HEALTH
EFFECTS
RESEARCH
LABORATORY
OVERVIEW
OPEN HOUSE
EPA
6007
1995.1
c.2
2 EPA
HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
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HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Health Effects Research Laboratory 1
Functional Statement 1
Biographical Sketches of Managers 2
Developmental Toxicology Division 6
Functional Statement 6
Biographical Sketches of Managers 7
Publications 9
Environmental Carcinogenesis Division 14
Functional Statement 14
Biographical Sketches of Managers 15
Publications 18
Environmental Toxicology Division 25
Functional Statement . 25
Biographical Sketches of Managers 26
Publications 28
Human Studies Division 35
Functional Statement 35
Biographical Sketches of Managers 36
Publications 38
Neurotoxicology Division 41
Functional Statement 41
Biographical Sketches of Managers . 42
Publications 44
Management and Research Support Division 50
Functional Statement 50
Biographical Sketches of Managers 52
Publications 54
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HEALTH EFFECTS RESEARCH LABORATORY
The Health Effects Research Laboratory formulates and implements a comprehensive
research program to investigate human health effects from exposure to environmental pollutants.
Staffed by health scientists with recognized expertise in a variety of disciplines-environmental
medicine, physiology, epidemiology, statistics, biochemistry, neurotoxicology, reproductive
toxicology, teratology, perinatal toxicology, geriatric toxicology, pulmonary toxicology,
immunotoxicology, cardiovascular toxicology, genotoxicology, hepatotoxicology and other target
organ toxicology, and microbiology-HERL is the focal point for lexicological, clinical and
epidemiological research within the Agency. HERL also establishes cooperative research projects
with academic and other scientific institutions which facilitate the Agency efforts in understanding
health effects of environmental pollutants. This research program develops and applies state-of-
the-science biological assays, predictive models and extrapolation methods which serve as the
basis for the Agency's health risk assessments.
The long-term basic components of the HERL research program are designed to anticipate
the future needs of the Agency and enable the Office of Health Research to provide direction on
environmental health issues. In recognition of legislative and regulatory needs, HERL conducts
an effective mission-related research program to enable the Agency to better determine
toxicological hazard, define dose-response relationships, and estimate human exposure
characteristics in support of the Agency's overall risk assessment and guideline development. The
breadth of expertise of the HERL researchers is also marshalled hi the event of Program Office
requests and environmental emergencies to address immediate public health issues. HERL
evaluates and communicates its research results and provides advice on their use to offices for
criteria development and scientific assessments in support of regulatory and standard setting
activities.
HERL advises the Agency on the scientific interpretation and integration of information
used hi the determination of human health risks. It responds with recognized authority to
changing requirements for technical assistance to other ORD offices, Program Offices, Regions,
senior Agency managers, Agency workgroups, and Interagency Task Forces. Through the active
involvement of its scientific staff with Agency research and advisory committees, other Agency
offices, and through interaction with academic and other independent scientific bodies, the
Laboratory assists in the formulation of health science policy for the Agency. Finally, as a result
of these relationships and the scientific capabilities of its staff, the Laboratory provides the
leadership in the development of national and international environmental health research efforts.
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Lawrence W. Reiter
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MANAGERS
Director, National Health and Environmental Effects Research
Laboratory. Dr. Reiter received a Ph.D. from the University of
Kansas Medical Center Department of Pharmacology in 1970, and
a B.S. in Chemistry from Rockhurst College in Kansas City, MO,
in 1965. After a three year postdoctoral fellowship at the
University of California/Davis, Dr. Reiter joined the EPA Health
Effects Research Laboratory hi 1973. From 1978 through 1988 he
served as the Director of the Neurotoxicology Division of HERL.
He is the recipient of a number of awards such as the Presidential
Rank Award for Sustained Meritorious Accomplishment. He has
served on the editorial boards for a number of toxicology journals,
holds an adjunct appointment in toxicology at the University of
North Carolina School of Medicine, has served on numerous
advisory panels, both within EPA as well as in the scientific
community (e.g., FASEB, NAS), and has held elected positions in
national scientific organizations.
Ann H. Akland
Deputy Director, National Health and Environmental Effects
Research Laboratory. Ms. Akland attended Duke University and
received a B.S. in Business Administration from Barton College.
She has held several positions in HERL or predecessor
organizations since 1973, including Administrative Assistant,
Administrative Officer, Director of Program Operations,
Management Analyst, Chief of the Information Management Staff,
Special Assistant to the Laboratory Director, and Director of the
Program Support Office. She has served on numerous Agency and
ORD Work Groups and Committees concerned with management
and administrative issues.
Harold Zenick
Associate Director for Health. Dr. Zenick earned a Ph.D. in
Physiological Psychology/Psychopharmacology from the University
of Missouri (Columbia) in 1972. He also completed a Post-doc in
Toxicology at the University of Cincinnati. Prior to joining
NHEERL, he was a Branch Chief in the Office of Health and
Environmental Assessment, preceded by 15 years hi academia. Dr.
Zenick serves as EPA's liaison to the NIEHS and NTP Advisory
Councils. He is also a member of the Advisory Committee for
EPA Minority Academic Institution Traineeship Program.
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Da Leigh Cote
Robert S. Dyer
Fred S. Hauchman
Currently, Dr. Zenick is Co-Chair of the Interagency Coordinating
Committee on Environmental Health on the U.S.-Mexico Border
and Director of ORD's Border Workgroup. His research interests
are in noncancer risk assessment methods and the role of science in
the regulatory decision-making process.
Assistant Laboratory Director for Air and Radiation. Dr. Cote
earned a Ph.D. from the University of New Mexico Medical
Department of Physiology in Albuquerque, NM, in 1978. She is
currently responsible for the coordination of all research for Air and
Radiation. She is the recipient of an EPA Achievement Award and
the EPA Bronze Medal for Contributions in the Risk Assessment of
Air Pollutants. She serves on EPA's Risk Forum and the Executive
Board of the N.C. Society of Risk Analysis. Prior to her work at
EPA, Dr. Cote served as an Assistant Research Professor at the
New York University Medical Center, where she specialized in
chemical carcinogenesis research.
Assistant Laboratory Director for Hazardous Waste and
Superfund. Dr. Dyer received a Ph.D. in Physiological
Psychology from the State University of New York at Buffalo in
1970 and performed postdoctoral research in neurophysiology at the
University of Michigan and in environmental health sciences at the
Johns Hopkins University. Dr. Dyer taught Psychology at Towson
State University, where he was awarded tenure and the Faculty
Award for Excellence in Teaching hi 1974. More recently, Dr.
Dyer was Chief of the Neurophysiology Branch, Neurotoxicology
Division from 1981-1989, Acting Director of the Neurotoxicology
Division in 1989 and Associate Director of HERL from 1989-1995.
Dr. Dyer was the recipient of an EPA Scientific and Technological
Achievement Award hi 1985, and is listed in the current "Who's
Who in Frontiers of Science and Technology." He served as
Neurophysiology Section Editor for Neurotoxicology and
Teratology from 1983-1990, and has been on the Editorial Advisory
Board of Neurotoxicologv since 1978. Dr. Dyer has been an
invited participant at numerous international symposia and
workshops and has authored more than 200 peer-reviewed
publications, book chapters and abstracts.
Assistant Laboratory Director for Water. Dr. Hauchman
received a Ph.D. in Environmental Health Sciences from the Johns
Hopkins University in 1984, and an M.S. in Public Health from the
University of North Carolina in 1976. After conducting
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postdoctoral research in environmental virology at the University of
North Carolina, Dr. Hauchman joined the EPA Office of Air
Quality Planning and Standards as a senior environmental health
scientist. As Assistant Director for Water at NHEERL, Dr.
Hauchman is responsible for managing the EPA health and
ecological effects research program for water pollutants. He has
received numerous special achievement awards and two bronze
medals at EPA for contributions to risk assessments from hazardous
air pollutants. Dr. Hauchman has been an invited speaker at many
national and international symposia and meetings, and is a member
of several professional societies.
Suzanne B. McMaster
John J. Vandenberg
Assistant Laboratory Director for Pesticides and Toxic
Substances. Dr. McMaster holds bachelor of Science and Master
of Arts degrees from the University of Texas. She studied at the
University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center as a MacLeod
Predoctoral Fellow and was awarded a Ph.D. in Biological
Psychology in 1984.
Dr. McMaster joined the Environmental Protection Agency in
Washington, D.C. in 1989. She initially worked as a staff
neurotoxicologist in the Office of Toxic Substances and was later
assigned to the Office of the Assistant Administrator for Pesticides
and Toxic Substances, In 1993, she moved to EPA's Health Effects
Research Laboratory in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, as
Assistant Laboratory Director for Pesticides and Toxics.
Dr. McMaster is a co-author of several EPA testing and risk
assessment guidance documents, the federal policy document on
neurotoxicity and the proposed international guidelines for
neurotoxicity testing. She serves as an ad hoc reviewer for a
number of scientific journals and is the neurotoxicology Section
Editor for the Journal of the American College of Toxicology.
Assistant Laboratory Director for Multi-media and Director of
the Research to Improve Health Risk Assessments (RfflRA)
Program. Dr. Vandenberg earned a Ph.D. in Biophysical Ecology
from Duke University in 1987, and an M.S. in the same field, also
from Duke, in 1982. He presently is on the faculty of the Duke
University School of the Environment as an Adjunct Assistant
Professor and teaches a graduate course in air quality assessment
and management. Prior to joining HERL, he worked for seven
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Michael D. Waters
years in EPA's air office performing risk assessments for air toxics.
His work on air toxics has resulted in several awards including four
Bronze Medals. He also was on detail for a year to the California
Department of Health Services developing risk assessment
guidelines for reproductive and developmental toxicants and
assessing modeling approaches for reproductive endpoints. As
Director of the RIHRA program he is currently responsible for the
coordination of multi-office research program to develop health
effects data and models to improve the scientific basis for risk
assessment. Dr. Vandenberg is an active member of several
professional associations, including the Society for Risk Analysis
and the Air and Waste Management Association.
Senior Scientist and Assistant Laboratory Director for
International Programs. Dr. Waters received a Ph.D. in
Biochemistry from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
in 1969 and was Chief of the Biochemistry Branch, Environmental
Toxicology Division, from 1976 to 1979 and Director of the
Genetic Toxicology Division from 1979-1992. He was awarded the
Bronze Medal by EPA in 1980 for his work in developing HERL's
genetic toxicology program and in 1987 for his work in assessing
the genetic toxicology of chemicals. He was President-Elect and
President of the Environmental Mutagen Society from 1990-92 and
is currently President of the Genotoxicity and Environmental
Mutagen Society. He has served on a number of International
Scientific Committees and Editorial Boards. He is Adjunct
Professor of Toxicology at the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill (since 1980) and at Duke University (since 1992). He
has organized many national and international conferences and has
more than 120 publications.
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DEVELOPMENTAL TOXICOLOGY DIVISION
The Developmental Toxicology Division conducts and manages biological research on the
effects of environmental pollutants, singly or in combination, on reproduction and development.
The research identifies and quantifies effects using the appropriate biological systems as models
to provide data needed by the agency for the assessment of potential hazards to humans resulting
from exposure to various environmental pollutants. The chemical agents under investigation
include toxic substances, pesticides, air pollutants, drinking water contaminants, and hazardous
wastes. Biological indices for assessing damage include germ cell physiology, morphology and
function, reproductive development and function, endocrine function related to reproduction and
teratogenesis. Major research emphasis is on the development of new and improved
methodologies for the assessment of male and female reproductive toxicity, embryo and fetal
toxicity, and postnatal functional deficits. The Division also has research programs involving
health related issues pertaining to the use of microbial agents as pesticides. The research
generated in the Division contributes to the unproved interpretation of lexicological data, and the
development of guidelines for the safe usage of pesticides and toxics (chemical and biological),
management of hazardous waste, and establishment of safe drinking water criteria as mandated
by the Environmental Protection Agency.
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Robert J. Kavlock
BIOGRAPfflCAL SKETCHES OF MANAGERS
Director of the Developmental Toxicology Division. Dr. Kavlock
holds a Ph.D. in Biology from the University of Miami (1977).
The Division conducts research in the areas of experimental
teratology, developmental physiology, reproductive development
and endocrinology, and gamete cell biology. His research interests
include embryology, teratogenesis, renal physiology, and risk
extrapolation. He has authored more than 100 journal articles and
two books. Currently, his activities are focused on the application
of benchmark dose methodology to developmental toxicity data and
the development of biologically based dose-response models. His
research has been recognized by ten STAA awards and in 1995 he
received the EPA's Science Achievement Award for his efforts in
validating the benchmark dose approach for developmental toxicity
risk assessment. He holds academic appointments at North
Carolina State University and Duke University and has given
invited presentations on his research at numerous national and
international scientific meetings. Dr. Kavlock was a member of the
National Toxicology Program's Board of Scientific Councilors on
Developmental and Reproductive Toxicology (1989-1993). He is
a member of the Society of Toxicology, Sigma Xi, and the
Teratology Society. He was Chairperson of the Scientific Program
Committee of the 1988 Teratology Society Meeting, served on the
Education Committee of the Teratology Society (1989-1992) and is
now a Councilor (1993-1995). He served as Secretary/Treasurer
(1989-1991), Councilor (1993-1995) and is Vice-President-Elect of
the Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology Subsection of the
Society of Toxicology. He served as Chair for the U.S. EPA
Endocrine Disrupter Research Needs Workshop in April, 1995. He
is a member of the editorial boards of Fundamental and Applied
Toxicology. The Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health
and Teratogenesis. Carcinogenesis and Mutagenesis.
John M. Rogers
Chief of the Perinatal Toxicology Branch and Acting Chief of
the Experimental Teratology Section. Dr. Rogers earned a Ph.D.
in Biology from the University of Miami in 1982, and received a
National Research Service Award from the National Eye Institute
for postdoctoral work at the University of California at Davis from
1982-84. His research interests include developmental biology,
mechanisms of abnormal development, developmental nutrition, and
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risk assessment. Dr. Rogers has authored over 50 journal articles
and chapters, and has been an invited speaker or participant at EPA,
NIEHS, FDA and EPRI workshops. He serves on Health Research
Grant Review Panels for the Center for Indoor Air Research, and
ATSDR. He is a member of the Society of Toxicology, the
Teratology Society and the Society for Experimental Biology and
Medicine. He has taught courses in cell and developmental zoology
at North Carolina State University and is an Adjunct Assistant
Professor in the Curriculum in Toxicology at the University of
North Carolina, Chapel Hill.
Sally Perreault Darney
Chief of the Reproductive Toxicology Branch and Acting Chief
of the Gamete Biology Section. Dr. Darney earned a Ph.D. in
Reproductive Biology from the University of Hawaii in 1980 and
a National Research Service Award (NICHHD) as a postdoctoral
fellow at the Johns Hopkins University before joining EPA in 1984.
