?/EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
SR-104
Research and
Development
GULF BREEZE
LABORATORY
v
TITLES AND ABSTRACTS
1983/84 PUBLICATIONS
IN PRESS
AND HM PREPARATION
U.S. Bnvirounental Protection Agency
Library. Room 2404 PM-211-A
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, DC 20460
Prepared by
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Gulf Breeze FL 32561
EPA
SR-
104
C.I
JULY, 198/4
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ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION
THIS REPORT REPRESENTS AN EFFORT TO PROVIDE AGENCY AOMINISTRATORSp
MANAGERS AND SCIENTISTS WITH THE MOST TIMELY INFORMATION ABOUT AVAIL-
ABILITY AND CONTENT OF THE GULF BREEZE LABORATORY RESEARCH PROGRAM.
FULL TEXT,.A REPORT COPY OR A REPRINT CAN 3E PROVIDED ON REQUEST TO:
MS. SUSAN MEANS CML 904-932-5311 OR FTS 8-686-9011.
THIS FORMAT IS INTENDED AS A SERVICE TO AGENCY USERS WHO MAY WISH ONLY
TO EXAMINE THE TITLE AND THE ABSTRACT OF A PUBLICATION OR REPORT BUT WHO
HAVE A NEED TO KNOW OF THE AVAILABILITY OF TECHNICAL DOCUMENTATION.
HENRY F. ENDS
LABORATORY DIRECTOR
PREPARATION DATE:
JULY, 1984
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BIBA, DIANE MARY. 1983. EFFECTS OF AFLATQXIN ON THE BROWN BULLHEAD
ICTALURUS NEBULOSIS, M.S. THESIS, AUBURN UNIVERSITY, AUBURN, AL. 53P,
(ERL,GB X35,7*).
BROWN BULLHEADS HAD RENAL LESIONS 25 DAYS AFTER A ONE-HOUR EXPOSURE TO
1.0 MGG/LITER AFLATOXIN B-l CAFB) DURING THE FIFTH DAY OF EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT, INDICATING A SIMILARITY TO THE EFFECTS OF AFB REPORTED
FOR RAINBOW TROUT. RENAL LESIONS WERE NOT FOUND IN BROWN BULLHEADS
AFTER EMBRYO EXPOSURE TO 0.5 MG/LITER AFB. LIVER HISTOLOGY AND
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF CONTROL BROWN BULLHEADS WERE SIMILAR TO CHANNEL
CATFISH, ICTALURUS PUNCTATUS. NO LESIONS WERE OBSERVED IN BROWN
BULLHEAD LIVERS EXAMINED 25 DAYS TO EIGHT MONTHS AFTER EMBRYO EXPOSURE
TO 0,5 MG/LITER OR 1.0 MG/LITER AFB, THE LACK OF LIVER TUMOR INDUCTION
• EIGHT MONTHS AFTER EMBRYO EXPOSURE TO 0.5 MG/LITER AFB OR 1.0 MG/LITER
AFB SUGGESTS THAT LONGER INDUCTION TIMES OR HIGHER DOSAGES OF AFB ARE
REQUIRED FOR TUMORIGENICITY IN BROWN BULLHEADS. A BENZOCAJPYRENE (BAP)
ASSAY INDICATED NO INDUCTION OF THE MIXED-FUNCTION OXIDASE CMFO)
SYSTEM I'M BROWN BULLHEAD MICROSOMES EIGHT MONTHS AFTER EMBRYO EXPOSURE
TO 0.5 MG/LITER AFB, LESIONS WERE NOT OBERVED IN LIVERS OR TRUNK
KIDNEYS OF BROWN BULLHEADS 25 DAYS AFTER A ONE-HOUR EXPOSURE DURING
THE FIFTH DAY OF DEVELOPMENT TO AN ORGANIC CONCENTRATE OF EFFLUENT
FROM THE SOUTH TUSKEGEE WATER POLLUTION CONTROL PLANT, MACON COUNTY,
ALABAMA, AFTER THREE INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS OF 1.7 MG/KG AFB AT
10-DAY 'INTERVALS, LIVERS OF BROWN BULLHEADS EXHIBITED LIMITED
INDUCTION OF THE MFO SYSTEM AFTER A BAP METABOLISM ASSAY. THE MFO
INDUCTION WAS PROBABLY RESTRICTED BY AFLATOXIN INHIBITION OF PROTEIN
SYNTHESIS. INJECTION OF AFB CAUSED ACCUMULATION OF LIPOFUCHSIN AND
HEMOSIDERIN WITHIN MACROPHAGE CENTERS IN THE LIVER, AND
ULTRASTRUCTURALLY, MITOCHONDRIAL PYKNOSIS AND VESICULATIQN AND
DEGRADATION OF ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM OF HEPATOCYTES.
BOOKHOUT, C.G., R.J. MONROE, R,B, FORWARD, JR., AND J.D. COSTLOW, JR. 1984.
EFFECTS OF SOLUBLE FRACTIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS ON DEVELOPMENT OF CRABS,
RHITHROPANOPEUS HARRISII AND CALLINECTES SAPIDUS, WATER AIR SOIL PQLLUT.
21:183-197, CERL,GB X374*>,
THE MUD AQUEOUS FRACTION (MAP) AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATE PHASE CSPP)
OF LOW-DENSITY LIGNOSULFONATE TYPE MUD WITH FERROCHROME ADDED WERE
NONTOXIC TO LARVAE DURING THE COMPLETE LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF
RHITHROPANOPEUS HARRISII, FIVE PERCENT (5000 PPM, 0,5% V/V MUD IN *
WATER) MAP AMD SPP WERE NOT TOXIC TO CALLINECTES SAPIDUS, SURVIVAL OF •'
C. SAPIDUS LARVAE DECREASED AS CONCENTRATIONS OF MAF AND SPP INCREASED
FROM 5% C5000 PPM, 0.5 V/V MUD IN WATER) TO 50% (50,000 PPM, 5% V/V
MUD IN WATER). NO LARVAE REACHED THE 1ST CRAB STAGE IN 100% (100000
PPM, 10% V/V MUD IN WATER) MAF AND SPP. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE
DATA ON SURVIVAL, MORTALITY, AND BEHAVIOR ARE PRESENTED, BLUE CRAB
LARVAL BEHAVIOR IS AFFECTED BY EXPOSURE TO MAF AND SPP WITH THE
GENERAL EFFECT BEING A DECLINE IN SWIMMING SPEED. A SIGNIFICANT
REDUCTION WAS ONLY OBSERVED IN 100%' MAF BUT WAS NOTICED IN 5, 25, 50,
AND 100% SPP.
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BORTHWICK, PATRICK W., RICHARD M, MONTGOMERY, JAMES R, CLARK, JAMES M.
PATRICK, AND EMILE M, LORES, 1984. FIELD CONFIRMATION OF A
LABORATORY-DERIVED HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF FENTHION
(BAYTEX) TO PINK SHRIMP, PENAEUS DUORARUM (ABSTRACT). PRESENTED AT THE
EIGHTH SYMPOSIUM ON AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY, APRIL 15-17, 1984, CERL,GB 494*).
FIELD STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO DETERMINE IF LABORATORY TOXICITY TEST
PROTOCOLS, INCLUDING ASTM STANDARD PRACTICE METHODOLOGIES FOR
PESTICIDE HAZARD ASSESSMENT, ACCURATELY PREDICT ENVIRONMENTAL
RESPONSES (E.G., SHRIMP MORTALITY) UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS. TO EVALUATE
THE APPLICABILITY AND PREDICTIVENESS OF LABORATORY DATA, FENTHION
CBAYTEX, A MOSQUITO CONTROL AGENT) WAS APPLIED TO COASTAL JUNCUS
MARSHES IN A SERIES OF TRUCK-MOUNTED ULTRA-LOW VOLUME (ULV) ADULTICIDE
OPERATIONS AND A DIRECT APPLICATION OF FENTHION TO THE WATER AT THE
LARVICIDE RATE. CAGED PINK SHRIMP (PENAEUS DUORARUM) WERE DEPLOYED IN
FLOATING, COMPARTMENTED CAGES AT TWO FENTHION-SPRAYED SITES AND A
CONTROL SITE. THE ANIMALS WERE OBSERVED FREQUENTLY OVER A 24-H PERIOD
FOR POST-SPRAY MORTALITY. PERIODIC WATER SAMPLES WERE COLLECTED,
PRESERVED, AND TRANSPORTED TO THE LABORATORY FOR GAS-CHRQMATQGRAPHIC
QUANTITATION TO CHARACTERIZE THE EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION REGIME AND
FATE OF FENTHION AT THE CAGED-SHRIMP SITES. FIELD DATA WERE IN WHICH
P. DUORARUM WAS EXPOSED TO FENTHION ACCORDING TO THE ASTM STANDARD
PRACTICE FOR CONDUCTING ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS. ALSO, A PULSED-DOSE
FLOWING WATER EXPOSURE OF P. DUORARUM, DESIGNED TO SIMULATE THE
DIMINISHING POST-SPRAY FENTHION CONCENTRATIONS FOUND IN THE FIELD,
PROVIDED ADDITIONAL LABORATORY EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT FOR PREDICTING
FIELD EFFECTS. RESULTS CONFIRMED OUR HYPOTHESIS THAT IF INITIAL FIELD
CONCENTRATIONS WERE LOWER THAN THE NO-EFFECT CONCENTRATIONS (NEC)
OBSERVED IN THE LABORATORY TESTS, WE WOULD NOT EXPECT FENTHION-INDUCED
MORTALITY IN CAGED SHRIMP EXPOSED TO FIELD CONDITIONS. FURTHER, IF
INITIAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE FIELD EXCEEDED THE LABORATORY NEC, CAGED
SHRIMP, MORTALITY WOULD OCCUR. A CONSERVATIVE ESTIMATE OF THE FIELD
TOXICITY WAS ESTABLISHED USING THE LABORATORY ACUTE FLOW-THROUGH 96-H
LC50 (95% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL) a 0.106 (0.092 TO 0.123) UG/L. HOWEVER,
A MORE REFINED LABORATORY ESTIMATE OF FIELD EFFECT CONCENTRATIONS WAS
OBTAINED FROM THE PULSE-DOSE TEST IN WHICH FENTHION WAS METERED INTO
THE EXPOSURE SYSTEM FOR 2 H TO OBTAIN A SPECIFIED MAXIMUM
CONCENTRATION, THEN THE "SYSTEM WAS FLUSHED WITH UNCONTAMINATED
SEAWATER TO YIELD A 6 TO 8 H EXPOSURE. A NEC OF LESS THAN EQUAL TO 1,0
UG/L WAS ESTABLISHED FOR THIS EXPOSURE REGIME. FROM THIS ARRAY OF
LABORATORY TESTS AND FIELD TREATMENTS, WE CONCLUDE THAT LABORATORY
TOXICITY TESTS DID PREDICT THE RANGE OF SAFE AND LETHAL EXPOSURE TO
FENTHION FOR PINK SHRIMP IN FIELD APPLICATIONS.
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BOURQUIN, AL W. 1984. BIODEGRADATION IN THE ESTUARINE-MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
AND THE GENETICALLY ALTERED MICROBE. IN: GENETIC CONTROL OF ENVIRONMENTAL
POLLUTANTS. GILBERT S. OMENN AND ALEXANDER HQLLAENDER, EDITORS, PLENUM
PRESS,,NEW YORK. PP. 97-115, (ERL,GB 497*).
MANY CHEMICALS ENTER THE MARINE AND ESTUARINE. ENVIRONMENT THROUGH A
VARIETY OF ROUTES. THESE ROUTES INCLUDE DUMPING, DIRECT APPLICATION,
OUTFALLS, ACCIDENTAL SPILLS, AND LAND RUNOFF OR RAINFALL. SOME OF
THESE COMPOUNDS ARE TOXIC TO THE BIOTA OR MAY BE CONVERTED TO TOXIC
PRODUCTS IN NATURE. THE FATE AND ECOLOGICAL EFFECT OF THESE CHEMICALS
IN ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS 'IS PART OF THE CONCERN OF THE EPA LABORATORY
AT GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA. TOXICITY RESULTS WHEN AN ORGANISM IS EXPOSED
TO A SUFFICIENT CONCENTRATION OF A COMPOUND. THEREFORE, FATE GREATLY
INFLUENCES THE CUMULATIVE EFFECT OF A CHEMICAL IN THE BIOTA. TOXICITY
EFFECTS CAN BE ATTENUATED BY DILUTION OF THE POLLUTANT BELOW ITS TOXIC
THRESHOLD OR BY PHYSICALLY REMOVING IT INTO A PHASE (SEDIMENTS) WHERE
THE CHEMICAL MAY NOT BE AVAILABLE TO INDIGENOUS ORGANISMS. NEITHER
PROCESS ALTERS THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE TOXICANT. CHEMICAL,
PHOTOCHEMICAL AND SOME BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES BRING ABOUT CHANGES IN
CHEMICAL STRUCTURE WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT ALTER THE TOXICITY OF THE
CHEMICAL OR PRODUCT. WHEREAS, MICROBIAL DEGRADATION CAN PRODUCE MAJOR
CHANGES IN THE CHEMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE INTRODUCED CHEMICAL,
MINERALIZATION IS OFTEN THE END RESULT OF BACTERIAL AND FUNGAL
ACTIVITIES. THE PURPOSES OF THIS PAPER ARE TO; 1) PROVIDE SELECTED
EXAMPLES IN THE MARINE AND ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENTS OF KNOWN
INTRODUCTIONS OF TOXIC CHEMICALS, 2) DESCRIBE HOW HABITAT DIFFERENCE
AFFECT BIODEGRADATION POTENTIALS IN FRESHWATER, ESTUARINE, AND MARINE
ENVIRONMENTS? 3) AND EXPRESS SOME APPLICATIONS AND CONCERNS FOR THE
RELEASE OF GENETICALLY-ALTERED ORGANISMS INTO THE ENVIRONMENT.
BOURQUIN, AL W., P.H. PRITCHARD, AND H.L. FREDRICKSON, IN PREP,
SEDIMENT-CORE LABORATORY TEST SYSTEM FOR ASSESSING THE FATE OF CHEMICALS IN
THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. CERL,GB 470).
AN AQUATIC BIODEGRADATION TEST SYSTEM, ECO-CORE, USING AN INTACT
SEDIMENT-WATER CORE AND ITS ASSOCIATED MICROORGANISMS IN A STATIC
LABORATORY SYSTEM IS DESCRIBED. THE EFFECTS OF THE SYSTEMS DESIGN ON
THE FATE OF METHYL PARATHION (MP) WAS STUDIED, SEDIMENT-WATER CORES
TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM THE ENVIRONMENT WERE GENERALLY SLOWER TO DEGRADE
MP THAN CORES "STRUCTURED" WITH SEDIMENT AND WATER IN THE LABORATORY,
DEGRADATION RATES WERE SLOWER WHEN SEDIMENT TO WATER RATIOS WERE
INCREASED (WATER DECREASED) IN EITHER TYPE CORE. LABORATORY - AGED
SYSTEMS WERE LESS MICROBIALLY REACTIVE THAN "FRESH" CORES WHEN
14-COCSUBSCRIPT 2) AND DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF 14-C-MP WERE MEASURED,
THE TEST SYSTEM CAN BE USED TO MONITOR EFFECTS BY TOXIC POLLUTANTS ON
MICROBIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES. THE INHIBITION OF MP MINERALIZATION BY
KEPONE IN NATURALLY AND ARTIFICIALLY CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS IS
DESCRIBED. THIS STUDY DESCRIBES A LABORATORY TECHNIQUE FOR OBTAINING
FATE OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS IN A SYSTEM WHICH INTEGRATED ALL FATE
PROCESSES AND CAM BE USED TO ASSESS THE IMPACT OF TOXIC POLLUTANTS ON
THE METABOLIC INTEGRITY OF THE MICROBIOLOGICAL COMMUNITY.
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BUTLER, PHILIP A, IN PRESS. SYNOPTIC REVIEW OF THE SOUTHERN OYSTER DRILL,
J. SHELLFISH, RES. (ERL,GB 500).
THIS LITERATURE SEARCH IDENTIFIES A MAJORITY OF THE PUBLICATIONS IN
THE PERIOD 1880-1980 WHICH ARE CONCERNED WITH THE MARINE GASTROPOD,
THAIS HAEMASTOMA FLORIDANA (CONRA'D, 1837). THE SNAIL IS AN
ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT OYSTER PREDATOR IN THE WESTERN ATLANTIC AND
GULF OF MEXICO LITTORAL. MAJOR CONTRIBUTIONS OF EACH PAPER TO OUR
KNOWLEDGE OF THE SNAIL'S BIOLOGY ARE BRIEFLY CATEGORIZED, HITHERTO
UNPUBLISHED RESEARCH BY THE AUTHOR ON THE SNAIL'S BIOLOGY 'IS
DOCUMENTED.
CLARK, JAMES R., DANIEL J. FISHER, AND JOHN P. CONNOLLY, 1983.
EXPOSURE-DOSE-EFFECT TESTING WITH ESTUARINE FISHES (ABSTRACT). ESTUARIES,
6(3)J330-331. (ERL,GB X459*) ,
A PHARMACOKINETIC MODEL OF CONTAMINANT UPTAKE AND CLEARANCE IS BEING
APPLIED TO COMPUTE DOSES -FOR FISH EXPOSED TO CONTAMINANTS THROUGH
WATER. THE DOSE, COMPUTED AS A FUNCTION OF EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION,
DURATION OF EXPOSURE, AND UPTAKE AND CLEARANCE RATES, IS USED TO
INTERPRET THE LETHAL RESPONSES OF FISH EXPOSED TO VARIOUS CONTAMINANT
CONCENTRATIONS. THE MODEL CAN BE USED TO COMPUTE A WHOLE-BODY BURDEN,
A RESIDUE CONCENTRATION IN AN AFFECTED ORGAN OR TISSUE, OR AS A
MEASURE OF EFFECT SUCH AS INHIBITION OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY,
THIS APPROACH HAS BEEN TESTED WITH EXPOSURE-EFFECT DATA (WHOLE-BODY
BURDENS OF ZINC AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE INHIBITION BY GUTHIQN) TAKEN
FROM THE LITERATURE, AND IS NOW BEING TESTED WITH OUR TISSUE-SPECIFIC
EXPERIMENTAL DATA FROM SPOT (LEIOSTOMUS XANTHURUS) EXPOSED TO ENDRIN.
DOSES CALCULATED IN THIS MANNER CAN BE CORRELATED WITH LETHAL
RESPONSES FOLLOWING ACUTE EXPOSURES AND APPLIED TO CONTAMINANT
EXPOSURE MODELS TO GENERATE AN "EFFECTS MODEL" FOR CHARACTERIZATION OF
ACUTE -RESPONSES OF FISH TO CONTAMINANT SPILLS, MULTIPLE EXPOSURES OR
PULSE DOSE REGIMES, AND 'IMPLEMENTATION OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS.
RESIDUE DATA OR SPECIFIC DOSE-EFFECT MEASUREMENTS, WHEN CORRELATED
WITH LETHAL RESPONSES, CAN BE COMPARED WITH MONITORING DATA TO ASSESS
THE POTENTIAL FOR ACUTE EFFECTS OR TO ESTIMATE A RELATIVE MARGIN OF
SAFETY.
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CLEVELAND, MARY ELIZABETH. 1983. BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FACTORS AFFECTING
SORPTION OF TOXIC COMPOUNDS TO NATURAL SEDIMENTS. M.S. THESIS. UNIVERSITY
OF WEST FLORIDA, PENSACOLA, PL. 95P. CERL,GB 496*),
THE SOSPTION OF RADIQLABELED KEPONE, DURSBAN, DIMILIN AND METHYL
PARATHION CMPS) WAS OBSERVED IN STERILE AND NONSTERILE AQUATIC
SEDIMENT SYSTEMS TO ADDRESS THREE ASSUMPTIONS IMPLICIT IN THE USE OF
PARTITION COEFFICIENT AS A DESCRIPTOR OR EQUILIBRIUM ADSORPTION: (1)
ADSORPTION KINETICS ARE RAPID AND THERFORE UNIMPORTANT TO FATE
CONSIDERATIONS? C2) ADSORPTION EQUILIBRIUM IS INDEPENDENT OF INITIAL
COMPOUND OR SOLIDS CONCENTRATIONS? AND C3) ADSORPTION IS REVERSIBLE.
ADSORPTION WAS TWO-STEPPED. AN INITIAL RAPID PHASE.ACCOUNTED FOR MOST
OF THE TOTAL ADSORPTION, SUGGESTING THAT KINETICS ARE UNIMPORTANT TO
EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION PREDICTIONS. AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
PARTITION COEFFICIENT AND SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION WAS OBSERVED,
INDICATING THAT A SINGLE PARTITION COEFFICIENT IS NOT ADEQUATE TO FATE
CONSIDERATIONS. THE IRREVERSIBLE ADSORPTION OF MPS WAS ATTRIBUTED TO
THE BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED FORMATION OF BOUND RESIDUES. THE EXTENT OF
THE BINDING PROCESS WAS AFFECTED BY SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION,
TEMPERATURE, AND ANAEROBIC CONDITIONS BUT UNAFFECTED BY SALINITY, THIS
STUDY DEMONSTRATED THAT EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION PREDICTIONS FOR RAPIDLY
DEGRADED COMPOUNDS SHOULD INCLUDE THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES AFFECTING
THEIR FATE.
CONKLIN, P.J., D. DRYSDALE, D.G. DQUGHTIE, K.R. RAO, J.P. KAKAREKA, T.R.
GILBERT, AND R.F. SHOKES. 1983. COMPARATIVE TQXICITY OF DRILLING MUDS;
ROLE OF CHROMIUM AND PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS. MAR. ENVIRON. RES.
10(2)il05-125. (ERL,GB X398*).
AVAIL. FROM NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA: PB84-116359,
SAMPLES OF USED DRILLING MUDS COLLECTED DURING THE COURSE OF A SINGLE
•WELL DRILLING OPERATION EXHIBITED DIFFERENT DEGREES OF ACUTE TOXICITY
TO SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS AND GRASS SHRIMP. FOR MOLTING GRASS SHRIMP
"" CPALAEMONETES PUGIO), THE 96-H LCSO'S WERE 360 TO 14,560 PPM
CUL/LITER)? MANY OF THESE VALUES WERE CONSIDERABLY LOWER THAN THOSE
• REPORTED FROM PREVIOUS DRILLING MUD ASSAYS. HOWEVER, WHEN SOME OF THE
MUDS USED IN THIS STUDY WERE TESTED ON SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS CCYPRINODON
VARIEGATUS) THE RESULTING 96-H LCSO'S (6,300 TO 100,000 PPM) WERE WELL
WITHIN THE RANGE OF PREVIOUSLY REPORTED VALUES, ALTHOUGH A NUMBER OF
THE DRILLING MUD'SAMPLES HAD RELATIVELY HIGH AMOUNTS OF CHROMIUM DUE
TO THE ADDITION OF SODIUM CHROMATE, THERE WAS A LOW CORRELATION
BETWEEN CHROMIUM CONCENTRATION AND TOXICITY. IN ONLY THREE DRILLING
MUDS COULD CHROMIUM CONTENT ALONE ACCOUNT FOR THE OBSERVED TOXICITIES.
FURTHERMORE, CHEMICAL /ANALYSIS REVEALED THE PRESENCE OF NO. 2 FUEL
. OIL-LIKE PETROLEUM HYDROCARBONS IN THE MUD SAMPLES. BASED ON THE
RESULTS OF TOXICITY TESTS WITH NO. 2 FUEL OIL AND THE CONCENTRATIONS
OF OIL PRESENT IN THE MUDS, THE TOXICITY OF THE MUD SAMPLES TO GRASS
SHRIMP APPEARS TO BE LARGELY ATTRIBUTABLE TO THE PETROLEUM HYDROCARBON
CONTENT.
CONKLIN, P. J., AND K. R. RAO. IN PREP. COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF OFFSHORE
AND OIL-ADDED DRILLING MUDS TO LARVAE OF THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES
INTERMEDIUS. ARCH. ENVIRON. CONTAM, TOXICOL. CERL,GB X471).
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CONKLIN, PHILIP J., AND K. RANGA RAO. 1983. COMPARATIVE TOXICITY OF WASTE
DRILLING FLUIDS TO A CRUSTACEAN (PALAEMONETES PUGIO) AND A FISH (CYPRINQDON
VARIEGATUS) (ABSTRACT). IN: PROCEEDINGS OF THE NINTH ANNUAL AQUATIC
TOXICITY WORKSHOP: NOV. 1-5, 1982, CAN. TECH. REP. FISH. AQUAT. SCI. 1163,
W. C. MCKAY, EDITOR, DEPT. OF FISHERIES AND' OCEANS, OTTAWA, ONTARIO. PP.
205. CERL,GB X476*).
THE ACUTE TOXICITY OF A SERIES OF 18 DRILLING FLUIDS (MUDS) FROM AN
EXPLORATORY DRILLING OPERATION WAS EVALUATED IN TESTS USING 28-DAY OLD
JUVENILE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS) AND GRASS SHRIMP
(PALAEMONTES PUGIO,3 GRASS SHRIMP THAT MOLTED DURING THE TESTS WERE
ESPECIALLY SENSITIVE TO THE DRILLING MUDS; THE 96-HR LC50S (363 TO
14,565 PPM MUD BY VOLUME) ARE CONSIDERABLY LOWER THAN THE PREVIOUSLY
REPORTED TOXICITY VALUES FOR DRILLING MUDS. SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS WERE
CONSIDERABLY LESS SENSITIVE TO THE MUDS THAN WERE GRASS SHRIMP.
ALTHOUGH A NUMBER OF THE DRILLING MUDS CONTAINED RELATIVELY HIGH
AMOUNTS OF CHROMIUM, IN MOST INSTANCES THE OBSERVED TOXICITIES DID NOT
APPEAR TO BE ATTRIBUTABLE TO CHROMIUM ALONE. HOWEVER, THERE WAS A
SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN THE AMOUNT OF OIL PRESENT IN THE MUDS
AND THEIR TOXICITY TO GRASS SHRIMP.
CONNOLLY, JOHN P., MARY E. CLEVELAND, AND PARMELY H, PRITCHARD. IN PREP.
VALIDITY OF PARTITION COEFFICIENT AS THE ADSORPTION DESCRIPTOR IN EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATIONS PREDICTIONS: STUDIES WITH KEPONE AND METHYL PARATHION, WATER
RES. CERL,GB 415).
THIS WORK INVESTIGATES THREE MAJOR ASSUMPTIONS IMPLICIT IN THE USE OF
PARTITION COEFFICIENT AS SOLE ADSORPTION DESCRIPTOR: CD ADSORPTION
KINETICS ARE UNIMPORTANT TO FATE AND TRANSPORT OF THE TOXIC CHEMICAL
BECAUSE THEY ARE RAPID; (2) ADSORPTION IS A REVERSIBLE PROCESS; AND
(3) EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS ARE INDEPENDENT OF THE INDIVIDUAL-
CONCENTRATIONS OF TOXIC CHEMICAL AND ADSORBING SOLID, DEPENDING ONLY
ON THEIR RATIO. ADSORPTION OF KEPONE AND METHYL PARATHION WAS FOUND TO
BE RAPID AND TWO-STEP, A FAST ADSORPTION FOR APPROXIMATELY 5 HIM.
FOLLOWED BY A SLOWER ADSORPTION TO EQUILIBRIUM AT 1 TO 2 HR. KINETICS
OF ADSORPTION INDICATED ADSORPTION RATE WAS CONTROLLED BY MASS
TRANSPORT MECHANISMS. KINETICS OF METHYL PARATHION ADSORPTION WERE
IDENTICAL FOR STERILE AND BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SYSTEMS TO THE POINT OF
STERILE SYSTEM EQUILIBRIUM. CONTINUED DECREASE OF DISSOLVED 14C AND
TOTAL MASS RECOVERY IN THE ACTIVE SYSTEM SUGGESTED DEGRADATION TO AN
IRREVERSIBLY ADSORBED COMPOUND. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT KINETICS CAN
BE IGNORED FOR SMALL PARTICLE SIZE -SEDIMENTS BUT THAT REVERSIBILITY OF
ADSORPTION CANNOT BE ASSUMED. EQUILIBRIUM ADSORPTION OF BOTH COMPOUNDS
AT CONSTANT SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION WAS DESCRIBED BY A LINEAR ISOTHERM,
PARTITION COEFFICIENT WAS, HOWEVER, AN INVERSE FUNCTION OF SEDIMENT
CONCENTRATION, DECREASING BY AS MUCH AS AN ORDER OF MAGNITUDE BETWEEN
SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS REPRESENTATIVE OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND
SEDIMENT CONCENTRATIONS REPRESENTAIVE OF BED SEDIMENT. THEREFORE, A
SINGLE PARTITION COEFFICIENT IS INADEQUATE FOR EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION
PREDICTIONS.
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CONNOLLY, JOHN P., AND RICHARD P. WINFIELD. IN PREP. WASTOX, A FRAMEWORK
FOR MODELING THE FATE OF TOXIC CHEMICALS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS, PART It
EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION. CERL,GB X392).
A COMPUTER PROGRAM WAS DEVELOPED FOR MODELING THE FATE OF TOXIC
CHEMICALS THAT ARE DISCHARGED TO NATURAL WATER SYSTEMS. THE PROGRAM
PERMITS THE USER TO MODEL THE WATER AND SEDIMENT TRANSPORT IN A
NATURAL WATER SYSTEM AND THE MOVEMENT AND DECAY OF A CHEMICAL
DISCHARGED TO THAT SYSTEM. EITHER THE EQUILIBRIUM DISTRIBUTION OF
CHEMICAL CONTINUALLY DISCHARGED TO THE SYSTEM OR THE CONCENTRATIONS IN
THE SYSTEM AS A FUNCTION OF TIME MAY BE COMPUTED. FROM ONE TO THREE
TYPES OF SOLIDS MAY BE CONSIDERED. THE REACTION OF THE CHEMICAL AND
ITS TRANSFER BETWEEN PHASES ARE COMPUTED FROM SPECIFIED
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS OF THE
SYSTEM. THE PROCESSES CONSIDERED INCLUDE PHOTOLYSIS, HYDROLYSIS,
BIODEGRADATION, VOLATILIZATION AND ADSORPTION. ADSORPTION TO THE
SOLIDS TYPES INCLUDED IN THE MODEL IS DESCRIBED AS A LOCAL EQUILIBRIUM
PROCESS DEFINED BY A PARTITION COEFFICIENT AND THE LOCAL SOLIDS
CONCENTRATION. ALL OTHER PROCESSES ARE DEFINED IN TERMS OF REACTION
RATES. WASTOX DOES NOT EXPLICITLY SPECIFY EACH OF THE TRANSPORT
PROCESSES THAT MAY AFFECT THE CHEMICAL OR SOLIDS. TRANSPORT IS
CONSIDERED EITHER AS AN ADVECTIVE PROCESS DEFINED BY A FLOW OR A
MIXING PROCESS DEFINED BY A DISPERSION OR EXCHANGE. SPECIFICATION OF
SEPARATE TRANSPORT PROCESSES IS MADE BY THE .USER BY DEFINING UP TO
NINE SETS OF FLOWS AND DISPERSIONS, TERMED FIELDS. EACH FIELD IS
APPLIED TO EITHER DISSOLVED CHEMICAL OR ADSORBED CHEMICAL AND SOLIDS,
OR BOTH. FOR EXAMPLE, DISPERSION WITHIN THE STATIONARY SEDIMENT IS
LIMITED TO DISSOLVED CHEMICAL AND TO ACCOUNT FOR THIS A FIELD OF
DISPERSIONS WOULD BE INPUTTED BY THE USER AND APPLIED ONLY TO THIS
COMPONENT. THE USER OF SUCH A NON-SPECIFIC TRANSPORT STRUCTURE PERMITS
CONSTRUCTION OF MODELS CONSISTENT WITH THE UNDERSTANDING OF THE
PARTICULAR NATURAL WATER SYSTEM AND THE QUESTION BEING ADDRESSED,
WASTOX IS SUFFICIENTLY GENERAL TO BE APPLIED TO ALL TYPES OF NATURAL
SYSTEMS. IT HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY APPLIED TO THE JAMES RIVER ESTUARY,
THE GREAT LAKES, .AND THE USEPA EXPERIMENTAL STREAM CHANNELS AT
MONTICELLO, MINNESOTA.
PAGE 7
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CONNOLLY, JOHN P. IN PREP. WASTOX, A FRAMEWORK FOR MODELING THE FATE OF
TOXIC CHEMICALS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS, PART 2: FOOD CHAIN. CERL,GB X467).
THIS REPORT DESCRIBES A MATHEMATICAL MODELING FRAMEWORK FOR THE
ANALYSIS OF TOXIC CHEMICALS IN AQUATIC BIOTA. THIS FRAMEWORK IS PART
OF A BROADER FRAMEWORK FOR MODELING THE FATE OF TOXIC CHEMICALS IN
NATURAL WATER SYSTEMS, ENTITLED WASTOX, AN ACRONYM FOR WATER QUALITY
ANALYSIS SIMULATION FOR TOXICS, WASTOX IS COMPOSED OF AN EXPOSURE
CONCENTRATION COMPONENT WHICH COMPUTES THE TIME-VARIABLE OR
STEADY-STATE CONCENTRATIONS OF A TOXIC CHEMICAL IN THE WATER COLUMN
AND BED OF A NATURAL WATER SYSTEM AS WELL AS THE FOOD CHAIN COMPONENT
DESCRIBED IN THIS REPORT. THE FOOD CHAIN COMPONENT IS A GENERALIZED
MODEL OF THE UPTAKE AND ELIMINATION OF TOXIC CHEMICALS BY AQUATIC
ORGANISMS. IT IS A MASS BALANCE CALCULATION IN WHICH THE RATES OF
UPTAKE AND ELIMINATION ARE RELATED TO THE BIQENERGETIC PARAMETERS OF
THE SPECIES. A LINEAR FOOD CHAIN OR A FOOD WEB MAY BE SPECIFIED.
CONCENTRATIONS ARE CALCULATED AS A FUNCTION OF TIME AND AGE FOR EACH
SPECIES INCLUDED. EXPOSURE TO THE TOXIC CHEMICAL IN FOOD IS BASED ON A
CONSUMPTION RATE AND PREDATOR-PREY RELATIONS THAT ARE SPECIFIED AS A
FUNCTION OF AGE. EXPOSURE TO THE TOXIC CHEMICAL IN WATER IS
FUNCTIONALLY RELATED TO THE RESPIRATION RATE. STEADY-STATE
CONCENTRATIONS MAY ALSO BE CALCULATED, THE CONCENTRATIONS OF TQXICL
CHEMICAL TO WHICH THE FOOD CHAIN IS EXPOSED MAY BE SPECIFIED BY THE
USER OF THE MODEL OR MAY BE TAKEN DIRECTLY FROM THE VALUES CALCULATED
BY THE EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION COMPONENT OF WASTOX. THUS THE FOOD CHAIN
COMPONENT MAY BE EXECUTED AS A SEPARATE MODEL OR AS A POST-PROCESSOR
TO THE EXPOSURE CONCENTRATION COMPONENT. MIGRATORY SPECIES, AS WELL AS
NON-MIGRATORY SPECIES, MAY BE CONSIDERED. SEPARATE NON-MIGRATORY FOOD
CHAINS MAY BE SPECIFIED AND THE MIGRATORY SPECIES IS EXPOSED
SEQUENTIALLY TO EACH BASED ON ITS SEASONAL MOVEMENTS. THE MODEL MAY BE
APPLIED TO ANY TYPE OF NATURAL WATER SYSTEM, IT HAS BEEN SUCCESSFULLY
USED TO MODEL PCB IN THE LAKE MICHIGAN LAKE TROUT FOOD CHAIN AND THE
SAGINAW BAY, LAKE HURON YELLOW PERCH FOOD CHAIN, AND KEPQNE IN THE
JAMES RIVER STRIPED BASS FOOD CHAIN.
CONNOR, SETH JOHN. 1983. EFFECTS OF DRILL MUD ON THE FREE AMINO ACID POOL
OF ACROPORA CERVICORNIS, M.S. THESIS. TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE
STATION, TX. 51P, CERL,GB X466*}.
FOUR SITU EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED TO TEST THE EFFECTS OF A USED
DRILL MUD ON THE FREE AMINO ACID POOL OF ACROPORA CERVICORNIS.
TWENTY-SIX HOUR EXPOSURES TO 19, 38, AND 76 PPM DRILL MUD CAUSED
SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS IN TOTAL NINHYDRIN POSITIVE SUBSTANCES CNPS).
TISSUE DEGRADATION AND ZOOXANTHELLAE LOSS WERE ASSOCIATED WITH THE
LARGEST REDUCTIONS IN NPS AT THE 380 PPM MUD EXPOSURE LEVEL. EXPOSURES
TO KAOLIN SOMETIMES PRODUCED SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS IN NPS. EIGHTEEN
AMINO ACIDS WERE IDENTIFIED AS ELEMENTS OF THE FREE AMINO ACID CFAA)
POOLS ASPARTATE, THREONINE, SERINE, GLUTAMATE/GLUTAMINE, GLYCINE,
ALANINE, CITRULLINE, VALINE, METHIONINE, LEUCINE, TYRQSINE,
PHENYLALANINE, ORNITHINE, LYSINE, HISTIDINE, ARGININE, CYSTEIC ACID,
AND PROLINE. OF THESE, THE FIRST SIX LISTED ACCOUNTED FOR OVER 90% OF
THE FAA POOL. GLYCINE WAS THE MOST ABUNDANT. MUD EXPOSURES RESULTED IN
SIGNIFICANTLY LOWER OR HIGHER LEVELS OF ASPARTATE, THREONINE, SERINE,
GLUTAMATE/GLUTAMINE, GLYCINE, AND ALANINE. NO CLEAR CASE OF RECOVERY
WAS NOTED FOR NPS OR FAA LEVELS.
PAGE 8
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COUCH, JOHN A., AND WILLIAM J. HARGIS. IN PREP. AQUATIC ANIMALS IN TOXICITY
TESTING. J. AM. COLL. TQXICOL. (ERL,GB 5013.
AQUATIC ANIMALS SERVE AS USEFUL MODELS FOR TOXICOLOGICAL EVALUATIONS
THAT BRIDGE THE GAP BETWEEN REAL WORLD AND LABORATORY PROBLEMS.
SELECTED AQUATIC ORGANISMS ARE ADAPTABLE TO LABORATORY EXPERIMENTATION
IN AREAS SUCH AS TQXICITY TESTING AND CHRONIC SUBLETHAL RISKS
EVALUATION INCLUDING PHENOMENA SUCH AS CARCINOGENESIS, MUTAGENESIS,
AND TERATOGENESIS. GENERAL AND SPECIFIC EXAMPLES OF HOW AQUATIC
ANIMALS ARE USEFUL TO TQXICOLQGISTS, AS WELL AS THEORETICAL BASES FOR
THEIR USE, ARE DISCUSSED.
COUCH, JOHN A. IN PRESS. ATROPHY OF DIVERTICULAR EPITHELIUM AS AN INDICATOR
OF ENVIRONMENTAL IRRITANTS IN THE OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA (ABSTRACT).
IN: PROCEEDINGS OF THE SECOND INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON RESPONSES OF MARINE
ORGANISMS TO POLLUTANTS, APRIL 27-29, 1983, WOODS HOLE OCEANOGRAPHIC
INSTITUTION, WOODS HOLE, MA. (ERL,GB 493).
CERTAIN DISEASES OF FISHES AND SHELLFISHES FROM COASTAL POPULATIONS
HAVE BEEN SUGGESTED TO BE RELATED TO, CAUSED BY, OR ENHANCED BY
POLLUTANT ACTIVITY. CONSIDERABLE DATA HAVE BEEN PUBLISHED FROM WHICH
INFERENCES HAVE BEEN MADE THAT FISHES AND SHELLFISHES INHABITATING
CONTAMINATED WATERS ARE AT .HIGHER DISEASE RISKS THAN THOSE IN CLEANER
ENVIRONMENTS. PROSPECTIVE STUDIES OF ESTUARIES WITHOUT PRIOR KNOWLEDGE
OF DISEASE PREVALENCE TO DETERMINE POSSIBLY PREVIOUSLY UNDETECTED
FREQUENCIES AND RELATIONSHIPS OF DISEASES AND POLLUTANT RESIDUES IN
FISHES AND SHELLFISHES HAVE BEEN RARE. THE PRESENT STUDY OF THREE
NORTHERN GULF COAST ESTUARIES, PENSACQLA AND ESCAMBIA BAYS IN
NORTHWEST FLORIDA, MOBILE BAY, ALABAMA, AND PASCAGOULA HARBOR IN
MISSISSIPPI SOUND, MISSISSIPPI', WAS UNDERTAKEN IN AUGUST, 1978. THE
SPECIFIC GOALS OF THIS PROSPECTICE STUDY WERE TO: 1) DETERMINE AND .
COMPARE RELATIVE CONTAMINATION OF SELECT POLLUTANTS OF SPECIFIC SITES
IN AND AMONG THE THREE ESTUARINE AREAS, 2) DETERMINE FREQUENCIES OF
KNOWN OR NEW DISEASES, INCLUDING NEOPLASMS, IN SHELLFISH (OYSTERS) AND
FISHES AT THESE SITES AMONG THE ESTUARIES, AND 3) TO EXAMINE
CRITICALLY ANY RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN DISEASE FREQUENCY AND ASSESS THE
ROLE OF POLLUTANT ACTIVITY IN INFLUENCING DISEASE PREVALENCES IN FISH
AND .SHELLFISH POPULATIONS IN COASTAL REGIONS CHARACTERIZED BY VARYING
DEGREES OF HUMAN POLLUTANT ACTIVITY. DISEASE PREVALENCES 'IN OYSTERS
WERE GENERALLY GREATER IN THE MORE POLLUTED ESTUARY (PASCAGOULA
HARBOR). A SINGLE OYSTER DISORDER, DIGESTIVE-GLAND EPITHEIAL ATROPHY,
DEMONSTRATED A POSITIVE ASSOCIATION WITH RELATIVE CONTAMINATION BY
BASE-NEUTRAL, ORGANIC POLLUTANT CHEMICALS. THIS DISORDER WAS
CHARACTERIZED BY SEVERE REDUCTION IN EPITHELIAL IN DIGESTIVE GLAND
TUBULES, WAS FOUND, THROUGHOUT THE GLAND, AND OCCURRED IN CERTAIN
CONTAMINATED SAMPLES AT ALMOST 100%. THIS CONDITION MAY PROVIDE AN
INDICATOR WITH WHICH TO VICARIOUSLY DETECT THE PRESENCE OF CHEMICAL
IRRITANTS IN THE OYSTER'S HABITAT.
PAGE
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COUCH, JOHN A., AND K, RANGA RAO, EDITORS. 1983. BIORATIQNAL WORKSHOP, GULF
BREEZE, FLORIDA, SEPTEMBER 15-17, 1982. EPA-800/X-83-054, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 64P.
THE GENERAL PURPOSE OF THE WORKSHOP WAS TO EVALUATE THE
STATE-OF-THE-ART OF TESTING, AND THE SAFETY OF BIORATIONALS TO BIRDS,
MAMMALS, AQUATIC ORGANISMS, PLANTS, AND INSECTS AND TO REVIEW THE PART
OF SUBPART M OF THE GUIDELINES (GUIDELINES DOCUMENT FOR REGISTERING
PESTICIDES IN THE U.S.: BIORATIONALS) DRAFTED BY THE ECOLOGICAL
EFFECTS BRANCH, OFFICE OF PSTICIDES PROGRAMS CHED/OPP),
COUCH, JOHN A., AND ELSAYED ELNENAEY. IN PREP. COMPLEX CHROMATOPHORQMA IN A
MARINE TELEOST FISH, FUNDULUS GRANDIS: MORPHOLOGICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL
CHARACTERISTICS. CERL,GB 286).
THREE SPECIMENS OF FUNDULUS GRANDIS, THE GULF KILLIFISH, HAD PIGMENTED
TUMORS COMPRISED OF A CELL TYPE THAT HAD CHARACTERISTICS OF DIFFERENT
PIGMENT CELL PHENOTYPES, THE FISH WERE FROM A MARICULTURS ATTEMPT ON
THE GULF COAST OF ALABAMA USA, AND WERE OLDER LARGER SPECIMENS OF OVER
6,000 F. GRANDIS EXAMINED, A DETAILED LIGHT MICROSCOPY, ELECTRON
MICROSCOPY, CHROMATOGRAPHIC, AND CELL CULTURE WAS CONDUCTED ON THE
TUMORS FROM THREE FISH. THE TUMOR CELL POSSESSED PTERINQSOMES AS THE
DOMINANT CYTOPLAMIC ORGANELLE, BUT ALSO HAD PREMELANOSOMES,
NSELANQSOMES, AND POSSIBLE REFLECTING PLATELETS. THE MAJOR PIGMENTS
ISOLATED AND IDENTIFIED WERE PTERIDINE PIGMENTS. NO CAROTENQID
PIGMENTS OR CAROTENOIO VESTICLES WERE IDENTIFIED OR DETECTED. THE
TUMORS WERE INVASIVE, REPLACED AND ISOLATED NORMAL MUSCLE TISSUES, BUT
WERE NOT METASTATIC. ONE FISH WITH THE TUMORS BECAME MORIBUND WHILE
HELD IN AQUARIUM, AND PRESENTED EVIDENCE THAT THE NEOPLASMS GREW AND
INCREASED IN NUMBERS. THE CAUSES OF THE NEOPLASM IN FUNDULUS ARE
UNKNOWN, BUT BOTH ENVIRONMENTAL AND GENETIC FACTORS MAY PLAY ROLES IN
ITS GENESIS.
PAGE 10
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COUCH, JOHN A. 1983. DISEASES CAUSED BY PROTOZOA. IN: BIOLOGY OF
CRUSTACEA? ECONOMIC ASPECTS: FISHERIES, CULTURE AND PATHQBIQLOGY, VOL. 6.
ANTHONY J. PRQVENZANO, EDITOR, ACADEMIC PRESS, NEW YORK, NY, PP. 79-111.
.(ERL,GB 380*).
CRUSTACEA SERVE AS HOSTS TO SYMBIOTIC, COMMENSAL, PARASITIC, AND
PATHOGENIC REPRESENTATIVES OF ALL MAJOR TAXA OF PROTOZOA. STUDIES OF
MICROSPORIDIAN EPIZOOTICS IN SHRIMP (VIOSCA, 1943; IVERSEN AND
MANNING, 1959), CRAYFISH CPIXELL-GOODRICH, 1956), AND OTHER DECAPOD
CRUSTACEA (PIXELL-GOQDRICH, 1928; SPRAGUE, 1970A), AMOEBIC EPIZOOTICS
IN CRABS (SPRAGUE ET AL., 1969; J.A. COUCH, UNPUBLISHED; NEWMAN AND
WARD, 1973? JOHNSON, 1977), AND CILIATE PROTOZOAN OUTBREAKS IN SHRIMPS
AND CRABS (COUCH, 1967A, 1978; OVERSTREET, 1973; LIGHTNER, 1975)
DEMONSTRATE THE STRONG PERIODIC AND CHRONIC IMPACT OF PROTOZOA.
