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Appendix D
SDWISfFed
TF Reporting
Guidance
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December 8, 2000 Appendix D-2 Radionuclides Guidance
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v>EPA
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Water
(4606)
EPA816-D-00-005
December 2000
State Reporting Guidance
for Radionuclides
Radionuclides Guidance
December 8, 2000
-------
-------
Draft for Comment
Table of Contents
Disclaimer 2
I. Introduction . .5.;.. • .'-.-•. ^
II. Federal Monitoring Requirements iii, 4
•••• •' rife*'.- •••- •
III. Federal Reporting Requirements 5
A. Compliance Period :ii!:.. ,:. ; 5
B. Violations .;. 6
C. Returned to Compliance and Enforcement Actions 7
D. SNC Definitions ..^i. iii 7
IV. SDWIS/FED Data Transmittal 9
V. Sources for Additional Information II
Appendices
Appendix A: Monitoring, Reporting, and Compliance Determination Examples 12
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-1
December 8, 2000
-------
Disclaimer
This document provides guidance to EPA Regions and States exercising primary enforcement responsibility
under the Safe Drinking Water Act concerning how EPA interprets the reporting requirements for
radionuclides monitoring. This guidance reflects the reporting corrections to the Radionuclides Rule which
was published as a final rule in the Federal Register on December 7, 2000.
This draft guidance document is based on the Final Radionuclides Rule and is not finafeEPA policy. The
materials contained in this guidance are subject to change to address commentj&eeeiv|ia»n this draft. After
modification, this guidance will be reissued in final form. . *?i
December 8, 2000 Appendix D-2 Radionuclides Guidance
-------
I.
Introduction
This document addresses the requirements for State reporting to EPA and the definitions of
monitoring, reporting, violations and returned to compliance data under the Radionuclides rule. Such
reporting is required under Section 1445 of the Safe Drinking Water Act (codified at Section 142.15 of Title
40 of the Code of Federal Regulations). The goal of this document is to obtain consistency in the manner
in which radionuclides violation data are reported to EPA via the Safe Drinking Water Information
System/Federal Version (SDWIS/FED) Data Transfer Format (DTP).
This guidance document is designed for use by State program officials; fiowever, States may at their
discretion share components of this guidance with PWSs, drinking water laboratories, and others in the
drinking water community.
For the purposes of this document, "State" means each of the fifty States, the District of Columbia,
Guam, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, the Northern Mariana Islands, the Virgin Islands, American
Samoa, the Trust Territories of the Pacific Islands, and any Indian Tribe which has treatment as« State status
under Section 1451 of the Safe Drinking Water Act for this prpgM0iiSs=
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-3
December 8, 2000
-------
II. Federal Monitoring Requirements
This section of the guidance provides the monitoring requirements for Radionuclides. Radionuclides
monitoring and reporting will be based on the following contaminants:
Gross Alpha, excluding Radon & Uranium
Combined Radium -226 & -228
Combined Uranium -234, -235 & -238
Man-Made Beta Particle and Photon Emitters
Initial entry point to the distribution system monitoring for radionuelides begins December 7,2003
and ends December 31, 2007. A radionuelides violation mast be reported;fot any.^tem that fails to
complete ANY of the following activities during the compliance period: •= 1^'V.v- :?
Using the appropriate sampling procedures in accortSaraoe^lfh Sections 141.25 a^|141:44
Collecting the required number of samples during th^speejfwdpme frame, in accordance
with Sections 141.25 and 141.44 " \f- ;
"'-' ' ' C, "'";"
Ensuring samples are analyzed properly in accpwlaace with Sections 141.15, 141.16 and
141.25 _.4/: "" '-.";";
Submitting all required monitoring information on-time in accordance with Sections 141.31
and 142.15
December 8, 2000 Appendix D-4 Radionuclides Guidance
-------
HI. Federal Reporting Requirements
This section discusses the SDWIS/FED radionuclides rule reporting requirements for public water
system (PWS) monitoring programs under the SDWA. Violation and returned to compliance reporting
requirements for each violation type are defined.
The following table contains the permissible contaminant codes for SDWIS/FED radionuclides reporting.
SDWIS/FED Radionuclides Contaminant Codes
Contaminant Name
Gross Alpha, Excl. Radon & Uranium
Combined Radium -226 & -228
Combined Uranium -234, -235 & -238
Man-Made Beta Particles and Photon Emitters
\-'
SDWIS/FED Contaminant Code
w •-.; . • .— A^
.4000 . ,v4i&X,
•. • " * H^r^^v
- •'" J*''"~!''Mi5«'T' '*
:•"• . '. S1-*^ s •
4010 -. ;t;"rC. ."
4006
'.:'"&;' ,4101
A. Compliance Period
Compliance period can have two distinct definitions, one definition when we refer to the
Standardized Monitoring Framework (SMF), and a completely separate definition when we refer to
SDWIS/FED.
Under the SMF, a compliance period means a three-year period of time (calendar year based) within
a nine-year compliance cvelg. '; -
In SDWIS/FED, a compliance periodmeans the period of time during which monitoring was to have
been performed, such as a quarter, a year, etc. For example, assume a PWS is required to monitor for
contaminant XeacKcalendar quarter, if this PWS fails to conduct the required monitoring for contaminant
X for the first calendar quarter of 2G02, a M/R violation is incurred. When this M/R violation is reported
to SDWIS/FED, the State must supply the beginning date of the compliance period, and the ending date of
the compliance period. The beginning date of the compliance period in this example would be 0/01/0002,
the ending date of the compliance period would be 03/31/2002.
In an effort to eliminate the confusion between the SMF compliance period and the SDWIS/FED
compliance period in this document, the SDWIS/FED compliance period will be hereafter referred to as a
monitoring period.
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-5
December 8, 2000
-------
B. Violations
EPA views violations on a system specific basis, therefore, violations must be reported to
SDWIS/FED by system only (no reporting by sampling point will be accepted). For EPA purposes, each
system can be in violation only one time, for each type of violation, for each contaminant, for each
compliance period — even though the PWS may have had multiple violations of the same type and for the
same contaminant and monitoring period, at multiple sampling points. In choosing which of the sampling
points to report a same type violation for, always report the more severe violation.
•'tfiS?'
States must report ONLY Federal maximum contaminant level (MCL) and monitoring and reporting
(M/R) violations to SDWIS/FED within 45 days after the end of the quarter .|n|wilici§me violation occurs.
Violations that are the result of more stringent State MCLs, more|^ngent^ite«te^ling frequencies, or
for contaminants not regulated at the Federal level, etc. should N0T be repo^^l^^^S/FED. Failure
to comply with this requirement will translate into more PWSs^eing identifiers'Vi'i^^^feSDWISHED
than are actually in violation of the Federal requirements, anj£in the wortttase, ma3^^^p|FWSs being
incorrectly classified as a Significant Non-Complier. I r > -"'"''
\- "f T ; -.^.s-ak ».. . .. -
Violations of the Radionuclides Rule and the Public NotificationJti|e||p|;equired to be linked, refer to the
State Implementation Guidance for the Public NotificationjfrN) Ra^^jjj^i&i information on reporting
violation information to the general public. '""-Iffif:?=f;'
::.:. ' "•&?
SDWIS/FED Reporting will be based on the foll(^ogdcfinitionaand violation type codes (in parenthesis).
.- .: ••• / ft:.
• ' '•• '•"t\) - ~"3''""~
MCL Average Exceedance Violation (02) > ' ^J|K
At a sampling site, the-cotnputed running annual average exceeds the MCL or; any
one sample causes.tbe annual :«verage to exceed the MCL (e.g. 1 sample result
exceeds 4 times theSvlCL). j ; ::
.: '.'••- , ! •:;:,- 'I'.-- '' '/- I' '
' ",\- -;..
Mottitoring"«ndl|(^prting Violation (03)
, • • ' "•• *•;*;*
At a sampling site, faUure to: complete the initial round of sampling; conduct any
mpling: conduct confirmation sampling, when required; or accurately
report the«i|alytical result of a regular or confirmation sample to the State.
*" For each violation listed above, the State must report the following data to SDWIS/FED.
........... » A unique PWS-ID
» :& unique violation ID
*• A code identifying the contaminant for which the violation applies
>• A code describing the type of violation
December 8, 2000 Appendix D-6 Radionuclides Guidance
-------
Calendar date of the beginning of the monitoring period
Calendar date of the end of the monitoring period
Analytical Result (Running Annual Average) causing the violation (for MCL violations
only).
C. Returned to Compliance and Enforcement Actions
When a MCL or M/R violation has been incurred, it must be reported-to^S^&fEED. In addition,
the State must inform EPA when that violation has been appropriately resolved. KSfiliileli^fo Compliance
ill *( ^ ^ , ^ .. .„,, •:jv-(^ %".;v % • .•"*' :"
(RTC) is defined for an MCL violation as subsequent monitoring shows'system is belcNifi^KldC. RTC is
defined for an M/R violation as system is reporting in accordance-whir requirements.
In addition, all formal enforcement actions taken against \il!aliohs of this rule are required to be
reported to SDWIS/FED. Both "returned to compliance" -and fonnAi&orieanents must be linked to the
specific violation(s) they address. The following describes the appropriate ways avwhich enforcement and
follow-up actions, formal and informal (including returned to compliance), may be linked to Radionuclides
rule violations:
Associated Violation IDs (Y5000) - FY & VIOLATlOHlKNtJMBER.
Entering the specific violationB5(s) to which the enforcement action is related will establish
a link between the enforcement record and each violation record matching the specific
violation ID. If no links are established (reported violation IDs not found/matched on the
data base) the enforcement record will be posted.
Associated Violation Contaminant Groups (Z5000) - TYPE, CONTAMINANT, Monitoring
PERIOD BEGIN DATE (M(5pAY & YR)
Entering the Radionuclides violation type code, the contaminant code and the begin date of
the monitoring period begin "date will establish a link between the enforcement action and
all Radionuclides violations which exactly match the enforcement link data. If no matches
' are found, the enforcement record will be posted.
Refer to the SDWIS/FED Data Entry Instructions for more detailed information.
D.
SNC Definitions
Note: At this time, SNC definitions specific to different types of water systems have not yet been determined
for radionuclide regulation. The following SNC definition, applicable to the radionuclide rule, has been
adopted and modified from an EPA Memorandum dated May 22, 1990.
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-7
December 8, 2000
-------
The SNC definition is composed of those violators which present the greatest risk to health and
which, therefore, are generally primary enforcement targets for all violators of the National Primary Drinking
Water Regulations (NPDWRs).
A Radiological SNC is a public water system which meets any of the following criteria:
(a) Exceeds the unreasonable risk to health level identified for that contaminant. The unreasonable
health level is 2 times the MCL.
(b) Fails to monitor for or report the results of any of the currently regulated contaminants for two
or more consecutive monitoring periods if they monitor more than once Qgjj&i, or failure to
monitor or report results once if they monitor once a year or Has.
Refer to the SDWIS/FED Data Entry Instructions and the SD^S/FED^^^jjM Non-Compliance
Specifications for more detailed information.
December 8, 2000 Appendix D-8 Radionuclides Guidance
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IV. SDWIS/FED Data Transmittal
The Data Transfer File (DTP) is the only format by which data can be entered into the SDWIS/FED data
base.
Each Data Transfer File record is 80 characters in length and has the following format:
Definition
Form ID
Qualifier 1
Qualifier 2
Qualifier 3
Action Code
Data Element Number
Data Value
Reserved for SDWIS/FED
Positions
1-2
3-11
12-18
19-25
26
27-31
32-71
72-74
Batch Sequence Number 75 - 80
* D = DELETE, I = INSERT, aodilrt = MODIFY
Example
Dl
„-,; -
TREATMENT^)
:;;. •£>,!, or M*
Gnnnu
NNNNNN
FORM
ID
DATAADDRESS
QUALIFIERS
• „ ";
• .'il
niii? i niFAT •> fatAi t «
^cr.
CODE
.K. ,'
DATA
ELEM.
