cvEPA
United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office Of Water
(WHSSOG)
EPAB13-R-92-OQ1
January 1992
Development And Use Of
Enhanced Geographic
Information Systems (GIS)
Technology In
Wellhead Protection For
Carroll County, Maryland
Printed on Recycled Pap&
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Development of a Map and Image Processing System as a
Decision Support Tool to Local Wellhead Protection
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Tom Devilbiss, Project Manager
Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center, Salisbury State University
Dr. K.-Peter Lade, Principle Investigator
Mr. James Hosinski, Project Manager
This report was prepared under a cooperative agreement CX-816772-01-0 with the Office of
Ground-Water Protection, United States Environmental Protection Agency.
The Bureau of Water Resource Management, Carroll County, Maryland, and the Image
Processing and Remote Sensing Center, Salisbury State University, Salisbury, Maryland
gratefully acknowledge funding support from the USEPA without whose assistance this pilot
study would not have been possible.
January, 1992
Hc4nQUARTERS LIBRARY
ENV!!<0^::S'»L PRDIECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C.2U460
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
This project was funded by the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Ground-Water Protection under contract No. CX-816772-01-0. Carroll County would like
to extend its appreciation to Ms. Robin Heisler from the Office of Ground-Water Protection for
her assistance in funding and project development. In addition, Mr. Stuart Kerzner and Ms.
Virginia Thompson, from EPA's Region III, were instrumental in initiating the project and
provided guidance throughout.
Special appreciation goes to all those Carroll County personnel who participated in the
project. Teamwork provided the foundation which allowed the project to be completed within
the proposed workplan. Members of the initial workteam which deserve overwhelming credit
for laying the foundation for this project include: Paula Thomas, former Chief, Bureau of Water
Resource Management; Mike Evans, Director, Department of General Services; and Bait
Mathews, Supervisor, Development Systems. A special thanks is extended to Dawn Wilson,
GIS Technician, for her hard work and dedication; Catherine Rappe, Bureau Chief of Water
Resource Management, for her administrative assistance; Carolyn Myers and Barbara Dull,
Secretaries, for their persistence while organizing and completing this manuscript.
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University't Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
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L'SEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
This report documents the development and use of enhanced Geographic Information
System(GIS) technology to assemble a wide range of data for a specific purpose: protecting
municipal public supply wellheads in Carroll County, Maryland. The impetus for this project
was the 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act which established a new Wellhead
Protection Program within the Office of Ground-Water Protection of the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. The EPA selected Carroll County to demonstrate how GIS technology could
be used at a local level as an effective and powerful decision support tool for managing and
protecting groundwater.
Over the last decade, Carroll County has developed a comprehensive, multicomponent
Water Resource Program for the protection, preservation, and enhancement of both ground and
surface water. Database development and maintenance was designated as one of the key
components of the Water Resource Program. The participation in EPA's pilot project to develop
and test a computerized information system for Wellhead Protection complemented the
program's database development goal.
The project's primary objective was to define, identify, and compile data which is
essential to protecting wellhead areas and then provide an example of how a local government
can utilize GIS technology. In addition, to effectively demonstrate the use of the GIS as a
decision-support tool, the methods and products generated from this project must be transferrable
to other local jurisdictions.
The initial phase of the project, data collection and evaluation, requires significant
planning and organization. A preliminary data needs assessment was developed which included
maps, photography, plans, and tabular text Mies. In addition, a method was created to track the
data from initial request to final product. Data was requested and received from various County,
State, and Federal agencies. The data obtained from the various agencies arrived in a wide
range of formats -- from simple paper files to magnetic computer tape. Numerous computerized
databases were created specifically for this project. This phase provided a' list of helpful
"lessons learned" which will benefit future projects. These lessons follow:
prepare a tentative, specific listing of data needs
develop a method to track data acquisition and updating
request data in a useable format
request specific geographic coordinates with data (e.g. State Plane)
be specific on data requests
be persistent with data requests
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Procetsiag A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
allow time to verify data sets
allow for a lengthy data acquisition and entry period
create new databases to accommodate your needs if necessary
know the limitations of the data
Following initial data collection, evaluation, and entry, the project entered the database
development phase. The primary software used for this project was MIPS (Map and Image
Processing System). This microcomputer-based system has the ability to manipulate
raster(images), vector(lines), nodes(points) and textual data. Data manipulation included, but
was not limited to, such items as:
format changes,
enhancement,
line/node designs,
pattern fills,
relational vector overlaying, and
calibration.
Two exciting, additional functions within MIPS are Hyperindexing and the query capabilities.
Hyperindex permits dynamic linking of spatially related raster/vector/textual data sets and
recovery through "point-and-click" actions by the user. The query capabilities allows data to
be accessed, displayed, and output based on user-specified parameters. For instance, using a
supply well database, only those wells having casing greater then SO feet, and yields exceeding
SO gallons per minute would be displayed.
The software capabilities of MIPS, like many GISs include the ability to generate various
spatially related products which can then be output to various printing devices. The advanced
imaging capabilities of the PC-based MIPS allows for enhanced on-screen graphics at a low cost.
The last phase of the project was designed to create an in-depth series of spatially limited
datasets for two municipalities within Carroll County. The City of Westminster and the Town
of Hampstead were selected based on:
dependence on groundwater,
amount and type of commercial/industrial acreage, and
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University't Image Proceaing & Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
prior well loss due to contamination.
Each municipality had a Master Dataset which linked, via Hyperindex, the various land
use information, geologic/hydrogeologic data, contaminant sources, and base images (i.e. aerial
photography) for hat specific area. The ability to spatially relate the various data items on the
display screen provides the water purveyor with a wide range of management applications.
Several applications which can be performed quickly and relatively easy are:
potential contamination source inventories,
hazardous area(s) identification,
future water supply area(s) assessment, and
vulnerability assessments.
The use of the system for resource protection education to the public and local officials
will provide an important additional benefit to Wellhead Protection Programs.
This pilot project has given a local government the opportunity to investigate its ability
to develop a computerized information system for wellhead protection. The applicability or
transferability of this project to other jurisdictions is based on the level of commitment and
general acceptance of the CIS technology. Issues to be decided upon prior to undertaking
development of a similar system should be:
the amount of time, personnel, and money committed to project initiation and
post-project maintenance of the database,
is the political support present to warrant utilizing the technology?
The computerized system which was developed for this project should be seen as a tool. This
tool can greatly add to the safety, reliability and continued use of a public water supply well,
but only when combined with the experienced water manager.
Final Rtpon: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Ptlat Project
Carroll County Bureau of Voter Kesouree Management
Salisbury Stale University'i Image Processing at Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS i
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ii
LIST OF FIGURES vii
INTRODUCTION 1
BACKGROUND 4
PROJECT OBJECTIVES 9
DATA COLLECTION AND EVALUATION 11
DATA SOURCES AND FORMATS 11
Stormwater Management Facility Database 13
Business Source Database 15
DATA ACQUISITION 15
Soil Map Conversions 18
SUMMARY 19
DATABASE DEVELOPMENT 21
DATABASE DESIGN 21
THE MIPS SYSTEM 25
Data Input 26
Data Manipulation Procedures 28
Data Export Procedures 31
Data Storage 32
Analysis Procedures ". 32
Output Capabilities 34
Compatibility with Other GIS and Graphics Database Structures 35
CONVERSION OF DATA TO COMPUTERIZED FORM 35
MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL DATA TYPES 37
Rasters 37
Vectors 37
Tabular Data 38
Text 38
MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE DATA TYPES ... 39
Comparison of Multiple Rasters 39
Overlaying of Rasters 39
Overlaying of Rasters and Vectors 40
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll Camay Bureau of Water Kesouree Management
Salisbury Slate Univtrtity't Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
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L'Sf PA Wellhead Pilot Project
TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONTINUED)
Overlaying of Multiple Vectors 40
Extraction of Text Data from Multiple Quads 41
Linkage of Graphic Representations to Tabular Data 41
SYSTEM COMPONENTS - HARDWARE 42
Overall Concept and System Design 42
Computing Platform 42
Graphics Platform 43
Data Storage and Transfer Devices 44
Primary Data Input Devices 44
Output Devices .44
MIPS--"A DECISION SUPPORT TOOL" 46
PILOT AREAS 46
DATABASE DESIGN 48
DATASET APPLICATION . . . 48
TRANSFERABILITY 56
PROJECT LOGISTICS 57
WORKPLAN 57
PROJECT STAFFING 58
TRAINING 58
PROJECT COSTS 59
PROJECT SUMMARY 60
APPENDICES 62
ratal Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Kaource Management
Salisbury State University* Image Protesting A Remote Seating Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1. Carroll County, MD Location Map 3
Figure 2. Draft Carroll County Water Resource Management Map 7
Figure 3. EPA/GIS Pilot Organizational Chart 12
Figure 4. EPA Wellhead Pilot Project Condensed Master Data List 14
Figure 5. File Structure for Carroll County Storm water Management Database .... 16
Figure 6. File Structure for Carroll County Small/Light Business
Source Database 17
Figure 7. Land Use and Water Supply Statistics for Westminster
and Hampstead 47
Figure 8. The Master Dataset File Structure for Westminster 49
Figure 9. The Master Database File Structure for Hampstead 50
Figure 10. Raster/Vector Map for a Portion of Westminster's
Western Wellfield 51
Figure 11. Raster/Vector Map of Hampstead Area 52
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University'* Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
INTRODUCTION
The 1986 Amendments to the Safe Drinking Water Act established a new Wellhead
Protection Program. This Program was to be implemented by individual States and Territories
with guidance and assistance provided by the Office of Ground-Water Protection (OGWP) and
its regional offices of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). The program was
developed to protect public drinking water systems supplied by groundwater. Each
State/Territory program must be comprised of at least six basic components:
o designate the roles/duties of State and local agencies,
o delineate wellhead protection areas,
o identify contaminant sources,
o develop wellhead management plans,
o prepare contingency plans for each public supply well, and
o plan and site new wells,
and should include some mechanism for public education and outreach. In order to develop and
implement an effective Wellhead Protection Program, participation at all levels of government
is required. The role of the Federal government is to review and approve development of
State/Territory programs and to provide technical support. This technical support can be in the
form of guidance documents, many of which are already available, and/or project funding and
assistance. State and local governments are responsible for developing and implementing
Wellhead Protection Programs.
An innovative technique supported by the USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection was
the development of three pilot projects to explore the applications of geographic information
systems (GIS) for Wellhead Protection. The pilot projects were designed to use national funding
for local initiatives which would have broad-based transferability to other state and local
jurisdictions. The EPA selected Carroll County to demonstrate how GIS technology can be used
at a local level as an effective and powerful decision support tool for managing and protecting
groundwater.
The following report describes the development process for the Carroll County,
Maryland, Pilot Project. Carroll County was selected because of the unique program being
developed within the County, which will utilize water resource management standards to protect
areas around present and future drinking water wellheads from land uses associated with
groundwater contamination.
Carroll County, Maryland, is comprised of 456 square miles and lies entirely within the
Piedmont region of Central Maryland. The County is located 31 miles northwest of Baltimore
ratal Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
SaHtbury State University'i Image Processing A Remote Sensing Cotter
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
City and 65 miles northeast of Washington, D.C. (Figure 1). Close proximity to Baltimore and
Washington has accelerated growth and development in the County. The County's Master Plan
provides a guide for managing this growth and development. One dominant theme of the Plan
is the preservation of the County's agricultural heritage while encouraging economic
development around the incorporated municipalities.
Carroll County is comprised of eight independent, incorporated municipalities in which
59% of the County's 127,000 population resides. Approximately 65% of the total population
relies on groundwater for their drinking water supply. The municipalities are served with public
utilities (water and sewer) which are owned, operated, and managed by each town. The County,
in cooperation with the towns, has accelerated planning processes and implementation strategies
in all areas to meet the demand on utilities brought on by rapid population growth. One major
challenge in this atmosphere of growth is the issue of an adequate and safe water supply. The
water resource program is the keystone to a comprehensive County-wide approach to water
resource management.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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f 'SETA Wellhead Pilot Project
r
Figure 1. Carroll County, Maryland Location Map
Final Kepon: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salishury Stale University 'i Image Protesting A Remote Sensing Center
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L'SEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
BACKGROUND
Carroll County has been aggressively pursuing an understanding and development of
water resources for well over a decade. In the late 1970s, the Board of Commissioners made
a commitment to evaluate the County's groundwater resources. This initial commitment lead
to the development of a comprehensive County-wide water resources program. This program
is housed in the Bureau of Water Resource Management, within the County's Office of
Environmental Services. The Water Resource Management Program is currently moving from
the study phase into an action or implementation mode. The development of a comprehensive
computer-based information system providing decision support capabilities was deemed a
necessary requirement. Participation in the EPA's Geographic Information System Wellhead
Pilot Project could not have come at a more opportune time for Carroll County.
The initial commitment by the Board of Commissioners was to undertake a preliminary
inventory of the County's groundwater resources and was performed by a special Water
Resources Study Committee. This group was comprised of County agencies and other local
interest groups. One of the recommendations of the group was to conduct an in-depth
groundwater study by a professional groundwater consultant. This recommendation led to the
appointment of a second interagency Water Resource Committee by the County Commissioners
in 1980. The Committee represented the full spectrum of agencies which where concerned with
water resources. The integration and continued involvement of the local-level agencies, which
comprised the initial committee, has resulted in a high level of awareness regarding groundwater
protection issues.
The committee's first action was to develop a scope of work and hire a consultant to
investigate water resources in Carroll County. Begun in 1981, this initial study investigated the
following items: water resource development potential, hydrogeologic framework, aquifer
recharge, yield potential, analysis of community planning areas water supply systems and
recommendations specific to water supply systems. The Study focused on seven of Carroll
County's eight incorporated municipalities which depend exclusively or primarily on
groundwater for their drinking water supply.
The initial or Phase I Study identified numerous data deficiencies for each town which
provided the impetus for a scope of work to be completed in a Phase II study. The Phase II
Study began in 1983 and was completed in 1988.
The Phase H work included detailed analysis of each of the municipal supply systems.
Each system was examined for both the quantity and quality of the drinking water it produced.
The data gathered provided much needed information on the water quality of contributing
watersheds and delineated recharge area boundaries for all the municipal supply wells. In
addition to examining the current municipal supply wells future optimum well sites were
identified. These sites were located using photogeologic fracture trace analysis and field
verification.
The recommendations from the Phase D Study provided the foundation for the
development of a fully staffed water resources program for Carroll County. Those
recommendations included:
Final Restart: USEFA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Stale University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
o maintenance and improvement of existing supplies and sources,
o development of new sources,
o protection of water quality,
o delineation of water resource protection areas,
o development and maintenance of a water resource database,
o promotion of public education and information programs, and
o evaluation of potential funding mechanisms.
In addition to the eight years of extensive study, Carroll County also pursued enabling
legislation from the State of Maryland to allow for the development of a local Water Resource
Program. That legislation was passed in 1988 (Appendix A) and granted Carroll County the
ability to develop, administer, and enforce a program to protect ground and surface waters
through land use controls or other ordinances.
Shortly after the completion of the Phase n Study and passage of the enabling legislation,
the Bureau of Water Resource Management was created to develop and administer the Water
Resource Program. One of the last official actions taken by the initial Water Resource
Committee was the development of a program goal. After much deliberation, the goal of Carroll
County's Water Resource Management Program was defined to be:
"To assure acceptable quality and quantity of surface and groundwater
resources for present and future public health, safety, and welfare through a
policy of planned and managed water resource development which includes
protection, preservation, and enhancement. Its work should be performed in
a cooperative spirit with existing federal, state, and local agencies."
It is important to note that the goal is a plan for protection of the resource and not
remediation. The use of prudent planning for resource protection far outweighs the need for
costly cleanup. In order to achieve the above stated goal, the Water Resource Program was
developed to include the following components:
o database development and maintenance,
o monitoring program,
o management standards development and enforcement,
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Saiistnuy State Vnivenity't Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Piloi Project
o adequate staffing,
o funding mechanics,
o public education and community involvement,
o County-wide water conservation program,
o maintenance of town-County cooperation,
o maintenance and strengthening of County-state cooperation, and
o establishment of a permit and inspection process for water resource management.
The Bureau of Water Resource Management currently has an approved staff of seven to
implement the program. This staff includes specialists in both groundwater and surface water
management. The goal of planning, managing, and protecting Carroll County's water resource
is challenged by the pressure of rapid growth and development.
The third component of the program, management standards development, began in 1988
with a draft set of standards completed by December 1989. The "Water Resource Management
Standards and Criteria" was developed to allow for resource protection by evaluating land use
impacts. These standards will be implemented to ensure that growth and development will occur
in harmony with resource protection. A list of the proposed management standards and a brief
description can be found in Appendix B. A Draft Water Resource Management Map (Figure
2) which delineates County-wide protection areas was also produced. The four identified
protection areas are:
o wellhead protection areas (red),
o carbonate rock areas (blue),
o aquifer recharge areas (yellow), and
o surface watershed areas (green).
Upon implementation of the management standards, proposed land uses within these areas
will be evaluated for their impacts on the resource. Those impacting the resource, or having
a high potential to do so, will be required to offer alternatives or mitigation measures if an
outright prohibition is not applicable.
In order to implement and enforce a water resource protection program at the local level,
a centralized integrated database system for managing and decision support is needed. The
proposed function of land use management standards to protect areas around municipally
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Suite University't Image Practising & Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
controlled drinking water wellheads requires assembling a complex database, or integrated set
of databases that are inherently diverse. Seeing the need for computerizing this procedure,
Carroll County moved ahead in 1989 with the purchase of a Map and Image Processing System
(MIPS). MIPS would be capable of tightly integrating and co-registering both raster (image)
and vector (line) data while maintaining a shared attribute database. The addition of this
powerful tool enabled Carroll County to enter into the Wellhead Protection Project with the EPA
in 1989.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University't Image Processing 4 Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
PROJECT OBJECTIVES
The broadening of the Water Resource Management Program to encompass not only
research and data collection, but also action and implementation, required additional personnel
and an information support system. Participation in the EPA's Pilot Project enabled Carroll
County to accelerate the development of the MIPS information support system for local water
resource management. Specific goals and objectives which Carroll County identified for the
project were:
o define and identify all available data critical to implementing an efficient Water
Resource Management Program; most importantly that information should
successfully complement the wellhead protection management standards,
o establish database sets (Hyperbases) to create and maintain site specific monitoring
for two municipal water supply systems,
o develop and deliver public education programs specific to wellhead protection issues,
o augment and coordinate with the County's planning and decision-making initiatives
both at a comprehensive and site specific levels regarding wellhead protection and
water resource management, and
o create a solid foundation project from which future cooperative efforts between
Carroll County agencies, municipalities, State and Federal agencies, can be based.
Carroll County's goals and objectives complemented those specified by the EPA which
were:
o use CIS technology to assist with wellhead protection and groundwater management,
o provide an example of how local governments can use CIS as an effective decision-
making tool, and
o demonstrate the development of a database through cooperation between Federal,
State, and Local agencies.
Prior to project initiation, both sets of goals and objectives were discussed between all
parties involved (Carroll County, EPA, and the consultant-Salisbury State University) and were
determined to be achievable. The EPA would provide financial assistance as well as technical
assistance for the project. Grant money would be used for contractor assistance for the project.
Dr. K.-Peter Lade and the Imaging Processing & Remote Sensing Laboratory at Salisbury State
University would assist the County in data entry, manipulation, and final products.
Fmal Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bttrtau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University'* Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Projeci 10
During initial project and proposal development, the Bureau of Water Resource Manage-
ment developed a set of criteria by which to measure the success of the CIS Wellhead Protection
Pilot Project. That list of criteria follows:
o successfully complete the project within the proposed time period and meet all of the
stated objectives,
o demonstrate the cooperative working relationship with the federal, state, and
municipal levels of government through exchange of data needed to develop the MIPS
system and product generation useful to all,
o obtain local funds to conduct a workshop/seminar, with the EPA's assistance, which
would cater specifically to Carroll County's municipal staff involved in water
resources management and operations. This workshop should also include federal and
state agencies and demonstrate the capabilities of CIS technology in wellhead pro-
tection programs,
o complete the project in anticipation of participating in a U.S. Geological Survey,
Maryland Geological Survey, and Maryland Department of Environment Study to ex-
amine methods to delineate wellhead protection areas in fractured rock terrain,
o develop the GIS/MIPS sufficiently to provide the basis for pursuing projects for
identifying and mitigating potential wellhead contamination sources.