MORTALITIES RANGING FROM 1 TO 100% IN NATURAL AND CAPTIVE POPULATIONS
OF CRUSTACEA HAVE BEEN LINKED TO PROTOZOAN ETIOLOGIES. AS PATHOGENS OF
CRUSTACEA, PROTOZOA HAVE BEEN MORE INTENSIVELY STUDIED THAN MOST
VIRAL, BACTERIAL, FUNGAL, OR METAZOAN PATHOGENS. YET, THERE ARE HUGE
GAPS IN OUR KNOWLEDGE CONCERNING LIFE-HISTORIES, MECHANISMS OF
TRANSMISSION, AND PATHOGENESIS OF PROTOZOA ASSOCIATED DISEASES OF
CRUSTACEA, EVEN IN THE CASES OF LONG-KNOWN RELATIONSHIPS. THIS REVIEW
OF REPRESENTATIVE PROTOZOAN-CRUSTACEAN RELATIONSHIPS EMPHASIZED
DISEASE-CAUSING PROTOZOA AND THE RELATED RESPONSES OF THEIR SPECIFIC
CRUSTACEAN HOSTS. EXAMPLES OF ALL MAJOR TAXA OF PROTOZOA OCCURRING IN
OR ON CRUSTACEA ARE EXAMINED. SURVEYS OF PROTOZOA KNOWN TO BE
ASSOCIATED WITH DECAPOD CRUSTACEA HAVE BEEN DONE (SPRAGUE 1980A;
SPRAGUE AND COUCH, 1971; COUCH AND MARTIN, 1982) BUT NOT FOR OTHER
ORDERS OF' CRUSTACEA, THE PREDOMINANT USE OF DECAPOD CRUSTACEA AS
EXEMPLARY HOSTS REFLECTS THE SUBSTANTIAL DISEASE RESEARCH DONE ON THIS
TAXON OF CRUSTACEA BECAUSE OF THEIR COMMERCIAL 'IMPORTANCE.
PAGE 11
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COUCH, JOHN A., W. PETER SCHOOR, LEE COURTNEY, AND WILL DAVIS. 1984.
EFFECTS OF CARCINOGENS, MUTAGENS, AND TERATOGENS OF NONHUMAN SPECIES-AQUATIC
ANIMALS (ABSTRACT). IN: PROGRAM & ABSTRACTS THIRD NCI/EPA/NIOSH
COLLABORATIVE WORKSHOP: PROGRESS ON JOINT ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCCUPATIONAL
CANCER STUDIES, MARCH 22-23, 1984, BETHESDA, MD. U.S. NATIONAL CANCER
INSTITUTE, BETHESDA, MD. PP. IV-2-3. (ERL,GB X475*).
AQUATIC SYSTEMS AND ORGANISMS HAVE BEEN UNDER BOTH LABORATORY AND
FIELD STUDY IN ORDER TO DEVELOP INDICATOR, SCREENING, AND MODELING
CAPABILITIES FOR DETECTION AND EVALUATION OF RISKS OF CARCINOGENS,
MUTAGENS, AND TERATOGENS. STUDIES INCLUDE BOTH GULF BREEZE LABORATORY
PROJECTS AND COMPLEMENTARY, EXTRAMURAL COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS, DURING
THE COURSE OF THE PROGRAM, SEVERAL ADVANCEMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE IN THE
DEVELOPMENT OF LABORATORY AND FIELD CARCINOGEN ASSAY METHODS UTILIZING
FISHES SUCH AS THE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (LIVER LESIONS VIA BENZIDINE AND
AFLATOXIN EXPOSURES), RIVULUS MARMORATUS (LIVER LESIONS VIA AFLATOXIN
EXPOSURE), MENIDIA PENINSULAS (LIVER TUMOR INDUCTION WITH AFLATOXIN
EXPOSURE), THE RAINBOW TROUT [TUMOR INDUCTION WITH BENZO(A)PYRENE
(B(A)P) AND METHYL AZOXYMETHANOL ACETATE EXPOSURES^, AND FRESHWATER
CATFISH (PAPILLOMATOUS-LIKE LESIONS VIA CHLORINATED EFFLUENT
EXPOSURES), EMPHASIS HAS BEEN PLACED ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND
UTILIZATION OF CRITICAL LIFE STAGE EXPOSURES (E.G., EMBRYO AND NEWLY
HATCHED FRY EXPOSURES) IN ORDER TO EXPEDITE CARCINOGEN TESTS AND
MINIMIZE TIME REQUIRED FOR DETECTABLE TUMOROGENIC RESPONSES,
PRENEOPLASTIC HEPATIC LESION DEVELOPMENT IN MENIDIA NOTED AT 12 WEEKS
AND FOLLOWED BY HEPATIC TUMORS AT 11 MONTHS, HAS SHOWN PROMISE FOR
THIS SPECIES AND EXPOSURE METHOD. THE FIRST HEPATIC TUMORS INDUCED IN
FISHES WITH POLYCYCLIC AROMATICS (E.G., B(A)P) RESULTED IN THE FURTHER
ADVANCEMENT OF THE RAINBOW TROUT CARCINOGEN ASSAY SYSTEM. BIOCHEMICAL
STUDIES INVOLVING METABOLISM OF PAH'S (E.G., PERYLENE) BY SKIN AND
LIVER TISSUES OF THE TIGER SALAMANDER (AMBYSTQMA TIGRINUM) HAVE
INDICATED INDUCTION OF ENZYME ACTIVITY (MFO SYSTEM), HOWEVER,
EXPERIMENTAL PERYLENE EXPOSURES HAVE FAILED TO ELICIT CARCINOGENIC
RESPONSES IN THIS SPECIES. ADVANCEMENTS HAVE BEEN MADE 'IN
ELECTROPHORESIS AND SERQLOGICAL METHODOLOGY TO STUDY SERUM PROTEIN
CHANGES AND HUMORAL IMMUNE RESPONSES IN NON-EXPOSED AND EXPOSED (E.G.,
BENZIDINE) FISHES (E.G., CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS). THESE ADVANCES HAVE
SHOWN PROMISE IN DETECTION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES TO CARCINOGENIC
EXPOSURE, FUTHERMORE, CONSIDERABLE FIELD MONITORING WORK ON MOLLUSKS
AND CARCINOGENIC PAH'S ALONG THE COAST OF OREGON HAS REVEALED A
POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN PREVALENCE OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION
DISORDRS IN SHELLFISH AND HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS OF CERTAIN PAH'S IN
NATURAL WATER. EMPHASIS IN BIOCHEMISTRY HAS BEEN DIRECTED MOSTLY
TOWARD THE ELUCIDATION OF THE METABOLISM OF THE MIXED-FUNCTION
OXIDASES IN MARINE ORGANISMS,
PAGE 12
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COUCH, JOHN A., W. PETER SCHQOR, WILL DAVIS, AND LEE COURTNEY. 1983.
EFFECTS OF CARCINOGENS, MUTAGENS, AND TERATOGENS ON NONHUMAN SPECIES (AQUATIC
ANIMALS}! FOURTH ANNUAL REPORT NCI/EPA COLLABORATIVE PROGRAM.
EPA-600/9-83-005, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 46P.
AQUATIC SYSTEMS AND ORGANISMS ARE UNDER BOTH LABORATORY AND FIELD
STUDY IN ORDER TO DEVELOP 'INDICATOR, SCREENING, AND MODELING
CAPABILITIES FOR DETECTION AND EVALUATION OF RISKS OF CACINOGENS,
MUTAGENS, AND TERATOGENS. STUDIES INCLUDE BOTH GULF BREEZE LABORATORY
PROJECTS AND COMPLEMENTARY, EXTRAMURAL PROJECTS. IN THE FOURTH YEAR OF
THE PROGRAM, SEVERAL ADVANCES WERE MADE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF
LABORATORY AND FIELD CARCINOGEN ASSAYS, UTILIZING FISHES SUCH AS THE
SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (LIVER LESIONS VIA AFLATOXIN EXPOSURES), AND
FRESHWATER CAT FISH (PAPILLOMATQUS-LIKE LESIONS VIA CHLORINATED
EFFLUENT EXPOSURES). EMPHASIS IS STILL PLACED ON THE DEVELOPMENT AND
UTILIZATION OF CRITICAL LIFE STAGE EXPOSURES (E.G., EMBRYO AND NEWLY
HATCHED FRY EXPOSURES) IN ORDER TO EXPEDITE CARCINOGEN TESTS AMD
MINIMIZE TIME REQUIRED FOR TUMOROGENIC RESPONSES. PRENEOPLASTIC
HEPATIC LESION DEVELOPMENT IN MENIDIA AT 12 WEEKS SUGGESTS PROMISE FOR
THIS SPECIES AND EXPOSURE METHOD. A NOVEL APPROACH HAS SHOWN THAT
TIGER SALAMANDERS MAY BE GOOD BIOCHEMICAL AND HISTOLOGIC INDICATORS OF
THE PRESENCE OF CERTAIN CARCINOGENS (POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS
- PAH'S). SKIN AND LIVER TISSUES OF THE SALAMANDERS REVEALED INDUCED
ENZYME ACTIVITY (MFO SYSTEM) FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO THE PAH, PERYLENE.
CONSIDERABLE FIELD MONITORING WORK ON MOLLUSKS AND CARCINOGENIC PAH'S
ALONG THE COAST OF QREGOl^ HAS REVEALED A POSITIVE CORRELATION BETWEEN
PREVALENCE OF CELLULAR PROLIFERATION DISORDERS IN SHELLFISH AND HIGHER
CONCENTRATIONS OF CERTAIN PAH'S.IN NATURAL WATER.
COUCH, J.A. 1984. HISTOPATHOLOGY AND ENLARGEMENT OF THE PITUITARY OF A
TELEOST EXPOSED TO THE HERBICIDE TRIFLURALIN. J. FISH DISEASES,
7(2)1157-163. (ERL,GB 438*),
AVAIL. FROM NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA: PB84-175306.
PITUITARY GLANDS OF SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS, CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS, EXPOSED
FOR 19 MONTHS TO 1-5 UG/L TRIFLURALIN WERE SIGNIFICANTLY ENLARGED AND
POSSESSED HISTOPATHOLOGIC CHARACTERISTICS (WHEN COMPARED TO GLANDS OF
CONTROLS) SUCH AS PSEUDOCYSTS, CONGESTION OF BLOOD VESSELS AND EDEMA.
MOST OF THE FISH WITH ENLARGED PITUITARIES ALSO HAD DIFFUSE VERTEBRAL
HYPEROSTOSIS AND OTHER DYSPLASTIC VERTEBRAL CHANGES. SEVERAL
SPECULATIVE MECHANISTIC PATHS ARE SUGGESTED FOR THE MODE OF EFFECT OF
TRIFLURALIN ON THE VERTEBRAL AND PITUITARY TISSUES. STUDY OF THE FORM
AND FUNCTION OF PITUITARY GLANDS OF TELEOSTS FROM NATURAL POPULATIONS
MIGHT PROVIDE INDICATIONS OF CHRONIC PHYSIOLOGICAL STRESS,
PARTICULARLY IN RELATION TO CHEMICAL POLLUTANT STRESS.
PAGE 13
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COUCH, J.A., S.M, MARTIN, G, TQMPKINS, AND J. KINNEY. 1984. SIMPLE SYSTEM
FOR THE PRELIMINARY EVALUATION OF INFECTIVITY AND PATHQGENESIS OF INSECT
VIRUS IN A NONTARGET ESTUARINE SHRIMP. J. INVERTEBR. PATHOL, 43(33:351-357.
(ERL,GB 460).
BIOLOGICAL CONTROL AGENTS (BIORATIONALS) ARE INCREASINGLY IMPORTANT IN
PEST CONTROL CONCEPTS. CERTAIN INSECT VIRUSES, PARTICULARLY THE
BACULOVIRUSES (NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUSES), ARE CONSIDERED TO HAVE
POTENTIAL AS BIOLOGICAL PESTICIDES, AND COULD BE USED WIDELY IN THE
ENVIRONMENT. THEREFORE, TEST ANIMALS MUST BE SELECTED AND METHODS
DEVELOPED TO EVALUATE THE SAFETY OF BIORATIONALS TO NON-TARGET
SPECIES. A SIMPLE LABORATORY SYSTEM HAS BEEN DESIGNED AND TESTED TO
DETERMINE RISKS OF INFECTIVITY AND PATHOGENICITY OF AN INSECT
BACULOVIRUS, ORIGINALLY ISOLATED FROM THE ALFALFA LOOPER AUTOGRAPHA
CAILFORNICA, TO A NON-TARGET ARTHROPOD, THE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMQNETES
VULGARIS, BY DIETARY EXPOSURE. THIS LABORATORY METHOD ALSO PERMITS
TESTING OF OTHER MICROBIAL BIORATIONALS AGAINST NON-TARGET AQUATIC
SPECIES, AND PROVIDES AND INEXPENSIVE, PROCEDURE OF SAFETY TESTING.
RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY INDICATED THAT HISTOPATHOLOGICAL,
ULTRASTRUCTURAL AMD SEROLOGICAL METHODS USED PROVIDED NO EVIDENCE THAT
EXPERIMENTAL EXPOSURE TO THE VIRUS CAUSED VIRAL INFECTION OR RELATED
PATHOGENICITY IN THE GRASS SHRIMP.
COURTNEY, LEE A., AND JOHN A. . COUCH. 1984, USEFULNESS OF CYPRINODON
VARIEGATUS AND FUNDULUS GRANDIS IN CARCINOGENICITY TESTING: ADVANTAGES AND
SPECIAL PROBLEMS, IN: USE OF SMALL FISH IN CARCINOGENICITY TESTING, NATL,
CANCER INST. MONQGR. 65. KAREN L. HOOVER, EDITOR, U.S. NATIONAL CANCER
INSTITUTE, BETHESDA, MD. PP. 83-96, (ERL,GB 442).
CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS AND FUNDULUS GRANDIS, TWO SPECIES OF
CYPRINODONTID FISHES EXTENSIVELY STUDIED AND USED IN TOXICOtOGICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS, ARE COMPARED AS LABORATORY TEST ANIMALS.
THEIR ECOLOGY AND GENERAL BIOLOGY, AND SUITABILITY FOR VARIOUS TYPES
OF EXPERIMENTATION ARE EXAMINED. A LABORATORY SYSTEM FOR EXPOSING
CRITICAL LIFE STAGES (E.G., EMBRYOS, FRY, JUVENILES) OF THESE SPECIES
TO SUSPECT CARCINOGENS IS DESCRIBED. A DISCUSSION OF THE USE,
FINDINGS, AND POTENTIAL OF THESE SPECIES IN ONCOLOGICAL STUDIES AND
CARCINOGEN ASSAYS IS PRESENTED, PARTICULARLY IN REGARD TO RESPONSES TO
THREE KNOWN OR SUSPECT CARCINOGENIC CHEMICALS (E.G., TRIFLURALIN,
BENZIDINE, AND AFLATQXIN), FINALLY, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OR
SPECIAL PROBLEMS IN USING THE SPECIES AS CARCINOGEN TEST ANIMALS ARE
REVIEWED,
PAGE 14
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CRAWFORD, RICHARD B. 1983. EFFECTS OF DRILLING FLUIDS ON EMBRYO
DEVELOPMENT. EPA-6QO/3-83-021, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL, 30P.
TOXICITY OF USED DRILLING FLUIDS TO EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT WAS
INVESTIGATED TO ASCERTAIN THE LIMITS OF SAFE USAGE OF THESE FLUIDS IN
MARINE ENVIRONMENTS. EMBRYOS USED AS TEST SYSTEMS WERE OF THE TELEOST,
FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS, AND FOUR ECHINODERMS ECHINARACHNIUS PARMA,
STRONGYLOCENTROTUS PURPURATUS, LYTECHINUS PICTUS, LYTECHINUS
VARIEGATUS, THE DRILLING FLUIDS TESTED CAME FROM VARIOUS SOURCES; 24
DIFFERENT SAMPLES WERE EVALUATED. IN ADDITION, SEVERAL COMMERCIAL
DRILLING FLUID COMPONENTS WERE EXAMINED IN THE TEST SYSTEMS INCLUDING
A SYNTHETIC REFERENCE MUD. STUDIES DEMONSTRATED THAT NO SINGLE
DRILLING FLUID IS "TYPICAL" AND THAT THE QUANTITATIVE EFFECTS OF
EMBRYOS VARY CONSIDERABLY FROM ONE FLUID TO ANOTHER. SOME DRILLING
FLUIDS ARE QUITE TOXIC TO ONE OR MORE OF THE EMBRYO SYSTEMS, REQUIRING
DILUTIONS OF OVER 10(5) TO BECOME "SAFE". OTHERS ARE RELATIVELY
INNOCUOUS, REQUIRING VERY LITTLE DILUTION TO ACHIEVE A CONCENTRATION
IN WHICH EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT CAN PROCEED NORMALLY. ALSO, THE EFFECTS ON
DEVELOPMENT SHOW VARIATION FROM ONE FLUID TO ANOTHER, THUS INDICATING
THAT A VARIETY OF COMPONENTS OR COMPOUNDS ARE RESPONSIBLE FOR TOXIC
MANIFESTATIONS,
CRAWFORD, RICHARD B. 1983. EFFECTS OF DRILLING FLUIDS ON EMBRYO DEVELOPMENT
(PROJECT SUMMARY). EPA-600/S3-83-021, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 5P.
GRIPE, G.M., L.R. GOODMAN, AND D.J, HANSEN. IN PRESS. EFFECT OF CHRONIC
EXPOSURE TO EPN AND TO GUTHION ON THE CRITICAL SWIMMING SPEED AND BRAIN
ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY OF CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS. AQUAT. TOXICOIr.
(ERL,GB 398).
SWIMMING PERFORMANCE OF THE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW, CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS,
WAS MEASURED IN A STAMINA TUNNEL AT THE END OF LIFE-CYCLE TOXICITY
TESTS WITH THE ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDES, EPN AND GUTHION. SWIMMING-
STAMINA WAS AFFECTED BY 2.2 UG EPN/L, BUT NOT BY 0.88 UG EPN/L; THESE
CONCENTRATIONS ARE ABOUT ONE HALF OF THOSE THAT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT
SURVIVAL, GROWTH OR REPRODUCTION. FISH BRAIN ACETYCHOLINESTERASE
(ACHE) ACTIVITY, ASSAYED BY THE PH-STAT METHOD, WAS INHIBITED 72% BY
0.88 UG EPN/L AND 83% BY 2.2 UG EPN/L. SWIMMING PERFORMANCE WAS NOT
AFFECTED BY GUTHION CONCENTRATIONS UP TO O.S UG/L; THIS CONCENTRATION
REDUCED SURVIVAL AND INHIBITED ACHE 78%.
PAGE 15
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CRIPE, C.R., P.M. PRITCHARD, M.E. WOODS, AND E.J, O'NEILL. IN PREP. FATE OF
FENTHIQN IN SALT MARSH ENVIRONMENTS: FACTORS AFFECTING BIGDEGRADATION RATES
(ABSTRACT). TO BE PRESENTED AT THE MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, CRYSTAL CITY, MD, NOV. 4-11, 1984. (ERL,GB 512).
FENTHION CBAYTEX), AN ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE, IS FREQUENTLY USED
IN SALT MARSH ENVIRONMENTS TO CONTROL ADULT AND LARVAL MOSQUITOES.
LITTLE 'IS KNOWN ABOUT THE BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC FATE OF THIS CHEMICAL IN
THESE ENVIRONMENTS. SHAKE-FLASK TESTS WERE THEREFORE USED TO STUDY
RATES OF DEGRADATION AND THE ENVIRONMENTAL PARAMETERS AFFECTING THESE
RATES. FLASKS CONTAINED WATER OR WATER-SEDIMENT SLURRIES FROM SALT
MARSHES LOCATED ALONG THE NORTHWEST FLORIDA GULF COAST. SEDIMENTS
CONSISTED OF LIGHT, FLOCCULENT, HIGHLY ORGANIC, DETRITUS CNQ SAND).
SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION IN EACH FLASK WAS 500 MG/1 DRY WEIGHT. STARTING
CONCENTRATION OF FENTHION WAS 200 UG/i. DEGRADATION RATES WERE
DETERMINED BY FOLLOWING THE LOSS OF FENTHION OVER TIME. SAMPLES FROM
EACH FLASK WERE EXTRACTED WITH HEXANE AND THE AMOUNT OF FENTHION IN
THE EXTRACTS WAS QUANTITATED USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND A
NITROGEN-PHOSPHOROUS DETECTOR. FENTHION DISAPPEARANCE IN FLASKS
CONTAINING WATER, FORMALIN-STERILIZED WATER, OR FORMALIN-STERILIZED
SEDIMENT SLURRIES WAS SLOW (HALF-LIFE >20 DAYS). CHEMICAL HYDROLYSIS
AND BIODEGRADATION IN WATER WERE THEREFORE NOT SIGNIFICANT. THE
PRESENCE OF NONSTERILE SEDIMENT RESULTED IN A RAPID EXPONENTIAL
DISAPPEARANCE OF FENTHION. HALF-LIVES, BASED ON A FIRST-ORDER DECAY
MODEL, FOR SEDIMENT SLURRIES TAKEN FROM THREE DIFFERENT SALT MARSHES
RANGED FROM 2.8 TO 3.9 DAYS. BIODEGRADATION RATES INCREASED WITH
INCREASING SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION. RATES OF DEGRADATION IN SEDIMENT
FLASKS WERE PROPORTIONAL TO PESTICIDE CONCENTRATION OVER A 1000-FOLD
RANGE (0.2-200 UG/1). A 10 DEGREE C DROP IN INCUBATION TEMPERATURE
DECREASED SEDIMENT BIODEGRADATION BY 2- TO 3-FOLD. ONE OF THE FIELD
SITES WHICH WAS TO EVENTUALLY BE SPRAYED WITH THE PESTICIDE WAS
INVESTIGATED FURTHER. SPATIAL VARIATIONS IN BIODEGRADATION WAS
OBSERVED WITHIN THIS SITE; SEDIMENTS AT ONE END OF THE STUDY AREA
DEGRADED THE TEST CHEMICAL ALMOST TWICE AS FAST AS SAMPLES TAKEN FROM
THE MIDDLE AND OPPOSITE END OF THE SITE. SINCE THE WATER IN THE MARSH
OVERLAPS INTO GRASS BEDS, THE EFFECT OF SPARTINA ALTERNAFLORA PLANTS
WAS EXAMINED. WHOLE PLANTS, INCLUDING THE ROOTS, CAUSED VERY RAPID
DISAPPEARANCE OF FENTHION. NO FENTHION WAS DETECTED IN PLANT TISSUE,
ROOT PARTS IN THE FLASK ALSO GAVE A RAPID DISAPPEARANCE. OUTSIDE
LEAVES WERE SOMEWHAT LESS ACTIVE AND INSIDE LEAVES DID NOT CAUSE A
DECREASE IN FENTHION CONCENTRATION. FENTHION WOULD THEREFORE APPEAR TO
BE NOMPERSISTENT IN SALT MARSH ENVIRONMENTS DUE TO ITS RAPID
BIODEGRADATION IN OR ON SEDIMENTS AND PLANTS. THIS FATE DATA WILL BE
USEFUL FOR COMPARING LAB AND FIELD INFORMATION.
PAGE 16
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DAVIS, W.P., D.E. HOSS, G.I. SCOTT, AND P.F. SHERIDAN. IN PRESS. FISHERY
RESOURCE IMPACTS FROM SPILLS OF OIL OR HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES, (ERL,GB X376).
FISHERIES IS THE TRADITIONAL DESIGNATION FOR EXPLOITABLE AQUATIC
ORGANISMS (PLANTS AND ANIMALS) IN FRESH, ESTUARINE AND MARINE WATERS.
EXPLOITATION CONNOTES UTILIZATION OR ECONOMIC VALUE, BUT, IN TERMS OF
SPECIES, FISHERIES ALSO INCLUDES ORGANISMS OF AESTHETIC OR GENETIC
PRESERVATION VALUE (E.G., ENDANGERED SPECIES) AS WELL AS COMMERCIAL
SPECIES. MAJOR ELEMENTS OF LIFE HISTORIES, -FOOD WEBS, HABITATS AND
MIGRATION ROUTES COMPRISE FISHERIES ECOLOGY. THESE ELEMENTS ARE ALSO
INVOLVED IN FISHERIES RESOURCE ASSESSMENT. FISHERIES RESOURCE
ASSESSMENT METHODS TYPICALLY APPLY REPRESENTATIVE PARAMETERS TO MODELS
IN ORDER TO MAKE ESTIMATES OF POPULATION STRUCTURE, FECUNDITY, AND
CALCULATED LEVELS OF SUSTAINABLE CATCH, HARVEST, RENEWAL, OR
PRODUCTION. ALL HAITATS DISCUSSED IN THIS SYMPOSIUM, WITH PERHAPS THE
EXCEPTION OF THE TUNDRA, ARE SPECIFIC FISHERY RESOURCES IN CONSIDERING
CONTAMINATION EFFECTS OF SPILLAGES. OIL POLLUTION IS A POTENTIAL
IMPACT TO FISHERIES RESOURCES FOR THREE REASONS (WARDLEY-SMITH, 1976)!
(1) THERE MAY BE A DIRECT (LETHAL OR SUBLETHAL) EFFECT TO FISHERIES
STOCKS; (2) OIL MAY RENDER THE FISHERIES PRODUCTS UNACCEPTABLE TO THE
CONSUMER? AND (3) FISHING OPERATIONS MAY BE DIRECTLY AFFECTED BY THE
PRESENCE OF OIL. THESE REASONS MAY BE EXTENDED TO OTHER HAZARDOUS OR
TOXIC MATERIALS. EXAMPLES HAVE BEEN DOCUMENTED FOR EACH OF THESE
REASONS. HIGH MORTALITIES OCCURRED AMONGST OYSTERS IN THE ESTUARIES OF
BRITTANY, FRANCE DURING THE 1978 AMOCO CADIZ SPILL. OYSTERS AND OTHER
FISHERY RESOURCES ELSEWHERE HAVE ACQUIRED HYDROCARBON-TAINT FROM
SPILLS OR SEEPAGES. THE VAST AREAS COVERED BY OIL RELEASED FROM THE
IXTOC WELL BLOW-OUT NEAR CAMPECHE, GULF OF MEXICO IN 1979, CAUSED
SHRIMPERS AND OTHER FISHERMEN TO CHANGE LOCATION OF THEIR OPERATIONS.
PAGE 17
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DAVIS, WILLIAM P., AND JAMES A. FAVA, 1983. INTERACTION OF AQUATIC
ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS WITH CHLQRINATION: AN OVERVIEW. IN? WATER
CHLORINATION: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND HEALTH EFFECTS, VOLUME 4. ROBERT L.
JOLLEY, ET AL., EDITOR, ANN ARBOR SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, ANN ARBOR, MI. PP.
791-796, (£RL,GB X377*),
THE USE OF TOOLS SUCH AS DISINFECTANTS, OXIDANTS, OR BIOCIDES TO
PROTECT PUBLIC HEALTH REMAINS HIGHLY DEBATABLE RELATIVE TO
ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES, RESEARCH, AND QUALITY OF LIFE. INCREASED PUBLIC
AWARENESS 'IS EVIDENCED BY REGIONAL CONFERENCES (E.G., "CHLORINATIONS-
BANE OR BENEFIT"), WHICH ADDRESS SPECIFIC STRESSED SYTEMS SUCH AS THE
CHESAPEAKE BAY, THAT USE OF CHLORINATION PROVIDES BENEFITS TO MAN IS
-NOT AN ISSUE-THE QUESTIONS ARE HOW MUCH TO USE AND WHAT RISKS AND
COSTS ARE INVOLVE. OVERZEALOUS CHLORINATION CAN CAUSE ECOLOGICAL
DAMAGE AND DISFUNCTION OF ECOLOGY; CONTROL METHODS SUCH AS CRITERIA
AND REGULATIONS ARE DEBATABLE AND UNDER CHALLENGE, OVER THE PAST SIX
OR MORE YEARS, THE BASIC QUESTIONS ABOUT CHLORINATION HAVE NOT
SIGNIFICANTLY CHANGED? HOWEVER, THE DETAILS AND DATA AVAILABLE TO US
HAVE INCREASED IMMENSELY, TWO ONGOING ACTIVITIES SERVED AS THE
MOTIVATING FORCE BEHIND BOTH FORMAL AND INFORMAL DISCUSSIONS IN THE
SESSION "INTERACTION OF AQUATIC ECOSYSTEM COMPONENTS WITH
CHLORINATIQN" AT THE FOURTH WATER CHLORINATION CONFERENCE. THESE WERE
C13 THE RECOGNITION THAT IN SOME AREAS OF THE UNITED STATES, SERIOUS
CONSIDERATION HAS BEEN GIVEN TO BANNING ALL CHLORINATION FOR
DISINFECTION BECAUSE OF THE POTENTIAL FOR ECOLOGICAL DAMAGE? AND (2)
MANY SCIENTSITS, REGULATORS, OR ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGERS FEEL THAT
SUFFICIENT RESEARCH HAS NOW BEEN CONDUCTED TO JUSTIFY ELIMINATING
FURTHER FUNDING OF CHLORINATION EFFECTS STUDIES. THIS PAPER EXAMINES
THE SALIENT ASPECTS OF THE TOPICS DISCUSSED DURING THE CONFERENCE WITH
THE HOPE OF ADDRESSING THE QUESTION: WHERE DO WE GO FROM HERE?
DAWE, CLYDE J, AND JOHN A COUCH. 1984. DEBATE: MOUSE VERSUS MINNOW: THE
FUTURE OF FISH IN CARCINOGENICITY TESTING. IN: USE OF SMALL FISH SPECIES IN
CARCINQGENICITY TESTING, NATL, CANCER INST. MONOGR, 65. KAREN L. HOOVER,
EDITOR, U.S. NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, BETHESDA, MD. PP. 223-235. CERL,GB
4723.
THE TEXT 'IS PART OF A DEBATE AND ADVOCATES THE USE OF SMALL FISH
SPECIES AS LABORATORY TEST ORGANISMS IN DETECTING AND DETERMINING
POTENCY AND ACTIVITY OF SUSPECTED CARCINOGENS. THE USEFULNESS OF FISH
SPECIES IS COMPARED AND CONTRASTED WITH THE USEFULNESS OF THE MORE
CONVENTIONAL ASSAY SPECIES, SUCH AS RODENTS.
DODGE, RICHARD E., AND ALINA SZMANT-FROELICH. IN PRESS. EFFECTS OF DRILLING
FLUIDS ON REEF CORALS: A REVIEW. IN: WASTES IN THE OCEAN, VOLUME IV:
ENERGY WASTES IN THE OCEAN, I.W. DUEDALL, EDITOR, JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.,
NEW YORK, NY. CERL,GB 480).
THIS CHAPTER REVIEWS RESEARCH ON THE EFFECTS OF DRILLING MUD ON CORAL
REEF COMMUNITIES, CONCENTRATION ON THE MAJOR REEF FAUNA: THE
REEF-BUILDING OR HERMATYPIC CORALS, DRILLING MUD IS AN EFFLUENT
'INTRODUCED TO THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT IN LARGE QUANTITES DURING A
TYPICAL OFFSHORE DRILLING OPERATION. CONCERN OVER ITS POSSIBLE
DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS, WHEN DRILLING ACTIVITIES ARE NEAR CORAL REEFS,
HAS BEEN THE 'IMPETUS FOR THE WORK TO BE DISCUSSED. THE TOPIC IS OF
RECENT ORIGIN? UNTIL 1977, THERE WERE NO LITERATURE REPORTS OF
DRILLING MUD - CORAL STUDIES. .
PAGE 18
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DODGE, RICHARD E., AND JUDITH C. LANG. 1983. ENVIRONMENTAL CORRELATES OF
HERMATYPIC CORAL (MONTASTREA ANNULARIS) GROWTH ON THE EAST FLOWER GARDENS
BANK, NORTHWEST GULF OF MEXICO. LIMNOL. OCEANOGR. 28(2)!228-240. CERL»GB
X378*).
TIME SERIES OF ANNUAL LINEAR GROWTH INCREASMENTS FROM 12 MONTASTREA
ANNULARIS CE. AND S.) HERMATYPIC CORALS COLLECTED AT THE EAST FLOWER
GARDENS BANK REEF IN THE NORTHWESTERN GULF OF MEXICO HAVE A COMMON
PATTERN. THIS IS BEST EXPRESSED IN AN INDEX MASTER CHRONOLOGY (AVERAGE
BY YEAR OF THE ANNUAL PERCENTAGE DEVIATIONS FROM THE MEAN OF EACH
CORAL). COMPARISONS WITH TIME SERIES OF ENVIRONMENTAL DATA INDICATE
THAT CORAL EXTENSION RATES VARY POSITIVELY WITH SEASONAL (FEBRUARY
THROUGH MAY - 4 MONTHS) SURFACE WATER TEMPERATURE AND NEGATIVELY WITH
ANNUAL DISCHARGE OF THE ATCHAFALAYA RIVER. WE PROPOSE THE SECULAR
VARIATIONS OF WATER TEMPERATURE AND OTHER PARAMETERS ARE THE MAJOR
LONG-TERM CONTROLS OF CORAL GROWTH IN THE AREA. OUR DATA DO NOT
SUPPORT THE VIEW THAT SINKING OF THE FLOWER GARDENS REEF, CAUSED BY
CATASTROPHIC COLLAPSE OF THE UNDERLYING SUBSTRATE, HAS BEEN A PRIME
INFLUENCE ON THE CORALS.
DOUGHTIE, DANIEL G., PHILIP J. CONKLIN, AND K. RANGA RAO. 1983. CUTICULAR
LESIONS INDUCED IN GRASS SHRIMP EXPOSED TO HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM, J.
INVERTEBR. PATHOL. 42 (2):249-258. (ERL,GB X434*).
ADULT GRASS SHRIMP WERE EXPOSED TO FOUR CONCENTRATIONS (0.5, 1.0, 2.0,
4.0 PPM) OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM FOR 28 DAYS. AT THE END OF THE
EXPOSURE PERIOD, OVER FIFTY PERCENT OF THE SURVIVING SHRIMP POSSESSED
CUTICULAR LESIONS THAT HAD MANY OF THE GROSS CHARACTERISTICS OF "SHELL
DISEASE". THESE LESIONS WERE USUALLY ASSOCIATED WITH ARTICULATIONS OF
THE APPENDAGES AND ABDOMEN. FURTHERMORE, IT WAS FOUND THAT AT
INCREASING LEVELS OF CHROMIUM EXPOSURE, THERE WAS A PROPORTIONATE
INCREASE IN THE LOSS OF LIMBS SUCH THAT NEARLY 50% OF THE LIMBS WERE
LOST IN GRASS SHRIMP EXPOSED TO THE HIGHEST TEST CONCENTRATION OF
CHROMIUM. HISTOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL EXAMINATION OF NUMEROUS
LESIONS DEMONSTRATED A RANGE OF DEGENERATIVE FEATURES WITHIN THE
SUBCUTICULAR EPITHELIUM THAT INCLUDED CYTOPLASMIC VACUQLIZATIQN,
MITOCHONDRIAL SWELLING, CHROMATIN EMARGINATION AND THE PRESENCE OF
UNUSUAL NUCLEAR INCLUSIONS THAT APPEAR TO INDICATE DIRECT CHROMIUM
TOXICITY. ADDITIONALLY A MARKED RETARDATION IN NEW EPICUTICLE AND
EXOCUTICLE FORMATION WAS OBSERVED IN VIABLE TISSUES ASSOCIATED WITH
LESIONS IN LATE PREMOLT SHRIMP. IT IS PROPOSED THAT CHROMIUM
INTERFERES 'WITH THE NORMAL FUNCTIONS OF SUBCUTICULAR EPITHELIUM,
PARTICULARLY CUTICLE FORMATION, AND SUBSEQUENTLY CAUSES STRUCTURAL
WEAKNESSES OR PERFORATIONS TO DEVELOP IN THE CUTICLE OF NEWLY MOLTED
SHRIMP. BECAUSE OF THESE CHROMIUM-INDUCED EXOSKELETAL DEFICIENCIES, A
VIADUCT FOR PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS (E.G., BACTERIA) AND DIRECT CHROMIUM
INFLUX 'IS FORMED THAT PERPETUATES LESION DEVELOPMENT.
PAGE 19
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DOUGHTIE, DANIEL G., AND K. RANGA RAO. 1984, HI5TQPATHQLOGICAL AND
ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES IN THE ANTENNAL GLAND, MIDGUT, HEPATQPANCREAS,
GILL OF GRASS SHRIMP FOLLOWING EXPOSURE TO HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM. J.
INVERTEBR. PATHOL, 43(1)J89-108. (ERL,GB X400*).
GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES PUGIO, WERE EXPOSED FOR ONE MONTH TO
SUBACUTE CONCENTRATIONS OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM CO.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0
PPM) AFTER WHICH THE GILLS, MIDGUT, HEPATOPANCREAS, AND ANTENNAL
GLANDS WERE EXAMINED FOR HISTOPATHOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL
CHANGES. PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES WERE GREATEST IN THE ANTENNAL GLANDS,
FOLLOWED BY HEPATOPANCREAS, GILLS, AND MIDGUT. SEVERE CHANGES OCCURRED
IN SOME SHRIMP, EVEN AT 0.5 PPM CHROMIUM. CELLS OF ALL TISSUES
FREQUENTLY HAD BOTH SWOLLEN MITOCHONDRIA AND ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC
ETICULUM. SMALL, SPHERICAL OR RING-LIKE INTRANUCLEAR INCLUSIONS,
POSSIBLE INDICATIVE OF CELLULAR HYPERACTIVITY OR MANIFESTIONS OF
CHROMIUM AND/OR PROTEIN COMPLEXES, WERE MOST PREVALENT IN THE
HEPATOPANCREAS AND ANTENNAL GLANDS BUT ALSO OCCURRED IN THE MIDGUT AND
GILLS. OTHER MAJOR DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE ANTENNAL GLANDS WERE
RESTRICTED TO THE LABYRINTH AND INCLUDED DIMINUTION OF BASAL
PLASMALEMMAL INFQLDINGS AND CYTOPLASMIC DENSITY, NUCLEAR HYPERTROPHY
FOLLOWED BY WIDESPREAD NUCLEAR PYKNOSIS AND EPITHELIAL DE5QUAMATION.
IN SEVERELY ALTERED HEPATOPANCREAS HYPERTROPHY WAS INDICATED FOR THE
BASAL LAMINAE, NUCLEI, POSSIBLE FOR THE NUCLEOLI. THERE WAS AN
APPARENT REDUCTION IN MITQTIC EVENTS AND MANY OBSERVED MITOTIC NUCLEI
WERE ABNORMAL. ABNORMAL MIDGUT HYPERTROPHY WAS PRESENT "IN ONLY EIGHT
OF TWENTY EXAMINED SHRIMP, EXPOSED TO 0.5 AND 1.0 PPM CHROMIUM.
FURTHER, THE GILLS OF ONLY 10 OF THE 40 EXAMINED CHROMIUM-EXPOSED
SHRIMP POSSESSED ABNORMAL FEATURES DETECTABLE WITH LIGHT MICROSCOPY,
ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF THE LATTER INDICATED AN INCREASE IN
LYSOSQMES AND A DECREASE IN CYTOPLASMIC DENSITY. IN ADDITION, THERE
WAS A PRONOUNCED DIMINUTION. IN THE DEGREE OF LAMELLAR, SUBCUTICULAR
PLASMALEMMAL INFOLDING. THIS LATTER FEATURE IS POSTULATED TO BE A
MECHANISM FOR THE REGULATION OF CHROMIUM INFLUX. POSSIBLE EXPLANATIONS
FOR MOST OBSERVED ALTERATIONS IN THE ABOVE TISSUES ARE PROPOSED,
AND
PAGE 20
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DOUGHTIE, DANIEL 6., AND K. RANGA RAO. 1983. ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND
HISTQLQGICAL STUDY OF DEGENERATIVE CHANGES IN THE ANTENNAL GLANDS,
HEPATQPANCREAS, AND MIDGUT OF GRASS SHRIMP EXPOSED TO TWO DITHIOCARBAMATE
BIOCIDES. J, 1NVERTEBR, PATHOL. 41C3):281-299. CERL,GB X395*).
HISTOLOGICAL AND ULTRASTRUCTURAL ALTERATIONS OBSERVED IN THE ANTENNAL
GLANDS, HEPATOPANCREAS, AND MIDGUT OF GRASS SHRIMP EXPOSED TO EITHER A
50% POTASSIUM DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE BIOCIDE CBUSAN-85; 5-60 PPB) FOR
14 DAYS, OR TO A DIFFERENT BIOCIDE, COMPOSED OF 15% SODIUM
DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE AND 15% SODIUM ETHYLENE BIODITHIOCARBAMATE
CAOUATREAT DNM-30), FOR 3-4 DAYS C60-140 PPB) AND 28-35 DAYS C40-120
PPB), WERE COMPARED AND CONTRASTED WITH THE NORMAL MORPHOLOGICAL
FEATURES IN CONTROL SHRIMP. ONLY THOSE EXPERIMENTAL SHRIMP THAT
EXHIBITED VARIOUS DEGREES OF BRANCHIAL ABNORMALITY WERE EXAMINED.
ALTHOUGH THE ALTERATIONS IN BUSAN-EXPOSED SHRIMP WERE GENERALLY MORE
PRONOUNCED, THE ANTENNAL GLANDS OF 32 OUT 36 EXPERIMENTAL SHRIMP
EXHIBITED ABNORMALITIES THAT WERE MANIFESTED PRIMARILY AS INCREASED
SECRETORY ACTIVITY BY THE LABYRINTH CELLS. IN DITHIQCARBAMATE-EXP05ED
SHRIMP WITH "BLACK GILLS," THE LABYRINTH EPITHELIUM EXHIBITED MODERATE
NUCLEAR HYPERTROPHY, APPARENT CELL SLOUGHING, INTENSE SECRETORY
ACTIVITY, AND OCCASIONAL MELANIZED LESIONS; ALTERATIONS IN THE
ANTENNAL GLAND COELOMOSAC INCLUDED NUCLEAR PYKNOSIS, A GENERAL
DETERIORATION OF PODOCYTE ORGANIZATION, AND AN UNUSUAL INCREASE IN
HEMOLYMPH DENSITY ADJACENT TO AFFECTED TISSUES, ALTHOUGH THERE WAS AN
APPARENT INCREASE IN MITOTIC ACTIVITY IN THE HEPATOPANCREATIC TUBULES
OF SHRIMP EXPOSED TO AQUATREAT FOR 28-35 DAYS, DEGENERATIVE CHANGES
WERE MOST FREQUENT AND EXTENSIVE IN THE HEPATOPANCREAS AND MIDGUT OF
DITHIOCARBAMATE-EXPOSED SHRIMP WITH "BLACK GILLS." THESE OBSERVED
CHANGES INCLUDED THE DIMINUTION OF THE BASAL MIDGUT AND
HEPATOPANCREATIC FIXED PHAGOCYTES, DEVELOPMENT OF MITQCHONDRlAl
INCLUSIONS AND MEGAMITOCHONDRIA, LOSS OF CYTOPLASMIC DENSITY,
HEPATOPANCREATIC NUCLEAR PYKNOSIS, AND IRREVERSIBLE DEGENERATION OF
HEPATOPANCREATIC TUBLUE APICES. THIS STUDY SUGGESTS THAT SOME OF THE
OBSERVED ABNORMAL/PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES ARE THE INDIRECT CONSEQUENCE OF
BRANCHIAL DEGENERATION. A NUMBER OF POSSIBLE DEFENSIVE REACTIONS TO
DITHIOCARBAMATE POISONING, INCLUDING HETEROSTASIS, PHAGOCYTOSIS,
ENCAPSULATION, AND THE POSSIBLE PARTICIPATION OF RESERVE 'INCLUSION
CELLS ARE PROPOSED.
PAGE 21
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DOUGHTIE, DANIEL G., AND K, RANGA RAO. 1983. ULTRASTRUCTURAL AND
HISTQLQGICAL STUDY OF DEGENERATIVE CHANGES LEADING TO BLACK GILLS IN GRASS
SHRIMP EXPOSED TO A DITHIOCARBAMATE BIOCIDE. J. INVERTEBR. PATHOL.
41CDJ33-50, (ERL,GB X384*),
PATHOLOGIC "MILKY" AND BROWN-BLACK GILLS OF GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES
PUGIQ, EXPOSED TO LOW LEVELS C5 TO 60 PPB) OF A 50%
POTASSIUM-DIMETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATE BIOCIDE CBUSAN-85) FOR 14 DAYS WERE
STUDIED USING LIGHT AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. IN SHRIMP EXPOSED TO 5
PPB BUSAN-85, A GRADATION OF DEGENERATIVE CHANGES COULD BE ASCERTAINED
BOTH WITHIN THE GILLS OF INDIVIDUAL SHRIMP AND AMONG THE GILLS OF
DIFFERENT SHRIMP. PRIMARY DEGENERATIVE CHANGES, FIRST EVIDENT IN THE
APICAL EPITHELIUM OF THE LAMELLAR PLATES, INCLUDED: SWOLLEN
MITOCHONDRIA, DILATED ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, THE APPEARANCE OF A
DENSE GRAINY MATERIAL WITHIN THE SUBCUTICULAR SPACES AND OF
PARACRYSTALLINE ELEMENTS WITHIN THE EPITHELIAL CYTOPLASM, THE
FORMATION OF AUTOPHAGOSOMES, AND A LOSS OF MEMBRANE CONTINUITY,
GRANULAR HEMOCYTES MIGRATED INTO THE SUBCULTULAR SPACES AND APPEARED
TO PHAGOCYTOSE THE GRAINY MATERIAL, WHILE OTHER HEMOCYTES PHAGOCYTOSED
AND ENCAPSULATED THE PATHOLOGICAL EPITHELIUM. LATER, THE LAMELLAR TIPS
BECAME CONGESTED WITH NUMEROUS INTERDIGITATING HEMOCYTES WHICH FORMED
A "PLUG". A NEW EPITHELIUM, DERIVED PARTLY FROM MITOSIS OF BASAL
LAMELLAR TISSUES, DEVELOPED SUBJACENT TO THE PLUG AND CONTRIBUTED TO
THE FQRMAION OF AN ABNORMAL AND SOMETIMES PERFORATED CUTICLE DURING
PREMOLT. AT ECDYSIS, THE HEMOCYTE PLUGS IN THE APICAL REGION OF THE
LAMELLA WERE SLOUGHED RESULTING IN MARKEDLY TRUNCATED AND SWOLLEN
LAMELLAE. THIS PROCESS OF PATHOLOGICAL LAMELLAR REDUCTION APPEARS TO
BE AN IMPORTANT DEFENSE MECHANISM IN RESPONSE TO BRANCHIAL TRAUMA
CAUSED BY EXPOSURE TO ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINANTS.
DUKE, T.W., P,R. PARRISH, R.M. MONTGOMERY, S.D. MACAULEY, J.M. MACAULEY, AND
G.M. GRIPE. 1984. ACUTE TOXICITY OF EIGHT LABORATORY-PREPARED GENERIC
DRILLING FLUIDS TO MYSIDS (MYSIDOP5IS BAHIA). EPA-600/3-84-067, U.S
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF
BREEZE, FL. IIP.
AVAIL. FROM NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VAS PB84-199850.
ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS WERE CONDUCTED DURING AUGUST-SEPTEMBER 1983 WITH
EIGHT LABORATORY-PREPARED GENERIC DRILLING FLUIDS (ALSO CALLED MUDS)
AND MYSIDS CMYSIDOPSIS BAHIA) AT THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY'S ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA. TWO
OF THE DRILLING FLUIDS WERE TESTED AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
LABORATORY, NARRAGANSETT, RHODE ISLAND, TO CONFIRM THE VALIDITY OF THE
TESTS CONDUCTED AT GULF BREEZE. THE TEST MATERIAL WAS THE SUSPENDED
PARTICULATE PHASE (SPP) OF EACH DRILLING FLUID. THE SPP WAS PREPARED
BY MIXING VOLUMETRICALLY 1 PART DRILLING FLUID WITH 9 PARTS SEAWATER
AND ALLOWING THE RESULTING SLURRY TO SETTLE FOR ONE HOUR. THE MATERIAL
THAT REMAINED IN SUSPENSION WAS THE SPP. TOXICITY OF THE SPP OF THE
DRILLING FLUIDS RANGED FROM A 96-HOUR LC50 CTHE CONCENTRATION LETHAL
TO 50% OF THE TEST ANIMALS AFTER 96 HOURS OF EXPOSURE) OF 2.7% FOR A
KC1 POLVMER MUD TO 65.4% FOR A LIGHTLY TREATED LIGNOSULFONATE MUD. NO
MEDIAN EFFECT (50% MORTALITY) WAS OBSERVED IN THREE DRILLING FLUIDS —
A NON-DISPERSED MUD, A SPUD MUD, AND A SEAWATER-FRESHWATER GEL MUD.