The author of over 40 journal articles and chapters, her expertise
includes sperm/egg maturation and function (fertilization) and
reproductive toxicology. She has been invited to discuss these topics
in national forums such as the Society of Toxicology annual
meetings, the CUT Symposium on Reproductive Toxicology, the
Serono Symposium on Fertilization hi Mammals, and various EPA,
NIOSH and NIEHS workshops. She has also spearheaded a
national effort to standardize methods for computer-assisted sperm
motility analysis and made significant contributions to the proposed
EPA Reproductive Risk Assessment Guidelines. An active member
of the American Society of Andrology, The Society for the Study
of Reproduction, and The American Society for Cell Biology, she
also serves on the editorial boards of Reproductive Toxicology and
Molecular Reproduction and Development.
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PUBLICATIONS
Abbot, BD; McNabb, FMA; Lau, CS, Glucocorticoid Receptor Expression during the Development
of the Embryonic Mouse Secondary Palate. Journal of Craniofacial Genetics and Developmental
Biology, 14: 87-96, May 1994, EPA/600/J-94/5I3, MS-92-078.
Abbott, BD; Logsdon, TR; Wilke, TS, Effects of Methanol on Embryonic Mouse Palate in
Serum-Free Organ Culture. Teratology, 49(2): 122-134, February 1994, MS-93-160.
Abbott, BD; Probst, MR; Perdew, GH, Immunohistochemical Double-Staining for AH Receptor
and Arnt in Human Embryonic Palatal Shelves. Teratology, 50: 361-366, November 1994,
600/J-95/152,MS-94-215.
Abbott, BD; Ebron-McCoy, M; Andrews, JE, Cell Death in Rat and Mouse Embryos Exposed to
Methanol in Whole Embryo Culture. Toxicology, 97: 159-171, March 1995, MS-94-189.
Abbott, BD; Perdew, GH; Buckalew, AR; Bimbaum, LS, Interactive Regulation of Ah and
Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Synergistic Induction of Cleft Palate by
2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and Hydrocortisone. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,
128(1): 138-150, September 1994, EPA/600/J-94/550, MS-94-066.
Abbott, BD; Perdew, GH; Bimbaum, LS, Ah Receptor in Embryonic Mouse Palate and Effects of
TCDD on Receptor Expression. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 126(1): 16-25, May 1994,
600/J-95/040, MS-93-197.
Allen, BC; Kavlock, RJ; Kimmel, CA; Faustman, EM, Dose Response Assessment for
Developmental Toxicity: II. Comparison of Generic Benchmark Dose Estimates with No Observed
Adverse Effect Levels. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 23(4): 487-495, November 1994,
600/J-95/lll,MS-93-186.
Allen, BC; Kavlock, RJ; Kimmel, CA; Faustman, EM, Dose-Response Assessment for
Developmental Toxicity: III. Statistical Models. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 23(4):
496-509, November 1994,600/J-95/112, MS-93-185.
Andrews, JE; Ebron-McCoy, MT; Logsdon, TR; Richards, J; Rogers, JM, Gamma-Glutamyl
Transferase (GGT) Activity and Biochemical Characterization of Rat Visceral Yolk-Sac During
Gestation with or without Trypan Blue Exposure. Reproductive Toxicology, 8(5): 405-410, October
1994,600/J-95/081, MS-92-147.
Andrews, JE; Ebron-McCoy, M; Copeland, MF; Glennon, JJ, Evaluation of the Dysmorphogenic
Effects of Procarbazine (PCZ), Benzylazoxyprocarbazine (BPCZ) and Methylazoxyprocarbazine
(MPCZ) hi Whole Embryo Culture. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 126(2): 260-266, June
1994,600/J-95/124, MS-93-281.
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Andrews, JE; Ebron-McCoy, MT; Kavlock, RJ; Rogers, JM, Lowering pH Increases Embryonic
Sensitivity to Formate in Whole Embryo Culture. Toxicology In Vitro, 7(6): 757-762, November
1993, EPA/600/J-94/199, MS-93-132.
Cooper, RL; Barrett, MA; Goldman, JM; Rehnberg, GL; McElroy, WK; Stoker, TE, Pregnancy
Alterations Following Xenobiotic-Induced Delays in Ovulation in the Female Rat. Fundamental and
Applied Toxicology, 22(3): 474-480, April 1994,600/J-95/094, MS-93-018.
Cummings, AM; Metcalf, JL, Methoxychlor Regulates Rat Uterine Estrogen-induced Protein.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 130: 154-160, January 1995,600/J-95/151, MS-93-297.
Cummings, AM; Metcalf, JL, Mechanisms of the Stimulation of Rat Uterine Peroxidase Activity
by Methoxychlor. Reproductive Toxicology, 8(6): 477-486, November 1994, 600/J-95/214,
MS-93-235.
Cummings, AM, Effect of 5-Azacytidine Administration during Very Early Pregnancy. Fundamental
and Applied Toxicology, 23(3): 429-433, October 1994, EPA/600/J-94/519, MS-93-067.
Daston, GP; Overmann, GJ; Baines, D; Taubeneck, MW; Lehman-McKeeman, LD; Rogers, JM;
Keen, CL, Altered Zn Status by Alpha-Hederin in the Pregnant Rat and Its Relationship to Adverse
Developmental Outcome. Reproductive Toxicology, 8(1): 15-24, February 1994, MS-92-120.
Elstein, KH; Zucker, RM, Comparison of Cellular and Nuclear Flow Cytometric Techniques for
Discriminating Apoptotic Subpopulations. Experimental Cell Research, 211(2): 322-331, April
1994,600/J-95/048, XX-93-038.
Elstein, KH; Zucker, RM; Andrews, JE; Ebron-McCoy, MT; Shuey, DL; Rogers, JM, Effects of
Developmental Stage and Tissue Type on Embryo/Fetal DNA Distributions and
5-Fluorouracil-Induced Cell-cycle Perturbations. Teratology, 48(4): 355-363, October 1993,
MS-93-133.
Faustman, EM; Allen, BC; Kavlock, RJ; Kimmel, CA, Dose-response Assessment for
Developmental Toxicity: I. Characterization of Data Base and Determination of No Observed
Adverse Effect Levels. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 23(4): 478-486, November 1994,
600/J-95/113,MS-93-128.
Goldman, JM; Stoker, TE; Cooper, RL; McElroy, WK; Hein, JF, Blockade of Ovulation in the Rat
by the Fungicide Sodium N-Methyldithiocarbamate: Relationship Between Effects on the
Luteinizing Hormone Surge and Alterations in Hypothalamic Catecholamines. Neurotoxicology and
Teratology, 16(3): 257-268, May 1994,600/J-95/106, MS-93-290.
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Gray, LE; Kelce, WR; Monosson, E; Ostby, JS; Birnbaum, LS, Exposure to TCDD During
Development Permanently Alters Reproductive Function in Male LE Rats and Hamsters: Reduced
Ejaculated and Epididymal Sperm Numbers and Sex Accessory Gland Weights in Offspring with
Normal Androgenic Status. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 131(1): 108-118, November
1994.MS-94-139.
Gray, LE; Ostby, JS; Kelce, WR, Developmental Effects of an Environmental Antiandrogen: The
Fungicide Vinclozolin Alters Sex Differentiation of the Male Rat. Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology, 129(1): 46-52, November 1994, MS-93-284.
Gray, LE; Klinefelter, GR; Kelce, WR; Laskey, JW; Ostby, JS; Ewing, LL, Hamster Leydig Cells
Are Less Sensitive to Ethane Dimethanesulphonate (EDS) When Compared to Rat Leydig Cells
Both In Vivo and In Vitro. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 130:248-256, February 1995,
•MS-92-242.
Kamrin, M; Carney, E; Chou, K; Cummings, AM; Dostal, L; Harris, C; Henck, JW; Loch-Caruso,
R; Miller, RK, Female Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology: Overview and Current
Approaches. Toxicology Letters, 74(2): 99-119, November 1994, EPA/600/J-94/537, MS-93-268.
Kelce, WR, Buthionine Sulfoximine Protects the Viability of Adult Rat Leydig Cells Exposed to
Ethane Dimethanesulfonate. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 125: 237-246, April 1994,
XX-93-027.
Kelce, WR; Monosson, E; Gamcsik, MP; Laws, SC; Gray, LE, Environmental Hormone Disrupters:
Evidence That Vinclozolin Developmental Toxicity is Mediated by Antiandrogenic Metabolites.
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 126: 276-285, June 1994, MS-93-291.
Klinefelter, GR; Laskey, JW; Kelce, WR; Ferrell, J; Roberts, NL; Suarez, JD; Slott, VL,
Chloroethylmethanesulfonate-Induced Effects on the Epididymis Seem Unrelated to Altered Leydig
Cell Function. Biology of Reproduction, 51(1): 82-91, July 1994,600/J-95/105, MS-93-296.
Klinefelter, GR; Laskey, JW; Perreault-Darney, S; Ferrell, J; Jeffay, S; Suarez, JD; Roberts, NL, The
Ethane Dimethanesulphonate-induced Decrease in the Fertilizing Ability of Cauda Epididymal
Sperm Is Independent of the Testis. Journal of Andrology, 15(4): 318-327, August 1994,
EPA/600/J-94/543, MS-93-292.
Laskey, JW; Kelce, WR; Klinefelter, GR; Gray, LE; Ewing, LL, Distribution of 14C-Ethane
Dimethanesulfonate hi Immature and Adult Male Rats Following an Acute Exposure. Fundamental
and Applied Toxicology, 22(3): 319-327, April 1994,600/J-95/095, MS-93-101.
Laskey, JW; Klinefelter, GR; Kelce, WR; Ewing, LL, Effects of Ethane Dimethanesulfonate (EDS)
on Adult and Immature Rabbit Leydig Cells: Comparison with EDS-Treated Rat Leydig Cells.
Biology of Reproduction, 50(5): 1151-1160, May 1994, 600/J-95/054, MS-94-050.
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Laskey, JW; Berman, E; Ferrell, JM, The Use of Cultured Ovarian Fragments to Assess Toxicant
Alterations in Steroidogenesis in the Sprague-Dawley Rat. Reproductive Toxicology, 9(2): 131-141,
February 1995, MS-94-112.
Laws, SC; Carey, SA; Cooper, RL, Lindane Does Not Alter the Estrogen Receptor or the
Estrogen-dependent Induction of Progesterone Receptors in Sexually Immature or Ovariectomized
Adult Rats. Toxicology, (92): 127-142, September 1994, 600/J-95/214, MS-93-223.
Linder, RE; Klinefelter, OR; Strader, LF; Suarez, JD; Dyer, CJ, Acute Spermatogenic Effects of
Bromoacetic Acids. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 22(3): 422-430, April 1994,
600/J-95/038, MS-93-168.
Linder, RE; Klinefelter, GR; Strader, LF; Suarez, JD; Roberts, NL; Dyer, CJ, Spermatotoxicity of
Dibromoacetic Acid in Rats after 14 Daily Exposures. Reproductive Toxicology, 8(3): 251-259, May
1994,600/J-95/045, MS-93-298.
Narotsky, MG; Francis, EZ; Kavlock, RJ, Developmental Toxicity and Structure-Activity
Relationships of Aliphatic Acids, Including Dose-Response Assessment of Valproic Acid, in Mice
and Rats. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 22(2): 251-265, February 1994, MS-93-053.
Piasek, M; Laskey, JW, Acute Cadmium Exposure and Ovarian Steroidogenesis in Cycling and
Pregnant Rats. Reproductive Toxicology, 8(6): 495-507, November 1994,600/J-95/212, MS-94-182.
Rogers, JM; Francis, BM; Sulik, KK; Alles, AJ; Massaro, EJ; Zucker, RM; Elstein, KH; Rosen, MB;
Chernoff, N, Cell Death and Cell Cycle Perturbation in the Developmental Toxicity of the
Demethylating Agent, 5-Aza-2'-Deoxycytidine. Teratology, 50: 332-339, November 1994,
600/J-95/154, MS-94-013.
Rosen, M; Francis, BM; Chernoff, N, Subtractive Hybridization: A Technique for the Isolation of
Differentially Expressed Genes. Toxicology Methods, 4(2): 135-147, September 1994, MS-93-218.
Shuey, DL; Zucker, RM; Elstein, KH; Rogers, JM, Fetal Anemia Following Maternal Exposure to
5-Fluorouracil in the Rat Teratology, 49(4): 311-319, April 1994,600/J-95/043, MS-93-249.
Shuey, DL; Lau, CS; Logsdon, TR; Zucker, RM; Elstein, KH; Narotsky, MG; Setzer, RW; Kavlock,
RJ; Rogers, JM, Biologically Based Dose-Response Modeling in Developmental Toxicology:
Biochemical and Cellular Sequelae of 5-Fluorouracil Exposure in the Developing Rat. Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology, 126(1): 129-144, May 1994,600/J-95/090, MS-93-190.
Shuey, DL; Buckalew, AR; Wilke, TS; Rogers, JM; Abbott, BD, Early Events Following Maternal
Exposure to a 5-:Fluorouracil Lead to Dysmorphology in Cultured Embryonic Tissues. Teratology,
50: 379-386, December 1994, MS-94-151.
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Slotkin, TA; McCook, EC; Seidler, FJ, Glucocorticoids regulate the Development of Intracellular
Signaling: Enhanced Forebrain Adenylate Cyclase Catalytic Subunit Activity after Fetal
Dexamethasone Exposure. Brain Research Bulletin, 32(4): 359-364, November 1993, XX-94-015.
Slott, VL; Suarez, JD; Poss, PM; Linder, RE; Strader, LF; Perreault-Darney, S, Optimization of the
Hamilton-Thorn Computerized Sperm Motility Analysis System for Use with Rat Spermatozoa in
lexicological Studies. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 21(3): 298-307, October 1993,
MS-93-047.
Slott, VL; Linder, RE; Dyer, CJ, Method of Euthanasia Does Not Affect Sperm Motility in the
Laboratory Rat. Reproductive Toxicology, 8(4): 371-374, August 1994, EPA/600/J-94/541,
MS-93-295.
Taubeneck, MW; Daston, GP; Rogers, JM; Keen, CL, Altered Maternal Zinc Metabolism Following
Exposure to Diverse Developmental Toxicants. Reproductive Toxicology, 8(1): 25-40, February
1994,MS-93-106.
Tsutsumi, M; Laws, SC; Sealfon, SC, Homologous Up-Regulation of the Gonadotropin-Releasing
Hormone Receptor in AT3-1 Cells Is Associated with Unchanged Receptor Messenger RNA
(mRNA) Levels and Altered mRNA Activity. Molecular Endocrinology, 7(12): 1625-1632,
December 1993, MS-93-108.
Zucker, RM; Elstein, KH; Shuey, DL; Rogers, JM, Flow Cytometric Detection of Abnormal Fetal
Erythropoiesis: Application to 5-FluorouraciI-Induced Anemia, Teratology, 51:37-44, January 1995,
MS-94-165.