The history and development of the Carroll County Water Resource Program is rich with
critical information applicable to other local governments interested in water resource protection
and management. It is hoped that by undertaking this project the level of knowledge and
technology regarding water resource protection is not only increased but also creates a broader
avenue on which to share the technology.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Ketource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Processing & Remote Seating Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Projea
11
DATA COLLECTION AND EVALUATION
As with any project, after reasonable goals have been established, a clear identification
of data needs can be developed. After numerous preliminary meetings between County per-
sonnel as well as State and Federal agencies, it became apparent that the computer database
would be constructed largely from existing data. This was due to the fact that MIPS has the
capability to import data in various formats and is designed to store, process, retrieve and
display spatially related data. MIPS also has the capability to visually relate and physically com-
bine data of differing types and scales. A more detailed discussion of the specific data import
capabilities and manipulation functions of MIPS can be found in a later section of this report (see
Database Development). It was clear that there were limitations on data formats for utilization
in MIPS, inherent in any CIS system, but through various conversion methods most of these
limitations could be overcome.
Land use regulations play a major role in Carroll County's ability to protect water
resources. Most groundwater contamination can be directly attributed to the type and/or
intensity of current or previous land use. During initial project discussions, it became evident
that not only should water related data be identified, but also land use and planning information.
A diagram of the preliminary data needs for one of the seven municipalities can be found in
Figure 3. This data list would then act as a model for each of the other municipalities. The
Hampstead and Westminster regions were identified as prototype areas. The combination of a
water resource protection database and land use information was designed to become an
integrated decision support tool for each region.
Specific data, which was compiled for each of the two prototype regions, included but
was not limited to:
o comprehensively planned land use information,
o property boundaries,
o potential contamination sources,
o geologic/hydrogeologic conditions, and
o water resource related text information
After the preliminary data needs were determined, the task of identifying and contacting
the appropriate owners of the information was initiated.
DATA SOURCES AND FORMATS
The sources of the data used for this project varied, and thus so did the formats.
Information sources were from local, state and federal levels of government with most having
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
SaKtbttry Slate University'* Image Processing A Remote Seating Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
13
their own unique methods of data format and storage. With so many sources of data, the
question of data accuracy was a high priority. An important limiting factor to remember is that
the accuracy of any final product generated by a GIS is only as good as the accuracy of the
original data entered.
A determination was made early on in the data collection phase for completeness and
accuracy. The ability to use MIPS to superimpose the data onto a geographically calibrated
airphoto and/or road map helped with this process. The more important element in Carroll
County's quest for accurate data was the local knowledge of the County. There is no substitute
for being extremely familiar with local land use. When it arrived, all the data was checked for
completeness and applicability. It was checked again after it was entered into the computer sys-
tem for the correctness of the geographic location. Most of the data was checked and verified
by County personnel. It is quite likely that some incorrect or inaccurate information will
periodically be found. The key to this problem is having a system operator who is familiar with
the data and region so proper adjustments to the information will occur as they are found.
After the data needs evaluation, it became apparent that a method for tracking the
sources, acquisition and conversion of the large volume of information proposed for the project
was required. An inventory was developed to track all the logistics of handling the project data.
What started out as a simple project data needs file grew into an extensive master data project
listing. A condensed version of the master data list can be found in Figure 4. This list includes
such items as data type, format, scale, as well as the source, any conversion which was
necessary, and the final product date. The list was updated as items were received and
processed by both the County and/or Salisbury State. The list indicates that the sources of data
came from all levels of government from local municipalities to the State of Maryland
(Department of Environment) and Federal Agencies (EPA, USDA, etc.).
The data formats ranged from simple paper files to computer hard copy print-outs to
magnetic tapes. Computer files existed in a wide range of software-generated formats.
Acquiring data in MlPS-ready format was in many cases not possible, therefore computer
printouts had to be re-entered by County personnel into dBase IV or converted to ASCII format.
Several database files identified for the project had never been compiled and were developed
specifically for this project. The following are two examples of databases which were created
specifically for this project.
Stormwater Management Facility Database
Generally, stormwater management facilities, specifically infiltration structures, are
considered potential groundwater contamination sources. This potential is strictly a function of
the land use occurring in the contributing drainage area. Stormwater management review and
enforcement is a delegated local function in Maryland which fell under the Carroll County
Department of Public Works. The record keeping for this program consisted of hand-typed
paper records. Xs on a road map were used to mark geographic locations. To be of any value
to the project, computerization of the records and a more accurate geographic positioning of the
structures were necessary.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State Univertity's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project /£
The Bureau of Water Resource Management acquired the services of a student intern from a
local college to locate the facilities and determine geographic coordinates. This was done using
property parcel maps and a geographic coordinate grid overlay. This process was labor in-
tensive, and for the 280 facilities, required approximately 3 months of part-time help. Ap-
proximately 10-15% of the facilities had to be located through field work. The geographic data
was combined with the paper records and were manually entered into a dBase IV file. A sample
of the database file structure can be seen in Figure 5. Through MIPS, accessibility of the data
has been increased tenfold, as well as the ability to accurately display the facility locations.
The development of this database will allow the County to assess the type and quantity
of stormwater facilities in areas contributing to public water supply wells. Any facilities which
have drainage areas within industrial and/or commercial zones can be inventoried. In addition,
the improved database will allow quicker, more complete inspections, and improve maintenance
practices.
Business Source Database
Another database that was developed strictly for this project was the business source.
Many times groundwater contamination incidence can be attributed to improper management
practices by small local businesses. The County felt a need early on in the project to identify
these potential sources. Unfortunately, many small businesses are excluded from federal and/or
state reporting procedures, so identifying those potential sources had to be undertaken by some
alternative method. Surprisingly enough, the method found to be most successful was using the
"Yellow Pages" index in the local telephone book. A list was compiled of businesses and light
industries which might handle or process potential contaminants. The list includes printing
shops, machine shops, agricultural chemical distributors, lawn care services, and petroleum dis-
tributors. The drawback to using the telephone directory as the source for the list was the lack
of, in most cases, an accurate or precise geographic location. While street or road addresses
were included with the business listings, identifying them on an airphoto or tax map was very
difficult. Again, local knowledge of the area and field work were relied upon to assure the
accuracy of the database. A sample of the dBase IV structure for the file can be seen in Figure
6. This file can easily be updated yearly when the new phone directory is published. The
continued development of this database and the field checking of these facilities will be a direct
result of this pilot project. The County hopes to use the products from this project to inform
and educate those businesses within wellhead areas or near potential well sites regarding the
protection of drinking water supplies.
DATA ACQUISITION
It would appear as though once data needs have been determined and the sources of the
data identified, the actual acquisition of that data should be relatively easy. The preceding state-
ment was found to be quite the opposite for this project. The acquisition of data developed into
an extensive exercise in cooperation and many times extreme persistence on the County's part.
Final Report.- VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University 's Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
16
STORMHATER MANAGEMENT FACILITIES LOCATIONS
Structure for database:
Number of data recordsi
Date of last updatet
C:\DBASE4\6WMF DAT.DBF
29
12/18/90
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
FIELD NAME
SITE_NO
SITE_NAME
SITE_LOCAT
SITE_NORTH
SITE EAST
STRUC TYPE
COUNTY OWN
PRIVATE OWN
OWNER NAHE
TOWN OWNED
TOWN NAME
OTHER_OWN
OTHER NAHE
SWH APPROV
AS_lUILTS
AS BUI^APP
INSPEC_REC
INSPEC_NO
INSPEC DAT
STRUC OPER
COMMENTS
••Total**
TYPE WIDTH DESCRIPTION
Numeric 3 Site Number Assigned by Carroll Cty
Character 25 Site Name
Character 50 Site Location
Numeric 6 MO State Plane Northing
Numeric 6 MD State Plane Eaating
Character 35 Type of Structure
Logical 1 County Owned
Logical 1 Privately Owned
Character 25 Owner Name
Logical 1 Town Owned
Character 12 Town Name
Logical 1 Owned by other
Character 25 Other Name
Date 8 Date of Stormwater Management Approval
Logical 1 AH Built
Date 8 AB Built Approval Date
Logical 1 Inspection Record* Available?
Numeric 2 Number of Inspections
Date ' 8 Date of Last Inspection
Character 6 Structure's Operation
Memo 10 Comment*
236
Figure 5: File Structure for Carroll
Management Facility Database.
County Stormwater
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University't Image Practising A Remote Sensing Center
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VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
17
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
SHALL BUSINESS SOURCES
C:\DBASE4\P CONTAH.DBF
67
01/01/80
FIELD FIELD NAME TYPE
WIDTH DESCRIPTION
1 FACIL_NAME
2 FAC_ADDRESS
3 FACIL TYPE
4 TIER_TNFO
5 LOG NORTH
6 LOC'EAST
**Total**
Character
Character
Character
Logical
Numeric
Numeric
35
35
2
1
6
6
86
Facility Name
Facility AddreBB
Facility Type
Tier Data Available
MD State Plane Northing
HD State Plane Easting
Figure 6. File structure for Carroll County Small/Light Business
Source Database.
Final Report; VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University't Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
18
Prior to initiation of this project, Carroll County saw the need for an individual who
would be dedicated to working with the two County's MIPS workstations. Several months into
this project a Computer Mapping Technician was hired, which greatly increased the efficiency
and organization of data acquisition and reformatting. Without this added help the project could
have easily been delayed several months. A card file was established and used to check on data
inquiries. It was similar to a "tickler" file in that if a response for a particular request was not
received within several weeks of the initial contact, a second, third or sometimes fourth call
would be made. The data acquisition phase of the project required the services of one full-time
individual.
Generally speaking, data access from many State and Federal levels was time consuming
and difficult at best. The data was most often distributed among different agencies and many
times in different data formats. Several of the readable computerized databases were incomplete
and required research of paper files to complete. Some delays in acquiring information arose
from the large size of many of the data sets and the lack of foresight, on the County's part, to
select the pertinent fields for use in this project. The initial contact with people who processed
large data sets only produced a database file structure from which the County was asked to select
pertinent fields. Turn around time for delivery of the field specific data sets can be quite
lengthy, and in many cases incomplete or unusable. As a result, the requesting process begins
all over. In order to avoid delays and confusion, a standard set of questions should be developed
prior to requesting data. An example of the questionnaire drafted for this project can be found
in Appendix C. One of the most frustrating situations encountered was making an information
inquiry and finding out the contact person did not understand their data set. This scenario often
wasted more time, for both parties, then the communication was worth. Our own County
government was not exempt from the pitfalls of data exchange. Most of the County files are
not computerized. Databases from County files had to be developed which had never been
checked for accuracy and/or completeness. Even the same data set from the same County
agency may possess extreme inconsistencies in format and recording procedures.
In summary, most of the database files used for the project had to be modified or created
in whole (Appendix D). This process was extremely time demanding and required a consider-
able effort to maintain quality control of the data. All of the seemingly minor inconsistencies
added time to data acquisition, formatting, and entry.
Soil Map Conversions
The largest and costliest data acquisition for the project was the County soil map
conversions. This data set is critical to any water resource protection program as well as other
engineering projects. The U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Surveys are individual County-
wide maps of soil types and the corresponding technical data. The present Carroll County Soil
Survey maps are at a scale of approximately 1" = 1320'. This odd scale can be very cum-
bersome to use, especially when trying to do overlay work on other maps. The computerization
of the soil maps would eliminate the odd scale problem. The computer can adjust the map scale
to meet the user's needs. The County felt that not only was this data set extremely important
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Ketource Management
Salisbury Slate University't Image Processing &. Remote Sensing Center
-------
VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 19
to the project, but also would be an excellent candidate for testing computerization. The com-
puterized soil maps could then be overlain on any image with ease. The problem was the lack
of good geographic registration of the maps. In addition, each soil map contains thousands of
polygons of various sizes, therefore hand digitization would be very labor intensive.
Prior to the start-up of the project, Carroll County personnel met with representatives
from the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service, State Office in Annapolis,
Maryland. Those initial meetings revolved around how the Soil Conservation Service (SCS) and
Carroll County could work together towards computerizing the soil maps. When Carroll County
received the grant for this project, a portion of the money was dedicated to the soil map
conversions. Carroll County then entered into a cooperative agreement with Soil Conservation
Service to have the soil maps redrawn using a USGS quadrangle sheet base. This would correct
the geographic registration problem. The entire County was redrafted by SCS soil scientists and
delivered slightly ahead of schedule. The resulting work performed by SCS personnel was phe-
nomenal in view of the short time period allowed (approximately 10 weeks).
The next task was for Carroll County and Salisbury State to take the mylar drawings and
convert them to computer overlays (vectors). This process was completed through trial and er-
ror. The extreme complexity and size of the computer files made their use cumbersome. To
ease the difficulties associated with importing the individual soil maps, each was photographi-
cally reduced to 1"=2000'. The map was then input as quarter quadrangles and converted to
line overlays (vectors). All of the soil polygons on the map had to be labeled using the
computer. Some of the quarter quadrangles may have up to 1,500 polygons to label. This
process is extremely labor intensive, but once done; will require little or no maintenance (soil
delineations rarely change). The time required to convert one quarter quad to a finished product
is approximately 10-12 hours.
The finished products will be utilized by various State, local, and private agencies. It
is interesting to note that the digitization of County soil surveys is included in the State of
Maryland's long range plan. It is quite possible that the prototype conversions of Carroll
County's soil maps undertaken as part of this pilot project could have a direct influence on the
future computerization of soil maps within the State.
SUMMARY
The data collection and evaluation phase of this project required a significant amount of
time and organization. This phase of the project was the most critical. Future projects should
allow ample time for identifying sources and acquiring data. In addition, an intermediate step
in database development should also be considered. The reformatting of data requires significant
time and should be carefully taken into account during initial project planning. This process
falls between obtaining the information and actually entering the data into a GIS. Conversion
of data from hardcopy or various other non-MIPS formats to MIPS readable files required con-
siderable time and organization. It is prudent to plan on reformatting 25-50% of all database
items received.
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
20
Below is a list of considerations which may be helpful to future developers of local
CIS/Water Resource Protection programs during the initial data collection and evaluation phase:
o always remember that the final database is only as good as the data that is initially
entered into the system,
o prepare a tentative, specific listing of data needs
o develop a method to track data acquisition and updating
o always request data in a format you can use, know your systems requirements and
limitations for importing and exporting data
o assign and/or request specific geographic coordinate information to all database maps
o be prepared to request data from someone who might not be familiar with the data-
base
o be specific on your data request
o be persistent and follow up on data requests
o allow project time to verify data sets as they arrive
o allow for a lengthy data acquisition and entry period
o be prepared to create new databases to accommodate your needs
o when requesting data develop a k'st of standardized questions
These few items will not avoid all the problems and time consumed in data collection but
should help reduce the "lost time" to a minimum.
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project ££
DATABASE DEVELOPMENT
DATABASE DESIGN
Beginning in May, 1990, Salisbury State University's Image Processing and Remote
Sensing Center and Carroll County's Bureau of Water Resource Management began developing
a computer-based data system for use in the management of the County's wellheads. The
underlying impetus for the project was the detailed information on the land use management
standards being developed by the Bureau which could be effectively computerized to enhance
the protection of recharge areas around municipally controlled drinking water wellheads.
Successful implementation of these standards depended on computer access to a complex data-
base, or more likely a set of graphic and tabular databases that were likely to be inherently
incompatible.
The primary software used by Carroll County was MIPS (Map and Image Processing
System). Supporting software includes Autodesk's AutoCad, Ashton Tate's dBase IV, Lotus'
123, and WordPerfect. The latter two were principally record-keeping tools.- MIPS had been
chosen previously by Carroll County as the primary software to handle the Bureau's geographic
and attribute data. All software was available at both the Westminster and Salisbury locations
prior to the start of the cooperative project.
The Image Processing and Remote Sensing Center at Salisbury State University agreed
to provide technical support to Carroll County's Bureau of Water Resource Management as part
of the County's USEPA funded pilot project described in this document. The work reported
here was undertaken to assist the Bureau in meeting its objective to develop unique CIS tech-
nology for decision making in managing and protecting Carroll County's water resources through
wellhead protection. The Center has been the principle contractor since 1986 to Maryland state
agencies for implementing MIPS (Map and Image Processing System) software and has assumed
a leading role in the development and design of a third-generation CIS in the State. Salisbury
State's cooperative effort with Carroll County's Bureau of Water Resource Management
continues its commitment towards assisting governmental jurisdictions within Maryland in
developing CIS and recognizes that there exists considerable expertise within the Bureau in terms
of knowledge of numerous data sources.
By drawing on a considerable amount of existing data, the Bureau was able to build a
series of databases that address the effects of hazardous wastes, stormwater management, waste
disposal, aquifer recharge limits, and other surface and subsurface activities having the potential
to affect municipal wellheads. Many of these databases have been described previously in this
report. The potential for utilizing this carefully constructed integrated database is however yet
to be realized as the system becomes operational.
The decision to develop a fairly complex computerized system was based on several
considerations: principally, the expectation that in the next few years increasing amounts of
diverse data will need to be considered in making appropriate decisions regarding the protection
of wellheads and the realization that manual handling of large amounts of data will not be prac-
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau ofWaier Resource Management
Salisbury Stale University 'i Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
22
tical. Further, ecological and legal concerns associated with water management will require
better tabular and graphic databases.
The management system that will ultimately emerge with the help of computerized
capability is intended to permit the utilization of a large variety of data types, including aerial
photography, satellite imagery (digital form), soils information, National Wetland Inventory
(NWI) mapping data, United States Geological Survey (USGS) digital line graph data, attribute
data stored as dBase Mies, manually digitized plans, point source data, and textual matter (e.g.
regulations and legislation).
Ten informal objectives were set forth at the beginning of the project between Carroll
County and Salisbury State. They were as follows:
1. Demonstrate an ability to design a plan for wellhead protection and surface water
management using CIS.
2. Implement a procedure for digitally encoding all major graphic data types needed
for the pilot project - scanning, digitizing, and handling external digital data sets
(e.g. satellite data).
3. Provide a broad spatial approach that includes all eight of the incorporated munic-
ipalities in Carroll County. For this purpose, the graphic (raster) database should
include appropriate digital base maps at two or more scales (e.g. 1:24000 and
1:7200); land use, water management, zoning, hydrologic, geologic, and similar
overlays suitable for display and analysis.
4. Create an in-depth series of spatially limited datasets for detailed analysis and
modeling purposes. This should include, but not be limited to: specific data on
nitrate/nitrogen loadings, chloride measurements, specific measurements of organ-
ic contaminants, pesticide usage, waste water management, stormwater manage-
ment, and all types of runoff. Additionally, water flow models, recharge rates
for aquifers, water usage rates and geologic data from field studies may be in-
cluded as part of the in-depth relational databases.
5. Assemble tabular and textual data and link it to the base map(s) and associated
overlays by spatial reference (grid-coordinate system) and topical reference (text
querying). Tabular data can be attribute data for such items as storage tanks,
quarries, sinkholes, landfills, etc. Tabular data can also include water level mea-
surements from test wells, water quality studies, contaminant records, etc.
6. Import and integrate data from other agencies. Appropriate groundwater quality
and other data encoded by EPA, USGS and National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA) should be prepared and formatted for use by Carroll
County. Computerized data sets from Department of Natural Resources (DNR),
Final Repon: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Rciource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Practising A Remote Sensing Center
-------
VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 23
Maryland Geological Survey (MGS), and Maryland Department of Environment
(MDE) as well as other state agencies should be included wherever possible.
7. Develop an ancillary database or several such databases to include data on soils,
wetlands, zoning, topography, rainfall, planned and proposed development
(residential, commercial, industrial), open space and other programmed land use
changes. Textual data such as zoning permit requests, siting feasibility studies
and public works activities (e.g. parks and recreation) should also be included.
8. Spatially relate Objectives 3 thru 7 to the delineated wellhead protection areas
within water resource management areas. This task should provide a means by
which existing and future wellhead locations can be monitored and the effects of
external forces, especially land use, determined. Aquifer recharge areas should
be targeted for monitoring and assessment through a periodic review of the data-
bases included in the CIS.