PAGE 22
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DUKE, THOMAS W., AND PATRICK R. PARRISH. IN PREP. IMPACT OF DRILLING FLUIDS
OH THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT (ABSTRACT). TO BE PRESENTED AT THE FIFTH
INTERNATIONAL OCEAN DISPOSAL SYMPOSIUM, SEPT. 10-14, 1984, CORVALLIS, OR.
(ERL,GB 507).
DRILLING FLUIDS, ALSO CALLED MUDS, ARE ESSENTIAL TO DRILLING PROCESSES
IN THE EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION OF OIL AND GAS FROM THE U.S. OUTER
CONTINENTAL SHELF (DCS). THESE FLUIDS ARE USUALLY DISCHARGED FROM
DRILLING PLATFORMS INTO SURROUNDING WATERS OF THE DCS AND AS SUCH ARE
REGULATED BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY CEPA) UNDER THE
NATIONAL POLLUTANT DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM (NPDE5) PERMIT SYSTEM.
THIS PAPER .PRESENTS A SUMMARY OF RESEARCH FINDINGS FROM A PROGRAM
CARRIED OUT BY THE EPA ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY OF GULF
BREEZE, FLORIDA, TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DRILLING FLUIDS
ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, THE FINDINGS WERE DEVELOPED THROUGH
COOPERATIVE EFFORTS OF SCIENTISTS FROM GOVERNMENT, ACADEMIA, AND
INDUSTRY. RESULTS SHOW THAT DRILLING FLUIDS CAN BE TOXIC TO MARINE
ORGANISMS AT CERTAIN CONCENTRATIONS AND EXPOSURE REGIMES. FUTHERMORE,
THE FLUIDS CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT BENTHOS THROUGH PHYSICAL CONTACT BY
BURYING OR ALTERING SUBSTRATE CONDITIONS.SEVERAL MARINE SPECIES WERE
TESTED, INCLUDING CORALS CMONTASTREA ANNULARIS), LOBSTERS CHOMARUS
AMERICANUS), MYSIDS CMYSIDQPSIS BAHIA), GRASS SHRIMP (PALAEMONETES
INTERMEDIUS), AND CLAMS CMERCEMARIA MERCENARIA). SUBLETHAL, AS WELL AS
LETHAL, RESPONSES RESULTED FROM EXPOSURE TO VARIOUS DRILLING FLUIDS.
FOR EXAMPLE, EXPOSURE OF THE LEGS OF LIVE LOBSTERS TO 10 PARTS PER
MILLION (PPM) AND 100 PPM FOR 3 TO 5 MINUTES CAUSED DIMINISHED
RESPONSE BY THE LOBSTERS TO FOOD ODORS BY 29% AND 44% RESPECTIVELY.
THE CONCENTRATIONS CAUSING 50% MORTALITY CLCSO'S) IN 96 H, FOR LARVAL
LOBSTERS EXPOSED TO FIVE DRILLING FLUIDS, WERE FROM 74 PPM TO 500 PPM,
AND SUBLETHAL EXPOSURES RESULTED IN ALTERATION OF NORMAL GROWTH AND
RESPIRATION RATES. CORALS EXPOSED TO 100 PPM OF USED DRILLING FLUID
DEMONSTRATED SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED CALCIFICATION RATE, RESPIRATION
RATE, AND GROSS PHOTOSYNTHESIS. WHEN MYSIDS, GRASS SHRIMP, AND CLAMS
WERE SUBJECTED SEPARATELY TO USED FLUIDS, THE 96-H LCSO'S VARIED FROM
25 TO >1,500 PPM. MORTALITY WAS SIGNIFICANTLY (0,05) CORRELATED WITH
"DIESEL" OIL CONTENT OF THE USED FLUIDS. AN EXPERIMENTAL MACROBENTHIC
COMMUNITY EXPOSED TO DRILLING FLUIDS EXHIBITED STRUCTURAL
CHARACTERISTICS DIFFERENT FROM CONTROL COMMUNITIES. MODELS PREDICTING
THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF DRILLING FLUIDS UNDER VARIOUS
ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ARE DISCUSSED.
PAGE 23
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DUKE, THOMAS W. IN PRESS. INTRODUCTION: PROCEEDINGS Of CONFERENCE ON
MEANINGFUL MEASURES OF MARINE POLLUTION EFFECTS. IN: PROCEEDINGS OF
CONFERENCE GN MEANINGFUL MEASURES OF MARINE POLLUTION EFFECTS, APRIL 26-29,
1982, PENSACQLA BEACH, FL. U.S. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC
ADMINISTRATION. (ERL,GB 457).
IN SUMMARY, DISCUSSIONS AND PRESENTATIONS IN THE TOXICITY TEST SESSION
INDICATED THAT MEASUREMENTS OF TOXICITY AT THE SINGLE, MULTISPECIES,
COMMUNITY, AND SYSTEM LEVELS ARE USEFUL IN RANKING CHEMICALS BY THEIR
TOXICITY AND IN HAZARD EVALUATIONS. HOWEVER, RELATING THE RESULTS OF
THOSE TESTS DIRECTLY TO THE ENVIRONMENT IS ESPECIALLY RISKY WHEN: 1)
THE MANNER IN WHICH LABORATORY ORGANISMS ARE EXPOSED TO POLLUTANTS
DIFFER FROM EXPOSURE IN THE ENVIRONMENT? 2) LABORATORY TESTS DEAL WITH
SINGLE CHEMICALS AND ORGANISMS ARE EXPOSED TO COMPLEX MIXTURES IN THE
ENVIRONMENT AND; 3) CRITERIA FOR EFFECTS IN THE LABORATORY ARE NOT
IMPORTANT FUNCTIONAL END-POINTS IN POPULATION AND SYSTEM DYNAMICS. THE
DOMINANT THEME OF THIS CHAPTER IS THE NECESSITY FOR AN APPROPRIATE
BALANCE BETWEEN LABORATORY AND FIELD STUDIES. THE NEED FOR THIS
BALANCE IN EASILY ARTICULATED, BUT WILL REQUIRE CONCERTED EFFORT TO
IMPLEMENT.
DUKE, THOMAS M. IN PRESS, POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DRILLING FLUIDS ON ESTUARINE
PRODUCTIVITY. IN: PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON THE
UTILIZATION OF COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS: PLANNING, POLLUTION, AND PRODUCTIVITY,
NOV. 22-27, 1982, RIO GRANDE, BRAZIL. CERL,GB 449).
THIS PAPER DISCUSSES THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF DRILLING FLUIDS ON
SEMI-ENCLOSED BODIES OF WATER SUCH AS ESTUARIES. DRILLING FLUIDS HAVE
BEEN DISCHARGED INTO OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF WATERS FOR MANY YEARS BUT
THERE IS SOME CONCERN OF POTENTIAL ECOLOGICAL IMPACT WHEN DRILLING
FLUID ARE DISCHARGED NEAR CORAL REEFS OR IN BAYS AND ESTUARIES. THE
CONCERN IS BASED ON POTENTIAL ADVERSE EFFECTS OF THE FLUIDS TO CORALS,
SHELLFISH, FISH, GRASS BEDS AND GENERAL PRODUCTIVITY. POTENTIAL
EFFECTS CAN BE EVALUATED THROUGH A HAZARD ASSESSMENT PROCESS THAT
INVOLVES EFFECTS AND EXPOSURE MEASUREMENTS. A SUGGESTED HAZARD
ASSESSMENT INVOLVING THE ADAPTIVE ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT APPROACH
CAEA) IS PRESENTED. THE COMPONENTS OF THE AEA APPROACH ARE DESCRIBED
AND EVALUATED. IN DEVELOPING THE HAZARD ASSESSMENT, A REVIEW IS MADE
OF EXISTING EFFECTS DATA, A PRESENTATION IS MADE OF ISSUES OF CONCERN
SUCH AS RESUSPENSION OF DRILLING FLUIDS IN SHALLOW, WIND-DRIVEN
ESTUARIES, RESTRICTION OF LIGHT PENETRATION TO PRIMARY PRODUCERS BY
SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS, CHANGES IN BENTHIC COMMUNITIES AND THEIR
SUBSTRATES, AND DIRECT TOXICITY OF THE FLUIDS TO ORGANISMS.
PAGE 24
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DUKE, T.W. 1983. PROGRESS REPORT! DRILLING FLUID PROJECT.
EPA-600/X-83-05Q, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 13P.
THE ACCUMULATION OF DATA FOR A HAZARD ASSESSMENT OF THE IMPACT OF
DRILLING FLUIDS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT IS PROGRESSING ON SCHEDULE,
COOPERATIVE AGREEMENT AND CONTRACT PERSONNEL ARE PREPARING FINAL
.REPORTS OR SUBMITTING PEER-REVIEWED PUBLICATION IN LIEU OF FINAL
REPORTS. INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT ARE PRELIMINARY FINDINGS FROM OUR
LABORATORY AND THE EXTRAMURAL PROGRAM. THE DATA HAVE NOT BEEN
PEER-REVIEWED AND ARE CONSIDERED IN DRAFT FORM. THE RESULTS OF THIS
PROGRAM TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF SPENT OR USED DRILLING FLUIDS ON
SELECTED MARINE ORGANISMS WILL CONTRIBUTE NEEDED DATA TO A HAZARD
ASSESSMENT OF DRILLING FLUIDS. SAMPLES OF THE DRILLING FLUIDS WERE
PROVIDED BY THE PETROLEUM EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS ASSOCIATION (PESft) AND
WERE COLLECTED FROM OPERATING RIGS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO. SAMPLES WERE
SPLIT BETWEEN THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API) AND THE
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA (ERL-GB).
SAMPLES OF DRILLING FLUID WERE SUB-SAMPLED AT ERL-GB, AND DISTRIBUTED
TO EXTRAMURAL CONTRACTORS AS INDICATED 'IN FIGURE 1. A VISUAL
INSPECTION OF THE DATA INDICATED A RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE TOXICITY
• OF THE DRILLING FLUIDS AND THE CONCENTRATION OF NUMBER 2 FUEL OIL AS
REPORTED BY THE NEW ENGLAND AQUARIUM. SPEARMAN RANK ORDER CORRELATIONS
OF THE TQXICITIES OF THE TEST ORGANISMS AND FUEL OIL CONTENT OF THE
MUD (TABLE 9) INDICATE A SIGNIFICANT CORRELATION BETWEEN THESE
FACTORS, I.E., THE GREATER THE CONCENTRATION OF THE FUEL OIL THE HIGER
THE TQXICITY COR LOWER THE LC 50). WITH CRAWFORD'S DATA, THE GREATER
THE DILUTION REQUIRED, THE HIGHER THE FUEL OIL CONTENT. THE STATUS OF
THIS PROJECT IS AS FOLLOWS! (1) PRELIMINARY DATA TABLES HAVE BEEN
PREPARED AND TRANSMITTED TO THIS LABORATORY. (23 DRS. RAO AND POWELL
WILL SUBMIT MANUSCRIPTS TO PEER REVIEWED JOURNALS IN THE NEAR FUTURE,
(3) DRS. SHORES, CRAWFORD AND BAKER ARE PREPARING FINAL REPORTS. (4) I
ANTICIPATE RECEIVING THE EXTRAMURAL CONTRIBUTIONS BY JULY 1 AND PLAN
TO COMPLETE THE PEER-REVIEW PROCESS IN TIME TO MEET THE JANUARY 1
MILESTONE REPORT.
PAGE 25
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DUKE, THOMAS W., AND PATRICK R. PARRISH. 1984. RESULTS OF THE DRILLING
FLUIDS RESEARCH PROGRAM SPONSORED BY THE GULF- BREEZE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
LABORATORY, 1976-1984, AND THEIR APPLICATION TO HAZARD ASSESSMENT.
EPA-600/4-84-055, UNITED STATES. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY.
ENVIRONMENTAL 'RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 94P.
THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA, CARRIED
OUT A RESEARCH PROGRAM FROM 1976-1984 TO EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL IMPACT
OF DRILLING FLUIDS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, RESEARCH EFFORTS WERE
ACCOMPLISHED MAINLY THROUGH COOPERATIVE AGREEMENTS WITH ACADEMIC
INSTITUTIONS AND CONTRACTS WITH PRIVATE LABORATORIES? PROGRAM
DIRECTION AND TOXICITY TESTING WITH USED AND GENERIC DRILLING FLUIDS
WERE PROVIDED BY THE GULF BREEZE LABORATORY. RESULTS OF RESEARCH
ACTIVITIES REPORTED FROM THIS RESEARCH PROGRAM SHOWED THAT DRILLING
FLUIDS ARE TOXIC TO MARINE ANIMALS AT CERTAIN CONCENTRATIONS AND
EXPOSURE REGIMES. FURTHER, DRILLING FLUIDS CAN ADVERSELY AFFECT
ANIMALS, ESPECIALLY BENTHOS, THROUGH PHYSICAL CONTACT BY BURYING OR
ALTERING SUBSTRATE COMPOSITION. THE FLUIDS, OR COMPONENTS OF THE
FLUIDS, ALSO CAN EXERT EFFECTS BY DISRUPTING ESSENTIAL PHYSIOLOGICAL
FUNCTIONS OF ORGANISMS, WHILE SOME COMPONENTS (PENTACHLQRQPHENQL, FOR
EXAMPLE) THAT ARE TOXIC ARE NO LONGER PERMITTED FOR FLUIDS RELEASED ON
THE DCS, RESEARCH INDICATED THAT A "DIESEL" CONTAMINANT IS A TOXIC
COMPONENT OF USED FLUIDS RECENTLY COLLECTED FROM THE GULF OF MEXICO,
TESTS ALSO SHOWED THAT THE ADDITION OF 20 METERS) MARINE ENVIRONMENTS
SUGGESTED THAT UNDER NORMAL OPERATING CONDITIONS MOST DETECTABLE
ADVERSE EFFECTS SHOULD BE LIMITED TO WITHIN SEVERAL HUNDRED METERS OF
THE POINT OF DISCHARGE. POSSIBLE EXCEPTIONS TO THIS GENERALIZATION
COULD OCCUR WHEN DRILLING CONDITIONS DIFFER FROM NORMAL OR WHEN
DRILLING RIGS ARE LOCATED NEAR SENSITIVE BIOLOGICAL AREAS, SUCH AS
CORAL REEFS, OR IN POORLY FLUSHED AREAS, INCOMPLETE RESEARCH DATA WERE
ACQUIRED IN SOME AREAS, AND FURTHER RESEARCH WOULD BE DESIRABLE IN
OTHER AREAS. FOR EXAMPLE, MODELS DEVELOPED TO PREDICT THE FATE AND
EFFECTS OF DRILLING FLUIDS SHOULD BE FIELD TESTED TO VALIDATE THE
ASSUMPTIONS AND INPUTS INTO THE MODELS. SPECIAL EMPHASIS SHOULD BE
PLACED ON DISCHARGES FROM MULTIPLE DEVELOPMENT RIGS. ALSO, DATA AND
METHODOLOGY ARE NEEDED ON THE EFFECTS OF ADDITIVES, PARTICULARLY
BIOCIDES AND CHEMICALS TO IMPROVE LUBRICITY, ON THE TOXICITY OF
DRILLING FLUIDS. ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ON SUBLETHAL AND CHRONIC
EFFECTS OF THE DRILLING FLUIDS ON SENSITIVE LIFE STAGES OF ORGANISMS,
PARTICULARLY BENTHIC ORGANISMS, WOULD BE USEFUL IN PREPARING HAZARD
ASSESSMENTS. ANOTHER AREA FOR FUTURE RESEARCH IS THE IMPACT OF
DRILLING FLUIDS THAT CONTAIN DIESEL OIL, OR CHEMICALS USED IN PLACE OF
DIESEL OIL, ON STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF BENTHIC COMMUNITIES.
DUKE, THOMAS W., AND PATRICK R. PARRISH. 1984. RESULTS OF THE DRILLING
FLUIDS RESEARCH PROGRAM SPONSORED BY THE GULF BREEZE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
LABORATORY, 1976-1984, AND THEIR APPLICATION TO HAZARD ASSESSMENT (PROJECT
SUMMARY). EPA-600/S4-84-055, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 10P.
PAGE 26
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DUKE, THOMAS V|, IN PREP, TOXICITY OF "SPENT" DRILLING FLUIDS TO SELECTED
MARINE ORGANISMS. IN: PROCEEDINGS OF THE MINERALS MANAGEMENT SERVICE
INFORMATION TRANSFER MEETING, NOVEMBER, 1983, NEW ORLEANS, LA. (ERL,GB 498).
THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY AT GULF BREEZE, FLORIDA
(ERL/GB), A PART OF THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY (EPA),
• HAS CARRIED OUT A COOPERATIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM TO EVALUATE THE
POTENTIAL 'IMPACT OF DRILLING FLUIDS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT, THE
PURPOSE OF THIS TALK IS TO PRESENT DATA OBTAINED BY PARTICIPANTS OF
THIS PROGRAM ON THE EFFECT OF SPENT DRILLING FLUIDS FROM THE GULF OF
MEXICO ON SELECTED MARINE ORGANISMS. DUPLICATE SAMPLES OF DRILLING
FLUIDS WERE SUPPLIED TO EPA AND THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE (API)
BY THE PETROLEUM EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS ASSOCIATION (PESA). SAMPLES WERE
COLLECTED RANDOMLY FROM OPERATING RIGS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO AND AN
EFFORT WAS MADE TO SELECT WELLS OF VARYING DEPTH AND GEOGRAPHICAL
LOCATION, THE SAMPLES SENT TO ERL/GB WERE SUBSEQUENTLY USED FOR
TESTING IN-HOUSE OR SUPPLIED TO EXTRAMURAL CONTRACTORS. CHEMICAL
ANALYSES WERE PERFORMED BY SHOKES, SCIENCE APPLICATIONS INCORPORATED
AND BARKER, NEW ENGLAND AQUARIA. BIOLOGICAL TESTING WITH MYSID SHRIMP,
MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA BY ERL/GB; GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES PUGIO, BY RAO,
UNIVERSITY OF WEST FLORIDA? CLAMS, MERCENARIA MERCENARIA, BY BARKER,
NEW ENGLAND AQUARIA* MINNOWS, FUNDULUS HETEROCLITUS AND SAND DOLLARS
INCLUDING ECHINARACHNII5 PARMA BY CRAWFORD, TRINITY COLLEGE? AND
CORAL, ACROPORA CERVICORNIS BY POWELL, TEXAS ASM UNIVERSITY.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE. 1984. ABSTRACTS AND INDEX
TO PUBLICATIONS DEALING WITH PCP OR CRESQTE, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 94P. (ERL,GB
SR-1Q9),
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 1984. ERLGB
PUBLICATIONS AND ABSTRACTS RELATED TO BIOTECHNOLOGY: I. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY,
BIOCHEMISTRY AND GENETICS. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 53P. (ERL,GB SR-110).
ENVIRONMENTAL -RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 1984. ERLGB
PUBLICATIONS AND ABSTRACTS RELATED TO BIOTECHNOLOGY: II. BIQRATIQNAL,
MICROBIAL AND BIOCHEMICAL.CONTROL ' AGENTS. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 10P, (ERL,GB
SR-Ui).
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 1984. GULF BREEZE
LABORATORY PUBLICATIONS DEALING WITH PCB'S: INDEX AND ABSTRACTS. U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF
BREEZE, FL. 56P. (ERL,GB SR-113).
THIS PUBLICATION LISTS TITLES, ABSTRACTS AND INDEXES ALL INHOUSE AND
EXTRAMURAL PUBLICATIONS AND REPORTS ISSUED BY ERL GULF BREEZE
LABORATORY DEALING WITH PCB'S. BOTH TOPICAL AND AUTHOR INDEXES ARE
GIVEN.
PAGE 27
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 1984. INDEX AND
ABSTRACTS TO PUBLICATIONS, THE EPA-NGI PROJECT: EFFECTS OF CARCINOGENS,
MUTAGENS, AND TERATOGENS ON NON-HUMAN SPECIES (AQUATIC ANIMALS). U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF
BREEZE, FL. 70P. (ERL,GB SR-101B).
THE NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE (NCI) FUNDED AN EPA STUDY ENTITLED:
"EFFECTS OF CARCINOGENS, MUTAGENS AND TERATOGENS.ON NON-HUMAN SPECIES
(AQUATIC ANIMALS)" FROM 1978 TO 1982. ASSOCIATED WITH THIS EFFORT WERE
DR. H. KRAYBILL (NCI) AND DR. JOHN COUCH (EPA), PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
AND PROJECT COORDINATOR. TO DATE, THE JOINT EFFORT HAS PRODUCED ABOUT
100 REPORTS, SYMPOSIA SECTIONS OR PUBLICATIONS IN THE PEER-REVIEWED,
JOURNAL LITERATURE. CONTRIBUTIONS ARE LISTED, WITH ABSTRACTS (WHEN
AVAILABLE) AND CROSS REFERENCED BY TITLE-KEY WORDS, ADDITIONALLY, AN
AUTHOR INDEX IS PROVIDED.
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 1984. INDEX AND
ABSTRACTS TO PUBLICATIONS: THE EPA DRILLING FLUID HAZARD ASSESSMENT RESEARCH
PROGRAM, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 94P. (ERL,GB SR-112),
THIS VOLUME SUMMARIES RESULTS OF AN ONGOING RESEARCH PROGRAM. FROM
1976 TO THE PRESENT TIME, ERLGB CONDUCTED A RESEARCH PROGRAM TO
EVALUATE THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF DRILLING FLUIDS ON THE MARINE
ENVIRONMENT. THE EXTRAMURAL PORTION OF THIS STUDY IS ESSENTIALLY
COMPLETE? HOWEVER, THE IN-HOUSE REPORT IS CONTINUING. THE EFFORT WAS A
COMPOSITE OF IN-HOUSE AND EXTRAMURAL ACTIVITIES, ADAPTIVE
ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENTS CAEA) AND A FINAL HAZARD ASSESSMENT EFFORT
(IN AGENCY REVIEW). DR. NORMAN RICHARDS DIRECTED THE PROGRAM FROM 1976
TO 1981 WHEN DR. T. W. DUKE BECAME PROJECT LEADER, OVER THAT TIME
PERIOD 100 REPORTS, PUBLICATIONS AND JOURNAL ARTICLES IN THE
PEER-REVIEWED LITERATURE HAVE BEEN PRODUCED, THIS PUBLICATION LISTS
THE TITLE, JOURNAL OR PLACE OF PUBLICATION AND, (WHEN AVAILABLE), AN
ABSTRACT OF THE PUBLICATION CONTENT. ADDITIONALLY, AN AUTHOR INDEX AND
A KEY WORD INDEX ARE PROVIDED.
PAGE 28
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ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 1983. PRELIMINARY
REPORT: EFFECTS OF MOSQUITO CONTROL APPLICATIONS OF THE PESTICIDE FENTHIQN
ON NONTARGET ESTUARINE ORGANISMS. U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL, 87p. (ERL,GB SR-105*).
THIS REPORT IS A SUMMARY OF FY83 RESEARCH RELATED TO THE ERL/GB
PESTICIDE FIELD STUDY. THE ULTIMATE GOAL OF THE FIELD STUDY WAS TO
EXAMINE AND VALIDATE HAZARD ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES WHICH ARE EMPLOYED
IN PESTICIDE REGISTRATION, THE HAZARD ASSESSMENT PROCESS EMPLOYS
"WORST CASE SCENARIOS" AND LABORATORY DATA IN PREDICTING THE POTENTIAL
FOR ADVERSE ENVIRONENTAL IMPACT; THEREFORE, FIELD STUDIES OF
PESTICIDES UNDER ACTUAL USE CONDITIONS ARE NECESSARY TO DETERMINE THE
APPLICABILITY OF SUCH AN APPROACH, BY COMPARING EMPIRICAL RESULTS OF
FIELD STUDIES WITH THE PREDICTIONS BASED ON LABORATORY DATA AND HAZARD
ASSESSMENT PROTOCOLS, WE CAN EVALUATE THE UTILITY OF PREDICTING
ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS FROM A GENERALIZED HAZARD ASSESSMENT SCHEME,
ONCE WE HAVE IMPLEMENTED SUCCESSFUL FIELD STUDIES THAT ACCURATELY
CHARACTERIZE ENVIRONMENTAL EXPOSURE REGIMENS AND RESPONSES OF
NON-TARGET SPECIES, WE CAN THEN MOVE TO DIRECT TESTING FOR LAB-FIELD
COMPARISONS AND VALIDATION OF HAZARD ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES. THE
OBJECTIVES OF THE ERL//GB FY83 FIELD STUDY WERE TO OBTAIN EMPIRICAL
DATA ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL CONCENTRATIONS OF PESTICIDES FOLLOWING
ACTUAL USE APPLICATION, TO DETERMINE THE RESPONSE OF CAGED TEST
ANIMALS IN THE FIELD, AND TO COMPARE THESE RESULTS WITH DATA FROM
ROUTINE LABORATORY TQXICITY TESTS. THE ERL//GB STAFF STUDIED THE USE
OF THE ORGANOPHOSPHATE PESTICIDE BAYTEX (MOBAY CO, TECHNICAL
COMPOUNDsFENTHION) IN CONTROLLING SALTMARSH MOSQUITOES. A REVIEW OF
PUBLISHED DATA ON HE TOXICITY OF FENTHION IN LABORATORY TESTS AND
FIELD STUDY ASSESSMENTS WAS INCLUDED IN THE ERL//GB RESEARCH PLAN
(PREVIOUSLY SUBMITTED) AND WILL NOT BE REPEATED HERE. FENTHION IN USED
EXTENSIVELY IN SOUTHWESTERN FLORIDA WHERE MARSHGRASS AND MANGROVE
HABITATS PROVIDE PRIME BREEDING GROUNDS FOR MOSQUITOES. LABORATORY
TESTS .HAVE SHOWN THIS PESTICIDE TO BE ACUTELY TOXIC TO MARINE
CRUSTACEANS IN CONCENTRATIONS WHICH MAY BE ENCOUNTERED IN NORMAL USE
PATTERNS IF HAZARD ASSESSMENT PREDICTIONS ARE ACCURATE.
ERICKSON, S., E. DAVEY, M. MORGAN, AND A. SOPER. IN PRESS. EFFECTS OF LEAD
ON GENERATION TIME AND HC-UPTAKE IN ESTUARINE PHYTOPLANKTON. J, PHYCOL.
CERL,GB.l09).
INHIBITION OF CELL DIVISION IN THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA CCLONE 13-1)
BY LEAD, AS CONTAINED IN PBCL2, WAS STUDIED IN CULTURES GROWN AT 20
DEGREES C IN PASTEURIZED, MEMBRANE-FILTERED CO.22 MM) SEAWATER OF 28
TO 33 G/L SALINITY TAKEN SEASONALLY FROM CHARLESTOWN INLET, WASHINGTON
COUNTY, RHODE ISLAND. CONCENTRATIONS OF LEAD WERE FROM 25 TO 100 MG/L.
EFFECTS ON GENERATION TIME AND 14C-UPTAKE OF NATURAL PHOSPHORUS AND
ADDED NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS, IRON AND MANGANESE WERE TESTED SINGLY AND
IN COMBINATION, GENERATION TIME IN UNENRICHED SEAWATER RANGED FROM
10.2 TO 37.8 HR. LEAD INCREASED GENERATION TIME AND DECREASED
14C-UPTAKE. RESPONSES VARIED WITH ORIGIN OF WATER SAMPLES. GENERATION
TIME WAS INCREASED 74% BY 100 MG/L, BUT THE INHIBITORY EFFECTS WERE
ELIMINATED BY ADDITION OF 3.09 MG/L. INHIBITION OF CELL DIVISION
APPEARS TO BE RELATED TO NUTRIENT LIMITATION CAUSED BY COMPLEXING OF
LEAD WITH PHOSPHORUS, MAKING PHOSPHORUS UNAVAILABLE FOR ALGAL GROWTH.
PAGE 29
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ERICKSON, STANTON J. IN PREP. INHIBITION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ESTUARINE
PHYTOPLANKTQN BY.MIXTURES OF COPPER AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL, BULL. ENVIRON.
CONTAM. TOXICQL, (ERL,GB 4633.
INHIBITORY EFFECTS OF COPPER AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL ON PHYTQPLANKTQN
WERE DETERMINED IN TWO SYSTEMS: CD FLOWING SEAWATER (SALINITY 26-33
G/L, TEMPERATURE 17.5-26.5 DEGREES C, PH 8,0) AND UPTAKE OF 14-C BY
NATURAL COMMUNITIES OF PHYTOPLANKTON AND (2) STATIC GROWTH TESTS IN
WHICH POPULATIONS OF THE,DIATOM THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA WERE GROWN IN
FILTERED (0.22 UM POROSITY) UNENRICHED SEAWATER (PH 8,0, TEMPERATURE
20 DEGREES C, SALINITY 26.0 G/L) UNDER 2700 LUX OF COOL-WHITE
FLUORESCENT LIGHT, DIATOMS WERE THE DOMINANT ORGANISMS IN THE FLOWING
TEST. CONCENTRATIONS OF THE TEST MATERIALS WERE; COPPER 20-160 UG/L,
PENTACHLOROPHENOL 62.5-500 UG/L, SINGLY, AND IN COMBINATION. COPPER
AND PENTACHLOROPHENOL WERE LESS INHIBITORY IN FLOWING SEAWATER THAN IN
STATIC TESTS. COMBINATIONS THAT CONTAINED 20 TO 40 UG CU/L AND 62.5 TO
125 UG PENTACHLOROPHENOL/L WERE SYNERGISTIC (POTENTIATIQN),
COMBINATIONS THAT CONTAINED 80 TO 160 UG CU/L AND 250 TO 500 UG
PENTACHLOROPHENOL/L WERE ADDITIVE.
FEDERLE, THOMAS W., ROBERT J. LIVINGSTON, DUANE A. MEETER, AND DAVID C.
WHITE. 1983. MODIFICATIONS OF ESTUARINE SEDIMENTARY MICROBIOTA BY EXCLUSION
OF EPIBENTHIC PREDATORS. J. EXP. MAR, BIOL. ECOL. 73(l):81-94. (ERL,GB
467*).
THE ABILITY QF EPIBENTHIC PREDATORS (CRABS AND FISHES) TO INFLUENCE
BIOMASS AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF SEDIMENTARY MICROBIOTA WAS
INVESTIGATED IN ST. GEORGE SOUND-APALACHICOLA BAY SYSTEM, FLORIDA,
U.S.A. REPLICATE AREAS (4 M SQUARED) OF MUD-FLAT SEDIMENT WERE CAGED
IN THE FIELD TO CONFINE AND EXCLUDE PREDATORS. UNCAGED AREAS WERE USED
AS CONTROLS, THE MICROBIOTA CPROKARYOTES AND MICROEUKARYQTES) OF THE
SEDIMENTS WAS CHARACTERIZED AT WEEKS 0, 2, AND 6 BY MEASURING
CONCENTRATIONS OF PHOSPHOLIPID AND ANALYZING FATTY ACIDS OF THE
MICROBIAL LIPIDS EXTRACTED FROM THE SEDIMENTS. DATA WERE ANALYZED
USING ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND STEP-WISE DISCRIMINANT ANALYSIS. AFTER
2 WK, THE MICR08IOTA OF THE PREDATOR EXCLUSION TREATMENT WAS
SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT FROM THAT IN CONTROL AND PREDATOR INCLUSION
TREATMENTS. AFTER 6 WK, THESE DIFFERENCES BECAME MORE PRONOUNCED.
THERE WERE NO DEMONSTRABLE CAGING EFFECTS THAT COULD ACCOUNT FOR
TREATMENT DIFFERENCES. RESULTS INDICATED THAT REMOVAL OF PREDATORS HAD
A PROFOUND EFFECT ON MICROBIAL COMMMUNITIES IN ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS.
THUS, THE TOP TROPHIC LEVEL (EPIBENTHIC PREDATORS) HAD AN IMPORTANT
ROLE IN REGULATING THE STRUCTURE OF THE LOWEST TROPHIC LEVEL (THE
MICROBIOTA).
PAGE 30
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FEDERLE, THOMAS W.f MEREDITH A. HULLAR, ROBERT J, LIVINGSTON, DUANE A.
MEETER, AND DAVID C, WHITE. 1983. SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF BIOCHEMICAL
PARAMETERS INDICATING BIOMASS AND COMMUNITY COMPOSITION OF MICROBIAL
ASSEMBLIES IN ESTUARINE MUD FLAT SEDIMENTS. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL.
45U):58-63. (ERL,GB X371*),
THE SPATIAL DISTRIBUTION OF COMMUNITIES WAS EXAMINED IN ESTUARINE MUD
FLAT SEDIMENTS BY THE BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF THE LIPIDS AND LIPID
COMPONENTS EXTRACTED FROM THE SEDIMENTS. TOTAL PHOSPHOLIPID WAS USED
AS A MEASURE OF TOTAL BIOMASS, AND FATTY ACIDS WERE USED AS INDICATORS
OF COMMUNITY COMPOSITION. COMPARISONS WERE MADE AMONG 2- BY 2-M
CLOCATION) AND 0.2- BY 0.2-M (CLUSTER) SAMPLING PLOTS BY USING A
NESTED ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE TO DESIGN AN OPTIMAL SAMPLING STRATEGY TO
DEFINE THE MICROBIAL CONTENT OF A LARGE, RELATIVELY HOMOGENOUS AREA.
AT TWO OF THE THREE STATIONS, A 2- BY 2-M PLOT WAS REPRESENTATIVE OF
THE STATION. BUT 0,2- BY 0.2-M AREAS WERE IN NO CASE REPRESENTATIVE OF
THE STATION. THE BIOMASS MEASURED BY THE EXTRACTABLE PHOSPHOLIPID AND
THE TOTAL LIPID PALMITIC ACID SHOWED EXCELLENT CORRELATION WITH THE
FATTY ACID "SIGNATURES" CHARACTERISTIC OF BACTERIA, BUT SHOWED A LOWER
CORRELATION WITH THE LONG-CHAIN POLYENOIC FATTY ACIDS CHARACTERISTIC
OF THE MICROFAUNA,
FINDLAY, ROBERT H., AND DAVID C. WHITE. 1983. POLYMERIC
BETA-HYDROXYALKANOATES FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES AND .BACILLUS MEGATERIUM.
APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. 45Cl):71-78. CERL,GB X380*).
AVAIL. FROM NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA: PB83-223727.
THE PROCARYOTIC ENDOGENOUS STORAGE POLYMER KNOWN AS
POLY-BEfA-HYDROXYBUTYRATE IS ACTUALLY A MIXED POLYMER OF SHORT-CHAIN
BETA-HYDROXY FATTY ACIDS. A METHOD FOR THE QUANTITATIVE RECOVERY OF
THIS MIXED POLYMER, CALLED POLY-BETA-HYDROXYALKANOATE CPHA), WITH
ANALYSIS BY CAPILLARY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY SHOWED THE PRESENCE OF
AT LEAST 11 SHORT-CHAIN BETA-HYDROXY ACIDS IN POLYMERS EXTRACTED FROM
MARINE SEDIMENTS. POLYMERS EXTRACTED FROM BACILLUS MEGATERIUM
MONOCULTURES WERE ALSO A COMPLEX MIXTURE OF BETA-HYDROXY ACIDS WITH
CHAIN LENGTHS BETWEEN FOUR AND EIGHT CARBONS. LYOPHILIZED SEDIMENTS
WERE EXTRACTED IN A MODIFIED SOXHLET EXTRACTOR, AND THE POLYMER WAS
PURIFIED WITH ETHANOL AND DIETHYL ETHER WASHES, THE PURIFIED POLYMER
WAS TREATED WITH ETHANOL-CHLOROFORM-HYDROBCHLORIC ACID (8.5:2.5:1) FOR
4 H AT 100 DEGREES CELSIUS, A TREATMENT WHICH RESULTED IN THE
FORMATION OF THE ETHYL ESTERS OF THE THE CONSTITUENT BETA-HYDROXY
ACIDS. SUBSEQUENT ASSAY OF THE PRODUCTS BY GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
INDICATED EXCELLENT REPRODUCIBILITY AND SENSITIVITY (DETECTION LIMIT,
100 FMOD* DISTURBING SEDIMENTS MECHANICALLY OR ADDING NATURAL
CHELATORS INCREASED ALL MAJOR PHA COMPONENTS RELATIVE TO THE BACTERIAL
BIOAMSS. GARDENING OF SEDIMENTARY MICROBES BY CLYMENELLA SP,, AN
ANNELID WORM, INDUCED .DECREASES IN PHA, WITH CHANGES IN THE RELATIVE
PROPORTION OF COMPONENT BETA-HYDROXY ACIDS. THE CONCENTRATION OF PHA
RELATIVE TO THE BACTERIAL BIOMASS CAN REFLECT THE RECENT METABOLIC
STATUS OF THE MICROBIOTA.
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FISHER, D.J., M.E, BENDER, AND M.H. ROBERTS. 1983. EFFECTS OF INGESTIQN OF
KEPONE-CONTAMINATED FOOD BY JUVENILE BLUE CRABS (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS
RATHBUN}, AQUATIC TOXICQL, 4(3);219-234. (ERL,GB X401*).
TWO LONG-TERM (65-DAY) LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED TO
INVESTIGATE LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF INGESTION OF
KEPONE-CONTAMINATED FOOD BY JUVENILE BLUE CRABS (CALLINECTES SAPIDUS
RATHBUN). FOOD WAS CONTAMINATED AT KEPONE LEVELS FOUND IN BLUE CRAB
FOOD SOURCES IN THE JAMES RIVER IN VIRGINIA. THE LEVELS RANGED FROM
NON-DETECTABLE (LESS THAN 0.02 UG/G) TO 2.5 UG/G. THE EXPERIMENTAL
TEMPERATURE WAS 28 DEGREES CELSIUS DURING EXPERIMENT I AND 21 DEGREES
CELSIUS DURING EXPERIMENT II. IN NEITHER EXPERIMENT WERE CRAB
MORTALITIES STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT AT ANY DOSE TESTED. THIS INDICATES
A 65-DAY LDC50J IN EXCESS OF 0.5 UG KEPONE/CRAB PER DAY, BASED ON A
FEEDING RATE OF 0.2 G, OR 0,16 UG/G CRAB PER DAY BASED ON THE MEAN
CRAB WET WEIGHT AT THE BEGINNING OF THE EXPERIMENTS. THE HIGHEST
KEPONE DOSE TESTED IN BOTH EXPERIMENTS CAUSED SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN
CRAB METABOLIC RATES, AS MEASURED BY OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, AND CRAB
EXCITABILITY DURING FEEDING. AT THE HIGHER TEMPERATURE OF EXPERIMENT I
THERE WAS AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN CARAPACE THICKNESS!WIDTH
RATIOS AND INCREASING KEPONE DOSE. BIOMAGNIFICATION OF KEPONE BY CRABS
TO A WHOLE BODY TISSUE CONCENTRATION GREATER THAN THAT IN THEIR FOOD
OCCURRED AT THE HIGHEST TREATMENT LEVEL IN EXPERIMENT I. CRAB MOLTING
FREQUENCY AND OVERALL GROWTH WERE NOT STATISTICALLY DIFFERENT AT ANY
KEPONE TREATMENT IN EITHER EXPERIMENT.
GAETZ, CHARLES T., AND COLLARD B. SNEED. IN PRESS. LABORATORY CULTURE AND
OBSERVATIONS ON THE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF THE MARINE PELAGIC ISOPOD, IDOTEA
METALLICA (CRUSTACEA; ISOPODA). MAR. BIOL. (ERL,GB 153),
LABORATORY CULTURE OF THE MARINE PELAGIC ISOPOD,.IDOTEA METALLICA, 15
DESCRIBED. I. METALLICA WAS REARED THROUGH MULTIPLE GENERATIONS AND
OBSERVATIONS WERE MADE ON ITS REPRODUCTUVE BIOLOGY, THESE DATA ARE
COMPARED WITH THOSE OBTAINED BY OTHERS FOR THIS AND RELATED SPECIES.
FEMALE 'I. METALLICA ARE CAPABLE OF PRODUCING SEQUENTIAL BROODS IN THE
LABORATORY WITHOUT PASSING THROUGH INTERVENING NON-REPRODUCTIVE
•INTERMOLT PERIODS. MEAN BROOD SIZE IS 33 AND THE MEAN PERIOD BETWEEN
EGG FERTILIZATION AND JUVENILE RELEASE IS 16 TO 17 DAYS. JUVENILES
EMERGE FROM THE'MARSUPIUM 1.5 TO 2.0 MM IN LENGTH AND BEGIN FEEDING
IMMEDIATELY. SEXUAL DIMORPHISM IS EVIDENT IN 25 TO 30 DAYS AT WHICH
TIME ISOPODS ARE 6.0 TO 7.5 MM IN LENGTH. SEXUAL MATURITY IS ATTAINED
WHEN ISOPODS REACH 10 TO 12 MM, RESULTING IN A GENERATION TIME OF 80
TO 85 DAYS.
PAGE 32
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GAETZ, CHARLES T., RICHARD MONTGOMERY, AND THOMAS W. DUKE. 1983. TOXICITY
OF PHASIC COMPONENTS OF USED DRILLING FLUIDS TO THE MYSID MYSIDOPSIS
(ABSTRACT). PRESENTED AT THE SETAC MEETING, NOV. 6, 1983, WASHINGTON, DC.
CERL,GB 483).
TO ASSESS THE TOXICITY OF "USED" DRILLING MUDS, STATIC ACUTE BIOASSAYS
WERE CONDUCTED ON THE ESTUARINE MYSID SHRIMP, MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA, USING
BOTH WHOLE DRILLING MUD AND THREE PHASES OF EACH MUD: A LIQUID PHASE
WITH ALL PARTICULATE MATERIALS REMOVED, A SUSPENDED PARTICULATE PHASE
COMPOSED OF SOLUBLE AND LIGHTER PARTICULATE FRACTIONS, AND A SOLID
PHASE COMPOSED MAINLY OF DRILL CUTTINGS AND RAPIDLY SETTLING
PARTICULATES. THE 11 DRILLING MUDS TESTED WERE OBTAINED FROM ACTIVE
DRILLING PLATFORMS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO, U.S.A. AND REPRESENT SEVEN
OF THE EIGHT GENERIC MUD TYPES DESCRIBED BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY. THE LOWEST 96-HOUR LC50 VALUES FOR M. BAHIA WERE!
WHOLE MUD, 26 UL/L; LIQUID PHASE, 23,300 UL/L; SUSPENDED PARTICULATE
PHASE, 145 UL/L? SOLID PHASE, 1456 MG/L. THESE TOXICITY VALUES ARE
BELIEVED TO BE DUE, TO A GREAT EXTENT, TO DIESEL OIL PRESENT IN THE
MUDS. THE CORRELATION BETWEEN DIESEL CONTENT AND WHOLE MUD TOXICITIES
WAS 0.72, FURTHERMORE, ONE OF THE MUDS SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT LOSS OF
TOXICITY WITH TIME, PRESUMABLE FROM VOLATILIZATION OF THE AROMATIC
FRACTIONS. WE SHOW THE DIFFICULTY IN PREDICTING TOXICITY OF MUDS BASED
ON GENERIC CLASSIFICATION WHEN DIESEL IS PRESENT.
GILBERT, T.R. 1983.
USED DRILLING MUDS:
(ERL,CB X465).
SURVEY OF THE TOXICITIES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF
DATA SUMMARY, JANUARY 1, 1983 (UNPUBLISHED)., 31P.
THE DATA PRESENTED IN THIS SUMMARY ARE THE RESULTS OF A ONE-YEAR STUDY
OF THE TOXICITIES AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS OF USED DRILLING FLUIDS. A
MORE COMPLETE FINAL REPORT WILL BE SUBMITTED IN FEBRUARY 1983. THE
SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES OF THIS PROJECT WERE TO DEVELOP A SENSITIVE
SUBLETHAL LARVAL BIQASSAY TO TEST LIQUID PHASE AND SUSPENDED
SOLID-PHASE DRILLING FLUID-SEAWATER MIXTURES AND TO DEVELOP A NOVEL
SOLID-PHASE BIOASSAY BASED ON LARVAL SETTLING. MERCENARIA MERCENARIA
LARVAE WAS USED AS' THE TEST ORGANISM IN ALL THE EXPERIMENTS. IN
ADDITION, CHEMICAL ANALYSIS WAS PERFORMED TO HELP ELUCIDATE THE
COMPOSITION OF USED DRILLING FLUIDS AND HOPEFULLY TO IDENTIFY THE
TOXIC COMPONENTS. THE PRESENTATION OF THE RESULTS IS DIVIDED INTO
THREE SECTIONS. FIRST, THE RESULTS OF LIQUID AND SUSPENDED SOLID-PHASE
BIOASSAYS ARE PRESENTED. SECOND, THE RESULTS OF CHEMICAL ANALYSES ARE
GIVEN. IN THE SECTION THE CONCENTRATION AND CHEMICAL FORMS OF SEVERAL
ELEMENTS IN THE DRILLING FLUID-SEAWATER MIXTURES ARE PRESENTED IN
TABLE II THROUGH VI. THIS IS FOLLOWED BY BULK CHARACTERISTICS OF THE
WHOLE DRILLING FLUID USED IN THESE STUDIES (TABLE VII). TABLES VIII
AND IX CONTAIN DATA ON ORGANIC COMPONENTS IN THE WHOLE MUDS INCLUDING
* 2 DIESEL FUEL CONTENT. THE THIRD AND FINAL SECTION OF THIS REPORT
COVERS THE WORK DONE ON THE SOLID-PHASE BIOASSAY, USING LARVAL
SETTLING.
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GOODMAN, LARRY R., DOUGLAS P. MIDDAUGH, DAVID J. HANSEN, PEGGY K, HIGDQN, AND
GERALDINE M. GRIPE. 1983, EARLY LIFE-STAGE TOXICITY TEST WITH TIDEWATER
SILVERSIDES (MENIDIA PENINSULAE) AND CHLORINE-PRODUCED QXIDANTS. ENVIRON.
TOXICOL. CHEM. 2(3)S337-342. CERL,GB 466).
EARLY LIFE-STAGE TOXICITY TESTS (CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE FROM EMBRYONIC
STAGE TO 3 WEEKS OR MORE INTO THE EXOGENOUS FEEDING STAGE) WITH NORTH
AMERICAN MARINE FISHES HAVE BEEN CONDUCTED ALMOST EXCLUSIVELY WITH
CYPRINODONTIDS. IN THIS REPORT, WE PRESENT METHODS FOR TESTING A
REPRESENTATIVE OF ANOTHER FAMILY, ATHERINIDAE. EMBRYOS OF THE
TIDEWATER SILVERSIDE MENIDIA PENINSULAE (GOQDE AND BEAN) WERE OBTAINED
BY A LABORATORY SPAWNING PROCEDURE THAT REQUIRED LIGHTING AND TIDAL
(CURRENT) STIMULI. A 28-D TOXICITY TEST WITH CHLORINE-PRODUCED
OXIDANTS (CPO) BEGAN WITH STAGE 21 AND 22 EMBRYOS (APPROXIMATELY 36 H
OLD), AVERAGE MEASURED CPO CONCENTRATIONS IN EXPOSURE WATER WERE
NONDETECTABLE (LESS THAN 0,01 MG/L) IN THE CONTROL AND IN THE TWO
LOWEST EXPOSURE CONCENTRATIONS, AND 0.01, 0.04 AND 0.21 MG/L, SURVIVAL
OF EMBRYOS TO HATCHING AVERAGED 99%, WITH NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE
AMONG TREATMENTS. ALTHOUGH NO FISH SURVIVED EXPOSURE TO 0.21 MG CPO/L,
SURVIVAL WAS GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 88% IN THE CONTROL AND THE FOUR
OTHER CPO TREATMENTS. AVERAGE WET WEIGHTS OF INDIVIDUAL FISH RANGED
FROM 11.7 MG IN 0.04 MG/L TO 13.2 MG IN 0.01 MG/L, WITH NO SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE AMONG TREATMENTS.
