data, ambient
pollutant measurements and indoor exposure measurements
in selected residences to determine the contributions and
potential interactions of exposures to sidestream smoke
and other indoor combustion effluents on baseline levels
of ADT. The children will be engaged in vigorous super-
vised recreational activities out-of-doors in the summer-
time. Daily measurements during a period of varying
ambient air quality will permit us to determine the
changes in ADT in response to ambient pollutant exposures,
.
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Relatlonshlp of :this project to EPA's mission
This project should provide the air programs
with a sensitive tool- for obtaining field study data
that could radically improve evaluation and utility of
epidemiologic data for air pollution risk assessments.
This research is of particular interest to John O'Neil
and Ed Massaro at the Health Effects.Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
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Title: Fate of DMA Damage in Human Fetal Cells
Summary
Principal Investigator:
Steven D'Ambrosio
Institution:
The Ohio State University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$120,422
EPA Project No.
R81-2865-01
The objective of this project is to characterize
and quantitate, at the molecular level in various
tissue (intestine, liver and lung) and cell (fibroblasts,
epithelial, and hepatocyte) types: (1) the repair of
specific types of DNA modifications; (2) the enzymes
responsible for DNA repair; and (3) the relationship of
DNA damage and repair to certain cellular functions. The
mechanisms by which human cell types repair miscoding
bases, i.e. O6- alkylguanine, O4- and 02 alklylthymidine,
will be established and compared to other alterations,
i.e. 7-alkylguanine, 3-alkyladenine and phosphotriesters.
The specific enzymes involved in repairing these lesions
will be quantitated and characterized. These studies
are designed so as to make these determinations in vivo
with fresh tissues, and jn vitro with cells in culture.
The adaptability of the various cell types in culture
to repair DNA damage following repeated carcinogen
exposure will be used to determine the maximal tolerable
dose of alkylator per cell type. The effect of genotoxin
exposure and the persistence of specific DNA base modi-
fications on normal cell function will be determined by
quantitating DNA, RNA and protein synthesis, and cellular
growth rates. Human fetal intestine, liver and lung are
selected for study because: (1) the tissues are readily
available; (2) published procedures for separation and long-
term culture of the various cell types have been developed;
and (3) very little is known about the mechanisms
of DNA damage and repair in these human tissues in vivo.
Also, the results obtained with these three tissues
will be compared to experiments being performed with
human fetal brain, kidney, and skin in a research
project currently funded by NIEHS. Although the actual
in vivo sensitivity of human fetal organs and cell
types to carcinogen exposure is not known, the fetus
due to its rapid level of cellular proliferation is
thought to be at a high risk. Experiments will be per-
formed using tissues derived from 6 to 10 individuals
per point, obtained from over 30 fetuses per year. Our
published experience with similar types of assays
suggests that these sample sizes provide statistically
meaningful data. Data obtained from each in vivo and
in vitro experiment will be compared to eacK other and
8
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the constitutive and inducible levels of repair enzymes
correlated with;the kinetic data. The studies of this
proposed research grant will provide new information
and insights into the mechanisms of DNA damage and
repair, and certain cellular parameters as a function of
human organ and cell type. The long-term goal of this
research program is to interrelate DNA damage to repair
of specific DNA'modifications to the biological events
occurring in humans following exposure to genotoxins.
Relationship ofHhis project to EPA's mission
This project should provide basic information
and new insights into how ONA damage in specific human
organs and cellltypes interact with carcinogens, how
the agents bindito cellular DNA and the repair of DNA
adducts.induced I by genotoxic agents. The lack of
current information, which this proposal will provide,
on the mechanism of DNA damage and repair in human
tissues in vivo.is of particular importance. This
research~Ts~oF~particular interest to Mike Waters,
Joel 1 en Lewtas and Steve Nesnow at the Health Effects
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Ca rol i na.
Relevant Research Committee
i
Pesticide's/Toxics
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Title: Synergism in Pulmonary Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide and Ozone
Principal Investigator:
Mohammad G. Mustafa
Institution:
University of California
-Los Angeles
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$154,928
EPA Project No.
R81-2869-01
Summary
The objective of this study is to delineate the
pulmonary oxidant toxicity as may be produced synergis-
tically by a combination of N02 and 03. The combined
exposure will simulate the ambient conditions of photo-
chemical smog in which the two oxidants co-occur as
interdependent gases. The study will be carried out
using male adult rats free of specific pathogens. At
the initial phase, animals will be exposed to 1.8 ppm
(3384 ug/m3) N02 plus 0.45 ppm (882 ug/m3) 0-j
continuously for three days, and 8 hours daily for 9
days. Similar exposures willbe carried out with
either 1.8 ppm NOg or 0.45 ppm 03 alone. During the
later phases, the oxidant concentrations will be scaled
down to two-third or one-third each, depending upon
the findings at the initial phase.
The hypothesis is that NOg plus 03, through
direct oxidation and formation of toxic chemicals/free
radicals can cause lipid perpxidation, sulfhydryl oxi-
dation and cellular DNA breaks which result in damage
to membranes and cells in the centriacinar epithelium.
The applicants propose to determine the reactive chemi-
cal species/free radicals that arise from the inter-
actions of N02> 03 and lung tissue, viz., NgOs, N03,
Og, lipid peroxidation products, sulfhydryl oxidation
products, and cellular DNA breaks as the primary events
in oxidant toxicity. The effects of these damages will
be further examined in terms of alterations in alveolar
membrane permeability (by assaying the leakage of
labeled albumin into alveolar space) and regeneration/
multiplication of centriacinar epithelial cells by
autoradiographic assay of labeled thymidine uptake).
The anticipated results will delineate the
effects of N02 and 03 as a composite oxidant as compared
to those of N02 or 03 alone, including the underly-
ing mechanisms of oxidant toxicity. The findings will
increase the data base which assists the regulatory
agency in assessing the potential for pulmonary oxidant
toxicity as may be synergistically produced by N02
and 03, and setting realistic standards or co-standards
for the two interdependent oxidants in relation to air
quality criteria.
10
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Relationship ofthis project to EPA's mission
This study should contribute significantly to the
regulatory strategies - specifically the needed informa-
tion of combined effects of N0£ and 03 at or near ambient
concentrations which may be enhanced by synergisrn, and in
suggesting whether oxidants of photochemical smog have a
role in the etiology and pathogenesis of lung disease.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
11
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Title: In Vitro Immunotoxicologleal Screening of Metals
Principal Investigator:
David Lawrence
Institution:
Albany Medical College
of Union University
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$97,814
EPA Project No.
R81-2977-01
Summary
Two major objectives are proposed: 1) development
of in v1t ro assays for analysis of toxic effects on im-
munoTogic parameters involved in host resistance to in-
fection agents and cancers; and 2) evaluation of in vitro
and in vivo metal effects on various immunologic reactiv-
ities and immune cells (peripheral blood lymphocytes
and monocytes) of humans. The in vitro screening assay
that we have developed employs the use of cell lines.
The various phases to be assessed by this assay include:
1) quantitation of antigen processing by antigen-present-
ing cells such as macrophages, 2) determination of T cell
activation by presented antigen in association with MHC
Class II molecules (1-A or 1-A or 1-E in the mouse),
3) analysis of" the epitopes of the MHC Class II molecules
before and after toxin (metal) exposure in the presence
or absence of antigen, 4} quantitation of lymphokine
production by the activated Y cells, and 5) analysis of
macrophage activation and killing of intercellular para-
sites (Listeria). The analysis of metal effects of
human immune cells which have never been examined in de-
tail will include the following: 1) quantitation of the
following antigens on the surface of PBMC (phenotypes):
T-cell antigens, T3, Jq, TS; B cell antigens, Bj, 84,
slg; Non selective antigens, Til, la, Leu 7, and Leu 11
(mainly NK cells, 2) quantitation of PBMC proliferation
induced by mitogens, 3) evaluation of B cell activation
and production of immunoglobulins, 4) quantiation of T
cell production of lymphokines including L-2 and 8-IFN,
and 5) analysis of T cell responsiveness to allogeneic
and syngeneic MHC Class I and II antigens. All assays
will be In vitro and human and murine reactivities will
be compared. To date, we have initiated development
of our in vitro screening assay and it appears that it
will correlate with in vivo toxin exposures. Further-
more, we have begun to analyze in vivo metal exposures
in humans and results suggest modulations will be appar-
ent and may be helpful in determining the mechanism(s)
of action of metal toxins. These investigations should
aid in identifying immunological modification that can
be detrimental to the health of individuals. Populations
at risk due to modulation of their immune status will
be assessed.
12
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Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This project will contribute significant new
information on the effects of environmental contami-
nants in the immune system. This research is of
particular interest to Ralph Smialowicz and Mary Jane
Belgrade at theJHealth Effects Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation and Pesticides/Toxics
13
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Title: 2,3,7,8-TCDD and Related Compounds and Mechanisms of Carclnogeniclty
Principal Investigator:
Stephen H. Safe
Institution:
Texas ASM University
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
{1 year)$49,896
EPA Project No.
R81-3003-01
Summary
A major goal of this project is to determine whether
2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), a potent
animal toxin and carcinogen, and related polychlorinated
dibenzo-p-dioxins {PCDD's) and polychlorinated dibenzo-
furans (PCDF's) elicit covalent DNA adduct formation in
rodent tissues in viyo» DNA adducts would indicate that
these compounds are 1ikely to induce cancer by a genotoxic
mechanism. 2,3,7,8 TCDO is highly carcinogenic in rodents
at low doses (0.1 microgram/kg/day), but attempts to de-
tect genotoxic activity of this and related compounds via
short-term mutagenicity and DNA-binding assays have failed
thus far.
This project will provide answers to the following
questions: (i) Does the carcinogenicity of the PCDD's
and PCDF's entail a genotoxic mechanism? (ii) Is the
formation of DNA adducts (if detectable) due to a direct
or an indirect mechanism? (iii) Does DNA damage occur
preferentially in known target organs of carcinogenicity
of the compounds? and (iv) Does the extent of ONA damage
correlate with the biological and/or carcinogenic potency
of individual compounds?
Relationship of this projecttoEPA'smission
The information to be obtained on the induction of
cancer by a genotoxic mechanism is of importance to the
toxic substances program in terms of regulatory decisions.
This project may be of interest to Michael Waters and
Steve Nesnow at the Health Effects Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Pesticides/Toxics
14
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Title: Pulmonary, Metabolic, and Ventilatory Responses of Older Men and
Women to Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide
Principal Investigator:
Jeborah Drechsler-Parks
Institution:
diversity of California,
Santa Barbara
^reject Period:
3 years
3udget:
{1 year}$166,849
SPA Project No.
881-3049-01
Summary
4
There is little data available on the effects of
air pollution exposure on women or older individuals.
The purpose of this research is to investigate more
extensively the metabolic, ventilatory and pulmonary
function responses of non-smoking men and women of 60-
70 years of age; to 03 and N0£ exposure with a series of
studies. Previous research with young subjects has,
shown that mosti have an exaggerated response on the
second of two consecutive days of 03 exposure followed
by an attenuation of the response over the next 2-3
consecutive days of exposure. Study A will investigate
whether or not older people show a similar response to
repeated 03 exposures. Previous research with young
adults has also:established that there is a relationship
between the "effective dose" of 03 and the pulmonary
function response to an 03 exposure. Study B will
attempt to develop effective doses response curves for
older men and women by having them walk on a treadmill
at several different workloads while they are exposed
to 0.45 ppm 03 (i.e. several effective doses of 03).
It has been recently reported that 03 exposure reduces
the cardiac output of anesthetized dogs. In study C,
it^is proposed to measure cardiac output of healthy men
and women between 60 and 70 years of age by impedance
cardiography before, during and after exposure to 0.45
ppm 03. Study D will evaluate the contributions of
ventilation, exposure time and 03 concentration on the
responses of men and women between 60 and 70 years of
age to exposure to 0.45 ppm 03. The subjects will com-
plete filtered aiir and 03 exposure with two different
exercise protocols (one hour of continuous exercise;
two hours of intermittent exercise). Study E will
investigate the effects of exposure to 0.45 ppm 03,
0.60 ppm NOg andl a mixture of 0.45 ppm 03 and 0.60 ppm
N02, as well as evaluate differences between the effects
of a one-hour continuous exercise protocol and a two-hour
intermittent exercise protocol.
15
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Cardiac function will be monitored throughout
each exposure. Pulmonary function (forced vital
capacity, functional residual capacity and associated
calculated volumes and flow rate) will be assessed pre-
and post-exposure. Ventilatory volume, respiratory
rate, tidal volume, oxygen uptake and carbon dioxide
output will be measured during the last five minutes of
each 20-minute segment of exercise. A histamine
bronchochallenge test will be performed pre- and post-
exposure.
Data analysis will be by analysis of variance (one
grouping factor - sex; two repeated measures factors -
time and exposure condition), followed by analysis of
main effects and the Turkey procedure where significant
factor interactions occur.
Relatjofishi p of thi s project to EPA's mission
The results of this study will be important to the
air program for criteria standards, and to the Office of
Health Research in providing information on the older
population. This research is of particular interest
to John O'Neil at the Health Effects Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
16
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Title: Mechanism of Nickel Induced Chromosomal Aberrations
Summary
Principal Investigator:
Max Costa
Institution:
New York University
Medical Center
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year }$106,450
EPA Project No.
R81-3140-01
The nature of chromosomal aberrations will be
studied as a function of the mechanism by which
carcinogenic nickel compounds are introduced into
cells. Cultured cells will be treated with carcinogenic
phagocytized crystalline nickel sulfide compounds, water
soluble nickel compounds alone or the same compounds con-
jugated to albumen and introduced into cells by liposomes,
Chromosomes will be examined morphologically in mitotic
cells as well ias in cells in which they have been
prematurely condensed by fusion with mitotic cells.
Extensive experiments have been proposed to follow up
on preliminary evidence indicating that the delivery
of ionic Ni sdlubilized from a phagocytized particle
selectively fragments heterochromatin. DNA lesions
induced in heterochromatin and euchromatin by Ni de-
livered by different mechanisms will be examined. The
primary DNA lesion to be studied with Ni is the DNA-
protein cross-ilink.. Studies of this major lesion will
extend to an examination of the molecular weight of the
proteins cross'linked to heterochromatin or euchromatin
by nickel released intracellularly from a phagocytized
particle or entering the cell more diffusely as with
NiCl2 treatment. Proteins crosslinked to hetero-
chromatin or euchromatin will also be examined in
cells treated with phagocytized liposomes containing
nickel-albumen complexes.
Relationship oft this project to EPA's mission
This study should provide the health research
program with important information on the understand-
ing of the mechanism of DNA damage induced by nickel
and other heavy metals. This research is of particular
interest to Ed Massaro and Mike Waters at the Health
Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina.!