9. Propose and test models for identifying and mitigating potential contamination
sources. Agricultural, Industrial/Commercial, and Residential land use pose
different problems as contamination sources. Housing density studies, population
projections, planned revisions to zoning regulations, and implementations of
federal and state programs regulating farm lands and non-agricultural wetlands
constitute a few important variables in building a predictive model for
groundwater and wellhead protection.
10. Prepare a final report demonstrating the process by which a CIS and derivative
databases have been constructed. Propose methods for implementing the pilot
study and determine future needs for data acquisition and management. Assess
the value of the GIS to Carroll County and its use in protecting the water
resource management areas.
The balance of this overview addresses these ten objectives. This report in its self will hot meet
the final objective. The report should be offered along with some type of "hands-on" session,
an example of which was demonstrated at a project workshop.
The design of a wellhead protection and surface water management program was already
largely accomplished prior to the start of this project. The two-phase Water Resource study,
conducted by Carroll County made recommendations specific to the protection of community-
based municipal water systems. The County Water Resource Program identified the need for
computerization, and the pilot project became a direct outgrowth of the program's targeted long-
range plan.
Implementing the computerization of available data involved utilization of data compatible
with MIPS capabilities; e.g. digital satellite data (SPOT), digital vector data (NWI MOSS wet-
land files), and dBase files; as well as preparation of new data through scanning aerial
Final Report VSEPA Office of Ground-Waler Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County- Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University't Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
24
photography, manual digitization (municipal sewer and water plans), independent creation of
dBase IV files (from paper records), and image scanning of textual data. The procedures
involved in incorporating these various data types will be discussed in greater detail below.
A broad spatial approach was applied as the foundation for the integrated database.
National Aerial Photography Program (NAPP) photography, satellite data and scanned quads
provide a uniform base map series that allow for the consideration of the County as an entity,
in addition to placing the County in a broader state-wide perspective. Many of the overlay data
sets and dBase files are state-wide and can be used without extracting portions for Carroll Coun-
ty since only those portions relevant to the geographic base will be read from the file by MIPS.
On the other hand, comparison on a state-wide basis is possible through querying of the entire
database since the original data sets do not need to be compromised. Querying is the process
of selecting data points based on a specified criteria. The criteria is developed from the
information or data Melds found within the relevant databases. Therefore large data sets which
are, for example, statewide may be used at the local level by simply creating a query which will
extract data for a specific area based on a predefined criteria.
An in-depth series of spatially limited data sets were created for Hampstead and
Westminster to allow for detailed analysis. Appendix E lists the file components for both these
municipalities. All of the graphic, tabular (dBase), and textual data have been linked to the base
maps as well as to each other by reference to a common grid-coordinate system. This was done
through the Hyperindex function in MIPS. This function permits dynamic linking of spatially
related raster/vector/textual data sets and on-screen recovery through point-and-click actions by
the user.
MIPS permits a broad range of menu-driven import procedures for both raster and vector
data. Few of the data sets acquired by Carroll County were sufficiently robust to allow
automated importing. The state supplied well data, for example, was provided on multiple reel
nine-inch tape without a codebook, requiring separate programs to be written to extract
appropriate data before conversion to dBase IV format.
The ancillary database to be developed, as described in the seventh objective above, is
being included first as textual data, scanned in binary form and linked to the base map set by
Hyperindex. Many datasets lack a specific geographic reference (e.g. State Plane,
Longitude/Latitude) and thus are difficult to link. The need to include specific georeferencing,
State Plane, has been communicated to other divisions within the County government.
Monitoring the effects of external forces, especially land use, on existing and future
wellhead locations will be much more readily accomplished now than ever before since the
integrated MIPS database currently stores both raster and vector versions of wellheads, wellhead
protection areas, geological substructures, and zoned water and sewer districts. Additionally,
as one example of monitoring specific potential threats, underground storage tanks may now be
effectively monitored since both their location and their attributes are easily displayed and
queried.
In implementing the operational form of the Wellhead Protection database using MIPS,
ongoing studies of housing density, population trends, and zoning changes can be enhanced by
reference to the rich set of spatial and attribute data that has been made part of the system.
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection PSIta Project
Carroll County Bureau ef Water Resource Management
Salisbury Suite University's Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
-------
VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 25
Likewise, these studies can, in turn, be made new data layers and linked, through Hyperindex
to the existing integrated database.
It is clear that this project has had two very different outcomes. The first has been the
successful inclusion of all the diverse types of data that were available before the project began
and which needed to be integrated into a single, coherent system. The second has been the
utilization of the system to address the very issues that lie at the heart of wellhead protection.
The project has not provided an answer to the problem of securing long-term protection of ex-
isting and future municipal wellheads. It has pointed to the need to add to the database in order
to more carefully address the risks that may exist or manifest themselves in the future. A prin-
ciple benefit of having completed this project is that it is now much clearer what kinds of
data are needed and in what form to begin rigorous model testing.
THE MIPS SYSTEM
The management and monitoring system for wellhead protection in Carroll County
developed as part of this project derives from a commitment to manipulate maps and images.
MIPS software was used to accomplish this objective. The core system is given the acronym
MIPS for Map and Image Processing System. The graphics support aims to present maps and
images in full color. Thus natural true color screen images may be stored in those instances
where the original data was in the form of a photograph. The preservation of subtle shades of
hundreds of colors from palettes of millions of colors is a characteristic of high-end analog
red/green/blue display systems and an important requirement where photogrammetric considera-
tions are involved.
Among the various features of MIPS are an intuitive interface made possible by the use
of large memory module C-language program modules and assembler routines which efficiently
address the appropriate microcomputer dependent hardware. Running on a DOS-based PC
platform, MIPS executable code frequently runs considerably faster than comparable routines
in mini and mainframe environments. Software functions are menu-driven, but support of a
graphics pointing device (most often the mouse) permits point-and-click routines to be supported
as well. Additionally the mouse is used for manipulating geometric shapes, via various elastic
box routines, which define active areas within the full screen. An example would be the ability
to zoom a selected area by simply defining the area by an elastic box on the screen. When used
in conjunction with pop-up functions the mouse permits control of such functions as color
balancing, interactive three-dimensional modeling (wire-frame and solid renderings), drawing
(including on-screen digitizing), and windowing.
First among the considerations taken into account while implementing the computerized
monitoring and management system for Carroll County was the nature of the database that ex-
isted at the outset of the project. A commitment was made to attempt to bring into the computer
environment all data items that were essential to the Water Resource Management program and
needed to continue to be accessible by computer. Thus, paper maps and paper records were
among the first to be digitized and encoded.
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroli County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University's Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
26
Although maps and other records provide a valuable resource, the most important data
available for determining the need for monitoring and possible mitigation are high quality photo-
graphs. The Bureau acquired aerial photography for Carroll County spanning a number of
years. Providing a computer equivalent for aerial photography represented a major challenge.
The ability to display nine by nine inch photography on a computer monitor in full-color or
black-and-white and with high fidelity is one of the features of MIPS that users of the system
depend on for base map generation. However, storage requirements far exceeded the hard disk
capacity on the systems at Carroll County. During the course of the project it was decided to
implement the use of 600 megabyte erasable optical disk. All data for the integrated database
is stored on this medium.
A second consideration was based on the need to provide a means by which other visual
and statistical data sets could be incorporated into an overall computerized system to eventually
provide true modeling capabilities. This is achieved by utilizing the vector overlay and attribute
assignment capabilities of MIPS. In this way the system operates as a geographic information
system (GIS) that goes beyond most current such systems in its ability to handle almost any type
of visual or tabular data.
Data Input
Getting data into a computerized system is potentially among the costliest parts of
building and maintaining a GIS. Most GIS depend on layers of digitized data, where each layer
is carefully matched to a known base, such as parcel, topographic, or road map. Consistency
of the geographic projection, accuracy of the digitized layers, and reliability of the attribute
listings associated with digitized layers require careful planning and data preparation. Regardless
of the sophistication of a computerized Image Processing or Geographic Information System,
there is no substitute for careful data preparation.
Given the fact that personnel at Carroll County collected a great deal of data, often either
at considerable cost, or under circumstances that are never likely to be replicated, the aim was
to create the most flexible procedures possible for data import and to preserve as much of the
quality of that data after introduction into the integrated database. Thus the importance of
providing a means for introducing both new and historical data was recognized. Further, it was
anticipated that data collected for other purposes might be usefully integrated into the system.
A variety of procedures were developed to exploit known data structures associated with extant
software. For example, using MIPS menu selection techniques, it is possible to easily import
data that were originally prepared in a variety of different formats; e.g.:
1. SSURGO (Soil Conservation Service)
2. MOSS (U.S. Fish & Wildlife)
3. EDIPS/TIPS (Landsat MSS & TM)
4. DXE(Autocad)
5. DLG (USGS)
6. DEM (USGS)
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University'i Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 27
7. SPOT (Spot Image)
8. ARCINFO (ESRI coverage files)
9. ERDAS (raster and analysis files)
Generic import procedures to permit the use of byte, ASCII, and binary data are also included,
as is support for some of the newer file formats, including all varieties of Tagged Image File
Format (TIFF) and Truevision Advanced Raster Graphics Adapter (TARGA).
The system user is insulated, for the most part, from the details of data import. The data
import menu allows selection by name of a foreign data set. Once selected, the software opens
an appropriate new or existing data file, skeletonizes the file if necessary, and writes the con-
verted data to the file. For raster data, histograms are automatically produced the first time
images are displayed. For vector data, automatic fit-to-screen and coordinate orientation
routines are accessed by the software to help the user not be distracted during data analysis.
Furthermore, on importation, the software requests translation with or without geographic
coordinate projection and allows selection of translation to one of over twenty standard
projections.
The preceding discussion and examples assume that existing data is being imported and
that this data resides on a device supported by MIPS. Since all common forms of media can be
directly accessed through the software, there is considerable power to this system. It doesn't
matter whether the data is on diskette, optical disk, magnetic tape or CD Rom. If the devices
are available as part of the microcomputer system, they serve as an active shared resource.
Thus both DLG and Landsat satellite data, supplied by USGS on 9 inch open reel tape, require
no special procedures to import, a stumbling block for many other microcomputer based
systems. If an open reel tape drive is not always available or convenient, the software provides
a method for reading nine inch tapes onto optical disks and then using the optical disk as an
alternate input medium.
New data can be created by using either live video or a digital scanner for the creation
of rasters. All of the photographs and maps for this project were imported using a Howtek color
flatbed scanner. A digitizing table was used for creating new vector files. Since there is
increasing support for the digitizing capabilities of AutoCad, MIPS currently imports and exports
DXF files with AutoCad. This assures compatibility not only with DXF files in general, but
also with COGO software that utilizes the DXF file structure. During the past year, (Computer
Aided Design (CAD) functions and complete digitizing tablet support, as well as on-screen
digitizing, have been added to MIPS. This provides direct support for those functions previously
assigned to AutoCad and no longer requires maintenance of that package if it is not desired.
Among the most powerful of data input capabilities is the ability to interactively scan,
in full color and at up to 300 dpi (dots per inch) resolution, maps, photographs, transparencies,
and virtually any reflective or transparent media. Although current technology limits the total
size of reflective material to 11" x 17", and the total size of transparent material to 8.5" x 11"
when scanned on equipment costing under $10,000, there is rapid development occurring in this
area. The software support in MIPS of the Howtek Scanmaster demonstrates some of the best
qualities of the software when used in a management context. -
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Ketourct Management
Salisbury State University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
28
All functions of the scanner are clearly shown on a graphic representation, previewing
of the entire scanning surface or any subsection is possible, and a scanned image can be brought
directly to the graphics monitor and/or stored on disk for additional analysis. If a scale is
known it may be specified at the time of scanning. Large paper maps (i.e. larger than 11 x 17
inches) were scanned in sections and then mosaicked together. Overall, this procedure was
reasonably successful, although some scanning error was introduced and resulted in occasional
pixel-wide mismatches. In most cases these pixel-wide mismatches are not easily discemable
to the untrained eye, and depending on the scale often create insignificant inaccuracies in the
image.
Data Manipulation Procedures
There are a large number of ways in which data can be manipulated and the software
provides numerous such capabilities. To illustrate the graphics capabilities of the system, one
pop-up utility will be considered here: MEASURE.
There is a frequent need to determine the location, extent, size, and other physical
characteristics of areas being considered for protection or mitigation. In a typical case, the
investigator may need to quickly determine the proximity of a wellhead to a proposed construc-
tion site and to respond to a permit request that might affect the status of the wellhead protection
area. Using MIPS it is possible to either bring to the screen a stored photographic image, map,
or other image appropriate to examining the potential impact on a given wellhead posed by a
construction permit request. If no such photograph or map has been stored, or if a new photo-
graph or map is available a rapid scan can create the needed screen image.
Once on the screen, the pop-up utility MEASURE allows the analyst to quickly perform
several useful operations. If the scale of the image is known (as in the case of satellite data),
the image may be directly calibrated. If the scale is not known (as in the case of most photog-
raphy), on-screen measurement of known features (e.g. distance between two road intersections)
may be used for calibration purposes. Calibration can be in either metric or English systems.
Linear measurements may be in one system and areal measurements can be reported in either
the same or an alternate system of measurement.
Using the mouse, MEASURE allows on-screen manipulation of calipers, a protractor,
an elastic box, an elastic circle, and a user-definable polygon. Thus in the hypothetical example,
the calipers can be used to measure the linear distance between the proposed construction site
and the center of the wellhead. The protractor can be used to project an angle, where a change
in orientation of a linear feature may serve to mitigate a negative impact on the wellhead. The
elastic box and circle may be used to define an area of known size and then to interactively
move the box about on the screen to explore alternate placements for a proposed construction
that has a known areal extent. The user-definable polygon can be used to measure the amount
of buffer area, if any, that could be established as a result of various mitigation strategies.
Finally, all measurement data can be automatically read into a file either for subsequent printing
as part of a document, or for entry into a spreadsheet or database.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Ketource Management
Salisbury Suite University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 29
Quick, easy, almost effortless use of powerful computer techniques can help to augment
photogrammetric and engineering skills that most managers and their staff bring to the job of
monitoring such natural resources as wellhead protection areas.
A second data manipulation process requires the use of database field data. For example,
much of the information relevant to wellhead protection was processed into dBase IV files by
Carroll County personnel. Data fields included coordinate information and appropriate attributes
for each record. These records are imported into MIPS and can then be queried with ap-
propriate selections displayed over a desired base image. Statistical and descriptive attributes
may be used to generate a report (beginning with version 2.70 of MIPS), while dBase IV may
be used independently to query and sort the data. For the computer-based wellhead management
system dBase IV was chosen as the appropriate relational database. The decision to use dBase
IV was made partly on the capabilities of the software and partly on the basis of its wide dis-
tribution in many local, state, and federal agencies.
Using dBase IV it is possible to maintain a coherent set of records and databases
throughout the County and in cooperation with the municipalities. Even in cases where MIPS
may not be available, the data assembled using dBase IV may be exchanged with many
constituencies. It is further possible to link other types of data to the MIPS integrated database,
including, for example, permits and regulations files, field data from water quality testing
stations, and geological environmental measurements. The flexibility of a relational database
is that it permits the regular addition of not only new types of data but specialized databases that
can then be linked to existing databases.
Finally, a goal of this project was to explore the capability of the system to merge raster
and vector data in the form of overlays. Vector overlay files include line annotations (such as
cultural map features and place names), digital line graphs, soils outlines, wetland delineations
as observed in the field, land use, and the wellhead protection area polygons referenced
previously. Base maps would consist of rasterized tax parcel maps, aerial photography and
satellite data. The overlay capability being developed differs somewhat from the current GIS
technique of overlaying multiple vector files. The simultaneous investigation of raster and vector
data by on-screen overlay and manipulation is possibly one of the most important new computer
capabilities that will substantially contribute to the effectiveness of management and monitoring
tasks for natural resource managers, and others currently involved in GIS development.
A complete technical discussion of the methods used to manipulate a vector graphics
plane over a raster graphics plane would be too tedious for this report. Briefly, however, an
image is displayed to the screen as a raster. Then a vector file is accessed and the vectors
plotted on top of the screen image. The vector data may be in the form of point, line or
polygons. Point vector data may furthermore represent nodes linked to dBase IV files. If all
data conformed rigidly to a specified common projection, the process of at least presenting a
merge of vector and raster data would be complete. However, the inclusion of photography,
the probability that at least some data sets are .it different scales, different projections, and dif-
ferent angular rotations requires that the vectors and rasters be made to "fit" each other.
Where common coordinate information between a raster and vector is not available,
MIPS allows floating vectors over images and then rubbersheeting the vectors to the image.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
30
This is done interactively with the mouse by matching identifiable points on the vector overlay
to identical points on the raster. The computer then uses a least-squares fit algorithm to
recompute the vectors and replot them over the image. The process is iterative. When a satis-
factory fit has been achieved, the results are displayed and the calculations stored.
Individual elements in the overlay file may then be selected for display, permitting the
investigator, for example, to view the distribution of a single class of soil type, geological
stratum, or planned zoning area. It is also possible to directly access the dBase IV information
by pointing at vectors or vector classes on-screen. Other databases may also be accessed. For
example, MIPS currently supports access to RBase, INFO and ORACLE, as well as specialized
databases such as those provided with TIGER data.
It is also possible to overlay multiple vector files over common raster images, thereby
setting up the necessary basis for a modeling system that incorporates the best of vector-based
CIS systems currently available with the best of raster-based systems. By providing this active
merge of the two most important graphic-oriented data types currently in use by planners,
managers, and academicians, it will become possible to more fully exploit the wealth of field
data that has accumulated and to suggest more productive ways in which additional data may be
acquired to address specific management and monitoring needs.
Finally in concluding this brief overview of data manipulation procedures, it should be
noted that the computerized system described here overcomes many of the restrictions that are
still currently hampering the efforts of other systems.
First, there is no requirement that all data conform to one common scale and projection.
Data may be imported in many ways and then handled interactively. This process emulates the
manner in which data has been traditionally handled by photogrammetrists, but replaces some
of the tedium of either mentally adjusting for variations in scale and projection or using me-
chanical devices, such as the zoom transfer scope.
Second, consistent vector overlays can be projected over user-selectable base maps and
images. This extends to the use of inherently distorted images, such as aerial photographs,
giving the analyst an extremely powerful means by which he can bring highly detailed interpre-
tive vector-based data (e.g. DLG) information to his evaluation of imagery.
Thirdly, multiple vector overlays and interactive attribute manipulation constitute the core
of a new generation GIS approach. The result is a system committed to intuitive data
exploration and would suggest interactive modeling as a system function to parallel the more
traditional raster classification schemes used in image-only data analysis. As a caveat, it should
be noted that such modeling endeavors will undoubtedly require hardware resources not currently
used by MIPS. At Salisbury and Westminster 80386 machines are being used to provide the
fastest DOS engine commonly available. Despite their speed, some calculations are currently
running several hours long on 33 Mhz 80386 computers. In all likelihood, a stronger computing
platform will be needed to maintain the ability to truly interact with the data at a modeling level.
Currently the new 80486 machines offer considerable promise, but parallel processors, RISK
and SPARC micros, specialized hardware (such as hardware caching), and UNIX-based
operating systems might ultimately prove a desirable alternative to the current PC/DOS envi-
ronment. To be successful, a session should perform calculations rapidly enough so that the
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University 'i Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project ££
analyst can constantly interact with the data rather than waiting for protracted computations to
complete. The microcomputer is a worthy alternative to the mini or mainframe system only if
it is fast and interactive.
Data Export Procedures
The same devices and procedures used to import data may also be used to export data.
Since data export may be for the purpose of either transferring existing data to another system
or for transferring or storing manipulated data, there are two somewhat different procedures to
follow.
Data on the system may be exported in either a generic form or in a systems-specific
form to a similar or a different image processing or GIS. This is done by selecting appropriate
export forms from the menu and then writing the data out to disk or tape. MIPS allows either
export of complete rasters or extraction of subrasters from within rasters if a subset of a larger
data set is desired. The raster export structure can be in several common formats, including
TARGA, TIFF, and sequential byte data. Display may require as little as access to a computer
with VGA display capabilities. Vector interchange is often best done through an industry-
standard or well understood file format such as the DXF or DLG-3 file formats. Although it
is relatively straightforward from a software implementation point of view to transfer generic
or specific versions of byte raster data or vector coordinate data, the increasing commitment to
arc-node data with associated attribute files does pose new challenges. This task has been made
relatively easy in MIPS by allocating these procedures to menu-driven choices. Display of vec-
tor data invariably requires appropriate software, some of which are in the public domain.