GOODMAN, L.R., D.J. HANSEN, D.P. MIDDAUGH, G.M, CRIPE, AND J.C. MOORE. IN
PRESS, METHOD FOR EARLY LIFE-STAGE TOXICITY TESTS USING THREE ATHERINID
FISHES AND RESULTS WITH CHLORPYRIFQS. IN: AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY AND HAZARD
ASSESSMENT, ASTM SEVENTH SYMPOSIUM ON AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY. AMERICAN SOCIETY
FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS, PHILADELPHIA, PA, CERL,GB 476),
WE HAVE DEVELOPED METHODS FOR OBTAINING EMBRYOS AND CONDUCTING EARLY
LIFE-STAGE TOXICITY TESTS (CONTINUOUS EXPOSURE FROM THE EMBRYONIC
STAGE TO APPROXIMATELY THREE WEEKS OR MORE INTO THE EXOGENOUS FEEDING
STAGE) WITH THREE ESTUARINE SPECIES OF ATHERINID FISHES. EARLY
LIFE-STAGE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED FOR 28-D WITH MENIDIA BERYLLINA, M.
MENIDIA, AND M. PENINSULAE AND THE INSECTICIDE CHLORPYRIFOS. RESPONSES
OF THE THREE SPECIES WERE VERY SIMILAR! UPPER CHRONIC VALUES
("EFFECT" CONCENTRATIONS) RANGED FROM 0.48 TO 1.8 UG CHLORPYRIFOS/L
AND LOWER CHRONIC ("NO EFFECT" CONCENTRATIONS) RANGED FROM 0.28 TO
0,75 UG/L. CHLORPYRIFOS EXPOSURE DID NOT AFFECT SURVIVAL OF EMBRYOS TO
HATCHING WHICH AVERAGED 91 TO 93% FOR EACH SPECIES. IN TREATMENTS IN
WHICH NO ADVERSE EFFECTS WERE OBSERVED, COMBINED SURVIVAL OF M
MENIDIA EMBRYOS AND HATCHED FISHES AVERAGED 51% AND FISH WEIGHTS
AVERAGED 23MG; FOR M. PENINSULAE, 69% AND 13.6 MG; AND FOR M.
BERYLLINA, 81% AND 8,7 MG, BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS (CONCENTRATION IN
WHOLE BODY/AVERAGE MEASURED CONCENTRATION IN WATER) AVERAGED 220 FOR
M. BERYLLINA, 460 FOR M. PENINSULAE, AND PROBABLY LESS THAN 420 FOR M.
MENIDIA. FROM THESE THREE SPECIES, TOXICOLOGISTS MAY SELECT AN
ATLANTIC OR GULF COAST SPECIES THAT OCCURS IN EITHER HIGH OR LOW
SALINITY,
PAGE 34
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GRIZZLE, -J.M, AND PAUL MELIU5. IN PREP. CAUSES OF PAPILLOMAS ON FISH
EXPOSED TO CHLORINATED SEWAGE EFFLUENT. UNITED STATES. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL,
CERL,GB X373).
THIS RESEARCH WAS INITIATED TO DETERMINE THE CAUSE OF ORAL PAPILLOMAS
IN BLACK BULLHEADS CICTALURUS MELAS) FROM THE FINAL OXIDATION POND OF
THE TUSKEGEE, ALABAMA, SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT. THE WATER IN THIS POND
WAS CHLORINATED EFFLUENT FROM THE SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT. THE PRESENCE
OF A CARCINOGENIC AND MUTAGENIC CHEMICAL IN THE EFFLUENT OF A SEWAGE
TREATMENT PLANT WAS INDICATED BY PAPILLOMAS DEVELOPING ON CAGED BLACK
BULLHEADS, GLUCURONOSYLTRANSFERASE INDUCTION IN CAGED CHANNEL CATFISH,
AND AMES-TEST MUTAGENICITY OF WATER EXTRACT. UNLIKE PREVIOUSLY STUDIED
FISH PAPILLOMAS, VIRUS-LIKE PARTICLES WERE NOT PRESENT IN THE TUMOR
CELLS. ALTHOUGH MUTAGENIC AND CARCINOGENIC CHEMICALS HAVE NOT BEEN
IDENTIFIED IN THE WASTEWATER, CHLORINE IS IMPLICATED AS A FACTOR
CONTRIBUTING TO THE INDUCTION OF THE PAPILLOMAS BECAUSE THE PREVALENCE
OF PAPILLOMAS ON WILD BLACK BULLHEADS EXPOSED TO THE EFFLUENT
DECREASED FROM 73% TO 23% AFTER THE CHLORINATION RATE WAS REDUCED,
THIS REPORT WAS SUBMITTED IN FULFILLMENT OF GRANT NO. LCR809336010 BY
AUBURN UNIVERSITY UNDER THE SPONSORSHIP OF THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY. THIS REPORT COVERS THE PERIOD FROM 12 OCTOBER 1981
TO 11 OCTOBER 1983, AND WORK WAS COMPLETED AS OF 11 OCTOBER 1983.
HANSEM, DAVID J., LARRY R. GOODMAN, JAMES C. MOORE, AND PEGGY K. HIGDON.
1983, EFFECTS OF THE SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS AC 222, 705, PERMETHRIN, AND
FENVALERATE ON SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS IN EARLY LIFE-STAGE TOXICITY TESTS.
ENVIRON. TOXICOL. AND CHEM. 2C2J:251-258 . (ERL,GB 462).
SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS (CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS) WERE EXPOSED TO THE -
SYNTHETIC PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES AC 222, 705, FENVALERATE AND
PERMETHRIN FOR 28 DAYS IN EARLY LIFE STAGE TOXICITY TESTS. AC 222, 705
WAS 370 TIMES MORE TOXIC THAN PERMETHRIN AND 30 TIMES MORE TOXIC THAN
FENVALERATE WITH SURVIVAL AND SIZE OF NEWLY HATCHED FISH BEING THE
MOST SENSITIVE MEASURE OF EFFECT. AC 222, 705 REDUCED SURVIVAL OF
HATCHED FISH 0.61 UG/L AND AVERAGE WEIGHT AT 0.06 UG NO EFFECTS WERE
DETECTED AT 0.03 UG/L. TWO OF THE AC 222, 705 CONCENTRATIONS THAT
DIMINISHED WEIGHTS, 0.06 AND 0.12 UG/L, WERE BELOW OUR LIMITS OF
CHEMICAL DETECTION, 0.15 UG/L. PERMETHRIN REDUCED SURVIVAL OF
FISH AT 22 UG/L; NO EFFECTS WERE DETECTED AT 10 UG/L.
REDUCED SURVIVAL OF HATCHED FISH ARE 3.9 UG/L AND BOTH
LENGTH AT 2.2 UG/L? NO EFFECTS WERE DETECTED AT 0.56 UG/L.
REDUCED SURVIVAL OF HATCHED FISH AT 22 UG/L AND NO EFFECTS WERE
DETECTED AT 10 UG/L. THE QUOTIENT OF THE 96-HR LC50 DIVIDED BY THE
NO-EFFECT CONCENTRATION WAS 0.8 FOR PERMETHRIN, 9 FOR FENVALERATE AND
37 FOR AC 222, 705. THE MEAN BIOCQNCENTRATIQN FACTORS, CONCENTRATIONS
MEASURED IN WHOLE FISH DIVIDED BY CONCENTRATIONS MEASURED IN EXPOSURE
WATER, 'WERE 480 FOR PERMETHRIN AND 570 FOR FEVALERATE; AC 222, 705 WAS
NOT DETECTED IN FISH THAT SURVIVED THE EXPOSURE.
HATCHED
FENVALERATE
WEIGHT AND
PERMETHRIN
-PAGE.. -35 ...„
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CHRONIC VALUES) WERE
ESTIMATED MATC LIMITS
LABORATORIES, WE FEEL
HANSEN, DAVID J., AND GERALDINE M. CRIPE. 1984, INTERLABORATORY COMPARISON
OF THE EARLY LIFE-STAGE TOXICITY TEST USING THE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW CCYPRINODON
VARIEGATUS). EPA-600/X-84-081, UNITED STATES. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
AGENCY. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 49P.
FIVE CONTRACT LABORATORIES AND TWO EPA LABORATORIES PARTICIPATED IN AN
INTERLABORATORY STUDY OF THE EARLY LIFE-STAGE TOXICITY TEST (ASTM
DRAFT NO. 3, FEBRUARY 1980) WITH THE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW CCYPRINODON
VARIEGATUS); USING ENDOSULFAN AND PENTACHLOROBENZENE AS TEST
COMPOUNDS. EACH LABORATORY CONDUCTED TWO TESTS WITH EACH CHEMICAL.
TESTS BEGAN WITH 24-HOUR-OLD EMBRYOS, CONTINUED THROUGH EMBRYONIC
DEVELOPMENT, HATCHING AND GROWTH OF FISH TO THE JUVENILE STAGE AND
WERE TERMINATED AFTER 28 DAYS. ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE AND DUNCAN'S
MULTIPLE RANGE TEST WERE USED TO DETECT TOXICANT EFFECTS ON SURVIVAL
OF EMBRYOS AND HATCHED FISH AND EFFECTS ON LENGTHS AND WEIGHTS OF
SURVIVING FISH. RULES WERE DEVELOPED FOR JUDGING ACCEPTABILITY OF TEST
RESULTS FOR SELECTING THE ESTIMATED MATC LIMITS (UPPER AND LOWER
EMPLOYED. ALTHOUGH THE VARIABILITY OF THE
WAS SOMEWHAT GREATER BETWEEN THAN WITHIN
THAT RESULTS FROM THIS TEST ARE REASONABLY
REPRODUCIBLE. HOWEVER, ANALYSES OF THE REPRODUCABILITY OF THIS TEST
WERE COMPLICATED BECAUSE AN ESTIMATED MATC IS A RANGE OF VALUES.
THEREFORE, THE GEOMETRIC MEAN OF THE UPPER AND LOWER MATC VALUES
(CHRONIC VALUE) FOR EACH TEST WERE USED IN THIS ANALYSIS. RATIOS OF
THE HIGH DIVIDED BY THE LOW CHRONIC VALUE FROM ACCEPTABLE DUPLICATE
TESTS WERE GENERALLY REPRODUCIBLE. RATIOS FOR EIGHT OF NINE TESTS
RANGED FROM 1.04 TO 1.99; AVERAGE RATIO FOR NINE TESTS 1.98,
COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION 0.80. VARIABILITY OF CHRONIC VALUES ACROSS
ALL LABORATORIES WAS GENERALLY REPRODUCIBLE WITHIN A FACTOR OF TWO,
CHRONIC VALUES FROM ACCEPTABLE TESTS RANGED 0,60 UG/L (COEFFICIENT OF
VARIATION 0.73) FOR ENDOSULFAN AND 82 UG/L (COEFFICIENT OF VARIATION
0.54) FOR PENTACHLOROBENZENE. NEITHER SURVIVAL NOR WEIGHT WERE
CONSISTENTLY THE ENDPOINT MOST SENSITIVE IN TESTS WITH EITHER
CHEMICAL. WE CONCLUDE THAT RESULTS FROM THE EARLY LIFE-STAGE TOXICITY
TEST USING SHEEPSHEAD MINNOWS ARE REASONABLE REPRODUCIBLE WITHIN AND
BETWEEN LABORATORIES. SIMILARITY OF RESULTS IS PARTICULARLY GOOD,
CONSIDERING THE DIFFICULTY OF THE TEST, ONLY TWO OF SEVEN LABORATORIES
HAD PREVIOUSLY CONDUCTED THIS TEST WITH THIS SPECIES, THAT EMBRYOS
WERE OBTAINED FROM FISH FROM NEW ENGLAND TO THE GULF OF MEXICO AND
THAT TEST WATER WAS FROM ATLANTIC, PACIFIC AND GULF COASTS. VARIATION
IN THIS TOXICITY TEST WAS SIMILAR TO INTERLABORATORY VARIATION IN
OTHER TOXICITY AND BIOACCUMULATION TESTS USING MARINE SPECIES.
ACCEPTABILITY OF RESPONSES OF CONTROL EMBRYOS AND FISH,
REPRODUCIBILITY OF MEASURED EXPOSURE CONCENTRATIONS, AND CONSISTENCY
OF PROCEDURES USED TO SELECT ESTIMATED MATC LIMITS ARE IMPORTANT
FACTORS IN IMPROVING PRECISION OF TEST RESULTS.
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HANSEN, DAVID J, IN PREP. UTILITY OF TOXICITY TESTS TO MEASURE EFFECTS OF
SUBSTANCES ON MARINE ORGANISMS, IN: PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE ON MEANINGFUL
MEASURES OF MARINE POLLUTION EFFECTS, APRIL 26-29, 1982, PENSACOLA BEACH, FL.
U.S. NATIONAL OCEANIC AMD ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. CERL,GB 456*).
DISCUSSIONS IN THIS PAPER WILL EMPHASIZE ACUTE, EARLY LIFE-STAGE, LIFE
CYCLE AND COMMUNITY TQXICITY TESTS WITH MARINE (ESTUARINE OR OCEANIC)
SPECIES AS CONDUCTED AT THE U.S. EPA ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
AT GULF BREEZF., FLORIDA. THESE TESTS ARE EMPHASIZED BECAUSE OF THEIR
IMPORTANCE IN THE HAZARD EVALUATION PROCESS, AS DISCUSSED IN WORKSHOP
PROCEEDINGS BY CAIRNS ET AL. (1978) AND DICKSON ET AL, (1979).
INDIVIDUAL PAPERS PUBLISHED IN THE PROCEEDINGS OF THESE TWO WORKSHOPS
DETAIL HAZARD EVALUATION TECHNIQUES USED BY THE AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF
BIOLOGICAL SCIENCE, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR TESTING AND MATERIALS,
MONSANTO COMPANY, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY AND BY JAPANESE
AND FRENCH SCIENTISTS. IN ADDITION, TESTING REQUIREMENTS FOR EFFECTS
ASSESSMENTS HAVE BEEN RECENTLY IDENTIFIED FOR DEVELOPMENTAL OF WATER
QUALITY CRITERIA BY THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY C1980A)
AND THE U.S. ARMY (PEARSON AND GLENNON, 1979).
HAYES, MILES 0., ERICH R. GUNDLACH, GEOFFREY I. SCOTT, R. CRAIG SHIPP,
JACQUELINE MICHEL, KENNETH FINKELSTEIN, AND WILLIAM P. DAVIS. IN PREP. PECK
SLIP OIL SPILL! A PRELIMINARY REPORT. J. ROBINSON, EDITOR, U.S. NATIONAL
OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION, BOULDER, CO. CERL,GB X429).
PAGE 37
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HENDRICKS, JERRY D,, THEODORE R. MEYERS, AND DENNIS W, SHELTQN. 1984.
HISTOLOGICAL PROGRESSION OF HEPATIC NEOPLASIA IN RAINBOW TROUT CSALMO
GAIRDNERI). IN? USE OF SMALL FISH SPECIES IN CARCINOGENICITY TESTING, NATL,
CANCER INST. MONOGR. 65. KAREN L, HOOVER, EDITOR, U.S. NATIONAL CANCER
INSTITUTE, BETHESDA, MD, PP. 321-336, CERL,GB X353*).
THE HISTOLOGICAL PROGRESSION OF HEPATIC NEOPLASIA HAS NOT BEEN AS
SYSTEMATICALLY STUDIED IN RAINBOW TROUT AS IT HAS BEEN IN RODENTS. TWO
PUTATIVE PRENEQPLASTIC LESIONS HAVE BEEN IDENTIFIED, THE EOSINOPHILIC
FOCUS AND BASOPHILIC FOCUS, BUT WHETHER THESE CORRESPOND TO SIMILAR
LESIONS IN RODENT LIVERS IS NOT KNOWN. PRENEOPLASTIC LIVER LESIONS IN
RODENTS HAVE BEEN EXTENSIVELY CHARACTERIZED HISTOCHEMICALLY, BUT
ADAPTATION OF THESE TECHNIQUES TO TROUT LIVERS HAS NOT ALWAYS BEEN
SUCCESSFUL, EOSINOPHILIC FOCI CONSIST OF HYPERTROPHIED CELLS, ENLARGED
ATYPICAL NUCLEI, AND DENSE GLYCQGEN-FREE CYTOPLASM. MITOTIC FIGURES
ARE ALSO OCCASIONALLY SEEN. USUALLY, THESE FOCI HAVE BEEN INFILTRATED
AND AT LEAST PARTIALLY DESTROYED .BY INFLAMMATORY CELLS, LARGELY
LYMPHOCYTES. IN SOME LIVER SECTIONS, EOSINOPHILIC FOCI ARE INTACT AND
OCCASIONALLY AN EOSINQPHILIC-BASOPHILIC TRANSFORMATION CAN BE SEEN.
HOWEVER, MOST OFTEN BASOPHILIC FOCI APPEAR INDEPENDENTLY, SURROUNDED
BY NORMAL HEPTATOCYTES, WITH NO INDICATION OF A PRIOR EOSINOPHILIC
STAGE. THE CELLS OF BASOPHILIC FOCI ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE OF
,. CARCINOMAS* INTENSELY BASOPHILIC, MITOTICALLY ACTIVE, DEVOID OF
GLYOGEN, AND GROUPED INTO CORDS SEVERAL CELLS IN THICKNESS, THESE
'NODULES MAY APPROPRIATELY BE REFERRED TO AS CARCINOMAS IN SITU,
BECAUSE THE ONLY DISTINGUISHING CHARACTEREISTIC IS THE SIZE OF THE
LESION. ATTEMPTS AT DIFFERENTIATION BETWEEN BENIGN AND MALIGNANT LIVER
LESIONS APPEAR ARBITRARY. WE BELIEVE THE BEST CLASSIFICATION OF THE
-NEOPLASTIC LIVER LESION IN TROUT IS A HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA BECAUSE
THE POTENTIAL FOR MALIGNANT BEHAVIOR ALWAYS EXISTS AND, WITH
SUFFICIENT TIME, CAN OFTEN BE HISTOLOGICALLY DEMONSTRATED. WE HAVE
ALSO DESCRIBED OUR EXPERIENCE WITH THE CHARACTERISTICS OF OTHER LIVER
LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH HEPATOCARCINOGENESIS.
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HENDRICKS, JERRY D., THEODORE R, MEYERS, JOHN L. CASTEEL, JOSEPH E. NIXON,
PATRICIA M, LOVELAND, AND GEORGE S BAILEY. 1984, RAINBOW TROUT EMBRYOS!
ADVANTAGES AND LIMITATIONS FOR CARCINOGENESIS RESEARCH. IN: USE OF SMALL
FISH SPECIES IN CARCINOGENICITY TESTING, NATL. CANCER INST. MONQGR. 65.
KAREN L. HOOVER, EDITOR, U.S. NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, BETHESDA, MD. PP.
129-137. .(ERL,GB X279*).
RAINBOW TROUT SMBROYS ARE SENSITIVE TO THE INITIATION OF NEOPLASMS IN
VARIOUS TISSUES BY BRIEF EXPOSURES TO SOLUTIONS OF WATER-SOLUBLE
CARCINOGENS. THIS CHARACTERISTIC WAS FIRST DEMONSTRATED WITH THE
SPARINGLY SOLUBLE LIVER CARCINOGEN, AFLATOXIN B1CAFB1). A 30-MINUTE
EXPOSURE OF 21-DAY-OLD EMBRYOS (EMBRYOS HATCH IN 24-25 DAYS AT 12
DEGREES C) TO A 0.5 PPM AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF AFB1 WILL RESULT IN
APPROXIMATELY 65% OF THE SURVIVORS HAVING AT LEAST 1 LIVER TUMOR, 1
YEAR AFTER TREATMENT. THQ EMBRYOS ARE RESPONSIVE TO BOTH AFB1 DOSE AND
THE LENGTH OF EXPOSURE AND BECOME INCREASINGLY SENSITIVE WITH
INCREASED EMBRYONIC AGE. WE HAVE USED RAINBOW TROUT EMBRYOS TO
DEMONSTRATE THE HEPATOCARCINOGENICITY OF OTHER AFLATOXIN METABOLITES
AND PRECURSORS? AFLATOXICOL, AFLATOXIN Gl, VERSICOLORIN A, AND
STERIGNATOCYSTIN. IN ADDITION TO MYCOTOXINS, TROUT EMBRYOS ARE
•SENSITIVE TO SEVERAL NITRQSAMINE HEPATOCARCINOGEN5 INCLUDING:
DIMETHYLNITROSAMINE, DIETHYLNITROSAMINE, NITROSOPYRROLIDINE, AND
2,6-DIMETHYLNITROSOMORPHQLINE. HOWEVER, WITH THE HIGHLY WATER-SOLUBLE
NITROSAMINES, LONGER EXPOSURE TIMES CUP TO 24 HR) ARE REQUIRED. IT IS
GENERALLY ACCEPTED THAT EACH OF THE ABOVE-NAMED CARCINOGENS REQUIRES
METABOLIC ACTIVITATION TO THE ULTIMATE CARCINOGENIC FORM. THIS
PROVIDES INDIRECT EVIDENCE THAT THE TROUT EMBRYO IS CAPABLE OF
CYTOCHROME P-4SO-MEDIATED METABOLISM. FINALLY, TROUT EMBRYOS ARE
SENSITIVE TO THE DIRECT-ACTING CARCINOGEN,
N-MEfHYL-N'NITRO-N-NITROSQGUANIDINE. THIS COMPOUND PRODUCES TUMORS OF
THE LIVER, STOMACH, KIDNEY, AND SWIM BLADDER, AND A PRONOUNCED
FEMALE-TO-MALE SEX REVERSAL. RESULTS TO DATE HAVE SHOWN THAT THE TROUT
.EMBRYO IS A SENSITIVE, CONVENIENT, AND ECONOMICAL WHOLE ANIMAL MODEL
SYSTEM WITH MANY DISTINCT ADVANTAGES FOR CARCINOGEN TESTING AND
RESEARCH. THE MAJOR LIMITATION HAS BEEN THE DIFFICULTY WITH EXPOSURE
OF THE EMBRYOS TO ADEQUATE DOSES OF HIGHLY WATER-INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS.
ALTERNATE EXPOSURE TECHNIQUES WILL BE REQUIRED FOR ALLEVIATION OF THIS
PROBLEM.
HINTON, DAVID E., AND JOHN A. COUCH. IN PRESS. PATHOBIOLOGICAL MEASURES OF
MARINE POLLUTION EFFECTS. IN: PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE ON MEANINGFUL
MEASURES OF MARINE POLLUTION EFFECTS, APRIL 26-29, 1982, PENSACOLA BEACH, FL.
U.S. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. CERL,GB 475).
THE INTENT OF THIS REVIEW 'IS TO DISCUSS THE MAJOR CATEGORIES OF
PATHOBIOLOGICAL RESEARCH AND TO PRESENT STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF
EACH. WHERE APPROPRIATE, EXAMPLES FROM THE AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY
LITERATURE ARE CITED. FINALLY, THE APPLICATION OF THE PATHQBIOLOGIC
APPROACH TO FIELD STUDIES AND THE IMPORTANCE OF FINDINGS IN AQUATIC
SPECIES TO OTHER SPECIES INCLUDING MAN IS DISCUSSED,
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KENDALL, J.J., E.N. POWELL, S.J. CONNOR, AND T.J. BRIGHT. 1983. EFFECTS OF
DRILLING FLUIDS (MUDS) AND TURBIDITY ON THE GROWTH AND METABOLIC STATE OF THE
CORAL ACROPORA CERVICORNIS, WITH COMMENTS ON METHODS OF NORMALIZATION FOR
CORAL DATA. BULL. MAR. SCI. 33(2):336-352. CERL,GB X396),
THE EFFECTS OF A USED DRILLING MUD ON CORAL HEALTH HAVE BEEN EXAMINED
BY MONITORING CHANGES IN CALCIFICATION RATE, SOLUBLE TISSUE PROTEIN
CONCENTRATION AND TOTAL NINHYDRIN POSITIVE SUBSTANCE (NPS)
CONCENTRATION IN THE CORAL ACROPORA CERVICORNIS. EXPOSURE TO A USED
DRILLING MUD REDUCED CALCIFICATION RATE IN GROWING TIPS BY 62%, 83%
AND 88% AT 25 PPM, 50 PPM AND 100 PPM (V/V), RESPECTIVELY AFTER A 24-H
EXPOSURE PERIOD. SOLUBLE TISSUE PROTEIN CONCENTRATION DROPPED
SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE GROWING TIP AFTER 24 H EXPOSURE TO A SOLUTION OF
2Sr, 50-, 100- AND 500-PPM DRILLING MUD FOR 24 H. EQUIVALENT
CONCENTRATIONS OF KAOLIN (TO PRODUCE TURBIDITY) CAUSED NO DROP IN BPS
OR PROTEIN CONCENTRATION AND A MUCH LOWER DROP IN CALCIFICATION RATE
SUGGESTING THAT THE TOXIC EFFECTS OBSERVED FOR THE DRILLING MUD USED
WERE NOT CAUSED BY AN INCREASE IN TURBIDITY ALONE. THE SIGNIFICANT
DROP IN PROTEIN CONCENTRATION SUGGESTS THAT THE USE OF PROTEIN OR
OTHER TISSUE COMPONENTS FOR NORMALIZATION IN CORALS MAY NOT BE
JUSTIFIED IN SOME CASES AND SHOULD BE VIEWED WITH CAUTION.
KENDALL, JAMES JOSEPH. 1983. EFFECTS OF DRILLING FLUIDS (MUDS) AND
TURBIDITY .ON THE METABOLIC STATE OF THE CORAL ACROPORA CERVICORNIS:
CALCIFICATION RATE AND PROTEIN CONCENTRATION. PH.D. DISSERTATION. TEXAS ASM
UNIVERSITY, COLLEGE STATION, TX. HOP. (ERL,GB X430).
THE EFFECTS OF TEN USED DRILLING MUDS ON CORAL HEALTH HAVE BEEN
EXAMINED BY MONITORING CHANGES IN CALCIFICATION RATE AND SOLUBLE
TISSUE PROTEIN IN THE CORAL ACROPORA CERVICORNIS. EXPOSURE TO 25-PPM
CV/V5 OF ONE MUD FOR 24 H -REDUCED CALCIFICATION RATE IN THE GROWING
TIPS BY AS MUCH AS 63%, SOLUBLE TISSUE PROTEIN CONCENTRATION DROPPED
SIGNIFICANTLY IN THE GROWING TIP AFTER 24 H EXPOSURE TO A SOLUTION OF
25-, 50-, 100-, AND 500-PPM OF THE SAME MUD. EXTENSIVE ZOOXANTHELLAE
LOSS WAS VISIBLY OBSERVED AFTER EXPOSURE TO THE 500-PPM SOLUTION.
EQUIVALENT CONCENTRATIONS OF KAOLIN CTO PRODUCE TURBIDITY) CAUSED A
MUCH LOWER DROP IN CALCIFICATION RATE SUGGESTING THAT THE TOXIC
EFFECTS OF THE DRILLING MUD USED WERE NOT CAUSED BY AN INCREASE IN
TURBIDITY ALONE, THE SIGNIFICANT DROP IN PROTEIN CONCENTRATION
SUGGESTS THAT THE USE OF PROTEIN OR OTHER TISSUE COMPONENTS FOR
NORMALIZATION IN CORALS MAY NOT BE JUSTIFIED IN SOME CASES AND SHOULD
BE VIEWED WITH CAUTION. 'IN RECOVERY EXPERIMENTS, CORALS WERE EXPOSED
TO DRILLING MUDS (AND KAOLIN) FOR 24 H? SOME WERE ALLOWED TO RECOVER
IN CLEAN SEAWATER FOR 48 H, AFTER THE 24 H EXPOSURE, CALCIFICATION
RATES WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN THOSE OF CONTROLS. AFTER A 48-H
RECOVERY PERIOD, CALCIFICATION RATES RETURNED TO CONTROL LEVELS FOR
. CORALS EXPOSED TO KAOLIN AND SOME OF THE DRILLING MUDS BUT WERE STILL
SIGNIFICATLY BELOW CONTROLS FOR OTHER MUDS. THE RESULTS INDICATE THAT
THE CAPACITY FOR RECOVERY AFTER EXPOSURE CANNOT BE PREDICTED FROM THE
RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON EXPOSURE ONLY. RECOVERY CAPACITY MUST BE
INDEPENDENTLY VERIFIED FOR ALL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF SHORT-TERM
EXPOSURE TO DRILLING MUDS,
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LIVINGSTON, ROBERT J, AND DUANE A NEETER. IN PRESS. CORRESPONDENCE OF
LABORATORY AND FIELD RESULTS: WHAT ARE THE CRITERIA FOR VERIFICATION?.
ENVIRON. TOXICOL. CHEM. (ERL,GB X479).
VERIFICATION OF LABORATORY BIOASSAY RESULTS IN THE FIELD IS A COMPLEX
PROCESS WHICH IS CURRENTLY BEING TESTED IN A RANGE OF FRESHWATER AND
MARINE HABITATS BY THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY AQUATIC STUDY TEAM.
VERIFICATION STUDIES RANGE FROM SINGLE-SPECIES BIOASSAYS TO
MULTISPECIES MICROCOSMS OF SOFT-SEDIMENT BENTHIC MACRQINVERTEBRATES.
THE BASIC QUESTION INVOLVES WHETHER LABORATORY RESULTS CAN BE
REASONABLY EXTRAPOLATED TO 'FIELD CONDITIONS. THE CHIEF FACTORS WHICH
COMPLICATE DIRECT EXTRAPOLATION INCLUDE PHYSICAL-CHEMICAL HABITAT
FEATURES, REPRO.DUCTING AND RECRUITMENT OF POPULATIONS,
IMMIGRATION-EMIGRATION, PREDATION, AND COMPETITION. A BASIC
VERIFICATION APPROACH IS TO MEASURE THE FIELD RESPONSE OF NATURAL
POPULATIONS ALONG AN ESTABLISHED GRADIENT OF CONTAMINATION OR
DISTURBANCE AND COMPARE SUCH EFFECTS WITH A SERIES OF BIOASSAYS USING
BOTH INDIGENOUS AND STANDARD TEST ORGANISMS. STATISTICAL MODELS ARE
BEING DEVELOPED TO TEST THE COMPARABILITY OF LABORATORY AND FIELD DATA
IN THE ESTIMATION OF THE EFFECTS OF TOXIC SUBSTANCES ON NATURAL
AQUATIC SYSTEMS.
LORES, E.M., J.C. MOORE. J. KNIGHT, J. FORESTER, AND J. CLARK. IN PREP.
DETERMINATION OF FENTHION RESIDUES IN SAMPLES OF MARIME BIOTA AND SEAWATER
FROM LABORATORY EXPOSURES AND FIELD APPLICATIONS. J. CHROMATOGR. SCI.
(ERL,GB 052).
A METHOD FOR MEASURING FENTHION IN SAMPLES FROM THE ESTUARINE
ENVIRONMENT IS DESCRIBED. THE METHOD WAS APPLIED TO SAMPLES FROM FIELD
APPLICATIONS OF FENTHION TO CONTROL SALTMARSH MOSQUITOS. THE METHOD
OFFERS AN IMPROVEMENT IN THE SILICA GEL CLEANUP OF THOMPSON ET AL.
1977, AND YIELDS GREATER THAN 85% RECOVERY OF FENTHION FROM WATER,
PLANT, FISH AND SHRIMP TISSUES. GAS-LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY WITH
THERMIONIC DETECTION WAS USED TO QUANTIFY FENTHION RESIDUES AS LOW AS
0.010 MICRO-GRAM/L IN SEAWATER AND 0,010 MICRO-GRAM/GRAM IN BIOTA.
CONCENTRATION OF FENTHION RESIDUES RANGED FROM NONDETECTABLE TO 0,68
MICRO-GRAM/L IN SALTWATER SAMPLES COLLECTED AFTER TRUCK-MOUNTED
ULTRA-LOW-VOLUME CULV) OR AERIAL SPRAYING TO CONTROL SALT-MARSH
MOSQUITOS,
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LORES, EMILE M., AND JAMES C. MOORE. 1984. QUANTITATIVE RECOVERY OF SEVERAL
ORGANQPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDE RESIDUES FROM ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES WITH SILICA
GEL CLEANUP (ABSTRACT), IN} ABSTRACTS PRESENTED AT THE 1984 PITTSBURGH
CONFERENCE AND EXPOSITION ON ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY AND APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY,
MARCH 5-9, 1984, ATLANTIC CITY, NJ. PP. 989. CERL,GB 492).
THE USE OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES AS SUBSTITUTES FOR
ORGANQCHLORINE PESTICIDES IS INCREASING. FREQUENTLY, METHODS FOR
ANALYZING ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES IN ENVIRONMENTAL SAMPLES DO NOT
YIELD QUANTITATIVE RECOVERY DUE TO LOSSES ON CLEANUP COLUMNS,
INCREASING USE OF THESE COMPOUNDS MAKES THEIR ANALYSIS MORE IMPORTANT
AND BETTER CLEANUP TECHNIQUES ARE NEEDED. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES A NEW
SILICA GEL CLEANUP THAT PROVIDES QUANTITATIVE RECOVERY FOR SEVERAL
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES THAT HAVE BEEN DIFFICULT TO RECOVER IN THE
PAST, A CONDITIONING WASH OF 1% ACETIC ACID IN HEXANE PRIOR TO THE
INTRODUCTION OF THE SAMPLE ON THE COLUMN RESULTS IN INCREASED
STABILITY OF ORGANOSPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES ON THE COLUMN AND HIGHER
RECOVERIES. INITIALLY, THIS CONDITIONING WASH WAS FOUND TO INCREASE
THE RECOVERY OF FENTHION, THEN BEING USED IN A FIELD STUDY. FURTHER
INVESTIGATION REVEALED THAT THE CONDITIONING WASH IMPROVED THE
RECOVERY OF SEVERAL OTHER ORGANOPHOSPHATES. TABLE I SHOWS THE
PERCENTAGE RECOVERIES OF SEVERAL PESTICIDES BY THIS METHOD AND THE
PUBLISHED RECOVERIES BY THE METHOD OF THOMPSON ET AL, THIS COMPARISON
DEMONSTRATES THE EFFECTIVENESS OF OUR METHOD AND THE KIND OF
IMPROVEMENTS THAT WE BELIEVE CAN BE EXPECTED WITH OTHER
ORGANOPHOSPHATES THAT ARE DIFFICULT TO RECOVER FROM SILICA GEL CLEANUP
COLUMNS. ACID CONDITIONING ALSO IMPROVED THE RECOVERY OF FENTHION FROM
FLORISIL AND ALUMINA, BUT THESE PROCEDURES NEED ADDITIONAL
INVESTIGATION. THE APPLICABILITY OF THIS CLEANUP METHOD TO SEVERAL
ORGANOPHOSPHORUS PESTICIDES HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED. THE METHOD HAS BEEN
USED ON A VARIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUBSTRATES TAKEN AFTER ACTUAL FIELD
USE OF FENTHION (LORES ET AL., 1983). WE BELIEVE THAT THIS METHOD WILL
BE USEFUL FOR MANY OTHER ORGANOPHORPHORUS PESTICIDES THAT HAVE BEEN
DIFFICULT TO RECOVER IN THE PAST.
LOWRY, ANDREE F., AND SUSAN M, MEANS. 1984, COMPUTERIZED LIBRARY SYSTEMS.
UNITED STATES, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL, 73P. (ERL,GB SR-114).
A DIRECTORY OF COMPUTERIZED SYSTEMS CURRENTLY USED BY THE LIBRARY,
CONTENTS: (i) INTRODUCTION (2) ERLGB CONTRIBUTION SYSTEM m
THESAURUS (4) SENTENCE RANKING (5) LIBRARY HOLDINGS SYSTEM (6)
REPRINT SYSTEM C7) SPECIALIZED BIBLIOGRAPHY SYSTEM (8) SLIDE
COLLECTION SYSTEM (9) LABORATORY NOTEBOOK SYSTEM (10) LITERATURE
SEARCH SYSTEM.
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MARTIN, BILLY J., RUDOLPH D. ELLENDER, SUSAN A, HILLEBERT, AND MITCHELL M
GUESS. 1984, PRIMARY CELL CULTURES FROM THE TELEOST, CYPRINQDQN VARIEGATUSs
CULTURE ESTABLISMEWT AND APPLICATION IN CARCINOGEN EXPOSURE STUDIES, IN!
USE OF SMALL FISH SPECIES IN CARCINOGENICITY TESTING, NATL, CANCER INST.
MQNQGR. 65. KAREN L. HOOVER, EDITOR, U,S. NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE,
BETHESDA, MD, PP. 175-178, CERL,GB X260).
METHODS WERE DEVELOPED FOR ASEPTIC MAINTENANCE OF CYPRINODON
VARIEGATUS FRY FOR EXTENDED PERIODS, PRELIMINARY STUDIES INDICATED
THAT UNDER OPTIMUM CONDITIONS STERILE EMBRYOS DEVELOP NORMALLY FOR A
SUFFICIENT TIME TO FUNCTION AS CARCINOGEN/TERATOGEN ASSAY SYSTEMS. AN
EMBRYO-PRIMARY CELL CULTURE TECHNIQUE WAS DEVELOPED THAT INCORPORATES,
IN A SINGLE SYSTEM, CERTAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF BOTH INTACT EMBRYOS AND
PRIMARY CELL CULTURES, ALLOWING SIMULTANEOUS OBSERVATION OF THE
EFFECTS OF CARCINOGENS ON THE WHOLE ORGANISM AND PRIMARY CELL
MONOLAYERS. THE EFFECTIVE USE OF THESE SYSTEMS PROVIDES THE
OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF CARCINOGENS ON TELEOSTS AT THE
CELLULAR AND ORGANISMIC LEVEL.
MCKENNEY, CHARLES L., JR. IN PRESS. ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN PHYSIOLOGICAL
ALTERATIONS AND POPULATION CHANGES IN AN ESTUARINE MYSID DURING CHRONIC
EXPOSURE TO A PESTICIDE. IN: PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF MARINE POLLUTANT
STRESS. F.J. VERNBERG, A, CALABRESE, P.P. THURBERG, AND W.B,
VERNBURG,EDITORS, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA PRESS, COLUMBIA, SC, (ERL.GB
495).
A NUMBER OF VITAL LIFE PROCESSES OF AN ESTUARINE MYSID CMYSIDOPSIS
BAHIA) WERE EXAMINED THROUGHOUT ITS LIFE CYCLE DURING EXPOSURE TO THE
THIOCARBAMATE HERBICIDE, THIOBENCARB, INITIAL EXPOSURE OF JUVENILE
MYSIDS TO THIOBENCARB RESULTED IN ELEVATED RESPIRATION RATES.
CONCENTRATION OF THIOBENCARB THAT PRODUCED SIGNIFICANT REDUCTIONS IN
POPULATION SURVIVAL THROUGH A COMPLETE LIFE CYCLE CIN APPROXIMATELY 24
DAYS) SIGNIFICANTLY STIMULATED RESPIRATION RATES OF JUVENILES AFTER
ONLY 4 DAYS OF EXPOSURE, INCREASED METABOLIC DEMANDS WITH SUBLETHAL
THIOBENCARB EXPOSURE REDUCED THE AMOUNT OF ASSIMILATED ENERGY
AVAILABLE FOR PRODUCTION OF NEW TISSUE BY JUVENILE MYSIDS, RESULTING
IN RETARDED JUVENILE GROWTH RATES. HIGHER OiN RATIOS DURING THE
MATURATION OF THIOBENCARB-EXPOSED MYSIDS SUGGEST A GREATER RELIANCE ON
THE MORE ENERGY-RICH LIPID SUBSTRATES IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THE ELEVATED
RATES OF OXIDATIVE METABOLISM, RESULTING IN LESS LIPID MATERIAL BEING
AVAILABLE FOR GAMETE PRODUCTION.
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MCKENNEY, C. L., JR., AND D. B. HAMAKER. IN PRESS. EFFECTS OF FENVALERATE ON
LARVAL DEVELOPMENT OF PALAEMONETES PUGIO (HOLTHIUS) AND ON LARVAL METABOLISM
DURING OSMOTIC STRESS, AQUAT. TOXICOL. CNY). (ERL,GB 502).
LARVAE OF THE ESTUARINE GRASS SHRIMP, PALAEMONETES PUGIO, WERE REARED
'IN THE LABORATORY FROM HATCH THROUGH METAMORPHOSIS UNDER OPTIMAL
SALINITY CONDITIONS (20 0/00) IN A RANGE OF LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL
CONCENTRATIONS OF THE PYRETHROID INSECTICIDE, FENVALERATE. A NOMINAL
CONCENTRATION OF 3.2 NG FENVALERATE/L SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED THE
PERCENTAGE OF LARVAE THAT COMPLETED METAMORPHOSIS. OXYGEN CONSUMPTION
RATES HERE SIGNIFICANTLY HIGHER FOR LARVAE EXPOSED TO THIS LETHAL
CONCENTRATION FOR 24 HR, EXPOSURE TO A SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATION OF 1.6
NG FENVALERATE/L PROLONGED THE DURATION OF COMPLETE LARVAL
DEVELOPMENT. AFTER 8-DAY EXPOSURE TO FENVALERATE, OXYGEN CONSUPTION
RATES WERE ELEVATED WHEN LARVAE WERE EXPOSED ACUTELY TO HYPO-OSMOTIC
STRESS (10 0/00 S), METABOLIC RESPONSES OF PREMETAMORPHIC LARVAE TO
HYPERSOMOTIC STRESS (30 0/00 S) WERE ALSO MODIFIED BY SUBLETHAL
FENVALERATE EXPOSURE. ALTERATIONS IN METABLIC-SALINITY PATTERNS OF
LARVAL GRASS SHRIMP DEVELOPING UNDER SUBLETHAL CONCENTRATIONS OF
FENVALERATE SUGGEST REDUCTION IN THE ECOLOGICAL FITNESS DURING THIS
LIFE STAGE BY LIMITING CAPACITY OF LARVAL SHRIMP TO ADAPT TO THE
FLUCTUATING SALINITY CONDITIONS OF ESTUARINE WATERS.
MCKENNEY, CHARLES L. 1983. PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA
EXPOSED THROUGH AN ENTIRE LIFE CYCLE TO AN ORGANIC TOXICANT (ABSTRACT).
PRESENTED AT THE BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES SESSION OF THE 4TH INTERNATIONAL OCEAN
DISPOSAL SYMPOSIUM IN PLYMOUTH, ENGLAND, APRIL 11-18,. (ERL,GB 455*).
IN ORDER TO GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE MECHANISMS OF TOXICITY OF
ORGANIC COMPOUNDS TO MARINE CRUSTACEANS AND TO MORE COMPLETELY REALIZE
THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF THIS CLASS OF TOXICANT ON CRUSTACEAN
POPULATIONS, VITAL LIFE PROCESSES OF A MARINE CRUSTACEAN WERE EXAMINED
DURING EXPOSURE TO AN ORGANIC HERBICIDE THROUGH THE ORGANISM'S ENTIRE
LIFE CYCLE. MOREOVER, AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE. CORRELATIONS BETWEEN
ALTERED PHYSIOLOGICAL PERFORMANCE AND LONG-TERM DISRUPTIONS IN
ECOLOGICAL FITNESS OF THESE ORGANISMS MAY PROVIDE "TOOLS" BY WHICH
LONG-TERM CHANGES IN POPULATIONS COULD BE PREDICTED BY SHORT-TERM
MEASUREMENTS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS. THE GULF OF MEXICO MYSID,
MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA, WAS EXPOSED TO A RANGE OF CONCENTRATIONS OF THE
ORGANIC HERBICIDE, THIOBENCARB, IN A FLOWING SEAWATER EXPOSURE SYSTEM,
PAGE 45
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MCMULLEN, DENNIS M., AND DOUGLAS P. MIDDAUGH. IN PRESS. EFFECT OF
TEMPERATURE AND FOOD DENSITY ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF LARVAL MENIDIA
PENINSULAE (PISCES: ATHERINIDAE). ESTUARIES. (ERL,GB 489).
DAY OF HATCH TIDEWATER SILVERSIDES, MENIDIA PENINSULAE, WERE STOCKED
AT 5 FISH PER LITER IN 3 L OF SEAWATER AT 30 DEGREES/00 AND RAISED FOR
16 DAYS AT 20 DEGREES, 25 DEGREES AND 30 DEGREES CELSIUS, FOOD
ORGANISMS CBRANCHIONUS SP. OR ARTEMIA NAUPLII) WERE MAINTAINED AT 500,
1,000, 5,000 OR 10,000 FOOD ORGANISMS/L. THE INFLUENCE OF FOOD DENSITY
ON GROWTH OF LARVAL M, PENINSULAE WAS TEMPERATURE DEPENDENT. AT 20
DEGREES CELSIUS THERE WAS NO DIFFERENCE IN FINAL SIZE OF FISH BASED ON
FOOD DENSITITES. AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS, THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN FINAL
BODY SIZE AS FOOD DENSITY INCREASED FROM 500 TO 5,000/L. AT 30 DEGREES
CELSIUS, THERE WAS AN INCREASE IN FINAL SIZE AS FOOD DENSITY INCREASED
FROM 1,000 TO 5,000/L. THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES IN
SURVIVAL BETWEEN FOOD DENSITIES IN TESTS AT 20 DEGREES, 25 DEGREES, OR
30 DEGREES CELSIUS. HOWEVER, FOR ANY GIVEN TEMPERATURE AND FOOD
DENSITY, DIFFERENTIAL SURVIVAL PATTERNS WERE SIGNFICANT IN EXPLAINING
VARIANCE IN FINAL SIZE BETWEEN REPLICATES. OPTIMAL CULTURE CONDITIONS
FOR LARVAL M. PENINSULAE WERE DETERMINED TO BE 5,000 FOOD ORGANISMS/L
AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS.
MEADOR, C, BRENT, ROBERT L. MIDDLEBROQKS, AND BILLY J. MARTIN. 1984.
SEROLOGIC ALTERATIONS IN CARCINOGEN-EXPOSED TELEOSTS: PROCEDURES FOR
PREPARATION AND ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES FROM SMALL FISH. IN: USE OF SMALL FISH
SPECIES IN CARCINOGENICITY TESTING, NATL. CANCER INST. MQNOGR. 65. KAREN L.
HOOVER, EDITOR, U.S. NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, BETHE5DA, MD. PP, 211-216.
(ERL,GB X261*).
TO STUDY THE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENS ON THE IMMUNE SYSTEM
OF CYPRINODQN VARIEGATU5, WE HAD TO MINIATURIZE OR MODIFY STANDARD
IMMUNQLQGICAL PROCEDURES, DUE TO THE SMALL SIZE OF THE FISH.