Zucker, RM; Elstein, KH; Thomas, DJ; Rogers, JM, Tributyltin and Dexamethasone Induce
Apoptosis in Rat Thymocytes by Mutually Antagonistic Mechanisms. Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology, 127(1): 163-170, July 1994, EPA/600/J-94/526, MS-93-250.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS DIVISION
The research program of the Environmental Carcinogenesis Division encompasses the
fields of mutagenesis, carcinogenesis and related studies in cellular toxicology. The program
includes definitive studies on the metabolic activation and detoxification of those agents which
exert their effects via genetically-related mechanisms as well as investigations of alternative
mechanisms which result in mutation and cancer. The Division possesses the capability of fully
evaluating the mutagenic and oncogenic potential of agents of environmental concern including
pure chemicals and complex environmental mixtures. The process of evaluation of potential
environmental genotoxicants is approached through the step-wise application of bioassay
methodologies involving short-term screening tests, confirmatory short-term bioassays, and
eventually, established whole animal mutagenesis and carcinogenesis bioassays. The Division has
major research programs in improving risk assessment procedures, applying biomarkers to
environmental health studies, improving the bases for heritable mutation risk assessment and
application of structure activity methods (SAR) to environmental toxicology. The intramural
research competence of the Division is directed principally toward the development, validation,
and application of short-term bioassays and research in biotechnology to meet the research and
regulatory needs of the Agency. Long-term mutagenesis and carcinogenesis bioassays are
conducted through the use of extramural grants and contracts.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MANAGERS
Larry D. Claxton
Acting Director of the Environmental Carcinogenesis Division.
Dr. Claxton received his Ph.D. in Genetics from North Carolina
State University at Raleigh in 1980. His minor for his Ph.D. in
Public Health Administration was taken at the School of Public
Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dr. Claxton
also has done research at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory and
the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. He was
awarded the Bronze Medal by EPA in 1980 for scientific
contributions to the understanding of the toxicology of automotive
emissions and in 1992 for his biotechnology health effects research.
He has received Special Act Awards for biotechnology health
effects research and for the Alaskan Oil Spill Research Program.
He has also received the Scientific and Technical Achievement
Award upon three occasions for his peer-reviewed scientific
publications. He is a Past President of the Genotoxicity and
Environmental Mutagen Society and a former councilor of the
Environmental Mutagen Society. He has served on a number of
Agency and international scientific committees (IPCS, ICPEMC,
ASTM). Presently, he is a member of the editorial board of
Mutation Research. Formerly, he served on the editorial board for
Molecular and Environmental Mutagenesis. He presently holds
Adjunct Associate Professor Appointments at both the University
of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and North Carolina State
University, Raleigh. Research interests include the carcinogenicity
of environmental mixtures and their effects upon the human
population. Research also involves the health effects of
environmentally released genetically engineered microorganisms
and the toxicology of their metabolic products. He was a coauthor
of a book Atmospheric Chemical Compounds: Sources,. Occurrence,
and Bioasgay. co-editor on five books, and has published over 100
peer-reviewed journal articles and book chapters.
Martha M. Moore
Chief of the Mutagenesis and Cellular Toxicology Branch. Dr.
Moore joined EPA in 1977 as a Research Biologist in the
Environmental Toxicology Division (later reorganized to the
Genetic Toxicology Division) and most recently the Environmental
Carcinogenesis Division. A Summa Cum Laude graduate of
Western Maryland College, she received a Ph.D. in Genetics from
the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1980. In 1982,
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Dr. Moore received an EPA Scientific/Technological Achievement
Award for her research. She is a member of the American
Association for the Advancement of Science, the Environmental
Mutagen Society, the Association for Women in Science, and
several other regional societies. Dr. Moore is a former President
of the Genotoxicity and Environmental Mutagen Society and former
member of the Environmental Mutagen Society Council. She
serves on two EPA Gene-Tox committees. In addition to publishing
more than 70 scientific articles, she has served as editor of several
books, including "Banbury Report 28" from the Cold Spring
Harbor Laboratory Press.
Stephen Nesnow
Chief of the Carcinogenesis and Metabolism Branch. Dr.
Nesnow received a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry in 1968 and an
M.S. hi Organic Chemistry in 1966, both from New York
University. He is an Adjunct Professor in the School of Medicine
and a member of the Cancer Research Center at the University of
North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Dr. Nesnow acquired post-doctoral
experience at the Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research and
at the McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research before joining the
faculties of the University of Wisconsin and the University of North
Carolina. He has received a number of awards from EPA including
a Bronze Medal, and four Scientific and Technological Achievement
Awards. Dr. Nesnow is a member of the editorial boards of Cancer
Letters, The Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health and
The Journal of Environmental Science and Health, a member of the
Aspen Cancer Conference Advisory Committee, a member of the
Board of Governors of the International Symposium on Polynuclear
Aromatic Hydrocarbons, and has served many times on
International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) Working
Groups. Dr. Nesnow has been an invited speaker to many national
and international symposia and has served as organizer and session
chairman at many of these meetings. He is the author of 160
journal articles, book chapters, and books.
Joellen Lewtas
Chief of the Genetic Bioassay Branch. Dr. Lewtas received her
Ph.D. in Biochemistry from North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, NC, in 1973. Prior to coming to the EPA, she was a
Research Associate in the Biochemistry Department at Duke
University School of Medicine, Durham, NC, from 1977 to 1980.
She was awarded the Silver Medal for Superior Service for research
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'"I.'
Jf *,,
'1 'a .. ' < s
on diesel emissions and two Bronze Medals for Commendable
Service in Indoor Air Research and the Integrated Air Cancer
Project. She also received the EPA Excellence in Management
Award in 1987 and 1988. She has been appointed a member of
four editorial boards, chaired over a dozen major committees within
EPA, and served on a variety of national and international review
committees, most notably the International Agency for Research on
Cancer (IARC) in Lyon, France. She has also published over 100
peer-reviewed journal articles, over 80 book chapters, and edited 6
books. She is a member of numerous professional organizations,
and she is an internationally recognized expert in biomarkers of
exposure, dosimetry and genotoxic effects of polluted air and
complex environmental mixtures.
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PUBLICATIONS
Aaron, CS; Bolcsfoldi, G; Glatt, H-R; Moore, MM; Nishi, Y; Stankowski, L; Theiss, J; Thompson,
E, Mammalian Cell Gene Mutation Assays Working Group Report. Mutation Research, 312(3):
235-239, June 1994, MS-94-088.
Afshari, AJ; McGregor, PW; Allen, JW; Fuscoe, JC, Centromere Analysis of Micronuclei in
2-Aminoanthraquinone in Cultured Mouse Splenocytes Using Both a Gamma-Satellite DNA Probe
and Anti-Kinetochore Antibody. Molecular and Environmental Mutagenesis, 24:96-102, November
1994, MS-93-300.
Allen, JW; Poofman-Allen, P; Collins, BW; Sontag, MR, Synaptonemal Complex Aberrations in
the Pseudoautosomal Region of X,Y Chromosomes in Irradiated Hamsters. Mutagenesis, 9(3):
259-267, May 1994,600/J-95/133, MS-93-279.
Allen, JW; Collins, BW; Evansky, PA, Spermatid Micronucleus Analyses of Trichloroethylene and
Chloral Hydrate Effects in Mice. Mutation Research Letters, 323(2): 81-88, February 1994,
MS-93-259.
Benane, SG; Richard, AM; Blackman, CF; Lytle, CD, Quantitative Structure-Toxicity Relationships
for a Series of Primary Alcohols in a Mammalian Viral Host Cell Reactivation Assay. In Vitro
Toxicology, 6(4): 267-277, January 1994, MS-93-267.
Blackman, CF; Blanchard, JP; Benane, SG; House, DE, Empirical Test of an Ion Parametric
Resonance Model for Magnetic Field Interactions with PC-12 Cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 15(3):
239-260, May 1994, 600/J-95/135, MS-93-273.
Blanchard, JP; Blackman, CF, Clarification and Application of an Ion Parametric Resonance Model
for Magnetic Field Interactions with Biological Systems. Bioelectromagnetics, 15(3): 217-238, May
1994,600/J-95/134, MS-93-274.
Chadwick, RW; George, SE; Allison, JC; Talley, DL, Possible Errors in Assay for B-Glycosidase
Activity within the G.I. Tract and Its Contents. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 61(2):
820-822, February 1995,600/J-95/150, MS-93-246.
Chadwick, RW; George, SE; Kohan, MJ; Williams, RW; Allison, JC; Talley, DL; Hayes, YO;
Chang, J, Potentiation of 2,6-Dinitrotoluene Genotoxicity in Fischer 344 Rats by Pretreatment with
Coal Tar Creosote. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 44: 319-336, March 1995,
MS-94-127.
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Chang, J; Chadwick, RW; Allison, JC; Hayes, YO; Talley, DL; Autry, CE, Microbial Succession
and Intestinal Enzyme Activities in the Developing Rat. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 77:
709-718, November 1994,600/J-95/I32, MS-94-047.
Cupitt, LT; Glen, WG; Lewtas, J, Exposure and Risk from Ambient Particle-bound Pollution in an
Airshed Dominated by Residential Wood Combustion and Mobile Sources. Environmental Health
Perspectives, 102(4): 75-84, April 1994, MS-93-208.
Dearfield, KL; Stack, HF; Quest, JA; Whiting, RJ; Waters, MD, A Survey of EPA/OPP and Open
Literature Data on Selected Pesticide Chemicals Tested for Mutagenicity -1. Introduction and First
Ten Chemicals. Mutation Research, 297(3): 197-233, October 1993, 600/J-95/029, MS-93-069.
DeMarini, DM; Lemieux, PM; Ryan, JV; Williams, RW; Brooks, LR, Mutagenicity and Chemical
Analysis of Emissions from the Open Burning of Scrap Rubber Tires. Environmental Science &
Technology, 28(1): 136-141, January 1994, MS-92-237.
DeMarini, DM; Shelton, ML; Stankowski, LF, Mutation Spectra in Salmonella of Sunlight, White
Fluorescent Light, and Light from Tanning Salon Beds: Induction of Tandem Mutations and Role
of DNA Repair. Mutation Research, 327:131-149, March 1995, MS-94-173.
DeMarini, DM; Shelton, ML; Bell, DA, Mutation Spectra in salmonella of Complex Mixtures:
Comparison of Urban Air to Benzo[a]pyrene. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis, 24:
262-275, November 1994, MS-94-190.
DeMarini, DM, Induction of Mutation Spectra by Complex Mixtures: Approaches, Problems and
Possibilities. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(Sup 4): 127-130, October 1994,600/J-95/079,
MS-92-186.
DeMarini, DM; Bell, DA; Levine, JG; Shelton, ML; Abu-Shakra, A, Molecular Analysis of
Mutations Induced at the hisD3052 Allele of Salmonella by Single Chemicals and Complex
Mixtures. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101(Sup 3): 207-212, December 1993, MS-92-049.
Dragan, YP; Campbell, HA; Baker, K; Vaughan, J; Mass, MJ; Pitot, HC, Focal and Non-focal
Hepatic Expression of Placenta! Glutathione S-Transferase in Carcinogen-treated Rats.
Carcinogenesis, 15(11): 2587-2591, November 1994,600/J-95/100, MS-94-144.
Dragan, YP; Hully, JR; Nakamura, J; Mass, MJ; Swenberg, JA; Pitot, HC, Biochemical Events
During Initiation of Rat Hepatocarcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis, 15(7): 1451-1458, July 1994,
EPA/600/J-94/546, MS-94-126.
Dutta, SK; Verma, M; Blackman, CF, Frequency-Dependent Alterations in Enolase Activity in
Escherichia Coli Caused by Exposure to Electric and Magnetic Fields. Bioelectromagnetics, 15(5):
377-383, November 1994, MS-92-228.
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Erexson, GL; Bryant, MF; Kwanyuen, P; Kligerman, AD, Bleomycin Sulfate-induced Micronuclei
in Human, Rat, and Mouse Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes. Environmental and Molecular
Mutagenesis, 25: 31-36, January 1995, MS-93-171.
Fuscoe, JC; Zimmerman, LJ; Harrington-Brock, K; Moore, MM, Multiplex PCR Analysis of In
Vivo-Arising Deletion Mutations in the hprt Gene of Human T-Lymphocytes. Environmental and
Molecular Mutagenesis, 23(2): 89-95, March 1994, EPA/600/J-94/411, MS-93-270.
Fuscoe, JC; Zimmerman, LJ; Harrington-Brock, K; Moore, MM, Deletion Mutations in the HPRT
Gene of T-Lymphocytes as a Biomarker for Genomic Rearrangements Important in Human Cancers.
Carcinogenesis, 15(7): 1463-1466, July 1994, EPA/600/J-94/412, MS-93-272.
Gallagher, JE; Vine, MF; Schramm, MM; Lewtas, J; George, MH; Hulka, BS; Everson, RB,
32P-postlabeling Analysis of DNA Adducts in Human Sperm Cells from Smokers and
Non-Smokers. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers & Prevention, 2: 581-585, November 1993,
MS-93-088.
Gallagher, JE; Everson, RB; George, M; Lucier, GW, Comparison of DNA Adduct Levels in Human
Placenta from Polychlorinated Biphenyl Exposed Women and Smokers in Which CYP 1 Al Levels
are Similarly Elevated. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 14(4): 183-192, August
1994, EPA/600/J-94/520, MS-93-087.
Gallagher, JE; Heinrich, U; George, M; Hendee, L; Phillips, DH; Lewtas, J, Formation of DNA
Adducts in Rat Lung Following Chronic Inhalation of Diesel Emissions, Carbon Black and Titanium
Dioxide Particles. Carcinogenesis, 15(7): 1291-1299, July 1994, MS-94-141.
George, SE; Kohan, MJ; Gilmour, MI; Taylor, MS; Brooks, HG; Creason, JP; Claxton, LD,
Pulmonary Clearance and Inflammatory Response in C3H/HeJ Mice after Intranasal Exposure to
Pseudomonas spp.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59(11): 3585-3591, November 1993,
600/J-95/082, MS-93-150.
George, SE; Kohan, MJ; Taylor, MS; Brooks, HG; Creason, JP; Claxton, LD, Intestinal Survival,
Competition and Translocation of Biotechnology Agents upon Intranasal Exposure of C3H/HeJ
Mice. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 13(7): 1145-1152, July 1994, MS-93-126.
George, SE; Chadwick, RW; Kohan, MJ; Allison, JC; Williams, RW; Chang, J, Role of the
Intestinal Microbiota in the Activation of the Promutagen 2,6-Dinitrotoluene to Mutagenic Urine
Metabolites and Comparison of GI Enzyme Activities in Germ-free and Conventionalized Male
Fischer 344 Rats. Cancer Letters, 79(2): 181-187, May 1994, MS-94-042.
Gichner, T; Badayev, SA; Demchenko, SI; Relichova, J; Sandhu, SS; Usmanov, PD; Usmanova, O;
Veleminsky, J, Arabidopsis Assay for Mutagenicity. Mutation Research, 310(2): 249-256,
November 1994, EPA/600/J-94/523, MS-93-261.