Relevant Research Committee
Pesticides/Toxics
17
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Title: Heavy Metal Effects on Gene Expression in Human Cells
Principal Investigator:
Michael Karin
Institution:
University of California
-San Diego
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year}$72,440
EPA Project No.
R81-3156-01
Summary
The objective of this project is to
the molecular basis for the regulation of
toxic trace metal ion metabolism in human
understand
essential and
cells.
Metallothioneins (MT's) are low molecular weight
heavy metal binding proteins which play a central role
in both the maintenance of essential trace metal ion
(Cu and Zn) homeostasis and in protection of living
organisms against the toxic effects of some of these
ions such as Cd and Hg. In addition, MT's form part of
a regulatory network in animal cells whose role is to
protect against damage by free oxygen radicals. This
study will concentrate mainly on the structure of the
human MT gene family and the mechanisms which regulate
its expression. Understanding these mechanisms will
increase our knowledge of the means available to human
cells to protect themselves against deleterious effects
of various environmental toxins.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This study will add significant new information to
the understanding of the response at the genome level of
human cells to various environmental stresses, especially
heavy metal ions, which will be of importance to the
toxic substances program as well as the air and to water
programs. This project will be of particular interest
to Michael Waters and Steve Nesnow at the Health Effects
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Pesticides/Toxics
18
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Title: Neurotoxicity Studies in Weuronal Cell Cultures
Principal Investigator:
Gerald J. Audesirk
Institution: „
University of Colorado
at Denver
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$69,812
EPA Project No.
R81-3228-01
Summary j
This project seeks to use.neuronal cell cultures
as model systems in which to study neurotoxicological
effects of suspected environmental contaminants and
has two major goals. First, it will utilize various
aspects of the growth of neurites in culture to develop
relatively simple, rapid, and sensitive assays with which
to screen environmental contaminants, particularly
heavy metals, organic metals, and organic pesticides/
herbicides, for toxicity to nerve cells. Second, it
will investigate the mechanisms whereby toxic chemicals
produce their effects on neurite growth.
Relationship ofithis project to EPA's mission
The development of an w vitro system to test for
neurotoxicity is important to the Agency, particularly
to the toxic substances program and risk assessment
activities. This project will be of particular interest
to Lawrence Reiter at the Health Effects Research
Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
i
Pesticides/Toxics
19
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Title: Role of Xenobiotics in Modifying Replicating DNA
Principal Investigator:
Martin Ribovich
Institution:
The Ohio State University
project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$122,286
EPA Project No.
R81-3254-01
Summary
Human cells in the early S phase of the cell cycle
exhibit a heightened response to a toxic insult-as evi-
denced by the expression of an abnormal phenotype. Addi-
tion of benzamide (BZ) to cells during early S phase
prevented the expression of an abnormal phenotype but
did not alter quantitatively and qualitatively the modi-
fication of total DNA by the carcinogen. Studies on, the
binding of B[a]P diol epoxide (BPDE I) revealed ca. 3-
times more binding of BPOE I to the linker DNA compared
to the core region of the chromatin in the presence of
BZ. There was equal binding to the linker and core DNA
when the cells in S phase were treated with BPDE I alone.
The confluent cells in G^ treated only with BPDE I bound
the carcinogen preferentially to the linker region. How-
ever, cells treated in late GI or early GI with BPDE I
do not exhibit a transform phenotype. These data suggest
that BZ stabilized the linker and core regions of the DNA
during replication, thereby masking these critical DNA
sites, the modification of which is necessary for trans-
formation. It is reasonable to assume that BZ may act by
regulating the binding of the carcinogen to the specific
DNA sites replicated during this period.
The objectives of this research will be to:
1} examine the binding of BPDE I to replicating and
parental DNA of cells in early S phase and examine the
effect of BZ and its analogues on this binding; and
2) quantitate and compare the specific BPDE I adducts
in replicating DNA, parental DNA, and replicating fork-
associated DNA in early S phase when the cells have been
treated with the carcinogen in the presence and absence
of benzamide. The intention, time permitting, is to
understand how the alteration of chromatin conformation
may lead to expression of silent genes in early S, and
how to modify the cascade of expression of subsequent
biological functions by the use of inhibitors such as
benzamide which may alter conformationally these critical
DNA sites which are involved in the initiation of
transformation.
20
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Relationship of this project toEPA's mission
This study should provide the Office of Toxic
Substances and Office of Health Research with basic
information on DNA alteration by xenobiotics which is
currently lacking. This research is of particular
interest to Mike Waters, Steve Nesnow and Joel 1 en
Lewtas at the Health Effects Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
i-
Pesticides/Toxics
21
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Title: Stratospheric Ozone Depletion: Immunological Consequences in
Humans
Summary
Principal Investigator:
Craig A. Elmets
Institution:
Case Western Reserve
University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$100,U2
EPA Project No.
R81-3324-01
Predicted increases in the amount of UVB
radiation reaching the earth due to stratospheric
ozone depletion are likely to have significant impact
on human health. One recently recognized target of UVB
radiation is the immune system. Since nearly all
studies dealing with the deleterious effects of UVB on
immunological function have been conducted in animals,
the relevance of these findings to humans is not clear.
The objective of this proposal is to characterize
the influence of UVB radiation on immunological function
in humans by assessing its influence on epidermal cell
and monocyte accessory function, an activity which is
essential for initiation of cell-mediated immune
responses. Human blood monocytes and epidermal cells will
be isolated and exposed in vitro to UVB radiation and
then evaluated for their ability to reconstitute the
accessory cell dependent antigen - and mitogen-stimulat-
ed assays of T lymphocyte activation. The effects of
UVB radiation on specific signals — antigen processing,
interleukin-1 production, HLA-DR antigen expression --
will be evaluated. Detailed studies of the photobiologic
characteristics of the UVB-induced inhibition of mono-
cyte accessory function will be performed and will in-
clude irradiation of monocytes in systems which simulate
ozone depletion. Once the effects of UVB have been de-
fined in vitro, they will be assessed in vivo by expos-
ing human subjects to UVB and then testing the accessory
function of their monocytes. Knowledge obtained from
these studies may help to define the effect of UVB ex-
posure on cutaneous and systemic immunologic processes
in humans and enhance our understanding of the impact of
stratospheric ozone depletion on the immunologic responses
that are essential for human health.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This study will be helpful to the atmospheric mod-
ification program and the health research program by help-
ing to define the effect of UVB exposure on cutaneous and
systemic immunologic processes in ozone depletion on the
immunologic responses that are essential for human health.
22
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This research is of particular interest to John O'Neil,
Ralph Smialowicz and Mary Jane Selgrade at the Health
Effects Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park,
North Carolina.
i
Relevant Research Committee
i
Air & Radiation
23
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Title: Incorporation, Concentration and Exchange of Lipophilic Contami-
nants in an Aquatic Ecosystem
Principal Investigator:
Marlene Evans
Institution:
University of Michigan
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year}$114,020
EPA Project No.
R81-2311-01
Summary
Many toxic substances entering aquatic ecosystems are
lipophilic organic compounds. Recent studies suggest that
these contaminants are strongly associated with lipids in
particulate matter, and especially with lipids in living
organisms. Consequently, such toxicants are readily re-
cycled within the aquatic ecosystems. Lipids, as a major
component of all cells (membranes storage reserves, etc.),
must play an important role in the uptake and bioaccumula-
tion of contaminants. However, this role has yet to be elu-
cidated. We propose to elucidate this role using amphipods
and mysids, basing our research strategy on the results of
our previous investigations of contaminant associations
within a subcomponent of the Lake Michigan ecosystem. This
earlier research characterized PCB and DOT transfer and
bioaccumulation from plankton to mysids, from sediments to
amphipods, and from mysids and amphipods to deep-water
sculpins. Although similar in size and life history,
mysids and amphipods differed markedly in their contami-
nant levels. Laboratory studies have shown that these
macrobenthic species differ in their uptake and depuration
kinetics for polyaromatic hydrocarbons and that these
rates vary seasonally. The applicants hypothesize
that seasonal and interspecific differences in contaminant
body burdens are related to the lipid concentration
and composition of the organisms themselves and to
their diets. We propose to test this hypothesis through
seasonal field and laboratory studies, investigating
three model toxic organics: ODE, PCB (two or three
isomers), and a polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon. In
the field, we will investigate the seasonal aspects of
lipid contaminant associations in a model ecosystem:
plankton (consumed by mysids), mysids, detritus (consumed
by amphipods), amphipods, and sculpins (consumers of
mysids and amphipods). In the laboratory we will investi-
gate the relative roles of water and diet as sources of
contaminants to mysids and amphipods. Lipid-contaminant
associations will be determined for mysids, amphipods, and
24
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their diet. Furthermore, we will quantify seasonal
uptake and depuration kinetics for the model organic
compounds under investigation. Finally, we will conduct
statistical analyses to determine which environmental
variables have;the major effect in determining DOE, PCB
and PAH concentrations in amphipods and mysids.
j
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This project is directly related to the Great
Lakes National^program and the US/Canada Water Quality
Agreements. This kind of work is managed by Norbert
Jaworski at Environmental Research Laboratory, Duluth
Minnesota, and'should be of interest to Ed Richards
in the Office of Water.
Releyant ResearchCommittee
Water
25
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Title: The Use of Wetlands to Treat Acid Mine Drainage: Growth Responses
of Sphagnum and Mechanisms of Metal Retention in Peat
Principal Investigator:
R. Kelman Weider
Institution:
Villanova University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$88,842
EPA Project No.
Summary
In recent years there has been a considerable
interest in the potential use of freshwater wetland
ecosystem as a low cost, low maintenance method of
treating acid coal mine drainage. However, before
the wetland option can become practicable, the sensi-
tivity of wetland vegetation to mine drainage and the
processes by which wetlands chemically modify mine
drainage waters must be more fully evaluated. The find-
ings from a previous EPA grant (R81 0082-01-0) form the
basis of this project. This project will utilize both
laboratory studies and model wetland systems in address-
ing four research objectives: 1} to evaluate the effects
of mine drainage waters on the vigor, growth, and
survival of Sphagnum plants; 2) to quantitatively
determine the metal adsorption properties of Sphagnum
peat; 3) to characterize the molecular nature of the
metal binding sites in Sphagnum peat; and 4) to use
the results of the laboratory studies to predict metal
removal in model wetland systems subjected to controlled
inputs of water with different metal concentrations.
Results from the proposed studies will enhance the
presently limited ability to make design calculations
that will allow for the effective long-term treatment
of acid mine drainage, while minimizing any deleterious
effects on either man-made or naturally occurring
wetland ecosystems.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
The loss of wetlands in the Northeastern U.S.
has become an acute problem and EPA must develop
long-range strategies to reverse this trend. The
project should be of particular interest to Harold
Kibby at the Environmental Research Laboratory,
Corvallis, Oregon.
Relevant Research Committee
Water
26
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Title: Long-Term Effects of Municipal Sludge on Ecosystem Development
Principal. Investigator:
Gary W. Barrett
Institution:
Miami University, Ohio
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(2 year)$121,906
EPA Project No.
R81-2385-01
Summary ;
—__^^^_ !
I
Numerous ^studies have been concerned with the
effects of municipal sludge on young (agricultural) or
mature (forest) ecosystems. Few investigators have
focused upon the intermediate stages of ecological
succession (e.g ., old-field communities}. It is
hypothesized the old-field communities would indeed be
the most ecologically efficient and cost-effective eco-
system for sludge disposal. To test this hypothesis,
eight quarter-acre (0.1 -ha) enclosures (plots) were
planted in winter wheat in October 1977 and then per-
mitted to proceed into secondary succession from 1978
-onward. Three |replicate plots have been treated five
times annually 'since 1978 with Milogranite, three plots
treated annually with commercial fertilizer, and two
plots left as untreated controls. Cadmium, copper,
, lead and zinc have been measured periodically between
trophic levels,1 between treatments, and between years.
The major objectives of this study are: (a) to
measure the effects of continuous sludge application on
old-field communities; (b) to evaluate sludge effects:
on several different levels of biological organization
(e.g., tissue, 'individual, population, community, and
ecosystem levels); (c) to identify indicator parameters
(e.g., changes p'n animal behavior or survivorship) indi-
cative of stress response; (d) to identify the energy
flow pathways of heavy metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn) as they
move from the s'ludge through the soil to the producer
(plant) trophic level, into the primary consumer (small
mammal) trophic; level, and into the decomposer (earth-
worm) trophic Vevel; (e) to determine if old-field
communities are; better able to assimilate and recycle
nutrient input jthan agricultural community-types;
(f) to determine if nutrient and heavy metal input will
produce trophic level differences between or within
treatments and/or community-types; and (g) to determine
if nutrient input will continue to alter significantly
the rate of community development.
27
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Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This project is related to sludge management option
to support implementation of the Agency's new sludge
disposal regulations. The project should be of interest
to Joseph Parrel 1 at the Water Engineering Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Relevant Research Committee
Hazardous Waste/Superfund and Water
28
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Title: Modulation of Nitrogen Loading Impacts in an Estuary
Principal Investigator:
Donald Stanley
Institution:
East Carolina University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year}$109,657
EPA Project No.
R81-2475-01
Summary (
The objectives of the project are to:
1. Determine the quantities and seasonal cycles of
input of various forms of new nitrogen entering the
estuary.
2. Determine the seasonal cycles of nitrogen assimila-
tion, remineralization of nitrogen in the water column,
and phytoplankton productivity on an area basis, and
to determine when and where nitrogen concentrations,
.light, and temperature limit nitrogen assimilation and
productivity. \
3. Utilize the results from objectives 1) and 2) to
provide information about:
a) the phase relationships between nitrogen load-
ing and phytoplankton nitrogen assimilation
and productivity as well as the influences of
lightjand temperature on differences that may
occuriin the phasing;
b) the chemical nature of new nitrogen input from
the watershed in terms of its availability for
algal iassimilation, and the rates of mineralizar
tion of the initially unavailable forms;
I
i
c) estimates of the quantities of nitrogen trapped
at the head of the estuary; and .
d) with r,espect to location in the estuary and time
of year, the portions of assimilated nitrogen
from new input and water-column recycling.
i
Relationship of thisjjrojectto EPA's mission
This project is related to the large problem of
wetland destruction, particularly in the Southeastern
United States, j The Project is of particular interest to
Harold Kibby at the Environmental Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon.
Relevant Research Committee
Hazardous Waste/Superfund
29
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Title: The Production of Dimethyl Sulfide by Marine Phytoplankton
Principal Investigator:
Robert Guillard
Institution:
Bigelow Laboratories for
Ocean Sciences
Project Period: '
2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$74,422
EPA Project No.