Transfer and storage of data following manipulation may require no more than a disk
save of a screen-image that has been operated upon. Although many image processing systems
allow effortless saving of screen raster images, few provide a sufficiently generic form of such
a screen save to permit display of a saved image on different hardware. MIPS is addressing that
problem currently by supporting, through software, screen-restoration techniques that identify
the original save format and then convert, if necessary, the save files to allow them to be
displayed on otherwise incompatible hardware.
Data that might have been altered by filtering or classification can be saved as a new
element within the original file, thereby becoming appended to the original data set. Storage is
therefore automatic. Export would be similar to import except that some consideration must be
given to the way in which computed histograms, color lookup tables, and other computed
information is passed to external systems. Currently, data export is being tested at Salisbury
State's Image Processing and Remote Sensing Center, first for software compatibility within the
same computing platform, and second for export to other software packages running on micro,
mini or mainframe systems.
Final Repon: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
32
Data Storage
Vector and arc-node data require relatively little storage space. For example, an entire
quad of soils data, one of the largest vector data sets in the Wellhead Database, may take up less
than ten megabytes of space on a disk. Many vector sets take up less than a single megabyte.
Text data also requires comparatively little space. Large dBase IV may exceed ten or twenty
megabytes. But typically, even fairly complex dBase Mies are under five megabytes in size.
Image data, on the other hand, particularly of high resolution, can occupy such vast amounts of
space that until recently very little serious consideration had been given to microcomputers be-
cause of their limited storage capabilities.
A single nine-inch color photo, scanned at 300 dpi, for example, can occupy over 21
megabytes of data storage. In compressed form, it will still occupy over 7 megabytes of
storage. Complete aerial coverage for Carroll County accounts for several hundred megabytes.
It is clear that storage capacities far exceeding those of the floppy and fixed disk are mandatory.
The solution has been the optical disk. A new technology, there are still no standards
and only recently have some manufacturers been able to make their drives and media be DOS
transparent. Further, erasable optical disks have been commonly available for PC systems for
less than two years. Availability of the erasable optical disk medium (with an average of 300
x 2 megabytes capacity) means that the user notices no difference between using an optical disk
with hundreds of megabytes of storage and a hard disk which typical is limited to 40 or 70
megabytes (although 300 megabyte disks are becoming more common).
In this and other projects in which the Image Processing and Remote Sensing Center at
Salisbury State University is involved, it has been demonstrated that the optical disk cartridge
ensures that vast amounts of data can be accessible to the microcomputer user. The wellhead
protection project benefitted from this work by being able to access very large databases directly
without the need to support either tape drives, or requiring a link with a mini based system for
data storage.
Analysis Procedures
As indicated previously, MIPS at its core is an image processing software package which
has been significantly enhanced to include vector and database handling capabilities. Since the
core system is devoted to image processing it is explicable that many of the analysis procedures
begin with a means of displaying an image on-screen.
There are two basic ways of displaying an image. The first is to access the original data
and using density slicing or other algorithms, present a monochrome or color rendition of that
data. A second way of displaying an image is to load a previous screen save. This presumes
that once data has been translated into a screen image, the result is then saved in compressed
form. The advantage to working with screen saves is that they load very rapidly since no new
calculations Jjave to be performed. The disadvantage is that some of the information inherent
in the data isTost due to compression. A hardcopy output from a screen save is identical to that
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Stale University's Image Processing &. Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project ££
of an original data extraction if the screen is acted upon. However, higher resolution output can
be achieved by using the original data rather than a screen save.
Regardless of whether the on-screen image has been generated by reading the data or
loading a screen save, the next step is to perform some investigatory or analytical task. The
MEASURE pop-up utility has already been described and exemplifies productive interaction with
stored data. If color lookup tables are supported by the hardware, it is also possible to enhance
an image so as to highlight certain natural features.
Vector data may also be manipulated on-screen. The Carroll County geological and
wellhead protection area data sets, for example, have been produced in both paper form and
digital form. It is clear that if the data is presented in too small a space, important details are
lost to the observer. Even when the scale is changed so that a one-to-one match is achieved with
a 7.5 minute topographic quad, state highway map, or County map, a vector plotting of waste
disposal sites or underground storage tanks clutters, the image and challenges the user to gamer
useful information. The computer-drawn vector renditions, however, provide better detail by
separating the base map layer from the interpretation layer and by allowing interactive zooming
to focus on any detail, no matter how small.
Combining base map and vector data together allows the interpreter to evaluate the vector
data against various base maps, chosen to suit the particular purpose of the analysis. The power
of the computer is realized when base map and vector data at different scales are combined and
matched to a common scale, and when inherently distorted base map data is combined with
undistorted vector data.
The ability to easily manipulate rasters and vectors is an important capability. But of
even greater importance is the ability to perform measurements on these data, to enhance them
using CAD primitives, to generate hardcopy products, and to include tabular and field context
sensitive data as part of a photogrammetric or engineering analysis. Using the MIPS workstation
at the Bureau, this can be done at a cost and speed that cannot be achieved in any other way.
Analysis goes beyond visual inspection, however, and MIPS provides more powerful tools than
have been described thus far. A particularly useful feature that has great future potential is the
generation of three-dimensional displays. MIPS can manipulate three raster planes to provide
the equivalent of a two-dimensional color image and a single elevation plane to fit the image data
into a three-dimensional matrix. Three dimensional modeling can take advantage of digital
elevation data and thermal emission data as well as other kinds of data that would aid the analyst
in understanding the imagery better. Wellhead analysis might use studies of subsurface variation
of known geological substrates measured by in field investigation or inferred from ancillary data
sets to better understand the dynamics of an aquifer.
Three dimensional modeling proceeds in two steps. The first is the creation of a wire-
frame that reacts instantly to changes introduced by the analyst. Once again the mouse is used
to move on-screen sliders, eliminating the need to introduce numbers for elevation, rotation,
scaling, and other required inputs. The numerical values are, however, always reported on the
menuing monitor in response to mouse movements.
The second step is the creation of the solid model with, or without, hidden line removal.
The data may be sampled to permit a more rapid display of the solid model. A complex, large,
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Prelection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University's Image Processing A. Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
34
three-dimensional solid may take up to fifteen minutes to draw. Although this would seem to
be excessively long, mini and mainframe computers require an even longer time to perform this
task than a dedicated 80386 PC with an arithmetic coprocessor. Since the data can always be
sampled and the wire frame is available for rapid manipulation, the longer time required to
produce a finished product is still consistent with the philosophy of demanding a rapid response
from the microcomputer.
For individuals familiar with traditional image processing techniques, the software offers
a suite of tools that may be used to operate on raster data. Included are the ability to compute
the correlation between rasters, to compute a convolution on a single raster using filters, a semi-
automated interpretation of rasters using preidentified features, and several predefined index cal-
culators. The last of these includes the ability to calculate a normal difference vegetation index,
a transformed vegetation index, and a leaf area index. Arithmetic and algebraic manipulations
can also be performed on rasters.
Vector data can be analyzed by category where vectors are classed as they are in the case
of the NWI digital data set. Thus subsets of larger data sets can be extracted and further
overlays made to allow determination of the value of combining several criteria in analyzing the
relation of different attributes to each other.
The ability to deal with multiple vector files is still limited to sequential, rather than
simultaneous, analysis. However, MIPS permits the analyst to edit these files through graphics
techniques and perform computations on combination vector planes.
Output Capabilities
Practical applications of image processing and CIS capabilities require that the results of
an analysis can be graphically shared or included in a report. Plotters and laser printers have
provided reliable and effective means by which presentation graphics can be created. More
complex is the process of creating high quality hardcopy output of analog rgb screen images
which are of photographic quality. Three processes currently are used to produce good quality
prints of analog color images: color ink jet, color thermal transfer, and color electrostatic. For
monochrome output, the laser printer is also very satisfactory.
Considerable effort has been expended to provide the MIPS user with the ability to pro-
duce good-quality hardcopy output. Software control of color separation output characteristics
is fairly sophisticated, giving the user control over almost all variables that would affect the
quality of the hardcopy product. Additionally, the user is given the opportunity to accurately
scale his hardcopy output so as to provide standard map product capabilities. Where the
maximum size of the paper that a hardcopy device can handle is less than the required map or
image, the software presents a multi-page graphic on-screen. Using techniques associated with
page composition, the software automatically generates multiple page output which can then be
panelled, if desired, to produce a map of appropriate size and scale.
More than a dozen printers are currently supported and there is a strong interest in
supporting new printing technology as it becomes available.
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Projeci
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Processing A. Remote Sensing Center
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VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project £5
Compatibility with Other CIS and Graphics Database Structures
Currently, the MIPS file structure is a superset of component rasters and vectors and
their subobjects. Thus a single "Project" file, identified by the system as a raster/vector file
(.rvf) may contain groupings and subgroupings of data types that are inherently different in their
individual structures. By maintaining a single file for both raster and vector data it is possible
to investigate the relationship among different data layers more effectively with the additional
benefit that the user is not required to maintain a list of compatible files.
To aid the analyst in deciding on which file groupings to investigate, the system supports
an extended labeling feature that permits descriptive labels to be attached to individual file
elements as well as the file itself. This may also serve to identify the file element as an import
or export data set. The software maintains its own labels to indicate whether the file element
is byte raster, compressed raster, binary, ASCII, vector, or arcnode.
Import from other image processing and CIS systems requires only knowledge of the file
structure used by that system or the structure of the file exchange format. MIPS will directly
import known structures and provides a generic import utility for previously undefined structures
that do not appear on the menu. Export to these external software packages is the inverse of
import and requires no special knowledge other than the desired export label or format.
CONVERSION OF DATA TO COMPUTERIZED FORM
Until recently the task of achieving compatibility between software and data has fallen
to those who prepare data. The result has sometimes been a repetitive collection of the same
basic data.
At the outset of this report, it was noted that the Center's objective was to provide
primary technical support and data conversion/entry rather than compile data for use in a turn-
key system. Two training sessions and many informal extended sessions held both at Salisbury
and Westminster provided the basis for creating an opportunity for dialogue and technology
transfer. Beyond that a commitment was made to clearly establish reliable and replicable pro-
cedures for data conversion.
An agreed upon standard exchange format or a suite of exchange utilities is commonly
used for data conversion. MIPS uses the second approach. By converting bi-directionally to
and from a composite file format it is possible to accommodate the complex file structures
associated with both vector-oriented CIS systems and the multidimensional rasters common to
image processing.
Another consideration in data conversion is the degree to which hardware can be expected
to perform translation functions as opposed to manual entry systems. A good case in-point is
the conversion of raster to vector data. Thematic maps (e.g. road map), optically merged inter-
preted imagery (e.g. satellite data), and hand drawn mylars (e.g. subdivision plan) are common
forms of data of interest to resource managers. Raster to vector conversion through hand
digitization is a proven method of creating vector files and was used extensively in this project.
However, the cost of producing these files can be quite considerable. Automated vectorization
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University't Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
36
is particularly desirable where data of historical importance might be of value if vectorized. For
example, older land use/land cover maps may be valuable in providing comparative data. If they
can be introduced in a cost-effective manner into a computerized CIS through automated data
conversion, such maps may readily form the basis for longitudinal modeling studies.
Complex maps containing numerous hand-drawn annotations, overlain on photography,
such as the NWI or soils maps, may prove too difficult to vectorize by automated means. Often,
the task of removing extraneous annotation through vector editing and supplying information
about vectors is as time consuming and labor intensive as redigitizing by hand. Thus the choice
of whether to attempt automated digitization rests with the individual and must be determined
on a case-by-case basis. Several items which should be evaluated or considered include:
- complexity of the map,
- the quality of the original,
- time constraints,
- desired level of accuracy.
Maps and photographs have traditionally been the mainstay of resource managers in their
attempt to visualize the potential impact of both natural and cultural forces on the resources they
are charged to monitor and manage. With the advent of scanning instruments, whether mounted
on aircraft or satellites, the traditional photo product and interpreted resource map became more
manageable and easier to revise.
There is little question that scanner data, whether collected by passive sensors (e.g.
multispectral scanners) or by active sensors (e.g. Sidelooking Aerial Radar), is of enormous
value in resource monitoring. However, there are two problems that cannot be easily overcome.
First, much of the scanner data, especially that from satellites, provides insufficient resolution
for specific monitoring of localized resources. The scanners are especially useful in collecting
data synoptically, but less useful in such tasks as species typing and monitoring of heterogenous
resources. Further, airborne sensors tend to produce vast quantities of data that require
considerable effort to process.
Until recently, photographic and map products could not be easily converted into compu-
ter-readable form. Drum scanners were both expensive and slow. Optical scanners lacked
sufficient resolution to produce good results. The emergence of new flatbed scanners capable
of rapidly converting photographs, transparencies, and published maps into digital form has
raised the interest in these forms of data. The major limitations are storage requirements and
overall size restrictions for the media to be placed on the scanners.
The continuing interest in vector-based GISs has created a new wealth of data. The
current project illustrates EPA's commitment to demonstrate the applicability of GISs at the
local, County level. The commitment by the state of Maryland and Carroll County to participate
in the production of orthophoto quarter quads (yielding also a new digital elevation database) will
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carrol! County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University'i Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 37
contribute substantially to the extant database of vectorized data. It is increasingly possible to
manipulate this data without regard to original scale other than to recognize the inherent
limitations of the data. The work currently being carried out in merging these vector data sets
with rasters will produce powerful new tools for both management and monitoring of a large
variety of natural resources.
Finally, there is the potential to include text data into an automated system. Published
data can, in many cases, be directly imported as a computer-readable text file through the use
of optical character recognition software. The cost of performing this translation has dropped
dramatically over the last several years and should continue to do so while the sophistication
with which the translation is carried out will continue to increase as well.
Ultimately, it should be possible to blend many different kinds of data into a seamless
automated system. Querying relational databases has already proved valuable and possible by
virtue of this project. Querying capabilities will increase in value as the link between microcom-
puter and minicomputer databases is made easier. Most promising here is the common use of
Structured Querying Language(SQL), which will allow microcomputers to directly access main-
frame databases without the need to translate from one structure to another.
MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS OF INDIVIDUAL DATA TYPES
j
Rasters
Using the image processing core (MIPS), the wellhead protection database system is
capable of acting on individual rasters for the purpose of either data extraction or analysis. The
best example is the use of digital data, either satellite data or scanned photography. Without the
aid of the computer, the analyst must depend on his experience and ability to interpret subtle
spectral variations. The computer can be used to dramatically highlight those subtle differences
and ease the work of the analyst. In the case of the system described here, highlighting is done
through manipulation of the color lookup tables. The computer can also be used to quantify cell
data. The measurement routines described earlier are a good example of an application of the
computer's ability to quantify raster data.
Traditional image processing techniques such as filtering, density slicing, contrast
stretching, and edge enhancement may also be applied to single rasters. These techniques are
especially useful in making determinations about land use and land cover in areas where
wellhead protection areas must be designated and monitored.
Vectors
One of the appeals of vector data is that objects of any size can be accurately represented
at virtually any scale based on a single digitization effort. Unlike rasters, which when enlarged,
tend to break up into blocky representations, vectors are redrawn whenever they are moved to
a screen or output device.
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
38
The digitized geological data is much more useful, in many ways, than the original map
product. Even scanning the geological maps would not significantly enhance its value, since the
very complexity of the data make it difficult to separate out individual geological features and
categories.
Vector files can also be linked to attribute files so that each vector object, whether a
point, line, or polygon, can be linked to a large number of associated attributes. Thus, items
of information about vectors can be manipulated more easily than items of information about ras-
ter cells.
Tabular Data
Tabular data can be manipulated independently of any other kind of data. Relational
databases are the most popular method for manipulating tabular data. However, it is also pos-
sible to index tabular files and then use queries to gain information contained within those files.
Further, tabular data may also be presented in a number of ways. Charting programs
allow an analyst to view data in a number of different ways, each possibly suggesting different
strategies in a management context. Increasingly, data exploration is enhanced by using the
computer to chart responses to what-if scenarios that can be set up by the appropriate software.
In the case of wellheads and groundwater, tabular data that might be the basis for analysis
would include such items as acreage statistics, measures of distance and proximity between
wellheads and other known features, and change percentages for resource inventories. Rapid
manipulation of tabular data and easy presentation of these data through graphing represent
important tools in the management of natural resources, especially sensitive ones such as
wellhead recharge areas.
Text
Text data can often be handled similarly to tabular data. However, it is often desirable
to organize text by topic area and then provide the analyst with an opportunity to review the text
on-screen in much the same way that he might use printed documentation.
Whereas tabular data must be readable at the element level, text data can be treated as
an image and presented to the viewer in image form. Thus it is possible to scan text without
concern for conversion into ASCII form. The resulting image can then be treated in the same
way as a photograph or map.
Although it might appear that it would be preferable to use optical character recognition
techniques to automatically convert printed documents into true text files, there are some
important considerations that would suggest the need for an alternative. When documents have
been typeset, it is far more difficult to recognize individual characters since proportional fonts
and extensive kerning may impose fairly serious limitations on the success with which these
documents can be scanned. In cases where text is heavily mixed with graphics, it might again
be desirable to simply store an image rather than an ASCII document. And in some cases, the
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Stale University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project ' 39
quality of the original may be such that other software would simply not be able to cope ade-
quately with the document.
How text is used in a management environment would depend on the specific
arrangements decided upon by those involved in maintaining the system. Mention has been
made of the possible use of legal landmark decisions, published regulations, and other documents
that the manager might wish to consult in determining potential impacts on particular resources.
The ability to include text files in a management and monitoring system is likely to be increas-
ingly valuable as the size of the text database increases.
MANIPULATION AND ANALYSIS OF MULTIPLE DATA TYPES
Comparison of Multiple Rasters
There are many occasions when it is desirable to compare rasters to each other or to
manipulate more than one raster simultaneously. One obvious case would be the creation of a
false color infrared composite from separate data channels when using scanner data. Both
Land sat and SPOT satellite data, for example, provide the opportunity to composite channels so
that the result is a color image resembling, for example, an infrared photograph.
Another case in which multiple rasters might be of interest is the comparison of similar
data from different seasons or years. For example, a study of well production rates might be
meaningful only if two or more years of data can be examined simultaneously. Likewise the
effect of episodic events, such as storms, can best be understood through a before and after
comparison involving the manipulation of multiple rasters.
Again, wells are subject to disturbance through a variety of activities and a multi-
temporal comparison of different rasters may best illustrate the effect of these activities.
Overlaying of Rasters
Overlaying of rasters is an extension and special case of comparing multiple rasters. In
this case, we assume that the overlaying is done for the purpose of resampling one or more
rasters belonging to different data sets to a common scale. For example, Landsat MSS and
Landsat RBV data were sometimes merged to provide the combined benefits of multispectral
information of the MSS with the greater detail of the sharper resolution of the RBV. SPOT data
may also be treated in similar fashion. Ten meter panchromatic data acquired at the same time
as 20 meter multispectral data can be combined to achieve the joint benefits of spectral and
spatial detail.
Insertion of one raster into another raster may also be considered a variation of this
category. This technique may be useful in merging graphics or map data with satellite imagery
or photography.
Generally, raster overlaying is accomplished in two steps. First, one of the two rasters
is resampled to match the scale of the reference raster. Secondly, a slip-slide technique is used
to move one raster over another so that an exact fit can be achieved.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilat Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Stale University'* Image Processing it Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
40
Overlaying of Rasters and Vectors
The technique of floating vectors over rasters has already been discussed. There are
other occasions, however, when the analyst may wish to manipulate a combined raster/vector
image. The easiest way to accomplish this is to simply hardware zoom the combined set. The
advantage is speed and reliability, but as the level of zoom increases, the vector lines begin to
loose their precision and may, in fact, introduce errors into the representation of a particular fea-
ture.
The more desirable alternative would be to zoom the raster plane and redraw the vector
plane simultaneously, maintaining the scale relationship. It is currently possible to either use
an elastic box to redraw the vectors and to use either hardware zoom or resampling to zoom the
rasters, or to allow the software to dynamically process both sets of data and simultaneously
resample the base raster while redrawing the overlay. Multiple overlays are possible but only
the last vector file to be drawn is active.