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Kanaya, N; Gill, BS; Grover, IS; Murin, A; Osiecka, R; Sandhu, SS; Andersson, HC, Vicia Faba
Chromosomal Aberration Assay. Mutation Research, 310(2): 231-247, November 1994,
EPA/600/J-94/534, MS-93-262.
King, LC; George, M; Gallagher, JE; Lewtas, J, Separation of 32p-postlabeled DNA Adducts of
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Nitrated Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons by HPLC.
Journal of Chemical Research and Toxicology, 503-510, August 1994, MS-93-247.
Kitchin, KT; Brown, JL; Kulkarni, AP, Predicting Rodent Carcinogenicity of Ames Test "False
Positives" by In Vivo Biochemical Parameters. Mutation Research, 290(2): 155-164, December
1993,600/J-95/093, MS-93-055.
Kitchin, KT; Brown, JL, Dose-response Relationship for Rat Liver DNA Damage Caused by 49
Rodent Carcinogens. Toxicology, 88(1-3): 31-49, March 1994, MS-93-015.
Kitchin, KT; Brown, JL; Kulkarni, AP, Complementarity of Genotoxic and Nongenotoxic Predictors
of Rodent Carcinogenicity. Teratogenesis, Carcinogenesis, and Mutagenesis, 13(2): 83-100, March
1994,600/J-95/035, MS-93-120.
Kitchin, KT; Brown, JL; Setzer, RW, Dose-Response Relationship in Multistage Carcinogenesis:
Promoters. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(Sup 1): 255-264, February 1994, MS-92-003.
Kitchin, KT; Brown, JL; Kulkarni, AP, Predicting Rodent Carcinogenicity by In Vivo Biochemical
Parameters. Environmental Carcinogenesis Review, C12(l): 63-88, November 1994, MS-93-228.
Kligerman, AD; Bryant, M; Doerr, CL; Erexson, GL; Kwanyuen, P; McGee, JK, Cytogenetic Effects
of Phosphine Inhalation by Rodents - I. Acute 6-hour Exposure of Mice. Environmental and
Molecular Mutagenesis, 23(3): 186-189, April 1994, 600/J-95/046, MS-93-299.
Levine, JG; Knasmuller, S; Shelton, ML; DeMarini, DM, Mutation Spectra of Glu-P-1 in
Salmonella: Induction of Hotspot Frameshifts and Site-Specific Base Substitutions. Environmental
and Molecular Mutagenesis, 24(1): 11-22, August 1994, EPA/600/J-94/552, MS-94-049.
Levine, JG; Schaaper, RM; DeMarini, DM, Complex Frameshift Mutations Mediated by Plasmid
pKMlOl: Mutational Mechanisms Deduced from 4-AminobiphenyI-induced Mutation Spectra in
Salmonella. Genetics, 136: 731-746, March 1994, MS-93-205.
Ma, T-H; Cabrera, GL; Chen, R; Gill, BS; Sandhu, SS; Vandenberg, AL; Salamone, MF,
Tradescantia Micronucleus Bioassay. Mutation Research, 310(2): 221-230, November 1994,
EPA/600/J-94/536, MS-93-263.
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Mass, MJ; Jeffers, AJ; Ross, JA; Nelson, G; Galati, AJ; Stoner, GD; Nesnow, S, K-ras Oncogene
Mutations in Tumors and DNA Adducts Formed by BenzQJaceanthrylene and Benzo[a]pyrene in
the Lungs of Strain A/J Mice. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 8(3): 186-192, November 1993,
MS-92-241.
Moore, MM; Harrington-Brock, K; Zimmerman, LJ; Burnette, LP; Smith, TW; Everson, RB;
O'Neill, JP; Fuscoe, JC, Quantification and Molecular Characterization of HPRT Mutants of Human
T-Lymphocytes. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101(Sup 3): 219-224, December 1993,
MS-92-136.
Nesnow, S; Ross, JA; Nelson, G; Wilson, K; Roop, BC; Jeffers, AJ; Galati, AJ; Stoner, GD;
Sangaiah, R; Gold, A; Mass, MJ, Relationship Between Tumorigenic Potency, Ki-ras Codon 12
Mutations, and DNA Adducts Induced by Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene. Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds,
6: 161-168, August 1994, EPA/600/J-94/551, MS-94-091.
Nesnow, S; Beck, S; Ball, LM; Sangaiah, R; Gold, A, Morphological Transformation of C3H10T
1/2 CL8 Cells by Cyclopenta-fused Derivatives of Benzo[a]pyrene and Benzo[e]pyrene. Cancer
Letters, 74(1,2): 25-30, October 1993,600/J-95/091, MS-93-189.
Nesnow, S; Ross, JA; Nelson, G; Wilson, K; Roop, B; Jeffers, AJ; Galati, AJ; Stoner, GD; Sangaiah,
R; Gold, A; Mass, MJ, Cyclopenta[cd]pyrene-induced Tumorigenicity, Ki-ras Codon 12 Mutations
and DNA Adducts in Strain A/J Mouse Lung. Carcinogenesis, 15(4): 601-606, April 1994,
600/J-95/050, MS-94-030.
Nesnow, S; Ross, JA; Nelson, G; Holden, K; Erexson, G; Kligerman, AD; Gupta, RC, Quantitative
and Temporal Relationships Between DNA Adduct Formation in Target and Surrogate Tissues:
Implications for Biomonitoring. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101(Sup 3): 37-42, December
1993, MS-92-093.
Nesnow, S; Gold, A; Sangaiah, R; Slaga, TJ, Mouse Skin Tumor-initiating Activity of
Benz(j)aceanthrylene in SENCAR Mice. Cancer Letters, 73(2): 73-76, October 1993, MS-93-172.
Nesnow, S; Beck, S; Rosenblum, S; Lasley, J; Tiano, HF; Hosokawa, M; Crespi, CL, R;
Langenbach, R, N-nitrosodiethylamine and 4-(methyhiitrosamino)-l- (3-pyridyl)-l-butanone
Induced Morphological Transformation of C3H/10T1/2CL8 Cells Expressing Human Cytochrome
P450 2A6. Mutation Research, 324(3): 93-102, July 1994, MS-94-046.
Nesnow, S; Ross, JA; Beck, S; Lasley, J; Nelson, G; Lambert, G; Platt, KL; Agarwal, SC,
Morphological Transformation and DNA Adduct Formation by Dibenz[a,h]anthracene and its
Metabolites in C3H1OT1/2CL8 Cells. Carcinogenesis, 15(10): 2225-2231, October 1994,
EPA/600/J-94/531, MS-93-145.
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Nesnow, S; Agarwal, SC; Padgett, WT; Lambert, GR; Boone, P; Richard, AM, Synthesis and
Characterization of Adducts of Alachlor 2-Chloro-N-(2,6-Diethylphenyl)Acetamide with
2'-Deoxyguanosine, Thymidine and their 3'-Monophosphates. Chemical Research in Toxicology,
February 1995, MS-94-244.
Rabinowitz, JR; Little, SB, Comparison of Quantum Mechanical Methods to Compute the
Biologically Relevant Reactivities of Cyclopenta-Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. International
Journal of Quantum Chemistry, 52: 681-691, September 1994, 600/J-95/044, MS-93-271.
Richard, AM, Application of SAR Methods to Non-congeneric Data Bases Associated with
Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity: Issues and Approaches. Mutation Research, 305(1): 73-97,
February 1994, MS-93-096.
Ross, JA; Nelson, GB; Wilson, KH; Rabinowitz, JR; Galati, A; Stoner, GD; Nesnow, S; Mass, MJ,
Adenomas Induced by Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Strain A/J Mouse Lung Correlate with
Time-Integrated DNA Adduct Levels. Cancer Research, 55:1039-1044, March 1995, MS-94-200.
Sandhu, SS; de Serres, FJ; Gopalan, HNB; Grant, WF; Svendsgaard, DJ; Veleminsky, J; Becking,
GC, A Summary of Results and Recommendations of the IPCS Collaborative Study on Plant Test
Systems. Mutation Research, 310(2): 257-263, November 1994, EPA/600/J-94/544, MS-93-269.
Sandhu, SS; de Serres, FJ; Gopalan, HNB; Grant, WF; Veleminsky, J; Becking, GC, IPCS
Collaborative Study on the Utility of Plant Test Systems in Genetic Toxicology: An Introduction and
Study Design. Mutation Research, 310(2): 169-173, November 1994, EPA/600/J-94/525,
MS-93-258.
Schreinemachers, DM; Everson, RB, Aspirin Use and Lung, Colon, and Breast Cancer Incidence
in a Prospective Study. Epidemiology, 5(2): 138-146, March 1994, MS-92-245.
Shelton, ML; DeMarini, DM, Mutagenicity and Mutation Spectra of 2-Acetylaminofluorene at
Frameshift and Base-Substitution Alleles in Four DNA Repair Backgrounds of Salmonella. Mutation
Research, 327: 75-86, March 1995, MS-94-217.
Shelton, ML; Ashby, J; DeMarini, DM, Mutation Spectrum of a Binary Mixture of Mutagens
(Methapyrilene and Sodium Azide) in Strain TA1535 of Salmonella. Mutation Research Letters,
323(1): 35-39, January 1994, MS-93-241.
Tennant, RW; Prescott, DM; Puck, TT; Slaga, TJ; Saffiotti, U; Wogan, GN; Nesnow, S; McClain,
RM, Eighth Aspen Cancer Conference: Molecular Mechanisms of Toxicity in Relation to the
Genetics of Animal and Human Neoplasia. Molecular Carcinogenesis, 10(3): 117-124, July 1994,
EPA/600/J-94/547, MS-94-253.
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Thompson, DJ; Brooks, L; Nishioka, MG; Lewtas, J; Zweidinger, RB, Bioassay and Chemical
Analysis of Ambient Air Participate Extracts Fractionated by Using Nonaqueous Anion-exchange
Solid Phase Extraction. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 53:321-335,
November 1993, MS-92-188.
Waters, MD; Nolan, C, Meeting Report of the EC/US Workshop on Genetic Risk Assessment:
"Human Genetic Risks from Exposure to Chemicals, Focusing on the Feasibility of a Parallelogram
Approach". Mutation Research, 307(1): 411-424, June 1994, 600/J-95/056, MS-94-068.
Waters, MD; Stack, HF; Jackson, MA; Bridges, BA, Hazard Identification: Efficiency of Short-term
Tests in Identifying Germ Cell Mutagens and Putative Nongenotoxic Carcinogens. Environmental
Health Perspectives, 101(Sup 3): 61-72, October 1993, MS-92-139.
Watts, RR; Lewtas, J; Stevens, R; Hartlage, T; Pinto, J; Williams, R; Hattaway, K; Miskova, I;
Benes, I; Kotesovec, F; Sram, R, Czech-US EPA Health Study: Assessment of Personal and
Ambient Air Exposures to PAH and Organic Mutagens in the Teplice District of Northern Bohemia.
International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 56(4): 271-287, October 1994,
MS-94-032.
Williams, RW; Meares, J; Brooks, L; Watts, RR; Lemieux, PM, Priority Pollutant PAH Analysis
of Incinerator Emission Particles Using HPLC and Optimized Fluorescence Detection. International
Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 54(3): 299-314, March 1994, MS-93-061.
You, L; Wang, D; Galati, AJ; Ross, JA; Mass, MJ; Nelson, GB; Wilson, KH; Amin, S; Stoner, JC;
Nesnow, S; Stoner, GD, Tumor Multiplicity, DNA Adducts and K-ras Mutation Pattern of
5-Methylchrysene in Strain A/J Mouse Lung. Carcinogenesis, 15(11): 2613-2618, November 1994,
600/J-95/099, MS-94-158.
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ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY DIVISION
The Environmental Toxicology Division conducts research to determine the health effects
of inhaled environmental pollutants. The research is designed to determine cause and effects
relationships at pollutant concentrations which mimic those occurring in the environment.
Particular emphasis is placed on the development and application of improved methods which
enable significant advancement hi the knowledge of the health effects of air pollutants. Intense
investigations center on the pulmonary and cardiovascular systems, the immune system, host
defense mechanisms against infectious and neoplastic disease and other extrapulmonary systems
which are also susceptible to inhaled pollutants. The Division serves as a primary technical
resource within the Agency for activities requiring expertise in animal inhalation studies and in
the health effects of common ah- pollutants. Continual efforts are made to improve the correlation
between animal and human studies and extrapolation models are developed to enable better risk
assessments to be made. These extrapolation models are founded on physiological-based
dosimetry models for compounds which have been ingested, inhaled, or dermally applied.
Methods for the isolation and identification of chemicals and metabolites in tissues and biological
fluids are developed and then applied in experimental dosimetry research programs. Issues such
as route-to-route, acute-to-chronic, and animal-to-man extrapolation are addressed. The
pharmacokinetic and toxicodynamic research of the Division is capable of addressing problems
relevant to all decision units which provide resources to HERL. Multidisciplinary teams
comprised of scientists with and external to the Division are integral to the Division successfully
fulfilling its research mission.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MANAGERS
Linda S. Birnbaum
James D. McKinney
Daniel L. Costa
Director of the Environmental Toxicology Division. Dr.
Birnbaum received her Ph.D. in Microbiology from the University
of Illinois at Urbana in 1972, with a minor in Biochemistry. Prior
to her work at EPA, she was Head of the Chemical Disposition
Group at NIEHS. She became certified as a Diplomate from the
American Board of Toxicology in 1982. Dr. Birnbaum is on the
editorial board of Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology.
Environmental Health Perspectives. Journal of Toxicology and
Environmental Health and AGE. She currently also serves on the
faculty of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill as an
Adjunct Professor in the School of Public Health and on the
Executive Committee of the Toxicology Curriculum. Dr. Birnbaum
is on Scientific Advisory Committees for EPA, NIOSH, CUT and
IPCS. She has presented more than 40 national and international
invited talks since 1989. She is a member of the Society of
Toxicology, the American Society for Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics, the American Aging Association, the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, and Sigma
Xi. She is the past President of the North Carolina Society of
Toxicology and of the Mechanisms Section of the Society of
Toxicology and a past member of its Education Committee. She
has authored more than 180 peer-reviewed publications.
Chief of the Pharmacokinetics Branch. Dr. McKinney received
his Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from the University of Georgia in
1968, with minors in biochemistry and inorganic chemistry. Prior
to his work at EPA, he was a Research Chemist in the Office of the
Senior Scientific Advisor, Office of the Director, and Chief of the
Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry, Division of Intramural
Research, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Dr.
McKinney is on the editorial review board of Environmental Health
Perspectives. He currently serves as an Adjunct Professor at Duke
University Medical Center. He is the author of over 100 articles in
peer-reviewed journals.