MODIFICATIONS IN STANDARD BLEEDING PROCEDURES ALLOWED COLLECTION OF
SUFFICIENT SERUM TO PERFORM MOST SEROLQGICAL PROCEDURES. SERUM
ELECTROPHORESIS SHOWED CONSIDERABLE VARIATON BETWEEN EXPOSED AND
UNEXPOSED FISH AS DID QUALITATIVE IMMUNOELECTROPHORESIS TECHNIQUES. A
BACTERIOPHAGE NEUTRALIZATION PROCEDURE WAS SUCCESSFULLY ADAPTED FOR
USE WITH THE C. VARIEGATUS SYSTEM TO MEASURE ANTIVIRAL ANTIBODIES, THE
PRESENCE OF ANTIBODY-FORMING CELLS IN SPLEEN SUSPENSIONS FROM FISH
IMMUNIZED WITH HUMAN TYPE 0 ERYTHROCYTES WAS DEMONSTRATED BY A
MODIFIED IMMUNE ROSETTE PROCEDURE. A CAPILLARY TUBE PROCEDURE WAS
DEVELOPED FOR SEPARATION OF LEUCOCYTES FOM ERYTHROCYTES IN BLOOD
DEVELOPED FOR SEPARATION OF LEUCOCYTES FROM ERYTHROCYTES IN BLOOD FROM
C. VARIEGATUS.
PAGE 46
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MEANS, SUSAN, RUSS RYDER, AND ANDREE LOWRY, 1984. LIBRARY SYSTEM USER'S
MANUAL, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH
LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL, 53P. (ERL,GB 5R-108),
THE LIBRARY OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE,
FLORIDA FUNCTIONS AS AN INFORMATION PROCESSING UNIT FOR THE SCIENTIFIC
AND ADMINISTRATIVE STAFF OF THE LABORATORY. IT IS A REPOSITORY FOR
CONVENTIONAL RESEARCH MATERIALS AS WELL AS SUCH ITEMS AS THE IN-PRESS
MANUSCRIPTS AND PUBLISHED REPORTS OF THE STAFF, THE SCIENTIFIC
NOTEBOOKS, AND THE LABORATORY SLIDE COLLECTION.. THE LIBRARY IS THE
PRIMARY MEANS BY WHICH INFORMATION FROM THESE MATERIALS IS ACCESSED?
ITS ON-LINE LIBRARY SYSTEM IS THE BASIS FOR ALL ACCESS AND RETRIEVAL
OF INFORMATION. THE LIBRARY SYSTEM IS AN APPLICATION OF THE EPALIT
TEXT DATA MANAGEMENT COMPUTER SYSTEM, WHICH WAS DEVELOPED FOR THE
LABORATORY BY COMPUTER SCIENCES CORPORATION. THE EPALIT SYSTEM
PRESERVES TEXT IN COMPUTER STORAGE IN SUCH A WAY THAT IT CAN BE EASILY
RETRIEVED AND VIEWED. BECAUSE LIBRARY RECORDS ARE PREDOMINANTLY
TEXTUAL RATHER THAN NUMERICAL, EPALIT PROVIDES THE IDEAL MEDIUM IN
WHICH TO AUTOMATE MANY OF THE LIBRARY'S FUNCTIONS. USING EPALIT ALLOWS
THE LIBRARY SYSTEM TO STORE LARGE AMOUNTS OF DATA AND THEN RAPIDLY
ANALYZE, RETRIEVE, AND REPORT INFORMATION BASED ON PREDETERMINED
SEARCH CRITERIA. THE SYSTEM ENSURES THE AVAILABILITY AND EFFECTIVE
UTILIZATION OF ALL LIBRARY RESOURCES BECAUSE OF MAXIMUM
RETRIEVABILITY, THIS MANUAL PROVIDES EXPLANATIONS, INSTRUCTIONS, AND
ILLUSTRATIONS FOR THE ON-LINE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LIBRARY SYSTEM.
MELIUS, PAUL. 1984. COMPARATIVE BENZO(A)PYRENE METABOLITE PATTERNS IN FISH
AND RODENTS. IN: USE OF SMALL FISH SPECIES IN CARCINOGENICITY TESTING,
NATL. CANCER INST. MONOGR, 65. KAREN L. HOOVER, EDITOR, U.S. NATIONAL CANCER
INSTITUTE, BETHESDA, MD. PP, 387-390. CERL,GB X365*).
BENZOCAJPYRENE IS CONVERTED TO 3-HYDROXYBENZO(A)-PYRENE,
9-HYDROXYBENZOCA)PYRENE, 4,5-BENZOCA)PYRENE-DIHYDRODIOL,
7,8-B£NZO(A)PYRENEDIHYDRODIQL, 9,lO-BENZQCAJ-PYRENEDlHYDRODIOL AND
BENZQ(A)PYRENE QUINONES BY POST MITOCHONDRIAL SUPERNATANT OR
MICROSOMES IN SUCH FISH AS THE RAINBOW TROUT FLOUNDER, SALMON, MULLET,
LITTLE SKATE, FUNDULUS GRANDIS AND SEA CATFISH. IT IS ALSO NOW
' WELL-ESTABL'ISHED THAT MANY FISH CONVERT BENZO(A)PYRENE TO POTENT
MUTAGENIC METABOLITES AS HAS BEEN DEMONSTATED USING THE AMES TEST,
ESPECIALLY WHEN THE FISH ARE INDUCED WITH ARQCLOR OR
3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE, THE METABOLITE PATTERNS OBTAINED AT DIFFERENT
SUBSTRATE CONCENTRATION LEVELS INDICATE THAT THE METABOLISM IS MORE
COMPLEX AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS WHERE RECYCLING OF METABOLITES IS
PRODUCED IN THE IN VITRO SYSTEM.
MEYERS, T.R., AND J.D. HENDRICKS. 1983. HISTOPATHOLOGY OF FOUR SPONTANEOUS
NEOPLASMS IN THREE SPECIES OF SALMONID FISHES, J. FISH DIS. 6C5);481-499.
CERL,GB X358*).
GROSS AND HISTOLOGICAL DESCRIPTIONS OF FOUR DIFFERENT SPONTANEOUS
NEOPLASMS IN THREE SPECIES OF SALMONID FISHES ARE PROVIDED: THYMIC
LYMPHOMA AND DERMAL FIBROSARCOMA, RESPECTIVELY, IN TWO ARTIFICIALLY
REARED SOCKEYE SALMON, ONCORHYNCHUS NERKA CWALBAUM), RENAL
PAPILLIFEROUS CYSTADENOMA IN A WILD CAUGHT CHINOOK SALMON, 0.
TSHAWYTSCHA CWALBAUM); CAPILLARY HAEMANGIOMA OF THE DERMIS IN AN
ARTIFICIALLY REARED RAINBOW TROUT, SALMO GAIRDNERI RICHARDSON. THE
FREQUENCY OF OCCURRENCE OF THESE AND RELATED TUMOUR TYPES, AS REPORTED
IN THE LITERATURE, ARE COMPARED IN SALMONID AND NON-SALMQNID FISH.
-------
MEYERS, THEODORE R., AND JERRY D. HENDRICKS. 1984. LIMITED EPIZOOTIC OF
NEUROBLASTQHA IN COHO SALMON REARED IN CHLORINATED-DECHLORINATED WATER. J.
NAT. CANCER INST, 72(23:299-310. (ERL,GB X468*).
DURING THE 1976-77 BROOD YEAR, APPROXIMATELY 12 CASES OF NEUROBLASTQMA
WERE OBSERVED IN.A CAPTIVE GROUP OF 100,000 FINGERLING COHO SALMON
CONCORHYNCHUS KISUTCH) REARED IN A COMMERCIAL HATCHERY. THE TUMORS
WERE LARGE, OCCURRING IN THE SKELETAL MUSCLE NEAR THE DORSAL FIN
CAUSING CONSPICUOUS BULGING OF THE OVERLYING INTEGUMENT. TUMORS
EXAMINED FROM 3 FISH EACH CONSISTED OF NEUROBLASTS IN TRABECULAR
PATTERNS INTERSPERSED BY GLIAL FIBRILLAR MATERIAL AND LINEAR CAVITIES
RESEMBLING CENTRAL NEURAL CANALS LINED BY EPENDYMA-LIKE CELLS
GANGLION-LIKE CELLS ALSO WERE APPARENT MORPHOLOGICALLY AND BY SPECIAL
STAIN. CANCER OF THE TUMOR WAS CHARACTERIZED BY AN ABUNDANCE OF
MITOTIC FIGURES WITH OCCASIONAL ABNORMAL DIVISIONS, LOCAL INVASION OF
NORMAL TISSUES, AND POTENTIALLY METASTATIC TUMOR CELL AGGREGATES IN
ORGAN VASCULATURE. THE ETIOLOGY OF THIS TUMOR MAY HAVE BEEN RELATED TO
MUTAGENIC-CARCINOGENIC HALOGENATED COMPOUNDS POSSIBLE FORMED IN THE
HATCHERY WATER SUPPLY DURING CONTINUOUS CHLORINATION OF INCOMING RIVER
WATER
MIDDAUGH, DOUGLAS P., H.W. KOHL, AND L.E. BURNETT. 1983. CONCURRENT
MEASUREMENT OF INTERTIDAL ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES AND EMBRYO SURVIVAL FOR THE
CALIFORNIA GRUNION, -LEURESTHES TENUIS AND ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE, MENIDIA
MENIDIA (PISCES: ARTHERINIDAE). CALIF, FISH GAME. 69(2):89-96. (ERL,GB
* 21 } .
CONCURRENT DAILY MEASUREMENTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL VARIABLES AND EMBRYO
SURVIVAL WERE MADE FOR TWO ATHERINIO FISHES, THE CALIFORNIA GRUNION,
LEURESTHES TENUIS, OBSERVED AT BLACKS BEACH, LA JOLLA, CALIFORNIA? AND
THE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE, MENIDIA MENIDIA, OBSERVED AT THE POINT OF
PINES, EDISTO ISLAND, SOUTH CAROLINA. MEASUREMENTS WERE MADE DURING
APRIL 1980. BOTH SPECIES SPAWNED IN THE UPPER INTERTIDAL ZONE ON HIGH
TIDE, L. TENUIS EGGS WERE DEPOSITED APPROXIMATELY 4 CM BELOW THE BEACH
SURFACE DURING NIGHTTIME. SUBSEQUENT SAND DEPOSITION BURIED EMBRYOS TO
A DEPTH OF APPROXIMATELY 8 CM WHERE THEY WERE PROTECTED FROM THERMAL
AND DESICCATION STRESSES. DAILY SURVIVAL OF INCUBATING EMBRYOS
AVERAGED 97%. M. MENIDIA UTILIZED THREE SPAWNING SUBSTRATES! U
ABANDONED CRAB BURROWS, 2) DETRITAL MATS, AND 3} THE STEMS AND PRIMARY
LEAVES OF CORDGRASS, SPARTINA ALTERNIFLORA. THESE SUBSTRATES PROVIDED
EMBRYOS WITH VARYING DEGREES OF PROTECTION FROM THERMAL AND
DESICCATION STRESSES. DAILY SURVIVAL OF EMBRYOS LOCATED 15 CM DEEP IN
ABANDONED CRAB BURROWS AVERAGED 88%. SURVIVAL WAS LESS, 76% AT THE
ENTRANCE. DAILY SURVIVAL AVERAGED 94% AT THE SURFACE OF DETRITAL MATS
AND AT THE AXIS OF STEMS AND PRIMARY LEAVES OF CORDGRASS. SURVIVAL WAS
LOWER AT OTHER LOCATIONS ON THESE SUBSTRATES.
PAGE 48
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MIDDAUGH, D.P., M.J. HEMMER, AND YARA LAMADRID-RQSE. IN PREP. LABORATORY
SPAWNING OF THE INLAND SILVERSIDE, MENIDIA BERYLLINA, AND TIDEWATER
SILVERSIDE, MENIDIA PENINSULAE WITH MOTES ON SURVIVAL AND GROWTH. ENVIRON,
BIOL. FISHES. CERL,GB 508).
SPAWNING PATTERNS OF INLAND SILVERSIDES, MENIDIA BERYLLINA, AND
TIDEWATER SILVERSIDES, MENIDIA PENINSULAE, WERE EXAMINED IN THE
LABORATORY UNDER SEVERAL COMBINATIONS OF "TIDAL" AND DIEL LIGHT CYCLE
CUES. M. BERYLLINA SHOWED A HIGH FREQUENCY OF SPAWNING THROUGHOUT THE
DAY WHEN HELD UNDER CONSTANT CONDITIONS (24Lt OD, CURRENT VELOCITY 8
CM/SEC) AND WHEN "TIDAL" AND DIEL LIGHT CYCLES WERE PRESENTED SINGLY
OR IN COMBINATION. IN CONTRAST, M. PENINSULAE DEMONSTRATED A HIGH
FREQUENCY OF SPAWNING ONLY WHEN PRESENTED A COMBINATION OF "TIDAL" AND
DIEL LIGHT CYCLE CUES AND SPAWNED PREDOMINANTLY AT NIGHT. MENIDIA
BERYLLINA EMBRYOS WERE EURYHALINE. HATCHING RANGED FROM 73 TO 78% AT
SALINITIES AT 5, 15 AND 30 0/00. SURVIVAL AND GROWTH OF LARVAL M,
BERYLLINA FROM THE DAY OF HATCHING THROUGH 16 DAYS OLD WAS OPTIMAL AT
15 0/00. ALTHOUGH SURVIVAL OF M, PENINSULAE LARVAE WAS OPTIMAL AT 30
0/00, NO TREND WAS APPARENT IN GROWTH OF LARVAE HELD FOR 16 DAYS AT 5,
15, OR 30 0/00 SALINITY,
MIDDAUGH, DOUGLAS P., R.G. DOMEY, "AND G.I. SCOTT. IN PREP. REPRODUCTIVE
RHYTHMICITY IN THE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE, MENIDIA MENIDIA, (PISCES:
ATHERINIDAE). TRANS. AM. FISH. SOC. (ERL,GB 491).
THE REPRODUCTIVE PERIODICITY OF THE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE MENIDIA
MENIDIA WAS STUDIED AT TWO LOCATIONS ON THE NORTH EDISTO RIVER ESTUARY
IN SOUTH CAROLINA DURING MARCH - JULY OF 1976-1978. SPAWNING RUNS
OCCURRED IN THE UPPER INTERTIDAL ZONE AND COINCIDED PRECISELY WITH
DAYTIME HIGH TIDES. TIME-SERIES ANALYSIS OF DAILY CHANGES IN THE
INTENSITY OF SPAWNING RUNS REVEALED A FORTNIGHTLY REPRODUCTIVE
PERIODICITY AND INDICATED THAT THE OBSERVED REPRODUCTIVE RHYTHMICITY
IN ATLANTIC SILVERSIDES MAY BE MEDIATED BY A HIGH TIDE-SUNRISE CUE
THAT ALSO OCCURS AT FORTNIGHTLY INTERVALS. DURING THE 1976 AND 1977
REPRODUCTIVE SEASONS, THERE WERE HIGHLY SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS (P
LESS THAN 0.01) AMONG THE MALE GONADAL INDEX, THE FEMALE GONADAL
INDEX, AND THE OCCURRENCE OF INTERMEDIATE, MATURING AND HYDRATED-EGG
STAGES OF SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT IN FEMALES. THE PERCENTAGE OF FEMALES
WITH HYDRATED EGGS WAS GREATEST ON DAYS WHEN A HIGH TIDE OCCURRED
WITHIN 1 HOUR AFTER SUNRISE.
PAGE 49
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MIDDAUGH, DOUGLAS P., AND MICHAEL J. HEHMER, 1984. SPAWNING OF THE
TIDEWATER SILVERSIDE, MENIDIA PENINSULAE CGOODE AND BEAN), IN RESPONSE TO
TIDAL AND LIGHTING SCHEDULES IN THE LABORATORY, ESTUARIES. 7C2)!139-148.
CERL,GB 441).
TIDEWATER SILVERSIDE, MENIDIA PENINSULAE CGQODE AND BEAN) WERE
MAINTAINED IN 1.3 M DIAMETER HOLDING TANKS IN IDENTICAL LABORATORY
RECIRCULATING SYSTEMS. DURING TWO WEEKS UNDER CONSTANT CONDITIONS (A
CURRENT VELOCITY OF 8 CM S -1/1 AND CONTINOUS ILLUMINATION, 24 LtO D)
THERE WAS A LOW RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF ARRHYTHMIC SPAWNING. IN THE
SUBSEQUENT TWO-WEEK PERIOD, FISH IN ONE PAIR OF TANKS WERE MAINTAINED
UNDER THE SINGULAR INFLUENCE OF TWICE DAILY DECREASES IN CURRENT
VELOCITY FROM 8 TO 0 CM S -1/1 AT 0600-0700 AND 1800-1900, UNDER
CONTINOUS ILLUMINATION. THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF SPAWNING REMAINED
LOW AND THERE WAS NO EVIDENCE OF A DAILY SPAWNING RHYTHM, HOWEVER, THE
MEAN NUMBER OF EGGS PER SPAWN INCREASED SUBSTANTIALLY. FISH IN THE
SECOND HOLDING SYSTEM WERE SUBJECTED TO DIEL LIGHT CYCLE OF 13 L:il D
WITH A CONSTANT CURRENT VELOCITY OF 8 CM S -1/1 FOR TWO WEEKS. THE
RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF SPAWNING REMAINED LOW AND THERE WAS NO
INDICATION OF SPAWNING RHYTHMICITY; MOREOVER, THERE WAS ONLY A SLIGHT
INCREASE IN THE MEAN NUMBER OF EGGS PER SPAWN. DURING THE THIRD
TWO-WEEK PERIOD, FISH IN THE FIRST PAIR OF TANKS WERE PROVIDED A 13
L:ll D DIEL LIGHT CYCLE, IN CONJUNCTION WITH PREEXISTING TWICE DAILY
DECREASES IN CURRENT VELOCITY; .THOSE IN THE SECOND PAIR OF TANKS WERE
PROVIDED TWICE DAILY DECREASES IN CURRENT VELOCITY IN CONJUNCTION WITH
THE PREEXISTING 13 L:ll D LIGHT CYCLE. UNDER THE COMBINED INFLUENCE OF
DECREASES IN CURRENT VELOCITY AND A DIEL LIGHT CYCLE, THERE WAS A
MARKED INCREASE IN THE RELATIVE FREQUENCY OF SPAWNING IN BOTH PAIRS OF
TANKS. FISH MANIFESTED A DISCERNIBLE SPAWNING PERIODICITY, SPAWNS
TYPICALLY OCCURRED BETWEEN 1800 AND 2400? THE MEAN NUMBER OF EGGS PER
SPAWN ALSO INCREASED. WHEN FISH WERE RETURNED TO CONSTANT CONDITIONS,
CURRENT VELOCITY 8 CM S -1/1 AND 24 L:0 D FOR TWO WEEKS, THE FREQUENCY
OF SPAWNING DECREASED AND THERE WAS NO INDICATION OF A SPAWNING
PERIODICITY. RESULTS OF ANOTHER EXPERIMENT CDECREASED CURRENT
VELOCITIES AT 1200-1300 AND 2400-0100 WITH 13 L!ll D LIGHT CYCLE)
INDICATED GRADUAL EXPRESSION OF A TIDAL SPAWNING RHYTHM DURING
NIGHTTIME, 2000-0359. OUR LABORATORY RESULTS INDICATE THAT M.
PENINSULAE IS PREDOMINANTLY A NOCTURNAL SPAWNER AND THAT SPAWNING
COINCIDES WITH DECREASED CURRENT VELOCITIES.
PAGE 50
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MIDDAUGH, DOUGLAS P., AND TORU TAKITA, 1963. TIDAL AND DIURNAL SPAWNING
CUES IN THE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE, MENIDIA MENIDIA. ENVIRON. BIOL. FISH.
8(2)597-104. (ERL,GB 150).
FIELD AND LABORATORY OBSERVATIONS REVEALED TIDAL AND DIURNAL CUES FOR
SPAWNING IN THE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE, MENIDIA MENIDIA. IN THE FIELD,
SPAWNING RUNS BEGAN NEAR THE TIME OF DAYTIME HIGH TIDES AT FLOOD TIDE
VELOCITIES RANGING FROM 3 TO 16, X 11 CM SEC -1. SPAWNING RUNS ENDED
AT EBB TIDE VELOCITIES RANGING FROM 5 TO 22, X 17 CM SEC -1. IN THE
LABORATORY M. MENIDIA WERE REARED FROM EMBRYOS TO SEXUAL MATURITY IN
10 MONTHS (APRIL 1979 TO JANUARY 1980). DURING THIS TIME,
APPROXIMATELY 50 FISH WERE HELD IN EACH OF TWO, 1 M DIAMETER TANKS, A
PUMP WAS USED TO MAINTAIN A CONSTANT CURRENT VELOCITY OF 8 CM SEC -1
IN THE HOLDING TANKS, WATER TEMPERATURE RANGED FROM 16 TO 25 DEGREES C
, THE SALINITY WAS 30 PLUS OR MINUS 2 PPT. FISH WERE FED TETRA-MIN
FLAKE FOOD AND ARTEMIA NAUPLII EACH DAY, DURING JANUARY 1980, THE
SEAWATER CIRCULATION PUMP WAS TURNED OFF TWICE DAILY FOR ONE HOUR,
1200 TO 1300 AND 2400 TO 0100. CURRENT VELOCITIES DECREASED FROM 8 CM
SEC -1 TO 0,0 CM SEC -1 DURING THESE PERIODS. M. MENIDIA HELD UNDER A
24 H LIGHT: OH DARL C24LIOD) PHOTOPERIOD SPAWNED FROM 1200 TO 1300
AND 2400 TO 0100 IN RESPONSE TO DECREASED CURRENT VELOCITIES,
MODIFICATION OF THE PHOTOPERIOD TO 14L:10D (WITH THE CIRCULATING PUMP
TURNED OFF FROM 1200 TO 1300 AND 2400 AND 0100) RESULTED IN SPAWNING
BETWEEN 0500 AND 0600 IN RESPONSE TO "LIGHTS-ON" AND AT 1200 TO 1300
IN RESPONSE TO DECREASED CURRENT VELOCITIES. NO SPAWNING OCCURRED WHEN
CURRENT VELOCITIES DECREASED TO 0.0 CM SEC -1 BETWEEN 0400 AND 0100
DURING DARKNESS.
PAGE 51
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MIX, MICHAEL C. 1983. CARCINOGENS AND NEOPLA5IA IN INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS
OF AQUATIC ORGANISMS: PROJECT SUMMARY (UNPUBLISHED). 3P. (ERL,GB X389).
SEVERAL SEPARATE STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO EXTEND RESULTS OBTAINED
FROM PREVIOUS EPA-SPONSORED RESEARCH. INDIGENOUS BIVALVE-MOLLUSCS,
BOTH FRESHWATER AND MARINE SPECIES, WERE EMPLOYED AS BIOMONITORS TO
. MEASURE BASELINE LEVELS OF ARSENIC, CADMIUM AND NICKEL IN AQUATIC
SYSTEMS. RESULTS OF PREVIOUS STUDIES HAVE SHOWN THAT CLAMS, MUSSELS
AND OYSTERS CONCENTRATE POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAH) IN
THEIR TISSUES. THEREFORE, EFFORTS WERE MADE TO DEVELOP SIMPLE METHODS
THAT COULD BE USED TO ROUTINELY MEASURE PAH IN SEAWATER. FUTURE
STUDIES WILL BE DIRECTED TOWARDS DETERMINING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
AMBIENT SEAWATER AND SHELLFISH TISSUE CONCENTRATIONS QF PAH, A MAJOR
EFFORT WAS MADE TO ASSESS THE IMPORTANCE OF FOREST FIRES AND SLASH
BURNING AS SOURCES OF PAH IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS. MOST BAYS AND ESTUARIES
ALONG THE OREGON COAST HAVE WATERSHEDS IN WHICH SUCH FIRES ARE COMMON
AND TRANSPORT OF PAH AWAY FROM BURNED SITES VIA WATER RUNOFF OR
ATMOSPHERIC DEPOSITION MAY CONTRIBUTE TO THE PAH LOAD IN ADJACENT
AQUATIC SYSTEMS. TWO SYSTEMS WERE DEVELOPED FOR TESTING POSSIBLE
MUTAGENIC AND/OR TERATOGENIC EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL LEVELS OF PAH IN
THE LABORATORY. THE FIRST IS A BIOASSAY SYSTEM IN WHICH CULTURED EGGS
AND EMBRYOS OF THE GOOSENECK BARNACLE, POLLICIPES POLYMERUS, CAN BE
EXPOSED TO NG QUANTITIES OF CONTAMINANTS OF INTEREST, SEVERAL
PARAMETERS, INCLUDING ABNORMAL LARVAL DEVELOPMENT, CAN BE USED TO
EVALUATE EXPOSURE EFFECTS. THE SECOND SYSTEM, EMPLOYING MAMMALIAN CELL
CULTURES, WAS DESIGNED TO MEASURE THE INFLUENCE OF SIMULATED SUNLIGHT
(290 NM)--IRRADIATED PAH ON CELL SURVIVAL AND THE REDUCTION OF SISTER
CHROMATID EXCHANGES. STUDIES ARE ALSO MADE TO DETERMINE WHETHER OR
NOT VIRUSES ARE ASSOCIATED WITH THE NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS OF MUSSELS,
MYTILU5 EDULIS, FROM YAQUINA BAY, OREGON, POSITIVE AND CONTROL MUSSELS
WERE SUBJECTED TO NUMEROUS METHODS; NONE REVEALED THE PRESENCE QF AN
RNA TUMOR VIRUS. DATA ON THE PREVALENCE OF NEOPLASTIC DISORDERS IN M.
EDULIS WERE SUBJECTED TO EXTENSIVE STATISTICAL ANALYSES IN ORDER TO
FORMULATE CONCLUSIONS ABOUT THE OCCURRENCE, PREVALENCE AND SEASONALITY
OF THESE DISORDERS,
MIX, MICHAEL C., AND RANDY L. SCHAFFER. 1983. CONCENTRATIONS OF
UNSUBSTITUTED POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN SOFTSHELL CLAMS FROM COOS
BAY, OREGON, USA. MAR. POLLUT. BULL. 14(3):94-97. (ERL,GB X3885.
CONCENTRATIONS OF BENZOCAJPYRENE CBAP) WERE MEASURED IN SUBPOPULATIONS
OF SOFTSHELL CLAMS, MYA ARENARIA, FROM FOUR INTERTIDAL SITES IN COOS
BAY FROM JUNE 1976 TO JUNE 1978. SUBSEQUENTLY, CONCENTRATIONS OF 15
UNSUBSTITUTED POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PNAH) WERE DETERMINED
'IN TWO SUBPOPULATIONS FROM SEPTEMBER 1978 TO AUGUST 1979. THERE WERE
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN BAP CONCENTRATIONS IN CLAMS FROM THE
FOUR SITES. FOR THE TWO-YEAR PERIOD, THEY WERE HIGHEST IN CLAMS
INHABITING AREAS ADJACENT TO THE INDUSTRIALIZED BAYFRONT AND LOWEST IN
CLAMS INHABITING MORE REMOTE AREAS. THERE WERE NO SIGNIFICANT
SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN BAP CONCENTRATIONS DURING THIS PERIOD. DURING
THE 1978-79 STUDY, THE AVERAGE TOTAL PNAH CONCENTRATION IN CLAMS FROM
THE BAYFRONT AREA WAS 555.1 UG KG(-l) COMPARED TO 76.3 UG KG(-l) FOR
CLAMS FROM A MORE REMOTE ENVIRONMENT. IN GENERAL, PNAH CONCENTRATIONS
WERE LOWEST IN THE FALL-WINTER AND HIGHEST DURING THE SPRING-SUMMER.
PAGE 52
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MIX, MICHAEL C., AND RANDY L. SCHAFFER. 1983. CONCENTRATIONS OF
UNSUBSTITUTED PQLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS IN BAY MUSSELS (MYTILUS
EDULIS) FROM OREGON, USA, MAR. ENVIRON. RES. 9(4)!193-209. (ERL,GB X397).
CONCENTRATION OF FIFTEEN UNSUBSTITUTED POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC
HYDROCARBONS CPNAH) WERE MEASURED IN MYTILUS EDULIS-FROM TWO SITES IN
YAQUINA BAY, OREGON, USA, DURING 1979-1980. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCES IN PNAH LEVELS BETWEEN THE TWO POPULATIONS. THE AVERAGE
TOTAL CONCENTRATION IN MUSSELS INHABITING THE MORE INDUSTRIALIZED
BAYFRONT WAS 986 X 2 UG/KG COMPARED WITH 273 X 9 UG/KG IN MUSSELS FROM
A MORE REMOTE SITE ACROSS THE BAY. SUBSTANTIAL DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND
IN THE CONCENTRATIONS OF DIFFERENT PNAH IN M. EDULIS EXAMINED DURING
THIS STUDY. THE SMALLER, MORE WATER SOLUBLE, COMPOUNDS WERE
CONCENTRATED TO ONE OR TWO ORDERS OF MAGNITUDE ABOVE THE LARGER, LESS
SOLUBLE PNAH.
MIX, M,C. 1983. HAEMIC NEOPLASMS OF BAY MUSSELS, MYTILUS EDULIS, FROM
OREGON? OCCURRENCE, PREVALENCE, SEASONALITY, AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL
PROGRESSION. J, FISH DIS. 6X3)1239-248. CERL,GB X379).
THE OCCURRENCE, PREVALENCE, SEASONALITY AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL
PROGRESSION OF A CELLULAR DISORDER, THOUGHT TO BE A HAEMIC NEOPLASM,
WERE STUDIED IN SUBPOPULATIONS OF MYTILUS EDULIS INHABITING DIFFERENT
SITES IN YAQUINA BAY, OREGON, FROM 1976-1981. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCES IN THE OCCURRENCE OF THE DISORDER THAT WERE RELATED TO
GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION. IN THE SUBPOPULATION WITH THE HIGHEST LEVELS OF
THE DISEASE, THE PREVALENCE RATES RANGED FROM 0 TO 20% WITH A 5-YEAR
MEAN OF 9,8%. THERE WAS A STATISTICALLY SIGNIFICANT RELATIONSHIP
BETWEEN PREVALENCE AND SEASON, DURING THE 5-YEAR STUDY PERIOD, THERE
WAS A CONSISTENT PATTERN CHARACTERIZED BY HIGHEST PREVALENCES DURING
JANUARY TO MARCH FOLLOWED BY A PERIOD OF DECLINE TO LOWER LEVELS
DURING THE SUMMER AND EARLY AUTUMN, AFTER WHICH THERE WAS AN INCREASE,
DATA ANALYSES REVEALED THAT THERE WAS NO SEASONAL HISTOPATHOLOGICAL
PROGRESSION OF THE DISORDER. NUMBERS OF STAGE 1 (EARLY), 2, 3 AND 4
(ADVANCED) CASES WERE NOT RELATED TO SEASON BUT OCCURRED IN A RANDOM
MANNER THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE YEAR.
PAGE 53
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MIX> MICHAEL C. 1983, STUDIES ON PQLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS AND
METALS IN MOLLUSCS (ABSTRACT), IN: WORKSHOP ON SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF STRESS
ON MARINE ORGANISMS, MARCH 30-31, 1982, ASILOMAR, PACIFIC GROVE, CALIFORNIA.
MICHAEL MARTIN AND FLORENCE HARRISON, EDITORS, CONF-8203UO, NTIS,
SPRINGFIELD, VA. PP. 55. CERL,GB X283*).
DURING THE PAST 5 YEARS, OUR RESEARCH HAS FOCUSED ON MEASURING LEVELS
OF 15 UNSUBSTITUTED POLYNUCLEAR AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PNAH) AND
CERTAIN METALS IN BIVALVE MOLLUSCS FROM INDIGENOUS POPULATIONS THAT
INHABIT OREGON .ESTUARIES, THE PRIMARY OBJECTIVES OF SOME OF THE MAJOR
STUDIES WERE TO: (1) MEASURE CONCENTRATIONS OF PNAH AND METALS IN
SHELL FISH FROM DIFFERENT LOCATIONS FOR AN EXTENDED PERIOD OF TIME IN
ORDER TO ESTABLISH A DEPENDABLE BASELINE, (2) DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT
PNAH CONCENTRATIONS IN MOLLUSCS REFLECT THE DEGREE OF ENVIRONMENTAL
CONTAMINATION, C3) EVALUATE SEASONAL VARIATIONS IN PNAH AND METAL
CONCENTRATIONS IN MOLLUSCS, (4) DETERMINE WHETHER OR NOT THERE WERE
STATISTICAL CORRELATIONS BETWEEN THE PRESENCE OF CELLULAR
PROLIFERATIVE DISORDERS IN SUBPOPULATIONS OF MUSSELS (MYTILUS EDULIS)
AND PNAH CONCENTRATIONS IN THEIR TISSUES, AND (5) DETERMINE WHETHER OR
NOT CERTAIN STATISTICAL RELATIONSHIPS COULD BE USED FOR PREDICTIVE
PURPOSES IN DETERMINING AND EVALUATING PNAH CONCENTRATIONS IN
INDIGENOUS SHELLFISH. OUR DATA SUGGEST THAT A TWO OR THREE YEAR PERIOD
IS REQUIRED TO ESTABLISH BASELINE LEVELS OF PNAH IN SHELLFISH, THERE
WERE SIGNIFICANT CORRELATIONS BETWEEN PNAH CONCENTRATIONS IN MUSSELS,
THE OCCURRENCE OF CELLULAR DISORDERS AND THE QUALITY OF THE
ENVIRONMENT THEY INHABIT. THERE WERE SIGNIFICANT SEASONAL VARIATIONS
IN BOTH PNAH AND METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN H. EDULIS. FINALLY, THE DATA
FROM OUR STUDIES INDICATE THAT IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO IDENTIFY
SITE-SPECIFIC VARIABLES (INDIVIDUAL PNAH OR METALS) THAT CAN BE USED
FOR ASSESSING PNAH CONCENTRATION IN THE ENVIRONMENT.
MONTI, CAROL A., ELLEN J. O'NEILL, PARMELY H. PRITCHARD, AL W. BOUROUIN, AND
DONALD G. AHEARN, IN PREP, MODELING THE MOVEMENT OF KEPQNE (CHLQRDECONE)
ACROSS AN UNDISTURBED SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE IN LABORATORY SYSTEMS.
ENVIRON, SCI, TECHNOL, CERL,GB 487).
LABORATORY TEST SYSTEMS, SUCH AS FLASKS AND MICROCOSMS, ARE FREQUENTLY
USED TO EXAMINE -THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POLLUTANTS AND SEDIMENT, WE
STUDIED THE DISTRIBUTION OF RADIOLABELED KEPONE DISSOLVED IN
CONTINUOUSLY FLOWING SEAWATER AND ADDED TO A SEDIMENT-WATER MICROCOSM,
THE SEDIMENT WAS FRACTIONATED INTO LAYERS AND THE SORBED KEPONE
CONCENTRATIONS WERE MEASURED TO DETERMINE TOXICANT PENETRATION INTO
THE SEDIMENT. THE DATA WERE USED TO TEST WHETHER A MATHEMATICAL MODEL
BASED ON INDEPENDENT FLASK STUDIES OF THE PROCESSES AFFECTING THE FATE
OF KEPONE COULD ACCURATELY PREDICT THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TOXICANT IN
THE MICROCOSM SEDIMENT AND WATER. THE MODEL ACCURATELY DESCRIBED THE
OBSERVED KEPONE DISTRIBUTION. MICROCOSMS, BY SIMULATING THE COMPLEXITY
OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS, PROVIDED A USEFUL TOOL FOR EVALUATING THE
ACCURACY OF MATHEMATICAL PREDICTIONS CONCERNING THE DISTRIBUTION OF A
TOXICANT IN AQUATIC SYSTEMS.
PAGE 54
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MONTI, C,, E. O'NEILL, D. AHEARN, P. PRITCHARD, AND A. BOURQUIN. 1983.
MODELING THE MOVEMENT OF KEPQNE ACROSS AN UNDISTURBED SEDIMENT-WATER
INTERFACE IN LABORATORY SYSTEMS (ABSTRACT}. PRESENTED AT THE SETAC MEETING,
NOV. 6, 1983, WASHINGTON, DC. CERLrGB 482).
THE PRESENCE OF SEDIMENTS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS HAS AN IMPORTANT
EFFECT ON THE FATE OF MANY POLLUTING CHEMICALS. SIMPLE LABORATORY TEST
SYSTEMS, SUCH AS SHAKE FLASKS, FREQUENTLY USED TO EXAMINE THE
INTERACTION BETWEEN POLLUTANTS AND SEDIMENT. BECAUSE SHAKE FLASKS DO
NOT INCORPORATE THE INHERENT COMPLEXITIES OF THE INTACT SEDIMENT-WATER
INTERFACE, WE ALSO USED MICROCOSM SYSTEMS HAVING WATER OVERLYING
SEDIMENT TO STUDY THE TRANSPORT OF TOXIC CHEMICALS. RADIOLABELED
KEPQNE WAS CHOSEN AS THE TEST COMPOUND BECAUSE OF ITS RESISTANCE TO
DEGRADATION, LOW VOLATILITY AND EASE OF ANALYSIS. SHAKEN FLASKS
CONTAINING FORMALIN STERILIZED SEDIMENT AND WATER WERE USED TO OBTAIN
PARTITION VALUES FOR KEPQNE. IN ADDITION, KEPONE WAS ADDED IN
CONTINUOUSLY FLOWING SEAWATER TO FOUR IDENTICAL MICROCOSMS, EACH
CONTAINING FORMALIN STERILIZED SEDIMENT AND WATER. EACH MICROCOSM
RECEIVED KEPONE FOR DIFFERENT PERIODS OF TIME, RANGING FOR 100 TO 1200
HOURS. AT THE END OF EACH EXPOSURE PERIOD, THE MICROCOSM WAS
DISASSEMBLED AND THE SEDIMENT WAS FRACTIONATED INTO LAYERS, THE SORBED
KEPONE CONCENTRATION, ORGANIC CONTENT AND POROSITY WERE DETERMINED IN
EACH LAYER. A MATHEMATICAL MODEL, UTILIZING A PARTITION COEFFICIENT
DERIVED FROM THE FLASK STUDY, WAS USED TO SIMULATE KEPONE DISTRIBUTION
OBSERVED IN THE MICROCOSMS. THE MODELS WAS CALIBRATED TO THE TOTAL
SORBED KEPONE OF.EACH MICROCOSMS TO QUANTIFY THE TRANSPORT RATE OF
KEPONE ACROSS THE SEDIMENT-WATER INTERFACE. SIMULATION OF THE
MICROCOSM RESULTS COULD NOT BE OBTAINED USING A CONSTANT TRANSPORT
RATE. SIMULATION WAS OBTAINED USING A CALCULATED TRANSPORT RATE WHICH
DECREASED WITH EXPOSURE TIME. USING THIS DECREASING TRANSPORT RATE THE
MODEL PREDICTED THE SORBED TOXICANT DISTRIBUTION WITH DEPTH. THE
DECREASE IN TRANSPORT RATE COULD HAVE BEEN CAUSED BY SEDIMENT
COMPACTION, HOWEVER, NO MEASURABLE CHANGES OCCURRED IN POROSITY, THE
RESULTS SHOW THAT PARTITION COEFFICIENT AND TRANSPORT RATES WERE
SUFFICIENT TO DESCRIBE THE DISTRIBUTION OF KEPONE IN THE MICROCOSM
SEDIMENT. SHAKE FLASK TESTS ARE ADEQUATE TO QUANTIFY SOME FATE
PROCESSES SUCH AS PARTITION COEFFICIENT BUT ARE NOT SUFFICIENT TO
DESCRIBE POLLUTANT MOMENT AND DISTRIBUTION. THIS STUDY DEMONSTRATES
THE IMPORTANCE OF MEASURING THE TRANSPORT ACROSS THE SEDIMENT-WATER
INTERFACE IF THE POLLUTANT FATE IS TO BE ADEQUATELY MODELED.
.PAGE- 55
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MOORE, JAMES C., DAVID j. HANSEN, RICHARD L. GARNAS, AND LARRY R, GOODMAN.
IN PREP. SAND FILTRATION/ACTIVATED CARBON TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR REMOVING
PESTICIDE RESIDUES FROM A MARINE TOXICOLOGY LABORATORY EFFLUENT. WATER RES.
CERL.GB 481).
FLOW-THROUGH fOXICITY TESTS USING MARINE ORGANISMS CAN GENERATE LARGE
VOLUMES OF CONTAMINATED SEA WATER EFFLUENT WHICH SHOULD BE TREATED TO
REMOVE THE CONTAMINANTS BEFORE DISCHARGE INTO THE ENVIRONMENT. WE HAVE
DEVELOPED A SAND FILTRATION/ACTIVATED CARBON TREATMENT SYSTEM THAT
REMOVES A DIVERSITY OF ORGANQPHQSPHATE, QRGANQCHLORINE AND PYRETHROID
PESTICIDE RESIDUES FROM THESE EFFLUENTS. THE SAND FILTER REMOVES FROM
60 TO 97% OF THE CHEMICALS BY CONTINUOUSLY FILTERING SUSPENDED
PARTICULATES AND ASSOCIATED CHEMICALS AS WELL AS BY FACILITATING
PARTITIONING OF CHEMICALS FROM WATER TO ORGANIC MATERIAL IN THE SAND
FILTER. FOLLOWING SAND FILTRATION, EFFLUENT WATER SLOWLY PERCOLATES
THROUGH GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON. OVERALL, REMOVAL EFFICIENCIES
EXCEED 90%. THE ORGANIC MATERIAL AND ASSOCIATED CHEMICALS ARE
BACKWASHED FROM. THE SAND WEEKLY, SEPARATED AND CONCENTRATED BY
GRAVITY, AND PACKAGED FOR DISPOSAL. THIS SYSTEM HAS BEEN OPERATING
EFFICIENTLY FOR OVER TWO YEARS, PROCESSING A MONTHLY AVERAGE OF
200,000 LITERS OF SEA WATER CONTAMINATED WITH 0,10 TO 100 UG OF
PESTICIDES LITERC-1). INITIAL CONSTRUCTION COST WAS $16,300.00.
PAGE 56
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MUELLER, L.H., W. GILLIAM, A.W. BOURQUIN, AND P.H, PRITCHARD, IN PREP. FATE
OF FENTHION IN SALT MARSH ENVIRONMENTS: RESULTS FROM A FIELD APPLICATION
(ABSTRACT). TO BE PRESENTED AT THE MEETING OF THE SOCIETY OF ENVIRONMENTAL
TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY, CRYSTAL CITY, MD, NOV. 4-11, 1984, (ERL,GB 510).
THE ENVIRONMENTAL RELEVANCE OF LABORATORY DATA CAN, THEORETICALLY, BE
ASSESSED BY EXAMINING THE FATE OF A CHEMICAL IN THE FIELD. THE EFFORT
INVOLVED IN SUCH AN ASSESSMENT IS OFTEN UNDERESTIMATED, NOT ONLY
BECAUSE OF THE LOGISTICAL AND CLIMATIC PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH
WORKING IN THE FIELD, BUT BECAUSE OF INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION
NECESSARY' TO PROPERLY INTERPRET FIELD RESULTS. THE COMMON USE OF THE
ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE, FENTHION, IN SALT MARSH ENVIRONMENTS TO
CONTROL MOSQUITO POPULATIONS GAVE US THE OPPORTUNITY TO ASSESS THE
FATE OF THIS CHEMICAL UNDER CONDITIONS SIMILAR TO THOSE ACTUALLY USED
TO KILL MOSQUITO LARVAE AND COMPARE THE RESULTS WITH LABORATORY DATA,
FENTHION WAS APPLIED TO A FLORIDA GULF COAST SALT MARSH BY SPRAYING
THE WATER SURFACE AND ALLOWING NATURAL MIXING TO DISTRIBUTE THE
CHEMICAL WITHIN THE SALT MARSH SYSTEM. THE FIELD SITE CONSISTED OF A
LONG, NARROW WATER BODY OF APPROXIMATELY .5 HECTARES SURROUNDED ON ALL
SIDES BY JUNCUS ROEMERIANUS GRASS FLATS WHICH FLOODED PERIODICALLY,
DEPENDING ON THE TIDAL FLUX. A NARROW PASSAGE, NORMALLY CONNECTING THE
MARSH WITH SANTA ROSA SOUND, WAS TEMPORARILY "SEALED DURING THE
PESTICIDE APPLICATION. RHODAMINE WT, A FLUORESCENT DYE WHICH DOES NOT
SORB TO SEDIMENTS OR PHOTOLYZE, WAS ADDED SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THE
FENTHION TO MEASURE LOSSES DUE TO DILUTION. CONCENTRATIONS OF DYE AND
FENTHION, AFTER AN INITIAL 12-HOUR EQUILIBRIUM MIXING TIME, WERE 50
MICROGRAM/1 AND 25 MICROGRAM/1, RESPECTIVELY. CONCENTRATIONS OF BOTH
CHEMICALS, AS MEASURED AT FIVE SAMPLING SITES, DECREASED EXPONENTIALLY
WITH • TIME, THE FENTHION DISAPPEARING MORE RAPIDLY THAN THE DYE, THE
HALF-LIFE FOR FENTHION, EXCLUDING LOSSES DUE TO DILUTION, WAS
ESTIMATED AT 25 HOURS, THESE RATES WERE FASTER THAN THOSE OBSERVED IN
•MICROCOSM STUDIES, PHOTOLYSIS MAY HAVE BEEN PARTLY RESPONSIBLE FOR
THIS DIFFERENCE. A SECOND DOSING WITH THE PESTICIDE, WHEN THE WATER
TEMPERATURE WAS 4-5 DEGREES C LOWER, RESULTED IN LOWER BIODEGRADATION
RATES, SIMILAR TO THOSE PREDICTED IN LABORATORY STUDIES. PLEXIGLAS
BOXES WERE PLACED IN THE MARSH TO ISOLATE A SECTION OF WATER AND
SEDIMENT, AND REDUCE LOSSES DUE TO DILUTION. THESE BOXES INDICATED
LOSS RATES SIMILAR TO THOSE NONDILUTIONAL LOSS RATES OBSERVED IN THE
MAIN WATER BODY. -SIGNIFICANT FENTHION AND DYE CONCENTRATIONS WERE
DETECTED IN THE SEDIMENTS. DIFFUSION RATES (INCLUDING BIOTURBATION)
DERIVED FROM MICROCOSM STUDIES WERE SUFFICIENT TO ACCOUNT FOR THE
AMOUNT OF FENTHION DETECTED IN THE SALT MARSH SEDIMENT. OUR RESULTS
INDICATE THAT DATA FROM MICROCOSMS WAS ESSENTIAL FOR INTERPRETATION OF
•FIELD DATA, BUT WAS NOT QUANTITATIVELY SIMILAR TO RESULTS IN THE
FIELD. FURTHER EFFORTS ARE NEEDED TO ACCURATELY ESTABLISH THE METHODS
FOR APPLYING LABORATORY DATA TO THE FIELD.
PAGE 57
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NEW ENGLAND AQUARIUM, BOSTON, MA, 1984, SURVEY OF THE TOXICITY AMD CHEMICAL
COMPOSITION OF USED DRILLING MUDS, EPA-600/X-84-Q83, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 109P.