Overlaying of Multiple Vectors
Because of their relatively modest space requirements, multiple vector files, or files
containing multiple levels of data, serve as the basic data form for most current GISs. Superim-
position of vectors, vector clipping, boolian operations on combined vectors, and generation of
multiple vectors in one plane based on criteria derived from an examination of an associated
database, are powerful procedures that increase the inherent value of registered vector data.
Although polygon format data storage might appear to be the most likely manner in
which vector data can be handled by a computer, the arc-node format is ultimately more power-
ful since it allows assigning exclusive boundaries to adjacent polygons and requires less effort
to support where changes might be made to the data set on a periodic basis.
Further, the support of multiple storage schemes for vector data creates the possibility
to interface with other software packages. COGO and CAD/CAM packages are increasing in
popularity and add-in routines to make them suitable to either mapping or specific resource man-
agement needs will likely become more widespread in the future. The ability to handle different
vector formats is as important as the ability to handle different raster formats.
Tagging objects defined as polygons is not only possible, but the basic technique used
by all geographic information systems. The alternative is to define a raster cell of a known size.
This alternative has shown to be cumbersome, often inaccurate, and difficult to manipulate.
Vector tagging is done in the form of associating attributes with vector objects. These objects
most commonly are polygons, although they could also be lines or points. Multiple attributes
can be assigned through the use of a database.
When multiple vectors are overlain their associated attributes may also be examined.
Conversely, specific combinations of attributes may be extracted and their associated vector
objects displayed. These superimposed vector objects may then be subjected to set theory
analysis in order to reduce them to common objects.
Final Report: VSEPA Office ojGround-Water Protection Pitta Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University't Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 41
MIPS is able to link a number of different databases, beginning with dBase TV, to the
vector planes within combined raster/vector files. Because the raster/vector file structure provi-
des an automated link between rasters and vectors, the potential for increasing the power of this
system beyond current GISs clearly exists.
Extraction of Text Data from Multiple Quads
In completing this overview of the strategy being laid out for the manipulation of multiple
data types, it is necessary to reconsider the place of text and tabular data. Text data can be
supplied either in image or in character form and linked to graphically derived information
through an external database. A more powerful approach, Hyperindexing, allows multiple text
files to associate with multiple vectors and quads.
Thus, ideally, it would be possible to query a text database by example and relate the
querying strategy to a graphic representation. dBase IV is designed to permit this kind of
querying by example activity. This feature was a major consideration in selecting it as the
principle relational database for use in the Wellhead Protection Project. The computerized
wellhead protection management system should be able to take full advantage of the enhanced
dBase IV capabilities.
Linkage of Graphic Representations to Tabular Data
Tabular data usually consists of a calculated extraction from a database. Acreage reports,
for example, are often tabulated by political jurisdiction to give some indication as to the total
resource component being considered.
Projections of increase or loss, threat or damage to a resource may also constitute a
tabulation. Such tabulations may be derived in a number of ways, although it is anticipated that
for the wellhead protection areas most of the tabulations will be derived from the area! computa-
tions performed on specific geological substrates or zoned areas by individual municipalities.
Customarily, representations of tabular data are in the form of a table or graph.
Additionally, the tabulation may be reflected by highlighting a representative map. This latter
feature is of particular interest to resource managers since it provides a quick visual confirmation
of a geographically known phenomenon.
MIPS contains a fairly extensive set of routines to provide graphic output capabilities,
including the ability to enhance, highlight, and otherwise show a particular aspect of interest on
a map or segment thereof. Tabular data, inasmuch as it reflects operations performed on the
graphics planes, can be used to visually alter that graphics plane for better illustrative effect.
A number of drawing functions are available, as are lettering and other annotation
features. Numerous fonts, and such drawing primitives as sized rectangles, circles, and poly-
gons provide further flexibility in creating an attractive visual and output product that reflects
tabular data.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
42
SYSTEM COMPONENTS - HARDWARE
Extensive documentation concerning MIPS support for hardware is available from the
software manufacturer, Microimages. However, for the reader of this report, it might be useful
to include a brief discussion highlighting some of the major elements of the hardware required
for a fully operational system. In those cases where technical support was provided at Salisbury
State, the hardware available at Westminster was duplicated at Salisbury. Additionally, some
hardware devices not available at Westminster (e.g. the Howtek Pixelmaster and HP LaserJet)
were used at Salisbury in support of this project.
Overall Concept and System Design
MIPS is microcomputer based, using standard off-the-shelf components. Compatibility
with the IBM-PC standard is generally assured. The additional graphics capabilities needed to
drive a large-screen monitor act independently of the function of the microcomputer. This
allows other activities to occur on the microcomputer, including database management, word-
processing, and page composition when the MIPS software is not running.
Computing Platform
MIPS has been extensively tested by the Image Processing and Remote Sensing Center
at Salisbury State University and been found to run successfully on many PC-compatible
microcomputers, including, but not limited to, the following:
1. IBM PC/XT class computers
IBM PC
IBM PC/XT
IBM Portable
Leading Edge
HP Vectra
2. IBM AT class computers
IBM AT
Fivestar 286
Standard AT
Compaq 286
Toshiba 3200 portable
HP Vectra 286
CompuAdd 286
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University't Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 43
3. INTEL 80386 class computers
Fivestar 386
PC Limited 386
HP Vectra 386
AST 386
Based on the compatibility tests completed as part of this project, it is felt that most IBM
compatible microcomputers running INTEL'S 8088, 8086, 80286, 80386, and 80486 CPUs will
adequately host the software.
All microcomputers used in this project require the addition or inclusion of an arithmetic
coprocessor (INTEL'S 8087, 80287, 80387); a minimum of 640 kilobytes of ram (random access
memory), console display device, one or more floppy disk drives, a mouse, and either the PC-
DOS or MS-DOS Operating Systems (version 2.0 or higher). Practical considerations also
dictate the availability of one or more mass storage devices (fixed disk, removable cartridge,
optical disk). Because of the very heavy storage requirements for image data, large-capacity off-
line mass storage is desirable. The system supports large-capacity hard disks (70 megabytes and
higher), nine-inch open reel tape drives, and optical disk (200 megabytes and higher).
Although 80386 machine^ were used in software development, and two such machines
are being used by Carroll County to run the software, it should be noted that such machines are
more susceptible to bus timing conflicts. If the bus speed exceeds 8 megahertz some hardware
may not run properly, and if the CPU speed exceeds 12 megahertz, careful attention must be
given to determining that all components, including base memory, are capable of supporting the
higher speeds.
Graphics Platform
Graphics functions are provided through peripheral equipment capable of producing
analog rgb output. The following hardware combinations have been tested and found satisfac-
tory:
1. High Resolution Devices (1024 x 1024 or larger)
Vectrix Pepe & Monitronix monitor
Vectrix Presto & SONY 1030 monitor
Number Nine Pro-1280 & Sony 1030 monitor
2. Medium Resolution Devices
Vectrix 384PC & Electrohome monitor
AT&T Targa-16 & Electrohome monitor (or Sony Multiscan)
Final Report: VSEPa Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Suite University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
44
3. Low Resolution Devices
Orchid Prodesigner Plus & Zenith flat tension monitor
The software does not require data to be organized to match the resolution of the display device.
The graphics displays act as "windows" on any data set, permitting the same data set to be as
easily manipulated on a medium resolution system as on a high resolution system.
Data Storage and Transfer Devices
Since data input is a major requirement of any computerized system, considerable
attention will be paid to this task in the discussion of the software below. The following devices
are supported for data input:
1. Standard DOS-supported devices
floppy disk drive
removable cartridge optical disk drive
cartridge tape
2. Non-standard devices
optical disk drive (may emulate a DOS device)
9 inch open reel drive (1600 or 6250 bpi)
CD ROM
mini/mainframe communications link with file transfer
LAN/WAN Hub with server and gateway
Primary Data Input Devices
1. Scanners
Howtek 300 dpi color scanner (11" x 17")
Sharp 300 dpi color scanner (11" x 17")
Houston Instruments SCANCAD
2. Digitizers
GTCO tablets (C & D sizes)
Output Devices
Once data has been input into the system, stored, and manipulated in some fashion, there
is usually a requirement to produce some physical representation thereof. Although one might
consider data storage to be a form of data output, we will consider only hardcopy devices here.
Float Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University't Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 45
The following devices have been tested and found satisfactory for the production of
tabular and graphic output:
1. Tabular/Text Only
all dot-matrix printers
laser printers (preferred)
ink jet printers
thermal transfer printers
2. Graphics/Text Output
thermal transfer (e.g. Calcomp Plot master)
color ink jet (e.g. Tektronix 4060)
solid color ink (e.g. Howtek Pixelmaster)
monochrome laser (e.g. HP LaserJet II)
electrostatic (e.g. Versatec color 400 dpi)
HP Multi Pen Plotter
HI Turret Pen Plotter
There are many considerations regarding the number of colors that can be produced, the
resolution capabilities of individual printers, and the ability to emulate pen plotters, that must
be taken into account. As a rule of thumb, resolution should be at least 200 dpi in either
monochrome or color, color dithering must be possible to produce hundreds of colors, and
hardware limitations governing output size must be definable if a printer is to be considered
satisfactory. In all cases, special drivers were written to extend and enhance the capabilities of
printers tested for this project.
Final Report: V5EPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Voter Resource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Processing it Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
46
MIPS~"A DECISION SUPPORT TOOL"
PILOT AREAS
The original proposal for this project indicated that an in-depth series of spatially limited
data sets would be created for at least two of the seven municipalities within Carroll County.
The final products have focused on two municipalities, Westminster and Hampstead; however,
many of the data sets were complied for the entire County.
The City of Westminster is the largest municipality in Carroll and is also the County seat.
It has a varied geologic setting which includes both prolific carbonate rock and less productive
saprolite aquifers. The Town of Hampstead is fifth out of the eight municipalities in terms of
population and is totally dependent on less productive saprolite aquifer for its water supply.
Figure 7 provides a detailed look at land use and water supply requirements for each of these
municipalities.
Hampstead has less than a quarter of the population of Westminster and derives all of its
public water supply from groundwater. The Town of Hampstead has been extremely progressive
in water supply development and thus has amassed quite an impressive database on their
production wells. Ordinances require land developers to supply water to the Town which will
equal or exceed the demand created by their development. In addition, detailed hydrogeologic
and pump testing information must be supplied before any new well is accepted by the Town.
This wealth of information and the relatively high percentage of commercial/industrial acreage
(see Figure 7) found in Hampstead made it a prime selection as one of the target areas for this
project.
The City of Westminster's public water supply is fairly evenly split between ground and
surface water. Most of the groundwater wells are located in the highly productive carbonate
rock aquifer. While extremely prolific, this aquifer is very vulnerable to contamination. The
occurrence of sinkholes and solutionally modified permeability increases the risk of rapid
movement of contaminants to and within the subsurface. Westminster has the greatest variety
of commercial/industrial uses in the County which range from family-run agricultural chemical
distributors to high-tech automotive parts manufacturing. The Westminster area is considered
to be the hub for commercial and industrial development in the County. The occurrence of a
highly sensitive aquifer and the wide variety of commercial and industrial uses proved to be the
right combination for Westminster to be selected as the second pilot area. An additional item
to be noted about the two pilot areas is that both systems have experienced groundwater
contamination which has caused the loss of a municipal supply well. The loss of a well,
especially to small municipalities who many times operate on tight water budgets, can promote
an extreme appreciation for wellhead planning and protection.
Final Report: USE PA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salubuiy Stale University's Image Processing A Remote Seating Center
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47
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DATABASE DESIGN
The individual dataset designs for each of the two pilot areas were very similar. The
database, base image, and vector items compiled for the datasets can be seen in Appendix F.
All or portions of these items were then developed into Master Datasets for each municipality.
The development of these Master Datasets evolved from the initial concept and design (see
Figure 3). The Master Datasets for Westminster and Hampstead became computer directories,
which then had as subdirectories, text, databases (nodes), plans (vectors), and bases images.
The individual MIPS Raster/Vector files within these subdirectories contained data which was
either County-wide or municipality-specific. The final Master Dataset structures can be seen
in Figures 8 and 9.
The need for an external data storage device (erasable optical disk) is clearly evident
when looking at the size of these datasets. The Hampstead Dataset is approximately 83
megabytes, while the Westminster directory requires 120 megabytes of disk storage. These
massive datasets can be quickly accessed within MIPS. The Hyperindex function in MIPS is
used to link the text, database, and plans subdirectories to the base maps. The use of the
hyperindex capabilities of MIPS allowed for a wide variety of overlay maps to be constructed.
Any one of the various base map types can be selected as well as any combination of plans
and/or node sets. The resulting maps are actually queries in themselves. An example of two
such maps can be seen in Figures 10 and 11. The first overlay map uses the U.S. Geological
Survey, 7.5' topographic quadrangle as the base map. The second overlay map was constructed
atop the most recent NAPP aerial photography (1988) for Carroll County.
DATASET APPLICATION
The use of these datasets for water resource management and protection extends far
beyond the initial expectations of the County. The speed and relative ease when creating multi-
ple spatially related images allows for faster and more complete management decisions. The
new datasets are being used to perform analysis and functioning as decision-support on a daily
basis within the Bureau of Water Resource Management. The following are several examples
of how the datasets will be utilized for wellhead protection.
The Westminster and Hampstead Community Planning Areas have a variety of potential
contaminant sources located within their public supply wellhead boundaries. Using the compiled
databases from the project, the breakdown of a sample of those potential sources within wellhead
boundaries for each of the pilot areas is:
Hampstead:
- CERCLA Sites - 2
- SARA 311 & 312 Reporters - 3
- Junkyards - 1
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Ketource Management
Salisbury State University't Image Proeetting & Remote Sensing Center
-------
49
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CO
§
X
CD
E
CC <
CO U
i
-------
-------
52
-------
VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 53
- "Right-to-Know" Reporters -20
- Underground Storage Tanks - 14
- NPDES Discharges (Industry) - 2
- Business(Light Industry) Sources
- Dry Cleaners - 2
- Printers - 1
- Agricultural Chemical Storage - 1
- Machine Shop - 2
Westminster:
- SARA 311 & 312 Reporters - 14
- "Right-to-Know" Reporters - 68
- Underground Storage Tanks - 33
• Sludge Disposal Sites - 1
- Business(Light Industry) Sources
- Dry Cleaners - 5
- Printers - 7
- Agricultural Chemical Storage - 4
- Machine Shop - 2
- Petroleum Distributors - 1
- Lawn Care Service - 2
All of the above potential sources have descriptive attribute information associated with the
individual locations. The locations of the individual sites or businesses appear as symbols on
the computer screen (see Figure 10). Accessing the database for a particular site is as easy as
pointing to the symbol and pressing a key. When the information appears on the text monitor
the operator can view, edit, and/or add data to the record.
The same type of scenario using potential contaminant sources and optimum future
wellsites can be generated. Each of the municipalities have had optimum potential wellsites
identified as part of the Carroll County Water Resource Study. The ability to identify possible
contaminant sources while relating that location to the proximity to the wellsite, geology, etc.,
will assist the water purveyor whether or not to utilize the site. The simple mapping of the cur-
rent and proposed wellheads with the potential contaminant sources allows the analyst the visual
ability to develop management strategies and techniques. The addition of layers to the image
(soils, land use plans, geology, etc.) helps refine the ability to predict areas which may be
potentially hazardous to current or proposed wellsites. The ability to prioritize areas based on:
- type of chemical,
- distance to well,
Finai Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Stale University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
54
- location within a sensitive recharge area,
- production of the well (good vs. poor yield),
- proximity to fracture traces,
- sewered vs. unsewered,
as well as a host of other criteria will make the job of wellhead protection not only more
efficient but considerably more defensible. It will not always be possible to manage every
potential contaminant source within a Wellhead Protection Area, but those areas which require
monitoring due to a higher potential for problems can receive the highest attention.
Hie use of the above method to identify and prioritize contaminant sources as well as
those areas where the potential for groundwater contamination is higher will be the next step for
Carroll County. Field investigations of all the Wellhead Protection Areas will be performed
utilizing the prioritize potential contaminant list. The field visits will be used to check the
handling, storage, and processing practices of businesses on the list as well as other
environmental or cultural features of the site. Those facilities with questionable practices will
require either:
1.) immediate referral to a State or Federal Agency for corrective action
2.) education regarding Wellhead Protection and good waste\ management practices,
and/or
3.) closer monitoring of the site.
This process can easily be undertaken on an annual or biannual basis. The updating of the
computer databases and rapid output of visual potential contaminant overlays allows the resource
manager to remain well informed of his/her wellhead areas.
In addition, an indirect benefit of this pilot project is the education of local officials and
individuals regarding wellhead protection. The use of sharp, attractive graphics and images to
complement the Wellhead Protection education effort is a welcome bonus. The use of the
system to increase the knowledge and awareness of wellhead protection to the public as well as
local officials is a powerful tool. Used together with a well developed and defensible protection
strategy, the computer system can drive a local wellhead protection effort. The lack of
implementation of groundwater protection strategies at the local level is frequently due to an
inefficient or non-existent good database. The economics of MIPS gives a local governing body
the ability to compile and access information critical to water resource planning and protection.
The development of this database allowed Carroll County's Water Resource Program to
rapidly move forward toward its stated goal. Database development and maintenance was a
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University't Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project __ £5
critical component for the program to achieve. The success of this pilot project provides a
strong foundation for two other components of the program. Those two components are:
- management standards development and enforcement,
- establish a permit and inspection process for water resource management,
The use of MIPS and the project derived datasets will provide a powerful tool for decision-
support and resource management when the performance-based, water resource management
standards are implemented. The ability to spatially relate environmental concerns will allow the
developer and regulator the opportunity to avoid potential problems in the initial planning stages
of site development. Local governments with the power to regulate land use must play a major
role in Wellhead Protection. A computerized information system like MIPS provides the local
government the ability to make prudent land development decisions in order to assure the
protection of a valuable resource.
One application which was originally planned to be developed for this project was a link
to Wellhead Protection modeling. Unfortunately, that function was not accomplished. The
capability of MIPS to successfully interact and/or utilize models, although still being
investigated, is well beyond the scope of this project. The compilation of data and development
of an interactive database turned out to be quite an ambitious undertaking. The Master Datasets
for each of the seven municipalities are not complete and the efforts to finish those databases
will take priority.
final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Voter Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
56
TRANSFERABEJTY
A major determining factor in the selection of MIPS by Carroll County was the link it
would provide to other state and regional agencies. MIPS workstations are currently in use by
the following:
- Baltimore Region Council of Governments,
- Maryland Department of Natural Resources,
- Maryland Critical Areas Commission,
- Maryland Geologic Survey, and
- Soil Conservation Service.
Most of these agencies communicate regularly with various departments of the County. The
ability to exchange MIPS related information with these groups should complement, and improve
the effectiveness of local wellhead protection initiatives. The wide variety of data export options
within MIPS allows for communication with a wide range of GISs as well as standard software
packages.
Communications with several state agencies including the Maryland Department of the
Environment have resulted in exchange of data. The data exchange was accomplished using a
lap top computer and a linking software package. The data transfer was as easy as plugging in
a single cable. Through this exchange the local transferring of data developed for this pilot
project has already begun.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University't Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 57
PROJECT LOGISTICS
WORKPLAN
The proposed timeline of activities for the project was one year. The actual completion
date for the project was just under thirteen months. A graphic description of the work plan and
final completion dates for tasks can be found in Appendix G.
There were several identifiable milestones established as part of the project plan. The
milestones were check points by which the progress of the project would be measured. The
following is a list of the identified milestones, (at roughly three month intervals), for the project:
- Progress Evaluation I - review of the data collection and
evaluation phase
- Progress Report II - mid-project report and meeting,
which included an evaluation of the database development phase
- Progress Evaluation HI - review of the design and testing of
interactive databases as part of an interim final report.
- Conference/workshop
- Final report
The above evaluations included discussions of the accomplished activities, technical
evaluation, process analysis, difficulties encountered, and tests to be completed. These
evaluations where compiled from monthly progress reports submitted to the EPA. The second
milestone, Progress Report n, included a presentation and discussion with EPA personnel. The
interim final report was completed and distributed among internal reviewers at Carroll County
Government as part of Progress Evaluation III.