R81-2662-01
Summary
Natural sources of sulfur compounds that may result
in acid precipitation have largely been overlooked. The
Gulf of Maine may be a significant source of volatile
sulfur compounds, in particular of dimethyl sulfide (DMS),
Previous studies of DMS production have implicated speci-
fic groups of marine phytoplankton, some of which are
seasonally abundant in the Gulf of Maine. We propose to
screen for DMS production many representative clones,
already in culture, from several algal classes and to
quantify such production. Concurrently, we intend to
isolate and culture dominant phytoplankton from the Gulf
of Maine for similar study.
Using batch cultures of selected clones, we will
determine the effects of several environmental variables
including light, temperature, nutrient fluxes and salin-
ity on DMS production. The interaction of light and
temperature will be explored using a crossed gradient
of these two environmentally significant factors.
Based on this information, we will attempt to de-
velop a predictive model of the seasonal and abundance
of DMS in the Gulf of Maine.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This project is related to the Agency's mission
of determining the source and extent of industrial SOj?
(acid rain) production in the U.S. This study may help
produce more accurate data around the coastal area. The
project should have some relevance to the air quality
models validation program. This kind of research is
managed by J. Snreffler at Atmospheric Sciences Research
Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
30
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Title: Spread of Bacteria and Their Plasmids Among Animals and Man in
the Natural Environment !
Principal, Investigator
Bonnie T. Marshall
Institution:
Tufts University
Project Period:
1 years
Budget:
(1 year}$76,100
EPA Project No.
R81-2767-01
Summary
This research is designed to study the ecology of
E. coli and its transferable plasmids in the environment,
in particular the association and movement between
animals and the environment, including humans. One
aspect of this'Study is to assess the ability of E. coli
strains found in a single animal species to spread and
then propagate Mn the intestinal tract of similar and
different success. A further objective of this work is
to determine the conditions, factors, limitations and
rates of spread of E. coli and its genetic elements
(plasmids, transposons) within different environments.
The answer to these questions are fundamental to our
understanding of how plasmid-borne traits, such as anti-
biotic resistance and toxin-production, spread among
nonpathogenic and pathogenic bacteria and among different
environmental groups.
A major question facing environmentalists concern-
ed with the fate of recombinant DNA molecules, as well
as epidemiologists, infectious disease specialists and
others researching plasmid and bacterial biology, is the
frequency, direction and conditions of natural spread of
bacteria and their plasmids within our environment. Such
data are of obvious importance in understanding the
critical health problem caused by spread of antibiotic
resistance and;enterotoxin-producing plasmids; however,
they are likewise essential to addressing many as yet
unanswered questions which deal with the means by which
natural and man-made strains and plasmids are able to
maintain themselves and to spread in a natural environ-
ment. Aerosol^ insect and animal vectors, and other
fomites may behnvolved in this spread. In addressing
this question,ithis project proposes to create a controll-
ed, yet natural environment, in which free ingress and
egress of known participants is allowed. An experiment-
al farm was created several years ago to study the
effects of anitbiotic-supplemented feed on animals arid
humans (1). This farm and the family members who
participated in these experiments represent a unique
opportunity for studying bacterial and plasmid ecology
31
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in a natural setting. By employing a biochemcially
marked wild-type strain carrying a highly transmissible,
easily identifiable plasmid, and by using an antibiotic
supplemented feed, we propose to maximize the efficiency
of transfer in our model so that rates and spread of
both hosts and vectors can be adequately assessed.
Insects {chiefly flies), water, air, fomites and
humans will be examined as possible vectors of the
marked bacteria and their elements, in both the barn
and in the house (about 200 years away). In all experi-
ments, we shall use the selective markers to follow
the host bacterium, the plasmid and the resistance
marker.'
The study is expected to answer many questions
concerning the natural spread of E. coll and plasmids
in man's environment and clarify the question of animal
host specificity attributed to E. coll. These data
are crucial to understanding spread of resistance genes
and plasmids among different animal species, particularly
man, and can serve as control studies for assessing a
model system useful for examining the spread of other
labortatory-derived host-vector systems in the natural
environment.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This project is related to EPA's responsibility
for developing and evaluating genetically engineered
organisms released into the environment. This project
is of particular interest to Daphne Kamely in the
Office of Health and Environmental Assessment and
Fredrick Kutz in the Office of Environmental Processes
and Effects Research.
Relevant Research Committee
Hazardous Waste/Superfund and Pesticides/Toxics
32
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Title: Development of Early-Warning Indices of Ovarian Dysfunction
and Reduced Hatching Success in Fish Exposed to Pollutants
Principal Investigator:
Peter Thomas
Institution:
The University of Texas
at Austin
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year}$77,561
EPA Project No.
R81-2797-01
Summary
It is proposed to compare the effects of sub-lethal
pollutant exposure on hatching success, as assessed by the
total production of viable eggs, with certain indices of
ovarian function in teleost fish. The effects of two
model pollutants, cadmium and a polychlorinated biphenyl,
on the following ovarian functions considered to be partic-
ularly sensitive to toxicants, will be extensively studied
in Atlantic croaker (Microgonias undulatus): (a) gamete
production and lovarian growth, (b) steroid biosynthesis in
ovarian tissues, (c) steroid metabolism and conjugation,
(d) protective mechanisms against lipid peroxidative
attack such as |glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, and
ascorbic acid, '(e) vitellogenesis and final oocyte matura-
tion, (f) stress-related effects. The results will be
compared to those obtained with southern flounder subjected
to the same exposure regime and also to the effects of de-
creased food intake and fluctuating physical environmental
variables.
!
The purpose of these studies is to: (1) understand the
nature of pollutant-induced perturbations of teleost ovarian
function and their significance in terms of ultimate hatching
success, (2) on the basis of these results, propose several
parameters for later evaluation in croaker or other teleost
species as early warning indices of a pollutant-induced de-
cline in the reproductive success of natural fish populations,
Thus, the eventual aim of this research is to develop early
warning indices of impaired hatching success in fish which
can be utilized in a variety of teleost species as reliable
predictors of long-term hazards to the entire fish population,
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This project is related to the program on the
effects of toxic substances in fresh water environ-
ments under W. '• Rubinstein at the Environmental Research
Laboratory, Duluth, Minnesota. It is specifically related
to environmental hazard assessment research for comparative
toxicological relationships using fish.
Relevant Research^Cbmmittee
Pesticides/Toxics
i 33
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Title: Multispecies Microcosm Tests for Predicting the Effects of
Chemicals on Aquatic Ecosystems
Principal Investigator:
John Carins, Jr.
Institution:
Virginia Polytechnic
Institute & St.University
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year }$48,703
EPA Project No.
R81-2813-01
Summa ry
The purpose of this project is to examine the
response of microbial communities in laboratory micro-
cosms to pure toxic compounds and to complex toxic mix-
tures. It will determine the sensitivity of laboratory
microcosms in responding to toxicants, to examine the
relative utility of measures of community structure and
alternative measures of community function {nutrient
retention, carbon flux) as indicators of stress, and to
validate predictions of environmental safety or harm.
Experiments will examine the development of microbial
communities on initially sterile, artificial substrates
supplied with a species source obtained from a natural,
unimpacted ecosystem. The effect of differing concen-
trations of toxic compounds and toxic mixtures will be
assessed by comparing rates of community development
in microcosms and the relative ability of communities
developing within the microcosms to retain nutrients
and fixed carbon. The response of communities to
differing toxicant concentration will be used to pre-
dict "safe" concentrations of test compounds. Criti-
cal tests will examine the response of microcosms test
systems to actual effluents. Predictions of safe
concentrations of selected complex effluents will be
tested in actual receiving ecosystems by examining the
same parameters examined in the laboratory: microbial
colonization of artificial substrates and relative
levels of nutrients in the microbial communities. This
project will critically test the ability of multispecies,
microcosm testing systems to adequately mimic complex
processes so that realistic estimates of environmental
safety harm may be obtained.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This project is complementary to the Agency's
current interest in microcosm research for understanding
pollutant effects and processes in aquatic systems. The
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Environmental Research Laboratories at Corvallis,
Oregon, and Athens, Georgia, are very much involved in
this kind of research. The Laboratory leaders are
W. Miller and R!. Lassitaer, respectively. It should,
therefore, contribute to their general knowledge of
the field. i
Relevant Research Committee
Water
35
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Title: Scaling Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetics Models in Fish
Principal Investigator:
William L. Hayton
Institution:
Washington St. University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$59,891
EPA Project No.
R81-2818-01
Summary
This project is based on the hypothesis that the
kinetics of accumulation of water-borne xenobiotics by
fish are controlled both by the physicochemical and bio-
chemical characteristics of the xenobiotic and by the
physiology of the organs and tissues involved in uptake,
distribution and elimination. Using modern methods of
pharmacokinetics analysis and modeling, it should be
possible to develop physiologically based models and to
devise rational bases for scaling the models for differ-
ent species, body sizes and environmental conditions.
The project has the following objectives (the
test compounds to be studied are trifluralin, diethyl-
hexylphthalate, pentachlorophenol and lead):
1. To Continue the development of pharmacokinetics
models of the whole-body accumulation of the test
compounds in sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus),
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri), goldfish (Carassius
auratus), and/or fathead minnow ( Pimephales prometas);
2. To Determine whole-body model parameters for
the test compounds in rainbow trout that weigh 4g, 20g,
and lOOg;
3. To Develop pharmacokinetics models for the test
compounds, in 300g trout, that are based on blood
concentration-time data collected after intra-arterial
injections of the test substances;
4. To Develop physiologically based pharmacokinetics
models for the test compounds that use as model para-
meters the following physiological and biochemical para-
meters: cardia output, tissue perfusion rates, tissue/
blood distribution coefficients, tissue masses and
blood binding parameters; and
5. To Develop methods for scaling the physiologi-
cally based models to different species and sizes of
fish, and for altering model parameters in response to
changes in temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen concentra-
tion, and metabolic enzyme activity.
36
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Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
The Agency must set standards for various pollu-
tants in water and ocean systems. However, it is not
practical to meaisure the effects on all size.fish in
order to determine total population effects. Therefore,
it would be useful to make measurements on a model size
and scale to thei population size distribution. J.Couch
at the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
Florida, has an interest in this project.
Relevant Research Committee
Pesticides/Toxics and Water
37
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Title: Mlcrobial Degradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Principal Investigator:
Satish Walia
Institution:
Oakland University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:,
(1 year}$95,443
EPA Project No.
R81-2827-01
Summa ry
The long-range goal of this project is to under-
stand the mechanism involved in the degradation of toxic
halo.genated organic compounds and to develop microbial
technology for their safe disposal. Polychlorinated bi-
phenyls (PCBs) will be used as model chemical compounds.
The microbes degrading PCBs are widely available in the
environment and will be isolated from the PCBs contamin-
nated soil and waste water. The microbes that can effi-
ciently degrade potentially toxic PCBs will be used to
study the nature of PCBs degradative genes, mechanism
of survival, expression, regulation and biological
functions. An important question about the evolution
of PCBs degradative genes will be addressed by closing
the DNA fragments containing PCBs degradative genes in-
to a suitable plasmid vector. The cloned ONA fragments
will be used to enumerate DNA sequence homology of
PCBs degradative genes in various microbial species in
the environment. The structure of PCBs degradative
genes will be studied via physical mapping by restric-
tion enzymes and determining the minimum size of DNA
fragment absolutely necessary for its biological func-
tion. These cloned DNA fragments will be further used
to understand the mechanism of gene expression, gene
regulation and the nature of promoters. The clusters of
genes on the recombinant plasmid coding for all the
necessary catabolic enzymes for the degradation of PCBs
will be transferred to naturally occurring chloroben-
zoate (C8A) degrading bacteria. It should be noted
that chlorobenzoate is the stable terminal metabolic
product of PCBs degradative pathway. This strategy
will allow the construction of a hybrid bacterial strains,
which will be capable of mineralizing PCBs. The
performance of this geneticaly manipulated PCBs degrading
microbe will be evaluated in the laboratory using PCBs
contaminated soil and water. All these research efforts
will be directed to address the key question: How to
develop strategies to mineralize toxic halogenated
organic compounds and synthesize easily biodegradable
synthetic organic compounds.
38
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Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
i
This research Is related to the Agency's responsi-
bility for regulating PCBs and related toxic halogenated
compounds. The;specific program of interest 1s the fate
and effects of toxic substances and genetically engineer-
ed organisms in;water and terrestrial environments. The
relevant laboratory is Environmental Research Laboratory,
Duluth, Minnesota, under the program direction of C.
Stephen.
Relevant Research Committee
Hazardous Waste/Superfund
39
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Title: Alteration of Plant-Insect Interaction by Air Pollution
Principal Investigator:
Patric R. Hughes
Institution:
Royce Thompson Institute
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$68,740
EPA Project No.
R81-2838-01
Summary
The goal of this research is to address these
needs, by using the SOg-soybean-Mexican bean beetle
system, to: 1) determine the dose characteristic(s) most
closely correlated with the change in plant suitability
as a host (i.e. most important in producing the change)
2} determine the mechanism by which insect success is
being altered by exposure of plants to the pollutant,
and 3) obtain information basic to modelling the inter-
action and estimating its economic impact. Specifi-
cally, plant studies will be conducted to determine:
1) the relationship of rate and duration of pollutant
uptake to plant response, 2) the change in GSH concen-
tration as a function of time and pollutant concentra-
tion during constant fumigation, and 3) the recovery of
plants through time following fumigation with specified
concentrations of SOg. Insect studies will be conduct-
ed to determine: 1) the leaf area consumed by each
larval stage and adults on fumigated and nonfumigated
leaves, 2) leaf area consumed by each larval stage and
adults on leaves augmented with specific amount of
GSH, 3) adult fecundity on fumigated leaves and leaves
augmented with specific amount of GSH, 4) temperature-
dependent development rates as altered by fumigation
or increased GSH, and 5) stage-specific mortality
rates as affected by fumigation or increased GSH. The
numerical values derived from the insect studies will
not be directly applicable to field situations, but
the general relationships elucidated are expected to
be (i.e., the relationships between "dose" of pollutant
and various aspects of insect performance, such as leaf
area consumed by larvae or adults, adult fecundity,
temperature-dependent development rates, or stage
specific mortality rates). In this way, the labora-
tory studies will identify what must be measured in
the field.
40
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Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
Soybean is a very important food and commercial
product and must be protected with pesticides. The
fact, that some'air pollutants may cause an increase in
insect populations on the foliage, may require the un-
desired increase in pesticide use. An understanding of
this phenomenon may lead to alternate means to the use
of pesticides. ,This project is related to the mission
of the Environmental Research Laboratry, Corvallis,
Oregon. D. Tingey is the primary program official.
Relevant Research Committee
Pesticides/Toxics
41
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Title: Interactions of Acid Precipitation with Plant Cuticles
Summary
Principal Investigator:
Virginia Berg
Institution:
University of Northern
Iowa
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(2 years}$67,823
EPA Project No.