CHEMICAL CHARACTERIZATION AND TOXICITY OF OIL DRILLING FLUIDS WERE
INVESTIGATED BY EDGERTON RESEARCH LABORATORY FROM OCT. 1, 1979 TO
AUG., 1983 AS PART OF A COMPREHENSIVE RESEARCH PROGRAM SPONSORED BY
THE U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY TO DETERMINE FATE AND EFFECTS
OF SUCH FLUIDS IN THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT. DRILLING MUDS USED WERE
SUPPLIED BY EPA, THE PETROLEUM EQUIPMENT SUPPLIERS ASSOCIATION, AND
THE AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE. THE DRILLING MUDS WERE DESIGNATED
"MAY 15," "MAY 29," "SEPT. 4," "EXXON," "GILSON," "MOBILE BAY," "JAY
FIELD," AND "PESA." INVESTIGATIONS DURING THE FIRST YEAR CENTERED ON
THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION AND ACUTE TOXICITY OF DRILLING MUDS, AND THE
EFFECTS OF DRILLING MUDS ON RECRUITMENT OF BENTHIC ORGANISMS. IN THE
SECOND YEAR, STUDIES FOCUSED ON TOXICITY TESTING WITH PLANKTONIC
COPEPODS, CHEMICAL CHARACTIERIZATION OF TOXICITY TEST PHASES,
BIQACCUMULATION STUDIES, AND EFFECTS OF MUDS ON LARVAL AND ADULT
BENTHIC ORGANISMS. INVESTIGATIONS DURING THE THIRD AND FOURTH YEAR
EXAMINED SUBLETHAL EFFECTS OF DRILLING FLUIDS ON CLAM LARVAE, TRACE
METAL AND ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS IN BOTH DRILLING FLUIDS AND TOXICITY
TEST-PHASES, AND PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT OF A DRILLING FLUID SOLID
PHASE TOXICITY TEST. TOXIC COMPONENTS OF USED DRILLING MUDS TESTED
WERE PRESENT AS DISSOLVED COMPONENTS OR ASSOCIATED WITH VERY SLOWLY
SETTLING PARTICLES. SOME USED DRILLING MUDS CONTAINED LIPOPHILIC
FRACTIONS THAT WERE SIMILAR TO HYDROCARBONS FOUND IN <*2 FUEL OIL IN
THE LIQUID FRACTION AND SUSPENDED PARTICULATES FRACTION AND CONTAINED
#2 FUEL OIL IN WHOLE MUDS. MUDS THAT CONTAINED THOSE COMPONENTS WERE
MORE TOXIC THAN THOSE THAT DID NOT. JUVENILE COPEPODS (ACARTIA TONSA)
WERE NOT MORE SENSITIVE TO TOXIC DRILLING MUD SOLUTIONS THAN ADULTS OF
THIS SPECIES. IN GENERAL, .CANCER IRRORATUS LARVAE APPEARED TO EXHIBIT
TOXICITY RESPONSES TO DRILLING MUDS THAT WERE SIMILAR TO COPEPODS
TESTED. ARRESTED SHELL DEVELOPMENT INDUCED BY EXPOSURE TO DRILLING
MUDS APPEARED TO BE A SENSITIVE INDICATOR OF STRESS IN BIVALVE LARVAE.
TOTAL CHROMIUM CONCENTRATION SHOWED NO CORRELATION TO TOXICITY IN
DRILLING MUDS THAT WERE TESTED? HOWEVER, THE HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS OF
CRCVI), THE MOST BIOLOGICALLY TOXIC FORM OF CHROMIUM, OCCURRED IN TEST
PHASES THAT EXHIBITED THE GREATEST TOXICITY TO MERCENARIA MERCENARIA
LARVAE. THE MUDS DESIGNATED "MAY 15" AND "SEPT. 4" APPEARED TO BE
RELATIVELY NON-TOXIC TO PSEUDOPLEURONECTES AMERICANUS AND TO MENIDIA
MENIDIA, ALTHOUGH THE "MAY 15" MUD WAS TOXIC TO NEOMYSIS AMERICANA AND
TO ACARTIA TONSA. A STUDY OF EFFECTS OF DRILLING MUD ON INVERTEBRATE
RECOLONIZATION OF .DEFAUNATED SEDIMENT SHOWED THAT RECOLQNIZATIQN
DECREASED IN DRILLING MUD LAYERED ON TOP OF SEDIMENT WHEN MUDS WERE
MIXED WITH SEDIMENTS. CAPITELLA CAPITATA WAS MUCH MORE NUMEROUS IN
RECOLONIZATION SEDIMENTS THAT CONTAINED DRILLING MUD. TEST RESULTS
SHOWED THAT METHODS USED TO PREPARE DRILLING MUD TEST MEDIA AFFECT THE
APPARENT TOXICITY OF THE MUDS.
PAGE 58
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ELLEN J., CAROL A. MONTI, PARMELY H. PRITCHARD, AL W. BQURQUIN, AND
ARN' " PREP§ EFFECTS OF LUGWORMS AND SEAGRASS ON KEPONE
t DISTRIBUTION IN COMPLEX LABORATORY SYSTEMS. ENVIRON. SCI.
(LRL,GB 488).
LABORATORY SYSTEMS NEED TO INCORPORATE COMPLEX PROCESSES. SUCH AS
BIOTUR8ATION AND PLANT SORPTION, TO PREDICT THE FATE OF A TOXICANT IN
AN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. TWO EXPERIMENTS WERE DESIGNED TO STUDY THE
INFLUENCE OF LUGWORMS CARENICOLA CRISTATA) AND SEAGRASS (THALASSIA
TESTUDINUM) ON KEPONE DISTRIBUTION IN SEDIMENT-WATER MICROCOSMS.
RADIOLABELLED KEPONE WAS INTRODUCED INTO THESE CONTINUOUS-FLOW
SYSTEMS, AND THE DISSOLVED AND SORBED CONCENTRATIONS WERE QUANTIFIED
LUGWORM ACTIVITY DECREASED THE KEPONE CONCENTRATION IN THE WATER AND
INCREASED THE CONCENTRATION SORBED TO SEDIMENT. SEAGRASSES SLIGHTLY
AFFECTED TOXICANT DISTRIBUTION BY DELAYING THE DISSOLVED CONCENTRATION
EQUILIBRIUM. THE FATE OF KEPONE WAS INFLUENCED BY MORE COMPLEX
PROCESSES THAN CAN BE CONSIDERED IN SIMPLE LABORATORY TESTS. SUCH
O'NEILL, E., C. MONTI, P. PRITCHARD, AND A. BOURQUIN. 1983. EFFECTS OF
/?S"°2?2 AN° SEAGRA5S ON KEPONE DISTRIBUTION IN COMPLEX LABORATORY SYSTEMS
J2rSTS!CI2:, PRINTED AT THE SETAC MEETING, NOV. 6, 1983, WASHINGTON, DC.
I. ERL , Go 484 J .
o *EJTE °F MAN* TOXIC CHEMICALS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS IS AFFECTED
?JPJS EIR INTERACTION WITH SEDIMENT. TWO BIOTIC FACTORS WHICH COULD
AFFECT THE DEGREE OF SEDIMENT INTERACTION ARE BIOTURBATING BENTHIC
INVERTEBRATES AND THE PRESENCE OF VASCULAR AQUATIC PLANTS. THE EFFECTS
OF THESE FACTORS ON FATE PROCESSES CAN BEST BE OBSERVED IN LABORATORY
SYSTEMS WHICH SIMULATE THE COMPLEXITY OF NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
EXPERIMENTS WERE CONDUCTED FOR THE PURPOSE OF STUDYING THE INFLUENCE
™ pnTG^??LCS5EI!oCOLA CRISTATA> AND SEAGRASSES CTHALASSIA TESTUDINUM)
ON POLLUTANT DISTRIBUTION IN ESTUARINE SEDIMENT-WATER SYSTEMS. KEPONE
WAS CHOSEN AS THE TEST -CHEMICAL BECAUSE ITS RESISTANCE TO DEGRADATION
AND LOW VOLATILITY ENABLED A SIMPLIFIED ANALYSIS OF ITS TRANSPORT AND
SiSJRI5UTION" RADIOLABELED CC14) KEPONE WAS INTRODUCED CONTINUOUSLY
INTO DUPLICATE GLASS VESSELS CONSISTING OF WATER OVERLYING A SEDIMENT
S!i2™SNTJIIIINCi LUGWOR«S OR PLANTS. CHANGES IN THE DISSOLVED KEPONE
CONCENTRATIONS WERE MONITORED DAILY FOR 16 DAYS. AT THE TERMINATION OF
TS' THE SEDIMENT WAS FRACTIONATED INTO LAYERS, AND
A5SOCIATED WITH INTERSTITIAL WATER, SEDIMENT, LUGWORMS,
CLEAVES' RHIZOMES, AND ROOTS) WAS MEASURED TO DETERMINE
DISTIBUTION- LUGWORM ACTIVITY SIGNIFICANTLY DECREASED THE
C°NCENTRATI°N I" THE WATER AND INCREASED THE CONCENTRAION AND
NT' KEPONE BI°ACCUMULATION IN THE woHSs WAS A
FINAL DISTRIBUTION. PLANT LEAF SURFACES SORBED
SLIGHTLY AFFECTED OVERALL TOXICANT DISTRIBUTION IN
°UR RESULTS SUGGEST THAT BIOTURBATION MAY BE AN IMPORTANT
AFFECTING THE FATE OF POLLUTANTS IN SEDIMENT-WATER SYSTEMS
QUANTITATIVE STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OP BIOTURBATION MUST BE
T° ADEQUATELY PREDICT TOXICANT Dis?SSSu?S52 IN "
r
PROCESS
FURTHER
PAGE 59
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O'NEILL, E.J., C.R, CRIPE, L.H, MUELLER, AND P.H. PRITCHARD. IN PREP. FATE
OF FENTHION IN SALT MARSH ENVIRONMENTS: TRANSPORT AND BIODEGRADATION IN
MICROCOSMS (ABSTRACT), CERL,GB 511).
FENTHION (BAYTEX), AN ORGANOPHOSPHATE INSECTICIDE, IS COMMONLY APPLIED
TO SALT MARSH ENVIRONMENTS TO CONTROL MOSQUITO POPULATIONS. OTHER THAN
DILUTION, BIODEGRADATION IS THE PRINCIPAL FATE PROCESS RESPONSIBLE FOR
REDUCING EXPOSURE TO NONTARGET ORGANISMS. PREVIOUS STUDIES CONDUCTED
IN OUR LABORATORY HAVE SHOWN THAT BIODEGRADATION OCCURS ONLY IN THE
PRESENCE OF SEDIMENT. WE EXAMINED THE FATE OF FENTHION IN MICROCOSMS
TO DEFINE THE INTERACTION BETWEEN SEDIMENT AND BIODEGRADATION IN THE
FIELD, MICROCOSMS SIMULATED THE UNDISTURBED SEDIMENT BED OF A SALT
MARSH AND THE AREAS CONTAINING JUNCUS ROEMERIANUS GRASS. INTACT
SEDIMENT CORES, BOTH WITH AND WITHOUT JUNCUS, WERE REMOVED FROM THE
SALT MARSH AND PLACED IN MICROCOSM VESSELS. SEDIMENT WAS THEN COVERED
WITH SITE WATER EQUALING THE WATER DEPTH AT THE FIELD SITE, FENTHION
AT A CONCENTRATION OF 200 MICROGRAM/1 WAS ADDED TO THE WATER. THE
DISAPPEARANCE OF FENTHION WAS FOLLOWED BY EXTRACTING SUBSAMPLES WITH
HEXANE AND QUANTITATING FENTHION BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. TRITIATED
WATER WAS ALSO ADDED TO THE MICROCOSMS TO MEASURE DIFFUSION RATES INTO
SEDIMENTS. FENTHION DISAPPEARED EXPONENTIALLY FROM THE WATER COLUMN? A
HALF-LIFE OF 42.3 HOURS WAS CALCULATED BASED ON FIRST-ORDER DECAY.
DISAPPEARANCE OF FENTHION IN FORMALIN-STERILIZED MICROCOSMS HAD A
HALF-LIFE OF 99.0 HOURS AND IN MICROCOSMS WITH PLANTS, DISAPPEARANCE
WAS SLIGHTLY FASTER (HALF-LIFE OF 29.7 HOURS) WITHOUT PLANTS. AT THE
END OF THE INCUBATION PERIODS, SEDIMENT GORES TAKEN FROM THE
MICROCOSMS WERE FRACTIONATED, AND THE CONCENTRATION OF FENTHION AND
TRITIUM IN EACH 1.0 CM SEGMENT WAS DETERMINED. FENTHIQN AND TRITIUM
WERE FOUND AT GREATER DEPTHS IN NONSTERILE SYSTEMS THAN PREDICTED BY
DIFFUSION AND SORPTION, POSSIBLY BECAUSE OF BIOTRUBATION. FENTHION
APPEARED TO BE BIODEGRADED IN THE UPPER SEDIMENT LAYERS, BUT NOT IN
THE LOWER LAYERS. DEGRADATION, HOWEVER, WAS MUCH SLOWER THAN PREDICTED
FROM STANDARD SHAKE FLASK TESTS. DISTRIBUTION OF FENTHION IN SEDIMENT
WAS NOT APPRECIABLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN MICROCOSMS WITH AND WITHOUT
PLANTS. OUR RESULTS EMPHASIZE THE IMPORTANCE OF PROPERLY ASSESSING
DIFFUSION RATES TO ACURATELY PREDICT FATE IN SEDIMENT-WATER
MICROCOSMS. DIFFERENCES WERE ALSO OBSERVED BETWEEN BIODEGRADATION
INFORMATION DERIVED FROM COMPLEX SYSTEMS VERSUS SIMPLE SYSTEMS.
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PARKER, JEFFREY H,, JANET S, NICKELS, ROBERT F, MARTZ, MICHAEL J, GEHRON,
NORMAN L. RICHARDS, AND DAVID C. WHITE. 1984. EFFECT OF WELL-DRILLING
FLUIDS ON THE PHYSIOLOGICAL STATUS AND MICROBIAL INFECTION OF THE REEF
BUILDING CORAL MONTASTREA ANNULARIS, ARCH. ENVIRON. CONTAM, TQXICOL.
13Umi3-U8. CERL,GB X382).
THE REEF BUILDING CORAL MONTASTREA ANNULARUS WAS EXPOSED CONTINUOUSLY
TO SUSPENSIONS OF OIL AND GAS-WELL DRILLING FLUIDS AT CONCENTRATIONS
OF 0.1 ML LITERC-i), 0.01 ML LITERC-1), AND 0,0001 ML LITER(-I) IN
FLOWING SEAWATER AT THE U.S. NAVAL STAGE I PLATFORM (30 DEGREES 7.5'
N, 85 DEGREES 46.3' W). AFTER 6 WEEKS EXPOSURE, CORAL FRAGMENTS OF 12
TO 65 CMC2) SURFACE AREA WERE BROKEN OFF, RINSED IN SEAWATER, AND
EXTRACTED IN A ONE-PHASE CHLOROFORM-METHANOL-BUFFER AND RETURNED TO
THE LABORATORY. IN THE LABORATORY, THE EXTRACTION WAS COMPLETED AND
THE PHASES SEPARATED. THE LIPIDS WERE FRACTIONATED USING SILICIC ACID
AND THIN LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY. TOTAL PHOSPHOLIPID, TRIGLYCERIDE
GLYCEROL, TOTAL EXTRACTABLE FATTY ACIDS, TRIGLYCERIDE FATTY ACIDS AS
WELL AS THE ESTER FATTY ALCOHOLS SHOWED NO CONSISTENT CHANGES WITH
EXPOSURE TO THE DRILLING FLUIDS. CHANGES IN FREE AMINO ACID
CONCENTRATIONS WERE EXTRACTED AS WELL AS SIGNIFICANT DECREASES IN THE
RECOVERABLE DIACYL PHOSPHOLIPID. SIGNIFICANT INCREASES IN PLASMALOGEN
PHOSPHOLIPIDS APPEARED WITH EXPOSURE. INCREASES IN PLASMALOGEN
PHOSPHQLIPIDS ARE CONSISTENT WITH INFECTION BY ANAEROBIC FERMENTING
BACTERIA WHICH CAN INDICATE DISEASE. THIS EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT
BIOCHEMICAL INDICATORS OF INFECTION WITH ANAEROBIC BACTERIA MAY BE
USEFUL AS SENSITIVE MARKERS FOR POLLUTION-INDUCED CHANGES IN REEF
BUILDING CORALS AND THUS FOR MONITORING THE HEALTH OF CORAL REEFS.
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PATTQN, JOHN S., AND JOHN A. COUCH. IN PRESS. CAN TISSUE ANOMALIES THAT
OCCUR IN MARINE FISH IMPLICATE SPECIFIC POLLUTANT CHEMICALS?. IN:
PROCEEDINGS OF CONFERENCE ON MEANINGFUL MEASURES OF MARINE POLLUTION EFFECTS,
APRIL 26-29, 1982, PENSACOLA BEACH, PL. U.S. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND
ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. CERL,GB 474).
THE ADVANTAGE OF USING TISSUE ABNORMALITIES IN WILD FISH AS A MEASURE
OF FISH HEALTH IS THAT THE ABNORMALITY, UNLIKE SENSITIVE BIOCHEMICAL
ANOMALIES, CANNOT BE SAID TO HAVE OCCURRED DURING CAPTURE OR TRANSPORT
TO THE LAB. IT USUALLY TAKES HOURS, DAYS, WEEKS, AND SOMETIMES EVEN
MONTHS .FOR ABNORMAL TISSUE PATHOLOGIES TO DEVELOP. THE RESEARCHER CAN
BE CONFIDENT THAT SOME FACTOR IN THE FIELD CAUSED THE ABNORMALITY.
WHEN AN ABNORMAL FISH IS CAPTURED, LOGICAL QUESTIONS APPEAR AT FOUR
DIFFERENT LEVELS: 1) WHAT IS THE STRUCTURE OF MORPHOLOGY OF THE
ABNORMALITY? MANY SCHOLARLY ARTICLES BY HISTOPATHOLOGISTS DESCRIBE IN
DETAIL TISSUE ANOMALIES OBSERVED IN FIELD SPECIMENS. AT THIS LEVEL THE
FOCUS IS ON THE PATHOLOGY ITSELF. 2) WHAT IS THE INCIDENCE OF THE
PATHOLOGY IN THE POPULATION? HOW MANY ARE AFFLICTED, OLD OR YOUNG,
MALE OR FEMALE? HERE THE FOCUS IS ON THE SPECIES POPULATION. 3) CAN
THE INCIDENCE OF A FISH DISEASE BE LINKED TO ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION?
HERE THE FOCUS IS ON CORRELATING PATHOLOGY WITH POLLUTION. 4) WHAT
FACTOR OR FACTORS (CHEMICAL, PHYSICAL, AND/OR BIOLOGICAL) CAUSED THE
PATHOLOGY IN THE POLLUTED WATERS? THIS IS PROBABLY THE MOST DIFFICULT
QUESTION TO ANSWER AND THE SUBJECT OF THIS PAPER. ANSWERS TO THE FIRST
THREE QUESTIONS MUST BE FOUND BEFORE ATTEMPTS CAN BE MADE AT ANSWERING
THE FOURTH. IF A SPECIFIC FISH DISEASE CAN BE LINKED TO A SPECIFIC
XENQBIQTIC, THEN A ANOTHER TIER OF QUESTIONS ARISES. 5) WHAT IS THE
SIGNIFICANCE OF THIS TO HUMAN HEALTH AND WELL BEING? IS A FOOD SOURCE
DIMINISHED, ARE HUMANS INGESTING FISH CONTAINING TOXIC CHEMICALS? WHAT
IS THE AESTHETIC/ECONOMIC COST VERSUS THE INDUSTRIAL/ECONOMIC GAIN OF
HAVING CONTINUED POLLUTION? ANSWERS TO THESE QUESTIONS ARE BEYOND THE
SCOPE OF THIS PAPER. THIS PAPER WILL FOCUS ON THE QUESTION - ARE THERE
POLLUTANT SPECIFIC PATHOLOGIES IN MARINE FISH?
PIZZA, JOHN C., AND JOSEPH M* O'CONNOR. 1983. PCB DYNAMICS 'IN HUDSON RIVER
STRIPED BASS. II. ACCUMULATION FROM DIETARY SOURCES. AQUAT. TOXICOL.
3C4):313-327. CERL.GB 096).
YOUNG-OF-YEAR STRIPED BASS WERE ADMINISTERED KNOWN DOSES OF
C(14)-LABELED AROCLOR 1254 IN NATURAL FOOD (GAMMARUS TIGRINUS) BY
GAVAGE. PCB ACCUMULATION FOR THE GUT AND ELIMINATION FROM THE.
WHOLE-BODY WERE DETERMINED EMPIRICALLY FOR SINGLE-DOSE AND
MUTLIPLE-DOSE STUDIES. THE DATA HAVE BEEN APPLIED TO MODELS DESCRIBING
ABSORPTION SITE KINETICS AND FLUCTUATIONS IN WHOLE-BODY BURDEN AT
'STEADY SITE'. THOSE VARIABLES CRITICAL OF THE CALCULATION AND
UNDERSTANDING OF BIOACCUMULATION FACTORS, NAMELY GROWTH, METABOLIC
RATE, AND DOSE, ARE DISCUSSED IN THE CONTEXT OF THE KINETIC MODEL
RESULTS.
PIZZA, JOHN C. 1983. PHARMACOKINETICS AND DISTRIBUTION OF DIETARY
POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS) IN HUDSON RIVER STRIPED BASS, MORONE
SAXATILIS. PH.D. DISSERTATION. NEW YORK UNIVERSITY. 109P. (ERL,GB X478),
THIS WORK DESCRIBES THE DIETARY ACCUMULATION OF AROCLOR 1254 BY
YOUNG-OF-YEAR HUDSON RIVER STRIPED BASS CMORONE SAXATILIS). THE FISH
RECEIVED 14C-PCB IN LIVE DIET. THE FOOD ORGANISM, GAMMARUS TIGRINUS,
WAS RADIOLABELED BY 24 HR STATIC EXPOSURE AT 10 UG/L.
PAGE 62
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POWELL, E.N., J.J. KENDALL, S.J. CONNER, C.E. ZASTROW, AND T.J. BRIGHT. IN
PRESS. EFFECT OF EIGHT OUTER CONTINENTAL SHELF DRILLING MUDS ON THE
CALCIFICATION RATE AND FREE AMINO ACID POOL OF THE CORAL ACROPORA
CERVICORNIS. BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM. TOXICOL. (ERL,GB X477).
POWELL, E.N., S.J. CONNOR, J.J. KENDALL, C.E. ZASTROW, AND T.J. BRIGHT.
1984. RECOVERY BY THE CORAL ACROPORA CERVICORNIS AFTER DRILLING MUD
EXPOSURE. THE FREE AMINO ACID POOL. ARCH. ENVIRON. CQNTAM, TOXICQL.
13C2JS243-258. CERL,GB X462*).
CORALS WERE EXPOSED TO DRILLING MUD FOR 24 HR AND THEN ALLOWED TO
RECOVER FOR 48 HR IN CLEAN SEAWATER. DEPENDING ON THE CONCENTRATION
AND THE MUD USED, EXPOSURE PRODUCED EITHER AN INCREASE OR DECREASE IN
FREE AMINO ACID (FAA) POOL SIZE. A5PARTATE WAS AFFECTED TO A GREATER
DEGREE THAN OTHER AMINO ACIDS. NO CLEAR INSTANCE OF RECOVERY COULD BE
ASCERTAINED AFTER 48 HR IN CLEAN SEAWATER. IN SEVERAL CASES, CORALS,
APPARENTLY UNAFFECTED BY A 24 HR EXPOSURE, NEVERTHELESS SUFFERED
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE FAA POOL DURING THE 48 HR RECOVERY PERIOD.
THUS, THE DEGREE OF TOXICITY OF THE DRILLING MUD COULD NOT BE
ACCURATELY PREDICTED FROM THE 24 HR EXPOSURE DATA. IN MANY CASES, THE
CHOICE OF NORMALIZING PARAMETER DETERMINED WHETHER TWO SETS OF DATA
WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT OR NOT ACCURATE EFFECTS ASSESSMENT
DEPENDS ON A COMPARISON OF NORMALIZATION TO CONFIRM STATISTICAL
RESULTS.
PRITCHARD, P., J. CONNOLLY, T. MAZIARZ, E. CLEVELAND, R. CRIPE, AND A.W.
BOURQUIN, IN PREP. APPLICATION OF MICROCOSM STUDIES TO VERIFY CHEMICAL FATE
ASSESSMENTS? COMPARISONS OF THE FATE OF METHYL PARATHION IN SEDIMENT-WATER
SYSTEMS. WATER RES, (ERL,GB 453).
THIS PAPER REPORTS ON THE FATE OF AN ORGANOPH05PHATE PESTICIDE, METHYL
PARATHION, IN A SALT MARSH MICROCOSM AS A REPRESENTATION OF THE
"STATE-QF-THE-WHOLE1 AND ATTEMPTS TO DEMONSTRATE THE EFFICACY OF DATA
FROM SIMPLE LABORATORY TESTS, USING A MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO DESCRIBE
THIS FATE. TESTING THE ADEQUACY OF THIS DESCRIPTION WILL REPRESENT AN
INITIAL EXERCISE IN DETERMING IF A SYSTEM-CENTERED APPROACH TO
EXPOSURE ASSESSMENT IS REALLY NECESSARY.
PRITCHARD, P.H. 1984. FATE AND EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS! FATE OF
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS, J. WATER POLLUT. CONTROL FED, 56(6):718-725.
(ERL,GB 5143.
- -PAGE 63
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PRITCHARD, P.H., C.R. CRIPE, W.W. WALKER, J.C, SPAIN, AND A.W. BOURQUIN. IN
PREP. FATE OF METHYL PARATHIQN IN WATER AND SEDIMENT TEST SYSTEMS FROM
FRESHWATER AND ESTUARINE SITES. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIQL. (ERL,GB 513),
VARIATIONS IN THE DEGRADATION RATE OF METHYL PARATHION IN A
SHAKE-FLASK TEST WERE DETERMINED UNDER BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC CONDITIONS,
USING WATER AND SEDIMENT/WATER SUSPENSIONS OBTAINED FROM THIRTEEN
SAMPLING SITES IN TWO GULF COAST ESTUARIES. VARIABILITY IN DEGRADATION
RATES Al TWO SITES, RANGE POINT, FL, AND DAVIS BAYOU, MS, WAS ASSESSED
OVER A THREE-YEAR PERIOD. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RATES INDICATED
THAT BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF METHYL PARATHION IN THE PRESENCE OF
SEDIMENT WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT DETERMINANT AND THAT BIOLOGICAL
DEGRADATION ASSOCIATED WITH WATER AND ABIOTIC SEDIMENT-ENHANCED
DEGRADATION WAS INSIGNIFICANT. BIODEGRADATION RATES IN THE PRESENCE OF
SEDIMENT WERE SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE TWO PRIMARY SITES,
WITH THE RANGE POINT MEAN RATE APPROXIMATELY FIVE-FOLD GREATER THAN
THE DAVIS BAYOU MEAN RATE. ONLY TWO OF THE OTHER SITES EXHIBITED A
DEGRADATION RATE SIMILAR TO RANGE POINT; ALL OTHER SITES HAD RATES
APPROXIMATELY THE SAME AS DAVIS BAYOU. COLONY-FORMING UNITS DID NOT
CORRELATE WITH WATER OR SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED BIODEGRADATION RATES. NO
SEASONAL DIFFERENCES IN DEGRADATION RATES EXISTED AT EITHER OF THE
PRIMARY SITES FOR ANY TREATMENT. THE RESULTS REVEAL GEOGRAPHIC
VARIATIONS IN DEGRADATION RATES AND THUS INDICATE THE NECESSITY FOR
STUDYING SITE-SPECIFIC DEGRADATION RATES FOR TOXIC COMPOUNDS. THE
RESULTS SUGGEST THAT A VARIATION IN BIODEGRADATION RATES MAY NOT BE AS
HIGH AS EXPECTED (BASED ON THE HETEROGENEITY OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIESJ
AND, AT LEAST FOR METHYL PARATHION IN SEDIMENTS, ALL RATES CAN BE
SUBDIVIDED INTO A MINIMUM OF TWO GROUPINGS.
PRITCHARD, P.H., AND A.W, BOURQUIN. IN PRESS. MICROBIAL TOXICITY STUDIES.
INJ FUNDAMENTALS OF AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY: METHODS AND APPLICATIONS. GARY
RAND AND S.R. PETROCELLI, EDITORS, PERGAMON PRESS, INC,, ELMSFORD, NY.
(ERL,GB 4713,
THIS CHAPTER CITES EXAMPLES OF THE COMMON METHODS USED TO DETERMINE
THE TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS TO BACTERIA, IT COVERS ONLY THE MOST COMMON
METHODS, PARTICULARLY THOSE THAT ARE EASY TO PERFORM. NUMEROUS
LITERATURE CITATIONS HAVE BEEN INCLUDED TO HELP ILLUSTRATE HOW A
METHOD IS USED AND WHERE ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES LIE. THE
INFORMATION PRESENTED HERE IS NOT A COMPLETE SURVEY, BUT RATHER AN AID
TO UNDERSTANDING OF CURRENT METHODS USED IN THE FIELD OF MICRQBIAL
TOXICOLOGY. TOXICITY OF CHEMICALS TO BACTERIA IS DISCUSSED RELATIVE TO
THE ORGANISMS GROWTH AND METABOLISM. EXAMPLES ARE GIVEN OF METHODS
INVOLVING HETEROTROPHIC ACTIVITY, GEOCHEMICAL CYCLING, AND
DECOMPOSITION PROCESSES, IN ADDITION, APPLICATION OF TOXICITY STUDIES
TO UNIQUE BACTERIAL PROCESSES AND HABITATS ARE DISCUSSED,
PAGE 64
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PRITCHARD, P.H., AND C.R. GRIPE. IN PREP. MICROCOSM SYSTEM TO MODEL. THE
FATE AND EFFECTS OF P-CRESQL AND OTHER POLLUTANTS IN LOTIC STREAM ECOSYSTEMS.
LIMNOL. OCEANOGR. (ERL,GB 469),
A TANK-TYPE MICROCOSM WAS DESIGNED TO SIMULATE THE RIFFLE AND POOL
AREAS OF A LOTIC ECOSYSTEM. CONDITIONS OF NATURAL TURBULENCE AND
PHYSICAL INTEGRITY WERE PRESERVED. WATER COLUMN MIXING WAS OPTIMIZED.
INTACT SECTIONS OF THE STREAM INCLUDING ASSOCIATED PERIPHYTQN,
MACROPHYTES AND INVERTEBRATES WERE TRANSPORTED TO MICROCOSMS USING
TRAYS, CALIBRATION OF THE MICROCOSM'S BEHAVIOR WITH THE FIELD IS
DEMONSTRATED WITH STUDIES INVOLVING THE FATE AND EFFECT OF A TOXICANT,
P-CRESOL.
PRITCHARD, P.H., AND A.M. BOURQUIN. IN PREP. PERSPECTIVE ON THE ROLE OF
MICROCOSMS IN ENVIRONMENTAL FATE AND EFFECTS ASSESSMENTS. IN: PROCEEDINGS
OF CONFERENCE ON- MEANINGFUL MEASURES OF MARINE POLLUTION EFFECTS, APRIL
26-29, 1982, PENSACOLA BEACH, FL. U.S. NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC
ADMINISTRATION. (ERL,GB 468).
THIS PAPER ATTEMPTS TO ILLUSTRATE HOW MICROCOSM STUDIES INTERFACE WITH
BOTH WASTE ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY DETERMINATIONS (REGARDLESS OF THE
APPROACH TAKEN OR ENDPOINTS SELECTED) AND OTHER LESS QUANTITATIVE
TYPES OF ASSESSMENTS.
PRITCHARD, P.H., AND A.W. BOURQUIN. 1984. USE OF MICROCOSMS FOR EVALUATION
OF INTERACTIONS BETWEEN POLLUTANTS AND MICROORGANISMS. IN: ADVANCES IN
MICROBIAL ECOLOGY, VOLUME.?. C. C. MARSHALL, EDITOR, PLENUM PRESS, NEW YORK,
NY. PP. 133-215. (ERL,GB 477*),
AVAIL. FROM NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA: PB83-217802.
MICROCOSMS OR MODERN ECOSYSTEM STUDIES ARE DESCRIBED AND EVALUATED AS
TOOLS TO ASSESS THE RESPONSE OF A MICROBIAL COMMUNITY TO A POLLUTANT
RELEASED IN THE ENVIRONMENT, PRECAUTIONS AND POTENTIALS ARE DISCUSSED
. REGARDING THE POTENTIIAL ROLE OF MICROCOSMS IN RISK ASSESSMENT OF
ENVIRONMENTAL HAZARDS, AND THEIR CAPABILITY TO PREDICT THE FATE AND
EFFECTS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS.
PAGE 65
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PRITCHARD, P.H., C.R. CRIPE, A.W. BOURQUIN, AND W.W. WALKER, IN PREP,
VARIABILITY OF BIQDEGRADATION RATES OF PESTICIDES IN WATER/SEDIMENT SYSTEMS,
TO BE PRESENTED AT THE 5TH ANNUAL SETAC MEETING, NOV. 4-7, 1984, ARLINGTON,
VA, CERL,GB 515).
THREE HERBICIDES, TWO FUNGICIDES, FIVE ORGANOPHORPHORUS INSECTICIDES,
AND ONE MITICIDE (ACARCIDE) WERE CHARACTERIZED WITH RESPECT TO
DEGRADATION RATE UNDER BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC CONDITIONS IN ESTUARINE
WATER AND SEDIMENT/WATER SYSTEMS USING A SIMPLE SHAKE-FLASK TEST.
DECAY RATES FOR EACH CHEMICAL COULD GENERALLY BE DESCRIBED BY A
FIRST-ORDER MODEL. THE DEGRADATION OF METHYL PARATHION, HOELON, BRAVO,
BOLSTAR, FENTHION, AND BOLERO WAS BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED. THE FASTEST
BIODEGRADATION RATES OCCURRED WHEN SEDIMENT WAS PRESENT. THE
DEGRADATION OF TRIFLURALIN, DURSBAN, PHORATE, EPN, AND
PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE WERE PRIMARILY BY ABIOTIC MEANS. RELATIVE TO
THE OTHER TEST MATERIALS, PHORATE AND HOELON DEGRADED RAPIDLY; DURSBAN
WAS THE MOST PERSISTENT; AND EPN, BRAVO, PENTACHLORONITROBENZENE,
TRIFLURALIN, AND BOLSTAR REFLECTED INTERMEDIATE DEGRADATION RATES,
VARIABILITY IN RATES FROM REPLICATE FLASKS SUGGESTED THAT A DIFFERENCE
IN RATE WITHIN TREATMENTS (STERILE/ACTIVE, WITH AND WITHOUT SEDIMENTS)
OF A FACTOR OF TWO OR LESS WAS PROBABLY NOT SIGNIFICANT. DEGRADATION
RATES OF METHYL PARATHION IN SHAKE-FLASK TESTS WERE DETERMINED USING
WATER AND SEDIMENT OBTAINED FROM THIRTEEN SAMPLING SITES TO EXAMINE
SITE-SPECIFIC VARIABILITY. VARIABILITY IN DEGRADATION RATES AT TWO
SITES (RANGE POINT, FL, AND DAVIS BAYOU, MS) WAS ASSESSED OVER A
THREE-YEAR PERIOD. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE RATES INDICATED THAT
BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION OF METHYL PARATHION IN THE PRESENCE OF SEDIMENT
WAS THE MOST IMPORTANT DETERMINANT AND THAT BIOLOGICAL DEGRADATION
ASSOCIATED WITH WATER AND ABIOTIC SEDIMENT-ENHANCED DEGRADATION WAS
INSIGNIFICANT. BIODEGRADATION RATES IN THE PRESENCE OF SEDIMENT WERE
SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFERENT BETWEEN THE TWO PRIMARY SITES, WITH THE RANGE
POINT MEAN RATE APPROXIMATELY FIVEFOLD GREATER THAN THE DAVIS BAYOU
MEAN RATE. ONLY TWO OF THE OTHER SITES EXHIBITED A DEGRADATION RATE
SIMILAR TO RANGE POINT? ALL OTHER SITES HAD RATES APPROXIMATELY THE
SAME AS DAVIS BAYOU. COLONY-FORMING UNITS DID NOT CORRELATE WITH WATER
OR SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED BIODEGRADATION RATES. NO SEASONAL DIFFERENCES
IN DEGRADATION RATES EXISTED AT EITHER OF THE PRIMARY SITES FOR ANY
TREATMENT. THE RESULTS REVEAL GEOGRAPHIC VARIATIONS IN DEGRADATION
RATES AND THUS INDICATE THE NECESSITY FOR STUDYING SITE-SPECIFIC
DEGRADATION RATES FOR TOXIC COMPOUNDS. THIS SUGGESTS THAT A VARIATION
IN BIODEGRADATION RATES MAY NOT BE AS HIGH AS EXPECTED (BASED ON THE
•HETEROGENEITY OF MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES) AND, AT LEAST FOR METHYL
• PARATHION IN SEDIMENTS, ALL RATES CAN BE SUBDIVIDED INTO A MINIMUM OF
TWO GROUPINGS.
PAGE 66
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PRONI, 'JOHN R. 1983. FINAL REPORT ON THE FLOWER GARDENS BANK DRILLING
FLUIDS' PROJECT CUNPUBLISHEDJ. ISP, CERL,GB x
THE FLOWER GARDWES BANK PROJECT, A JOINT ENDEAVOR OF THE ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY CEPA) AND THE NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC
ADMINISTRATION CNOAA) WAS UNDERTAKEN WITH THE PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVE OF
DETERMINING WHETHER OR NOT DRILLING FLUIDS RELEASED TO THE OCEAN IN
DRILLING OIL WELLS COULD OR COULD NOT REACH A PORTION OF THE FLOWER
GARDEN BANKS UPON WHICH GROW CORALS OF A SPECIFIC TYPE OR TYPES, A
SECOND PRINCIPAL OBJECTIVE WAS TO DETERMINE IF DRILLING FLUIDS OR
COMPONENTS OF DRILLING FLUIDS COULD REACH THE CORALS WHAT EXPECTED
CONCENTRATIONS MIGHT BE ATTAINED, THE PROJECT WAS ENVISIONED TO BE
FIVE YEARS IN DURATION AND POSSIBLY LONGER. HOWEVER, AFTER TWO YEARS
OF OPERATION FUNDS WERE ABRUPTLY CUT-OFF. A RELATIVELY MODEST AMOUNT
OF FUNDING WAS THEN PROVIDED FOR SALVAGING THAT WORK WHICH HAD BEEN
DONE AND FOR WINDING THE PROJECT DOWN. ONE KEY ELEMENT IN THIS PROJECT
WAS THE PROVISION OF DISCHARGES OF DRILLING FLUIDS INTO THE OCEAN.
PROVISION OF THESE DISCHARGES WHICH WAS NOT UNDER THE CONTROL OF
EITHER THE EPA OR NOAA PROVED TO BE QUITE DIFFICULT. THERE WERE
SEVERAL REASONS FOR THE DIFFICULTIES. OIL COMPANIES WERE NOT CERTAIN
WHEN A PARTICULAR WELL WAS TO DISCHARGE; ADVANCE NOTICE FOR A
DISCHARGE FOR A GIVEN WELL WAS AT BEST TENS OF HOURS, THIS ADVANCE
DISCHARGE NOTICE TIME IS INCOMPATIBLE WITH SHIP SCHEDULING WHICH MUST
BE DONE WEEKS IF NOT MONTHS OR EVEN YEARS IN ADVANCE. THIS PROBLEM OF
WELL DISCHARGE WAS HIGHLIGHTED WHEN ON ONE OCCASION A NOAA SHIP, THE
RESEARCHER, SPENT FOUR WEEKS IN GULF OF MEXICO, AT A COST TO NOAA OF
$15,000 -A DAY, WITHOUT OBTAINING AN OPPORTUNITY TO STUDY A SINGLE
DISCHARGE. THREE COOPERATIVE DISCHARGES WERE OBTAINED DURING THE
LIMITED EXTENT OF THE PROJECT. IN ORDER TO SATISFY THE OBJECTIVES OF
THIS PROJECT STATED IN THE INTRODUCTORY PARAGRAPH A RELIABLE MEANS OF
DETECTING AND TRACKING DRILLING FLUIDS DISCHARGED INTO THE OCEAN
NEEDED TO BE DEVELOPED. CHEMICAL, PARTICULATE ANALYSIS AND ACOUSTICAL
TECHNIQUES WERE DEVELOPED AND EMPLOYED. ALSO TO SATISFY THE OBJECTIVES
AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PATHWAYS BY WHICH DRILLING FLUIDS COULD REACH
THE BANKS WAS REQUIRED; THIS IMPLIED THE NEED FOR HYDROGRAPHIC AND
ACOUSTICAL MEASUREMENTS, THE CHEMICAL PROGRAM WAS HEADED BY DR. JOHN
H. TREFRY OF THE FLORIDA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY WHILE THE ACOUSTICS,
HYDROGRAPHY AND OVERALL ANALYSIS OF THE DATA WAS DONE BY DR. JOHN R,
PRONI OF NOAA. MANY ADDITIONAL SUB-GOALS AND QUESTIONS APPEARED DURING
THE COURSE OF THIS PROJECT AS IT WAS REALIZED HOW LITTLE WAS
UNDERSTOOD ABOUT DRILLING FLUID DISPERSAL. ONE OF THESE SUB-GOALS WAS
DETERMINING WHETHER OR NOT WATER COLUMN STRUCTURE COULD INFLUENCE THE
TRANSPORT OF DRILLING FLUIDS AND IN PARTICULAR DID HORIZONTAL DENSITY
STRATA EXIST WHICH MIGHT SERVE AS CONDUITS FOR PORTION OF THE
DISCHARGE PLUME TO THE CORALS? WE SHALL SEE PRESENTLY THAT SIGNIFICANT
RESULTS WERE OBTAINED DESPITE THE SEVERE CURTAILMENT OF THE PROJECT,
PAGE 67
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RAO, K. RANGA, AND DANIEL G. DOUGHTIE. IN PRESS. HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES
IN GRASS SHRIMP EXPOSED TO CHROMIUM, PENTACHLQROPHENQL, AND DITHIOCARBAMATES.
IN! RESPONSES OF MARINE ANIMALS TO POLLUTANTS. J. HEATH AND J. STEGEMAN,
EDITORS, ELSEVIER/APPLIED SCIENCE PUBLISHERS. CERL,GB X435).
THIS REPORT DEALS WITH THE HISTOPATHOLOGICAL/ULTRASTRUCTURAL CHANGES
IN VARIOUS TISSUES OF GRASS SHRIMP PALAEMONETES PUGIO) EXPOSED TO
HEXAVALENT AQUATREAT DNM-30 (15% SODIUM DIMETHYL DITHIOCARBAMATE PLUS
15% DISODIUM ETHYLENE BISDITHIOCARBAMATE) AND BUSAN-85 (50% POTASSIUM
DIMETHYL DITHIOCARBAMATE). THE PATHOLOGICAL ALTERATIONS INDUCED BY
DITHIOCARBAMATES AND PCP WERE MOST SEVERE AND FIRST EVIDENT IN THE
GILLS OF THE BIOCIDES TESTED, THE DITHIOCARBAMATES CAUSED THE MOST
EXTENSIVE BRANCHIAL DAMAGE—THE SO CALLED BLACK GILL SYNDROME,
INVOLVING EARLY MELAN1ZATION AND EVENTUAL LAMELLAR TRUNCATION.
HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM, ON THE OTHER HAND, DID NOT INDUCE MARKED CHANGES
IN THE GILLS, BUT IT CAUSED INVASIVE MELANIZED CUTICULAR LESIONS
(PARTICULARLY AT THE ARTICULATIONS OF THE PEREIQPQDS, PLEOPODS, AND
ABDOMINAL SEGMENTS). ADDITIONALLY CHROMIUM CAUSED APPARENT LABYRINTH
HYPOACTIVITY IN THE ANTENNAL GLANDS, WHEREAS THE DITHIOCARBAMATES
SEEMED TO INDUCE LABYRINTH HYPERACTIVITY. HEPATOPANCREATIC
HISTOPATHOLOGY WAS MORE SEVERE IN SHRIMP EXPOSED TO CHROMIUM AND PCP
THAN IN DITHIOCARBAMATE-EXPOSED SHRIMP. THE APPARENT MITOTIC ACTIVITY
IN THE HEPATOPANCREAS WAS 'INCREASED IN AOUATREAT-EXPOSED SHRIMP AND
SUPPRESSED IN CHROMIUM-EXPOSED SHRIMP; MANY MITOTIC FIGURES IN THE
LATTER CASE WERE ABNORMAL. ALL FOUR COMPOUNDS CAUSED VARYING DEGREES
OF MIDGUT EPITHELIAL HYPERTROPHY, CYTOPLASMIC VACUOLIZATIQN, AND
DIMINUTION OF BASAL TUBULAR ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM, BUT ONLY PCP CAUSED
WIDESPREAD RUPTURE OF MIDGUT EPTITHELIAL CELL APICES. ADDITIONAL
NOTABLE ULTRASTRUCTURAL ANOMALIES INCLUDED: MITOCHONDRIAL
CQMPARTMENTALIZATIQN IN PCP-EXPOSED SHRIMP; MITOCHONDRIAL FUSION IN
DITHIOCARBAMATE-EXPOSED SHRIMP. THESE PATHOLOGICAL CHANGES POINT TO
DIFFERENCES IN THE MECHANISMS OF POLLUTANT TOXICITY AND INDICATE THEIR
POTENTIAL USE IN THE BIOLOGICAL MONITORING OF AQUATIC POLLUTANTS.
RAO, K. R., AND P. J. CONKLIN. IN PRESS. MOLT-RELATED SUSCEPTIBILITY AND
REGENERATIVE LIMB GROWTH AS SENSITIVE INDICATORS OF AQUATIC POLLUTANT
TOXICITY TO CRUSTACEANS. IN: PROCEEDINGS INDO-U.S. CONFERENCE ON LIFE
HISTORIES OF BENTHIC MARINE INVERTEBRATES, (ERL,GB X472).
RAO, K. R., P. J. CONKLIN, AND D. G. DOUGHTIE. IN PRESS, PHYSIOLOGICAL AND
HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EVALUATION OF THE TOXICITY OF HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM TO THE
GRASS SHRIMP PALAEMONETES PUGIO. IN: POLLUTION AND PHYSIOLOGY OF MARINE
ANIMALS. F.J.VERNBERG, A. CALABRESE, F.P. THURBER, AND W.B. VERNBERG,
EDITORS, UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH CAROLINA PRESS. (ERL,GB X473).
REISH, DONALD J., PHILIP S. OSHIDA, FRANK G, WILKES, ALAN J. MEARNS, THOMAS
C. GINN, AND ROBERT SCOTT CARR. 1984. FATE AND EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS:
EFFECTS ON SALTWATER ORGANISMS. J. WATER POLLUT, CONTROL FED.
56C6):758-780. CERL,GB 414).
PAGE 68
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REISH, DONALD J., GILL G. GEESEY, FRANK G. WILKES, PHILLIP S. OSHIDA, ALAN J.
MEARNS, STEVEN S. ROSSI, AND THOMAS C, GXNN. 1983. MARINE AND ESfUARINE
POLLUTION. J. WATER POLLUT. CONTROL FED, 55(6):767-787. (ERL,GB 464).
THE SYMPOSIUM PROCEEDINGS ON THE USE AND PROTECTION OF SAN FRANCISCO
BAY WERE PUBLISHED. SPECIAL CONSIDERATIONS WERE GIVEN TO WASTE
DISPOSAL PROBLEMS IN THE BAY, SHIPPING, AND PROTECTION OF THE
SHORELINE. THE BIENNIAL REPORT OF THE SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA COASTAL
RESEARCH PROJECT INCLUDED DISCUSSIONS OF THE CONTAMINANTS IN THESE
COASTAL WATERS, TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES ESPECIALLY DEALING WITH
DETOXIFICATION, AND BENTHIC POPULATIONS. THE U.S. DEPARTMENT OF
COMMERCE PUBLISHED FIVE ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHIES ON THE TOXIC EFFECTS
OF PESTICIDES -ON NON-TARGET ORGANISMS, INCLUDING MARINE SPECIES,
PAPERS ON THE MAJOR COASTAL POLLUTION PROBLEMS ADDRESSED DURING THE
DECADE WERE EDITED BY DUKE. EACH PAPER DESCRIBED ISSUES, THEIR
SIGNIFANCE, STATE OF-THE KNOWLEDGE, PROGRESS THROUGH THE DECADE, AND
RESEARCH NEEDS FOR THE FUTURE.