The final report was submitted to the EPA for review and comments at the 12 month
mark of the project. A technology transfer conference/workshop was held one month later in
order to share project results with other Federal, State, and local officials. The conference's
goal was to introduce Federal, State, and local officials to the applications of GIS technology
in local water resource management. The one day conference offered approximately 150
participants the opportunity to physically interact with the computer system. The afternoon
session utilized five MIPS workstation for "hands-on" applications of the software. The overall
rating of the conference, as expressed by the participates, ranged from good to excellent.
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Waur Resource Management
Salisbury Suite University's Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
58
PROJECT STAFFING
The original project development team was composed of five County personnel (3 Water
Resource Management; 2 Permits and Regulations) and Dr. Lade from Salisbury State
University. This team along with EPA personnel from headquarters in Washington, DC and
Region HI, Philadelphia, PA met to develop a preliminary workplan. In addition, the County
project team met with Dr. Lade to develop a work scope for items to be performed at SSU.
When the project was initiated, there was one employee at the County assigned to head
the project. Several months into the project an additional CIS technician was hired to assist full
time. The hours spent on the project by County personnel was in excess of 2000. Work at SSU
was performed by one full time person and several part time students. The scope of work for
SSU called for work not to exceed 1000 hours.
In addition to the 2 principle workers at the County, there were also various other
individuals and support staff who assisted. This was especially true in preparing for and
presenting the project workshop. The entire project was undertaken and completed by a limited
staff, many of whom had other specific job duties which could not be neglected. One advantage
to a small staff is the ease of coordination. Daily assessment and revisions to the work plan are
made simpler when only two individuals are involved in the project.
The use of a small staff while efficient in many ways, also requires a great deal of
commitment. The work load can become overwhelming and burdensome at times. Team work
and a clear goal are essential as well as the flexibility to alter the work plan as needed.
Teamwork for problem solving is another critical item when creating a computerized database
system. Therefore, when undertaking a project of similar magnitude a staff of at least two
professionals should be the minimum. Integration of scientists and computer personnel with
those in management should provide a well balanced and successful team.
TRAINING
Throughout the course of this project, County personnel actively participated in the entry,
manipulation, and product generation of the data sets. It is critical to understand that no amount
of classroom training can substitute for actual project work. The only way to adequately become
familiar with and proficient with a system like MIPS is with daily interaction through the
implementation of a well defined project with achievable goals.
At the onset of the project and through the data collection phase, several basic to
intermediate level training sessions on MIPS were completed at Salisbury State. This allowed
all County personnel involved to have a basic understanding of the system's operation. Initially
it was anticipated that Salisbury State would do all the data entry and manipulation, but as the
project moved into the database development phase, the learning curve for County personnel
accelerated. It became clear that the project itself was a long training session and after its
completion, continued operation of the system would be solely up to the County. Developing
new methods to resolve problems became a cooperative effort between personnel from Salisbury
State, Carroll County and Microimages.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Burtau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 59
In summary, training was an on-going process throughout the entire project. In order
to fully understand and operate a GIS, the operator(s) must become extremely intimate with the
system. It is important for future users to actively participate in the development of such a
system and not rely solely on contractor input, or classroom/textbook training.
PROJECT COSTS
The total expenses incurred to complete the project are actually three-fold. The EPA
grant provided the County with $78,000 of direct funds. This money was not to be used for
computer hardware purchases, but only for data acquisition and database design/development.
The grant funds for the project were allocated for the following work items:
- Contractual $58,000
- Data Acquisition $12,400
- Training $ 3,000
- Technology Transfer Workshop $ 1,600
In addition, County personnel logged in excess of 2000 hours which is approximately
$45,000 in wages. Part of that amount, $4,106, was the County's required contribution to the
grant. As stated above,, there is no way any amount of classroom training can substitute for the
many hours of active participation County personnel undertook to design and complete this
project.
Finally, the costs of the MIPS software and associated hardware. The County purchased
the computer equipment approximately 6 months prior to official start-up of the project. At the
time of purchase, the workstation and associated software was the top-of-the-line that MIPS had
to offer. It was a high resolution system that came complete with an optical scanner for input
and an optical disk drive for mass storage of data. The following is a breakdown of costs
associated with the computer hardware/software used for the project.
- MIPS Software $ 5,000
- Workstation(Hardware) $34,000
- Digitizing Board $ 3,000
The MIPS software can be operated on lower resolution systems, thus reducing the hardware
costs. Again, the relative affordability along with the superior quality image processing
capabilities should make MIPS an attractive package for local wellhead protection programs.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University "s Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
-------
VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
60
PROJECT SUMMARY
The purpose of this pilot project was to investigate the use of GIS for local Wellhead Protection.
The work described in this report represents an attempt to use enhanced GIS software and
approaches to assemble a wide range of data for a specific purpose: the creation of an integrated
database that will be used to monitor and protect wellheads in Carroll County, Maryland.
Prior to this pilot project, considerable work had already been performed by Carroll
County through a two phase Water Resource Study. That study along with the development of
performance-based water resource management standards have allowed Carroll County the
opportunity to participate in this project. The past efforts have focused on the collection of data
and identification of water resource protection zones, one being Wellhead Protection Areas.
This pilot study provided the opportunity to develop and implement a computer-oriented
methodology for wellhead protection using sophisticated image processing and GIS software.
The goals and objectives identified for this project have been successfully completed, with
one exception: the ability to integrate a wellhead protection model into the GIS environment was
not accomplished. The capability of the two software types to interact is probably feasible, but
priorities in dataset development precluded adequate time allotment to pursue the link. The
project did create a computerized wellhead monitoring and management system dedicated to the
concept that vast amounts of data which might be of interest to the water resources manager will
be found within one or more of the specific datasets that constitute the total system. All of the
various map products, digitized products, photography, vectorized plots, database files, and
text/tabular data have been be integrated by the system under this project.
What is provided here is both a concept and a capability. The concept is one of using
a computer to organize diverse data, present it in a meaningful manner, whether through text
or graphics or both, and to allow the analyst/manager to use the computer as a decision-support
tool. To this end, state-of-the-art hardware and software have been coupled in what is believed
to be a unique and exciting system that is applicable not only to wellhead management concerns
but to a broad spectrum of resource management tasks. During the course of testing the
hardware and software, it became clear that the system would mature well beyond the scope of
the Wellhead Protection Project. Some of the capabilities developed as incidental to the project
have since been tested as part of other projects and are valuable in their own right. Beyond the
capabilities and abilities demonstrated by this project, is the fundamental question of applicability
of the technology to local governments.
The primary objective of the project was to determine if the management and technology
criteria developed for this project are transferable to other jurisdictions for local Wellhead
Protection. The transferability of this project can be undertaken if certain decisions are made
by the local jurisdiction. Several the following decisions should be considered:
1.) is the commitment of time, personnel, and money available to
initiate the GIS technology?
Final Keport: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Ketource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Procetting A Remote Sensing Center
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project 61
2.) after initial setup, will permanent personnel and money be committed to the
system?
3.) is the political support for Wellhead Protection present to use the
technology for planning/decision making and possible regulation?
4.) finally, will your system be capable of data transfer with other
local, regional, state, and federal databases?
Once a firm decision is made as to the level of commitment by the jurisdiction, guidelines and
lessons provided by this project will be of great benefit.
The computerized system(GIS) provides, at best, a concept for handling large amounts
of diverse but related information and a capability to explore this data quickly and productively.
What the system does not provide is the intelligence to interpret the information it contains.
There is no substitute for the experience and knowledge of the human manager. Although some
expert-system capabilities are inherently a part of the expanded system, such capabilities are
limited when compared to the sophistication of the experienced water resource manager. The
Map and Image Processing System described here is a tool, not a solution, and to that end, it
can be used with great success or abused to the detriment of the resource being managed. This
is not intended to be a caveat, but rather a challenge. Tools can be sharpened and honed and
applied to new tasks or picked up regularly to perform old familiar tasks. The computerized
system which has been developed for this project should be seen as a tool. In the future it is
hoped that refinements, enhancements, changes and other applications will be found to broaden
the effectiveness of this tool. This project represents a beginning methodology for monitoring
and managing Wellhead Protection Areas, not a definitive, final solution.
Final Repon: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University's Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
62
APPENDIX A
CARROLL COUNTY ENABLING LEGISLATION
final Report: VSEFA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Waier Resource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
CHAPTER 88
(House Bill 710}
AN ACT concerning
Carroll County - Water Resources Program
FOR the purpose of authorizing the Carroll County Commissioners
to develop, administer, and enforce • program to protect
ground and surface waters; authorizing the appointment of a
Hater Resources Commission; defining the functions of the
Commission; authorizing penalties for certain violations,
and providing certain restrictions on the county's program;
subjecting certain county ordinances, regulations*
resolutions, and policies to the advice and consent o£
certain State officials; and generally relating to the
Carroll County Water Resources Program.
BY adding to
The Public Local Laws of Carroll County
Section 3-78
Article 7 - Public Local Laws of Maryland
(1976 Edition and 1987 Supplement, as amended)
SECTION 1. BE IT ENACTED BY THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY Of
MARYLAND, That the Laws of Maryland read as follows:
Article 7 - Carroll County
3-78.
THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS OF CARROLL COUNTY MAY:
(1) DEVELOP, ADMINISTER, AND ENFORCE A PROGRAM TO
PROTECT GROUND AND SURFACE WATER RESOURCES THROUGH LAND USE OR
OTHER ORDINANCES, REGULATIONS, RESOLUTIONS, OR POLICIES WHICH DO
NOT DUPLICATE OR CONFLICT WITH STATUTORY PROGRAMS OCCUPIED BY THE
PROVISIONS OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES ARTICLES OF
THE ANNOTATED CODE OF MARYLAND.
(2) 'ENACT .OR ADOPT ANY ORDINANCE, REGULATION,
RESOLUTION, OR POLICY WHICH IS NEEDED TO ADMINISTER THE PROGRAM.
ORDINANCES, REGULATIONS, RESOLUTIONS, OR POLICIES NOT PERTAINING
TO LAND USE SHALL BE ENACTED OR ADOPTED WITH THE ADVICE AND
CONSENT OF THE SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND
THE SECRETARY OF THE DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES.
(3) PROVIDE FOR PENALTIES FOR VIOLATIONS OF ANY
ORDINANCE, REGULATION, RESOLUTION, OR POLICY WHICH IS ENACTED OR
ADOPTED UNDER THIS SECTION.
(4) APPOINT A CARROLL COUNTY WATER RESOURCES
COMMISSION TO ASSIST AND ADVISE THE COUNTY COMMISSIONERS IN THE
DEVELOPMENT, ADMINISTRATION, AND ENFORCEMENT OF THE PROGRAM.
SECTION 2. AND BE IT FURTHER ENACTED, That this Act shall
take effect July 1, 1988.
Approved April 12, 1988.
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USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
APPENDIX B
CARROLL COUNTY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STANDARDS
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury State University's Image Processing &. Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
CARROLL COUNTY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT STANDARDS
The purpose of preparing and implementing performance based Water Resource
Standards is to assure adequate and acceptable water for present and future uses. The use of
performance standards enables resource protection while allowing for compatible growth and
development. The standards will regulate land uses whose impacts may threaten the quantity
and/or quality of the water resource. Standards development are being undertaken to address
the following land uses:
on-site wastewater disposal
nutrient management
hazardous substance storage and handling
chemical storage, handling, and application
stormwater management
erosion and sediment control
groundwater extraction
groundwater recharge
sinkhole protection
and will be applied to the following four delineated Water Resource Management Zones:
1.) Wellhead Protection Areas
2.) Aquifer Recharge Areas
3.) Carbonate Rock Areas
4.) Surface Watershed Areas
The standards have been drafted for site specific hydrogeologic conditions. They will be
designed to protect and maintain current as well as future public water supplies. This effort
is expected to culminate in the development and adoption of a County ordinance which will
allow for the application, plan review, construction monitoring, and reporting procedures
associated with land development in the designated management zones.
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
APPENDIX C
DATA REQUEST QUESTIONNAIRE
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Vfater Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Slate University'! Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
DATA FACT SHEET
OBJECT:
OBJECT DATE:
SOURCE:
BRANCH:
LOCATION:
CONTACT:
TITLE:
TELEPHONE: .
FORMAT AND SCALE:
IS FORMAT MIPS COMPATIBLE?
COST:
MAIL OR PICKUP?
WHAT DOES DATA INCLUDE:
DESCRIPTION/EXPLANATION OF FIELDS INCLUDED?
CAN WE PICK CERTAIN FIELDS?
ANY ATTRIBUTE INFORMATION?
WHEN UPDATED?
MAILING LIST (TO RECEIVE UPDATES):
DATE ORDERED:
DATE EXPECTED:
FOLLOW UP CONTACT?
DATE ACQUIRED:
COMMENTS:
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VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
APPENDIX D
PROJECT DBASE IV FILE STRUCTURES
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Suite University't Image Processing & Remote Sensing Center
-------
1
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
FIELD NAME
BUS NAME
BUS STREET
BUS TOWN
LOC~NORTH
LOC EAST
BUS~TYPE
TIER INFO
UST
UST CAPAC1
PUB~SEWER
PUB~WATER
SWMF TYPE
PRIOR CONT
WHPA
WHPA NAME
SITE VISIT
COMMENTS
TYPE WIDTH
Character
Character
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Character
Logical
Logical
Numeric
Logical
Logical
Character
Logical
Logical
Character
Date
Memo
**Total«*
25
30
20
6
6
3
1
1
5
1
1
3
1
1
25
8
10
148
AUTOMOTIVE BUSINESS SITES
C:\DBASE4\BUS_AUTO.DBF
137
11/17/90
DESCRIPTION
Business Name
Business Street Address
Town
MD State Plane Northing
HD State Plane Easting
Type of Business
Tier Information Available
Underground Storage Tank on Site
Capacity of Underground Storage Tank(s)
Public Sewer?
Public Water?
Stormwater Management Facility Type
Prior Contamination
Wellhead Protection Area?
Wellhead Protection Area Name
Date Site Visited
Structure for database:
Number of records:
Date of last update:
POTENTIAL OPTIMUM MUNICIPAL WELL SITES
C:\DBASE4\WEL-SIT.DBF
94
10/16/90
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
**Tota
FIELD NAME
CPA
WELL NO
TYPE
GEOL UNIT
FIELD CHK
PROP OWNER
TAX MAP NO
BLOCK
PARCEL
LOC NORTH
LOC EAST
AERIAL IND
LANDMARK
DISTANCE
BEARING
LAND USE
1**
TYPE
Character
Character
Character
Character
Date
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Character
Character
Numeric
Character
Character
WIDTH
12
3
9
4
8
15
2
2
3
6
6
3
25
3
4
15
121
DESCRIPTIONS
Community Planning Area
Well Number
Type of Well (Primary/Secondary)
Geologic Unit Code
Date of Last Field Check
Property Owner
Tax Map No
Tax Block No
Tax Parcel No
MD State Plane Northing
MD State Plane Easting
NAPP Aerial Photo
Closest Landmark
Distance to Landmark
Bearing to Landmark
Existing Landuse
-------
MUNICIPAL PRODUCTION/OBSERVATION WELL & SPRING DATA
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
C:\DBASE4\WELLDATA.DBF
64
09/01/90
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
**Total**
FIELD NAME
AQ REC AR
PERMIT~NO
WELL NO
REFER NO
WELLFIELD
PROD WELL
OBSER WELL
SPRING
IN USE
LOC NORTH
LOC'EAST
SUR'ELEV
CAS STICK
TOT DEPTH
CAS DEPTH
WELL DIA
GEOL REPOR
GEOL-UNIT
WELL LOG
SOIL SAPRO
SAPRO BEDR
H2O ZONES
PUMP TEST
BLOW YIELD
SHORT YIELD
SAFE YIELD
WQ DATA
COMMENTS
TYPE
Character
character
Character
Character
Character
Logical
Logical
Logical
Logical
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Logical
Character
Logical
Numeric
Numeric
Character
Logical
Character
Character
Character
Logical
Memo
WIDTH
12
10
5
5
16
1
1
1
1
6
6
5
3
3
3
4
1
4
1
5
5
35
1
7
7
7
1
10
167
DESCRIPTION
Aquifer Recharge Area
Hell Permit Number
Well Number
Reference Number
Wellfield Name
Production Well?
Observation Well?
Spring?
In Use?
MD State Plane Northing
HD State Plane Easting
Surface Elevation
Casing Stick-Up
Total Depth.of Well
Casing Depth
Well Bore Diameter
Geological Report Available?
Geologic Unit
Well Log Available?
Depth to Soil/Saprolite
Depth to Saprolite/Bedrock
Depth to Water Bearing Zone(a)
Pump Test Data?
Well Blown Yield
Well Short Yield
Well Safe Yield
Water Quality Data Available?
Comments
-------
CONTAMINANT SOURCES LOCATION
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
C:\DBASE4\CONTSRCE.DBF
30
05/06/90
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
1-7
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
FIELD NAME
RECORD
INCIDENT
INCODE
CORCODE
HATNAME
QUANT IT*
SOURCECODE
DIDIT
WATERWAY
COCODE
INDICATE
INCTIME
REPDATE
REPTIKE
LOCATION
IDNAME
INCTYPE
COMPLAINT
RESPONDER1
RESPONDER2
RESPONDER3
RESPNAME
RESPADD1
RE SP ADD 2
RESPPHNO
TYPE WIDTH
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Character
Character
Numeric
Logical
Character
Character
Date
Numeric
Date
Numeric
Character
Character
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Character
Character
Character
Numeric
**Total**
4
7
2
2
17
8
2
1
17
2
8
4
8
4
27
20
2
2
2
2
2
25
28
15
10
222
DESCRIPTION
Record No from HDE
Incident No from KDE
Incident Code
Corridor Code
Released Material Name
Quantity Released
Source Code
Did it enter Waterway?
Name of Waterway
County Code
Incident Date
Incident Time
Date Reported
Time Reported
Location of Release
Incident Name
Incident Type Code
Complaintant Code
Reeponder Code
Responder Code
Responder Code
Responsible Party
Responsible Party Address 2
Responsible Party Address cont
Responsible Party Phone No
-------
JUNKYARD LOCATIONS
Structure for database:
Number of records:
Date of last update:
C:\DBASE4/JUNKYARD.db f
52
01/01/80
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
FIELD NAME
BUS NAME
OWNER NAME
OPER NAME
PROP~OWN
PRE T965
DATE EST
LOCATION
LOG NORTH
LOC'EAST
TAX'MAP
TAX BLOCK
TAX PARCEL
ACREAGE
BUILDING
BUILD DE
SITE PLAN
PLAN~DATE
SITE PHOTO
PHOTO DATE
VIOLATIONS
COMMENTS
TYPE
Character
Character
Character
Character
Logical
Date
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Logical
Character
Logical
Date
Logical
Date
Logical
Memo
**Total*
WIDTH
35
30
20
30
1
8
35
6
6
3
2
4
4
1
35
1
8
1
8
1
10
250
DESCRIPTIONS
Business Name
Owner Name
Operator Name
Property Owner Name
Existing Before 1965 (Non-conforming)
Date Established
Location
MD State Plane Northing
MD State Plane Easting
Tax Map Number
Tax Map Block
Tax Parcel Number
Acreage of Site
Site contains a building?
Building Description
Site Plan Available
Date of Site Plan
Site Photos Available?