R81-3181-01
This project involves an investigation of inter-
actions of artificially applied drops of acid precipi-
tation with the waxy cuticle that covers the surface of
leaves. Understanding both how acid pollutants move
through cuticles, and how exposure to acidity alters the
conductance of cuticles to substances is necessary in
order to understand mechanisms of plant damage and forest
decline associated with acid precipitation. Using scan-
ning electron microscopy, thin layer chromatography and
gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, the structural and
chemical changes of cuticles exposed to acidity will be
studied. Specific compounds and structure associated
with alteration of the cuticle by acid will be determined,
and the structure and chemical composition of acid-
sensitive and acid-tolerant species will be compared.
Using isolated cuticles and intact leaves, acid
transport and cuticle damage will be investigated in
order to understand mechanisms of acid damage to plants.
By comparing conductances of isolated cuticles to fully
and partially dissociated acids over a range of pH
values, it can be determined whether acidity moves through
cuticle in dissociated or undissociated forms. Two
important constituents of acid precipitation which may
move through cuticle in an undissociated form are HN03
and SOg. The movement of potassium and calcium ions
across isolated cuticles will be studied with and without
acid exposure. Intact leaves will be used to investigate
changes in the conductance of cuticles before and after
exposure to highly acid solution in order to determine if
acid exposure can increase nitrate absorption by leaves
and cation leaching from leaves. Scanning electron
microscopy with mass analysis and x-ray microanalysis
will be used to investigate the movement of jsN-nitrate
and cations through cuticles into intact leaves.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
The Agency has a large research program for acid
deposition to which this project is related. The
result of this study should be of interest to OADEMQA.
This project is of particular interest to J. Garner
at the Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
42
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Title: Structure-Activity of Electron-Withdrawing Aromatics
Summary
Principal Investigator:
Terry VJayne Schultz
Institution:
University of Tennessee
Project Period:
2 years x
Budget:
(2 years)$50,778
EPA Project No.
R81-3190-01
This research is designed: 1) to generate quanti-
tative experimental information concerning the relative
toxicity of 92 compounds, including 16 para-derivatives
and selected structural isomers of nitrobenzene,
cyanobenzene, and benzaldehyde, and 2) to ascertain,
with the aid of1computer assisted statistical techniques,
possible chemical-Structure biological-Activity Relation-
ships (SAR) using the 1-octanol/water partition coefficient
(log Kow) and substituent constants as molecular descrip-
tors or predictors. These techniques' include: a} probit
analyses; b) general linear model analysis; c) r-square
analysis; and d) step-wise regression analysis.
Relations of this project to EPA's mission
This projbct is related to a long-term goal of the
Agency to understand structure-activity effects/responses
in order to predict the toxicity of new and untested
chemicals. This project is relevant to transport/fate
studies and is of particular interest to S. Karickhoff
at the Environmental Research Laboratory, Athens, 6A.
Relevant Research Committee
Pesticides/Toxics
43
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Title: Are Intermittent Streams Stable Ecosystems?
Principal Investigator:
Brian H. Hill
Institution:
University of Texas
at Dallas
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$43,841
EPA Project No.
R81-3212-01
Summary
The ecosystem stability is defined as the ability
of an ecosystem to resist and/or recover from dis-
turbances. From a functional perspective, stability
has been linked to the ability of an ecosystem to retain
and process organic matter. This proposal is designed
to examine the stability of intermittent streams relative
to that of perennial streams of similar sizes. In the
context of this proposal, stability is defined as the
ability of a stream to retain organic matter during
normal and storm discharges and the ability to process
organic matter which is retained. The general hypothe-
sis is that intermittent streams, because of biotic
adaptations to periodic drying of the streams channel,
may be stable compared to perennial streams of the
same region. The objectives of this proposal are to
compare: 1) organic matter retention and transport
during non-storm flows; 2) organic matter transport
during storm discharge; 3 ) organic matter processing;
and 4} carbon spiral length in intermittent and
perennial streams in north central Texas.
jtejjtjonshjp of this project to EPA's mission
This project is related to the ecosystem research
conducted at ERL, Corvallis. This project is of
particular interest to P. Larsen at the Environmental
Research Laboratory Corvallis, Oregon.
Relevant Research Committee
Water
44
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Title: Mechanism of Ion-Leakage from Plant Cells Induced by UVB-Stress
Principal Investigator:
Terrence Murphy
Institution:
University of California
- Davis
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year.)$61,992
EPA Project No. ,
R81-3229-01
Summary
i
The goal of of this work is to characterize the
efflux of K+ from plant cells that is stimulated by
stresses such as UV radiation and bacterial pathogens.
The specific objectives are: (i) to determine the true
counterion to K* efflux by testing these effects of ex-
ternal pH and internal HCOj on the K+ efflux rate; and
(ii) to determine whether glutathione has a direct role in
the control of the K+ efflux process. The approach to
the first objective involves measuring K+ and pH in the
medium of stressed cells while the pH of the medium is
controlled by aj pH stat (automatic titrator). Also the
effect of stress on photosynthetic cells under dark
(high HCOs) and light (low HC03) conditions will be
tested and compared with the known effect of stress on
non-photosynthetic cells. The approach to the second
objective involves a comparison of internal glutathione
concentrations ,!and K+ efflux rates as a function of
time after cell's are stressed.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This proj'ect is related to the general need for
understanding basic biochemical processes induced by
environmental stresses. This research is relevant to
the interest of ERL-Corvallis. This project is of
particular interest to J. McCarty at Environmental
Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.
i
Relevant Research Committee
i
Air & Radiation
45
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Title: Aerosol-Nitrogen Inputs to a Tree/Grass Ecotone
Principal Investigator:
Dennis Lane
Institution:
University of Kansas
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$112,709
EPA Project No,
R81-3280-01
Summary
This research project will focus the skills of
researchers in several diverse disciplines associated
with atmospheric deposition (meteorology, air pollution,
systems, ecology, plant physiology, aerosol science and
water chemistry) on a single site ( the tree/grass ecotone
of eastern Kansas) and a single critical element (nitrogen)
The first objective of this research project is to
thoroughly characterize the types and amounts of nitrogen
being deposited at the study site, including that present
in both wet and dry deposition. Concurrently, rates of
aerosol nitrogen uptake and nitrogen leaching by canopy
leaves under varying conditions will be defined in the
laboratory using ^N. Subsequently, there will be
examinations of the interactions of aerosol nitrogen with
selected trees, grasses, and herbs in situ, including
physiological effects and nutrient TTuxes in and out of
the canopies at the study site. Other objectives of the
project include the development of new and improved
techniques for sampling and analysis of dry (aerosol)
deposition, as well as development and testing of a
model describing aerosol deposition and the movement of
nitrogen through plant canopies.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This project is related to the Agency's general
interest in ecosystem modeling and system effects, and
is specifically related to the air pollution program on
ecosystem and is of particular interest to J. McCarty
at the Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
46
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Title: Influence of Two Types of\ Clay and Phosphorus Loading on Lake
Productivity j
Principal Investigator:
Benjamin E. Cuker
Institution:
Shaw University
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(2 years}$85,280
EPA Project No.
R81-3315-01
Summa ry
The independent and interactive roles of phosphorus
and two types of suspended clays in organizing pelagic lake
productivity will be tested in field experiments. Soils
of the South Eastern U.S. are dominated by kaolinite clay
and in some areas by montmorillonite. These clays render
much of the regions surface waters turbid. Expanding
regional populations and agricultural activity have caused
high P loading in many impoundments. This study will deter-
mine how each of these types of pollution influence open
water lake productivity and community structure. Previous
work has shown that P loading will mitigate the negative
influence of kablinitic clay on community productivity,
and that kaolinite will diminish the growth of noxious
blue-green algae that usually accompanies P loading.
This study will1determine if clay of different mineralogy
will have comparable effects. This study will also test
the interactive' influences of clay and P under three
different P loading regimes typical of oligo-, meso-, and
eutrophic conditions. The study will employ a matrix of
replicated limnpcorrals to test the interactive influence
of P and clay oh primary productivity, and planktonic
composition and; distribution.
Relationship of! this project to EPA's mission
•• ,
The Office of Water Programs is interested in water
quality studies]of this type. It will provide a relation-
ship between the turbidity and phosphorus loading from
agricultural runoff and the eutrophic state of water bodies,
This project is'of particular interest to Harold Kibby
at the Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis,
Oregon. j
i
Relevant Research Committee
i
Water " •
47
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Title: Validation of the Transport Equation in Unsaturated Soil.
Principal Investigator:
Peter J, Wierenga
Institution:
New Mexico State
University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(2 years)$178,166
EPA Project No.
R81-1862-01
Summary
The objectives of this study are to develop a data
base for validation of the transport equation in unsatu-
rated soil profiles; to determine scale dependency of
the dispersivity in deep water-unsaturated layered soil
profiles; and to determine the relationship of transport
parameters determined in laboratory columns and large
field lysimeters, to those determined in deep unsaturat-
ed field profiles. In view of the importance of modell-
ing transport of chemicals through soil and ground water,
it is the purpose of this study to gain a better under-
standing of solute transport through the unsaturated
zone. The experiments will be conducted in the Soil
Physics Laboratory at New Mexico State University and on
the New Mexico State University Long Term Ecological
Research site, 40 km northeast of Las Cruces, N.M.
The objectives will be accomplished by determining
solute transport through 30 cm long laboratory columns,
through 6.1 m deep field lysimeters and through 6.1 m
deep undisturbed field soil profiles. The laboratory
columns and the field lysimeters will be filled with
soil from the field site. Leaching experiments will be
conducted using at least two tracers. Solute distribu-
tions will be measured at six or more levels below the
surface of the soil in the lysimeters and in the field.
Transport parameters will be determined for the 30 cm
columns, for the 6.1 m lysimeters and for the undisturbed
field soil profiles, from measured solute distributions.
Observed solute distributions will be compared with pre-
dicted solute distributions using parameters determined
in the field and in the laboratory.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
The information to be generated by this project
will allow the movement of water through many soils to be
accurately modeled. This is of importance in the ground-
water and hazardous waste disposal programs. This
research is of particular interest to Jack Keeley at
the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada.
Relevant Research Committee
Hazardous Waste/Superfund
48
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Title:' Identification of Environmental Electrophiles
Principal Investigator:
Albert Chen
Institution:
The American University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$122,017
EPA Project No.
R81-1974-01
Summary :
j
This proj'ect will develop an entirely new method
to recover and .identify potentially mutagenic and car-
cinogenic electrophiles present in complex environmental
samples. The method, which is designed to stabilize the
electrophiles for subsequent analysis and minimize
analytical interference, will be based on the reaction
of electrophiles with an immobilized nucleophile.
I. The immobilized nucleophile will be synthesized
by attaching a thiol to a solid support (glass beads)
through a readi.ly cleavable bond.
II. The immobilized thiol nucleophile will be reacted
with known electrophiles of the types likely to be found
in environmental samples. Cleavage by photolysis will
release the electrophile addition products (thioethers).
Quantitation of the products will indicate the rate and
extent of reaction and recovery. This will enable opti-
mization of the reaction and release procedures. Multi-
ple HPLC methods will be developed for the separation of
the labeled electrophiles. Electrophile identification
procedures willi be developed using direct probe and field
description HRMS with utilization of not only variable
voltage electron impact but also chemcial ionization
fragmentation, i
i
III. The newly developed procedure will be applied to
complex environmental samples (chlorinated waters) con-
taining unknown electrophiles. The electrophiles will
be trapped by reaction with the immobilized nucleophile
and their products will be released, separated and
identified. ;
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
Many halo'genated organics occur in the treatment
of drinking and waste waters. These compounds make up
a small fraction of the non-volatile organics and are
potentially toxic. The method to be developed will
49.
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allow identification of these electrophiles among the
large.number of other organics present. It will allow
the chlorination process to be followed and a much
better understanding of the impact on water quality.
This research is of particular interest to Wayne
Garrison at the Environmental Research Laboratory,
Athens, Georgia.
Relevant Research Committee
Water
50
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Title: Metal Ion Binding by Humic Materials
Principal Investigator:
David K. Ryan
Institution:
New England Aquarium
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
.(1 year)$83,525
EPA Project No.
R81-2101-01
Summary
The purpose of this study is to elucidate the re-
lationship between fluorescence and metal complexation
of humic materials. Several important questions will
be addressed Inj this research:
1. What is the distribution of fluorophors and
metal ion binding sites among the types or
classes of compounds in a sample of humic
material?
2. Is this distribution of fluorophors and bind-
ing sites similar for humic material from
various sources such as soil, water, sediment
and sewage sludge?
3. Is the fluorescence of the various humic
fractions quenched similarly upon metal ion
complexation?
4. How does naturally occurring ion affect the
fluorescence of humic material fractions and
the binding-fluorescence relationship for
other .added metal ions?
This program will verify whether the method of
studying metal 'complexation of humic materials using
fluorescence quenching would be broadly applicable to
aquatic samples: from a variety of sources. These ex-
periments will 'test the validity of the assumptions
that form the basis for the fluorescence quenching
method. In addition to the fundamental questions out-
lined above, many specific aspects of the technique
will be addressed. The most important of these are: a
comparison of a few metal ions that are representative
of ions strongl'y and weakly bound by humic materials,
and the improvement of the data treatment that de-
scribes fluorescence complexation measurements.
51
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Relationship of this project to EPA's mission •
Transition and heavy metals occur in water In
different species. Most of these metals occur in
different ionic types and in a large variety of organic
complexes. By and large, the ionic species are toxic
and the complexed forms less toxic. Complexation also
affects the transport of the metals and must be taken
into account in transport studies. This project will
provide a method for the direct study of organo-metal
complexes and information (stability constants for
example) on some complexes. This research is of
particular interest to Wayne Garrison at the Environ-
mental Research Laboratory, Athens, Georgia.
Relevant Research Committee
Water
52
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Title: Aqueous Solubilities of Organic Pollutants and Related Compounds
Principal Investigator:
Chun-Che Tsai
Institution:
Kent State University
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(2 years)$182,400
EPA Project No.