NUM.
DATA VALUE
N/A
Batch Sequence
Number
3-11 12-18 19-25
26
27-31
32-71
72-74
75-80
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-9
December 8, 2000
-------
The following table presents the SDWIS/FED violation record data elements for reporting
Radionuclides rule violations.
SDWIS/FED DTP Cl 100 - Violation Record Data Elements
DTP
Number
C101
C1101
C1103
C1105
C1107
C1109
C1123
/
Format
Character 9
Character 7
Character 4
Character 2
Date 8 (YYYYMMDD)
Date 8 (YYYYMMDD)
Decimal 6.9
Description
PWSID
Violation ID
Contaminant Code ;
\ •". !_ •:'.'."..««'i "'
. .•. •'». :•;;. '.. :
' - - '. ' . . ^ij •-:-',:•
^1
Violation Type GsdNI; "<
;-.v^-V'-.:: /
4 ...-"^i*1-.;,* , :.. **:•_ .,
/'.•-,., . '':•'- '•.•*!?:• :-*^'i ' Jf*Jf«-'* "^-
Monitjj^rg PeriodiBe^n:Cpit|||!;
MonJtoring Peflod End DaiiP^
-;/Vnalysis Result
L w;. : ".•'
Permissible Values
Must be includejkyvithin
SDWIS/FED Wpitory
fa j$*i? '
Cliaigj|i||S**l & 2 must be the
aware of J :
' 4000-Gross^^wlil'''-
401 0-CombineS®fium
:4006-Combined Uranium
p|Hgi-Beta Particles
*G2||eL^Average
0$WR
x»:v
iDate monitoring period begins
Date monitoring period ends
Required for MCL violations
only; Must be >= 0; Only one
significant digit should be
used
December 8, 2000
Appendix D-10
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
V.
Sources for Additional Information
Additional technical information on SDWIS/FED reporting information can be obtained by
contacting Valerie Love-Smith of the Infrastructure Program, Drinking Water Protection Division, Office
of Ground Water and Drinking Water at (202)-260-5596, or from the following resources:
Revised Radionuclides Final Rule, December 7, 2000
Implementation Guidance for Radionuclides, December 2000
Revised Consolidated Summary of State Reporting Requirements for the Safe Drinking'Jf&er Information
System (SDWIS)
SDWIS/FED Data Entry Instructions
SDWIS/FED Online Data Dictionary :
SDWIS/FED Significant Non-Compliance Specifications, March 7, 1997
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-11
December 8, 2000
-------
-------
Appendix A
Monitoring, Reporting, and Compliance Determination Examples
December 8, 2000
Appendix D-I2
Radionudides Guidance
-------
-------
.'.. • ..V : . :: .;;'. '•. Example!: A;.. .. ^ ••.:•• • -i" ;'•; .
A ground water (GW) system MD34590 serving 2,304 people in operation since 1989. The system has
collected gross alpha samples for the 4 monitoring periods under the existing radionuclides rule (1988-1992,
1992-1996,1996-2000,2000-2004). The system only has 1 entry point to the distribution system (EPTDS).
All gross alpha samples were between 5-9 pCi/L. The radium-226 samples were all 2 pCi/1 or less and the
system was in compliance with the existing rule. The system collected a gross alpha, radium-226, and
radium-228 samples on June 3,2005 at the EPTDS. Since gross alpha results were historically all below 15,
the system elects to use gross alpha as a surrogate for uranium.
Results:
Gross alpha = 7 ± 2 pCi/L • ^..
Radium-226 = 2± 1 pCi/L •'': ' '; '^U
Radium-228 = 4 ± 2 pCi/L
Uranium = Not measured. The gross alpha value of 7 ± 2 is used as a sutfogate for m
[Although there is no significant variation in radium 226 levels historically, the combined radium results to
be considered for grandfathering exceed the combined radium MC£;:-lfie$ikresuIts should not be acceptable
for grandfathering and the system should be required to conduct 4 consecutive quarters of monitoring for
radium 226 and radium 228 in the initial monitoring period.] llS? :•
Outcome: . .''. '-:!'; '' ^;:- ..->'
We are reporting and calculating compliance based on what the labteportS, we are not adding or subtracting
the ± values (for example, since the value reported by the lab forjgixjSSiaipha is 7 ± 2 pCi/L, the result used
for compliance calculations = 7 pCi/L). The combined radium 22157228 result sum equals 6 pCi/L. The
system would be required to take quarterly samples until 4 consecutive quarters are less than the MCL or the
State sets a different monitoring frequency as part of a formal compliance agreement. The gross alpha value
of 7 is between the gross alpha detection limit (3 pCi/L) and 1/2 MCL, and therefore the system reduces
monitoring for gross alpha to one^ample every six years {i.e., the next sample must be collected between
and-..-.j*^, ). Using|gp>ss alpha as=asurrogate for uranium, the system assumes a value of 7
pCi/L. For simplicity of calculation, since the gross alpha result is less than 1/2 MCL for uranium, an
activity to mass~inatioof 1:1 is assumed. '.•Therefore, a value of 7 ug/L is assumed for uranium, which is
between the urariiuiiiiiide^ection limiil^^^and'1/2 MCL, and the system is allowed to reduce monitoring for
uranium to one sample every six years (i.e., the next sample must be collected between and
RsiH ,396/798
Initial
6/03/05
6pCi/T,
Quarter 2
9/10/05
7nri/T,
Quarter 3
12/12/05
nn sample
Quarter 4
3/31/06
4pri/T.
The State will report the following violations to SDWIS/FED:
1 - M/R Violation (10/1/05 - 12/31/05)
2 - (MCL Violation) (4/1/05 - 3/31/06)
6 pCi/L + 7pCi/L + 4 pCi/L - 3 = 5.66 pCi/L, which rounds to 6 pC5/L
[use one significant figure]
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-13
December 8, 2000
-------
[Compliance is based on the running annual average as referenced in 40CFR141.26(c)(3)(iv)]
columns
1-2
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
ni
columns
3-11
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
vmowsofl
L-oiumns
12-18
0655111
0655111
0655111
0655111
0655112
0655112
0655112
0655112
flMSi n
L-oiumns
19-25
/•;? '•- •
columns
26-31
IC1103
IC1105
IC1107
IC1109
1C 11 03 4
JPMOV '
•J«»
icntfr f i
. -friTT* .'
-------
1
Example 7
1
GW system MD5234590 serving 1,510 people in operation since 1994. The system only has 1 entry
point to the distribution system (EPTDS). The system has collected gross alpha samples for the 2
compliance periods under the existing radionuclides rule (1992-1996, 1996-2000). The average gross
alpha value for these periods was 4 pCi/L, so no radium 226 or radium 228 monitoring was required
under the 1976 regulations. The State has informed the system that the revised rule will not be effective
until December 7, 2003. The State tells the system that if they collect EPTDS samples for gross alpha,
radium-226, and radium-228, and uranium between June 2000 and December 7,2003 then they may be
able to grandfather this data and not be subject to the initial quarterly monitoring requiren^nts. The
system collects samples for gross alpha, radium-226 and radium-228 on July 17. 2002^atmie EPTDS.
Since all previous gross alpha results were less than 15 pCi/L, the system elects to use gross alpha as a
surrogate for uranium. •.:='i-"i-'.
Vr'jsjjjr
Results:
Gross alpha = 4 ± 1 pCi/L
Radium-226 = 1 ± 1 pCi/L '^\.
Radium-228 = 2 ± 1 pCi/L
~ ~ ^ ^;
Uranium = Not measured. The gross alpha value of 4 ± 1 is used^&ninjgate for uranium.
Outcome: <„• '
No violations to report to SDWIS/FED. The system is in compliance with the existing rule for the 2000-
2004 compliance period (i.e., 1976 regulations). However, the ievised_radionuclides rule becomes
effective December 7, 2003 and the system is grandfathering the data for the initial compliance period
(2004-2007). The system would be on the following schedule forjcepeat monitoring:
Gross alpha - result is greater Jhan a non-detect (ND) but less than Vz the MCL. The
system must collect a sample once eveiy-6 years (i.e., the next sample is due between
200$ltad2013).
Rad«ml226?228 is greater tfjanM the MCL but less than the MCL. The system must
collect a sampleonce eveiy 3 years (i.e., the next sample is due between 2008 and 2010).
Uramtim"- Usfia^igross alpha as a surrogate for uranium, the system assumes a value of 4
pCi/L. For simplicity of calculation, since the gross alpha value is less than 1/2 MCL for
uranium, an activity to nisass ratio of 1:1 is assumed and a value of 4ug/L is used for
determining reduced monitoring for uranium. Since 4 ug/L is between the detection
level (DL) and 1/2 MCL, the system is allowed to reduce monitoring for uranium to one
sample every 6 years (i.e., the next sample is due between 2008 and 2013).
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-15
December 8, 2000
-------
L Rvampla 1 :• ' I
GW system MD5234590 serving 1,510 people in operation since 1994. The system only has 1 entry
point to the distribution system (EPTDS). The system has collected gross alpha and radium 226 samples
for the 2 compliance periods under the existing radionuclides rule (1992-1996, 1996-2000). The State
has informed the system that the revised rule will not be effective until December 7,2003. The State
tells the system that if they collect EPTDS samples for gross alpha, radium-226, radium-228, and
uranium between June 2000 and December 7, 2003 then they may be able to grandfather this data and not
be subject to the initial quarterly monitoring requirements. The system collects samples for gross alpha,
radium-226,and radiurh-228, on July 17, 2002 at the EPTDS. Since all previous gross alpSa results were
less than 15 pCi/L, the system elects to use gross alpha as a surrogate for uranium. ;
Results: ' ,
Gross alpha = 12 ± 1 piC/L
Radium-226 = 3 ± 1 piC/L
Radium-228 = 6 ± I piC/L
Uranium = Not measured. The gross alpha value of 12 ± 1 is/usedft&a surrogate for uran
Outcome: TJ
The system would be on the following schedule for repeat monitoring: ' •"
Gross alpha - result is greater than '/2 the MGL?b«tess:£han the MCEiand must collect a
sample once every 3 years (next sample-^uire^beliioltt^OOS an<£2010).
Radium-226/228 is greater than thf IftCL andtnust coIBt^irterly samples until the annual
average is less than the MCL or tire State specifies a different monitoring frequency as part of a
formal compliance agreement <
UrarJsum - Using gross aljiha as a surrflgjiBte fororanium, the system assumes a value of
12-pGfiL. For simp^i^^calculatioi^ii&ce Aie gross alpha value is less than 1/2 MCL
ibf ^iapUm, an acti4?i^|pt|iass ratio of 1 : 1 is assumed and a value of 12ug/L is used for
detMiiiiaiii^ireduced nKjfilijraggifor uranium. Since 12 ug/L is between the DL and 1/2
MCL, the system js allow'eii^lsedooe monitoring for uranium to one sample every 6
years
2008 and 2013).
We are reporting and calculi ting|COmpliance based on what the lab reports (e.g. the number is the
numbjiF). Wearenotadd^^plbtractmgthe ± values (So for example gross alpha is 7 ± 2 pCi/L. We
woijld say the result = 7 pGi/L). The combined radium 226/228 result sum equals 9 pCi/L. The system
would be required to take quarterly samples until 4 consecutive quarters are less than the MCL, but
conapliance is based on the running annual average.
Initial
Quarter 2 Quarter 3 Quarter 4 Quarter 5
7/17/02 10/12/02 1/23/03
QnCi/T. llnCi/T.
4/07/03
7/14/03
December 8, 2000
Appendix D-16
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
The State will report the following violations to SDWIS/FED:
1 - Combined radium-226/228 MCL Violation (7/1/02 - 6/30/03)
2 - Combined radium-226/228 MCL Violation (10/1/02 - 9/30/03)
Columns
1-2
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
Dl
ni
Columns
3-11
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
MD5234590
Mns-ndson
Columns
12-18
0255333
0255333
0255333
0255333
0255333
0355334
0355334
0355334
0355334
rm^^d
Columns
19-25
. ;>'
>. =:
... i';:;
• ••'•5
'*-**
Columns
26-31
IC1103
if|305 _;•••'
, IC1
::"-' IC1103 'vs|
IC1105
.':•••. IC1107
* -^G1109
^ . ,. . ~.~4i™1-,.