Date of Photos
Zoning Violations
Comments
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
UNDERGROUND STORAGE TANK LOCATIONS
C s\DBASE4\CCUNDER.DBF
419
01/01/80
FIELD
1
2
3
4
FIELD NAME
SITE_NO
LOC_NORTH
LOC_EAST
MAP NO
TYPE
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Character
**Total**
WIDTH
8
6
6
4
25
DESCRIPTIONS
Site No Assigned by MDE
MD State Plane Northing
MD State Plane Easting
Map No to SHA Maps from MDE
-------
Structure for database:
Number of records:
Date of last updates
SINKHOLE LOCATIONS
C:\DBASE4\SINK DAT.DBF
85
04/14/90
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
FIELD NAME
SINK NO
LOCAT NORT
LOCAT EAST
LOCAT~TOPO
DIAMET FT
LENGTH FT
WIDTH FT
DEPTH FT
VIS BEDROCK
VIS THROAT
THROAT DIA
OUTCROPS
LAND COVER
DATE OPEN
ID TYPE
ID DATE
REPAIRED
REPAIR TYP
SITE VISIT
DATE VISIT
OWNER NAME
COMMENTS
TYPE
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Numeric
Logical
Logical
Numeric
Logical
Character
Character
Character
Date
Logical
Character
Logical
Date
Character
Memo
**Total**
WIDTH
4
6
6
30
5
5
5
4
1
1
2
1
25
15
30
8
1
50
1
8
25
10
244
DESCRIPTION
Sinkhole Number
KD State Plane Northing
MD State Plane Easting
Topography of Location
Diameter in Feet
Length in Feet
Width in Feet
Depth in Feet
Visible Bedrock
Visible Throat
Throat Diameter in Feet
Outcrops in Vicinity
Land Cover
Date Sinkhole Opened
Type or Indentification
Date Identified
Repaired
Type of Repair
Site Visited
Date Visited
Property Owner Name
I
-------
RCRA (RESOURCE CONSERVATION AND RECOVERY ACT) SITES
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
C:\DBASE4\RCRA.DBF
2
10/05/90
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
**Total
FIELD NAME
SITEID
STATE
COUNTY
SITENAME
LOG NORTH
LOC EAST
INDICATOR
TYPE
CODE
UIW
PERMIT
FUEL
OIL
HANDLER
CLASS
FIPS
COUNTY2
VIOLATION
OUTS T AND IN
* *
TYPE
Character
Character
Character
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Character
Character
Character
Character
Character
Character
Character
Character
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Character
Character
i
WIDTH
15
5
3
44
6
6
3
3
3
3
2
3
3
3
3
7
4
4
3
124
DESCRIPTION
KDE Site Identification Number
State Location
County Location
Site Name
HD State Plane Northing
MD State Plane Easting
TSD Status Facility Indicator Code
Facility Type Code
Activity Code Generator .Facility
Activity Code Injection Well
Permit Status Code
Activity Code Fuel Burner
Activity Code Off Spec Oil
Handler
class
County 2
Violation
Outstanding
CERCLA SITES (COMPREHENSIVE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSE COMPENSATION
AND LIABILITY ACT)
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
C:\DBASE\CERCLA.DBF
10
06/20/90
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
**Total**
FIELD NAME
SITENAME
SITEADD1
SITEADD2
SITEID
LOC_NORTH
LOC_EAST
NPL
CATEGORY
RCRA
TYPE
Character
Character
Character
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Character
Character
Character
WIDTH
30
30
15
12
6
6
1
1
2
104
DESCRIPTION
Site Name
Site Address
Site Town
Site Identification No from MDE
HD State Plane Northing
MD State Plane Easting
NPL Indicator Code
Site Category Code
RCRA Facility Type Code
-------
SEPTAGE LAND DISPOSAL SITES
Structure lor database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
FIELD MAKE
OWNER_NAME
SCAVENGER
ADDRESS
Z1P_CODE
SITE 1
TAX_MAP_1
TAX_BLK_1
TAX_PARC_1
ACRES 1
LOC_NOR 1
LOC EAS~1
SITE_2
TAX_MAP_2
TAX_BLK_2
TAX PARC_2
ACRES_2
LOC_NOR_2
LOC EAS 2
C:\DBASE4\SEPTAGE .DBF
5
10/03/90
**Total**
TYPE WIDTH DESCRIPTION
Character 20 Property Owner Name
Character 15 Septage Removal Transporter Name
Character 30 Property Owner Address
Numeric 5 Property Owner Zip Code
Logical 1 Septage Disposal Site
Numeric 2 Tax Map Number Site 1
Numeric 2 Tax Map Number Site 1
Numeric 3 Tax Parcel Number Site 1
Numeric 4 Acreage of Site
Numeric 6 MO State Plane Northing Site
Numeric 6 MD State Plane Easting Site
Logical 1 Septage Disposal Site
Numeric 2 Tax Map Number Site 2
Numeric 2 Tax Block Site 2
Numeric 3 Tax Parcel Site 2
Numeric 4 Acreage Site 2
Numeric 6 MD State Plane Northing Site 2
Numeric 6 MD State Plane Easting Site 2
119
CARROLL COUNTY MRIGHT-TO-KNOW" LOCATIONS
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
C:\DBASE4\CCRTK.DBF
264
01/01/80
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
FIELD NAME
COMPANY
ADDRESS
CITY
ZIP
SIC CODEl
SIC CODE2
LOC NORTH
LOC EAST
**Total** ~"
TYPE WIDTH
Character 50
Character 40
Character 20
Character 10
Numeric 4
Numeric 4
Numeric 6
Numeric 6
141
DESCRIPTION
Company Name
Company Address
Company City
Company Zip
Standard Industrial Code (Primary)
Standard Industrial Code (Secondary)
MD State Plane Northing
MD State Plane Easting
-------
MUNICIPAL HPDES (NATIONAL POLLUTION DISCHARGE ELIMINATION SYSTEM) SITES
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
C:\DBASE4\NPDES_MU. DBF
22
06/14/90
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
**Total**
FIELD NAME
PERMIT NO
NAME
ADDRESS
COMMUNITY
SIC CODE
SIC~COD TX
IND CLASS
TYPE OWNER
EXPIR DATE
ISSUE DATE
REV DATE
STATUS
NPDES NO
GROUNDWAT
SURFACEWAT
REG WATERS
LOC NORTH
LOC~EAST
ENFOR ACT
ENAC NO
ENAC NO TX
ENDT ~
TYPE
Character
Character
Character
Character
Numeric
Character
Character
Character
Date
Date
Date
Character
Character
Logical
Logical
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Logical
Numeric
character
Date
WIDTH
10
30
25
12
4
40
3
3
8
8
8
15
9
1
1
30
6
6
1
2
30
8
261
DESCRIPTION
MDE Permit Number
Name
Facility Name
Community Name
Standard Industrial Code Number
Industrial Class
Owner Type
Permit Expiration Date
Permit Issue Date
Permit Revision Date
Status of Permit
Surface Hater Discharge Number
Groundwater Discharge
Surface Water Discharge
Receiving Waters
MD State Plane Northing
MD State Plan Easting
Enforcement Action?
Enforcement Action Number
Enforcement Action Date
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
SLUDGE STORAGE DISPOSAL SITES
C:\DBASE4\SLUDGE_P.DBF
44
03/11/90
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
FIELD NAME
PERMIT NO
LOC NORTH
LOC EAST
PERMITEE
SITE ADDRE
PER ACTIVE
EXP DATE
**Total**
TYPE WIDTH
Character 16
Numeric 6
Numeric 6
Character 30
Character 50
Logical 1
Date 8
118
CHARACTER
MD of the Environment Permit No.
MD State Plane Northing
MD State Plane Easting
Name on Issued Permit
Site Address for Sludge Utilization
Active Permit
Permit Expiration Date
-------
INDUSTRIAL KPDES (NATIONAL POLLUTION DISCHARGE ELIMINATION
SYSTEM) SITES
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
C:\DBASE4\NPDES_IN.DBF
38
01/01/80
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
**Total
FIELD NAME
PERMIT_NO
NAME
ADDRESS
COMMUNITY
SIC_CODE
SIC_CODE_TX
IND CLASS
TYPE_OWNER
EXPIR_DATE
ISSUE_DATE
REVIS DATE
STATUS
NPDES
GROUNDWAT
SURFACEWAT
REC_WATERS
LOC_NORTH
LOC EAST
ENFOR ACT
ENAC_NO
ENAC_NO_TX
ENDT
**
TYPE
Character
Character
Character
Character
Numeric
Character
Character
Character
Date
Date
Date
Character
Character
Logical
Logical
Character
Numeric
Numeric
Logical
Numeric
Character
Date
WIDTH
10
30
25
12
4
40
3
3
8
8
8
15
9
1
1
30
6
8
1
2
30
8
261
DESCRIPTION
MDE Permit No.
Name of Industry
Address of Industry
Community Name
Standard Industrial Code Number
Industry Class
Owner Type
Permit Expiration Date
Permit Issue Date
Permit Revision Date
Status of Permit
Surface Water Discharge Number
Groundwater Discharge?
Surfacewater Discharge?
Receiving Waters
MD State Plane Northing
MD State Plane Easting
Enforcement Action?
Enforcement Action Number
Enforcement Action Date
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
WATER APPROPRIATION PERMITS
C:\DBA5E4\H2OPERMI.DBF
1272
12/12/90
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
**Total*»
FIELD NAME
PERMITNO
NAME
DISCRIPT
AQUIFER
EFFECTDATE
EXPIRDATE
DYAVGYEAR
DYAVGMAX
REPORTUSE
USE
LOC NORTH
LOC EAST
TYPE
Character
Character
Character
Character
Character
Character
Character
Character
Logical
Character
Numeric
Numeric
WIDTH
13
30
30
4
e
a
9
9
i
7
6
6
132
DESCRIPTION
Permit Number assigne by DNR
Permittee Name
Site Description
Aquifer code
Effective Date
Expiration Date
Average Daily Use-Yearly
Average Daily Use-Maximum Month
Water Use Reported?
Type of Use
MD State Plane Northing
MD State Plane Easting
-------
SARA(SUPERFUND AMENDMENTS AND REAUTHORIZATION ACT) SECTIONS 311 & 312
Structure for database:
Number of data records:
Date of last update:
C:\DBASE4\CARR312.DBF
64
01/01/80
FIELD
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
FIELD NAME
COMPANY
ADDRESS
CITY
ZIP
SIC
ERTK
TIER_I
TIER II
LOC_NORTH
LOC_EAST
CHEM_NAM_1
CAS_NO 1
STO_STAT 1
CHEM_STAT_1
MAX_DY_1
AVC DY_1
DY ONSIT_1
Slf_PLAN_l
STOR INF 1
TYPE WIDTH
Character 50
Character 40
Character 20
Character 10
Character 4
Character 6
Date 8
Date 8
Numeric 6
Numeric 6
Character 35
Character 11
Character 1
Character 1
Numeric 2
Numeric 2
Numeric 3
Logical 1
Memo 10
DESCRIPTION
Company Name
Company Address
Company City
Company Zip Code
Standard Industrial Code No
Date Tier I Application Received
Date Tier II Application Received
MD State Plane Northing
KD State Plane Easting
Chemical Name Number
Chemical Abstracts Service Registry No.
Storage State(solid,1iquid,gas,etc}
Chemical State
Maximum Daily Amount Code
Average Daily Amount Code
Number of Days on Site
Site Plan Available
Storage Info Available
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
APPENDIX E
MIPS RVF FILE LISTING FOR HAMPSTEAD & WESTMINSTER
Final Report: USEPA Office of Ground-Water Prelection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Siau University's Image Processing &. Remote Sensing Center
-------
Hampstead RVF flies listing
HAMP_ADC Scans of ADC pages containing Hampstead [75 dpi] (File)
SCREEN14 Saved screen for Map 14 (Raster)
COLORMAP Color maps saved with screen raster (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SCREEN 15 Saved screen for Map 15 (Raster)
COLORMAP Color maps saved with screen raster (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SCREEN21 Saved screen for Map 21 (Raster)
COLORMAP Color maps saved with screen raster (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
HAMPSPOT SPOT Satellite imagery for Hampstead (File)
HAMPSTEAD SPOT Panchromatic Image - 10 meter (Raster)
MAP CALIB Computed linear map projection from scene corners (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Registration information from original tape (Regist)
NORMALIZE Computed normalized contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
EQUALIZE Computed equalized contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
DEFAULT Computed default histogram for entire raster (Histo)
LINEBORO SPOT Panchromatic Image - 10 meter (Raster)
MAP CALIB Computed linear map projection from scene corners (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Registration information from original tape (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
NORMALIZE Default normalized contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
DEFAULT Computed default histogram for entire raster (Histo)
WESTMIN SPOT Panchromatic Image - 10 meter (Raster)
MAP CALIB Computed linear map projection from scene corners (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Registration information from original tape (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
-------
Hampstead RVF Tiles listing
POINTLIST Control point calibration to Slate Plane (Regist)
NORMALIZE Default normalized contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
DEFAULT Computed default histogram for entire raster (Histo)
MANCHEST SPOT Panchromatic Image - 10 meter (Raster)
MAP CAL1B Computed linear map projection from scene corners (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Registration information from original tape (Regist)
NORMALIZE Default normalized contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
DEFAULT Computed default histogram for entire raster (Histo)
HAMP-MAN SPOT Merge\Extraction Hampstead-Manchester Area (Raster)
DEFAULT Default histogram histogram for entire raster (Histo)
NORMALIZE Default normalized contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane* (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ROT_CCRD Scanned road map for Hampstead [for Hyperindex bases] (File)
Composite Composite color scan CC Road map rotated (Raster)
COLOR MAP Color palette for scanned image (Col Map)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_TAX Hyperindex link data to Tax Maps for HAMPSTEAD (Atlas)
ATLAS_ADC Hyperindex link data to ADC Pages for HAMPSTEAD (Atlas)
ATLAS_AP Hyperindex link data to Aerial Photos for HAMPSTEAD (Atlas)
HAMPJTAX Scanned tax maps covering Hampstead (File)
MAP "#24 Scan in binary, threshold at 135 (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLASJTAX Hyperindex link data (Atlas)
MAP #32 Scan in binary, threshold at 135 (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLASJTAX Hyperindex link data (Atlas)
MAP #33 Scan in binary, threshold at 135 (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_TAX Hyperindex link data (Atlas)
MAP #40 Scan in binary, threshold at 135 (Raster)
-------
Hampstead RVF flies listing
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLASJTAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
MAP #4f Scan in binary, threshold ay 135 (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS TAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
MAP #47 Scan in binary, threshold at 135 (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLASJTAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
MAP #48 Scan in binary, threshold at 135 (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLASJTAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
HAMP_AP Scanned aerial photos covering Hampstead (File)
105-60 Scan in grayscale 300 dpi. Gamma Correct (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane -new 7/14/90- (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane -new 7/14/90- (Regist)
DEFAULT Computed default histogram for entire raster (Histo)
NORMALIZE Default normalized contrast table (ConTab)
ATLAS_AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
105-62 Hampstead Community Planning Area (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane -new 7/14/90- (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane -new 7/14/90- (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane(10/30/90-CONTROL) (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane(10/30/90«CONTROL) (Regist)
DEFAULT Computed default histogram for entire raster (Histo)
ATLAS_AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
105-62(E) Hampstead Community Planning Area (EXTRACTION) (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane(10/30/90-CONTROL) (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane(10/30/90--CONTROL) (Regist)
DEFAULT Computed default histogram for entire raster (Histo)
ATLAS_AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
BASEMAPS Carroll County Water Resource Map (Raster) (File)
-------
Hampstead RVF files listing
COMPOSITE wellhead management map (color scan) (Raster)
COLORMAP Color palette for scanned image (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane feet (Regist)
Services Municipal Water and Sewer Service Areas (Atlas)
dBase dBase linked node data (Atlas)
Tiger Prototype Tiger Vectors & Database (Atlas)
ATLAS Hyperlndex link data for multiple data bases (Atlas)
ATLAS Hyperlndex link data for multiple data bases (Atlas)
HAMPSTEA HAMPSTEAD NW-SW tile [only NW & SW Needed for Carroll Co.] (File)
HAMP_NWSW HAMPSTEAD tile of NW & SW quads (Raster)
COLORMAP - (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to LAT/LONG (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration TO LAT/LONG (Regist)
GEOLOGY Carroll County Geologic Data [Poly w/label] (File)
CCGEOLOG2 CARROLL COUNTY GEOLOGY MAP (State Plane) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LIST Database list (PdbLst)
POLY Polygon Statistics (DBase)
LINELAYER Layer colors for lines (LinCtl)
NTYPSTYLE Node type control information (NodCtl)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon type control information (PlyCtl)
POLYTYPES List of vector polygon classes (PlyTyp)
LINETYPES List of vector line classes (LinTyp)
FILLPATT Fill patterns for this object. (FilPat)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
CCGEOLOG3 CARROLL COUNTY GEOLOGY MAP (SP) fitted to WRM (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LIST Database list (PdbLst)
POLY Polygon Statistics (DBase)
LINELAYER Layer colors for lines (LinCtl)
NTYPSTYLE Node type control information (NodCtl)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon type control information (PlyCtl)
LABELS Label coordinates (LabPts)
POLYCLASS List of vector polygon classes (PlyTyp)
LINECLASS List of vector line classes (LinTyp)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
FILLPATT Fill patterns for this object. (FilPat)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WRM_MAP Carroll County Water Resource Management Map (File)
WRM_CARB CARBONATE ROCK AREA (Vector)
LINECTRL On type control information (LinCtl)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
-------
Hampstead RVF files listing
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
NTYPSTYLE Node type control information (NodCtl)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon type control information (PlyCtl)
POLYTYPES List of vector polygon types (PlyTyp)
LINETYPES List of vector line types (LinTyp)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WRM_SWB SURFACE WATER BOUNDARIES (Vector)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES List of vector line types. (LinTyp)
LINECTRL Merged line type control list (LinCtl)
POLYTYPES Vector polygon type list (PlyTyp)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon drawing style settings selected by type (PlyCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WRM_ARA AQIUFER RECHARGE AREA BOUNDARIES (Vector)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES List of vector line types. (LinTyp)
LINECTRL Merged line type control list (LinCtl)
POLYTYPES Vector polygon type list (PlyTyp)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon drawing style settings selected by type (PlyCtl)
FILLPATTS Polygon fill patterns. (FilPat)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WRM_WPA WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREAS (Vector)
LIST Database list (PdbLst)
POLY Polygon Statistics (DBase)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
FILLPATTS Polygon fill patterns. (FilPat)
LABELS Label coordinates (LabPts)
LTYPSTYLE Line type control information (LinCtl)
NCLASSTYL Node class control information (NodCtl)
PCLASSTYL Polygon class control information (PlyCtl)
POLYCLASS List of vector polygon classes (PlyTyp)
LINECLASS List of vector line classes (LinTyp)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
-------
Hampstead RVF Hies listing
HAMPCOMP Hampstead Comprehensive Master Plan {Poly no labels] (File)
HAMPCOMP HAMPSTEAD COMPREHENSIVE PLAN (Vector)
LINELAYER Layer colors for lines (LinCtl)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane to Tax Maps (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane to Tax Maps (Regist)
PCLASSTYL Polygon class control information (PlyCtl)
LINETYPES List of vector line types (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Vector polygon type list (PlyTyp)
LIST Database list (TdbLst)
CARR312 Imported from A:\CARR312.DBF (DBase)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
LABELS Label coordinates (LabPts)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
HAMP_WAT Hampstead Water Service Area [Poly no labels] (File)
HAMPWAT HAMPSTEAD WATER SERVICE AREA (Vector)
LTYPSTYLE Line type control information (LinCtl)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon type control information (PlyCtl)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (TAX MAP) (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (TAX MAP) (Regist)
NCLASSTYL Node class control information (NodCtl)
FILLPATTS Polygon fill patterns. (FilPat)
POLYCLASS List of vector polygon classes (PlyTyp)
LINECLASS List of vector line classes (LinTyp)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Unable to open HAMP_SEW.RVF
LINBRO National Wetland Inventory Data—Lineboro Quad. (File)
COUNTY Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
LINEAR Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
Ctrllnfo Line type control information (LinCtl)
LABELS Label coordinates. (LabPts)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
POLYGON Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
COUNTY LINEBORO County & Quad boundaries MOSS (SP) (Vector)
-------
Hampstead RW Tiles listing
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
L1NETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
LABELPTS AutoCAD text label points (LabPts)
LABELTEXT Text string list for label points (LabTxt)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
LINEAR LINEBORO Linear from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
Ctrllnfo Line type control information (LinCtl)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
Vec<-> ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-> AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
POLYGON LINEBORO Polygon from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation toAlOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (PlyCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<--> AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
MANCHE National Wetland Inventory Data—Manchester Quad. (File)
COUNTY Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
LINEAR Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
POLYGON Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
COUNTY MAMCHESTER County & Quad boundaries MOSS (SP) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
LABELPTS AutoCAD text label points (LabPts)
LABELTEXT Text string list for label points (LabTxt)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<~>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
LINEAR MANCHESTER Linear from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
-------
Hampstead RVF files listing
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
POLYGON MANCHESTER Polygon from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (PlyCtl)
LSTYLECLS Line drawing style settings selected by class (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WESTMI National Wetland Inventory Data—Westminster Quad. (File)
LINEAR Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
POLYGON Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
LINEAR WESTMINSTER Linear from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
POLYGON WESTMINSTER Polygon from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (PlyCtl)
LSTYLECLS Line drawing style settings selected by class (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
HAMPST National Wetland Inventory Data—Hampstead Quad. (File)
COUNTY Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
LINEAR Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
-------
Hampstead RVF files listing
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
POLYGON Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
COUNTY HAMPSTEAD County & Quad boundaries MOSS (SP) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
LABELPTS AutoCAD text label points (LabPts)
LABELTEXT Text string list for label points (LabTxt)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
FILLPATT Fill patterns for this object. (FilPat)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
LINEAR HAMPSTEAD Linear from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
Vec<-> ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
POLYGON HAMPSTEAD Polygon from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (PlyCtl)
LSTYLECLS Line drawing style settings selected by class (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-> AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
39076F7 U.S.G.S. Quad Map Overlay—Lineboro (File)
39076F7A LINEBORO 'Texas" Vector data (hydrology) (Vector)
IMPLIED Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-> AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
39076F7B LINEBORO 'Texas" Vector data (roads) (Vector)
IMPLIED Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
-------
Hampstead RVF files listing
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
USGS_MAN U.S.G.S. Quad Map Overlay—Mnachester (File)
39076F8A MANCHESTER Texas" Vector data (hydrology) (Vector)
IMPLIED Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPE Line types from AutoCAD Layers (LinTyp)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
FILLPATT Fill patterns for this object. (FilPat)
STYLE Default drawing style by class (LinCtl)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
39076F8B MANCHESTER Texas" Vector data (roads) (Vector)
IMPLIED Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPE Line types from AutoCAD Layers (LinTyp)
LTYPSTYLE Line drawing style settings selected by type (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
39076E8 U.S.G.S. Quad Map Overlay—Westminster (File)
39076E8A WESTMINSTER Texas" Vector data (hydrology) (Vector)
IMPLIED Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
39076E8B WESTMINSTER Texas" Vector data (roads) (Vector)
IMPLIED Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
LABELPTS AutoCAD text label points (LabPts)
LABELTEXT Text string list for label points (LabTxt)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
-------
Westminster RVF Hies listing
WES_SPOT Panchromatic 10 meter SPOT imagery for Westminster (File)
WESTMIN SPOT Panchromatic Image - 10 meter (Raster)
MAP CALIB Computed linear map projection from scene corners (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Registration information from original tape (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
NORMALIZE Default normalized contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
DEFAULT Computed default histogram for entire raster (Histo)
NEWWINDSR SPOT Panchromatic Image - 10 meter (Raster)
MAP CALIB Computed linear map projection from scene corners (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Registration information from original tape (Regist)
NORMALIZE Default normalized contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
DEFAULT Computed default histogram for entire raster (Histo)
WESTNEW Westminster\New Windsor Tile-SPOT Panchromatic Image (Raster)
REGIST Merged list of control points (Regist)
REGIST Merged registration matrix (Regist)
DEFAULT Default histogram histogram for entire raster (Histo)
NORMALIZE Default normalized contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
SPOT-PAN SPOT Panchromatic Image - 10 meter (Raster)
MAP CALIB Computed linear map projection from scene corners (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Registration information from original tape (Regist)
NORMALIZE Default normalized contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Control point calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
WEST AP Aerial Photography for the Westminster Area (File)
112-004 Scan of NAPP photo # 112-004 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist) .