R81-2657-01
Summary j
The objectives of this research are to determine
the aqueous solubilities of a series of aromatic hydro-
carbons having both polar and nonpolar substituents
(Cl, CH3, OH, Npg and OCH3) and to develop expressions
for predicting the aqueous solubilities of aromatic non-
electrolytes. This proposed research will be concentrated
in four.major areas: 1) Experimental determination of
aqueous solubilities, entropies of fusion and melting
point temperatures of a series of methyl phenols, chloro-
phenols, chloroanisoles, methylanisoles, chloronitro-
benzenes, methy|lnitrobenzenes, methyl naphthols, chloro-
naphthols, chlofonaphthalenes and methyl naphthalenes;
2) Development of quantitative structure-activity rela-
tionships (QSARs) for the correlation and prediction of
aqueous solubilities of aromatic compounds based on
a combined thermodynamic approach (using melting point
temperature and1 entropy of fusion) and structural
approach (molecular size descriptors, molecular
connectivity indices and molecular information indices);
3) To test and Jextend the applicability of thermodynamic
group contribution methods to the prediction of aqueous
solubilities; and 4) Determination of the thermodynamic
properties of nonelectrolyte solid solutions using a
solubility method. This research will provide the
scientific community with solubility and entropy of
fusion data for several environmentally important classes
of compounds. :Such data which is currently unavail-
able in the literature will be very useful for develop-
ing and testing QSAR methods and group contribution
methods. Knowledge of the aqueous solubilities of
aromatic compounds will aid scientists in their design
of purification processes for removal of organic pollut-
ants from natural waterways. Solubility data for polar
and nonpolar aromatic compounds will help us to further
our understanding of the environmental fate of common
organic pollutants as a molecule's solubility determines,
to a large extent, its adsorption from'aqueous solutions
by soils. ;
53
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Relationship ofthis project to EPA's mission
Aqueous solubility is an important physico-
chemical parameter involved in predicting transport of
substances in the environment and thus their concentra-
tions from basic considerations. The ability to pre-
dict solubility from molecular structure would be very
useful to the Office of Toxic Substances and the Office
of Water Programs in predicting potential exposure to
new chemicals and the dispersal of the chemicals in the
environment. This project is of particular interest
to S. Karick Hoff at the Environmental Research Labora-
tory, Athens, GA.
Relevant Research Committee
Water, and Pesticides/Toxics
54
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Title: Adsorption of Halogenated; Organic Compounds in the Unsaturated Zone
Principal Investigator:
Martin Reinhard
Institution:
Stanford University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(2 years)$105,630
EPA Project No.
R81-2913-01
Summary
The objective of this project is to study the
sorption of organic compounds from the vapor and aqueous
phases onto minerals that may be present in soils and
aquifer materials. Emphasis is placed on chlorinated
and brominated methanes, ethanes, ethylenes, and
benzenes. As model adsorbents, silica, kaolinite, and
partially alkylated silica will be used. These organic
compounds exhibit a range in surface characteristics
from hydrophilic to hydrophobic. The organic vapor
isotherms will be measured as a function of the partial
pressure of water vapor, and under complete immersion.
The results from the model studies will be important in
establishing the nature of the mineral-water-organic
interactions. The sorption data will be used to test
the applicability of gas-liquid chromatographic models
for estimating transport in the unsaturated zone. The
data will also be useful in evaluating the adsorptive
properties of mineral phases in uptake of nonionic
organic solutes] from aqueous solution. For comparison,
natural aquifer materials with low-organic carbon contents
will also be used as adsorbents to determine if the
results from model systems can be used to interpret
results for complex geological solids..
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
<
The resuljts of this research will provide under-
standing of th£ transport of organic vapors, in the
unsaturated zone, due to spills or tank leaks at hazarous
waste sites, j
i
The study will also allow evaluation of the exchange
of soil contamiinants, such as pesticides, with the atmos-
phere. The,Offices of Water Programs and of Pesticides
and Toxic Substances should have great interest in this
project. This jproject is of particular interest to Jack
Keely at the Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research
Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma.
i
Relevant Research Committees
Water and Pesticides/Toxics
: .55
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Title: Wetting Front Instability in Layered Soils and Its Inclusion in
Monitoring and Modeling Techniques
Principal Investigator:
T. S. Steenhuis
Institution:
Cornell University
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(2 years))$120,187
EPA Project No.
R81-2919-01
Summary
The objectives of this research are: 1) to deter-
mine the soil parameters, initial and boundary conditions
where unstable wetting fronts will occur; 2} to describe
the behavior of the unstable flow field both in the
laboratory and in the field; 3) to develop a practical
transport formulation that can be used to predict the
movement of water and toxics to the groundwater where
the phenomenon occurs; 4) to incorporate this formula-
tion into an existing diagnostic and prognostic model
of vertical transport of toxics to the watertable; and
5) to recommend practices for minimal risks of contami-
nation of aquifers when the phenomenon occurs.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
The protection of groundwater is a high priority
activity of the Agency. This project will provide
knowledge to allow prediction of the movement of surface
pollution into groundwater in areas where layering of
soils result in an unstable wetting front. The results
will be of particular interest to the Office of Ground-
Water Protection. This research is of particular
interest to Jack Keeley at the Robert S. Kerr Environ-
mental Research Laboratory Environmental Research
Laboratory, Ada, Oklahoma.
Relevant Research Committee
Water
56
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Title: Catalysis of Organic Pollutant Hydrolysis by Metal Oxide Surfaces
Principal Investigator:
Alan T. Stone
Institution:
The Johns Hopkins
University
Project Period:
2 years.
Budget:
(2 years)$126,863
EPA Project No.
R81-2944-01
Summary I
i
This research investigates the impact of metal
oxide surfaces;on the hydrolysis of organic pollutants.
Ten organic substrates have been selected for study
that represent several classes of organic pollutants
and hydrolyze by different mechanisms. Hydrolysis
rates will be measured in the presence and absence .of
well-characterized alumina and silica particle surfaces
using Gas Chromatography and HPLC. In cases where sig-
nificant rate enhancement occurs, surface speciation
and interfacial characteristics will be examined as
clues to reaction mechanisms.
j
Rate enhancement by metal oxide surfaces may
arise either from double layer effects on solvent
properties and;chemical speciation, or from direct
chemical interaction of oxide surface groups with
organic pollutant molecules. Alternative mechanisms
can be distinguished by observing how substrate surface
coverage, surface charge and potential, and bulk elec-
trolyte concentration influences hydrolysis rates.
Results of this research may improve estimates
of pollutant hydrolysis rates in aquifers and other
high surface area environments, by accounting for the
effect of mineral surfaces. Improved estimates, in
turn, will help in assessing the impact of existing
groundwater contamination, devising new strategies for
managing polluted aquifers, and developing guidelines
for waste disposal.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
i
A wide variety of organic pollutants enter the
subsurface environment from the disposal of industrial
wastes and from agricultural chemicals in run off.
Hydrolysis fs 'the principal abiotic degradation route
and thus has an influence on the distribution and fate
of these organics in the groundwater. This project
will provide information on tfre hydrolysis rates of
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some important organic pollutants in contact with soil
components allowing more accurate impact assessments to
be made than now possible. Detailed studies on the
degradation mechanisms may suggest ways to augment
natural cleansing and allow better decisions to be made
on waste site location. This research is of particular
interest to Wayne Garrison at the Environmental Research
Laboratory, Athens, Georgia.
Relevant Research Committees
Water and Pesticides/Toxics
58
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Title: The Use of Fluorescence Lifetime Selectivity in the Detection and
Determination of HPLC-Separated Polycylic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Water Samples
' Principal Investigator:
Linda B. McGown
Institution:
Oklahoma State University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(.2 years)$110,873
EPA Project No.
R81-3360-01
Summary ;
Flourescence lifetime selectivity will be combined
with HPLC separation for the fluorimetric determination of
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in environmental
water samples. iA phase-modulation spectrofluorimeter
will be used to ^incorporate the fluorescence lifetime
dimension into the determinations, and will be used in
two different ways. First, the fluorimeter will be
used for on-line detection of the HPLC separated sample
components, and;will serve to indicate heterogeneity
(i.e. the presence of more than one fluorescence
lifetime component) of the chromatographic peaks.
Single and two component portions of chromatographic
peaks will be analyzed on-line for quantitative
determinations and qualitative information. Second,
chromatographic peak portions yielding poor fits to one
and two component analyses will be analyzed on the
fluorimeter in a batch mode, using an automatic fraction
collector to collect the chromatographic peak portions.
In the batch mode, component identification will be
based on chromatographic retention times, fluoresence
excitation and emission spectral characteristics, and
fluoresence lifetimes. Quantitation will be performed
using phase-resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, in which
phase-resolved fluorescence intensities which are the
function of both the concentrations and the fluorescence
spectral, and lifetime characteristics are measured in a
multidimensional data format. Important areas of
study include the use of micelles to modify fluorescence
properties of the analytes, and studies of sample matrix
effects. i
Relationship of! this project to EPA's mission
i
HPLC is the separation technique of choice for
more than 50% of the organic substances in water. Un-
fortunately, it! is not readily interfaced with a mass
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spectrometer which offers wide range selectivity.
An approach used is to develop detection schemes for
classes of compounds of interest. This project will
develop a detection scheme primarily for PAHs, but which
may be also applicable to some less stable substances.
This work will be of interest to the Hazardous Waste and
Water Programs. This project is of particular interest
to J. Longbottom at the Environmental Monitoring and
Support Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, and N. Wilson at the
Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Water, Pesticides/Toxics, and Air & Radiation
60
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Title: Development and Validation of a Source-Receptor Air Pollution
Model for Hydrocarbons and Toxic Organics
Principal Investigator:
Richard Wadden
Institution:
University of Illinois
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$13Q,346
EPA Project No.
R81-1936-01
measures of
The project
Summary :
i
The purpose of this research is to demonstrate
how chemical mass balance source-receptor modeling can
be applied, fn;a physically realistic way, to ambient -
toxic organics and selected hydrocarbons.
includes investigation of the effects of
reactivity, source-receptor distance, and col linearity
between source'emission chemical profiles from different
source categories. The expected results will include a
source-receptor model validated with respect to source
location and wind direction; and a quantitative estimate
of the reliability of the model. These will provide an
alternate (to emission inventories) to determine the
contribution of emissions of organics to concentrations
.in ambient air. (Organic emission inventories are
presently based on combined annual emission and usage
patterns; and such inventories are the least accurate
of any for regulated pollutants.) Use of the source-
receptor model will provide more accurate and specific
short-term organic emission input to photochemical smog
models, will better identify and quantitate emissions
of toxic organics, and will provide a way to monitor
the efficacy of organic emission control regulations.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
The impact of a source of emissions on air quality
is usually determined with a mathematical model which
traces the emissions from source to receptor site. Models
of-this type are based in meteorology, require large
amounts of diverse input data and much computer time for
solution. Recently, a new approach has surfaced —
source-receptor modeling. In this approach, air quality
is determined ;at the receptor site and the contributions
from sources implied from source characteristics. This
approach is now well established for particulate matter.
This project will attempt to apply it to volatile organics.
This researchjis of particular interest to Robert Stevens
at the Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
61
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Title: Effects of Electrostatic Forces and Shear in the Collection of
Non-Spherical Particles
Principal Investigator;
K. H. Leong
Institution:
University of Illinois
Project Period:
3 years.
Budget:
(1 year}$62,698
EPA Project No.
R81-2139-01
Summary
Electrostatic and inertia forces are particular-
ly important because they are the primary mechanisms
utilized to enhance particle collection in particulate
control devices. Hence research is proposed to study
the combined effects of particle shape, electrostatic
and Inertia forces on collection efficiencies. The
primary objectives of the study are to:
1. Develop a model to predict the collection
efficiencies of non-spherical particles
relevant to particulate control devices
such as. the charged droplet scrubber, the
electrostatically-enhanced fabric filter
and the electrostatic precipitator; and
2. Develop an experimental system and obtain
data that will verify the primary findings
of the collection efficiency model.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
•Electrostatic collection is a standard control
process used in a wide variety of industries. Present
designs are based on aerosol particles being spherical
when in fact the actual shapes are better described as
oblate or prolate el'lipsoids. The results of this project
will allow the optimization of collector configuration
and conditions for highest collection efficiency. This
research is of particular interest to Robert Stevens
at the Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
62
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Title: Spectroscopic Studies of Potentially Hazardous Gaseous Pollutants
in an Indoor Environment
Principal Investigator:
James N. Pitts, Jr.
Institution:
University of California-
Riverside
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$100,000
EPA Project No.
R81-2263-01
Summary
i
Individual exposure to certain important gaseous
pollutants [e.g|. nitrogen dioxide (NOg) and formaldehyde
(HCHO)] may be 'significantly influenced by indoor air
pollution. While there is a growing data base on
pollutant concentrations in various indoor environments,
the data generally apply to relatively long-term expo-
sures and to stable gas phase pollutants. Clearly,
additional information is required concerning time-
resolved formaldehyde concentrations, and the time con-
centration profiles of such labile pollutants as nitrous
acid (MONO), whiich preliminary experiments have shown
to be formed in; an indoor laboratory environment polluted
with NOg. In these latter experiments UV/visible
differential optical absorption spectroscopy (OOAS) was
employed and this proved to be uniquely suited for such
studies due to ;its advantages of specificity, sensitivity
and temporal resolution.
1
It is proposed to utilize a mobile office/home
and an improved OOAS system to conduct experiments under
a variety of conditions (i.e. RH, surfaces, air exchange
rate, etc.) havling the following objectives:
0 Measurement of the rate of MONO formation from
realistic NOg-air mixtures, thus enabling the
estimation of MONO levels within a variety of
domestic 'indoor environments polluted with
0 Determination of time-concentration profiles for
HOMO, NO^, HCHO and S02 emitted from several
types of 'commercial unvented kerosene heaters;
0 Measurement of the life times of NOg, HONO and
HCHO in the mobile office/home; and
0 Further characterization of the NOX chemistry of
indoor environments.
|
Information derived from these studies will
provide a better understanding of the chemistry of
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synthetic and real indoor atmospheres, thus yielding
information essential to improved risk assessments.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
Careful risk assessment associated with exposure
to air pollutants should include the exposure during
the major part of the day spent indoors. This project
will provide information on the exposure to some pollu-
tants occurring in common indoor situations particularly
in homes. This research is of particular interest
to Joel 1 en Lewtas at the Health Effects Research Labora-
tory Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation and Pesticides/Toxics
64
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Title: Optimization of Detection Sensitivity and Selectivity in User
Mass Spectrometry
Principal Investigator:
James Reilly
Institution:
Indiana University
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year}$112,292
EPA Project No.
R81-2830-01
Summary
The purpose of this project is to investigate
methods for improving the sensitivity and selectivity
of detecting molecules of environmental interest by
laser ionizati.on mass spectrometry. Two different
chromatographrc sample injection methods are being
developed - capillary column gas chromatography and
supercritical fluid chromatography. The merits of each
will be considered. In order to enhance understand-
ing of the detailed mechanisms of processes that
can affect laser ionization efficiencies, excited state
lifetime measurements will be conducted. Finally,
subtle differences in absorption spectra and ionization
potentials of (several polyaromatic hydrocarbon isomers
will be investigated and exploited in order to demon-
strate how individual compounds within a mixture of
isomers can be selectively detected and quantitatively
analyzed. ,
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
Highly sensitive and selective measurement
techniques are of importance to all Agency programs.