Chief of the Pulmonary Toxicology Branch. Dr. Costa earned an
Sc.D. in Physiology from the Harvard University School of Public
Health in 1977, an M.S. in Physiology from Harvard in 1973, and
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MaryJane K. Selgrade
an M.S. in Environmental Sciences from Rutgers University in
1973. He is a member of the American Association for the
Advancement of Science, the American Thoracic Society, the
American Men and Women of Science, Sigma Xi and the Society
of Toxicology. He is a Past-President of the American Board of
Toxicology, is Vice President of the Inhalation Specialty Section of
the SOT, and is chair of the Long-Range Planning Committee of the
Environmental Occupational Assembly of ATS. He is the author of
57 journal articles, 7 symposium articles, 7 book chapters and the
editor of 2 books. His research interests are in lung biology and
mechanisms of air pollutant induced pathophysiology.
Chief of the Immunotoxicology Branch. Dr. Selgrade received
a Ph.D. in Medical Microbiology from the University of
Wisconsin, Madison, in 1973. After a National Research Council
Associateship at the Naval Medical Research Institute, Bethesda,
MD, a postdoctoral fellowship at the University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, and a visiting Assistant Professorship at North
Carolina State University, Raleigh, she joined EPA in 1978. Her
research interests center around the interactions between xenobiotics
and the immune system and consequent effects on susceptibility to
infectious, neoplastic, and allergic disease. Disease models
currently in use in her laboratory include mouse and rat models for
cytomegaloviruses, influenza, aerosolized streptococcus and dust
mite allergy. Methods for assessing chemically-induced contact and
pulmonary hypersensitivity are also being developed. Some of the
above models are specifically designed to assess immune defense
mechanisms in the lung following chemical exposure by inhalation.
Dr. Selgrade has recent publications dealing with the effects of air
pollutants on host defenses against infectious disease, the effects of
xenobiotics on natural killer cell activity and susceptibility to
cytomegalovirus, the pathogenesis of and immune response to
cytomegalovirus, the effects of viral infection on xenobiotic
metabolism and the use of immunotoxicity data in risk assessment.
She recently served on work groups for the World Health
Organization which produced an Environment Criteria document on
the Health Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation.
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PUBLICATIONS
Ahlborg, UG; Becking, GC; Birnbaum, LS; Brouwer, A; Berks, HJGM; Feeley, M; Golor, G;
Hanberg, A; Larsen, JC; Liem, AKD; Safe, SH; Schlatter, C; Waern, F; Younes, M;
Yrjanheikki, E, Toxic Equivalency Factors for Dioxin-Like PCB's. Chemosphere, 28(6):
1049-1067, March 1994, MS-94-176.
Allis, JW; Robinson, BL, A Kinetic Assay for p-Nitrophenol Hydroxylase in Rat Liver
Microsomes. Analytical Biochemistry, 219(1): 49-52, May 1994, 600/J-95/107, MS-93-202.
Andersen, ME, Physiologically-Based Phannacokinetic Modeling. Drug Information Journal,
28(1): 247-254, January 1994, MS-93-211.
Birnbaum, LS, A Brief Survey of Butadiene Health Effects: A Role for Metabolic Differences.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 101(6): 161-167, December 1993, MS-92-057.
Birnbaum, LS, Endocrine Effects of Prenatal Exposures to PCBs, Dioxins, and Other
Xenobiotics: Implications for Policy and Future Research. Environmental Health Perspectives,
102: 676-679, August 1994, MS-94-098.
Birnbaum, LS, The Mechanism of Dioxin Toxicity: Relationship to Risk Assessment.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(Sup 9): 157-167, November 1994, 600/J-95/026,
MS-92-204.
Birnbaum, LS, Workshop on Perinatal Exposure to Dioxin-like Compounds. V. Immumologic
Effects. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(2): 157-160, February 1995, MS-94-033.
Cheng, PW; Boat, TF; Shaikh, S; Wang, OL; Hu, PC; Costa, DL, Differential Effects of Ozone
on Lung Epithelial Lining Fluid Volume and Protein Content. Experimental Lung Research,
21(3): 351-365, January 1995, 600/J-95/213, MS-95-097.
Delnomdedieu, M; Allis, JW, Interaction of Inorganic Mercury Salts with Model and Red Cell
Membranes: Importance of Lipid Binding Sites. Chemico-Biological Interactions, 88(1): 71-87,
October 1993, MS-92-157.
Delnomdedieu, M; Basti, MM; Otvos, JD; Thomas, DJ, Transfer of Arsenite from Glutathione
to Dithiols - A Model of Interaction. Chemical Research in Toxicology, 6(5): 598-602, October
1993, EPA/600/J-94/532, MS-93-109.
Delnomdedieu, M; Basti, MM; Otvos, JD; Thomas, DJ, Reduction and Binding of Arsenate and
Dimethylarsinate by Glutathione: A Magnetic Resonance Study. Chemico-Biological Interactions,
90(2): 139-155, February 1994, EPA/600/J-94/533, MS-93-107.
28
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DeVito, MJ; Ma, X; Babish, JG; Menache, M; Birnbaum, LS, Dose-Response Relationships in
Mice Following Subchronic Exposure to 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin: CYP1A1,
CYP1A2, Estrogen Receptor, and Protein Tyrosine Phosphorylation. Toxicology and Applied
Pharmacology, 124(1): 82-90, January 1994, MS-93-157.
DeVito, MJ; Birnbaum, LS, The Importance of Pharmacokinetics in Determining the Relative
Potency of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxinand 2,3,7,8-tetracMorodibenzofuran. Fundamental
and Applied Toxicology, 24(1): 145-148, January 1995, 600/J-95/126, MS-94-181.
Evans, MV; Crank, WD; Yang, HM; Simmons, JE, Applications of Sensitivity Analysis to a
Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model for Carbon Tetrachloride in Rats. Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology, 128(1): 36-44, September 1994, EPA/600/J-94/524, MS-93-260.
Fisher, HL; Sumler, MR; Shrivastava, SP; Edwards, B; Oglesby, LA; Ebron-McCoy, MT;
Copeland, MF; Kavlock, RJ; Hall, LL, Toxicokinetics and Structure-Activity Relationships of
Nine Para-substituted Phenols in Rat Embryos In Vitro. Teratology, 48(4): 285-297, October
1993, MS-92-156.
Ohio, AJ; Jaskot, RH; Hatch, GE, Lung Injury after Silica Instillation Is Associated with an
Accumulation of Iron in Rats. American Journal of Physiology, 267(6): L686-L692, December
1994, 600/J-95/080, MS-92-170.
Gilmour, MI; Selgrade, MJK, A Comparison of the Pulmonary Defenses Against Streptococcal
Infection hi Rats and Mice Following O3 Exposure: Differences in Disease Susceptability and
Neutrophil Recruitment. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 123(2): 211-218, December
1993, MS-93-164.
Hanson, CD; Smialowicz, RJ, Evaluation of the Effects of Low-level
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Exposure on Cell Mediated Immunity. Toxicology, 88(2):
213-224, April 1994, 600/J-95/041, MS-93-209.
Hatch, GE; Slade, R; Harris, LP; McDonnell, WF; Devlin, RB; Koren, HS; Costa, DL; McKee,
J, Ozone Dose and Effect in Humans and Rats: A Comparison Using Oxygen-18 Labeling and
Bronchoalveolar Lavage. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, 150(3):
676-683, September 1994, 600/J-95/052, MS-94-034.
Hatch, GE; Harkema, JR; Plopper, CG; Harris, L, Ozone Dosimetry Studies in the Nose and Eye
Using Oxygen-18. Inhalation Toxicology, 6(Suppl): 125-134, November 1994, MS-94-125.
Hughes^ MF; Menache, M; Thompson, DJ, Dose-Dependent Disposition of Sodium Arsenate in
Mice Following Acute Oral Exposure. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 22(1): 80-89,
January 1994, XX-93-017.
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Hughes, MF; Fisher, HL; Birabaum, LS; Hall, LL, Effect of Age on the In Vitro Percutaneous
Absorption of Phenols in Mice. Toxicology In Vitro, 8(2): 221-227, April 1994,
EPA/600/J-94/528, MS-93-183.
Hughes, MF; Mitchell, CT; Edwards, BC; Rahman, MS, In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of
Dimethylarsinic Acid in Mice. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 45: 101-112,
February 1995, XX-94-039.
Jackson, JA; Diliberto, JJ; Birnbaum, LS, Estimation of Octanol-Water Partition Coefficients and
Correlation with Dermal Absorption for Several Polyhalogenated Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 21(3): 334-344, October 1993, MS-94-061.
Jakab, GJ; Spannhake, EW; Canning, BJ; Kleeberger, SR; Gilmour, MI, The Effects of Ozone
on Immune Function. Environmental Health Perspectives, 103(2): 77-89, February 1995,
XX-93-013.
Jaskot, RH; Costa, DL, Toxicity of an Anthraquinone Violet Dye Mixture Following Inhalation
Exposure, Intratracheal Instillation, or Gavage. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 22(1):
103-112, January 1994, MS-92-113.
Johnson, DL; Martonen, TB, Fiber Deposition Along Airway Walls: Effects of Fiber
Cross-Section on Rotational Interception. Journal of Aerosol Science, 24(4): 525-536, October
1993, MS-92-077.
Johnson, DL; Martonen, TB, Behavior of Inhaled Fibers: Potential Applications to Medicinal
Aerosols. Paniculate Science and Technology, 12: 161-173, November 1994, 600/J-95/102,
MS-93-124.
Kedderis, LB; Andersen, ME; Birabaum, LS, Effect of Dose, Time, and Pretreatment on the
Biliary Excretion and Tissue Distribution of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin in the Rat.
Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 21(4): 405-411, November 1993, MS-93-073.
Kedderis, LB; Jackson, JA; Diliberto, JJ; Patterson, DG; Grainger, J; Birnbaum, LS, Chemical
Characterization and Disposition Studies with 1,2,7,8-Tetrabromodibenzofuran hi the Rat. Journal
of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 41(1): 53-69, January 1994, MS-93-230.
Kodavanti, UP; Hatch, GE; Starcher, B; Giri, SN; Winsett, DW; Costa, DL, Ozone-induced
Pulmonary Functional, Pathological and Biochemical Changes in Normal and Vitamin C-Deficient
Guinea Pigs. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 24: 154-164, February 1995, MS-94-106.
30
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Lebrec, H; Burleson, GR, Influenza Virus Host Resistance Models in Mice and Rats: Utilization
for Immune Functions Assessment and Immunotoxicology. Toxicology, 91(2): 179-188, July
1994, 600/J-95/049, MS-94-010.
Lilly, PD; Simmons, JE; Pegram, RA, Dose-dependent Vehicle Differences in the Acute Toxicity
of Bromodichloromethane. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 23: 132-140, March 1994,
MS-93-216.
Luebke, RW; Copeland, CB; Diliberto, JJ; Akubue, PI; Andrews, DL; Riddle, MM; Williams,
WC; Birnbaum, LS, Assessment of Host Resistance to Trichinella Spiralis in Mice Following
Pre-infection Exposure to 2,3,7,8-TCDD. Toxicology and Applied Phannacology, 125(1): 7-16,
March 1994, MS-93-188.
Luebke, RW; Copeland, CB; Andrews, DL, Host Resistance to Trichinella Spiralis Infection in
Rats Exposed to 2,3,7,8,-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-
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Martonen, TB; Katz, IM, Deposition Patterns of Aerosolized Drugs Within Human Lungs: Effects
of Ventilatory Parameters. Pharmaceutical Research, 10(6): 871-878, October 1993, MS-92-123.
Martonen, TB; Katz, I; Cress, W, Aerosol Deposition as a Function of Airway Disease: Cystic
Fibrosis. Pharmaceutical Research, 12(1): 96-102, November 1994, MS-94-092.
Martonen, TB; Yang, Y; Xue, ZQ; Zhang, Z, Motion of Air Within the Human Traeheobronchial
Tree. Paniculate Science and Technology, 12: 175-188, November 1994, MS-94-198.
Martonen, TB; Yang, Y; Xue, ZQ, Influences of Cartilaginous Rings on Tracheobronchial Fluid
Dynamics. Inhalation Toxicology, 6(2): 185-203, May 1994, 600/J-95/118, MS-94-110.
Martonen, TB; Zhang, Z; Yang, Y; Bottei, G, Gas Transport Processes in Human Airways.
Inhalation Toxicology, 7: 303-318, February 1995, MS-94-278.
McKinley, MK; Kedderis, LB; Birnbaum, LS, The Effect of Pretreatment on the Biliary Excretion
of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF), and
3,3'4,4'-Tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) in the Rat. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 21(4):
425-432, November 1993, MS-93-078.
McKinney, JD; Waller, CL, Polychlorinated Biphenyls as Hormonally Active Structural
Analogues. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(3): 290-297, March 1994, 600/J-95/103,
MS-94-022.
McMahon, TF; Medinsky, MA; Birnbaum, LS, Age-related Changes hi Benzene Disposition in
Male C57BL/6N Mice Described by a Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Model. Toxicology
Letters, 74: 241-253, December 1994, MS-93-278.
Narasimham, TR; Craig, A; Arellano, L; Harper, N; Howie, L; Menache, M; Birnbaum, LS;
Safe, S, Relative Sensitivities of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p- dioxin (TCDD)-induced Cypla-1
and Cypla-2 Gene Expression and Immunotoxicity in Female B6C3F1 Mice. Fundamental and
Applied Toxicology, 23(4): 598-607, November 1994, 600/J-95/037, MS-93-161.
Norwood, J; Crissman, K; Hatch, GE, Nasal Lavage Antioxidants in Guinea Pigs, Rats, and
Mice. Inhalation Toxicology, 6(Suppl): 376-383, November 1994, 600/J-95/086, MS-94-083.
Pegram, RA; Diliberto, JJ; Moore, TC; Gao, P; Birnbaum, LS,
2,3,7,8-TetrachIorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) Distribution and Cytochrome P4501A Induction hi
Young Adult and Senescent Male Mice. Toxicology Letters, 76: 119-126, March 1995,
MS-94-167.
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Rahman, MS; Hughes, MF, In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of Monosodiura Methanearsonate
(MSMA) and Disodium Methanearsonate (DSMA) in Female B6C3F1 Mice. Journal of
Toxicology and Environmental Health, 41(4): 421-433, April 1994, EPA/600/J-94/415,
XX-93-018.
Rahman, MS; Hall, LL; Hughes, MF, In Vitro Percutaneous Absorption of Sodium Arsenate in
B6C3F1 Mice. Toxicology In Vitro, 8(3): 441-448, May 1994, 600/J-95/120, MS-93-084.
Sailstad, DM; Tepper, JS; Doerfler, DL; Qasim, M; Selgrade, MJK, Evaluation of an Azo and
Two Anthraquinone Dyes for Allergic Potential. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 23(4):
569-577, November 1994, 600/J-95/042, MS-93-229.
Sailstad, DM; Krishnan, SD; Tepper, JS; Doerfler, DL; Selgrade, MJK, Dietary Vitamin A
Enhances Sensitivity of the Local Lymph Node Assay. Toxicology, 96: 157-163, February 1995,
MS-94-174.