RICHARDSON, LEONARD B., DENNIS T. BURTON, RONALD M, BLOCK, AND ANN M,
STAVOLA. 1983. LETHAL AND SUBLETHAL EXPOSURE AND RECOVERY EFFECTS OF
OZONE-PRODUCED OXIDANTS ON ADULT WHITE PERCH (MDRONE GMELIN). WATER RES.
17C2)!205-213. (ERL,GB X370*) .
AVAIL. FROM NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA: PB83-223644.
ADULT WHITE PERCH (MORONE AMERICANA), ACCLIMATED TO 15 DEGREES
CELSIUS, WERE EXPOSED TO A SERIES OF OZONE-PRODUCED QXIDANT (OPO)
CONCENTRATIONS FOR 96 H USING CONTINUOUS FLOW BIOASSAY TECHNIQUES.
TOXICITY DATA WERE ANALYZED USING BOTH RESPONSE SURFACE MODELING AND
STANDARD PROBIT REGRESSION, WHITE PERCH WERE ALSO EXPOSED TO A SERIES
OF NEAR AND SUBLETHAL OPO CONCENTRATIONS, SELECTED FROM THE ACUTE
TOXICITY STUDY, FOR 96 H AND THEN PLACED IN CLEAN NQN-OZONATED WATER
FOR 14 DAYS. BLOOD PH, HEMATOCRIT AND GILL HISTOPATHOLOGY WERE
ANALYZED DURING EXPOSURE AT 24, 48 AND 96 H AND AFTER 4 DAYS IN THE
RECOVERY PERIOD. BLOOD PH AND HEMATOCRIT LEVELS WERE ANALYZED
STATISTICALLY USING STANDARD ANOVA AND MULTIPLE RANGE TESTS.
HIISTOPATHOLOGICAL EFFECTS WERE EXAMINED USING BOTH LIGHT MICROSCOPY
AND SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY. THE 24-, 48 AND 96-H LCSO'S WERE
0.38, 0.26 AND 0.20 MG OPO IC-l), RESPECTIVELY. BLOOD PH WAS
SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCED AT CONCENTRATIONS GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO 0.15
MG OPO 1C-1) BUT NOT AT 0.10 MG 1C-1) OR LOWER CONCENTRATIONS,
HEMATOCRIT SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED AT CONCENTRATIONS GREATER THAN OR
EQUAL TO 0,10 MG OPO IC-l). HISTOPATHOLOGICAL EXAMINATION REVEALED
MINIMAL EFFECTS ON GILL TISSUE AT 0.01 MG OPO IC-l), MODERATE
EPITHELIAL SLOUGHING AND HEAVY MUCUS PRODUCTION AT 0.05 MG OPO IC-l)
AND EXTREME TISSUE DAMAGE AT CONCENTRATIONS GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO
0.10 MG IC-l). RESULTS FROM BOTH THE ACUTE TOXICITY AND THE EXPOSURE
AND RECOVERY STUDY WERE COMPARED WITH THE EFFECTS OF CHLORINE-PRODUCED
OXIDANTS (CPO) OBTAINED FROM THE LITERATURE. BOTH OPO AND CPO APPEAR
TO HAVE SIMILAR EFFECTS ON ADULT WHITE PERCH.
PAGE 69
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RUBINSTEIN, N.I., E. LORES, AND N.R. GREGORY. 1983, ACCUMULATION OF PCB,
MERCURY AND CADMIUM BY NEREIS VIRENS, MERCENARIA MERCENARIA AND PALAEMOWETES
PUGIO FROM CONTAMINATED HARBOR SEDIMENTS. AQUAT. TOXICOL, (AMST.).
3(3)S249-260. (ERL,GB 452),
ACCUMULATION OF POLYCHLORINATED BIPHENYLS (PCBS), MERCURY, AND CADMIUM
BY SANDWORMS (NEREIS VIRENS), HARD CLAMS (MERCENARIA MERCENARIA) AND
GRASS SHRIMP (PALAEMONETES PUGIO) EXPOSED TO CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS
FROM FOUR SITES IN NEW YORK HARBOR WAS STUDIED FOR A 100-DAY PERIOD,
OF THE THREE CONTAMINANTS MONITORED, ONLY PCBS WERE FOUND TO
BIOACCUMULATE ABOVE BACKGROUND (CONTROL) CONCENTRATIONS, SMALL
INCREASES IN PCB BODY BURDEN WERE DETECTED IN M. MERCENARIA AND P.
PUGIO, WHEREAS HIGHER CONCENTRATIONS WERE MEASURED IN N. VIRENS,
UPTAKE WAS AFFECTED BY THE ORGANIC CONTENT OF THE SEDIMENT,
BIOACCUMULATION FACTORS (CONCENTRATION IN TISSUE/CONCENTRATION IN
SEDIMENT) FOR N. VIRENS RANGED FROM 1,59 IN A LOW ORGANIC SEDIMENT TO
0.15 IN A HIGH ORGANIC SEDIMENT, RESULTS FROM THIS STUDY SUPPORT THE
CONTENTION THAT SEDIMENT CONCENTRATION ALONE DOES NOT REFLECT
BIOAVAILABILITY AND THAT TOXICITY TESTS (BIOASSAYS) AND FIELD
MONITORING REMAIN THE MOST DIRECT METHOD FOR ESTIMATING
BIOACCUMULATION POTENTIAL OF SEDIMENT-BOUND CONTAMINANTS.
RUBINSTEIN, N, I,, W, T, GILLIAM, AND N, R, GREGORY. IN PRESS, DIETARY
ACCUMULATION OF PCBS FROM A CONTAMINATED SEDIMENT SOURCE BY A DEMERSAL FISH
SPECIES (LEIOSTOMUS XANTHURUS). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY. (ERL,GB 485).
ACCUMULATION AND DIETARY TRANSFER OF PCBS FROM CONTAMINATED HARBOR
SEDIMENTS WAS STUDIED IN A LABORATORY FOOD CHAIN CONSISTING OF
SEDIMENTS, POLYCHAETES AND A PREDATORY FISH, RESULTS INDICATE THAT
CONTAMINATED SEDIMENTS CAN SERVE AS A SOURCE OF PCBS FOR UPTAKE AND
TROPHIC. TRANSFER IN MARINE SYSTEMS, FISH EXPOSED TO PCB CONTAMINATED
SEDIMENTS AND FED A DAILY DIET OF POLYCHAETES FROM THE SAME SEDIMENT
ACCUMULATED MORE THAN TWICE THE PCB WHOLE BODY RESIDUES THAN FISH
EXPOSED TO THE SAME SEDIMENT BUT FED UNCONTAMINATED POLYCHAETES.
FOLLOWING 20 DAYS OF FEEDING THE DIETARY CONTRIBUTION OF PCBS
ACCOUNTED FOR 53& OF THE TOTAL BODY BURDEN MEASURED IN FISH AND THIS
PERCENTAGE APPEARED TO BE INCREASING,
PAGE 70
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RUBINSTEIN, N.I., W.T. GILLIAM, AND N.R. GREGORY. 1983. EVALUATION OF THREE
FISH SPECIES AS BIQASSAY ORGANISMS FOR DREDGED MATERIAL TESTING.
EPA-6QQ/X-83-Q62, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 22P.
THE OBJECTIVE OF THIS STUDY WAS TO EVALUATE SEVERAL MARINE FISH
SPECIES IN TERMS OF THEIR ACUTE SENSITIVITY TO MODERATELY CONTAMINATED
SEDIMENTS AND THEIR POTENTIAL FOR BIOACCUMULATION OF POLYCHLORINATED
BIPHENYL (PCB), A UBIQUITOUS ORGANIC CONTAMINANT. SEELYE ET AL. C1982)
HAVE PREVIOUSLY EXAMINED ACCUMULATION OF CONTAMINANTS RELEASED FROM
DREDGED SEDIMENTS IN A FRESHWATER FISH SPECIES CPERCA FLAVESCENSJ,
CONSIDERATIONS FOR BIOASSAY SPECIES SELECTION; A RATIONALE TO AID IN
SELECTION OF APPROPRIATE BIOASSAY ORGANISMS WAS DEVELOPED BY SHUBA ET
AL, (1981), THEIR LIST OF SELECTION FACTORS INCLUDES 1). THE ORGANISM
IS FOUND AT, OR IS RELATED TO, SPECIES AT THE DISPOSAL SITE? 2), THE
ORGANISM IS READILY AVAILABLE THROUGHOUT THE YEAR, EITHER THROUGH
FIELD COLLECTION OR PURCHASING; 3). A TOXICOLOGICAL DATA BASE EXISTS
FOR THE SPECIES; 4). THE ORGANISM CAN BE MAINTAINED IN A HEALTH
CONDITION IN THE LABORATORY? 5). THE ORGANISM IS CULTURABLE IN THE
LABORATORY," 6). THE ORGANISM OCCURS OVER A WIDE GEOGRAPHIC AREA; AND
7). THE ORGANISM IS ECONOMICALLY OR ECOLOGICALLY IMPORTANT OR BOTH,
ADDITIONAL FACTORS THAT APPLY TO SPECIES SELECTED FOR BIOACCUMULATION
STUDIES ARE? THE ORGANISM SHOULD ACCUMULATE THE POLLUTANT WITHOUT
EXCESSIVE MORTALITY AT CONCENTRATIONS FOUND IN THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE
ORGANISM SHOULD BE OF ADEQUATE SIZE FOR TISSUE ANALYSIS (D.J.H.
PHILLIPS, 1980). THREE SPECIES THAT MEET THE SELECTION CRITERIA ARE
THE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW (CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS), THE KILLIFISH (FUNDULUS
SIMILIS) AND THE ATLANTIC SILVERSIDE (MENIDIA MENIDIA. THESE SPECIES
WERE SELECTED FOR STUDY AND TESTED WITH DREDGED MATERIAL TAKEN FROM
NEW YORK HARBOR. 'IT WAS OUR INTENTION TO EVALUATE THESE ORGANISMS FROM
THE PERSPECTIVE OF A CONTRACTING LABORATORY REQUIRED TO USE STANDARD
METHODS AND TO APPLY RECOMMENDED PROCEDURES FOR DREDGED MATERIAL
EVALUATION CEPA/CE, 1977).
PAGE 71
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SCHATTEN, GERALD, CALVIN SIMERLY, AND HEIDE SCHATTEN. IN PRESS. EFFECTS OF
BARIUM SULFATE ON SEA URCHIN FERTILIZATION AND EARLY DEVELOPMENT. INI
WASTES IN THE OCEAN, VOLUME 3, JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., NEW YORK, NY.
(ERL,GB X427).
FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEA URCHINS OFFER AN UNRIVALED SYSTEM
TO STUDY THE CELLULAR CONSEQUENCES OF EXOGENOUS IONS. AT
FERTILIZATION, A VARIETY OF EVENTS OCCUR, INCLUDING THE ACROSOME
REACTION OF THE SPERM, THE CORTICAL REACTION OF THE EGG, SPERM
INCORPORATION, THE UNION OF THE SPERM AND EGG NUCLEI.WITHIN THE EGG
CYTOPLASM, BIOELECTRIC CHANGES, THE ESTABLISHMENT OF THE BLOCK TO
POLYSPERMY AND THE ACTIVATION OF THE METABOLISM OF THE FERTILIZED EGG.
THESE EVENTS REQUIRE A COMPLEX REPERTOIRE OF ENZYMATIC AND STRUCTURAL
CHANGES IN CELLULAR BEHAVIOR AND ARE REGULATED BY IONIC FLUXES,
PARTICULARLY BY CHANGES IN INTRACELLULAR CALCIUM CONCENTRATION.
BARIUM, A DIVALENT CATION, MIGHT BE EXPECTED TO MIMIC CALCIUM IN THIS
1 MARINE SYSTEM AND TO INTERFERE WITH THE CELLULAR AND DEVELOPMENTAL
EVENTS NORMALLY REGULATED BY CALCIUM FLUXES. GAMETES FROM THE GULF
COAST SEA URCHINS LYTECHINUS VARIEGATUS AND ARBACIA PUNCTULATA WERE
STUDIED BY LIGHT, ELECTRON AND TIME-LASPE VIDEO MICROSCOPY TO EVALUATE
THE INTERFERENCE' BY BARIUM SULFATE WITH NORMAL FERTILIZATION AND
DEVELOPMENT. IN BARIUM SULFATE CONCENTRATIONS ABOVE 1 MILLIMOLAR, ALL
THE NORMAL EVENTS AT FERTILIZATION WERE DRASTICALLY REDUCED; AT 10
MILLIMQLAR BARIUM SULFATE, ZERO PERCENT FERTILIZATION AND DEVELOPMENT
WERE NOTED. THESE RESULTS INDICATE THAT HIGH CONCENTRATIONS CGREATER
THAN 1 MHOL) OF BARIUM SULFATE CAN INTERFERE WITH NORMAL FERTILIZATION
AND DEVELOPMENT OF SEA URCHINS AT SITES THAT ARE USUALLY REGULATED BY
CALCIUM IONS.
SCHIMMEL, STEVEN C,, RICHARD L. GARNAS, JAMES M. PATRICK, JR., AND JAMES C.
MOORE. 1983. ACUTE TOXICITY, BIOCONCENTRATION, AND PERSISTENCE OF AC 222,
705, BENTHIOCARB, CHLORPYRIFOS, FENVALERATE, METHYL PARATHION, AND PERMETHRIN
IN THE ESTUARINE ENVIRONMENT. J. AGRIC. FOOD CHEM. 31C1):104-113. (ERL,GB
186),
SIX PESTICIDES WERE EVALUATED IN LABORATORY STUDIES TO DETERMINE!
ACUTE (96-H) TOXICITY, OCTANOL/WATER PARTITION COEFFICIENTS (LOG P) ,
SOLUBILITY, AND PERSISTENCE IN SEAWATER. IN ADDITION, THREE OF THE SIX
PESTICIDES (SYNTHETIC PYRETHROIDS) WERE TESTED USING THE EASTERN
OYSTER (CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA) IN LONG-TERM (28 DAYS) TESTS TO
DETERMINE THEIR RESPECTIVE BIOCONCENTRATION FACTORS (BCF). ACUTE
TOXICITY TESTS PROVIDED THE FOLLOWING DECREASING ORDER OF TOXICITY TO
•ESTUARINE CRUSTACEANS AND FISHES: AC 222, 70S; FENVALERATE,
PERMETHRIN, CHLORPYRIFOS, METHYL PARATHION, AND BENTHIOCARB. THE
ESTUARINE MYSID (MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA) WAS CONSISTENTLY THE MOST SENSITIVE
SPECIES, WITH LC50 VALUES AS LOW AS 0.008 MG/L. THE SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW
(CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS) WAS GENERALLY THE LEAST SENSITIVE (RANGE OF
LC50 VALUES = 1.1 TO 1.370 MG/L), LOG P VALUES AND PESTICIDE
HALF-LIVES 'IN SEDIMENT-WATER SYSTEMS WERE INVERSELY RELATED TO
SOLUBILITY IN SEAWATER. THE FOLLOWING ARE THE INCREASING ORDER OF LOG
P VALUES (RANGE, 1.8 TO 6.5) AND PESTICIDE HALF-LIVES (RANGE, 1.2 TO
34 DAYS) AND DECREASING ORDER OF SOLUBILITY (RANGE, 1000 TO 24 MG/L)S
METHYL PARATHION, BENTHIOCARB, CHLORPYRIFOS, AC222, 705, FENVALERATE,
AND PERMETHRIN, THE STEADY-STATE BCFS OF THE THREE SYNTHETIC
PYRETHROIDS WERE: 1,900 FOR PERMETHRIN: 2,300 FOR AC 222, 70S? 4,700
FOR FENVALERATE. AFTER TERMINATION OF THE EXPOSURE, EACH INSECTICIDE
WAS DEPURATED BY OYSTERS TO NON-DETECTABLE CONCENTRATIONS WITHIN ONE
WEEK.
-^ ' PAGE 72
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SCHOQR, W. PETER, ELSAYED ELNENAEY, AND BARRIE TAN. IN PREP. BENZO(A)PYRENE
METABOLISM IN 3-METHYCHQLANTHRENE-TREATED SEA CATFISH. (ERL,GB 384),
THE LIVER MICROSOMAL FRACTIONS OF 3-METHYLCHQLANTHRENE-TREATED SEA
CATFISH WERE INCUBATED WITH BENZO(A)PYRENE AND THE RESULTING
METABOLITES IDENTIFIED USING HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY.
USING TWO DIFFERENT TEMPERATURES FOR THE METABOLIC REACTIONS, IT WAS
FOUND THAT TWICE THE AMOUNT OF METABOLITES WERE OBTAINED AT 37 DEGREES
CELSIUS AS COMPARED TO 25 DEGREES CELSIUS. THE METABOLITES IDENTIFIED
WERE (T)-9,10-DIHYDROXY-9,10-DIHYDRO-BENZO(A)PYRENE,
7,8-DIHYDRO-BENZQ(A)PYRENE-7,8-OXIDE. (T)-7,8-DIHYDROXY-7,8-DIHYDRO-BEN
ZO(A)PYRENE, 4,5-DIHYDRO-BENZOCA)PRENE-4,5-OXIDE,
l,6-,6,12-,3,6-BENZO(A)PYRENE QUINQNES, 5-,6-,9-f7-,1- AND
3-HYDROXY-BENZO(A)PYRENE.
SCHQQR, W. PETER. 1984. BENZOCA]PYRENE METABOLISM IN MARINE FISH AND SOME
ANALYTICAL ASPECTS OF ITS METABOLITES. IN: USE OF SMALL FISH SPECIES IN
CARCINOGENICITY TESTING, NATL. CANCER INST. MONOGR. 65, KAREN L. HOOVER,
EDITOR, U.S. NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, BETHESDA, MD. PP. 391-396. (ERL,GB
454).
IN INTERSPECIES COMPARISONS OF BENZO[A3PYRENE METABOLISM, STANDARDIZED
PROCEDURES IN THE ANALYSIS OF THE METABOLITES MUST BE ESTABLISHED,
TECHNICAL PROBLEMS ARISING IN METABOLITE ANALYSIS ARE DISCUSSED, AND
DATA ARE PRESENTED SHOWING THE ACTIVITIES OF THE MIXED FUNCTION
OXYGENASE AND TRANSFERASE SYSTEMS IN PHENOBARBITAL- AND
3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE-INDUCED MULLET AND KILLIFISH.
SCHOOR, W. PETER, AND CHARLES L. MCKENNEY. 1983. DETERMINATION OF
FENVALERATE IN FLOWING-SEAWATER EXPOSURE STUDIES. BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM,
TOXICOL. 30(1)184-92. CERL,GB 434).
FENVALERATE (PYDRIN)2 IS A PYRETHROID WHICH WHEN PRESENT IN THE WATER
AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS APPEARS TO BE HIGHLY TOXIC TO CRUSTACEANS,
REPORTED 96-H LC-50 VALUES ARE 0.14 UG/L FOR LOBSTER CHOMARUS
AMERICANUS) AND 0,04 UG/L FOR SHRIMP (CALLINECTES SEPTEMSPINQSA) IN
STATIC TESTS (MCLEESE ET AL. 1980) AND 0,002 UG/L FOR GRASS SHRIMP
LARVAE CPALAEMONETES PUGIO) IN FLOW-THROUGH TESTS (TYLER MCKENNEY,
PERS. COMM.), SINCE THE 0,002 UG/L VALUE WAS BASED ON NOMINAL RATHER
THAN MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS, AND ESTABLISHED METHODS WERE NOT
SENSITIVE ENOUGH, (BUCK ET AL. 1980; CHAPMANN HARRIS 1978',' HILL
1981? LEE ET AL. 1978? PAPADOPOULOU-MOURKIDOU ET AL. 1980; WSZOLEK
ET AL. 1980; HORIBA ET AL, 1980A,B; HORIBA ET AL, 1980), A METHOD
FOR THE ANALYSIS OF FENVALERATE AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS IN SEAWATER WAS
DEVELOPED. FENVALERATE HAS TWO CENTERS OF CHIRALITY AND THEREFORE
EXISTS AS A MIXTURE OF FOUR STEREOISOMERS, TWO OF WHICH ARE
DIASTEREOISOMERS, THE OTHER TWO ARE THE CORRESPONDING ENANTIOMERS.
PAGE 73
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SCHOOR, W. PETER, AND MEERA SRIVASTAVA, 1983, EFFECTS OF TRICHLOROPROPENE
OXIDE ON THE METABOLISM OF BENZQ(A)PYRENE BY 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE- AND
PHENQBARBITAL-TREATED MULLET (MUGIL CEPHALUS), A MARINE FISH (ABSTRACT). IN!
PROGRAM AND ABSTRACTS OF FIRST INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON FOREIGN COMPOUND
METABOLISM, OCT. 30 THRU NOVEMBER 4, 1983, WEST PALM BEACH, FLORIDA, (ERL,GB
4903.
MARINE FISH, MULLET (MUGIL CEPHALUS), WERE TREATED WITH
3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE (3-MC) AND PHENQBARBITAL (PB) BY INTRAPERITONEAL
INJECTION, AND THE EFFECTS OF TRICHLOROPROPENE OXIDE (TCPQ), AN
INHIBITOR OF EPOXIDE HYDRATASE ACTIVITY, ON THE METABOLISM OF
BENZO(A)PYRENE (BAP) BY ISOLATED LIVER MICROSOMES WERE EVALUATED, THE
MOST SINGIFICANT EFFECT FOUND WAS AN INCREASE IN THE OXIDATION OF BAP
AT THE BAY REGION (POSITION 9 AND 10) IN FISH WHICH WERE PRETREATED
WITH 3-MC AND PB. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES WERE FOUND IN THE
METABOLIC PATTERNS OF 3-MC- AND PB-TREATED FISH. WHEN METABOLITE
PATTERNS OF THE DIHYDRODIQLS IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF TCPO WERE
COMPARED, THE PREDICTED SHIFTS WERE OBSERVED IN CONTROL AS WELL AS
3-MC- AND PB-TREATED ANIMALS. COMPARISON OF METABOLITE PATTERNS IN THE
PRESENCE OF TCPO SHOWED DISTINCT DIFFERENCES BETWEEN CONTROL AND 3-MC-
AND PB-TREATED ANIMALS. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE IN METABOLITE
PATTERNS WERE FOUND BETWEEN 3-MC- AND PB-TREATED ANIMALS IN EITHER
PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF TCPO. COMPARISON TO MAMMALIAN DATA SHOWED THE
INDUCTION-RELATED METABOLITE PATTERN IN FISH TO BE VERY SIMILAR TO
THAT FOUND IN RATS,
SCHQOR, W. PETER, AND MEERA SRIVASTAVA. 1983. INDUCTION OF MFO IN MULLET
LIVER MICROSOMES: EFFECT OF NADPH ON BENZO(A)PYRENE METABOLITE DISTRIBUTION
AT 25 DEGREES AND 37 DEGREES (ABSTRACT). PRESENTED AT THE SECOND
INTERNATIONAL SYMPOSIUM ON POLLUTANT RESPONSE IN MARINE ORGANISMS, APRIL
27-29, 1983, WOODS HOLE, MA. (ERL,GB 166*).
MIXED-FUNCTION OXYGENASE ACTIVITIES IN MULLET (MUGIL CEPHALUS) WERE
INDUCED WITH 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE AND PHENOBARBITAL (PB) ADMINISTERED
INTRAPERITONEALLY TWICE OVER A THIRTY-DAY PERIOD. CONTROL AND INDUCED
MFO ACTIVITIES WERE STUDIED AT 25 DEGREES AND 37 DEGREES CELSIUS USING
0.1 - 4,0 MM NADPH, INCREASES IN NADPH CONCENTRATIONS IN ACTIVITY
DETERMINATIONS OF CONTROL MULLET MFO AT BOTH TEMPERATURES SHOWED
CORRESPONDING ACTIVITY INCREASES AND RATHER BROAD ACTIVITY OPTIMA. NO
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN THE METABOLITE COMPOSITION WERE OBSERVED. MFO
ACTIVITIES INDUCED BY 3-MC AND CONDUCTED AT 37 DEGREES CELSIUS SHOWED
INCREASES OF ALL METABOLITES EXCEPT THE 4,5-EPOXIDE AND 5-PHENQL WITH
INCREASING NADPH CONCENTRATIONS. NO SUCH INCREASES WERE FOUND AT 25
DEGREES CELSIUS. INCREASES IN THE INDIVIDUAL METABOLITES WERE
DISPROPORTIONATELY HIGHER AT 37 DEGREES CELSIUS AND HIGH NADPH
CONCENTRATIONS WHEN COMPARED AT 25 DEGREES CELSIUS, SIMILAR TRENDS
WERE FOUND WITH THE PB INDUCED MFO ACTIVITIES. THE DATA INDICATE THAT
WITH REGARD TO COMPARATIVE INDUCTION, PHYSIOLOGICAL TEMPERATURE
RANGES MAY MAKE COMPARISON OF ACTIVITIES DIFFICULT BETWEEN WARM- AND
COLD-BLOODED SPECIES. PRELIMINARY DATA AT LOWER TEMPERATURES INDICATE
THAT THE ANOMALIES OF MFQ ACTIVITY IN THE MULLET OCCUR AT 37 DEGREES C
RATHER THAN AT THE LOWER TEMPERATURES.
PAGE 74
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SCHOQR, W.P., AND M. SRIVASTAVA. IN PRESS. POSITION-SPECIFIC INDUCTION OF
BENZQCAJPYRENE METABOLISM BY 3-METHLCHQLANTHRENE AND PHENOBARBITAL IN MULLET
(MUGIL CEPHALUS), COMP. PHYSIQL. BIQCHEM, (ERL,GB 499).
1, MULLET CMUGIL CEPHALUS), A MARINE FISH, WERE TREATED WITH
3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE AND PHENOBARBITAL BY INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTION,
AND THE EFFECTS ON THE METABOLISM OF BENZOCAJPYRENE BY ISOLATED -LIVER
MICROSOMES WERE EVALUATED. 2, THE MOST SIGNIFICANT EFFECT FOUND IN
TREATED FISH WAS AN INCREASE IN THE OXIDATION OF BENZQ(A)PYR£NE AT THE
BAY REGION. A POSITION-SPECIFIC INCREASE WHICH WAS NOT REFLECTED IN AN
INCREASE IN THE TOTAL ACTIVITY. 3. COMPARISON OF METABOLITE PATTERNS
OF THE DIHYDRODIOLS OF BENZOCA)PYRENE IN THE PRESENCE AND ABSENCE OF
TRICHLQRQPRQPEN.E OXIDE SHOWED THE PREDICTED INHIBITIONS WERE OBSERVED
IN CONTROL AS WELL AS TREATED ANIMALS. 4. NO SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCES
IN METABOLITE PATTERNS WERE FOUND BETWEEN THE 3-METHYLCHOLANTHRENE-
AND PHENOBARBITAL-TREATED FISH IN EITHER PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF
TRICHLOROPROPENE OXIDE. 5. COMPARISON IS MADE TO PUBLISHED DATA ON
SIMILAR POSITION- SPECIFIC EFFECTS OBSERVED IN RATS,
SCHULTZ, R. JACK, AND MARY E SCHULTZ. 1984, CHARACTERISTICS OF A FISH
COLONY OF POECILIOPSIS AND ITS USE IN CARCINOGENICITY STUDIES WITH
7,12-DIMETHYLBENZCA3ANTHRACENE AND DIETHYLNITROSAMINE. INS USE OF SMALL
FISH SPECIES IN CARCINOGENICITY TESTING, NATL. CANCER INST. MONQGR, 65,
KAREN L. HOOVER, EDITOR, U.S. NATIONAL CANCER INSTITUTE, BETHESDA, MD. PP.
5-13. CERL,GB X311).
THE VIVIPAROUS FISH POECILIQPSIS FROM NORTH-WESTERN MEXICO IS
CHARACTERIZED ACCORDING TO ITS POTENTIAL IN CANCER RESEARCH. A COLONY
OF THESE FISHES STARTED IN 1961 INCLUDES INBRED STRAINS OF P. LUCIDA
CM61-9, M61-31, M61-35, AND S68-4), P. MQNACHA CS68-4 AND S68-5), AND
P, VIRIOSA (M65-23), WHICH -HAVE BEEN DEMONSTRATED BY ECLECTRQPHORESIS
AND TISSUE GRAFT ANALYSIS TO BE HOMOZYGOUS. ALL-FEMALE SPECIES OF
HYBRID ORIGIN ARE REPRESENTED BY 12 CLONES WHICH, ALTHOUGH HIGHLY
HETEROZYGOUS, ARE GENETICALLY IDENTICAL OR ISOGENIC AND READILY ACCEPT
WITHIN-CLONE TISSUE TRANSPLANTS. TWO STUDIES ARE CITED IN WHICH
HEPATIC TUMORS WERE CHEMICALLY INDUCED. IN ONE, LIVER NEOPLASMS WERE
INDUCED IN P. LUCIDA AND P. MONACHA BY REPEATED SHORT-TERM EXPOSURES
TO AN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION OF 5 PPM 7,12-DIMETHYLBENZEA]ANTHRACENE, IN
THE OTHER, DOSE RESPONSES TO THE CARCINOGEN DIETHYLNITROSAMINE CDENA)
WERE COMPARED AMONG 4 INBRED STRAINS, 3 HYBRIDS FROM CROSSES BETWEEN
INBRED STRAINS, AND 2 WILD STOCKS OF P. LUCIDA. THE INCIDENCE OF
HEPATIC TUMORS GRADUALLY INCREASED FROM 0 TO 93% DEPENDING ON THE
CONCENTRATION OF THE COMPOUND AND THE NUMBER OF EXPOSURES, 8UT NO
SIGNIFICANT DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND AMONG THE INBRED STRAINS, THEIR
HYBRIDS, OR THE WILD STOCKS, HEPATIC TUMORS, INITIALLY INDUCED WITH
DENA HAVE BEEN SUCCESSFULLY TRANSPLANTED INTO THE MUSCLE TISSUE AND
ABDOMINAL CAVITY OF MEMBERS OF THE SAME STRAIN.
PAGE 75
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SCIENCE APPLICATIONS, INC., LA JOLLA, CA. 1984, DRILL MUD ASSESSMENT
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS REFERENCE VOLUME, EPA-600/3-84-048, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, PL. 265P.
THIS REPORT PRESENTS CONCENTRATIONS OF SPECIFIC METALS AND
HYDROCARBONS IN ELEVEN DRILLING FLUIDS (MUDS) TAKEN FROM OPERATING GAS
AND OIL RIGS IN THE GULF OF MEXICO. EACH DRILLING FLUID WAS ANALYZED
CHEMICALLY FOR HEAVY METAL AND HYDROCARBON CONTENT IN THREE DISTINCT
PHASES: (1) THE BULK OR WHOLE MUD, (2) A SUSPENDED PHASE DERIVED FROM
THE BULK MUD SAMPLE, AND (3) A "DISSOLVED" OR LIQUID PHASE. ALIQUOTS
OF BULK MUDS WERE REMOVED FOR BARIUM ANALYSES BY INSTRUMENTAL NEUTRON
ACTIVATION AND FOR ANALYSIS FOR IRON, ALUMINUM, LEAD, ZINC, CADMIUM,
COPPER, STRONTIUM, AND CALCIUM BY ATOMIC ABSORPTION ANALYSIS. ANALYSIS
OF THE SUSPENDED PARTICULATE AND LIQUID PHASES WAS SIMILAR, THE
AROMATIC AND ALIPHATIC CONTENT OF THE THREE PHASES WERE DETERMINED BY
EXTRACTION AND THE FRACTIONATION BY COLUMN CHROMATOGRAPHY, THE
ANALYSIS FOR EACH OF THE 11 DRILLING FLUIDS IS PRESENTED IN FOUR
PARTS; A, DRILLING FLUID CONCENTRATIONS, B. WHOLE DRILLING FLUID
ORGANIC CONCENTRATIONS, C, PARTICULATE PHASE ORGANIC CONCENTRATIONS,
D, "DISSOLVED" PHASE ORGANIC CONCENTRATIONS.
SCIENCE APPLICATIONS, INC., LA JOLLA, CA. 1984. DRILL MUD ASSESSMENT
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS REFERENCE VOLUME (PROJECT SUMMARY). EPA-600/S3-84-048,
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF
BREEZE, FL. 2P,
SCOTT, GEOFFREY I., DOUGLAS P. MIDDAUGH, AND SCOTT KLINGENSMITH. 1983.
BIOCONCENTRATION OF BROMOFORM BY AMERICAN OYSTER, CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA CG.)
EXPOSED TO CHLORINATED AND DECHLORINATED SEAWATER, WITH NOTES ON SURVIVAL AND
FEEDING, IN: WATER CHLORINATION: ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND HEALTH EFFECTS,
VOL. 4. ROBERT L. JOLLEY, ET AL., EDITOR, ANN ARBOR SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, ANN
ARBOR, MI. PP. 1029-1037. (ERL,GB 429*3.
CHLORINE ADDED TO SEAWATER REACTS WITH ORGANIC PRECURSORS TO FORM
NUMEROUS OXIDATION PRODUCTS INCLUDING BROMOFORM. WHILE SEVERAL STUDIES
HAVE EXAMINED THE TOXICOLQGICAL, BEHAVIORAL AND PHYSIOLOGICAL
RESPONSES OF BIVALVE MOLLUSCS TO CONTINUOUS CHLORINATION, IN MOST
INSTANCES, ONLY ACTIVE OXIDANTS WERE MEASURED; THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS
OF EXPOSURE TO, OR BIOCONCENTRATION OF, BROMOFORM WERE NOT CONSIDERED.
NOTABLE EXCEPTIONS INCLUDE STUDIES BY GIBSON ET AL. (7), IN WHICH
BIOCONCENTRATION OF BROMOFORM BY SEVERAL MARINE ORGANISMS WAS
EXAMINED, AND SCOTT ET AL. (8), IN WHICH BROMOFORM, GENERATED DURING
CHLORINATION OF SEAWATER, WAS BIOCONCENTRATED BY AMERICAN OYSTER,
CRASSOSTREA VIRGINICA. RECENTLY, ROBERTS DETERMINED THE RESPONSE OF
AMERICAN OYSTERS TO CHLORINATED SEAWATER AND SEAWATER DECHLORINATED
WITH SODIUM THIOSULFATE. DETOXIFICATION OF CHLORINE-PRODUCED OXIDANTS
CCPQ) WAS APPARENTLY ACHIEVED BY DECHLORINATION, HOWEVER, THE
POTENTIAL FOR BIOCONCENTRATION OF BROMOFORM WAS NOT DETERMINED. THE
OBJECTIVES OF OUR STUDY WERE: (1) TO DETERMINE THE RATE OF BROMOFORM
PRODUCTION IN CHLORINATED SEAWATER: C2) TO ASSESS THE SURVIVAL AND
FEEDING RESPONSE OF OYSTERS EXPOSED TO CHLORINATED SEAWATER CONTAINING
ACTIVE OXIDANTS BROMOFORM, AND OTHER CHLORINATED ORGANICS, AND TO
DECHLORINATED SEAWATER CONTAINING BROMOFORM PLUS OTHER CHLORINATED
ORGANICS? AND (3) TO DETERMINE THE POTENTIAL FOR BIOCONCENTRATION OF
BROMOFORM IN OYSTERS EXPOSED TO CHLORINATED AND DECHLORINATED
SEAWATER.
PAGE 76
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SHIREMAN, JEROME V., WILLIAM T, HALLER, DOUGLAS E, COLLE, CURTIS E, WATKINS,
DOUGLAS F, DURANT, AND DANIEL E. CANFIELD. 1983, ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF
INTEGRATED CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL AQUATIC WEED CONTROL. EPA-600/3-83-098,
CENTER OF AQUATIC WEEDS, INSTITUTE OF FOOD & AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE, UNIVERSITY
OF FLORIDA, GAINESVILLE, FL. 333P.
THIS STUDY WAS INITIATED TO PROVIDE QUANTITATIVE INFORMATION ON THE
INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS LEVELS OF AQUATIC PLANTS AND THE IMPACT OF
CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL (GRASS CARP) MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUESQUES COULD
BE INTEGRATED TO PROVIDQUES ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. THE STUDY
CONSIST OF 3 SEPARATE PROJECTS. ORANGE LAKE, A LARGE LAKE WITH AND
ABUNDANCE OF MACROPHYTES, WAS STUDIED TO DETERMINE WHAT THE EFFECT OF
NATURALLY OCCURRING FLUCTUATIONS IN VEGETATION ARE AND WHAT EFFECT
DIFFERENT VEGETATION TYPES MAY HAVE ON THE AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT. LAKE
PEARL, A SMALL LAKE WITH AN ABUNDANCE OF HY0RILLA WAS STUDIED TO
DETERMINE IF CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CONTROL TECHNIQUES COULD BE
INTEGRATED TO PROVIDE LONG-TERM VEGETATION MANAGEMENT WITHOUT REMOVING
ALL VEGETATION. THE IMPACT OF INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT ON THE AQUATIC
ENVIRONMENT WAS ALSO STUDIED. FINALLY, POND STUDIES WERE CONDUCTED TO
DETERMINE THE ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF DIFFERENT AQUATIC PLANT
MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES AT DIFFERENT LEVELS OF WEED MANAGEMENT.
SHIREMAN, J.V., W.T. HALLER, D.E. COLLE, C.E. WATKINS, II, D.F. DURANT, AND
DtE. CANFIELD. i983. ECOLOGICAL IMPACT OF INTEGRATED CHEMICAL AND
BIOLOGICAL AQUATIC WEED CONTROL: PROJECT SUMMARY. EPA-600/S3-83-098, U.S.
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF
BREEZE, FL. 4P.
THE FINAL REPORT SUMMARIZED HEREIN PRESENTS RESULTS OF A FOUR-YEAR
STUDY OF THE ECOLOGICAL IMPACTS OF CHEMICAL, BIOLOGICAL, AND
INTEGRATED METHODS OF AQUATIC WEED CONTROL. BIOLOGICAL AND WATER
QUALITY CHANGES OCCURRED AS ABUNDANCE OF MACROPHYTIC VEGETATION WAS
ALTERED BY NATURAL FACTORS OR MANAGEMENT PRACTICES. MACROPHYTE
ABUNDANCE STRONGLY INFLUENCED THE STRUCTURE OF COMMUNITIES, AND IT WAS
CONCLUDED THAT ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF PLANT MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS ARE
DETERMINED MORE BY THE AMOUNT OF VEGETATION CONTROLLED THAN BY
MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUE. ALSO, CHANGES IN LAKE HYDROLOGY AND RATES OF
NUTRIENT LOADING APPEAR TO BE MORE IMPORTANT AS DETERMINANTS OF LAKE
WATER QUALITY THAN MACROPHYTES. RESEARCH NEEDS FOR EVALUATION OF
EFFECTS OF WEED CONTROL ON AQUATIC SYSTEMS ARE IDENTIFIED.
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SQMERVILLE, C.C., L.C. BUTLER, T,J. LEE, A. W. BQURQUIN, AND J.C. SPAIN.
1983. DEGRADATION OF JET FUEL HYDROCARBONS BY AQUATIC MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES
(ABSTRACT). IN: ABSTRACTS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR
MICROBIOLOGY 1983, AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP.
284. (ERL,GB 458*).
A MIXTURE OF FIFTEEN HYDROCARBONS REPRESENTATIVE OF THOSE IN
DISTILLATE JET FUELS WAS USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER DEGRADATION BY
NATURAL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES COULD AFFECT THE PERSISTENCE OF SUCH
FUELS RELEASED INTO AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS. THE MIXTURE INCLUDED HEXANE,
CYCLQHEXANE, N-HEPTANE, METHYLCYCLOHEXANE, TOLUENE, N-OCTANE,
ETHYLCYCLOHEXANE, P-XYLENE, CUMENE, 1,3,5-TRIMETHYLBENZENE, INDAN,
NAPHTHALENE, 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE, N-TETRADECANE, AND
2,3-DIMETHYLNAPTHTHALENE. THE MIXTURE WAS INCUBATED WITH WATER OR
WATER AND SEDIMENT SUSPENSIONS COLLECTED AT ESTUARINE AND FRESHWATER
SITES, DISAPPEARANCE OF HYDRBOCARBONS WAS MEASURED BY CAPILLARY COLUMN
GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. CONTROL FLASKS WERE STERILIZED WITH HGCLC2) TO
ESTIMATE LOSSES DUE TO VOLATILIZATION. C(6)-C(9) COMPOUNDS VOLATILIZED
QUICKLY. INDAN, NAPTHTHALENE, AND 2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE WERE MUCH LESS
VOLATILE AND WERE BIQDEGRADED RAPIDLY AFTER AND INITIAL 24H LAG
PERIOD. THE PRESENCE OF SEDIMENT AND ITS ASSOCIATED MICROFLORA
STIMULATED BIODEGRADATION. ASSAYS OF TOTAL HETEROTROPHS AND
HYDRQCARBONQCLASTIC BACTERIA INDICATED AND INITIAL TOXICITY OF THE
FUEL MIXTURE FOLLOWED BY A STIMULATION OF HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING
BACTERIA.
SOMERVILLE, C.C., T.J. LEE, AND J.C. SPAIN, 1984. FATE AND TOXICITY OF RJ-5
HIGH DENSITY MISSILE FUEL IN AQUATIC TEST SYSTEMS (ABSTRACT). IN: ABSTRACTS
OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY, 1984.
AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY, WASHINGTON, DC. PP. 213. (ERL,GB X4393.
THE FATE AND TOXICITY OF THE SYNTHETIC, HIGH DENSITY FUEL, JR-5, WAS
•STUDIED IN QUIESCENT FLASK TESTS WITH NATURAL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES
FROM PENSACQLA BAY. THE FUEL WAS INCUBATED WITH WATER OR
WATER-SEDIMENT SUSPENSIONS, EXTRACTED WITH CARBON DISULFIDE, AND
ANALYZED BY CAPILLARY-COLUMN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. THE MAJOR COMPONENTS
OF THE FUEL, THE NORBORNADIENE DIMERS, WERE RESISTANT TO MICROBIAL
DEGRADATION AND PHYSICAL WEATHERING DURING THE 2000 H TEST PERIOD AT
SALINITIES RANGING FROM 0-15 PARTS PER THOUSAND. MICRO-EMULSIONS OF
THE FUEL WERE ASSAYED FOR EFFECTS ON THE MINERALIZATION OF GLUCOSE BY
AQUATIC BACTERIA, SURVIVAL OF THE BACTERIA, AND TOXICITY TO THE
CRUSTACEAN MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA. MINERALIZATION OF GLUCOSE BY MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES WAS INHIBITED ONLY AT EXTREMELY HIGH FUEL CONCENTRATIONS
(5000 MG/L? LOWER CONCENTRATIONS (50-500 MG/L) STIMULATED
MINERALIZATION. RJ-5 DID NOT SIGNIFICANTLY AFFECT MICROBIAL POPULATION
SIZE AS MEASURED BY ACRIDINE ORANGE DIRECT COUNTING OR BY MPN
TECHNIQUES. THE FUEL WAS TOXIC TO MYSIDQPSIS BAHIA IN STATIC, 96 H
ACUTE TOXICITY TESTS (LC50 0.16 MG/L). BECAUSE RJ-5 IS MORE DENSE THAT
WATER, HAS A HIGH AFFINITY FOR SEDIMENT, RESISTS WEATHERING, AND IS
TOXIC TO BENTHIC ORGANISMS, IT COULD CAUSE SERIOUS PROBLEMS IF
ACCIDENTLY RELEASED INTO AN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENT.
PAGE 78
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SPAIN, JIM C., AND P.A. VAN VELD. 1983. ADAPTATION OF NATURAL MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES TO DEGRADATION OF XENOBIOTIC COMPOUNDS: EFFECTS OF
CONCENTRATION, INOCULUM, AND CHEMICAL STRUCTURE. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL.
45(2):428-435. (ERL,G8 440*),
ADAPTION OF MICROBIAL POPULATIONS TO DEGRADE XENOBIOTIC COMPOUNDS
FASTER AFTER EXPOSURE TO THE COMPOUND WAS STUDIED IN ECO-CORES.
RADIOLABELED TEST COMPOUNDS WERE ADDED TO CORES THAT CONTAINED NATURAL
WATER AND SEDIMENT. ADAPTATION WAS DETECTED BY COMPARING
MINERALIZATION RATES OR DISAPPEARANCE OF PARENT COMPOUND IN
PRE-EXPOSED AND UNEXPOSED CORES. MICROBIAL POPULATIONS IN PRE-EXPOSED
CORES FROM A NUMBER OF FRESHWATER SAMPLING SITES ADAPTED TO DEGRADE
P-NITROPHENOL FASTER? POPULATIONS FROM ESTUARINE OR MARINE SITES DID
NOT SHOW ANY INCREASE IN RATES OF DEGRADATION AS A RESULT OF
PRE-EXPOSURE. ADAPTATION WAS MAXIMAL AFTER TWO WEEKS AND NOT
DETECTABLE AFTER SIX WEEKS. A THRESHOLD CONCENTRATION OF JO PPB WAS
NOTED, BELOW WHICH NO ADAPTATION WAS DETECTED. WITH CONCENTRATIONS OF
20 TO 100 PPB, THE BIODEGRADATION RATES IN PRE-EXPOSED CORES WERE MUCH
HIGHER THAN IN CONTROL CORES AND WERE PROPORTIONAL TO RESPIKE
CONCENTRATION. IN ADDITION, TRIFLURALIN, 2,4-DICHLOROPHENOXYACETIC
ACID (2,4-D) AND P-CRESOL WERE TESTED TO DETERMINE WHETHER
PRE-EXPOSURE AFFECTED SUBSEQUENT BIODEGRADATION. MICROBIAL POPULATIONS
DID NOT ADAPT TO TRIFLURALIN. ADAPTATION TO 2,4-D WAS SIMILAR TO THAT
WITH NITOPHENOL. P-CRESOL WAS MINERALIZED RAPIDLY IN BOTH PRE-EXPOSURE
AND UNEXPOSED POPULATIONS.
PAGE 79
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SPAIN, J.C,, P.A, VAN VELD, C.A. MONTI, P.H. PRITCHARD, AND C.R. CRIPE. IN
PRESS, COMPARISON OF P-NITRQPHENOL BIODEGRADATION IN FIELD AND LABORATORY
TEST SYSTEMS. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. CERL,GB 506).
LABORATORY TEST SYSTEMS PROVIDE THE MOST PRACTICAL MEANS TO OBTAIN
DATA THAT CAN BE USED TO PREDICT THE BIODEGRADATION AND FATE OF
ORGANIC POLLUTANTS. MORE ACCURATE PREDICTIONS COULD BE MADE IF FATE
TESTS COULD BE CONDUCTED IN THE FIELD FOR EACH CHEMICAL UNDER
CONSIDERATION, SUCH STUDIES HAVE OFTEN BEEN CONDUCTED FOR THE
APPLICATION OF PESTICIDES TO SOIL, BUT CONSTRAINTS OF TIME AND EXPENSE
DO NOT PERMIT STUDIES TO BE CARRIED OUT ROUTINELY IN AQUATIC HABITATS.
THE MOST PRACTICAL ALTERNATIVE IS TO CONDUCT A FEW FIELD TESTS WITH
SELECTED CHEMICALS AND COMPARE THE RESULTS WITH THOSE FROM LABORATORY
TESTS TO ASSESS THE RELEVANCE AND UTILITY OF THE LABORATORY DATA. WHEN
THE STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES OF THE TEST SYSTEMS ARE UNDERSTOOD, THE
DEGREE OF CONFIDENCE WITH WHICH LABORATORY DATA CAN BE EXTRAPOLATED
CAN BE EVALUATED. WE HAVE .USED SEVERAL TYPES OF BIODEGRADATION TEST
SYSTEMS, INCLUDING SHAKE FLASKS, ECO-CORES, AND MICROCOSMS, TO STUDY
THE DEGRADATION OF P-NITROPHENOL CPNP) IN THE LABORATORY.