This research-is of particular interest to Robert
Stevens at the Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
I
Air & Radiation, Water, and Pesticides/Toxics
65
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Title: Global Climate Model Development and Sensitivity Experiments
Summary
Principal Investigator:
R. Levinson
Institution:
Columbia University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$200,000
EPA Project No.
R81-2962-01
This project will improve the realism of the
Goddard Institute for Space Studies' global climate
model and carry out climate sensitivity experiments
with the model for decadal time scales. Although
the present GI'SS model is designed for decadal climate
simulations, substantial improvements are needed if it
is to be used for climate sensitivity studies for
continental regions in addition to global climate
sensitivity. Improvements in representations of
physical processes are needed for: (1) ocean heat
storage and transport, including sea ice effects; (2)
clouds and moist convection; and (3) land surface
processes. Also, some simulations must be made with
higher spatial resolution to improve the realism of
the model's general circulation.
This project will focus on improving the ocean
portion of the global model including sea ice effects
and the representation of biosphere climate interac-
tions and their influence on the hydrologic cycle. In-
formation on advances in cloud models will be obtained
through interaction with the International Satellite
Cloud Climatology Project.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
It is generally agreed that increasing concentra-
tions of C02 and trace organics in the atmosphere will
result in substantial changes in atrnopheric temperature
and thus in other climatic conditions. A climate model
will allow EPA to investigate the effect of regulatory
options on climate over decadal periods and also to
attempt to predict the effects of climatic changes on
pollution. This research is of particular interest to
Basil Oimitriades at the Atmospheric Sciences Research
Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
66
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Title: Atmospheric Chemistry of ,Gas-Phase PAH and Their Occurrence in
Ambient Air '
Principal Investigator:
Roger Atkinson
Institution:
University of California
-Riverside
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$104,854 •
EPA Project No.
R81-2973-01
Summary !
Recently,; it has become recognized that the lower
molecular weight polycylic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)
are distributed primarily in the gas phase, rather than
adsorbed on combustion-generated particulate organic ,
matter. Furthermore, it is now apparent that the atmos-
pheric lifetimes of these gas-phase PAH may be short, of
the order of ^1 hr, and that at least some of the products
formed from PAH atmospheric reactions may be more muta-
genic than the jparent PAH from which they are formed.
Clearly, it is iessential, for regulatory purposes and for
health effects jassessments, to have a detailed knowledge
of the atmospheric lifetimes and fates of gas-phase PAH,
and of the ambijent concentrations of these compounds and
their derivatives.
In order jto provide the necessary data base
concerning the'atmospheric chemistry of gas-phase PAH, it
is proposed to 'utilize the unique experimental facilities
and technical expertise at the Statewide Air Pollution
Research Center, University of California, Riverside,
to carry out aJtwo-year research program involving:
(a) Determination of the concentrations of gaseous PAH
present in ambient air, including seasonal variations;
(b) Determination of the kinetics of the gas-phase
reactions of OH radicals with the three- and four-ring
PAH and with selected alkyl substituted PAH;
(c) Investigation of the products formed in the gas-
phase reactions of the OH radical with naphthalene,
phenathrene, anthracene, fluoranthene, pyrene and select-
ed alkylsubstituted PAH under simulated atmospheric
conditions; (d) Investigation of the kinetics, and if
reaction is observed, the products of the reaction of
these PAH with 103 and other atmospherically important
species; (e) After identifying the products of the gas-
phase reactions described above, investigation of the
occurrence of these PAH derivatives in the ambient air
of southern California; and (f) Determination of the
mutagenic activities of the PAH derivatives observed as
products of the gas-phase reactions investigated.
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The specific studies proposed here will provide a
data base concerning the atmospheric lifetimes and fates
of gaseous PAH which will not only be of scientific
interest per se, but will also become a central component
of critical assessments of the potential health impacts
of gaseous PAH.
Relationship of thjs project to EPA's mission
Some PAHs emitted from combustion sources and their
reaction products have been shown to be mutagenic. However,
the PAHs which have been studied were all in or on partic-
ulates. This project will focus on gas-phase PAHs'which
require very different experimental techniques. The
results will be of interest to the office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards. This project is of particular
interest to Jack Durham at the Atmospheric Sciences
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
68
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Title: Atmospheric HOX Experimental Studies
Principal Investigator:
Thomas.M. Hard
Institution:
Portland State University
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$154,680
EPA Project No.
R81-3012-01
Summary ' .
I
This project will conduct experiments to: 1)
. observe ambient hydroxyl (HO) and hydroperoxyl (H02)
and the photochemical quantities that govern their con-
centrations in; urban air; and 2) observe the response
of (HO) and (H02) to rapid attenuation and intensifica-
tion of daylight. The goals of these experiments are: 1)
to obtain empirical relations between HOX concentrations,
daylight spectral intensities, and trace-gas concentra-
tions; and 2) to achieve better theoretical understand-
ing of the photochemical mechanism that maintains [HO]
and [H02], which are essential agents of sunlight in-
air po?lutant transformations.
r
Globally;, hydroxyl is sunlight's-agent in cleans-
ing the troposphere, and hydroperoxyl is a precursor in
the production1 of tropospherfc ozone. Downwind of urban
and industrial^ areas, intermediate products of this
cleansing process have unwanted environmental effects,
known as smog and acid precipitation. Present photo-
chemical models may be able to generate reasonable HO
and HOg levels,, but should not be relied upon to predict
the effects of! changes in composition. Experiments to
analyze the sources, sinks, and cycles of HOX in the
ambient atmosphere are being conducted. The detection
principle in this project is fluorescence assay with gas
expansion (PAGE), which combines the standard laser
fluorescence method for HO with new methods of air sam-
pling, background removal, and calibration. Recently, the
diurnal cycles of ambient have been observed HO and HOg.
i
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
HOX radicals form a very important constituent
of the atmosphere. They are responsible for the degra-
dation of organic pollutants in the atmosphere and
understanding the sources and sinks of these radicals
is a top priority research item. This project will
provide the means for conducting research on HOX and
provide initial! information on sources and sinks. This
research is of particular interest to Jack Durham at
the Atmospheric Sciences Research Laboratory, Research
Triangle Park,1 North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
69
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Title: Further Development of Regional Elemental Tracers for Contaminants
1n Precipitation
Principal Investigator:
Kenneth Rahn
Institution:
University of Rhode
Island
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(2 years)$193,050
EPA Project No.
R81-3451-01
Summary ...
In this project the application of regional ele-
mental tracers to contaminants in precipitation, started
under an 18-month grant from the Department of Energy
(DOE), will be continued and refined. The ultimate
goal of this research is to be able to assign source
areas to sulfate and trace elements in rain and snow
from the Northeast with comparable reliability to
that already achieved for pollution aerosol. The DOE
precipitation project showed that precipitation from
the Northeast, if sampled properly, can be analyzed
for nearly as many trace elements (20-30) as aerosol
samples can (30-40), that four tracer elements (As,
Sb, V, SE) in precipitation at Narragansett, Rhode
Island are not fractionated by cloud-physics effects
relative to concurrent aerosol, and that contaminants
in Narragansett precipitation are systematically more
Midwestern in origin than is the Narragansett aerosol.
During the first year of this project, the sampl-
ing and analytical techniques for precipitation will be
refined to greatly reduce analytical blanks by separat-
ing soluble from insoluble contaminants. Hopefully this
will allow sample sizes to be reduced from hundreds of ml
to tens of ml. During the second year, samples of this
new type will be taken systematically at Narragansett,
at Underhill, Vermont, and if possible, at one or more
sites in the Midwest as well. As a result, it should
be possible to assess the relative contributions of
Northeast, Midwest, and Canadian smelters to sulfate,
acidity, and trace elements in northeastern precipita-
tion with a significantly improved reliability.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission '
The control of sources of pollution ideally depends
on the source contribution to sites in the ambient atmos-
phere. In the case of acid deposition regional sources
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are involved and techniques are being developed to
determine the contribution at a site from regional
signatures. The most successful techniques utilize
particulate matter. This project will provide an
extension of the technique. The result will be of .
interest to the Office of Air and Radiation Programs.
This project is of particular interest to Robert
Stevens at the'Atmospheric Sciences Research
Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
i
Air & Radiation
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Title: Experimental Studies of Acid Generation in Atmospheric Aerosols
Principal Investigator:
Jack Calvert
Institution:
National Center for
Atmospheric Research
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(2 years)$178,lll
EPA Project:
Inter-Agency
Agreement with NSF
Summary
The objectives of the project are to measure (1)
the mass accommodation coefficient for H02 on aqueous
particles, (2) the kinetics of S02 oxidation due to
condensed phase reaction with HOg. and (3) the photo-
oxidation of S02 in aerosols containing metal ions. A
differential mobility analyzer will be used to produce
a monodisperse, submicron aerosol containing various
dissolved salts. The aerosol will be combined with gas
phase reactants under slow flow conditions at atmos-
pheric pressure. The kinetics will be determined by
monitoring gas phase concentrations and/or particle
size at various points in the flow.
Measurements of the sticking coefficient of HQ2
will require doping the aerosol with a catalyst. The
condensed phase self reaction will then be very fast.
Decay of H02 will be followed using the Cantrell-
Stedman chemical amplifier." The studies of S02 oxida-
tion will be carried out with various fixed partial
pressures of NH3 which will serve to buffer the aerosol
so that the pH dependence of the reaction rates may be
determined. Aerosol growth will be measured using a-
differential mobility analyzer.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
Present models of the atmospheric chemistry of S02
is based on gaseous reactions. Evidence now exists to
suggest that atmospheric water droplets play a special
role in converting S02 to more acidic species. Charac-
terization of the reactions occurring in the aerosols
will allow more accurate modeling of the acid-rain
phenomenon. This research is of particular interest
to Jack Durham at the Atmospheric Sciences Research
Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation
72
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Title: Particle Deposition in Wakes
Principal Investigator:
Michael J. Matteson
Institution:
Georgia Institute of
Technology
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(2 years)$!56,087
EPA Project No.
R81-2137-01
Summary ;
The objective of this proposal is to develop a
functional relationship which describes the capture of
aerosol particles entrained in a turbulent air stream
by systems of multiple collectors. The collectors of
primary interest are spheres, cylinders and louvres.
i t.
This research work involves testing over a range
of particle sizes and .free, stream velocities to deter-
mine the particle concentration distribution in the
wake of single; spherical cylindrical and ribbon (louvre)
shaped targets. With these results the next step is to
test capture efficiency patterns of multiple collectors
arranged to take advantage of concentrations greater
than free stream created by the wake of the leading
targets. • • ', .
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
Existing, technology to control particulate pollu-
tants is very expensive. Design and performance data
for low cost, high-reliability emission reduction tech-
nology are needed to support the agency's regulatory
functions. The data developed by this work could be
invaluable in (designing particle control equipment
especially particle fluid flow system geometries to
reduce wake deposition. This research is of particular
interest to-Norm Plaks at the Air & Energy Engineering
Research Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North
Carolina. !
Relevant Research Committee
!
Air & Radiation
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Title: Mechanisms of Rotavirus Inactivation by Water Disinfectants
Principal Investigator:
James Vaughn
Institution:
Associated Universities,
Inc.
Project Period:
1 year
Budget:
(1 year}$102,362
EPA Project No.
R81-2534-01
Summary
The purpose of this study is to identify human
rotavirus (HRV type "Wa") inactivation characteristics in
chlorine and ozone-treated water samples representing a
variety of "ecologically significant" systems. Proposed
studies would draw upon experimental techniques developed
and utilized during the earlier phases of this project.
Experiments would be carried out in water samples repre-
senting a gamut of systems in which virus disinfection
information is pertinent. Sample types and their
sources would include: primary, secondary and tertiary
wastewater effluents available from several local
treatment facilities; raw and treated groundwater; and
raw and finished (surface) drinking water. In addition
to investigating rotavirus inactivation dynamics in the
various systems under ambient conditions, the role of
pH would also be addressed, and data compared to those
of earlier studies in buffer systems.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
The information gathered from this study would
assist the Office of Drinking Water in writing regula-
tions related to disinfection technology where pathogen
inactivation is concerned. The proposed work will help
to provide information on the relationship between
disinfectant concentration, time and pH, thereby
improving the reliability of the disinfection process.
This research is of particular interest to Don Berman
at the Water Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati,
Ohio.
Relevant Research Committee
Water
74
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Title: Formation of Products of 1 Incomplete Combustion in Incinerators
Principal Investigator:
Selim N. Senkan
Institution:
Illinois Institute of
Technology
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(2 year)$225,902
EPA Project No.
R81-2544-01
Summary '
i
Controlled thermal combustion is an effective and
reliable treatment method for the disposal of toxic and
hazardous chemical wastes which frequently contain
hydrocarbons bearing heteroatoms such as chlorine. How-
ever, our present day understanding of the fundamental
chemistry and mechanisms of combustion of these compounds
is at its early stages of development, inadequate yet for
the scientificiassessment of the formation of products
of incomplete combustion (PIC) or combustion by-products
in practical incinerators. Therefore, the objective of
this research program is directed towards closing this
gap by systematically studying the flames of model chlori-
nated hydrocarbons under carefully controlled laboratory
conditions. Such well-controlled studies are necessary
(as opposed to field studies) for the development of
scientifically .sound and predictive models.
These objectives will be reached by undertaking a
coordinated set of experimental and theoretical studies.
In the experimental program, the chemical identity and
relative concentration levels of intermediates (PICs) in
flames will be (determined using molecular-beam mass-
spectroscopy (MBMS). A highly versatile and automated
MBMS system is.presently available in our laboratories
and will be dedicated to the proposed set of studies.
In parallel with the experimental program,
theoretical studies will focus on the development of
detailed chemical kinetic models, similar to the CgHCls
flame oxidation model developed recently in our labora-
tories. The development of these models is necessary
for the prediction of the chemical behavior of the sys-
tem under conditions in which there are no prior experi-
mental data available, and thus for the rational assess- .
ment of formation of combustion byproducts under a large
variety of operating conditions.
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Relationshlp of this project to EPA's mission
The environmentally-safe incineration of organic
hazardous waste is one of the major technology challenges
facing the EPA. While regulation of incinerators has
been based on limiting emissions of the input waste
compounds, recent interest has focussed on the emissions
of products of the incomplete combustion of the input
waste (PICs). In some instances, these PICs may prove to
be more hazardous than the parent waste compound. Basic
combustion data on most of the hazardous compounds are
virtually non-existent, and very little basic research
in this area is being funded by EPA. This project
addresses the very important problem of the formation
and destruction of potentially hazardous intermediates
in the incineration of hazardous waste. This research
is of particular interest to E. Timothy Oppett, Chief,
TOB, ATD, at the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Relevant Research Committee
Air & Radiation and Hazardous Waste/Superfund
76
-------
Title: Removal of Dioxins from Industrial Wastewater by Sorption
Summary
Principal Investigator:
H. Scott Fogler
Institution:
University of Michigan
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(2 years)$205,026
EPA Project No.