•• •'••wil&z
Columns
32-71
: ' 4006
02
20020701
x 20030630 '
Ik, 10 '
*"'-:.'.• -'02
20021001
20030930
in
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-17
December 8, 2000
-------
I
GW system MD5234590 serving 1,510 people in operation since 1994. The system only has 1 entry
point to the distribution system (EPTDS). The system has collected gross alpha and radium 226 samples
for the 2 compliance periods under the existing radionuclides rule (1992-1996,1996-2000). The State
has informed the system that the revised rule will not be effective until December 7, 2003. The State
tells the system that if they collect EPTDS samples for gross alpha, radium-226., radium-228, and
uranium between June 2000 and December 7,. 21, 2003 then they may be able to grandfather this data
and not be subject to the initial quarterly monitoring requirements. The system collects samples for gross
alpha, radium-226, radium-228, and uranium on July 17, 2002 at the EPTDS.
Results:
Measured Gross alpha = 41 ± 1 piC/L
Gross alpha (excluding uranium) = 41 - 29 = 12 pCi/L
Radium-226 = < 1 piC/L
Radium-228 = < 1 piC/L
Uranium = 32 ug/L and 29 ± 3 piC/L (mass spec)
[The uranium result submitted by the system for grandfathering exceeds^te^CL. This result should not
be acceptable for grandfathering and the system should b&xequired to ?a|fidl^4
Outcome: : v
The system would be on the following schedule for repeat moni
Gross alpha - For determinii^cbmpliance with the gross alpha MCL Uranium should be
excluded from the calculatioffl|0-l"piC/L.|-59 piC/L = 12 piC/L). After subtracting out
uranium, gross alpha is greiilir than l/z jlie MCL but less than the MCL. Therefore, the
system must collect a sample once evf^T:3 yeas {i.e., the next sample must be collected
collecte^betweea^DOS
Uranium - (MCE1
not effective until
regulatory detection limit of 1 piC/L. The system
ery 9 years (i.e., the next sample must be
and
) result is greater than the MCL but the uranium MCL is
r 7, 2003. Legally, the system is in compliance with the
» current rule. Whdfc the revised rule becomes effective they will not be in violation of the
rule, but the EPA is encouraging States to ensure these systems are in compliance by the
effective date of the revised rule. Since the uranium results submitted for grandfathering
; exceed the MCL, they cannot be grandfathered, and the system must conduct 4
''" consecutive quarters of monitoring for uranium during the initial compliance period.
The system is in compliance and has no violations to report to SDWIS/FED.
December 8, 2000
Appendix D-18
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
Kxatnnle
J
SW system serving 5,332 people in operation since 1995. The system has 2 entry points to the
distribution system (EPTDS). The system has collected gross alpha samples from a representative point
in the distribution system for the 2 compliance periods under the existing radionuclides rule (1992-1996,
1996-2000). The gross alpha levels have exceeded the trigger of 5 pCi/L but the radium-226 levels have
all been less than 3 pCi/L, so the system has been in compliance with the existing (1976) rule. The State
has informed the system that the revised rule will not be effective until December 7, 2003. The State
tells the system that if they collect samples at both EPTDS for gross alpha, radium-226, radium-228, and
uranium between June 2000 and December 7, 2003 then they may be able to grandfather-this data and not
be subject to the initial quarterly monitoring requirements. The system collects samplesifor gross alpha,
radium-226, radium-228, and uranium on May 23, 2002 at each entry point tojthe distribution system
(identified as EP-1 and EP-2).
Results:
EP-1
Gross alpha = 10 ± I pCi/L
Radium-226 = 3 ± 1 pCi/L
Radium-228 = 6 ± 2 pCi/L
Uranium = ND •;;
(The Agency will propose a detection limit for uranium tea:lBture rule
revised radionuclides final rule)
-------
Uranium - is less than the regulatory detection limit defined in 141.25(c) (Table B). The
system must collect a sample once every 9 years (i.e., next sample must be collected
between 2008 and 2016).
The system would be required to take quarterly samples at EP-1 until 4 consecutive quarters are less than
the MCL (or the State has specifies a different monitoring frequency as part of a formal compliance
agreement), but compliance is based on the running annual average.
Quarter2 Quarters Quarter44fr Rafter5
•":.: .. •':-'••,•••• •*?».
Initial
5/23/02 8/12/02 11/19/03 2/07/03., *?, 3
lad 226/228 9 pCi/I 17pri/T. 17pf.i/I; 1
The State will report the following violations to SDWIS/FEB: ; ^
1 - Combined radium-226/228 MCL Violation reported
2 - Combined radium-226/228 MCL Violation reported for
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December 8, 2000
Appendix D-20
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
L
Kxamtile
J
GW system serving 3,862 people in operation since 1995. The system has 2 entry points to the
distribution system (EPTDS). The system has collected gross alpha samples from a representative point
in the distribution system for the 3 compliance periods under the existing (1976) radionuclides rule
(1992-1996, 1996-2000, 2000-2004). The gross alpha levels have exceeded the trigger of 5 pCi/L but the
radium-226 levels have all been less than 3 pCi/L, so the system has been in compliance with the existing
rule. The system does not collect any radium-228 samples prior to the effective date of the revised
radionuclides rule. The State has made a written finding that the samples collected from the distribution
system during the 2000-2004 compliance period under the existing rule are representative.^ both entry
points and allows the system to grandfather the gross alpha and radium-226 data. The/system decides not
to use gross alpha as a surrogate for uranium. The system collects quarterly.S^|ij|e^|f6r radium-228 and
uranium on June 1, 2005 at each entry point to the distribution system (identij^is^EP-1 and EP-2).
[Wouldn't the system be required to collect four quarters for uranium and radi)|nii2JS|Juring initial •
monitoring? We should clarify this.] • VV1~:
Results: '•'.'.'
Representative point in distribution system (grandfathered data from.2flOQ-2004 period):
Gross alpha = 10 ± 1 pCi/L :V;.V ; ,
Radium-226 = 3 ± 1 pCi/L V'-iii,-,
Samples collected to comply with revised radionuclides rule:
EP-1 EP-2
Radium-228 = 6 ± 2 pCi/L Radhim-228 = 4 ± 1 pCi/L
Uranium = ND Uranium = ND
(The Agency will propose a detection limit for uranium in a future rule before the effective date of the
revised radionuclides final rule)
Outcome: • ,
The system would be on the following schedule for repeat monitoring:
EP-I •; .. ;:•"'• r
Gross aloha-result (10 pCi/£) is greater than 1A the MCL but less than the MCL. The
system itt^^lifej^;SampleiMice every 3 years (i.e., the next sample must be collected
between
Radium-226/228 -isgreffllerthan the MCL. The system must collect quarterly samples.
The radium-226 value of 3 pCi/L from the grandfathered data is added to the radium-228
value of 6 pCi/L (for a combined value of 9 pCi/L)
Uranium - is less than the regulator)' detection limit defined in 141.25(c) (Table B). The
system must collect a sample once every 9 years (i.e., the next sample must be collected
between 2008 and 2016).
Gross alpha - result (10 pCi/L) is greater than V2 the MCL but less than the MCL. The
system must collect a sample once every 3 years (i.e., the next sample must be collected
between 2008 and 2010).
Radium-226/228 - result is greater than the MCL. The system must collect quarterly
samples. The radium-226 value of 3 pCi/L from the grandfathered data is added to the
radium-228 value of 4 pCi/L (for a combined value of 7 pCi/L)
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-21
December 8, 2000
-------
Uranium - is less than the regulatory detection limit defined in 141.25(c) (Table B). The
system must collect a sample once every 9 years (i.e., the next sample must be collected
between 2008 and 2016).
The system would be required to take quarterly samples at EP-1 and EP-2 until 4 consecutive quarters are
less than the MCL or until the State specifies a different schedule as part of a formal compliance
agreement. But compliance is based on the running annual average. The system is required to take
quarterly samples at EP-1 and EP-2 for radium-226 and radium-228:
P-2
RaH 926/228
Initial
Quarter 2
Quarter 3 Quarter 4/ys; QuaHer 5
^ ^ ff*«'C"'. ' >•' .,
£M&
P-l 6/01/05 9/12/05
gad22.fi/228 Q pf^/l
12/19/05,' 3/07/06 >
1 1 pri/T. 8
Initial
6/01/05
Quarter 2
9/12/05
4 nCi/T .
Quarter & -^terter 4 Quarter 5
12/19/05
6/16/06
4pf!i/T.
The State would report the following violations to SDWIS/FED:'.' ^:;:-"
1 - Combined radium-226/228 M<|L Violatipii^/01/05-3/31/06) reported for the system
2- Combined radium-226/228.;f$!§L Viola^p (7/01 /OS ^6/30/06) reported for the system
NOTE: Even though both entry points (EPtfSHid EP-2) had MCL violations, the State only has to
report tttat^ejfystem had ay|i|jiioD. The State should report the highest concentration in the
concentratWBifleldior the systegaefiilthis case EP-1 had the highest MCL quarterly average of 9
pCi/L for the period4/OJ/05 to3lliifllS«ad the highest MCL quarterly average of 10 pCi/L for the
period of 7/1/05 to 6/30/06,
December 8, 2000
Appendix D-22
Radiomiclides Guidance
-------
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Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix D-23
December 8, 2000
-------
<•;• rKV.•£-»_.-'
This page has been intentionally Jeffi
December 8, 2000
Appendix D-24
Radionudides Guidance
-------
Appendix
es
on Audit Law
-------
This page has been intentionally
December 8, 2000
Appendix E-2
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, O.C. 20460
FEB 14 1997
MEMORA.MPUM
SUBJECT: Statement of Principles
Effect of State Audit Immunity/Privilege Laws
OR Enforcement Authority for Federal Programs
TO;
FROM:
Regional Administrators
IT, OECA
Steven A, Hi
Assistant
Robert Perciasepe
Assistant Administrati
Mary Nichols
Assistant
Timothy Fields
Acting Assistant
Under federal law, states must have nrirqna*r authority to enforce the requirements of any
federal programs they are authorized to administer. Some state audit immunity/privilege laws
place restrictions on the ability of states to obtain penalties and injuncthre relief for violations of
federal program requirements, or to obtain information that may be needed to determine
compliance status. This statement of principles reflects EPA's orientation to approving new state
programs or program modifications in the face of sate audit laws mat restrict state enforcement
and information gathering authority. While such state laws may raise questions about other
federal program requirements, this statement is United to the question of when enforcement and
information gathering authority may be considered adequate for the purpose of approving or
delegating programs in states with audit privilege or immunity laws.
Radionitclides Guidance
Appendix E-3
December 8, 2000
-------
L Audit Immunity Laws
Federal law and regulation requires states to have authority to obtain injunctive relief; sad
civil and criminal penalties for any violation of program requirements. In determining whether
to authorize or approve a program or program modification in a state -with an audit immunity
law, EPA must consider whether the state's enforcement authority meets federal program
requirements. To maintain such authority while at the same time providing incentives for sclf-
policing in appropriate circumstances, states should rely on policies rather than enact statutory
immunities for any violations. However, in detennining whether these requirements are met in
states with laws pertaining to voluntary auditing, EPA will be particularly concerned, among
other factors, with whether the state has the ability to:
1) Obtain immediate and complete injunctive relief;
2) Recover civil penalties for
i) significant economic benefit;
ii) repeat violations and violations of judicial or administrative orders;
v
iii) serious harm;
iv) activities that may present imminent & substantial
3) Obtain criminal noes/sanctions for wilful and knowing violations of federal law, and
in addition for violations that result from gross negligence under the Clean Water Act
The presumption is that each of these authorities must be present at a mtnitmm before the state's
enforcement authority may be considered adequate. However, other factors hi the statute may
eliminate or so aairow the scope of penalty immunity to the point where EPA's concerns are
met For example:
1) The immunity provided by the statute may be limited to minor violations and contain
other restrictions that sharply limit its applicability to federal programs.