P-NITRQPHENOL WAS CHOSEN AS AN EXAMPLE OF NITROAROMATIC COMPOUNDS
WIDELY USED IN THE MANUFACTURE OF DYES, EXPLOSIVES, AND PESTICIDES,
SUCH COMPOUNDS ARE RELEASED INTO THE ENVIRONMENT DURING THE HYDROLYSIS
OF SEVERAL ORGANOPHOSPHOROUS PESTICIDES, SUCH AS PARATHION. IN
LABORATORY STUDIES WITH INTACT SEDIMENT/WATER CORES, MICROBIAL
COMMUNITIES DEGRADED NITROPHENOL AFTER A LAG PERIOD OF SEVERAL DAYS.
THE LENGTH OF THE LAG PERIOD WAS VARIABLE, HOWEVER, AND NO
BIODEGRADATION OCCURRED FOR WEEKS IN CORES FROM ESTUARINE, MARINE OR
SOME FRESHWATER SITES, THE INCLUSION OF SEDIMENT ALSO AFFECTS THE
•BIODEGRADATION, AND A SIGNIFICANT AMOUNT OF THE NITROPHENOL BECAME
ASSOCIATED WITH SEDIMENT EVEN IN STERILE CONTROLS, THE PURPOSE OF OUR
• STUDY WAS TO COMPARE THE BIQDEGRADATION OF P-NITROPHENOL AND
CONCOMITANT RESPONSES OF AQUATIC MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES IN LABORATORY
TEST SYSTEMS WITH THOSE IN THE FIELD. WE PREPARED LABORATORY TEST
SYSTEMS WITH SAMPLES FROM A FRESHWATER POND, THEN TREATED THE
LABORATORY SYSTEMS AND THE POND SIMULTANEOUSLY WITH THE TEST COMPOUND
SO THAT DIRECT COMPARISONS COULD BE MADE.
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SPAIN, J.C., C.C. SOMERVILLE, T.J. LEE, L.C. BUTLER, AND A.W. BQURQUIN.
1983. DEGRADATION OF JET FUEL HYDROCARBONS BY AQUATIC MICRQBIAL COMMUNITIES:
AN INTERIM REPORT 23 OCTOBER 1981 TO 30 SEPTEMBER 1982. EPA-6QO/X-83-059,
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF
BREEZE, FL. 205P.
A MODEL FUEL MIXTURE OF FIFTEEN HYDROCARBONS REPRESENTATIVE OF THOSE
DISTILLATE JET FUELS WAS USED TO DETERMINE WHETHER DEGRANDATION BY
NATURAL MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES COULD AFFECT THE PERSISTENCE OF SUCH
FUELS RELEASED IN AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS. THE MIXTURE INCLUDED HEXANE,
CYCLOHEXANE, N-HEPTANE, METHYLCYCLOHEXANE, TOLUENE, N-OCTANE,
ETHYLCYCLOHEXANE, P-XYLENE, CUMENE, TRIMETHYLBENZENE, INDAN
NAPHTHALENE, N-TETRADECANE, 2,3-DIMETHYLNAPHTHALENE. THE WATER SOLUBLE .
FRACTION OF THE MODEL FUEL WAS INCUBATED IN SHAKE FLASKS WITH WATER OR
WATER AND SEDIMENT SUSPENSIONS COLLECTED AT ESTUARINE AND FRESHWATER
SITES. SURFACES FILMS OF THE MODEL MIXTURE WERE STUDIED UNDER QUIESENT
INCUBATION. THE DISAPPEARANCE OF HYDROCARBONS WAS MEASURED BY
CAPILLARY COLUMN GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY. CONTROL FLASKS WERE STERILIZED
WITH HGCLC2) TO ESTIMATE LOSSES DUE TO ABIOTIC PROCESSES. CC65-CC9)
COMPOUNDS VOLATILIZED QUICKLY. INDAN, NAPHTHALENE, AND
2-METHYLNAPHTHALENE WERE MUCH LESS VOLATILE AND WERE BIODEGRADED FROM
SOLUTION AFTER AND INTIAL 24H LAG PERIOD. THE PRESENCE OF SEDIMENT
ASSOCIATED MICROFLORA SIMULATED DEGRADATION. BIODEGRADATION WAS NOT AN
IMPORTANT FATE PROCESS OF THE MODEL FUEL COMPONENTS IN THE QUIESCENT
TEST. ASSAYS OF TOTAL HETERTROPHS AD HYDROCARONOCLASTIC BACTERIA
INDICATED AN INITIAL TQXICITY OF THE FUEL MIXTURE FOLLOWED BY A
STIMULATION OF HYDROCARBON-DEGRADING BACTERIA. FATE TESTS WERE
REPEATED WITH PETROLEUM-DERIVED JP-4, THE SOLUBLE COMPONENTS OF JP-4
VOLATILIZED TOO RAPIDLY FOR BIODEGRADATION TO OCCUR. SEDIMENTATION
DRAMATICALLY AFFECTED THE FATE OF FUEL COMPONENTS WHEN MIXING OF THE
HYDROCARBON AND SEDIMENT LAYERS STUDIED, SEDIMENT ASSOCIATED COMPOUNDS
WERE MORE RESISTANT TO VOLATILIZATION AND MICROBIAL ATTACK.
SUBSTITUTED BENZENES AND N-ALKANES WERE RADILY BIODEGRADED WHEN NOT
LIMITED BY EVAPORATION AND SEDIMENTATION. JP-4 DID NOT PROVE TOXIC TO
THE MICROBIAL COMMUNITIES OF THE TEST SYSTEMS, BUT DID STIMULATE THE
REPLICATON OF HYDRCARBONOCLASTIC BACTERIA.
PAGE 81
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SRIVASTAVA, M., AND W.P. SCHOOR. 1983. EFFECT OF
2,3-OXIDE-3,3,3-TRICHLQROPRQPANE ON BAP METABOLISM IN MULLET (ABSTRACT). IN:
APPLICATION OF BIOLOGICAL MARKERS TO CARCINOGEN TESTING. HARRY A. MILMAN AND
STEWART SELL, EDITORS, PLENUM PRESS, NEW YORK. PP. 503. (ERL,GB X469).
EFFECT OF 2,3-OXIDE-3,3,3-TRICHLOROPROPANE CTCPO), A POTENT INHIBITOR
OF EPOXIDE HYDRASE, ON LIVER MICROSOMES PREPARED FROM CONTROL, 3MC AND
PB INDUCED MULLET HAS BEEN INVESTIGATED. HPLC COUPLED WITH
FLUORESCENCE AND UV DETECTORS WAS USED TO SEPARATE AND IDENTIFY THE
VARIOUS METABOLITES OF BAP. TCPO INHIBITED THE FORMATION OF
9,10-DIHYDRODIOL AND 7,8-DIHYDRODIOL BY ALMOST 100%. THE
4,5-DIHYDRODIOL WAS INHIBITED BY 60% FOR CONTROL AND 80% FOR BOTH 3MC
AND PB INDUCED MULLET, IN -THE PRESENCE OF TCPO, BAP IS. PRIMARILY
METABOLIZED TO PHENOLS AND QUINONES. ALTHOUGH THE PROFILES OF BAP
METABOLISM WERE SIMILAR IN ALL TESTED CASES, THEIR PROPORTIONS WERE
SUBSTANTIALLY ALTERED..THE TOTAL OXIDATION OF BAP IS INHIBITED BY 25%
IN CONTROL MULLET AND 60% IN 3MC AND PB INDUCED MULLET. WHILE THE
FORMATION OF METABOLITES OXIDIZED AT THE 4,5 AND 2,3 POSITIONS
INCREASED BY A FACTOR OF 2 IN THE TCPO TREATED CONTROL MULLET, THE
OXIDATION AT THE 7,8 AND 9,10 POSITIONS WAS INCREASED BY 5-FOLD IN THE
3MC AND PB INDUCED TCPO TREATED MULLET. THESE RESULTS SUGGEST THAT AS
THE METABOLISM AT THE K-REGION INCREASES IN TCPO TREATED CONTROL
MULLET, THE INDUCTION OF ENZYMES BY 3MC AND PB SHIFTS THE METABOLIC
ROUTE TOWARDS THE BAY REGION IN THE PRESENCE OF TCPO.
SULLIVAN, TIMOTHY J., AND MICHAEL C. MIX. 1983. PYROLYTIC DEPOSITION OF
PQLYNUCLEA8 AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS DUE TO SLASH BURNING ON CLEAR-CUT SITES.
BULL. ENVIRON. CONTAM, TOXICOL. 31(2)!208-215. (ERL,GB X445).
THE OBJECTIVES OF THIS RESEARCH WERE TO IDENTIFY QUALITATIVELY AND
QUANTITATIVELY THE DEPOSITION, PERSISTENCE AND FATE OF SELECTED
UNSUBSTITUTED PNAH COMPOUNDS ON BURNED CLEAR-CUT SITES IN OREGON. THE
PRESENT PAPER PRESENTS DATA ON THE INITIAL DEPOSITION OF PNAH AFTER
SLASH BURNING. A SUBSEQUENT PAPER WILL CONSIDER THE FATE AND
PERSISTENCE OF THE PNAH PRODUCED.
SULLIVAN, TIMOTHY J., AND MICHAEL C. MIX. 1983. SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE
METHOD FOR MEASURING INTEGRATED LIGHT ENERGY. ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL,
17C2):127-128. (ERL,GB X461).
THE OZALID TECHNIQUE IS A SIMPLE AND INEXPENSIVE METHOD FOR MEASURING
INTEGRATED SUNLIGHT ENERGY IN THE FIELD FOR PERIODS UP TO A MAXIMUM OF
1 DAY. THIS PAPER DESCRIBES A MODIFICATION OF THE OZALID TECHNIQUE
THAT MAKES 'IT SUITABLE FOR LONG-TERM LIGHT MEASUREMENTS. DATA FROM THE
MODIFIED OZALID METER WERE CALIBRATED AGAINST AN EPLEY PRECISION
5PECTRO PYRANOMETER, YIELDING A STRONG POSITIVE CORRELATION
CR(SQUARED) = 0.97).
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SZMANT-FROELICH, ALINA. 1983. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DRILLING MUDS ON
REEF CORALS. EPA-600/3-83-013, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY,
ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. 54P.
PIECES OF CORAL FROM TWO SPECIES, MONTASTREA ANNULARIS AND ACROPORA
CERVICORNIS, WERE EXPOSED IN THE LABORATORY TO CONCENTRATIONS OF 0, 1,
10, AND 100 PPM DRILLING MUD FOR PERIODS TWO DAYS TO SEVEN WEEKS,
SEVERAL PHYSIOLOGICAL FUNCTIONS OF THE CORAL ANIMAL (CALCIFICATION
RATE, RESPIRATION RATE) AND OF THEIR ZOOXANTHELLAE (PHOTOSYNTHESIS
RATE, NUTRIENT UPTAKE RATE) WERE MONITORED AT REGULAR INTERVALS DURING
THE EXPOSURE PERIODS. IN ADDITION, BIOMASS PARAMETERS (TISSUE
NITROGEN, ZOOXANTHELLAE CELL DENSITY, CHLOROPHYLL CONTENT) WERE
MEASURED AT TWO-WEEK INTERVALS FOR THE LONGER EXPOSURE EXPERIMENT, AND
AT THE END OF EACH EXPERIMENT FOR THE SHORTER EXPOSURES. INITIAL
LONG-TERM EXPOSURES OF PIECES OF MONTASTREA ANNULARIS TO A SERIES OF
DRILL MUDS (DESIGNATED JX-2 THROUGH JX-7) COLLECTED FROM A JAY
OIL-FIELD WELL SHOWED A SIGNIFICANT DETRIMENTAL EFFECT ON
CALCIFICATION, RESPIRATION, AND NQ(3> UPTAKE RATES DURING THE FOURTH
WEEK OF EXPOSURE TO 100 PPM DRILL MUD. PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND NH(4) UPTAKE
RATES WERE AFFECTED ALSO DURING THE FIFTH WEEK OF EXPOSURE. NORMAL
FEEDING BEHAVIOR WAS ABSENT FROM THESE CORALS WHEN TESTED DURING THE
SIXTH AND SEVENTH WEEKS OF EXPOSURE, SEVERAL 100 PPM CORALS DIED .
DURING THE FIFTH AND SIXTH WEEKS.
SZMANT-FRQELICH, ALINA, 1983, PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS OF DRILLING MUDS ON
REEF CORALS (PROJECT SUMMARY). EPA-600/S3-83-013, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY,. GULF BREEZE, FL. 19P.
TAGATZ, M.E.i C.H, DEANS, J.C. MOORE, AND G.R. PLAIA, 1983. ALTERATIONS IN
COMPOSITION OF FIELD- AND LABORATORY-DEVELOPED ESTUARINE BENTHIC COMMUNITIES
EXPOSED TO DI-N-BUTYL PHTHALATE. AQUAT. TOXICOL. (AMST.). 3(3)J239-248.
(ERL,GB 451).
MACROBENTHIC ANIMAL COMMUNITIES DEVELOPED IN SAND-FILLED AQUARIA IN
THE LABORATORY AND IN THE FIELD WERE EXPOSED TO THREE CONCENTRATIONS
OF THE PLASTICIZER, DI-N-BUTYL PHATHALATE (DBP), AND EFFECTS ON
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE WERE ASSESSED. LABORATORY COMMUNITIES WERE
COLONIZED BY PLANKTONIC LARVAE IN UNFILTERED SEA WATER; FIELD
COMMUNITIES, BY NATURALLY OCCURRING ANIMALS, AFTER 8 WK OF
COLONIZATION, LABORATORY AND FIELD COMMUNITIES (REMOVED TO THE
LABORATORY) WERE EXPOSED TO DBP FOR 2 WK. THE NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS
AND SPECIES OF ANIMALS IN AQUARIA RECEIVING 3.7MG DBP/L
(LABORATORY-COLONIZED) OR 3.8 MG DBP/L (FIELD-COLONIZED) WERE
SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN THOSE IN CONTROL AQUARIA OR IN AQUARIA THAT
RECEIVED LOWER CONCENTRATIONS OF THE PLASTICIZER. AFFECTED PHYLA IN
LABORATORY OR FIELD FAUNAL ASSEMBLAGES WERE CHORDATES, MOLLUSKS,
ARTHROPODS, AND ANNELIDS. AMPHIPODS, COROPHIUM ACHERUSICUM, COLLECTED
ONLY FROM LABORATORY COMMUNITIES, ALSO WERE SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER IN
COMMUNITIES EXPOSED TO 0.34 MG DBP/L. DENSITY OF INDIVIDUALS AND
NUMBERS. OF SPECIES WERE NOT AFFECTED BY 0,04 MG DBP/L.
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TAGATZ, MARLIN E. , AND CHRISTINE H. DEANS. 1983, COMPARISON OF FIELD- AND
LABORATORY-DEVELOPED ESTUARINE BENTHIC COMMUNITIES FOR TOXICANT-EXPOSURE
STUDIES. WATER AIR SOIL POLLUT. 20(23:199-209. CERL,GB 439).
THE STRUCTURES OF MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES THAT COLONIZED SAND-FILLED
BOXES WERE COMPARED TO LEARN IF LABORATORY-DEVELOPED ASSEMBLAGES OF
ANIMALS USED IN TQXICITY STUDIES REALISTICALLY SIMULATE THOSE IN
NATURE. LABORATORY BOXES WERE COLONIZED FOR EIGHT WEEKS IN SPRING AND
FALL BY PLANKTQNIC LARVAE FROM CONTINUOUSLY-SUPPLIED UNFILTERED
SEAWATERJ FIELD BOXES, BY NATURALLY-OCCURRING ESTUARINE ANIMALS.
LABORATORY COMMUNITIES HAD LARGER NUMBERS, BUT FEWER SPECIES THAN
FIELD COMMUNITIES. ONE-FOURTH OF THE SPECIES FOUND IN FIELD BOXES ALSO
OCCURRED IN LABORATORY BOXES. SPECIES DENSITY, DIVERSITY, AND
DOMINANCE WERE SIMILAR IN BOTH ENVIRONMENTS IN FALL, BUT DIFFERED IN
SPRING, THE DEGREE OF SIMILARITY OF LABORATORY ASSEMBLAGES OF BENTHIC
ANIMALS TO THE HIGHLY VARIABLE ASSEMBLAGES IN THE FIELD INDICATES
APPLICABILITY OF LABORATORY TQXICITY STUDIES TO NATURE.
TAGATZ, M.E., C.H. DEANS, G.R. PLAIA, AND J.D. POOL. 1983. IMPACT ON AND
RECOVERY OF EXPERIMENTAL MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES EXPOSED TO
PENTACHLOROPHENOL. NORTHEAST GULF SCI. 6(2):131-136. (ERL,GB 443).
RECOVERY OF MACROBENTHIC ANIMAL COMMUNITIES WAS DETERMINED 7 WEEKS
AFTER A 5-WEEK EXPOSURE TO 55 UG/L PENTACHLOROPHENOL. THE COMMUNITIES
DEVELOPED FROM PLANKTONIC LARVAE IN AQUARIA CONTAINING CLEAN SAND AND
CONTINUOUSLY FLOWING ESTUARINE WATER. SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER (ALPHA=0.05)
INDIVIDUALS AND SPECIES OCCURRED IN CONTAMINATED AQUARIA THAN IN
CONTROL AQUARIA IMMEDIATELY AFTER EXPOSURE TO PENTACHLOROPHENOL.
NUMBERS OF ARTHROPODS, CHORDATES, ECHINODERMS, AND MOLLUSKS WERE
DECREASED,' ANNELIDS AND COELENTERATES WERE NOT AFFECTED. SEVEN WEEKS
AFTER EXPOSURE WAS DISCONTINUED, AND WITH CONTINUED INPUf OF ESTUARINE
WATER, THE COMMUNITIES SHOWED VARIOUS DEGREES OF RECOVERY, CARRY-OVER
EFFECTS, AND CHANGES UNRELATED TO EXPOSURE, EXCEPT FOR ANNELIDS THAT
WERE MORE ABUNDANT IN THE CONTROL, AVERAGE DENSITY OF ANIMALS AND
NUMBERS OF SPECIES PER PHYLUM IN PREVIOUSLY CONTAMINATED AQUARIA DID
NOT SIGNIFICANTLY DIFFER FROM THOSE IN CONTROL AQUARIA. HOWEVER, THE
MOLLUSK THAT WAS DOMINANT AT 5 WEEKS AND REDUCED IN CONTAMINATED
AQUARIA DID NOT RECOVER AT 12 WEEKS. IN ADDITION, CHANGES IN RELATIVE
ABUNDANCE OF SPECIES AND PHYLA BETWEEN THE TWO PERIODS OCCURRED IN
BOTH CONTROL AND CONTAMINATED AQUARIA.
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TAGATZ, MARLIN E., GAYLE R, PLAIA, AND CHRISTINE H. DEANS. IN PREP.
RESPONSES OF MACRQBENTHOS COLONIZING ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS CONTAMINATED WITH
DRILLING MUD CONTAINING DIESEL OIL. MAR. BIOL. (BERL.). (ERL,GB 505),
BOXES FILLED WITH CLEAN SAND OR CLEAN SAND WITH A 2-CM OVERLAY OF
MIXTURES OF SAND WITH BARITE OR DRILLING MUD WERE PLACED IN SANTA ROSA
SOUND, FLORIDA, TO DETERMINE THE EFFECTS OF A USED LIME DRILLING-MUD
ON FIELD-COLONIZED MACROBENTHIC COMMUNITIES. EFFECT OF THE DRILLING
MUD ON COMMUNITY STRUCTURE WAS GREATER THAN THAT OF ITS BARITE
COMPONENT AFTER COLONIZATION FOR 8 WEEKS. BARITE CAUSES CHANGES IN
TEXTURE OF THE SEDIMENT AND THEREBY RECRUITMENT, THE AVERAGE NUMBERS
OF ANIMALS AND SPECIES IN BOXES CONTAINING 1:10 AND 1:3 MIXTURES OF
MUD TO SAND WERE SIGNIFICANTLY LESS THAN THOSE IN CONTROL BOXES AND
MOST OF THE BARITE/SAND MIXTURES. THE SHANNON-WEAVER INDEX OF
DIVERSITY, SIMPSON'S INDEX OF DOMINANCE, AND THE BRAY-CURTIS
DISSIMILARITY INDEX DIFFERED ONLY FOR 1:3 MUD/SAND COMMUNITIES. TOXIC
EFFECTS OF THE LIME DRILLING MUD WERE ATTRIBUTED TO A DIESEL FUEL OIL
COMPONENT (3.98 MG/G OF MUD).
TAGATZ, MARLIN E. 1983. TOXICITY OF CREOSOTE TO BENTHIC COMMUNITIES.
•ENVIRON. TOXICOL. CHEM. 2(4):441-450. CERL,GB 486).
MACROBENTHIC ANIMAL COMMUNITIES THAT COLONIZED UNCONTAMINATED AND
CREOSOTE-CONTAMINATED SAND (177, 844, AND 4420 UG/G, NOMINAL) DURING 8
WEEKS WERE COMPARED TO ASSESS EFFECTS OF MARINE-GRADE CREOSOTE ON
COMMUNITY STRUCTURE. AQUARIA WERE COLONIZED IN THE LABORATORY BY
PLANKTQNIC LARVAE ENTRAINED IN CONTINUOUSLY SUPPLIED UNFILTERED
SEAWATER AND IN THE FIELD BY ANIMALS THAT OCCURRED NATURALLY.
INDIVIDUALS AND SPECIES IN AQUARIA THAT CONTAINED 844 AND 4420 UG
CREOSOTE/G WERE SIGNIFICANTLY FEWER (ALPHA=O.Q5) THAN THOSE IN THE
CONTROL. ABUNDANCE OF ANIMALS IN FIELD-COLONIZED COMMUNITIES
CONTAMINATED WITH 177 UG/G, BUT NOT IN LABORATORY-COLONIZED
COMMUNITIES, ALSO WAS LESS THAN THAT IN THE CONTROL. THE LOWEST
CONCENTRATION AT EITHER SITE THAT AFFECTED NUMBERS OF INDIVIDUALS OR
SPECIES WAS 844 UG/G FOR MOLLUSKS AND 177 UG/G FOR ECHINQDERMS,
ANNELIDS, AND ARTHROPODS, THE SHANNON-WEAVER INDEX OF DIVERSITY,
SIMPSON'S INDEX OF DOMINANCE, AND THE BRAY-CURTIS DISSIMILARITY INDEX
DIFFERENCES WERE GREATER WITH EACH INCREASE IN CREOSOTE CONCENTRATION.
RAREFACTION INDICES OF DIVERSITY INDICATED THAT THE DISTRIBUTION OF
INDIVIDUALS WITHIN SPECIES WAS ABOUT THE SAME FOR LABORATORY AND FIELD
ASSEMBLAGES OF ANIMALS. INITIAL MEASURED CONCENTRATIONS OF CREOSOTE IN
SAND (MID-RANGE CONCENTRATION) DECREASED BY 30% IN THE LABORATORY AND
BY 42% IN THE FIELD AT THE END OF THE EIGHT-WEEK TEST.
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TAKITA, TORU, DOUGLAS P. MIDDAUGH, AND JOHN M, DEAN. IN PREP, PREDATION OF
SPAWNING ATLANTIC SILVERSIDES, MENIDIA MENIDIA, BY WADING BIRDS AND AQUATIC
PREDATORS. ENVIRON. BIOL, FISH. CERL,GB 465).
PREDATION OF ATLANTIC SILVERSIDES WAS OBSERVED DURING SPAWNING RUNS IN
THE INTERTIDAL ZONE OF THE NORTH EDISTO RIVER ESTUARY, SOUTH CAROLINA.
SNOWY EGRETS, EGRETTA THULA, AND GREAT EGRETS, CASMERODIUS ALBUS, WERE
THE DOMINANT AVIAN PREDATORS, SNOWY EGRETS OFTEN CAUGHT M. MENIDIA
WHILE MAKING FREQUENT LOW FLIGHTS, AND ALSO WHILE WADING AT THE
WATER'S EDGE. INDIVIDUAL SNOWY EGRETS REMAINED UNSATIATED AFTER
CONSUMING UP TO 21 M. MENIDIA. GREAT EGRETS ALWAYS STRUCK AT M.
MENIDIA FROM A STANDING POSITION, ONE INDIVIDUAL WAS SATIATED AFTER
CONSUMING 114 M. MENIDIA IN APPROXIMATELY 90 MINUTES. INTRASPECIFIC
DISTURBANCES WERE OFTEN OBSERVED IN BOTH SNOWY AND GREAT EGRETS,
INTRASPECIFIC INTERACTION DID NOT PRESENT A SERIOUS PROBLEM TO THE
SUBORDINATE SPECIES, SNOWY 'EGRET.
VAN VELD, -P.A., AND J.C. SPAIN, 1983. BIODEGRADATION OF METHYLPARATHION,
P-NITROPHENOL, AND P-CRESOL IN THREE TYPES OF LABORATORY TEST SYSTEMS
(ABSTRACT). IN! ABSTRACTS OF THE ANNUAL MEETING OF THE MAERICAMERICAN
SOCEITYIETY FOR MICRONBIOLOGY, 1983. AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MICROBIOLOGY,
WASHIGNGTON, DC. PP. 266, CERL,GB 459*).
THREE TYPES OF LABORATORY TEST SYSTEM WERE USED TO MEASURE THE
BIODEGRADATION OF METHYL PARATHION CMP), P-NITRQPHENOL CPNP), AND
P-CRESQL TO ASSESS THE EFFECT OF SYSTEM DESIGN ON THE DEGRADATION AND
FATE OF SUCH COMPOUNDS. SHAKE FLASKS CONTAINING WATER OR
WATER/SEDIMENT SLURRIES AND 'INTACT CORES WITH WATER AND SEDIMENT WERE
PREPARED WITH ESTUARINE WATER AND SEDIMENT, RADIOLABELED TEST
COMPOUNDS (200 UG/L) WERE ADDED TO EACH TEST SYSTEM AND DISAPPEARANCE
OF THE PARENT COMPOUNDS WAS MEASURED BY HIGH-PRESSURE LIQUID
CHROMATOGRAPHY OR GAS-LIQUID CHROMATQGRAPHY. DEGRADATION OF MP AND PNP
WAS FASTEST IN ECOCORES AND SLOWEST IN WATER FLASKS. IN MOST CASES,
DEGRADATION OF PNP IN FLASKS WAS NEGLIGIBLE. P-CRESOL DISAPPEARED
RAPIDLY IN ALL SYSTEMS AFTER A VARIABLE LAG PERIOD. THE RESULTS
SUGGEST THAT FOR SOME COMPOUNDS THAT CAN BE TRANSFORMED BY REDUCTIVE
AS WELL AS OXIDATIVE PATHWAYS, DEGRADATION MAY BE FASTER IN SYSTEMS
WITH UNDISTURBED SEDIMENTS. FOR P-CRESOL THE PRESENCE OF SEDIMENT IN
THE TEST SYSTEM SEEMS TO BE LESS IMPORTANT.
VAN VELD, P.A., AND J.C. SPAIN, 1983, DEGRADATION OF SELECTED XENOBIOTIC
COMPOUNDS TN THREE TYPES OF AQUATIC TEST SYSTEMS, CHEMOSPHERE.
12C9/10):1291-1305, (ERL,GB 478),
THE BIODEGRADATION RATES OF P-NITROPHENOL, METHYL PARATHION AND
P-CRESOL WERE COMPARED IN TEST SYSTEMS COMPOSED OF SEDIMENT AND WATER
COLLECTED FROM VARIOUS ESTUARINE SITES, P-NITROPHENOL AND METHYL
PARATHION DEGRADATION WAS FASTEST IN INTACT SEDIMENT/WATER CORES
FOLLOWED BY SEDIMENT-WATER SHAKE FLASKS AND SLOWEST IN WATER SHAKE
FLASKS. P-CRESOL DEGRADED RAPIDLY IN ALL TEST SYSTEMS. THE
APPLICABLILITY OF A FIRST-ORDER KINETIC MODEL TO DESCRIBE THE
DEGRADATION OF THESE COMPOUNDS WAS EXAMINED.
PAGE 86
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WALKER, W. W., C, R. GRIPE, P. H. PRITCHARD, AND A. W, BOURQUIN, IN PRESS,
BIOLOGICAL AND ABIOTIC DEGRADATION RATES OF XENOBIOTIC CHEMICALS IN IN VITRO
ESTUARINE AND SEDIMENT/WATER SYSTEMS. J. AGRIC. FOOD CHEM. CERL,GB 5045.
THREE HERBICIDES, TWO FUNGICIDES, FOUR ORGANOPHORPHQRUS INSECTICIDES,
AND ONE MITICIDE CACARICIDE) WERE CHARACTERIZED WITH RESPECT TO
DEGRADATION RATE IN ESTUARINE WATER AND SEDIMENT/WATER SYSTEMS USING A
SIMPLE SHAKE FLASK TEST. DECAY RATES FOR EACH CHEMICAL COULD GENERALLY
BE DESCRIBED BY A FIRST ORDER MODEL. THE DEGRADATION OF HOELON, BRAVO,
BQLSTAR, FENTHION, AND BOLERO WAS BIOLOGICALLY MEDIATED. .THE FASTEST
BIODEGRADATION RATES OCCURRED WHEN SEDIMENT WAS PRESENT. THE
DEGRADATION OF TRIFLURALIN, DURSBAN, PHORATE, EPN AND
PENTACHLORQNITROBENZENE WERE PRIMARILY BY ABIOTIC MEANS. RELATIVE TO
THE OTHER TEST MATERIALS, PHORATE REFLECTED INTERMEDIATE DEGRADATION
RATES. VARIABILITY IN RATES FROM REPLICATE FLASKS SUGGESTED THAT A
DIFFERENCE IN RATE WITHIN TREATMENTS (STERILE/ACTIVE, WITH AND WITHOUT
SEDIMENTS) OF A FACTOR OF TWO OR LESS WAS PROBABLY NOT SIGNIFICANT,
WALKER, WILLIAM W., C.R, CRIPE, P.H. PRITCHARD, AND A.W, BOURQUIN, IN PREP,
DI-N-BUTYLPHTHALATE DEGRADATION IN ESTUARINE AND FRESHWATER SITES.
CHEMOSPHERE. (ERL,GB 509).
BIOTIC AND ABIOTIC DEGRADATION OF DI-N-BUTYLPHTHALATE CDBP) IN WATER
AND SEDIMENT/WATER SYSTEMS FROM SIX DIFFERENT SITES WAS INVESTIGATED
UNDER LABORATORY CONDITIONS. WATER AND UNDERLYING SEDIMENT WERE
COLLECTED FROM FRESHWATER AND ESTUARINE SITES IN FLORIDA, MISSISSIPPI,
AND LOUISIANA, AMENDED WITH DBP, AND INCUBATED UNDER CONDITIONS OF
CONSTANT TEMPERATURE AND PH. FORMALIN-STERILIZED SYSTEMS FROM EACH
SITE WERE INCLUDED TO EVALUATE ABIOTIC DEGRADATION. DBP DISAPPEARANCE
WAS RAPID IN ALL MICROBIALLY ACTIVE SYSTEMS AND SUBSTANTIALLY REDUCED
IN THE PRESENCE OF FORMALIN, IN BIOLOGICALLY-ACTIVE SYSTEMS ACTUAL
TIME TO HALF THE STARTING CONCENTRATION RANGED FROM 1.0 TO 4,8 DAYS IN
SEDIMENT/WATER MIXTURES AND FROM 1.7 TO 13,1 DAYS IN WATER ALONE,
ADAPTATION OF MICROBIAL POPULATIONS TO DEGRADE DBP WAS INDICATED IN
SIX OF THE NINE EVALUATIONS CONDUCTED. THE PRESENCE OF SEDIMENT
SIGNIFICANTLY INCREASED BIODEGRADATION RATES IN FIVE OF THE SIX SITES,
WALSH, GERALD E. 1983. CELL DEATH AND INHIBITION OF POPULATION GROWTH OF
MARINE UNICELLULAR ALGAE BY PESTICIDES, AQUAT, TOXICOL. (AMST.).
3(3)t209-2l4. (ERL,GB 430).
THE MARINE DIATOM, SKELETONEMA COSTATUM, WAS EXPOSED TO THE PESTICIDES
HEXACLOROCYCLOPENTADIENE, EPN, CHLORPYRIFOS, CARBONPHENOTHION, AND
ATRAZINE AND EXAMINED FOR DEATH OF CELLS WITH EVANS BLUE, A MORTAL
STAIN. ALL PESTICIDES CAUSED DEATH OF CELLS, BUT SIGNIFICANTLY
MORTALITY OCCURRED AT CONCENTRATIONS GREATER THAN THE EC50. THE
INSECTICIDE, AMDRO, DID NOT KILL THE MARINE ALGAE S. COSTATUM,
THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA, ISOCHRYSIS GALBANA, CHLORELLA SP., OR
DUNALIELLA TERTIOLECTA. HOWEVER, AMDRO WAS VERY INHIBITORY TO ALGAL
POPULATION GROWTH AT LOW CONCENTRATIONS, I.E., ECSO'S AT 48 HOURS WERE
BETWEEN 0.14 PPB FOP T. PSEUDQNANA AND 10.3 PPB FOR D. TERTIOLECTA,
ECSO'S WERE LOWEST AFTER 48 HOURS OF EXPOSURE IN TESTS CONDUCTED 'FOR
96 HOURS. BY 96 HOURS AFTER EXPOSURE, MAXIMUM GROWTH RATES RECOMMENDED
THAT, BECAUSE OF PROBLEMS ASSOCIATED WITH THE FATE OF TOXICANTS, ALGAL
LABORATORY TOXICITY TESTS BE CONDUCTED FOR 48 TO 72 HOURS INSTEAD OF
THE USUAL 96 HOURS LONGER.
PAGE 87
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WALSH, GERALD E., AND RICHARD L. GARNAS. 1983. DETERMINATION OF BIQACTIVITY
OF CHEMICAL FRACTIONS OF LIQUID WASTES USING FRESHWATER AND SALTWATER ALGAE
AND CRUSTACEANS. ENVIRON. SCI. TECHNOL. 17(3)!180-182. (ERL,GB 450).
COMPLEX WASTES FROM INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL OUTFALLS WERE
FRACTIONATED CHEMICALLY AND TESTED FOR TQXOCITIY WITH FRESH AMD
SALTWATER ALGAE AND CRUSTACEANS. THE ORGANIC FRACTION OF EACH WASTE
WAS SUBFRACTIONATED INTO ACID-, BASE-, AND NEUTRAL-EXTRACTABLE
PORTIONS, AND THE INORGANIC FRACTION WAS SUBFRACTIONATED INTO ITS
ANION AND CATION COMPONENTS, ALL WASTES AFFECTED GROWTH OF THE ALGAE
SKELETONEMA COSTATUM (SALTWATER) AND MQNORAPHIDIUM CAPRICORNUTUM
(FRESHWATER). USUALLY, BIOACTIVITY WAS LIMITED TO ONE OR TWO
SUBFRACTIQNS, IN SOME CASES, ALGAL GROWTH WAS STIMULATED'BY A FRACTION
OR SUBFRACTION, WHEREAS STIMULATION WAS NOT DETECTED IN WHOLE WASTE.
IT IS 'SUGGESTED THAT FRACTIONATION MUST BE DONE IN ORDER TO ESTIMATE
THE FULL POTENTIAL IMPACT OF COMPLEX WASTES ON AQUATIC SYSTEMS, THE
METHOD CAN ALSO BE USED TO IDENTIFY TOXIC FACTORS BEFORE APPLICATION
OF CONTROL TECHNOLOGY.
WALSH, GERALD E. 1983, EFFECTS OF TOXICANTS ON PLANKTON. IN; HEALTH
ASPECTS OF CHEMICAL SAFETY: ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY. WORLD HEALTH
ORGANIZATION, COPENHAGEN, DENMARK, PP. 117-167, (ERL,GB 448*3,
AVAIL. FROM NTIS, SPRINGFIELD, VA: PB83-117044,
EFFECTS OF HEAVY METALS, PESTICIDES, AND INDUSTRIAL AND MUNICIPAL
WASTES ON PLANKTON IN THE FIELD AND LABORATORY ARE REVIEWED. BOTH
HOLOPLANKTON AND MEROPLANKTON ARE DISCUSSED. IN MANY CASES,
MEROPLANKTONIC STAGES OF BENTHIC SPECIES ARE MORE SENSITIVE THAN
ADULTS ALTHOUGH DEATH OR DEPRESSION OF PHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES ARE
OFTEN USED AS CRITERIA FOR EFFECTS OF POLLUTANTS WITH ALGAE AND
ANIMALS, ALGAE MAY BE USED TO DETECT EFFECTS OF GROWTH STIMULANTS,
WALSH, G.E. 1984. FINAL REPORT ON EFFECT OF FENTHION ON SELECTED ESfUARINE
SPECIES RELATED TO FIELD STUDY. EPA-600/X-84-082, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION AGENCY. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL, 5P,
EFFECTS OF A MOSQUITO ADULTICIDE, FENTHION (0-0-DIMETHYL
0-C3-METHYL-4-METHYLTHIO-PHENYLJPHOSPHOROTHIQATE), ON ESTUARINE
ORGANISMS WERE DETERMINED IN A SERIES OF ACUTE TESTS WITH FIVE
ESTUARINE SPECIES: CYPRINODON VARIEGATUS (SHEEPSHEAD MINNOW), MENIDIA
BERYLLINA (INLAND SILVERSIDE), MYSIDOPSIS BAHIA (MYSID SHRIMP),
PALEQMQNETES PUGIQ (GRASS SHRIMP) AND PENAEUS DURQRAUM (PINK SHRIMP).
THE ACUTE TESTS WERE CONDUCTED TO PROVIDE A LABORATORY TOXICITY DATA
BASE FOR A FIELD EVALUATION OF LABORATORY TEST METHODS, LC50 VALUES
(CALCULATED CONCENTRATIONS LETHAL TO 50% OF THE TEST ORGANISMS) WERE
USED TC DETERMINE THE MORE SENSITIVE ORGANISMS AND THE RANGE OF
CONCENTRATIONS AT WHICH THESE COMMON TEST ORGANISMS MIGHT BE AFFECTED,
LC50 VALUES ARE REPORTED IN MICRQGRAMS OF FENTHION IN l.OL OF SEAWATER
(PPB) AFTER 24, 48, 72, AND 96 H EXPOSURE.
PAGE. 88
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WALSH, GERALD E. 1983. REPORT ON SPECIES TESTED AND PRELIMINARY FINDINGS.
EPA-6QO/X-84-078, U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY, ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH LABORATORY, GULF BREEZE, FL. . 6P,
RESEARCH FOR THE PAST YEAR HAS BEEN DEVOTED TO A SEARCH FOR NEW,
SENSITIVE ESTUARINE ORGANISMS FOR USE IN TOXICITY AND UPTAKE STUDIES
WITH PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES. A REVIEW OF THE FAUNA OF THE
GULF BREEZE AREA WAS MADE AND SEVERAL SPECIES WERE CHOSEN FOR TESTING.
SINCE THE MAIN EFFORT OF FUTURE TESTING WILL BE ON RESPONSES OF EGGS
AND LARVAE TO POLLUTANTS IN WATER AND SEDIMENT, SPECIES WITH PELAGIC
LARVAE THAT SETTLE ON THE BOTTOM BEFORE COMPLETE METAMORPHOSIS WERE
CHOSEN. THIS YEAR, EMPHASIS WAS PLACED ON DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNIQUES
FOR REARING AND EXPOSURE OF EGGS AND LARVAE OF THE LUGWORM, ARENICOLA
CRISTATA. INITIAL STUDIES WERE DONE ON AMPHIPOXUS, BRANCHIOSTQMA
CARIBBAEUM, AND THE HOLE CRAB, EMERITA TALPOIDA. A SMALL EFFORT WAS
DEVOTED TO STUDY OF THE SENSITIVITY OF ARM REGNERATION IN THE BENTHIC
BRITTLE STAR, OPHIODERMA BREVISPINA, TO A TOXIC SUBSTANCE. STUDIES
WERE DONE WITH AN DRGANOTIN COMPOUND AND THE ALGAE, SKELETONEMA
COSTATUM AND THALASSIOSIRA PSEUDONANA, IN ORDER TO COMPARE ALGAL AND
ANIMAL RESPONSES.
WHITE, DAVID C,, JANET S. NICKELS, MICHAEL J. GEHRON, JEFFREY H. PARKER,
ROBERT F. MARTZ, AND NORMAN L. RICHARDS. IN PREP. BIOCHEMICAL MEASURES OF
CORAL METABOLIC ACTIVITY, NUTRITIONAL STATUS AND MICROBIAL INFECTION WITH
EXPOSURE TO OIL AND GAS WELL DRILLING FLUIDS. CERL,GB X394).
THE REEF BUILDING CORAL MONTASTREA ANNULARUS WAS EXPOSED CONTINUOUSLY
TO SUSPENSIONS OF OIL AND GAS-WELL DRILLING FLUIDS AT CONCENTRATIONS
OF 0.1 ML LITER (-1), 0.01 ML LITER (-1), AND 0.001 ML LITER (-1) IN
FLOWING SEAWATER AT THE U.S. NAVAL STAGE I PLATFORM (30 DEGREES 7.5 '
N, 85 DEGREES 46.3' W). AFTER 6 WEEKS EXPOSURE, CORAL FRAGMENTS OF 30
TO 60 CM SQUARED SURFACE AREA WERE BROKEN OFF, RINSED IN SEAWATER, AND
EXTRACTED IN A ONE-PHASE CHLORQFORM-METHANQL SEAWATER EXTRACT AND
RETURNED TO THE LABORATORY. IN THE LABORATORY, THE EXTRACTION WAS
COMPLETED AND THE LIPIDS WERE ANALYZED FOR THEIR PHOSPHOLIPID CONTENT,
ALKYL FATTY ACID COMPOSITION, AND NEUTRAL LIPID TRIGLYCERIDE GLYCEROL.
THE AQUEOUS PHASE WAS ANALYZED FOR FREE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION.
BIOCHEMICAL EVIDENCE OF STRESS WAS REFLECTED IN THE CESSATION OF
GROWTH AS MEASURED IN DEPRESSED DIACYL PHOSPHOLIPID. DETAILED ANALYSIS
OF THE ACYL FATTY ACID COMPOSITION BY CAPILLARY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
SHOWED CHANGES IN POLYENOIC FATTY ACIDS SUGGESTING POSSIBLE CHANGES IN
THE METABOLISM OF THE FATTY ACIDS INDUCED BY THE EXPOSURE TO THE
DRILLING FLUIDS. THERE WAS NO SIGNIFICANT EFFECT ON THE LEVEL OF
TRIGLYCERIDE GLYCEROL. THE CORAL ALSO SHOWED INCREASED LEVELS OF THE
FREE ASPARTIC ACID AND A DOSE-RESPONSE RELATED DECREASE IN THE FREE
GLUTAMIC ACID WITH EXPOSURE. THIS EVIDENCE SUGGESTS THAT BIOCHEMICAL
ANALYSIS OF METABOLIC ACTIVITY AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS MAY BE USEFUL AS
MARKERS FOR POLLUTION INDUCED CHANGES IN REEF BUILDING CORALS AND THUS
FOR MONITORING CORAL REEFS.
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WIERNICKI, C. 1984. ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY BY PROCAMBARUS CLARKII FED
ELODEA CEGERA DENSA) AND ITS PRODUCTS OF DECOMPOSITION, AQUACULTURE.
36(3);203-215. (ERL,GB X372*).
ELODEA CUT INTO TWO INITIAL PARTICLE SIZES (2.0 CM SECTIONS AND 3,0
MMC2J FRAGMENTS) UNDERWENT MICRQBIAL DECOMPOSITION FOR PERIODS OF 0,
15, 33, AND 45 DAYS, AND THEN WAS FED TO FOUR SIZE CLASSES OF CRAYFISH
(2.0, 3,5, 5.0, AND 9.0 CM). ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY WAS DETERMINED BY
CONOVER'S METHOD. ALL FOUR SIZE CLASSES OF CRAYFISH ASSIMILATED 15-DAY
DETRITUS MORE EFFICIENTLY THAN 0-DAY DETRITUS, TWO-CM CRAYFISH
ASSIMILATED 33-DAY DETRITUS MORE EFFICIENTLY THAN 15- OR 0-DAY
DETRITUS, IN ALL OTHER CASES, ASSIMILATION EFFICIENCY WAS REDUCED.
RADIOTRACER TECHNIQUES UTILIZING 14C WERE USED TO DETERMINE THE
PERCENTAGE OF CARBON ASSIMILATED IN THE FORM OF PLANT FRAGMENTS
COMPARED WITH THE PERCENTAGE ASSIMILATED IN THE FORM OF
MICROORGANISMS. RESULTS INDICATE AN INVERSE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN
CRAYFISH SIZE AND THE PERCENTAGE OF CARBON ASSIMILATED IN THE FORM OF
MICROORGANISMS,
YINGST, J. Y., AND D, C. RHOADS. IN PRESS, STRUCTURE OF SOFT-BOTTOM BENTHIC
COMMUNITIES IN THE VICINITY OF THE TEXAS FLOWER GARDEN BANKS GULF OF MEXICO.
ESTUARINE COASTAL SHELF SCI. (ERL,GB 503).
BIOLOGICAL AND SEDIMENTOLOGICAL SAMPLES WERE OBTAINED IN JUNE 1980
FROM BOX CORES TAKEN IN 100-200 METERS OF WATER ON SANDY-MUD SEDIMENTS
NEAR THE EAST AND WEST FLOWER GARDEN BANK CFGH) REEFS, ON THE
TEXAS-LOUISIANA CONTINENTAL SHELF, THE OBJECTIVE WAS TO OBTAIN NEEDED
AND UNKNOWN BASELINE INFORMATION ABOUT SEDIMENTARY PARAMETERS AND
ORGANISMS OF THE FGB ENVIRONMENT TO ALLOW INFERENCES TO BE MADE ABOUT
THE POTENTIAL EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL DISTURBANCES OF THE 5EAFLOOR ON THE
INDIGENOUS BENTHOS. BOTH MICRQBIAL ATP AND BACTERIAL BIOMASS ARE LOWER
THAN REPORTED FOR GEORGIA BIGHT SHELF, BRAZIL-AMAZON RIVER SHELF, CAP
BLANC, WEST AFRICAN SHELF, WESTERN COAST OF NORWAY, AND LONG ISLAND
SOUND. BACTERIAL COUNTS ARE COMPARABLE TO THE AMAZON RIVER SHELF AND
LOWER THAN THOSE RECORDED FOR THE EAST CHINA SEA. MODERATE TO LOW
STANDING STOCKS OF BENTHOS FURTHER SUGGEST THAT THIS AREA OF THE GULF
OF MEXICO IS A RELATIVELY OLIGOTHROPHIC SYSTEM FOR INFAUNAL BENTHIS
CONSUMERS. THE GREATEST POTENTIAL DELETERIOUS PHYSICAL DISTURBANCE TO
THE FGB SYSTEM IS AN INFLUX OF DRILLING MUDS FROM NEARBY OIL DRILLING
OPERATIONS. HIGHER ORDER SUCCESSIONAL STAGES ARE IN GENERAL ADVERSELY
AFFECTED TO A GREATER EXTENT THAN PIONEERING STAGES BY PHYSICAL
DISTURBANCE. IN THE TEXAS-LOUISIANA SHELF REGION, DILUTION OF AN
ALREADY OLIGOTROPHIC SYSTEM BY INERT BARIUM SULPHATE WOULD BE EXPECTED
TO RESULT IN EVEN LOWER STANDING STOCKS OF PIONEERING INVERTEBRATES
THAN MIGHT OTHERWISE OCCUR.
FT.otp0tlon Agency
U.S. Environmental r °
401 *'
Waslr*^- ' •'•
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