R81-2555-01
The objective of this research is to remove trace
levels of toxic organic contaminants like dioxins from
industrial wastewater. Adsorption of these water-borne
contaminants is the most cost effective approach to render
large volumes of process water environmentally neutral.
By tailoring the microstructure and surface area through
varying the method of preparation of the sorbent, we
expect to develop specific sorbents for specific toxic
wastes. In this research, it is proposed to synthesize
cross-linked clays with 'zeolite like1 microstructures
and high surface areas as sorbents for the removal of
toxic organics'like dioxins. Spectroscopic, physical
and chemical methods will be used to characterize the
sorbents and to elucidate the binding process. This
research is the first of its kind to use
pillared clays[as sorbents. It is believed that
cross-linked clays, when fully developed, will serve as
general purpose wastewater treatment agents like
activated carbon.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
i
The removal of toxic substances such as Dioxins
and PCB to very low levels from wastewater is an ex-
tremely significant problem. This research may result .
in a practical1 method for dealing with such compounds.
In addition, the fundamental aspects of the study should
aid in understanding soil waste interactions at land-
fill sites and in other areas of soil and groundwater
pollution. Tnlis research is of particular interest to
Mark J. Stutsman, Chemical Engineer at the Hazardous
Waste Engineering Research Laboratory, Cincinnati,
Ohio. ;
Relevant Research Committee
Hazardous Waste/Superfund
77
-------
Title: Raw Water Quality and Optimal Water Treatment Plant Design
Principal Investigator:
Charles R. O'Melia
Institution:
i
The Johns Hopkins
University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(2 years}$134,500
EPA Project No.
R81-2760-01
Summary
The general objective of this research is to pro-
vide a scientific base and an engineering methodology
for relating the design of water treatment plants to
raw water quality and to treated water objectives.
Specifically, this work will involve: (1) improvements
in present models for coagulation, sedimentation, and
filtration processes; (2) laboratory experimentation to
validate portions of these models; (3) further develop-
ment of a preliminary model for optimal water treatment
plant design; and (4) evaluation of the application of
these results to water treatment practice.
The research will involve laboratory and field
experimentation, development of technological and opti-
mization models, and assessment of potential practical
applications of the research in water supply and treat-
ment.
Relationship ofthis project toEPA'smission
One of the major concerns addressed by EPA's
drinking water research program is in developing cost
information for treatment processes. In addition, EPA
is involved in the problems of small utilities and
assisting the states and municipalities in complying
with maximum contaminant levels. This research, if
successful, should provide significant insight for
drinking water treatment process design parameters
directly useful to the program's mission. This research
is of particular interest to Robert M. Clark, Director,
Drinking Water Research Division, Water Engineering
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Relevant Research Committee
Water
78
-------
Title: Reaction Kinetics of NOX
Fuel Combustion
Summary
Principal Investigator:
C.T. Bowman
Institution:
Stanford University
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$65,621
EPA Project No.
R81-3076-01
Formation and Removal in Hydrocarbon
This research project will investigate the kinetics
of NOX formation and removal. The program addresses the
principal remaining uncertainties in reaction mechanism
and rate parameters and the coupling of NO formation and
removal reaction with the hydrocarbon combustion reactions.
Specific program objectives include:
i
1. Determination of the relative roles of thermal
and: prompt NO mechanisms at high temperatures for
a range of stoichiometries;
2. Determination of the high-temperature rate
parameters for prompt NO initiation reactions;
i
3. Determination of the high-temperature rate
parameters for NO recycle reactions important
in re-burning situations; and
i
4. Development and validation of a kinetics model
for hydrocarbon oxidation and NO formation and
destruction at high temperature.
\
Relationship.of this project to EPA's mission
Nitrogen oxides emitted from combustion sources and
chemical processes have been identified as important primary
pollutants in the lower atmosphere. They play a major role
in the formation of photochemical smog and are the prinicpal
precursors of 'the nitrogen components of acid rain. Damage
to forest and jaquatic ecosystems, agriculture, and materials
by nitrogen oxides, nitrogen-containing products of photo-
chemical smog :and acid rain has been estimated at $5 billion
annually. Epidemiological studies suggest possible direct
and indirect health effects from nitrogen species in the
environment, j
i
The potential benefit of this research to EPA is the
use of the improved understanding of the NOX formation
process for the design of low-emission, high-efficiency
combustion systems. This, project is of particular interest
to Jim Mulholland at the Air & Energy Engineering Research
Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
1
Air & Radiation
79
-------
Title: Oxidation of Toxic Compounds in Methanotropic Biofilm Reactors
Principal Investigator:
Stuart E. Strand
Institution:
University of Washington
Project Period:
2-1/2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$72,113
EPA Project No.
R81-3178-01
Summary
The destruction of chloroform, trichloroethylene, '
and vinyl chloride by high-rate, aerobic bacterial
reactors growing on natural gas as carbon and energy
source will be studied. Submerged, sparged reactors
and unsparged reactors will be operated to optimize the
population and activities of methane-oxidizing bacteria
growing in biofilms on supports in the reactors. Feed
rate, sparge rate, methane level, pollutant, and reactor
configuration will be varied in order to determine
optimum design of a pilot-scale reactor for testing
under field conditions. Methane-oxidizing bacteria
have recently been found to oxidize the halogenated
hydrocarbons to be tested, in addition to many other
toxic organic compounds. This technology has the
potential of providing a convenient method for the
rapid and inexpensive destruction of toxic compounds
which otherwise are resistant to biological degradation
and which presently accumulate in ground water or are
exhausted into the atmosphere.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
A cost-effective priority pollutant destruction
process is not presently available. Conventional methods
for the control of halogenated hydrocarbons in dilute
industrial wastewaters have serious disadvantages.
Incineration is expensive and energy intensive and may
result in air pollution. Deep-well injection creates
groundwater contamination which can pollute drinking
water supplies. Adsorption of these recalcitrant
compounds on activated carbon or synthetic resins is
expensive, energy-intensive, and the adsorbents are
rapidly exhausted. Volatilization may not remove some
halogenated hydrocarbons and air pollution problems
may be caused by air stripping systems. If successfully
developed, the proposed innovative treatment process
addresses this need of EPA's Hazardous Waste and Water
programs. This research is of particular interest
to Kenneth A. Dostal at the Water Engineering Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Relevant Research Committee
Water
80
-------
Title: An Investigation of Radon Daughter Buildup in GAC Beds
Summary ;
Principal Investigator:
Jerry lowry
* Institution:
University of Maine
at Orono
Project Period:
3 years
Budget:
(1 year)$89,388
EPA Project No.
R81-3322-D1
The objectives of this research are as follows:
i
1) to conduct experiments to provide all calibra-
tion relationships needed for subsequent experiments;
i
2) to conduct a long-term experiment on the
buildup of Pb-210;
3) to conduct steady state experiments to
investigate short-lived daughter retention, distri-
bution and desbrption; and
4) to conduct a series of steady state experi-
ments designed; to establish the effect of adsorbed
Pb-210 on radon removal.
Relationship ofthis project to EPA's mission
Recent EPA attention on the problem of indoor
air pollution caused by radon and its daughters has been
directed to the prevention of radon gas entry into the
building from the underlying soil. Now more attention
is being given! to entry via groundwater supplies. The
Principal Investigator has.pioneered a cost-effective
GAC radon adsorption system for individual homes which
has been partially commercialized. While the effective-
ness for radoni adsorption is not in question, the
possible problem of the buildup of daughter Pb-210 over
a long time period may render the GAC bed a hazard to
the occupants. This is vital, to the successful utili-
zation of thisj method. This work should provide appro-
priate answers^ to EPA. This research is of partic-
ular interest to Tom Sorg at the Water Engineering
Research Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio, and Chick Craig
at the Air & Energy Engineering Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
Water and Air & Radiation
81
-------
Title: Photocatalytic Degradation of Hazardous Wastes Using Semiconductor
Particles
Principal Investigator:
Michael R. Hoffman
Institution:
California Institute of
Technology
Project Period:
2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$118,852
EPA Project No.
R81-3326-01
Summary
The photocatalytic and photosynthetic action of
semiconductor powders and colloids in aqueous suspensions
will be used for the efficient reductive or oxidative
degradation of representative classes of organic and
inorganic pollutants. The degradation of halogenated
aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbons, for example, will
lead to the formation of C02 and the appropriate mineral
acids as final products. In some cases, molecular
hydrogen, which may be useful as an alternative fuel,
can be generated when certain organic or inorganic
contaminants are oxidized.
Two different technical approaches will be ex-
plored. The use of colloidal suspensions of submicron
and nanometer-sized particles of the catalysts will
give uniform distributions of catalyst and extremely
high surface areas for reaction. Particle coagulation
and sedimentation following the catalytic cycle will
finally result 1n the complete removal of the semi-
conductor material. The second approach will utilize
polymer-supported semiconductor particles to prevent
corrosion of the catalyst. Polymeric membranes will be
used to divide the regions of oxidation and reduction;
this will result in an effective separation of the
products and will minimize undesirable back reactions.
In order to insure long-term stability and proper
operation, the polymeric material has to be chemically
inert and/or photoconducting. Ion exchange materials,
that freely conduct electrolytes and serve as a "salt
bridge" between the half cells of the reactor, will be
used as the backbone of the membrane.
Kinetic studies of reaction taking place on
colloidal semiconductors and on the polymer-supported
semiconductors will result in precise determinations of
the quantum yields and will allow detailed mechanistic
studies on the individual reaction steps. This in-
formation will lead to the design and synthesis of
improved catalysts.
82
-------
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
!
EPA faces numerous challenges to clean polluted
waters from various sources where hazardous organic
chemicals are present, in a cost-effective manner. The
proposed work presents a very new and original approach
to this problem. Should the feasibility of this process
be shown by this project, it is expected that further
work would be needed to bring it to fruition, especially
concentrating on process engineering parameters. This
research is of; particular interest to Albert Klee and
John Glaser ati the Hazardous Waste Engineering Research
Laboratory, Cincinnati, Ohio.
Relevant Research Committee
Hazardous Waste/Superfund
83
-------
Title: Emulsion Liquid Extraction of Aqueous Contaminants:
Emulsion Breakage and Multiple Extractable Solutes
Effects of
Principal Investigator:
Annette I. Bunge
Institution:
Colorado School of Mines
Project Period:
2-1/2 years
Budget:
(1 year)$81,493
EPA Project No.
R81-3332-01
Summary
The objective of this study is to systematically
extend existing theoretical descriptions of liquid
membrane extractions to include the effects of multiple
solute extraction and globule breakages. This study
will only consider ELM extraction of solutes which
then chemically react with the internal phase. Phenolics,
cresols, acetic acid, ammonia, amines and other weak
acids or bases are extractable in this type of process.
Extension to carrier-assisted heavy metal extractions
should be relatively straightforward and will be left for
later studies.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
This project should produce basic information on
the new ELM wastewater and leachate treatment process
illustrating its potential for further development. If
this should be successfully developed, it may improve
the state of the art in contaminant removal systems
thus supporting Agency's regulatory activities relating
to the control of specific pollutants or toxicity in
industrial wastewater discharges including landfill
leachate. This research is of particular interest to M,
Lynn Apel at the Water Engineering Research Laboratory,
Cincinnati, Ohio.
Relevant Research Committee
Mater
84
-------
Title: Particulate Transport in;
of Electrode Geometry :
Electrostatic Precipitators: The Effect
Principal Investigator:
Jane Holloway Davidson
Institution:
Colorado State University
Project Period:
1-1/2 years
Budget:
(1-1/2 years)$101,687
EPA Project No.
R81-3645-01
Summary ;
. s
This research will determine how particle transport
and, thus, precipitator efficiency is affected by corona
induced flow disturbances. Modifications in electrode
geometry will be studied in an attempt to minimize these
performance degrading effects. This work is technologi-
cally important to a field in which increased mass loading
of fine particles in many commercial applications severely
limit operational efficiencies. This investigation will
be beneficial in terms of retrofit applications. The
experimental results will also support the evolution and
validation of numerical analyses of particulate transport
in commercial precipitators.
Relationship of this project to EPA's mission
i
Electrostatic precipitators are basic particulate
matter emission control .devices. Their use by the chemi-
cal and power-generation industries is well known. Much
research has been performed on these highly important
units to increase their efficiency and lower their cost.
EPA and others] continue this research which supports
New Source Performance Standards and State Implementation
Plans. This study covers topics not presently studied
in EPA's Electrostatic Precipitator Program, that are
recognized as Important but are not yet quantified. The
outcome of this research may prove to be important to
the Hazardous 'Air Pollutants program as well. This
research is of particular interest to L. E. Sparks
at the Air & Energy Engineering Research Laboratory,
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Relevant Research Committee
i
i
Air & Radiation
i
t
85
-------
Index by Principal Investigator'sName
Page No.
Atkinson, Roger, University of California, at Riverside
"Atmospheric Chemistry of Gas-Phase PAH and Their
Occurrence in Ambient Air" 67
Audesirk, Gerald J., University of Colorado at Denver,
"Neurotoxicity Studies in Neuronal Cell Cultures" 19
Barrett, Gary W., Miami University, Ohio, "Long-Term Effects
of Municipal Sludge on Ecosystem Development" . 27
Berg, Virginia, University of Northern, Iowa, "Interactions of
Acid Precipitation with Plant Cuticles" 42
Bowman, C. I., Stanford University, "Reaction Kinetics of NOX
Formation and Removal in Hydrocarbon Fuel Combustion" 79
Bunge, Annette L., Colorado School of Mines "Emulsion Liquid
Extraction of Aqueous Contaminants: Effects of Emulsion
Breakage and Multiple Extractable Solutes" 84
Cairns, John Jr., Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State
University, "Multispecies Microcosm Tests for Predicting
the Effects of Chemicals on Aquatic Ecosystems" 34
»
Calvert, Jack, National Center for Atmospheric Research,
"Experimental Studies of Acid Generation in Atmospheric
Aerosols" 72
Cheh, Albert, The American University, "Identification of
Environmental Electrophiles" 49
Costa, Max, New York University Medical Center, "Mechanism of
Nickel Induced Chromosomal Aberrations" 17
Cuker, Benjamin, E., Shaw University, "Influence of Two Types
of Clay and Phosphorus Loading on Lake Productivity" 47
D1 Ambrosio, Steven, The Ohio State University, "Fate of ONA
Damage in Human Fetal Cells" 8
86
-------
Page No.