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane -new 7/16/90- (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane -new 7/16/90- (Regist)
ATLAS_AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
105-151 Scan of NAPP photo #105-151 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
-------
Westminster RVF files listing
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane -new 7/14/90- (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane -new 7/14/90- (Regist)
ATLAS_AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
105-153 Scan of NAPP photo #105-153 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane -new 7/14/90- (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane -new 7/14/90- (Regist)
ATLAS_AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
112-006 Scan of NAPP photo # 112-006 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane -new 7/17/90- (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane -new 7/17/90 (Regist)
ATLAS_AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
106-007 Scan of NAPP photo #106-007 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane =new 7/16/90= (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane =new 7/16/90= (Regist)
ATLAS_AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
105-149 Scan of NAPP photo #105-149 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Slate Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane -new 7/14/90- (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane -new 7/14/90- (Regist)
ATLAS_AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WEST_TAX Tax Maps for the Westminster Area (File)
TAXMAP_30 Scan of Tax Map #30 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR" Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS TAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
TAXMAP_31 Scan of Tax Map #31 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_TAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
-------
Westminster RVF flies listing
TAXMAPJ2 Scan of Tax Map #32 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS TAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
TAXMAP 38 Scan of Tax Map #38 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR" Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS TAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
TAXMAP_39 Scan of Tax Map #39 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS TAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
TAXMAP_45 Scan of Tax Map #45 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLASJTAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
TAXMAP_46 Scan of Tax Map #46 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_TAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
TAXMAPJ7 Scan of Tax Map #47 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_TAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
TAXMAPJ1 Scan of Tax Map #51 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS TAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
TAXMAPJ2 Scan of Tax Map #52 @ 300 dpi (Raster)
LINEAR Default linear contrast table (ConTab)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_TAX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WES ADC Individual ADC Maps (File)
SCREEN12 Saved screen for Map 12 (Raster)
COLORMAP Color maps saved with screen raster (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
-------
Westminster RVF Hies listing
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Control point calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
ATLAS_ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SCREEN 13 Saved screen for Map 13 (Raster)
COLORMAP Color maps saved with screen raster (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SCREENlR Saved screen for Map 18 (Raster)
COLORMAP Color maps saved with screen raster (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SCREEN20 Saved screen for Map 20 (Raster)
COLORMAP Color maps saved with screen raster (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SCREEN19 Saved screen for Map 19 (Raster)
COLORMAP Color maps saved with screen raster (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
CCWR_MAP Carroll County Water Resource Map (Raster) (File)
COMPOSITE wellhead management map (color scan) (Raster)
COLORMAP Color palette for scanned image (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude /Longitude (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane feet (Regist)
Services Municipal Water and Sewer Service Areas (Atlas)
dBase dBase linked node data (Atlas)
Tiger Prototype Tiger Vectors & Database (Atlas)
INDEX Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
ATLAS tlyperlndex link data for multiple data bases (Atlas)
ATLAS Hyperlndex link data for multiple data bases (Atlas)
CC RDMAP Carroll County Highway Map ""(for HYPERINDEXES)"" (File)
-------
Westminster RVF flies listing
Composite Composite color scan CC Road map rotated (Raster)
COLORMAP Color palette for scanned image (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
ATLAS_ADC Hyperlndex link data for WESTMINSTER ADC maps (Atlas)
ATLAS TAX Hyperlndex link data for WESTMINSTER Tax maps (Atlas)
ATLAS~AP Hyperlndex link data for WESTMINSTER Aerial Photos (Atlas)
WES_TOPO U.S.G.S. Topographic Maps (File)
MUN_WSTMN Tile of NEW WINDSOR NE-SE & WESTMINSTER NW-SW 11-21-90EXTR
(Raster) ~
COLORMAP Color map edited from Edit Color process 11-21-90 [TD-JH] (ColMap)
LINEAR Linear calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to Latitude/Longitude (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
CTRLPOINT Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
WESTCOMP Westminster Comprehensive Plan (File)
WESTCOMP WESTMINSTER Comprehensive Plans (Vector)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LABELS Label coordinates (LabPts)
LABELTEXT Text string list for label points (LabTxt)
LINELAYER Layer colors for lines (LinCtl)
PCLASSTYL Polygon class control information (PlyCtl)
FILLPATTS Polygon fill patterns. (FilPat)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
POLYTYPES List of vector polygon types (PlyTyp)
LINETYPES List of vector line types (LinTyp)
CCGEOL Carroll County Geology Map [L] (File)
CCGEOLOG CARROLL COUNTY GEOLOGY MAP (SP) fitted to WRM [L] (Vector)
LIST Database list (PdbLst)
POLY Polygon Statistics (DBase)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINELAYER Layer colors for lines (LinCtl)
NTYPSTYLE Node type control information (NodCtl)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon type control information (PlyCtl)
FILLPATTS Polygon fill patterns. (FilPat)
FILLPATTS Polygon fill patterns for Geology Map (FilPat)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<~>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
LABELS Label coordinates (LabPts)
LABELTEXT Text string list for label points (LabTxt)
POLYTYPES List of vector polygon types (PlyTyp)
LINETYPES List of vector line types (LtnTyp)
-------
Westminster RVF flies listing
WESTWAT Westminster Water Master Plan (File)
WESTWAT WESTMINSTER WATER SERVICE AREAS (Vector)
LINECTRL 6 type control information (LinCtl)
NTYPSTYLE Node type control information (NodCtl)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon type control information (PlyCtl)
POLYTYPES List of vector polygon types (PlyTyp)
LINETYPES List of vector line types (LinTyp)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (TAX MAP) (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (TAX MAP) (Regist)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
FILLPATT Fill patterns for this object. (FilPat)
WESTSEW Westminster Sewer Master Plan (File)
WESTSEW WESTMINSTER SEWER SERVICE AREAS (Vector)
NTYPSTYLE Node type control information (NodCtl)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon type control information (PlyCtl)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (TAX MAP) (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (TAX MAP) (Regist)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<«>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
LABELS Label coordinates (LabPts)
LABELTEXT Text string list for label points (LabTxt)
FILLPATT Fill patterns for this object. (FilPat)
LTYPSTYLE Line type control information (LinCtl)
POLYTYPES List of vector polygon types (PlyTyp)
LINETYPES List of vector line types (LinTyp)
WRM MAP Carroll County Water Resource Map (File)
WRM WPA Carroll Co WELLHEAD PROTECTION AREAS (Vector)
LIST" Database list (PdbLst)
POLY Polygon Statistics (DBase)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LTYPSTYLE Line type control information (LinCtl)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon type control information (PlyCtl)
FILLPATTS Polygon fill patterns. (FilPat)
NTYPSTYLE Node type control information (NodCtl)
POLYCLASS List of vector polygon classes (PlyTyp)
LINECLASS List of vector line classes (LinTyp)
-------
Westminster RVF (lies listing
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WRM_CARB Carroll Co CARBONATE ROCK AREA (Vectoi)
LINECTRL On type control information (LinCtl)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
NTYPSTYLE Node type control information (NodCtl)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon type control information (PlyCtl)
POLYTYPES List of vector polygon types (PlyTyp)
LINETYPES List of vector line types (LinTyp)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WRM_SWB Carroll Co SURFACE WATER BOUNDARIES (Vector)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES List of vector line types. (LinTyp)
LINECTRL Merged line type control list (LinCtl)
POLYTYPES Vector polygon type list (PlyTyp)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon drawing style settings selected by type (PlyCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<«>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WRM_ARA Carroll Co AQIUFER RECHARGE AREA BOUNDARIES (Vector)
LINEAR Linear calibration to State Plane (Regist)
POINTLIST Control point calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES List of vector line types. (LinTyp)
LINECTRL Merged line type control list (LinCtl)
POLYTYPES Vector polygon type list (PlyTyp)
PTYPSTYLE Polygon drawing style settings selected by type (PlyCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<--> AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
NEWIND National Wetland Inventory Data—New Windsor Quad. (File)
COUNTY Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
MAPPRO! Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
LINEAR Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
POLYGON Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
-------
Westminster RVF files listing
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
COUNTY NEW WINDSOR County & Quad boundaries MOSS (SP) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LTNETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
LABELPTS AutoCAD text label points (LabPts)
LABELTEXT Text string list for label points (LabTxt)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
LINEAR NEW WINDSOR Linear from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
POLYGON NEW WINDSOR Polygon from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (PlyCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-> AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
FILLPATTS Polygon fill patterns. (FilPat)
WESTMI National Wetland Inventory Data—Westminster Quad. (File)
LINEAR Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
POLYGON Vectors imported from MOSS format (Vector)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
MAPPROJ Map projection information for Lambert Conformal Conic (Regist)
LINEAR WESTMINSTER Linear from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
POLYGON WESTMINSTER Polygon from MOSS (STATE PLANE) (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (LinTyp)
-------
Westminster RVF files listing
POLYTYPES Translation to MOSS type codes (PlyTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (PlyCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
LTYPSTYLE Line drawing style settings selected by type (LinCtl)
39076E8 U.S.G.S. Quad Map Overlay™Westminster Hydrology & Roads (File)
39076E8A WESTMINSTER 'Texas" Vector Data (Hydrology) (Vector)
IMPLIED Implied calibration to Slate Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
39076E8B WESTMINSTER Texas" Vector Data (Roads) (Vector)
IMPLIED Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
LABELPTS AutoCAD text label points (LabPts)
LABELTEXT Text string Itet for label points (LabTxt)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
Vec<-> ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
USGS NWN U.S.G.S. Quad Map Overlay—New Windsor hydrology & roads (File)
39077F2A NEW WINDSOR Texas" Vector data (Hydrology) (Vector)
IMPLIED Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
39077F2B NEW WINDSOR Texas" Vector data (Roads) (Vector)
IMPLIED Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
LINETYPES Type list table. (LinTyp)
TYPECTRL Drawing control parameters by type (LinCtl)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
CC_TIGER Tiger File for Carroll County (File)
C24013F5 Imported TIGER Line/File data (Vector)
MAP PROJ Implied calibration to State Plane (Regist)
TGR CFCC TIGER Files line type list (LinTyp)
TGR CFCC TIGER Files line type control list (LinCtl)
Lines Line Patterns for TIGER Files (LinPat)
-------
Westminster RVF files listing
LIST Database list (LdbLst)
TIGER DB Imported Tiger Line DataBase (DBase)
Vec<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
Vec<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
P_CONTAM Carroll County Potential Contaminant Sources (File)
CERCLA CERCLA Sites (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
CERCLA Imported from A:\CERCLA.DBF (DBase)
CERCLA Imported from A:\CERCLA.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<-->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<—>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SWMF_DAT Stormwater Management Facility Sites (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
SWMF_DAT Imported from A:\SWMF_DAT.DBF (DBase)
SWMF_DAT Imported from A:\SWMF_DAT.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<-->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db< —>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SINK DAT Sinkhole Locations (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
SINK_DAT Imported from A:\SINK DAT.DBF (DBase)
SINK_DAT Imported from A:\SINK~DAT.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane~(Regist)
NODETYPES Vector node type list (NodTyp)
NTYPSTYLE Node drawing style settings selected by type (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db< —>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
CARR312 Carroll County SARA 312 Info. (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
CARR3T? Imported from A:\CARR312.DBF (DBase)
CARR312 Imported from A:\CARR312.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
-------
Westminster RVF files listing
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<--> ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<—>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
CCRTK Carroll County "Right-to-Know" Info. (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
CCRTK Imported from A:\CCRTK.DBF (DBase)
CCRTK Imported from A:\CCRTK.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<-->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<--->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
JUNKYARD Junkyard Sites (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
JUNKYARD Imported from A:\JUNKYARD.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
(jb<—>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
CCUNDER Carroll County Underground Storage Tank Locations (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
CCUNDER Imported from A:\CCUNDER.DBF (DBase)
CCUNDER Imported from A:\CCUNDER.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<-->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<—>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
NPDESJN Industrial NPDES Sites (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
NPDESJN Imported from A:\NPDES_IN.DBF (DBase)
NPDESJN Imported from A:\NPDESJN.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
-------
Westminster RVF files listing
db<-->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<—>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
NPDES_MU Muncipal NPDES Sites (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
NPDES_MU Imported from A:\NPDES_MU.DBF (DBase)
NPDES_MU Imported from A:\NPDES_MU.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCt!)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<—>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SEPTAGE Septage Disposal Sites (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
SEPTAGE_ Imported from A:\SEPTAGE .DBF (DBase)
SEPTAGE_ Imported from A:\SEPTAGE~.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<«>Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<—>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
RCRA Carroll County RCRA Sites (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
RCRA Imported from A:\RCRA.DBF (DBase)
RCRA Imported from A:\RCRA.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db< —>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SLUDGE_P Imported from A:\SLUDGEJ>.DBF (Vector)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<»>ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
SLUDGE_P Imported from A:\SLUDGE P.DBF (DBase)
db< —>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
-------
Westminster RVF Hies listing
BUS_SOURC Imported from A:\P_CONTAM.DBF (Vector)
NodeClass List of node classes (NodTyp)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
BUS_SOURC Imported from A:\P_CONTAM.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to Slate Plane (Regist)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<~>ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
LAND USE Carroll County Land Use Data (File)
AVJN_SI Imported from A:\AV_IN SI.DBF (DBase)
AV IN SI Imported from A:\AV_IN~SLDBF (Vector)
LIST ~ Database list (NdbLst)
AV_IN_SI Imported from A:\AV_IN_SI.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<-->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db< —>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
SUBD_WM Imported from A:\SUBD WM.DBF (DBase)
SUBD_WM Imported from A:\SUBDJWM.DBF (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
SUBD_WM Imported from A:\SUBD WM.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<™>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WELL_DAT Carroll County Water Well Information (File)
H2OPERMI State of Maryland Water Appropiation Permits (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
H2OPERM1 Imported from A:\H2OPERMI.DBF (DBase)
H2OPERMI Imported from A:\H2OPERMI.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-»>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
-------
Westminster RVF Tiles listing
WELLDATA Production\Observation Wells & Spring Information (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
WELLDATA Imported from A:\WELLDATA.DBF (DBase)
WELLDATA Imported from A:\WELLDATA.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<«>ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db< —>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
DOMES_WEL State of Maryland Well Data (Taken from ADC Tapes) (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
DOMES_WEL Imported from A:\WELLDATA.DBF(ADC TAPES) (DBase)
DOMES_WEL Imported from A:\WELLDATA.DBF(ADC TAPES) (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<-->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<—>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
WELL-SIT Imported from A:\WELL-SIT.DBF (DBase)
WELL-SIT Imported from A:\WELL-SIT.DBF (Vector)
LIST Database list (NdbLst)
WELL-SIT Imported from A:\WELL-SIT.DBF (DBase)
IMPLIED Registration to State Plane (Regist)
NODECLASS Vector node class name/desc list (NodTyp)
NSTYLECLS Node drawing style settings selected by class (NodCtl)
SYMBOLS Node symbol descriptions (SymDes)
db<-->ADC Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db<-->Tax Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
db< —>AP Hyperlndex link data (Atlas)
-------
USEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
APPENDIX F
COMPOSITE PROJECT DATASET LISTING
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Voter Resource Management
Salisbury State University't Image Processing it Remote Sensing Center
-------
Databases for Project:
Possible Contaminant Sources
Septage Disposal Sites
Sludge Storage/Disposal Sites
Business Sources
CERCLA (Comprehensive Environmental Response
Compensation and Liability Act) Sites
Stormwater Management Facility Sites
Sinkhole Location
SARA Title III (Right-to-Know)
SARA Section 311 & 312
- Junkyard Locations
Underground Storage Tanks (> 10,000 gallons)
NPDES (National Pollution Discharge Elimination
System) Sites
RCRA (Resource Conservation and Recovery Act) Sites
Business Automotive
Land Use
Available Industrial Sites
- Subdivision Information
Well Data
Municipal Production WeiI/Spring
Optimum Potential Well Sites
Water Appropriation Permits
Domestic Well Data
Base Images for Project;
Carroll County Highway Map
Carroll County ADC Maps
NAPP 1988 Aerial Photography
Carroll County Tax Maps
Spot 1989 Satellite Imagery
U.S.G.S. Topographic Quadrangles
Carroll County Water Resources Map
Vector Overlays for Project;
Municipal Water Master Plans
Municipal Sewer Master Plans
Municipal Comprehensive Plans
Carroll County Geologic Map
Carroll County Water Resource Map
TIGER (Topographically Integrated Encoding Reference)
Data
Soil Maps
National Wetland Inventory Maps
f.S.G.S. Quadrangle Overlays
-------
VSEPA Wellhead Pilot Project
APPENDIX G
PROJECT WORKPLAN
Final Report: VSEPA Office of Ground-Water Protection Pilot Project
Carroll County Bureau of Water Resource Management
Salisbury Stale University's Image Processing A Remote Sensing Center
-------
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