2) The statute may include explicit provisions that make h inapplicable to federal
programs.
n. Audit Prrnlege Laws
Adequate civil and criminal enforcement authority means that the state must have the
ability to obtain information needed to identity noncompliance and criminal conduct. In
December 8, 2000 Appendix E-4 Radionuclides Guidance
-------
determining whether to authorize or approve a program or program modification is a state with
an audit privilege law, EPA expects the state to:
1) retain information gathering authority it is required to have under the specific,
requirements of regulations governing authorized or delegated programs;
2) avoid making the privilege applicable to criminal investigations, grand jury
proceedings, and prosecutions, or exempt evidence of criminal conduct from the scope of
privilege;
3) preserve the right of the public to obtain information about noncompliance, report
violations and bring enforcement actions for violations of federal environmental law. For
example, sanctions for whistleblowers or state laws that prevent citizens from obtaining
information about noncompliance to which they are entitled under federal law appear to
be inconsistent with this requirement
HI. Applicability of Principles
It is important for EPA to clearly communicate its position to states and to interpret the
requirements for enforcement authority consistently. Accordingly, these principles will be
applied in reviewing whether enforcement authority is adequate under the following programs:
1) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), Pretrsatment and
Wetlands programs under the Clean Water Act;
2) Public Water Supply Systems and Underground Injection Control programs under the
Safe Drinking Water Act;
3) Hazardous Waste (Subtitle C) and Underground Storage Tank (Subtitle I) programs
under the Resource Conservation Recovery Act;
4) Title V, Hew Source Performance 'Standards, National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants, and New Source Review Programs under the Clean Air Act
These principles are subject to three important qualifications:
1) While these principles will be consistently applied in reviewing state enforcement
authority under federal programs, state laws vary in their detail. It will be important to
scrutinize the provisions of such statutes closely in determining whether enforcement
authority is provided.
2) Many provisions of state law may be ambiguous, and It will generally be important to
obtain an opinion from the state Attorney General regarding the meaning of the state law
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix E-5
December 8, 2000
-------
and the effect of die stale1 s law on its enforcement authority as it is outlined in these
principles. Depending on its conclusions, EPA may determine that the Attorney
General's opinion is sufficient to establish that the state has the required enforcement
authority.
3) These principles arc broadly applicable to the requirements for penalty and information.
gathering authority for each of the programs cited above. To the extent that different or
more specific requirements for enforcement authority may be found in federal law or
regulations, EPA will take these into account in conducting its review of state programs.
In addition, this memorandum does not address other issues that could be raised by state
audit laws, such as the scope of public participation or the availability to the public of
information within die state's possession. . — - . •
IV. Next Steps
Regional offices.shodd, in consultation with OECA and national program offices,
develop a state-by-state plan to work with states to remedy any problems identified pursuant to
application of these principles. As a first step, regions should contact state attorneys general for
an opinion regarding the effect of any audit privilege or immunity kw on enforcement authority
as discussed in these principles.
December 8, 2000 Appendix E-6 Radionuchdes Guidance
-------
Appendix F
Rule Presentations
-------
-------
Radionuclides
Notice of Data Availability
NRWA In-Service Training
July 18,2000
Ed Thomas
Office of Ground Water
and Drinking Water
Overview
Purpose
History
Monitoring requirements
Treatment
Costs
Purpose of Regulating
Health Effects (eachsrad targets specific organs)
known carcinogen-predominantly bone cancer
Others include ovaries, testes, breast, thyroid, liver, etc.
Children pa»Bai!arly sensitive to carcinogenic effects
. organ and cet! toxicity
kidney, fiver, anemia
December 8, 2000
Appendix F-2
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
Purpose of Regulating (Cont.)
Naturally occurring Sources
Uranium: granitic formations
Radium: geologically predominant in upper mid-west,
western mountains, piedmont, coastal plain
sediments
K-40: isotopes of naturally occurring potassium.
Man made Sources
Uranium: Mining and nuclear weapon development
Beta emitters: Nuclear power plants, hospitals,
military
/ .
Regulatory History
1976 IPDWS - Current rule effective for 23 yea?|| ^
radium-226 and radium-228 '• --<-,;
.a.'.
gross alpha ::„; jJ '
man-made beta/photon emitters v
1986 SDWA Amendments
Made 1976 IPDWS a NPDWS ^
Required EPA to revise existingjole and regdate Uranium
and Radon by 1989 ;...'' . •,., =s.sjil
Regulatory
(Cont.)
Published PR lei meet court order (no FR)
,; 4996 SDWA Amendments - Required withdrawal
of 1991 PR radon portion
I 1996 revised Court Order
ium
f Update existing rule
4/21/2000 - NODA
11/21/2000 - Revised Rads FR
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix F-3
December 8, 2000
-------
MCL's
Current Limits
Gross alpha (including Ra-226) = 15 piC/L
Radium 226/228 (combined) = 5 piC/L
Beta/photon screen = 15 piC/L and 50 piC/L
Beta/photon MCL's = 4 mrem total exposure
2000 NODA does not change MCL's or beta
screening triggers
Uranium MCL = 20, 40, or 80 (piC/L and ug/l)
Applicability
All CWS (GW and SW)
NTNCWS (Options)
All NTCWS must comply
Targeted NTNCWS must comply
Targeted NTNCWS monitor (MCL not enforceable)
Issue guidance
Exclude NTNCWS
Alpha, Rad 226/228, and U
Monitoring
I Initial Monitoring
? 4 qtrs. (most systems GF data but...)
Current rule: GA >5 -> Rad-226 >3 -+ Rad-228
New regulation for Uranium (GA may be used as surrogate)
Requires EPTDS samples
December 8, 2000
Appendix F-4
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
Alpha, Rad 226/228, and U
Monitoring (Cont.)
Reduced Monitoring (SMF)
Average < ND => 1 sample/9 years
ND< Average <50%=> 1 sample/6 years
I MCL< Average MCL => Quarterly samples
Grandfathering off Data
Use of GF Data for initial monitoring
Systems with 1 EPTDS may use distributklNystenV
data from last compliance period
Systems with existing EPTDS sample^from last ••.'••
compliance period
Systems may use distribution system sample if State
gives written approval ^ .•&
Others? J r
'"
Beta/Photon
ring
State designated as vulnerable
->f Quarterly samples for Gross Beta
! Annual samples for Tritium and Strontium
:;!g|f Gross Betr>30 piC/L => Speciate sample
Systems using contaminated source
Quarterly samples for Gross Beta and Iodine
Annual samples for Tritium and Strontium
If Gross Beta >15 piC/L =s> Speciate sample
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix F-5
December 8, 2000
-------
Small System Compliance Tech.
25-500 persons - Ion exchange, POU, RO, POU
RO, lime softening, green sand filtration, co-
precipitation, electrodialysis reversal,
500-10,000 persons - add activated alumina and
enhanced coagulation/filtration
"Small Systems Compliance Technology List"
http://www.epa.gov/OGWDW/standard/tretech.html
Wa
ter System Impacts
Total Number of. Systems out of
compliance .„;; ;
#Persons
Served
25-500
501-3300
3301-10000
Radium
(#)
250
120
Alpha Uranium
(#) (#)
170 300-760
120 0-60
Annual Household Costs
Annual Total Increased Cost
Per Household
Served '
25-500
501-3300
3301-10000
Raefcim Alpha Uranium
-•<$) ($) ($)
214 - 1,465 214 - 560 172 -1,465
49-831 49-831 38-831
37-4,696 50-493 24-4,6%
Beta's
ft)
172-1,465
38-831
24-493
December 8, 2000
Appendix F-6
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
-------
Appendix G
Rule Language
-------
This page has been intentionally left blank.
December 8, 2000
Appendix G-2
Radiomtdides Guidance
-------
List of Subjects
40CFRPart9
Reporting and recordkeeping requirements.
40 CFR Part 141 •
Environmental protection, Chemicals, Indian-lands, Incorporation by reference,
Intergovernmental relations, Radiation protection, Reporting and recordkeeping requirements, Water
supply.
40 CFR Part 142
Environmental protection, Administrative practice and procedure, Chemicals. iniHian-lands,
Intergovernmental relations, Radiation protection, Reporting and recordkeepingtequiirements, Water
supply.
Dated:
Carol M. Browner,
Administrator
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix G-3
December 8, 2000
-------
For reasons set out in the preamble, 40 CFR Parts 9, 141 and 142 are amended as follows:
1. The authority citation for part 9 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 7 U.S.C. 135 et seq., 136-136y; 15 U.S.C. 2001,2003, 2005, 2006, 2601-2671; 21
U.S.C. 331j, 346a, 348; 31 U.S.C. 9701; 33 U.S.C. 1251 et seq., 1311, 1313d, 1314,1318, 1321, 1326
1330,1324, 1344, 1345 (d) and (e), 1361; E.G. 11735, 38 FR 21243, 3 CFR, 1971-1975 Comp. p. 973;
42 U.S.C. 241,242b, 243, 246, 300f, 300g, 300g-l, 300g-2, 300g-3, 300g-4, 300g-5, 300g-6,300J-1,
300J-2, 300J-3, 300J-4, 300J-9, 1857 et seq., 69016992k, 7401-7671q, 7542, 9601-9657,11023, 11048.
2. In § 9.1 the table is amended by:
(a) removing entries "141.25-141.30" and adding new entriesfor
141.26 (a) and (b), and 141.27-141.30 ;-;,>:
(b) removing entries 142. 14(a)-(d)(7) and adding 142.14-(a)-(d)(3), 14^11 (t
and 142.14(dX6)-(7) ,
(c) removing entries 142.15(c)(5)-(d) and adding 142.1^5(cX^|2.15(c)(6) and (
142.15(d) ';"•&•-
§ 9.1 OMB approvals under the Paperwork Reduction Act. -\ iiiSiKd,.
*****
40 CFR citation
*****
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
*****
141.25(a)-(e)
.. ...... 2040-0228
OMB control
No.
*****
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Implementation
*,-*;#--« *
2040-0090
I42.14(idX4)tnd (5) 2040-0228
142.14CdX6)-(7) 2040-0090
142.14(d)(8)-(ll) 2040-0210
142.14(e) 2040-0090
142.14(f) 2040-0209
142.14(g) 2040-0090
December 8, 2000
Appendix G-4
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
142.15(a) 2040-0090,
2040-0209
142.15(bXc)(3) 2040-0090
142.15(c)(4) 2040-0210
142.15(c)(5) 2040-0090
142.15(c)(6)and(7) 2040-0228
142.15(d) 2040-0090
*****
Part 141—National Primary Drinking Water Regulations ,.?
1. The authority citation for part 141 continues to read as follows:
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-l, 300g-2, 300g-3,300g-4, 30Qg-5, 300
300J-11.
, and
Subpart B-[Amended]
2. Sections 141.15 and 141.16 are removed. ;!;:.'
§§ 141.15 and 141.16 [remove] C*l
3. Section 141.25 is amended by: v
a. Revising paragraph (a) introductory text (the table remains imcttanged),
b. Revising paragraph (c)( 1) and adding a new table in (c)( 1), ^ .
c. Revising paragraph (c)(2) and redesignating the table in (c)(2).
c. Revising paragraph (d).
The revision and addition read as toltows:
§141.25 Analytical metho
-------
(2) To determine compliance with §141.66 (d) the detection limits shall not exceed the concentrations
listed in Table C.
Table C-Detection Limits for Man-Made Beta Particle and Photon Emitters
(d) To judge compliance with the maximum contaminant levels listed in §141.66, averages of data shall
be used and shall be rounded to the same number of significant figures as the maximum contaminant
level for the substance in question.