Selgrade, MJK; Zeiss, CR; Karol, MH; Sarlo, K; Kimber, I; Tepper, JS; Henry, MC, Workshop
on Status of Test Methods for Assessing Potential of Chemicals to Induce Respiratory Allergic
Reactions. Inhalation Toxicology, 6(2): 303-319, May 1994, 600/J-95/108, MS-93-192.
Selgrade, MJK; Cooper, KD; Devlin, RB; van Loveren, H; Biagini, RE; Luster, MI,
Immunotoxicity - Bridging the Gap Between Animal Research and Human Health Effects.
Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 24(1): 13-21, January 1995, 600/J-95/127, MS-94-203.
Simmons, JE; Van Stee, EW; Sloane, RA; Moorman, MP; Brunnemann, KD, Endogenous
Formation of N-Nitrosomorpholine in Mice from 15NO2 by Inhalation and Morpholine by
Gavage, Carcinogenesis, 16(1): 89-92, January 1995, 600/J-95/148, MS-94-276.
Smialowicz, RJ; Riddle, MM; Williams, WC; Diliberto, JJ, Effects of
2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on Humoral Immunity and Lymphocyte
Subpopulations: Differences Between Mice and Rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,
124(2): 248-256, February 1994, MS-93-191.
Smialowicz, RJ; Riddle, MM; Williams, WC, Species and Strain Comparisons of
Immunosuppression by 2-Methoxyethanol and 2-Methoxyacetic Acid. International Journal of
Jjnmunopharmacology, 16(8): 695-702, August 1994, EPA/600/J-94/514, MS-92-140.
Smith, JC; Allen, PV; Turner, MD; Most, BM; Fisher, HL; Hall, LL, The Kinetics of
Intravenously Administered Methyl Mercury in Man. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,
128(2): 251-256, October 1994, 600/J-95/088, MS-94-065.
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Tepper, JS; Jackson, MC; McGee, JK; Costa, DL; Graham, JA, Estimation of Respiratory
Irritancy From Inhaled Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether in Mice. Inhalation Toxicology, 61: 563-569,
April 1995, MS-95-106.
Tepper, JS; Moser, VC; Costa, DL; Mason, MA; Roache, N; Guo, Z; Dyer, RS, Toxicological
and Chemical Evaluation of Emissions from Carpet Samples. American Industrial Hygiene
Association Journal, 56: 158-170, February 1995, MS-93-255.
Thomas, DJ, Arsenic Toxicity in Humans: Research Problems and Prospects. Environmental
Geochemistry and Health, 16: 107-111, June 1994, MS-93-003.
Thornton-Manning, JR; Seely, JC; Pegram, RA, Toxicity of Bromodichloromethane in Female
Rats and Mice After Repeated Oral Dosing. Toxicology, 94: 3-18, December 1994, MS-93-254.
Waller, CL; McKinney, JD, Theoretical Investigation into the Potential of Halogenated Methanes
to Undergo Reductive Metabolism. Journal of Computational Chemistry, 14(12): 1575-1579,
December 1993, MS-93-058.
Watkinson, WP; Wiester, MJ; Highfill, JW, Ozone Toxicity hi the Rat. I. Effect of Changes hi
Ambient Temperature on Extrapulmonary Physiological Parameters. Journal of Applied
Physiology, 78(3): 1108-1120, March 1995, MS-94-159.
Wiester, MJ; Tepper, JS; Doerfler, DL; Costa, DL, Ozone Adaptation in Rats after Chronic
Exposure to a Simulated Urban Profile of Ozone. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 24:
42-51, January 1995, 600/J-95/149, MS-93-091.
Williams, PL; Brooks, JD; Inman, AO; Monteiro-Riviere, NA; Riviere, JE, Determination of
Physiochemical Properties of Phenol, p-Nitrophenol, Acetone and Ethanol Relevant to
Quantitating Their Percutaneous Absorption in Porcine Skin. Research Communication hi
Chemical Pathology and Pharmacology, 83(1): 61-75, January 1994, XX-94-028.
Yang, YG; Gilmour, MI; Lange, R; Burleson, GR; Selgrade, MJK, Effect of Acute Exposure to
Phosgene on Pulmonary Host Defenses and Resistance to Infection. Inhalation Toxicology, 7:
393-404, February 1995, MS-94-265.
Zhang, Z; Martonen, TB; Lessman, R, Numerical Simulation of Laryngeal Flow. Journal of
Mechanical Engineering, 22: 451-454, November 1994, 600/J-95/115, MS-93-144.
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HUMAN STUDIES DIVISION
The Human Studies Division conducts clinical and epidemiological investigations to
improve the understanding of human health risks associated with environmental pollution.
Clinical studies are conducted for research questions which are best approached experimentally
by monitoring or administering exposures under highly controlled laboratory settings or where
the evaluation of effects requires complex laboratory procedures. Epidemiologic investigations
study humans in less rigidly controlled, more natural settings by field studies or analysis of
existing data. Laboratory analyses are used to improve assessments of exposure, biologically
relevant doses, adverse biological or health effects, as well as to investigate mechanisms linking
these phenomena. Studies are frequently designed and analyzed so as to characterize the
similarities or differences between effects observed in humans and animals or in vitro systems;
the data are then used by the Agency for risk assessment in the absence of human data.
Investigations conducted by this division frequently involve collaborations within and outside the
Agency, and emphasize interdisciplinary approaches that integrate complex data from existing
records, questionnaires, clinical, and laboratory studies.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MANAGERS
Hillel S. Koren
Director of the Human Studies Division. Dr. Koren received his
undergraduate degree (M.Sc.) in microbiology from Tel-Aviv
University and his graduate degree in immunology at the Max
Planck Institute for Immunobiology and the University of Freiburg
(FRG) in 1971. For his post doctoral training, Dr. Koren spent two
years at the University of California in Berkeley and two years at
the National Cancer Institute in Bethesda, Maryland as a Fogarty
Fellow working on Tumor Immunology. He then served on the
faculty of the Department of Microbiology and Immunology at
Duke University from 1975-1985. During his tenure at Duke he
was recipient of Nffl grants and a Research Career Development
Award. Dr. Koren joined EPA hi 1985 as Chief of the Cell and
Molecular Biology Section at the Clinical Research Facility hi
Chapel Hill, NC. His current major research interests are hi the
area of human pulmonary host defenses and inflammation as they
relate to inhaled pollutants. Dr. Koren has published extensively hi
the areas of tumor immunology, cell-mediated immunity and
immunotoxicology. Dr. Koren is on the editorial board of various
journals, a member of several national and international advisory
and review groups and professional societies hi his areas of interest.
He is author of 124 journal articles and 39 book chapters.
Robert Devlin
Acting Chief of the Clinical Research Branch. Dr. Devlin
received his Ph.D. degree in developmental biology from the
University of Virginia hi 1976. He performed three years of
postdoctoral research at the University of Virginia studying factors
which control the developmental expression of muscle-specific
genes. He served on the faculty at Emory University from 1979-86,
where he was the recipient of numerous NIH and NSF grants, and
was a Basal O'Conner Young Investigator awardee from the March
of Dimes. Dr. Devlin joined the EPA in 1986 as a research scientist
in the Cell and Molecular Biology Section of the Clinical Research
Branch. His current research interests are in the area of biochemical
and molecular responses of human respiratory tract cells to inhaled
pollutants, in which he uses a combination of in vitro toxicology, in
vivo human exposure, and epidemiological approaches. He has been
awarded both level I and level III EPA Scientific and Technological
Achievement awards for his research. Since joining the EPA in 1986,
he has authored more than 50 journal articles and has given more than
36
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20 invited seminars at research institutions or international meetings.
He also reviews articles for several journals, reviews research grants
for several agencies, and is a member of several advisory panels,
review groups, and professional societies in his areas of interest.
37
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PUBLICATIONS
Becker, S; Quay, JL; Keren, HS; Haskill, JS, Constitutive and Stimulated MCP-1, GRO alpha beta
and gamma Expression in Human Airway Epithelium and Bronchoalveolar Macrophages. American
Journal of Physiology, 266(3): L278-L286, March 1994, MS-93-196.
Benignus, VA; Hazucha, MJ; Smith, MV; Bromberg, PA, Prediction of Carboxyhemoglobin
Formation Due to Transient Exposure to Carbon Monoxide. Journal of Applied Physiology, 76(4):
1739-1745, April 1994, EPA/600/J-94/517, MS-93-060.
Benignus, VA; Annau, Z, Carboxyhemoglobin Formation Due to Carbon Monoxide Exposure in
Rats. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 128(1): 151-157, September 1994, EPA/600/J-94/549,
MS-94-123.
Benignus, VA, Behavioral Effects of Carbon Monoxide: Meta Analyses and Extrapolations. Journal
of Applied Physiology, 76(3): 1310-1316, March 1994, MS-93-131.
Benignus, VA, A Model to Predict Carboxyhemoglobin and Pulmonary Parameters After Exposure
to O2, CO2, and CO. Journal of Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, 66: 369-374, April
1995.MS-93-240.
Bennett, WD; Zeman, K, The Effect of Enhanced Supramaximal Flows on Cough Clearance. Journal
of Applied Physiology, 77(4): 1577-1583, December 1994, XX-93-039.
Devlin, RB, Identification of Subpopulations that are Sensitive to Ozone Exposure: Use of End
Points Currently Available and Potential Use of Laboratory-based End Points under Development.
Environmental Health Perspectives, 101(Sup 4): 225-230, December 1993, 600/J-95/117,
MS-92-034.
Devlin, RB; McKinnon, KP; Noah, T; Becker, S; Keren, HS, Ozone-induced Release of Cytokines
and Fibronectin by Alveolar Macrophages and Airway Epithelial cells. American Journal of
Physiology, 266(6): L612-L619, June 1994,600/J-95/022, MS-91-120.
Evans, WJ; Kobal, G; Long, TS; Prah, JD, Suggestions for Collection and Reporting of
Chemosensory (Olfactory) Event-related Potentials. Chemical Senses, 18(6): 751-756, November
1993,MS-93-025.
Folinsbee, LJ; Horstman, DH; Kehrl, HR; Harder, S; Salaam, SA; Ives, PJ, Respiratory Responses
to Repeated Prolonged Exposure to 0.12 ppm Ozone. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical
Care Medicine, 149(1): 98-105, January 1994, EPA/600/J-94/330, MS-92-187.
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Frischer, TM; Kuehr, J; Pullwitt, A; Meinert, R; Forster, J; Studnicka, MD; Koren, HS, Ambient
Ozone Causes Upper Airways Inflammation in Children. American Review of Respiratory Disease,
148(4): 961-964, October 1993, EPA/600/J-94/394, MS-92-226.
Gerrity, TR; McDonnell, WF; House, DE, The Relationship Between Delivered Ozone Dose and
Functional Responses in Humans. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 124(2): 275-283,
February 1994, MS-92-002.
Hazucha, MJ; Folinsbee, LJ; Seal, E; Bromberg, PA, Lung Function Response of Healthy Subjects
Following Sequential Exposures to N02 and 03. American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care
Medicine, 150: 642-647, September 1994, MS-93-248.
Kim, CS; Fisher, DM; Lutz, DJ; Gerrity, TR, Particle Deposition in Bifurcating Airway Models with
Varying Airway Geometry. Journal of Aerosol Science, 25(3): 567-581, May 1994, MS-93-282.
Krasnegor, N; Otto, DA; Bernstein, JH; Burke, R; Chappell, W; Eckerman, DA; Needleman, HL;
Oakley, G; Rogan, W; Terracciano, G; Hutchinson, L, Neurobehavioral Test Strategies for
Environmental Exposures in Pediatric Populations. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 16(5): 499-509,
October 1994, MS-95-058.
Lang, DS; Becker, S; Clark, GC; Devlin, DB; Koren, HS, Lack of Direct Immunosuppressive Effects
of 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on Human Peripheral Blood Lymphocyte Subsets
In Vitro. Archives of Toxicology, 68: 296-302, May 1994, MS-93-275.
Larsen, RI; McDonnell, WF; Coffin, DL; Heck, WW, An Air Quality Data Analysis System for
Interrelating Effects,1 Standards, and Needed Source Reductions: Part 12. Effects on Man, Animals,
and Plants as a Function of Air Pollutant Impact. Journal of the Air and Waste Management
Association, 43(12): 1585-1592, December 1993, MS-92-221.
Liu, L-JS; Olson, MP; Allen, GA; Koutrakis, P; McDonnell, WF; Gerrity, TR, Evaluation of the
Harvard Ozone Passive Sampler on Human Subjects Indoors. Environmental Science & Technology,
28(5): 915-923, May 1994,600/J-95/104, MS-94-018.
Madden, MC; Smith, JP; Dailey, LA; Friedman, M, Polarized Release of Lipid Mediators Derived
from Phospholipase A2 Activity in a Human Bronchial Cell Line. Prostaglandins, 48: 197-215,
September 1994,600/J-95/116, XX-93-016.
McDonnell, WF, Utility of Controlled Human Exposure Studies for Assessing the Health Effects
of Complex Mixtures and Indoor Air Pollutants. Environmental Health Perspectives, 101(Sup 4):
199-203, December 1993, MS-91-193.
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Noah, TL; Becker, S, Respiratory Syncytial Virus-induced Cytokine Production by a Human
Bronchial Epithelial Cell Line. American Journal of Physiology, 265(5): L472-L478, November
1993,600/J-95/131, XX-93-014.
Noah, TL; Henderson, FW; Wortman, IA; Devlin, RB; Becker, S, Nasal Cytokine Production in
Acute Upper Respiratory Infection of Childhood. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, 92: 171-584,
March 1995, MS-94-036.
Prah, JD; Goldstein, GM; Devlin, RB; Otto, DA; Ashley, D; House, DE; Cohen, K; Gerrity, TR,
Sensory, Symptomatic, Inflammatory and Ocular Responses of Human Subjects to Methyl Tertiary
Butyl Ether in a Controlled Human Exposure Experiment. Inhalation Toxicology, 6(6): 521-538,
November 1994, 600/J-95/087, MS-94-079.
Skalik, I; Kottnauerova, S; Dvorakova, D; Otto, DA; Hudnell, HK, Verifying Methods of Studying
Neurobehavioral Functions in Children as Presented in Environmental Studies - Methodology of
Screening Examination: Neurobehavioral Evaluation System (NES). Czechoslovak Psychology,
27(12): 233-244, August 1994, MS-94-249.
Smith, MV; Hazucha, MJ; Benignus, VA; Bromberg, PA, Effect of Regional Circulation Patterns
on Observed HbCO Levels. Journal of Applied Physiology, 77(4): 1659-1665, October 1994,
600/J-95/039,MS-93-184.