Davidson, Jane Hoi loway, Colorado State University, "Particulate
Transport in Electrostatic Precipitators: The Effect
of Electrode Geometry" j 85
j
Drechsler-Parks, Deborah, University of California, Santa
Barbara, "Pulmonary, Metabolic, and Ventilatory Responses
of Older Men and Women ito Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide" 15
Elmets, Craig A., Case Western ^Reserve University, "Stratospheric
Ozone Depletion: Immunological Consequences in Humans" 22
Evan, Marlene, University of Michigan, "Incorporation, Concentra-
tion and Exchange of Li'pophilic Contaminants in an
Aquatic Ecosystem" , 24
Fogler, H. Scott, University of Michigan, "Removal of Dioxins
from Industrial Wastewater by Sorption" 77
Guillard, Robert, Bigelow Laboratories for Ocean Sciences, "The
Production of Dimethyl :Sulfide by Marine Phytoplankton" 30
Hard, Thomas M., Portland State' University-, "Atmospheric HOX
Experimental Studies" j . 69
i
Hayton, William L., Washtington State University, "Scaling
Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetics Models in Fish" 36
Hill, Brian H., University of Texas at Dallas, "Are Intermittent •
Streams Stable Ecosystems?" 44
j
Hoffman, Michael R., California Institute of Technology, "Photo-
catalytic Degradation o'f Hazardous Wastes Using
Semiconductor Particles!" 82
Hughes, Patric R., Boyce Thompson Institute, "Alteration of
Plant-Insect Interaction by Air Pollution" 40
Iba, Michael, Rutgers University, "Mechanism of Differential
Toxicity of Dichlorobenzidine and Congeners" 2
i
Karin, Michael, University of California - San Diego, "Heavy
Metal Effects. on Gene Expression in Human Cells" 18
Lane, Dennis, University of Kansas, "Aerosol -Nitrogen Inputs to
a Tree/Grass Ecotone" ; • : 46
I 87
i
-------
Page No.
!
Lawrence, David, Albany Medical College of Union University,
"In Vitro Immunotoxicological Screening of Metals" 12
Leong, K. H., University of Illinois, "Effects of Electrostatic
Forces and Shear in the Collection of Non-Spherical
Particles" 62
Levinson, R., Columbia University, "Global Climate Model Develop-
ment and Sensitivity Experiments" 66
Lippman, Morton, New York University Medical Center, "An Aerosol
Dispersion Test for Detecting Pulmonary Responses to
Industrial Pollutants" " 6
Lowry, Jerry, University of Maine at Orono, "An Investigation
of Radon Daughter Buildup in GAC Beds" " 81
Marshall, Bonnie T., Tufts University, "Spread of Bacteria and
Their Plasmids Among Animals and Man in the Natural
Environment" 31
Matteson, Michael J., Georgia Institute of Technology, "Particle
Deposition in Wakes" 73
McGown, Linda B., Oklahoma State University, "The Use of
Fluorescence Lifetime Selectivity in the Detection and
Determination of HPLC-Separated Polycylic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Water Samples" 59
Murphy, Terrence, University of California, at Davis, "Mechanism
of Ion-Leakage from Plant Cells Induced by UVB-Stress" 45
Mustafa, Mohammad G., University of California at Los Angeles,
"Synergism in Pulmonary Effects of Ni'trogen Dioxide
and Ozone" 10
O'Melia, Charles R., The Johns Hopkins University, "Raw Water
quality and Optimal Water Treatment Plant Design" 78
Pitts, James N. Jr., University of California - Riverside,
"Spectroscopic Studies of Potentially Hazardous Gaseous
Pollutants in an Indoor Environment" 63
Rahn, Kenneth, University of Rhode Island, "Further Development
of Regional Elemental Tracers for Contaminants in
Precipitation" 70
88
-------
**'•
: Page No.
Reilly, James, Indiana University, "Optimization of Detection
Sensitivity and Selectivity in Laser Mass Spectrometry" 65
Reinhard, Martin, Stanford University, "Adsorption of
Halogenated Organic Compounds in the Unsaturated Zone".. 55
Ribovich, Martin, The Ohio State University, "Role of Xeno-
biotics in Modifying Replicating DNA" 20
Ryan, David K., New England Aquarium, "Metal Ion Binding by
Humic Materials" , 51
i
Safe, Stephen H., Texas A & M University, "2,3,7,8-TCDD and
Related Compounds and Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity" 14
i
Schultz, Terry Wayne, University of Tennessee, "Structure-
Activity of Electron-Withdrawing Aromatics" 43
I
Senkan, Selim N. Illinois Institute of Technology, "Formation
of Products of Incomplete Combustion in Incinerators" 75
Stanley, Donald, East Carolina University, "Modulation of
Nitrogen Loading Impacts in an Estuary" 29
i
Steenhuis, T. S., Cornell University, "Wetting Front. Instability
in Layered Soils and Its Inclusion in Monitoring and
Modeling Techniques" : . 56
Stone, Alan T., The Johns Hopkijns University, "Catalysis of
Organic Pollutant Hydrolysis by Metal Oxide Surfaces" 57
Strand, Stuart E., University of Washington, "Oxidation of Toxic
Compounds in Methanotr'opic Biofilm Reactors" 80
Thomas, Peter, The University of Texas at Austin, "Development
of Early-Warning Indices of Ovarian Dysfunction and
Reduced Hatching Success in Fish Exposed to Pollutants" 33
Tsai, Chun-Che, Kent State University, "Aqueous Solubilities of
Organic Pollutants and Related Compounds" 53
Tucker, Alan, Colorado State University, "Potentiation of the
Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Actions of Lead by Altitude" 1
i
Vaughn, James, Associated Universities, Inc., "Mechanisms of
Rotavirus Inactivation by Water Disinfectants" 74
89
-------
Page No.
Wadden, Richard, University of Illinois, "Development and
Validation of a Source-Receptor Air Pollution Model
for Hydrocarbons and Toxic Organics" 61
Walia, Satish, Oakland University, "Microbial Degradation of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls" 38
Weider, P. Kelman, Villanova University, "The Use of Wetlands to
Treat Acid Mine Drainage: Growth Responses of Sphagnum
and Mechanisms of Metal Retention in Peat" 26
Wierenga, Peter J., New Mexico State University, "Validation
of the Transport Equation in Unsaturated Soil" 48
Willis, Issac, Morehouse School of Medicine, "Effects of Vary-
ing Ooses of UV on Mammalian Skin: Simulation of
Decreasing Stratospheric Ozone" 4
90
-------
Index of Institutions
; Page No.
Albany Medical College of Union; University, Lawrence, David,
"In Vitro Immunotoxicological Screening of Metals" 12
i
American University, Cheh, Albert, "Identification of Environ-
mental Electrophiles" < 49
Associated Universities, Inc., Vaughn, James, "Mechanisms of
Rotavirus Inactivation; by Water Disinfectants" 74
Bigelow Laboratories for Ocean Sciences, Guillard, Robert, "The
Production of Dimethyl Sulfide by Marine Phytoplankton" 30
California Institute of Technology, Hoffman, Michael R., "Photo-
catalytic Degradation of Hazardous Wastes Using
Semiconductor Particles" 82
California, University of, at Davis, Murphy, Terrence, "Mechanism
of Ion-Leakage from Plant Cells Induced by UVB-Stress" 45
i
i
California, University of, at Los Angeles, Mohammad, G. Mustafa,
"Synergism in Pulmonary Effects of Nitrogen Dioxide
and Ozone" ' 10
California, University of, at Riverside, Atkinson, Roger, "Atmos-
pheric Chemistry of Gasj-Phase PAH and Their Occurrence
in Ambient Air" : 67
I
California, University of, at Riverside, Pitts, James N. Jr.,
"Spectroscopic Studies of Potentially Hazardous Gaseous
Pollutants in an Indoor1 Environment" 63
i
California, University of, at San Diego, Karin, Michael, "Heavy
Metal Effects on Gene Expression in "Human Cells" 18
California, University of, at Santa Barbara, Drechsler-Parks,
Deborah, "Pulmonary, Metabolic, and Ventilatory Res-
ponses of Older Men and!Women to Ozone and Nitrogen
Dioxide" i 15
]
Case Western Reserve University;, Elmets, Craig A., "Stratospheric
Ozone Depletion: Immunblogical Consequences in Humans" 22
-91-
-------
Page No.
Colorado, School of Mines, Bunge, Annette L., "Emulsion Liquid
Extraction of Aqueous Contaminants: Effects of Emulsion
Breakage and Multiple Extractable Solutes" 84
Colorado, State University, Davidson, Jane Holloway, "Particulate
Transport in Electrostatic Precipitators: The Effect of
Electrode Geometry" 85
Colorado State University, Tucker, Alan, "Potentiation of the
Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Actions of Lead by Altitude" 1
Colorado, University of, at Denver, Audesirk, Gerald J.,
"Neurotoxicity Studies in Neuronal Cell Cultures" 19
Columbia University, Levinson, R., "Global Climate Model
Development and Sensitivity Experiments" 66
Cornell University, Steenhuis, T. S., "Wetting Front Instability
in Layered Soils and Its Inclusion in Monitoring and
Modeling Techniques" 56
i
East Carolina University, Stanley, Donald, "Modulation of
Nitrogen Loading Impacts in an Estuary" 29
Georgia Institute of Technology, Matteson, Michael J., "Particle
Deposition in Wakes" 73
Illinois Institute of Technology, Senkan, Selim N. "Formation
of Products of Incomplete Combustion in Incinerators" 75
Illinois, University of, Madden, Richard, "Development and
Validation of a Source-Receptor Air Pollution Model
for Hydrocarbons and Toxic Organics" 61
Illinois, University of, Leong, K. H., "Effects of Electrostatic
Forces and Shear in the Collection of Non-Spherical
Particles" 62
Indiana University, Reilly, James, "Optimization of Detection
Sensitivity and Selectivity in Laser Mass Spectrometry" 65
Iowa, Northern, University of, Berg, Virginia, "Interactions of
Acid Precipitation with Plant Cuticles" 42
Johns Hopkins University, Stone, Alan T., "Catalysis of
Organic Pollutant Hydrolysis by Metal Oxide Surfaces" 57
Johns Hopkins University, O'Melia, Charles R., "Raw Water
Quality and Optimal Water Treatment Plant Design" 78
-92-
-------
Kansas, University of, Lane, Dennis, ."Aerosol-Nitrogen Inputs
to a Tree/Grass Ecotone"
Kent State University, Tsal, Chun-Che, "Aqueous Solubilities
of Organic Pollutants ;and Related Compounds"
1
Maine, University of, at Orono; Lowry, Jerry, "An Investigation
of Radon Daughter Buildup in GAC Beds"
Page No.
46
53
81
Miami, University of, at Ohio, Barrett, Gary W., "Long-Term Effects
of Municipal Sludge on jEcosystem Development" 27
Michigan, University of, Evan, ;Marlene, "Incorporation, Con-
centration and Exchange of Lipophilic Contaminants
in an Aquatic Ecosystem" 24
Michigan, University of, Fogler;, H. Scott, "Removal of Dioxins
from Industrial Wastewater by Sorption" 77
Morehouse School of Medicine, Willis, Issac, "Effects of Varying
Doses of UV on Mammalian Skin: Simulation of Decreasing
Stratospheric Ozone" i 4
I
National Center for Atmospheric Research, Calvert, Jack,
"Experimental Studies of Acid Generation in Atmospheric
Aerosols" ; 72
New England Aquarium, Ryan, Dav,id K., "Metal Ion Binding by
Humic Materials" J 51
New Mexico State University, Wrerenga, Peter J., "Validation 32
of the Transport Equatiion in Unsaturated Soil" 48
New York University Medical Center, Costa, Max, "Mechanism of
Nickel Induced Chromosomal Aberrations" 17
I
i
New York University Medical Center, Lippman, Morton, "An Aerosol
Dispersion Test for Detecting Pulmonary Responses to
Industrial Pollutants" i 6
Oakland University, Walla, SatVsh, "Microbial Degradation of
Polychlorinated Biphenyls" 38
-93-
-------
Page No,
Ohio State University, D1 Ambrosio, Steven, "Fate of DNA
Damage irrHuman Fetal Cells"
Ohio State University, ftibovich, Martin, "Role of Xenobio-
tics in Modifying Replicating DNA" 20
Oklahoma State University, McGown, Linda B., "The Use of
Fluorescence Lifetime Selectivity in the Detection and
Determination of HPLC-Separated Polycylic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Water Samples" 59
Portland State University, Hard, Thomas M., "Atmospheric HOX
Experimental Studies" 69
Rhode Island, University of, Rahn, Kenneth, "Further Development
of Regional Elemental Tracers for Contaminants in
Precipitation" 70
Royce Thompson Institute, Hughes, Patric R., "Alteration of
Plant-Insect Interaction by Air Pollution" 40
Rutgers University, Iba, Michael, "Mechanism of Differential
Toxicity of Dichlorobenzidine and Congeners" 2
Shaw University, Cuker, Benjamin, E., "Influence of Two Types
of Clay and Phosphorus Loading on Lake Productivity" 47
Stanford University, Reinhard, Martin, "Adsorption of Halogenated
Organic Compounds in the Unsaturated Zone" 55
Stanford University, Bowman, C. I., "Reaction Kinetics of NOX
Formation and Removal in Hydrocarbon Fuel Combustion" 79
Tennessee, University of, Schultz, Terry Wayne, "Structure-
Activity of Electron-Withdrawing Aromatics" 43
Texas A & M University, Safe, Stephen H., "2,3,7,8-TCOD and
Related Compounds and Mechanisms of Carcinogenicity" 14
Texas, the University of, at Austin, Thomas, Peter, "Development
of Early-Warning Indices of Ovarian Dysfunction and
Reduced Hatching Success in Fish Exposed to Pollutants" 33
Texas, the University of, at Dallas, Hill, Brian H., "Are Inter-
mittent Streams Stable Ecosystems?" 44
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Tufts University, Marshall, Bonnie T., "Spread of Bacteria and
Their Plasmids Among Animals and Man in the Natural
Environment" '
Villanova University, Welder, R. Kelman, "The Use of Wetlands to
Treat Acid Mine Drainage: Growth Responses of Sphagnum
and Mechanisms of Metal Retention in Peat"
Virginia Polytechnic Institute ;& State University, Cairns, John
Jr., "Multispecies Microcosm Tests for Predicting
the Effects of Chemicalls on Aquatic Ecosystems"
Washington State University, Hayton, William L., "Scaling
Xenobiotic Pharmacokinetics Models in Fish"
Washington, University of, Stuart E. Strand, "Oxidation of
Toxic Compounds in Methanotropic Biofilm Reactors"
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U.S. Environmental Protection
Library, Room 2404 FM-211-A
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
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