*****
immunity
Subpart C-[ Amended]
4. Section 141.26 is revised including the heading to read as follows:
§ 141.26 Monitoring frequency and compliance requirementPTor radio:
water systems
(a) Monitoring and compliance requirements for gross aloha particlfiactivitv, n
228, and uranium, ' 1. . ; -
(1) Community water systems (CWSs) must conduct initial tnoai|oimg to determine compliance with §
141.66 (b), (c) and (e) by December 31, 2007. For the purposes||i^p^ring for gross alpha particle
activity, radium-226, radium-228, uranium, and beta partickand'1p«&f^g^gactivity in drinking water,
"detection limit" is defined as in § 141.25(c). v x
(i) Applicability and sampling location for existing cottmuniSy water sy^^B»'Sources. All existing
CWSs using ground water, surface water or systore agi^tiOih-ground andlpface water (for the
purpose of this section hereafter referred to as,«ystems) raus&saoiple.at evicry entry point to the
distribution system that is representative of ail sources Being^iise^feipfter called a sampling point)
under normal operating conditions. The system must take each sample at the same sampling point unless
conditions make another sampling poiat more representative of each source or the State has designated a
distribution system location, in accor$a»ee with paragraph (a)(2)(ii)(C) of this section.
(ii) Applicability and sampling lo^pon for nej^i»mmunit;S!f water systems or sources. All new CWSs or
CWSs that use a new source of waler must be§ji|lo conduct initial monitoring for the new source within
the first quartier»after initiating tt||fpf the sourwipGWSs'must conduct more frequent monitoring when
ordered by tfte State
-------
(C) To satisfy initial monitoring requirements, a community water system with appropriate historical
data for a representative point in the distribution system may use the monitoring data from the
last compliance monitoring period that began between June 2000 and [INSERT DATE 3
YEARS AFTER PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER], provided that the State
finds that the historical data satisfactorily demonstrate that each entry point to the distribution
system is expected to be in compliance based upon the historical data and reasonable
assumptions about the variability of contaminant levels between entry points. The State must
make a written finding indicating how the data conforms to the these requirements.
(iii) For gross alpha particle activity, uranium, radium-226 and radium-228 monitoring, the State may
waive the final two quarters of initial monitoring for a sampling point if the results of thfcsamples from
the previous two quarters are below the detection limit.
(iv) If the average of the initial monitoring results for a sampling point is abo1|tetli«!'MCL, the system
must collect and analyze quarterly samples at that sampling point until the system has results from four
consecutive quarters that are at or below the MCL, unless the system enters^oianofliwiichedule as part
of a formal compliance agreement with the State. . ,J. " , " * ,^t>J ,
(3) Reduced monitoring: States may allow community watervsysterniF*6 reduce the fittp|tency of
monitoring from once every three years to once every six or oine^eacs at each sampling pojSlf based on
the following criteria. -:;:15.
' , • a*1,'5'*'"
(i) If the average of the initial monitoring results for each ccm*am|ig^i.e^,,gross alpha particle activity,
uranium, radium-226, or radium-228) is below the detection limit s|HSScd4ii'§ 141.25 (c)(l) (Table B),
the system must collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least oneiaihpl& at that sampling point
every nine years.
(ii) For gross alpha particle activity and uranium, if the : average :<&the initial monitoring results for each
contaminant is at or above the detection limitbut at or below 14 thli^ejL the system must collect and
• ' '' • • \ ••••v.-.-Kilkw.,:-." J
analyze for that contaminant using at least one sample at that samjpHiijfppoint every six years. For
combined radium-226 and radium-228, the analytical results musTBe combined. If the average of the
combined initial monitoring results forradium-226 and radium-228 is at or above the detection limit but
at or below V2 the MCL, the system4imist collect and analyze for that contaminant using at least one
sample at that sampling point every six years.
(iii) For gross alpha particle activity and uranium, if the average of the initial monitoring results for each
contaminantJsaijoye V* th«Mii||||$4t or below-theMCL, the system must collect and analyze at least
one sample at that;»aripling pcifi^iryithree years. For combined radium-226 and radium-228, the
analytical results must be combineS^Jf the^average of the combined initial monitoring results for radium-
226 and radium-228 is above !/2 the MCL but at or below the-MCL, the system must collect and analyze
at least one sample attJ^sampling point every three years.
(iv) Systems must use thfe samples collected during the reduced monitoring period to determine the
monitoring frequency for subsequent monitoring periods (e.g., if a system's sampling point is on a nine
year.monitoring period, and the sample result is above 1A MCL, then the next monitoring period for that
sampling point is three years).
(v) If a system has a monitoring result that exceeds the MCL while on reduced monitoring, the system
must collect and analyze quarterly samples at that sampling point until the system has results from four
consecutive quarters that are below the MCL, unless the system enters into another schedule as part of a
formal compliance agreement with the State.
(4) Compositing: To fulfill quarterly monitoring requirements for gross alpha particle activity, radium-
226, radium-228, or uranium, a system may composite up to four consecutive quarterly samples from a
single entry point if analysis is done within a year of the first sample. States will treat analytical results
from the composited as the average analytical result to determine compliance with the MCLs and the
future monitoring frequency. If the analytical result from the composited sample is greater than Vz MCL,
the State may direct the system to take additional quarterly samples before allowing the system to sample
under a reduced monitoring schedule.
Radionudides Guidance
Appendix G-7
December 8, 2000
-------
(5) A gross alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted for the required radium-226
measurement provided that the measured gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 5 pCi/1. A gross
alpha particle activity measurement may be substituted for the required uranium measurement provided
that the measured gross alpha particle activity does not exceed 15 pCi/1. The gross alpha measurement
shall have a confidence interval of 95% (1.65o, where o is the standard deviation of the net counting rate
of the sample) for radium-226 and uranium. When a system uses a gross alpha particle activity
measurement in lieu of a radium-226
and/or uranium measurement, the gross alpha particle activity analytical result will be used to determine
the future monitoring frequency for radium-226 and/or uranium. If the gross alpha particle activity result
is less than detection, Vz the detection limit will be used to determine compliance and th^piture
monitoring frequency.
(b) Monitoring and compliance requirements for beta particle and phi
To determine compliance with the maximum contaminant levefa|rf^l41.66l^^c«vSstojparticle and
photon radioactivity, a system must monitor at a frequency as follows: i
(1) Community water systems (both surface and ground wajter) designafed'by the
must sample for beta particle and photon radioactivity. Systenisjnus^cbllect quarterly^i||pis?ft>r beta
emitters and annual samples for tritium and strontium-90 at «aelt|||iy, point to the distribution system
(hereafter called a sampling point), beginning within one quartes^|^^iejng notified by the State.
reviews and either
Systems already designated by the State must continue to sample
reaffirms or removes the designation.
(i) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally occurring potas§nnip40 beta particle activity at a
sampling point has a running annual average (comj>iit^j|aart|^y) less thattjoeequal to 50 pCi/L
(screening level), the State may reduce the frequency ofTiKa^y||^: at that sampling point to once every
3 years. Systems must collect all samples reqporred in paragrj^|ji||rO'tsthis section during the reduced
monitoring period. •~/ •'•*•:>%•'•'•-.'
•• • • : '£^-f
(ii) For systems in the vicinity of a nupfev facility, the State may allow the CWS to utilize
environmental surveillance data coll^c|Bd-by the abclear facility in lieu of monitoring at the system's
entry points), where the State deteimifnes if sudjlldata is applicable to a particular water system. In the
event that there is a release from a nuclear facOSty, systems which are using surveillance data must begin
monitoring at the community water system's efibypoint(s) in accordance with paragraph (b)(l).
sys
efflu
(2)
waters
radioactivity. S&ems must colle
samples for tritium
sampling
itium-'
one
designated by the State
continue to sample until
:ace arid-ground water) designated by the State as utilizing
.clear facilities must sample for beta particle and photon
samples for beta emitters and iodine-131 and annual
'entry point to the distribution system (hereafter called a
after being notified by the State. Systems already
iUsing waters contaminated by effluents from nuclear facilities must
sviews and either reaffirms or removes the designation.
(i) Quarterly monitoring for g«ws beta particle activity shall be based on the analysis of monthly
samples or the analysis ofa composite of three monthly samples. The former is recommended.
(ii): For iodine-131, a composite of five consecutive daily samples shall be analyzed once each quarter.
As ordered by the State, more frequent monitoring shall be conducted when iodine-131 is identified in
the ftoishecLwatet.
(iii) j^miualtBOnitoring for strontium-90 and tritium shall be conducted by means of the analysis of a
composite of four consecutive quarterly samples or analysis of four quarterly samples. The latter
procedure is recommended.
(iv) If the gross beta particle activity beta minus the naturally occurring potassium-40 beta particle
activity at a sampling point has a running annual average (computed quarterly) less than or equal to 15
pCi/L, the State may reduce the frequency of monitoring at that sampling point to every 3 years. Systems
December 8, 2000
Appendix G-8
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
must collect all samples required in paragraph (b)(2) of this section during the reduced monitoring
period.
(v) For systems in the vicinity of a nuclear facility, the State may allow the CWS to utilize
environmental surveillance data collected by the nuclear facility in lieu of monitoring at the system's
entry point(s), where the State determines if such data is applicable to a particular water system. In the
event that there is a release from a nuclear facility, systems which are using surveillance data must begin
monitoring at the community water system's entry point(s) in accordance with paragraph (b)(2).
(3) Community water systems designated by the State to monitor for beta particle and photon
radioactivity can not apply to the State for a waiver from the monitoring frequencies specified in
paragraph (b)( 1 ) or (b)(2) of this section. V
(4) Community water systems may analyze for naturally occurring potassiuasj^Jb^'particle activity
from the same or equivalent sample used for the gross beta partiQle^ctivityapfllysIS; , Systems are
allowed to subtract the potassium-40 beta particle activity value ftem the totaiigrd^s!be"ta particle activity
value to determine if the screening level is exceeded. The potassium-40 beta parthSesletlVity must be
calculated by multiplying elemental potassium concentrations (in mg/L)foy a
(5) If the gross beta particle activity minus the naturally occuma£j>otassium-4Q
exceeds the screening level, an analysis of the sample must be performed to identify the major
radioactive constituents present in the sample and the appropriatedoses must be calculated and summed
to determine compliance with §141.66(d)(l), using (d)(2). DQSes-:jjiittSt;alsp,be calculated and combined
for measured levels of tritium and strontium to determine compliance.' ••; •• •;•
(6) Systems must monitor monthly at the sampling poiot|s)"which exceed!tii$dB£&imurn contaminant
level in § 141 .66(d) beginning the month after the exoesfi^ijeiccurs. SystaB&rhust continue monthly
monitoring until the system has established, by 4 ro11mg««i^%i6:£3 montWy samples, that the MCL is
being met. Systems who establish that the MCL is being:imta|inlB|lprettnil4o quarterly monitoring until
they meet the requirements set forth in paragraph (b)(lXii) or (b)^^):6f this section.
(c) General monitoring and compliance requirements for radionuclides.
(1) The State may require more frequent-monitoring than specified in paragraphs (a) and (b) of this
section, or may require confirmation samples at its discretion. The results of the initial and confirmation
samples will be averaged for use in compliance determinations.
(2) Each public water systems shalteionitor at the time designated by the State during each compliance
period. .- ,,^^, ., • . '..:''«,",..'
(3) Complianceft&xnpjiance wtiti|J4'I.66 (b) through (e) will be determined based on the analytical
result(s) obtained ^«|E:h;sampling^poi|iL If one sampling point is in violation of an MCL, the system is
in vio lation Of thtf;ll(i^li3i;;;v
(i) For systems monitbtiii^aioie'Jhan once per year, compliance with the MCL is determined by a
running annual average at each sampling point. If the average of any sampling point is greater than the
MCL, then the system is out of compliance with the MCL.
(ii) For systems monitoringTnore than once per year, if any sample result will cause the running average
to exceed the MCL at any sample point, the system is out of compliance with the MCL immediately.
(Hi) Systems must include all samples taken and analyzed under the provisions of this section in
determining compliance, even if that number is greater than the minimum required.