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NEUROTOXICOLOGY DIVISION
The Neurotoxicology Division is the focal point for planning, conducting, coordinating,
supporting and evaluating a program aimed at studying the effects of physical and/or chemical
agents on the nervous system. The overall objective of the Neurotoxicology Division is to provide
the scientific basis and technological means to enable the prediction of whether or not an
environmental agent will produce neurotoxicity in humans. A major research goal is to minimize
the uncertainty of such predictions. The general approach is to model human neurotoxic disease
in laboratory animals and then use data collected in animals to make predictions about possible
neurotoxic risks hi humans. Scientific investigation proceeds at all levels of neural organization,
including neurobehavioral, neurochemical, neurophysiological and neuroanatomical, and uses
whole animal (in vivo), cellular and molecular techniques.
The Neurotoxicology Division has responsibility for planning and developing methodology
for and participating hi laboratory and, where possible, clinical and field studies designed to
quantitate and characterize the neurotoxicity of chemicals. The program includes both intramural
investigations and extramural arrangements with universities, industry, private research
institutions and other governmental agencies. The Division also provides staff support to the
Office of Research and Development, including controlled correspondence, public testimony,
service on special task forces, and reviewing various documents.
In developing the necessary multidisciplinary approach to study neurotoxicology, the
Division addresses the objectives of the health research program of the Environmental Protection
Agency, including: 1) determining whether there is a causal relationship between an
environmental contaminant and adverse health effect, 2) elucidating the relationship between dose
and biological response, and 3) providing relevant toxicological data on specific environmental
agents or mixtures of agents of immediate importance to the Agency. Research in the Division
focuses on six specific areas: 1) methods development and validation, including evaluation of
existing methods, design and evaluation of new methods, and development of testing strategies;
2) determination of the significance of variables that influence risk assessment based on animal
data, including environmental and organismal variables; 3) developmental neurotoxicology, which
evaluates the effects of developmental exposure on structure and function of the nervous system;
4) research leading to a reduction in uncertainties associated with quantitative dose-response
determinations, including exposure scenarios, compensation or adaptation during repeated dosing;
5) research leading to a greater conceptual understanding of neurotoxicology, including
mechanism of action and a clear understanding of the neural substrate underlying neurobiological
endpoints; and 6) studies on specific neurotoxic agents, including heavy metals, pesticides,
industrial chemicals, and hazardous air pollutants.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MANAGERS
Hugh A. Tilson
William K. Boyes
Robert C. MacPhail
Director of the Neurotoxicology Division and Acting Chief of the
Cellular and Molecular Toxicology Branch. Dr. Tilson received
a Ph.D. in Psychopharmacology in 1972 from the University of
Minnesota. Prior to joining EPA, Dr. Tilson was head of a
behavioral toxicology and neurobiology laboratory at the National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) in Research
Triangle Park, NC. Dr. Tilson is an active member in a number of
professional societies, including the Society of Toxicology. Dr.
Tilson has served as a consultant to the International Programme on
Chemical Safety of the World Health Organization. He serves as
Associate Editor for Neurotoxicology and is an associate editor for
Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Dr. Tilson has published
several book chapters on topics dealing with neurotoxicology and
has co-edited four books. He has published more than 200 papers
in peer-reviewed journals.
Chief of the Neurophysiological Toxicology Branch. Dr. Boyes
earned a Ph.D. in Environmental Health from the University of
Cincinnati College of Medicine in 1981, and received an M.A. in
Physiological Psychology from New Mexico State University in
1976. He is a member of the editorial board of Neurotoxicology
and Teratology. He is a member of the Society of Toxicology, the
Society for Neuroscience, the Association for Research in Vision
and Ophthalmology, and the International Brain Research
Organization. Dr. Boyes drafted proposed testing guidelines for the
use of sensory evoked potentials in neurotoxicity. He has lectured
at universities, and national and international scientific meetings,
and has authored or co-authored over 94 journal articles, book
chapters and abstracts dealing with neurophysiological aspects of
neurotoxicology.
Chief of the Neurobehavioral Toxicology Branch. Dr. MacPhail
received his Ph.D. in Psychology from the University of Maryland
in 1973 and pursued post-doctoral research in Pharmacology at the
University of Chicago. He holds memberships in the Society of
Toxicology, the American Society of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics, the Society for Neuroscience, the
International Neurotoxicology Association, the Behavioral
Toxicology Society and the Behavioral Pharmacology Society. Dr.
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MacPhail is also currently President of the Behavioral Toxicology
Society, Chairman of the Steering Committee for the IPCS
Collaborative Study on Neurobehavioral Screening, as well as
Research Professor in the Psychology Department and the
Neurobiology Curriculum at the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill. He is also a member of the editorial boards of
fundamental and Applied Toxicology and Neurotofticology. and has
published 70 journal articles and book chapters on his research
findings. The recipient of two Bronze Medals for Agency mission
support, his current research interests are in neurobenavioral
screening, the neurobenavioral effects of pesticides and in
quantitative risk analysis.
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PUBLICATIONS
Anger, WK; Letz, RE; Chrislip, DW; Frumkin, H; Hudnell, HK; Russo, JM; Chappell, W;
Hutchinson, L, Neurobehavioral Test Methods for Environmental Health Studies of Adults.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 16(5): 489-497, October 1994,600/J-95/057, MS-94-147.
Boyes, WK, Rat and Human Sensory Evoked Potentials and the Predictability of Human
Neurotoxicity from Rat Data. Neurotoxicology, 15(3): 569-578, October 1994, 600/J-95/089,
MS-93-245.
Boyes, WK; Tandon, P; Barone, S; Padilla, SJ, Effects, of Organophosphates on the Visual System
of Rats. Journal of Applied Toxicology, 14(2): 135-143, March 1994, EPA/600/J-94/516,
MS-93-026.
Broadwell, DK; Darcey, DJ; Hudnell, HK; Boyes, WK; Otto, DA, Work-site Clinical and
Neurobehavioral Assessment of Solvent Exposed Microelectronics Workers. American Journal of
Industrial Medicine, 27:677-698, May 1995, MS-94-053.
Bushnell, PJ, Styrene Impairs Serial Spatial Reversal Learning in Rats. Journal of the American
College of Toxicology, 13(4): 279-300, August 1994, EPA/600/J-94/522, MS-91-201.
Bushnell, PJ; Kelly, KL; Crofton, KM, Effects of Toluene Inhalation on Detection of Auditory
Signals in Rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 16(2): 149-160, March 1994, MS-93-142.
Bushnell, PJ; Kelly, KL; Ward, TR, Repeated Inhibition of Cholinesterase by Chlorpyrifos in Rats:
Behavioral, Neurochemical and Pharmacological Indices of Tolerance. Journal of Pharmacology and
Experimental Therapeutics, 270(1): 15-25, July 1994, EPA/600/J-94/535, MS-93-264.
Bushnell, PJ; Levin, ED; Overstreet, DH, Spatial Working and Reference Memory in Rats Bred for
Autonomic Sensitivity to Cholinergic Stimulation: Acquisition, Accuracy, Speed, and Effects of
Cholinergic Drugs. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 63:116-132, March 1995, MS-94-157.
Calleman, CJ; Wu, Y; He, F; Tian, G; Bergmark, E; Zhang, S; Deng, H; Wang, Y; Crofton, KM;
Fennell, T; Costa, LG, Relationships Between Biomarkers of Exposure and Neurological Effects in
a Group of Workers Exposed to Acrylamide. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 126(2):
361-371, June 1994,600/J-95/122, MS-93-204.
Crofton, KM; Lassiter, TL; Rebert, CS, Solvent-Induced Ototoxicity in Rats: An Atypical Selective
Mid-frequency Hearing Deficit. Hearing Research, 80(1): 25-30, October 1994, 600/J-95/055,
MS-94-052.
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Crofton, KM; Janssen, R; Prazma, J; Pulvar, S; Barone, S, The Ototoxicity of
3,3'-Iminodipropionitrile: Functional and Morphological Evidence of Cochlear Damage. Hearing
Research, 80(1): 129-140, December 1994,600/J-95/097, MS-94-287.
Crofton, KM; Zhao, X, Mid-frequency Hearing Loss in Rats Following Inhalation Exposure to
Trichloroethylene: Evidence from Reflex Modification Audiometry. Neurotoxicology and
Teratology, 15(6): 413-423, November 1993, MS-93-179.
Deamer, NJ; O'Callaghan, JP; Center, MB, Olfactory Toxicity Resulting from Dermal Application
of 2,6-Dichlorobenzonitrile (Dichlobenil) in the C57B1 Mouse. Neurotoxicology, 15(2): 287-294,
July 1994,600/J-95/092, MS-93-187.
Dvergsten, C; Meeker, RB, Muscarinic Cholinergic Receptor Regulation and Acetylcholinesterase
Inhibition in Response to Insecticide Exposure During Development. International Journal of
Developmental Neuroscience, 12(1): 63-75, July 1994, EPA/600/J-94/515, XX-92-015.
Ehrich, M; Jornter, BS; Padilla, SJ, Comparison of the Relative Inhibition of Acetylcholinesterase
and Neuropathy Target Esterase in Rats and Hens Given Cholinesterase Inhibitors. Fundamental and
Applied Toxicology, 24: 94-101, January 1995,600/J-95/155, MS-95-084.
Ehrich, M; Correll, L; Veronesi, B, Neuropathy Target Esterase Inhibition by Organophosphorus
Esters in Human Neuroblastoma Cells. Neurotoxicology, 15(2): 309-314, July 1994,
EPA/600/J-94/521, MS-93-105.
Freeman, JH; Barone, S; Stanton, ME, Cognitive and Neuroanatomical Effects of Triethyltin in
Developing Rats: Role of Age of Exposure. Brain Research, 634(1): 85-95, February 1994,
MS-93-181.
Gilbert, ME, Repeated Exposure to Lindane Leads to Behavioral Sensitization and Facilitates
Electrical Kindling. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 17(2): 131-141, March 1995, XX-94-038.
Gilbert, ME, NMDA Antagonist MK-801 Suppresses Behavioral Seizures, Augments
Afterdischarges, But Does Not Block Development of Perforant Path Kindling. Epilepsy Research,
17(2): 145-156, February 1994, XX-93-006.
Gilbert, ME; Mack, CM, Seizure Thresholds in Kindled Animals Are Reduced by the Pesticides
Lindane and Endosulfan. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, March 1995, XX-94-040.
Goldey, ES; O'Callaghan, JP; Stanton, ME; Barone, S; Crofton, KM, Developmental Neurotoxicity:
Evaluation of Testing Procedures with Methylazoxymethanol and Methylmercury. Fundamental and
Applied Toxicology, 23(3): 447-464, October 1994, EPA/600/J-94/527, MS-93-242.
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Goldey, ES; Kehn, LS; Crofton, KM, The Sensitivity to 3,3'-Iminodipropionitrile Differs for High-
and Mid-Frequency Hearing Loss in the Developing Rat. Hearing Research, 69(1): 221-228, October
1993, MS-93-093.
Goldey, ES; Tilson, HA; Crofton, KM, Implications of the Use of Offspring Viability, Body Weight,
and Survivorship Data for Predicting Developmental Neurotoxicity: A Survey of the Literature.
Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 17(3): 313-332, May 1995, MS-94-268.
Gordon, CJ, Thermoregulatory Effects of Chlorpyrifos in the Rat: Long-term Changes in Cholinergic
and Nonadrenergic Sensitivity. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 16(1): 1-9, January 1994,
MS-93-177.
Gordon, CJ; Duncan, WC, Autonomic and Behavioral Thermoregulation in the Golden Hamster
During Subchronic Administration of Clorgyline. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior, 48(1):
119-125, May 1994, EPA/600/J-94/530, MS-93-152.
Gordon, CJ; Fogelson, L, Metabolic and Thermoregulatory Responses of the Rat Maintained in
Acrylic or Wire-Screen Cages: Implications for Pharmacological Studies. Physiology and Behavior,
56(1): 73-79, July 1994,600/J-95/110, MS-93-151.
Gordon, CJ, Thermoregulation in Laboratory Mammals and Humans Exposed to Anticholinesterase
Agents. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 16(5): 427-453, September 1994, EPAY600/J-94/545,
MS-94-037.
Gordon, CJ, 24-Hour Control of Body Temperature in the Rat: II. Diisopropyl
Fluorophosphate-Induced Hypothermia and Hvperthermia. Pharmacology Biochemistry & Behavior,
49(3): 747-754, November 1994, EPA/600/J-94/542, MS-93-293.
Gordon, CJ, 24-Hour Control of Body Temperature in Rats - I. Integration of Behavioral and
Autonomic Effectors. American Journal of Physiology, 267(1,pt2): R71-R77, July 1994,
MS-93-294.
Heir, DW; King, D; Griffin, VT; Watkinson, WP; Boyes, WK; Ali, JS; Dyer, RS, Within-Session
Changes in Peak N160 Amplitude of Flash Evoked Potentials in Rats. Physiology and Behavior,
55(1): 83-99, January 1994, MS-93-038.
Jortner, BS; Ehrich, M, Comparison of Toxicities of Acrylamide and 2,5-Hexanedione in Hens and
Rats on 3-Week Dosing Regimens. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, 39: 417-428,
December 1993, XX-93-028.
Kodavanti, PRS; Mundy, WR; Tilson, HA; Harry, GJ, Effects of Selected Neuroactive Chemicals
on Calcium Transporting Systems in Rat Cerebellum and on Survival of Cerebellar Granule Cells.
Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 21(3): 308-316, October 1993, MS-93-054.
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Kodavanti, PRS; Shafer, TJ; Ward, TR; Mundy, WR; Freudenrich, T; Harry, GJ; Tilson, HA,
Differential Effects of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners in Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis and
Protein Kinase C Translocation in Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells. Brain Research, 662(1/2): 75-82,
October 1994,600/J-95/051, MS-94-031.
Kodavanti, PRS; Ward, TR; McKinney, JD; Tilson, HA, Increased [3H]-Phorbol Ester Binding in
Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells by Polychlorinated Biphenyl Mixtures and Congeners: Qualitative
Structure-Activity Relationships. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 130: 140-148, January
1995,600/J-95/153, MS-94-129.
Kodavanti, PRS; Shin, D-S; Tilson, HA; Harry, GJ, Comparative Effects of Two Polychlorinated
Biphenyl Congeners on Calcium Homeostasis in Rat Cerebellar Granule Cells. Toxicology and
Applied Pharmacology, 123(1): 97-106, November 1993, MS-93-072.
Llorens, J; Crofton, KM; Peele, DB, Effects of 3,3'-Irninodipropionitrile on Acquisition and
Performance of Spatial Tasks in Rats. Neurotoxicology and Teratology, 16(6): 583-591, November
1994, EPA/600/J-94/539, MS-94-016.
Maier, WE; Kodavanti, PRS; Harry, GJ; Tilson, HA, Sensitivity of Adenosine Triphosphatases in
Different Brain Regions to Polychlorinated Biphenyl Congeners. Journal of Applied Toxicology,
14(3): 225-229, May 1994,600/J-95/109, MS-93-173.
McMillian, MK; Thai, L; Hong, J-S; O'Callaghan, JP; Pennypacker, KR, Brain Injury in a Dish: A
Model for Reactive Gliosis. Trends in Neurosciences, 17(4): 138-142, April 1994, 600/J-95/123,
MS-93-224.
Miller, DB; Seidler, FJ, Prenatal Cocaine Eliminates the Sex-dependent Differences in Activation
Observed in Adult Rats After Cocaine Challenge. Brain Research Bulletin, 33(2): 179-182, January
I994,MS-93-149.
Moser, VC; Boyes, WK, Prolonged Neurobehavioral and Visual Effects of Short-term Exposure to
3,3-Iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) in Rats. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 21(3): 277-290,
October 1993, MS-93-048.
Mundy, WR; Kodavanti, PRS; Dulchinos, VF; Tilson, HA, Aluminum Alters Calcium Transport in
Plasma Membrane and Endoplasmic Reticulum from Rat Brain. Journal of Biochemical Toxicology,
9(1): 17-23, February 1994, MS-93-090.
Mundy, WR; Shafer, TJ; Freudenrich, T; Nostrandt, AC, In Vitro Aluminum Inhibition of Brain
Phosphoinositide Metabolism: Comparison of Neonatal and Adult Rats. Neurotoxicology, 16(1):
35-44, February 1995, MS-94-183.
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O'Callaghan, JP, A Potential Role for Altered Protein Phosphorylation in the Mediation of
Developmental Neurotoxicity. Neurotoxicology, 15(1): 29-40, February 1994, MS-93-219.
Padilla, SJ; Wilson, VZ; Bushnell, PJ, Studies on the Correlation between Blood Cholinesterase
Inhibition and "Target Tissue" Inhibition in Pesticide- treated Rats. Toxicology, 92(1-3): 11-25,
September 1994,600/J-95/036, MS-93-159.
Qian, Z; Gilbert, ME; Kandel, ER, Temporal and Spatial Regulation of the Expression of BAD2,
a MAP Kinase Phosphatase, during Seizure, Kingling and Long-term Potentiation. Learning &
Memory, (1): 180-188, November 1994, XX-94-014.
Raymer, JH; Sparacino, CM; Velez, GR; Padilla, SJ; MacPhail, RC; Crofton, KM, Determination
of Acrylamide in Rat Serum and Sciatic Nerve by Gas Chromatography-EIectron-Capture Detection,
Journal of Chromatography, 619(2): 223-234, October 1993, MS-93-049.
Sengstock, GJ; Dunn, AJ; Olanow, CW; Barone, S; Arendash, GW, Progressive Changes in Striatal
Dopaminergic Markers, Nigral Volume, and Rotational Behavior Following Iron Infusion into the
Rat SubstantiaNigra. Experimental Neurology, 130(1): 82-94, November 1994, XX-94-018.
Shafer, TJ; Mundy, WR; Tilson, HA, Aluminum Decreases Muscarinic, Adenergic, and
Metabotropic Receptor-stimulated Phosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Hippocampal and Cortical Slices
from Rat Brain. Brain Research, 629(1): 133-140, November 1993, MS-93-066.
Shafer, TJ; Nostrandt, AC; Tilson, HA; Mundy, WR, Mechanisms Underlying A1CI3 Inhibition of
Agonist-Stimulated Inositol Phosphate Accumulation. Biochemical Pharmacology, 47(8):
1417-1425, April 1994, 600/J-95/138, MS-94-114.
Shaughnessy, LW; Barone, S; Mundy, WR; Herr, D; Tilson, HA, Comparison of Intracranial
Infusions of Colchicine and Ibotenic Acid as Models of Neurodegeneration in the Basal Forebrain.
Brain Research, 637(1): 15-26, February 1994, MS-93-213.
Sheets, LP; Doherty, JD; Law, MW; Reiter, LW; Crofton, KM, Age-Dependent Differences in the
Susceptibility of Rats to Deltamethrin. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 126(1): 186-190,
May 1994,600/J-95/053, MS-94-051.
Stanton, ME; Mundy, WR; Ward, TR; Dulchinos, V; Barry, CC, Time-dependent Effects of Acute
Chlorpyrifos Administration on Spatial Delayed Alternation and Cholinergic Neurochemistry in
Weanling Rats. Neurotoxicology, 15(1): 201-208, April 1994, EPA/600/J-94/529, MS-93-180.
Stanton, ME; Freeman, JH, Eyeblink Conditioning in the Infant Rat: An Animal Model of Learning
in Developmental Neurotoxicology. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(Sup 2): 131-139, June
1994,600/J-95/121, MS-93-176.
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Tandon, P; Barone, S; Mundy, WR; Tilson, HA, Compensatory Changes in the Hippocampus
Following Intradentate Infusion of Colchicine. Neurotoxicology, 15(3): 513-524, August 1994
600/J-95/025, MS-92-130.
Tandon, P; Padilla, SJ; Barone, S; Pope, CN; Tilson, HA, Fenthion Produces a Persistent Decrease
in Muscarinic Receptor Function in the Adult Rat Retina. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology,
125(2): 271-280, April 1994, EPA/600/J-94/518, MS-93-045.
Ward, TR; Ferris, DJ; Tilson, HA; Mundy, WR, Correlation of the Anticholinesterase Activity of
a Series of Organophosphates with their Ability to Compete with Agonist Binding to Muscarinic
Receptors. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 122(2): 300-307, October 1993, MS-93-037.
Zawia, NH; Evers, LB; Harry, GJ; Kodavanti, PRS, Modulation of Developmental Cerebellar
Omithine Decarboxylase Activity by Lead Acetate. NeuroToxicology, 15(4): 903-912 November
1994,MS-93-137.
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MANAGEMENT AND RESEARCH SUPPORT DIVISION
The Management and Research Support Division (MRSD) is responsible for the
coordination and staff work on administrative management, data processing, statistical, technical
support and scientific activities in support of the research programs and regulatory assistance
activities in HERL and the Office of Health Research (OHR).
The MRSD provides administrative management leadership to HERL, provides liaison
between HERL and other administrative organizations, and develops HERL administrative policies
and interprets those developed by EPA, ORD, or OHR. The MRSD provides advice and
consultation on a variety of administrative and program management issues and performs a variety
of services for HERL managers, supervisors, and employees. The MRSD prepares, reviews,
processes and tracks requests related to personnel, facilities, telephones, property, payroll,
procurement, including supplies and equipment and research and development contracts,
interagency agreements, and cooperative agreements. This division develops human resource
initiatives and strategies and manages and tracks EEO programs and accomplishments for HERL.
The MRSD conducts management analyses and special administrative projects. The MRSD has
primary responsibility for the development and implementation of internal program planning and
budget allocation procedures and the development and implementation of automated management
information systems for the entire OHR research program. This Division manages and controls
the expenditures of resources.
The MRSD provides OHR-wide ADP support including planning, acquisition, software
design and development, maintenance, documentation, and user support for specialized scientific
and administrative systems and electronic hardware.
The MRSD provides statistical and mathematical support to all components of HERL and
develops new statistical methodology required for the proper analysis of HERL scientific data.
The work requires the application of appropriate experimental design and statistical analysis to
the epidemiological, clinical, lexicological, and other studies performed by HERL.
The MRSD is responsible for liaison activities which includes communicating both
management and scientific information to individuals both inside and outside the Agency,
including regions, states, EPA program offices, other offices within ORD, other federal agencies,
nongovernmental organizations, and private citizens.
The MRSD is responsible for the HERL quality assurance program, laboratory animal
procurement and husbandry, and the management of contracts to support HERL's management
and research programs. The MRSD is responsible for developing and implementing procedures
to track the status of OHR scientific publications and deliverables and for responding to Freedom
of Information Act requests.
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The MRSD is responsible for assistance with scientific and technical issues within HERL
by undertaking special projects which are of critical importance to the Laboratory on emerging
and recurrent technical issues; examining current and future trends which are likely to affect the
direction of environmental health research; synthesizing, summarizing and reviewing health effects
information especially as it relates to the Agency's programmatic applications; providing expert
consultation in health related disciplines to the HERL research staff; and providing staff support
to senior HERL management in activities such as researching scientific issues and preparing
position papers and briefing materials.
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BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES OF MANAGERS
Barry Howard
Acting Director of the Management and Research Support
Division. Mr. Howard earned his M.S. degree in Environmental
Sciences from the School of Public Health, University of North
Carolina at Chapel Hill, in 1980. He began working at EPA in
1978 as a Research Biologist hi the Genetic Toxicology Division of
HERL and was awarded an EPA Scientific and Technological
Achievement Award in 1982. Mr. Howard worked as an
Environmental Protection Specialist hi the Office of Air Quality
Planning and Standards from 1984 to 1990, where he was awarded
an EPA Bronze Medal in 1988 for his work on developing a
computer-based information management system for EPA's
Regional Office air programs. Mr. Howard returned to HERL in
October 1990 as Branch Chief hi this division. He became Acting
Director in February, 1995.
John Paul Creason
Chief of the Biostatistics Branch. Dr. Creason received an M.S.
in Mathematical Statistics from the University of Missouri at
Columbia hi 1967 and a Ph.D. hi Biostatistics from the University
of North Carolina at Chapel Hill in 1978. He received an EPA
Scientific and Technological Achievement Award and was awarded
a Civil Service Full-Tune Training Grant. Dr. Creason holds
membership in the American Statistical Association, the Institute of
Mathematical Statistics, and the Biometrics Society (ENAR).
Karen F. Dean
Ronald R. Rogers
Chief of the Program Operations Branch. Ms. Dean received a
B.A. hi Psychology from Meredith College, Raleigh, NC in 1976.
Ms. Dean has been employed by EPA since 1975. She was a
Research Psychologist in the Neurotoxicology Division before
making a career change in 1989. Prior to her current position, she
served as an Administrative Officer for 4 years. She has served on
several HERL-wide and divisional committees and workgroups and
was HERL's representative to the ORD Streamlining Taskgroup.
Acting Chief of the Special Studies and Technical Support
Branch. Mr. Rogers earned his M.S. degree in Toxicology from
North Carolina State University in 1984, and B.S. degrees in Biology
(1977) and Physics (1967) from the University of Tennessee. He
began working at EPA in 1979 as a Biologist in the former
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Experimental Biology Division, in what was to later become the
Immunotoxicology Branch of the Environmental Toxicology
Division. In 1989 he joined the Research Support Division and
became the Quality Assurance Manager and Technology Transfer
Coordinator for HERL. He is currently the QA Manager for
NHEERL. He has served on several workgroups to revise and
document QA policies and procedures at the Laboratory, ORD, and
Agency level. Mr. Rogers is a member of the American Society for
Quality Control (ASQC) and the Federal Laboratory Consortium, an
organization of technology transfer professionals.
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PUBLICATIONS
Blackman, CF; Blanchard, JP; Benane, SG; House, DE, Empirical Test of an Ion Parametric
Resonance Model for Magnetic Field Interactions with PC-12 Cells. Bioelectromagnetics, 15(3):
239-260, May 1994, 600/J-95/135, MS-93-273.
George, SE; Kohan, MJ; Taylor, MS; Brooks, HG; Creason, JP; Claxton, LD, Intestinal Survival,
Competition and Translocation of Biotechnology Agents upon Intranasal Exposure of C3H/HeJ
Mice. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 13(7): 1145-1152, July 1994, MS-93-126.
George, SE; Kohan, MJ; Gilmour, MI; Taylor, MS; Brooks, HG; Creason, JP; Claxton, LD,
Pulmonary Clearance and Inflammatory Response in C3H/HeJ Mice after Intranasal Exposure to
Pseudomonas spp.. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 59(11): 3585-3591, November
1993, 600/J-95/082, MS-93-150.
Gerrity, TR; McDonnell, WF; House, DE, The Relationship Between Delivered Ozone Dose and
Functional Responses in Humans. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 124(2): 275-283,
February 1994, MS-92-002.
Highfill, JW; Costa, DL, Statistical Response Models for Ozone Exposure: Their Generality,
When Applied to Human Spirometric and Animal Permeability Functions of the Lung. Journal
of the Air and Waste Management Association, 45: 95-102, February 1995, MS-94-001.
Kitchin, KT; Brown, JL; Setzer, RW, Dose-Response Relationship in Multistage Carcinogenesis:
Promoters. Environmental Health Perspectives, 102(Sup 1): 255-264, February 1994, MS-92-003.
Liddle, CG; Putnam, JP; Huey, OP, Alteration of Life Span of Mice Chronically Exposed to 2.45
GHz CW Microwaves, Bioelectromagnetics, 15(3): 177-181, May 1994, 600/J-95/137,
MS-91-227.
Lilly, MZ; Gold, KW; Rogers, RR, Integrating QA Principles with Basic Elements of a Research
Program Promotes Quality Science in a Non-GLP Research Laboratory. Quality Assurance: Good
Practice, Regulation, and Law, 3(3): 304-311, September 1994, 600/J-95/058, MS-94-153.
Prah, JD; Goldstein, GM; Devlin, RB; Otto, DA; Ashley, D; House, DE; Cohen, K; Gerrity, TR,
Sensory, Symptomatic, Inflammatory and Ocular Responses of Human Subjects to Methyl Tertiary
Butyl Ether in a Controlled Human Exposure Experiment. Inhalation Toxicology, 6(6): 521-538,
November 1994,600/J-95/087, MS-94-079.
Sailstad, DM; Tepper, JS; Doerfler, DL; Qasim, M; Selgrade, MJK, Evaluation of an Azo and Two
Anthraquinone Dyes for Allergic Potential. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 23(4): 569-577,
November 1994,600/J-95/042, MS-93-229.
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Sailstad, DM; Krishnan, SD; Tepper, JS; Doerfler, DL; Selgrade, MJK, Dietary Vitamin A Enhances
Sensitivity of the Local Lymph Node Assay. Toxicology, 96:157-163, Februaiy 1995, MS-94-174.
Shuey, DL; Lau, CS; Logsdon, TR; Zucker, RM; Elstein, KH; Narotsky, MG; Setzer, RW; Kavlock,
RJ; Rogers, JM, Biologically Based Dose-Response Modeling in Developmental Toxicology:
Biochemical and Cellular Sequelae of 5-Fluorouracil Exposure in the Developing Rat. Toxicology
and Applied Pharmacology, 126(1): 129-144, May 1994, 600/J-95/090, MS-93-190.
Watkinson, WP; Wiester, MJ; Highfill, JW, Ozone Toxicity in the Rat. I. Effect of Changes in
Ambient Temperature on Extrapulmonary Physiological Parameters. Journal of Applied Physiology,
78(3): 1108-1120, March 1995,MS-94-159.
Wiester, MJ; Tepper, JS; Doerfler, DL; Costa, DL, Ozone Adaptation in Rats after Chronic Exposure
to a Simulated Urban Profile of Ozone. Fundamental and Applied Toxicology, 24: 42-51, January
1995,600/J-95/149, MS-93-091.
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