(iv) If a system does not collect all required samples when compliance is based on a running annual
average of quarterly samples, compliance will be based on the running average of the samples collected.
(v) If a sample result is less than the detection limit, zero will be used to calculate the annual average,
unless a gross alpha particle activity is being used in lieu of radium-226 and/or uranium. If the gross
alpha particle activity result is less than detection, V4 the detection limit will be used to calculate the
annual average.
(4) States have the discretion to delete results of obvious sampling or analytic errors.
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix G-9
December 8, 2000
-------
(5) If the MCL for radioactivity set forth in § 141.66 (b) through (e) is exceeded, the operator of a
community water system must give notice to the State pursuant to §141.31 and to the public as required
by Subpart Q of this part.
Subpart F-[ Amended]
5. A new § 141.55 is added to Subpart F to read as follows:
§ 141.55 Maximum contaminant level goals for radionuclides.
MCLGs for radionuclides are as indicated in the following table:
Contaminant
1. Combined radium-226 and radium -228
2. Gross alpha particle activity (excluding radon
and uranium)
3. Beta particle and photon radioactivity
4. Uranium
MCLG ./. . j£F
Zero js,. /V:?,;?' ://;'
Zero ; ::;"" ; .:-iv^v.v
' '& •' ' '' "^^SB^^i^'' '"'
^ero irf>-,,^t^. ' %^Ktev''
2ero
^y ^Ppl'*:^
Maximum Residual Disinfectant Levels ., •' * •> ,,
6. The title of Subpart G is revised as set out above. :M||; £\ -&,.
7. A new § 141.66 is added to Subpart G to lead as follows:""". .
§ 141.66 Maximum Contaminant Levels for Radionuclides.
(a) [reserved] ^ ,
(b) MCL for combined radium-226$jpd 228. TS» maximum contaminant level for combined radium-226
and radium-228 is 5 pCi/L. The combined radMfe??.2,
-------
Table A - Average Annual Concentrations Assumed to Produce
A Total Body or Organ Dose of 4 mrem/yr
1. Radionuclide
2 Tritium
3. Strontium-90
Critical Organ
Total body .. .
Bone Marrow
pCi per Liter
20,000
8
(e) MCL for uranium. The maximum contaminant level for uranium is 30 ,ug/L.
(f) Compliance dates. (1) Compliance dates for combined radium 226 and 228, gross alpha particle
activity, gross beta particle and photon radioactivity, and uranium: Community water systems must
comply with the MCLs listed in paragraphs (b), (c), (d) and (e) of this sectioniix^uUJWtg [INSERT
DATE 3 YEARS AFTER PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER! ^S|otopliance shall
be determined in accordance with the requirements of § 141.25 and § 141.26. Compliafloe^with reporting
requirements for the radionuclides under Appendix A to Subpart O and Appendix A airiPfitolSubpart Q
is required on [INSERT DATE 3 YEARS AFTER PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERW! *
REGISTER]. . VS".;V
• '•' ;c£>S|S:S.\
(g) Beft Available Technologies (BATs) for Radionuclides. .The^^i^Steator, pursuant to section 1412
of the Act, hereby identifies as indicated in the following table the befetecBnplogy available for
achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for combinedTriadium-226 and 228, uranium,
gross alpha particle activity, and beta particle and photon radioactivity.
Table B - BAT for combined radium-226 and radium-228, uranium, gross alpha particle activity, and beta
particle and photon radioactivity: -
Contaminant
1 . Combined Radium-226 and Radium-,228
2. Uranium
3. Gross alpha particle activity (Excluding
Radon and Uranium) " '' -;*s^». ., ,
4. Beta Particle^ndPhotem Radioactivity
...!:£'•' BAT
Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Lime Softening
Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis, Lime Softening,
Coagulation/Filtration
Reverse Osmosis
Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix G-11
December 8, 2000
-------
(h) Small systems compliance technologies list for radionudides.
Table C - List of Small Systems Compliance Technologies for Radionudides
and Limitations to Use
Unit Technologies
1. Ion Exchange (IE)
2. Point of Use (POU2) IE
3. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
4. POU2RO
5. Lime Softening
6. Green Sand Filtration
7. Co-precipitation with
Barium Sulfate
8. Electrodialysis/
Electrodialysis Reversal
9. Pre-formed Hydrous
Manganese Oxide Filtration
10. Activated alumina
11. Enhanced
coagulation/filtration
Limitations
(see footnotes)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
1
(i)v
Operator Skill Level
Required1
Intermediate
Basic
Advanced
Basic
;•>- '
Advanced
Basic
Raw Water Quality Range
& Considerations'
All ground waters
All ground waters ,
Surface waters uspUy require pre-
filtratife ^
Surfitfp,Waters usually require pre-
filn^fe^iSI^
Alfeiiw!tersx:r?'^^^^
?•'
Intermediate tq "' J,";3^ j Ground waters wn^^ffie water
Advanced ''^:v||;2|g[^uality
Basic to Intermedtatel^HB&eround waters
j ' iiSIEsiisBBf:.
IntennedMte .
Danced' -f'-V^j,
: '-:m
,;:.. .. v j£p*-
«' • 1! .
Advanced
/'
''MjjjjjilittiA waters
"v* v
JdB'ground waters; competing
Imion concentrations may affect
regeneration frequency
Can treat a wide range of water
qualities
1 National Research Council (NRC). Safe Water,
Communities. National Acadeniyjirjfe. W
2 A POU, 013
reducing^
See the A
Limitations
l£very Tep: 'Improving Water Service to Small
1997.
is a treatmis^iewce installed at a single tap used for the purpose of
that one tap. POU devices are typically installed at the kitchen tap.
lides
tins highTooiscentrations of the contaminant ions. Disposal options should be
this technology.
liance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring
tisure proper performance.
carefully canskterei
b When POU devices are
mustJw provided by water
c RjC^ct water disposal options should be carefully considered before choosing this technology. See other RO
locations described in th^;SWTR Compliance Technologies Table.
4 The combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may make
this technology too coinplex for small surface water systems.
e Ronova] efficKOcies can vary depending on water quality.
f This technology may be very limited in application to small systems. Since the process requires static mixing,
detention basins, and filtration, it is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate levels that already
have a suitable filtration treatment train in place
8 This technology is most applicable to small systems that already have filtration in place.
h Handling of chemicals required during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems
without an adequately trained operator.
'Assumes modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place.
December 8, 2000
Appendix G-12
Radionudides Guidance
-------
Table D- Compliance Technologies by System Size Category for Radionuclide NPDWRs
Contaminant
1 . Combined radium-226 and
radium-228
2. Gross alpha particle activity
3. Beta particle activity and
photon activity
4. Uranium
Compliance Technologies' for System Size Categories
(Population Served)
25 - 500
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,4,10,11
501-3,300
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
3'4 JiftH
&.-> 3 4
_;ti^;^, Jf *t ;,,,tiJst^-^
1^3,4,5,10:6: **
3,300 - 10,000
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
.'SisU»
^•~-y
J?" 3,4
-^4-:^
m. 1,2,3,4
$$$?**,
^>,/f^«l->!t?> .-:-';;-'1
l|^fe^5,10,13:"
Note: (1) Numbers correspond to those technologies found listed|itti|ie tabl^fE of 141.66{h).""^^I^J|p'''
Subpart O - [Amended]
Appendix A to Subpart O
8. The table in Appendix A to Subpart O is amended under^ljelheading " RadioiiS^i^jritaminants'' by revising
the entries for "Beta/photon emitters", "Alpha emitters",-^d^!||&aii|ipKd radium" alflfSdding the entry for
"Uranium (pCi/L)" to read as follows: s-
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix G-13
December 8, 2000
-------
ifl
\
i
z.
OS
I
O
a
C/2
2
X
c
z
a.
<
i
Health effects language
_c
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g H
^
8
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U
S
.s|
J 3
U (*
5 U
U
I*S
§ Big-
o ,0 ~5
H<~ e
•"ra "oil
C c
o c
S .S
S r^
Hs
BO
"5
3
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CO
C
•5
k-ri
ca
-• 1
O
C OT
; ^O g
' C5 ^ -g
a * •; -a
Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit forn
known as photons and beta radiation. Some people
water containing beta particle and photon radioacti
of the MCL over many years may have an increase
getting cancer.
u
•a
E
c
A
1
03
"s
3
C
TI )
O M
3 1,
i at
o
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: .c • S
: -5 • W
R •-
O *g
* « JJ
1 1
1 0 , "a.
• SB ! ^3
ee • QJ
« : ca
c
o S2
— S
c< u
H| *^
"oil
Certain minerals are radioactive and may emit a foi
known as alpha radiation. Some people who drink
containing alpha emitters in excess of the MCL ovi
may have an increased risk of getting cancer.
CA
i.
•o
1
'S
c
"S
g
S
s;
C
u^
i
^™
U
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§"
p
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3
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ea
•=
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<
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.£»
oo ''-
(N T>
^ w
O S
*O u
ts e
Some people who drink water containing radium 2
excess of the MCL over many years may have an ii
getting cancer.
w
-t;
0
o.
T3
"E
3
a
B
O
.1
CA
E
tti
o
i
•M
U
CL
^^
g
&
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1
u
B
'£
E
o
CJ
— 5
^
o
gjf
o 3**
sy 0>
5 oc
.S'S
Some people who drink water containing uranium
MCL over many years may have an increased risk
cancer and kidney toxicity.
in
-TS
C.
•S
"2
3
ffl
C
*o
§
1
U
O
f]
t
1 ]
o
/—^
J
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CL
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.•2
§*~
3
!
j
1
i
i
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*
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*
*
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i
I
1
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-•
u
Q.
Q.
-------
Subpart Q - [Amended]
9. Appendix A to Subpart Q under I. "F. Radioactive Contaminant" is amended by revising the entries 1,2, and 3,
adding entry 4 and redesignating endnotes 9 through 17 as endnotes 11 through 19 and adding new endnotes
number 9 and 10.
Appendix A to Subpart O of Part 141-NPDWR Violations and Other Situations Requiring Public Notice1
Contaminant
MCL/MRDL/TT Violations2
Tier of Public
Notice Required
Citation
Monitoring & Testing Procedure
Violations
Tier of Public j
Nottet Jm
^ Citation
I. Violations of National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR)3: :," , " ' ''
******* . ,. 0 r
F. Radioactive Contaminants
1. Beta/photon emitters
2. Alpha emitters
3. Combined radium (226 &
228)
4. Uranium
2
2
2
29
141.66(4)
141.66(0)
141.66(b) -.•;
• - . ...,. '»:,-;£
"•• .••••."•*•
!41.66(e) |
is
*. VjJ
3
3
» s
"•„:>•'&,
S&^V,
>141.25(a) ,
I^Ettftifb)'
-I4fc25(a)
--Wl.26(a)
14125(a)
141.26(a)
141.25(a)
141.26(a)
******* -..;." :'".H ;:'•'" '•'
Appendix A -Endnotes
*****
1. Violations and other situations not listed in this table (e.g., reporting violations and failure to prepare
Consumer Confidence Reports), do not require notice, unless otherwise determined by the primary agency.
Primacy agencies may, at their option, also require a more stringent public notice tier (e.g., Tier 1 instead of
Tier 2 or Tier 2 instead of Tier 3) for specific violations and situations listed in this Appendix, as authorized
under Sec. 141.202(a) and Se^JJi 1.203(a). -...'..
2. MCL—Maximum contamni|i|feiiEl, MRDL-Maximum residual disinfectant level, TT~Treatment
technique'-'-.> '"•:*". T^Si-|slfi -:
3. The term Violations of Nationdlliriniary'Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWR) is used here to include
violations of MCL, MRDL. treatment technique, monitoring, and testing procedure requirements.
- '"»• " ^ ' " -t
*****
9. The uranium MCL Tier 2 violation citations are effective [INSERT DATE 3 YEARS AFTER
PUBLICATION IN THE FEDERAL REGISTER] for all community water systems.
* 10. The uranium Tier 3 violation citations are effective December 7,2003 for all community water systems.
**M* * *
Appendix B to Subpart Q [Amend]
«. - -
10. Appendix B to Subpart Q is amended by redesignating entries 79 through 88 as 80 through 89, adding entry 79
for uranium under "G. Radioactive Contaminants", redesignating endnote entries 16 through 21 as 17 through 22
and adding endnote 16.
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix G-15
December 8, 2000
-------
Appendix B to Subpart O of — Standard Health Effects Language for Public
Notification
Contaminant
MCLG1
mg/L
,;: MCL2
mg/L
Standard Health Effects T^ngliagpfor Fnblic
Notification
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations fNPDWR^:
G. Radioactive Contaminants:
79. Uranium16
Zero
30 Mg/L
Some people who drink water containing uHBtium in excess
of the MCL over many years may have aa increased risk of
getting cancer and kidney toxJcity. . , -
Appendix B Endnotes
1. MCLG- Maximum contaminant level goal
2. MCL- Maximaum contaminant level
16. The uranium MCL is effective [INSERT DATE 3
FEDERAL REGISTER] for all community water systems.
*****
BLICATION IN THE
\ *» ;f;w"V"«i?£t*;:K•"'
Authority: 42 U.S.C. 300f, 300g-l, 3QQg-2, 300g-3,300g-4, 30^^00g-6, 300J-4,300J-9, and 300J-11.
Subpart B Primary Enforcement Responsibility
2. Section 142.16 is amended by adding^ffreservingparagraphs (i), (j) and (k) and adding paragraph (1) to read as
follows: ';' ;
§ 142.16 Special primacy requirements. .'
***** i
(i) [reserved] ,-,.,. '.':• -, |i
(j) [reserved] '•- _:~ ~-.\*\\- ' |if".
(k) [reserved] V '<"'"•
(1) An appiicatkin foEapjproval of a State program revision for Radionuclides which adopts the requirements
specified in §-T^ 1 -26(a)(2)^j!) of Ibis chapter must contain the following (in addition to the general primacy
requirements enumerated in-tni >partj$ncluding that State regulations be at least as stringent as die Federal
requi^ments):
:*» '(1) If a State chooses to use grandfathered data in the manner described in § 141.26(a)(2)(ii)(C) of this
chapter, then the State must describe the procedures and criteria which it will use to make these determinations
(whether distribution system or entry point sampling points are used).
(i) The decision criteria that the State will use to determine that data collected in the distribution
system are representative of the drinking water supplied from each entry point to the distribution system. These
detenninatumstnust consider:
' ; (A) All previous monitoring data.
(B) The variation in reported activity levels.
(C) Other factors affecting the representativeness of the data (e.g. geology)
(2) A monitoring plan by which the State will assure all systems complete the required monitoring within the
regulatory deadlines. States may update their existing monitoring plan or use the same monitoring plan submitted
for the requirements in §142.16(e)(5) under the National Primary Drinking Water Regulations for the inorganic and
December 8, 2000
Appendix G-16
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
organic contaminants (i.e. the Phase II/V Rules). States may note in their application any revision to an existing
monitoring plan or note that the same monitoring plan will be used. The State must demonstrate that the monitoring
plan is enforceable under State law.
3. Section 142.65 is added to read as follows.
§ 142.65 Variances and exemptions from the maximum contaminant levels for radionuclides.
(a)(l) Variances and exemptions from the maximum contaminant levels for Combined Radium-226 and Radium-
228, Uranium, Gross alpha particle activity (Excluding Radon and Uranium), and Beta Particle and Photon
Radioactivity. The Administrator, pursuant to section 1415(a)(l)(A) of the Act, hereby identifies the following as
the best available technology, treatment techniques, or other means available for achieving complBBKe with the
maximum contaminant levels for the radionuclides listed in §141.66 (b), (c), (d), and (e) of thitfidiapter, for the
purposes of issuing variances and exemptions, as shown in Table A of this paragraph.-:: x
Table A. BAT for Radionuclides Listed Jn§ 141.6i-||s||||, ,
Contaminant
Combined Radium-226 and Radium-228
Uranium
Gross alpha particle activity (Excluding Radon and
Uranium)
Beta Particle and Photon Radioactivity
f
Ion Exchange, Reverse Osmosis,
Ion Exchange^ Reverse Osmosis,
Coagulatioa/Fitoaticm
LrmeSoftenmg '
Lime Softening,
Reverse Osmosis ;,
jten pccbai^e, Reverse-Osmosis
In addition, the Administrator hereby identifies the following as the bestavaflable technology, treatment techniques,
or other means available for achieving compliance with the maximum contaminant levels for the radionuclides listed
in §141.66 (b), (c), (d), and (e) of this chapter, for the purposes of issuing variances and exemptions to small
drinking water systems, defined here as thcse-serving 10,000 persons or fewer, as shown in Table C on this section.
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix G-17
December 8, 2000
-------
Table B. List of Small Systems Compliance Technologies for Radionuclides
and Limitations to Use
Unit Technologies
1. Ion Exchange (IE)
2.. Point of Use (POU2) IE
3. Reverse Osmosis (RO)
4. POU2RO
5. Lime Softening
6. Green Sand Filtration
7. Co-precipitation with
Barium Sulfate
8. Electrodialysis/
Electrodialysis Reversal
9. Pre-formed Hydrous
Manganese Oxide Filtration
10. Activated alumina
11. Enhanced
coagulation/filtration
Limitations
(see footnotes)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(a), 00
A
(i) ?•
Operator Skill Level
Required1
Intermediate
Basic
Advanced
Basic
Advanced ,.;%.;,;>
Basic ,:
~ ~ .
Intermediate to
Advanced : ; ;^ ; - v^,.^:l
Basic to Intermfa^^l
_ • .^%'pfisB
-i-' *•*>'+.<%&]
Intermediate.'' '"v^
" :ic*
y
Advanced ^ *f ~**
Raw Water Quality Range
& Considerations'
All ground waters
All ground waters
Surface waters usually require
pre-filtration ^ .
Surfaeecwatersiasually require
,,,
tHbund wate1^^Kte^:water
All ground waters ~"
**•_
iSiipPd waters
?;-.-'^*«",
/. . • '.^ :'..*»*:i; •".-.: i- ••.
V <****•.&«:*;«";<&*;- - •. x
Al^^flpmd waters; competing
anion concentrations may affect
.regeneration frequency
Can treat a wide range of water
qualities
1 National Research Council (NRC) StjjJUWater from Every Tap: improving Water Service to Small
Communities. National Academy Pre^l^ashingtaii, D.C. 199$
2 A POU, or "point-of-use" technology; is a treatnadeviceianaalJed at a single tap used for the purpose of
a tre
at that
details. _
dionuclides
evices are typically installed at the kitchen tap.
itrations of the contaminant ions. Disposal options should be
logy.
for compliance, programs for long-term operation, maintenance, and monitoring
proper performance.
reducing a
Seethe
Limitati
'The
carefully
"When
must be provided by w;
c Reje^iwater disposal option fSfaoljii-be carefully considered before choosing this technology. See other RO
limitations described in the'SWTR Compliance Technologies Table.
d ^Ift combination of variable source water quality and the complexity of the water chemistry involved may
inaice this technology too Complex for small surface water systems.
'Removal efficiencies can vary depending on water quality.
fThis technologyjnay be very limited in application to small systems. Since the process requires static mixing,
detention basins, and filtration, it is most applicable to systems with sufficiently high sulfate leveb that already
have a«titab!efiltration treatment train in place
8 This technology is most applicable to small systems that already have filtration in place.
h Handling of chemicals required during regeneration and pH adjustment may be too difficult for small systems
without an adequately trained operator.
1 Assumes modification to a coagulation/filtration process already in place. __^_
December 8, 2000
Appendix G-18
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
Table C. BAT for Small Community Water Systems for the Radionuclides Listed in § 141.66
Contaminant
Combined radium-226 and
radium-228
Gross alpha particle activity
Beta particle activity and photon
activity
Uranium
Compliance Technologies' for System Size Categories
(Population Served)
25 - 500
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
3,4
1,2,3,4
1,2,4,10,11
501 -3,300
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
3,4 ,;,:;,s
-'!S/;.t:;;O
1,2, 3, 4 .<€life
:' .? ' :-:>ste:
V;';-*;
1,2,3,4,5, ljp;-H
3,300-10,000
1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9
..-. >
.-:>•'' 3'4
U. '••<••
% 1,2,3,4
'tfZi. •• •
,W.ii?i.^\
.U' i?->>"*'- '••
'^£fjjjj$k!f5, IQyll
Note: (1) Numbers correspond to those technologies found listed in thejabldSB of this paragrajjgp^^^f "
(2) A State shall require community water systems to install and/or
A of mis section, paragraph (1), or in the case of small water systems^
iient technology identified in Table
|.,l 0,000 persons or fewer), Table
B and Table C of this section, as a condition for granting a variance except^l|ppi|ide(tin paragraph (a)(3) of this
section. If, after the system's installation of the treatment technology, the system cannot meet the MCL, that system
shall be eligible for a variance under the provisions of section 1415(a){l)(A) of fhjriifct
(3) If a community water system can demonstrate through comprehensive engineering assessments, which may
include pilot plant studies, that the treatment technologies identified m^SsSecjion would only achieve a de minimus
reduction in the contaminant level, the State may issue a schedule of pdiiijfii&^tiiat requires the system being
granted the variance to examine other treatment technologies as a conditionaof obtaining the variance.
(4) If the State determines that a treatmenftechnology identified undcrparagraph (a)(3) of this section is technically
feasible, the Administrator or primacy StateSnay require the system to install and/or use that treatment technology in
connection with a compliance schedule issued under the provisions of section 1415(a)(l)(A) of the Act. The State's
determination shall be based upon studies by the system and other relevant information.
(5) The State may require a community water system to use bottled water, point-of-use devices, point-of-entry
devices or otheoneans as a coa^tidffiO^granting a variance or an exemption from the requirements of § 141.66 of
this chapter, to avoid ah unreasonabli|iKk4o health.
(6) Community waiter ^systems that usibottled water as a condition for receiving a variance or an exemption from
the requirements of §141.66 of this chapter must meet the requirements specified in either paragraph (g)(l) or (g)(2)
and (g)(3) of §142.52^
(7) Community water systems that use point-of-use or point-of-entry devices as a condition for obtaining a variance
or an exemption from the radieinicfideS'NPDWRs must meet the conditions in §142.62 (h)(l) through (h)(6).
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix G-19
December 8, 2000
-------
-------
Appendix H
•m
son
Values (^ Beta and Photon
-------
-------
Derived Concentrations of Individual
Beta Particle and Photon Radioactivity Emitters
(in pCi/L)
Nuclide
('half-life of 24
hours or less)
H-3 (HTO)
Be-7
C-11
N-13
C-14
C-15
O-15
F-18"
Na-22
Na-24
Si-31 *
P-33
P-32
S-35 (Inorg)
CI-36
CI-38 *
K-42 *
Ca-45 ', ':',>•,.
Ca-47 C
Sc-46
Sc-47
Sc-48
V-48
O51
Mn-52
Mn-54
Mn-56"
Fe-55
Fe-59
Co-57
Co-58
Co-58m
C6-60
1976 limits
(based on critical organ at 4 mrem/yr)
20,000
6,000
NC
2,000'
2,000
400
3,000
30
500
700
..•-;.. 1.000
•"..'. .*£'. '•'• '• ' 900
"\ '-"SiU., 10
.J&w.J'S.rL"
„.,, .:52i;£|:L:, . 80
•'•';'; ;'il:;.. ':--:B "" 1°°
•"•:. ::*;;..; . , '"~:" soo
•".;••: '. -^ ••, 80
90
6,000
90
300
300
2,000
200
1,000
300
9,000
100
December 8, 2000
Appendix H-2
Radiomtclides Guidance
-------
Nuclide
("half-life of 24
hours or less)
Ni-59
Ni-63
Ni-65 *
Cu-64*
Zn-65
Zn-69*
Zn-69m *
Ga-67
Ga-72 *
Ge-71
As-73
As-74
As-76
As-77
Se-75
Br-82
Rb-82
Rb-86
Rb-87
Rb-88
Rb-89
Sr-82 ^,",..
Sr-85 < .;&£.•£-
Sr-85m x'lvjl^
Sr-89 •;•
Sr-90 ^ :":-,.
Sr-91 "...
Sr-92
Y-SO
•y*i
Y*1m*
Y-«Z* ^
Y-49
Zr-93
Zr-95
Zr-97 *
Nb-93m
Nb-94
1976 limits
(based on critical organ at 4 mrem/yr)
300
50
300
900
300
6.000
200
NC
100
6,00^
LOW;
iod<
eo
200
. '-';:;5PO:
X; "-^^ii.
yr,v "^ ^|lj-
rf- " J
600
/f:.;';s; ., 300.
/ffiF"" *,• ^4C
.;«^'.' ;
•'•';";!" ,-, -^'... kir*
;;«:• iwjr- -.-• NC
^j -•-Sil ;-": NC
^ "*'-' ' 900
;• 21,000
'£ .:•-,, 20
::.;;;:_;Vf;, ^l|i^ 8
' ": l':'--;--:^, 200
I1"': '.??' 200
•:• 60
90
9,000
200
90
2,000
200
60
1,000
NC
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix H-3
December 8, 2000
-------
Nuclide
("half-life of 24
hours or less)
Nb-95
Nb-95m
Nb-97 *
Nb-97m
Mo-99
Tc-95
Tc-95m
Tc-96
Tc-96m *
Tc-97
Tc-97m
Tc-99
Tc-99m
Ru-97
Ru-103
Ru-105 *
Rh-105m
Ru-106
Rh-103m *
Rh-105*
Rh-106
Pd-100
Pd-101
Pd-103
Pd-107
Pd-109
Ag-105
Ag-108
Afl-108m
Ag-109m
Ag-110
AgrllOm ._..
Ag-111
Cd-109
Cd-115
Cd-115m
ln-113m*
irv114
1 976 limits
(based on critical organ at 4 mrem/yr)
300
NC
3,000
600
NC
NC
300
30,000
6,000
1,000
900
20,000
1,000
200
NC •
30
30,000
.:;•:>'•" 300
. . :£•' ,:.: . NC
..' .'&: ' 4 NC
'".:" .*:\ - ' NC
• iafegfefeV ' nriri
, .. ,.,Ss»«V •- 9°0
:•• '*'•'•'&•• • NC
• " •••:•-_ : '••:;-.:: ' 300
\ 300
NC
90
100
600
90
90
3,000
December 8, 2000
Appendix H-4
Radiomtclides Guidance
-------
Nuclide
(*half-lifeof24
hours or less)
ln-114m*
ln-115
ln-115m*
Sn-113
Sn-121
Sn-121m
Sn-125
Sn-126
Sb-122
Sb-124
Sb-125
Sb-126
Sb-126m
Sb-127
Sb-129
Te-125m
Te-127
te-127m
Te-129
Te-129m
Te-131m
Te-131 ^_
Te-132 .-titfc.,;.
[-122 % f'1"lf^
1-123 *••**
1-125 . . " •
1-126
[-129
l-f30
1-131
1-132,*
1-133- ^
J-134?
1-135*
Cs-131
Cs-134
Cs-134m*
.Cs-135
1976 limits
(based on critical organ at 4 mrem/yr)
60
300
1,000
300
NC
NC
60
NC,
90
60
*>^fi^
N^J"1
p&
NC
,-, :.Ww
,... ••^•isdij*
/''•'" 1 ®$
,i , 200
(.:•" 2,000
,:^'"' ,4; 9d.
, ^" i^b ,._-, :'«c
*.-. :i^ •'-• ' 200
< :;;. ; ^^ - QQ
''• J^ISj-.
T.'., .-'- '-c-l8it-!|.:; ':"'' NC
; . ".--tC.,-. V' ?.•:,•" i
•-;.-," ' ,"'-":*• ' •:•••••"
'" ' i< , 3
] , '~. 1
NC
3
,; 90
10
100
30
20,000
80
20,000
900
pyr^
\l.;i£fi&^
\^. |.;. ^. .^
• ri '
*!
Radionudides Guidance
Appendix H-5
December 8, 2000
-------
Nuclide
('half-life of 24
hours or less)
Cs-136
Cs-137
Cs-138
Ba-131
Ba-133
Ba-133m
Ba-137m
Ba-139
Ba-140
La-140
Ce-141
Ce-143
Ce-144
Pr-142 *
Pr-143
Pr-144
Pr-144m
Nd-147 *
Nd-149 *
Pm-147
Pm-148
Pm-148m
Pm-149 . ..fll. •
Sm-151 ••:; ^;*'j:
Sm-153 " '
Eu-152*
Eu-154
Eu-156'
Eu-156
Gd-153
Gd-159 *
Tb-158 .„.._
Tb-160
Dy-165 *
Dy-166
Ho-166
Er-169
Er-171 *
1976 limits
(based on critical organ at 4 mrem/yr)
800
200
NC
600
NC
90
eo
3001
100
NC
90
too
NC:
NC
900
'" NC
NC
.. '.^:-, •'•:.• ': NC
'.'Z'L-,.. '" ' 100
;•:.; •. '•;':,:r:.:;;. 1,000
: A . . , ^ . .:•,-.,,, ,, 200
: :" f :;,;/. -., ' 200
•-•::c- , , 60
.- 600
NC
600
200
NC
100
1,000
100
90
300
300
December 8, 2000
Appendix H-6
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
Nuclide
(•half-life of 24
hours or less)
Tm-170
Tm-171
Yb-169
Yb-175
Lu-177
Hf-181
Ta-182
W-181
W-185
W-187*
Re-183
Re-186
Re-187
Re-188*
Os-185
Os-191
Os-191m*
Os-193
lr-190
lr-192
lr-194 *
Pt-191 .via*.
R-193< &L*i ;•>''.
Pt-193m %<>:r ".','• r
Pt-197 N -
Pt-197m* ^x ;,''; 2
Au-196,,-;?^
Au-}38
4^!»9
*&jr197
;*fe-197m
HBW98;
Hg-203
TI-200
TI-201
TI-202
TI-204
T.I-207
1976 limits
(based on critical organ at 4 mrem/yr)
100
1,000
NC
300
300
200
100
1,000.
300?
m
*M
3061
9,0*
\4
200
^OQ
--••awl
^"'!''' «;'dd(ft
.. 200
< ' 600
?-" ' /' 10tf';
f^,- .^-? .!l»6
•!•; •'li£-i. .•-;.r-''300
"• ! ' / ; , , X: '- 3,000
:. :'-£:- 3,000
^ v !\j; / 300
S;.U "" 3.000
^.''^ , 600
' t \: 100
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
300
300
«- »*>'j^,'W«K.
$•>
Radionuclides Guidance
Appendix H-7
December 8, 2000
-------
Nuclide
fhalf-Iife of 24
hours or less)
TI-208
TI-209
Pb-203
Pb-209
Pb-210
Pb-21 1
Pb-212
Pb-214
Bi-206
Bi-207
Bi-212
Bi-213
Bi-214
Fr-223
Ra-225
Ra-228
Ac-227
Ac-228
Th-231
Th-234
Pa-233
Pa-234
Pa-234m
u-237 ;••; ;
U-240
Np-236
Np-238
Np-239
Np-240
Nj>-240m
Pu-241
Pu-243
Am-242m
Bk-249
1976 limits
(based on critical organ at 4 mrem/yr)
1,000
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC.
Ntf
260
*:'\.
NC
NC
NC
NC
" . .*.'
- • . ,"'f
N0
NC
NC
NC
.... 300
/;'. :. NC
, ' " ^ , ,1
; ., . :";:is2fc-: NC
•:••:• • ,, x;r?l;;r" * NC
,.:••;:, :.-pjJi|r. \ •„;
" -"'"'-ri.' v . NC
: NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
December 8, 2000
Appendix H-8
Radionuclides Guidance
-------
-------
References
-------
• a-"-.' ."''' '
N;'«ft/ '\'£%H
/:^>S$§lfe:>,
•. r-^ddSk'*-? *A
.• Y /*' ""• x«33iti^":;
This page has been intentionally left blank.
•M--
December 8, 2000
References-2
Radionudides Guidance
-------
Goodrich, J.A., Adams, J.Q., Lykins, B.W., Jr., and Clark, R.M. Safe Drinking Water from Small
Systems: Treatment Options. JAWWA. 84(4). p. 49. May 1992.
National Research Council (NRC). Safe Water From Every Tap: Improving Water Service to Small
Communities. National Academy Press. Washington, DC. 1997.
USEPA. Office of Drinking Water. Suggested Guidelines for Disposal of Drinking Water Treatment
Wastes Containing Naturally-Occurring Radionuclides (July 1 990 draft).
USEPA. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations; Radionuclides; Proposed Rule. Federal
Register. Vol. 56, No. 138, p. 33050. July 18, 1991. ' '",":'
'•-I'i'iO'}:-': <
USEPA. Technologies and Costs for the Removal of Radionuclides from
Prepared by Malcolm Pirnie, Inc. July 1992.
..-' ' •.'^''-•' K'lb^;''
USEPA. Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water. SuggesU&i&mdelines for DisposaTqf Drinking
Water Treatment Wastes Containing Radioactivity (June
USEPA. Performance Evaluation Studies Supporting Administration ixf&ieliiijteieat, Water Act and the
Safe Drinking Water Act. Federal Register. Vol. 61,No;=j%p. 37464. sJuJl|£S, 1996.
USEPA. National Primary Drinking Water JKegulations^r&Sy^^^f&)ds for Radionuclides; Final
Rule and Proposed Rule. Vol. 62, No. 43, p.' 10168. Jyd|rch S^^^p'
USEPA. Performance Evaluation Studies Supporting Administration of the Clean Water Act and the
Safe Drinking Water Act. @ FederafcRegister. Vol. 62, No. 113, p. 32112. June 12, 1997.
USEPA. Perfdt^ance Based Me&jfaement System. Federal Register. Vol. 62, No. 193, p. 52098.
October 6, 1997. fc.
USEPA. Manualforthe G&tificaii^j>f Laboratories Analyzing Drinking Water. EPA 8 1 5-B-97-00 1 .
1997. .-•.:,";;'"'••".
USEPA. Announcement ofSmdUlystems Compliance Technology Lists for Existing National Primary
Driitking Water Regulations and Findings Concerning Variance Technologies. Federal Register. Vol.
63, too. 151, p. 42032. August 6, 1998. (EPA 1998a).
USEPA. Small Syst&p Compliance Technology List for the Non-Microbial Contaminants Regulated
Before 1996. ER&-815-R-98-002. September 1 998. (EPA 1998b).
USEPA. Actual Cost for Compliance with the Safe Drinking Water Act Standard for Radium-226 and
Radium-228. Final Report. Prepared by International Consultants, Inc. July 1998. (EPA 1998c).
USEPA. Revised Cost Estimates of Radiochemical Analysis. Prepared by EPA and Science Applications
International Corporation (SAIC). April 1999. (EPA 1999)
Radionuclides Guidance
References-3
December 8, 2000
-------
USEPA. Technologies and Costs for the Removal of Radionticl ides from Potable Water Supplies. Draft.
Prepared by International Consultants, Inc. April 1999. (EPA 1999a).
USEPA. Small System Compliance Technology List for the Radionuclides Rule. Prepared by
International Consultants, Inc. Draft. April 1999. (EPA 1999b).
USEPA. State Implementation Guidance for the Consumer Confidence Report (CCR) Rule. EPA 816-R-
99-008. August 1999.
USEPA. Radionuclide Notice of Data Availability. April 2000.
*,-*--
«:f&
^|.;::
December 8, 2000
References-4
Radionuclides Guidance
-------