DRAFT
                                                                        EPA-822-D-00-001
                         2000 UPDATE OF AMBIENT WATER QUALITY  CRITERIA FOR

                                              CADMIUM
\6
      1
      '•V
          Prepared by:

Great Lakes Environmental Center
 Traverse City,  Michigan 49686
                                           Prepared for:

                               "U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency
                                          Office of Water
                                 Office  of  Science and Technology
                                          Washington,  DC
                                          U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
                                         '       Mail code 3201
                                          1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
                                           *  Washington DC 20460
                                   ['
                                   EPA Contract  No.  68-C-98-134
                                      Work  Assignment.No.  1-11

-------
rir  Y^ •&9*"
!iAss~ be.!--

-------
                                    NOTICES
 This document  has been reviewed by the  Health and Ecological Effects Criteria
 Division,  Office of Science and Technology,  U.S.  Environmental Protection
 Agency,  and approved for publication.

 Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement
 or recommendation for use.

 This document  is available to the public through the National Technical
.Information Service (NTIS), 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, VA 22161.
                                        n

-------
FOREWORD
       V.t: I
    111

-------
                               ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

 John G. Eaton
 {freshwater author)
 Environmental Research Laboratory
 Duluth, Minnesota

 Charles B. Stephan
 (document coordinator)
 Environmental Research Laboratory
 Duluth, Minnesota
                John H. Gentile
                (saltwater author)
                Environmental Research Laboratory
                Narragansett, Rhode Island

                David J. Hansen
                (saltwater coordinator)
                Environmental Research Laboratory
                Narragansett, Rhode Island
Statistical Support:
Clerical Support:
John W. Rogers
Terry L. Highland
Document Update Effort: June, 2000
 Gregory J. Smith
 (freshwater contributor)
 Great Lakes Environmental Center
 Columbus, Ohio

 Cindy Roberts
 (document coordinator)
 US EPA
 Health and Ecological Effects
 Criteria Division
 Washington, D.C.
                                       IV

-------
                                    CONTENTS




                                                                             Page




Notices  	'.	•..".".".". ."."	  ii




Foreword		 iii




Acknowledgments	.'	  iv




Contents  	 	   v




Tables  	r	v •,	  vi




Figures  . . . . .	•'•'	vi




Introduction 	;....•	  1




Acute Toxicity to Aquatic Animals 	  2




Chronic  Toxicity to Aquatic  Animals	 10




Toxicity to Aquatic Plants	 17




Bioaccumulation 	•	.-...- .-.-.-•-:•'-:.= :. :	 18




Other  Data 	 19




Unused Data	 22




Summary	'	29




National Criteria  ..;	- - •	 30




References  	 138

-------
                                    TABLES
la.   Acute Toxicity of Cadmium to Aquatic Animals 	 38
lb.   Results of Covariance Analysis of Freshwater Acute Toxicity
      Versus Hardness 	.-...-.	 65
2a.   Chronic Toxicity of Cadmium to Aquatic Animals	 66
2b.   Results of Covariance Analysis of Freshwater Chronic Toxicity
      Versus Hardness ..	 70
2c.   Acute-Chronic Ratio 	 71
3a.  . Ranked Genus Mean Acute Values with Species Mean Acute-Chronic
      Ratios	 72
3b.   Ranked Freshwater Genus Mean Chronic Values	 83
4.     Toxicity of Cadmium to Aquatic Plants	 85
5.     Bioaccumulation of Cadmium by Aquatic Organisms  	 89
6.     Other Data on Effects of Cadmium on Aquatic Organisms  	 95

                                    FIGURES

l.  Comparison of All Table 1 Freshwater Acute Toxicity Test ECSOs and
    LCSOs with the Hardness Slope Derived CMC	33
2.  Ranked Summary of Cadmium GMAVs (Freshwater)  	 34
3.  Ranked Summary of Cadmium GMAVs (Saltwater)  .....  	 35
4.  Comparison of All Table 2 Freshwater Chronic Values with the
    .Hardness Slope Derived CCC   	 36
5.  Chronic Toxicity of Cadmium to Aquatic Animals   	 37
                                       VI

-------
Introduction1
•.Vtir £'.
      Cadmium is a relatively rare element-^that  is not essential  for any
biological process in plants or animals.   It occurs mainly as a component of
minerals in the earth's crust at an average.concentration of 0.18 ppm  (Babich
and Stotzky 1978).  Cadmium levels in soils usually range from approximately
0.01 to 1.8 ppm  (Lagerwerff and'Specht .1970).  in natural fresh waters,
cadmium sometimes occurs at concentrations of less than 0.01 pg/L, but  in
environments impacted by man, concentrations can be several micrograms  per
liter or greater.  Cadmium can enter the environment from various
anthropogenic sources, such as by-products from  zinc refining, coal
combustion, mine wastes, electroplating processes, iron and steel production,
fertilizers and pesticides (Button 1983) .
      The impact of cadmium on aquatic organisms depends on a variety of
possible chemical forms of cadmium (Callahan et  al. 1979), which  might  have
different toxicities and bioconcentration  factors.  In most well  oxygenated
fresh waters that are low in total organic carbon, free divalent  cadmium will
be the predominant form.  Precipitation by carbonate or hydroxide and
formation of soluble complexes by chloride, sulfate, carbonate, and hydroxide
should usually be of little importance.  In salt waters with salinities  from
about 10 to 35 g/kg, cadmium chloride complexes  predominate.  In  both fresh
and salt waters, particulate matter and dissolved organic material may bind a
substantial portion of the cadmium.
      Because of the variety of forms of cadmium (Callahan et al. 1979)  and
lack of definitive information about their relative toxicities, no available
analytical measurement is known to be ideal for  expressing aquatic life
criteria for cadmium.  Previous aquatic  life criteria for cadmium (U.S.  EPA
1980) were expressed in terms of total recoverable cadmium  (U.S.  EPA 1983a),
but this measurement is probably too rigorous in some situations.  More
      1 An understanding of  the'"Guidelines  for  Deriving Numerical National
Water Quality Criteria for  the Protection,of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses"
 (Stephan et al.  1985), hereafter  referred to as the Guidelines, is necessary
in order to understand the  following  text;  tables, and calculations.

-------

recently,  U.S. EPA  (1985) expressed cadmium criteria  as  acid-soluble cadmium
(operationally defined as the cadmium that passes  through a  0.45  ^m membrane
filter after the sample  is acidifie'dr;tb pH =  1.5 to 2.0  with nitric acid).
      The criteria presented herein supersede previous aquatic life water
quality criteria for cadmium  (U.S.- EPA 1976,  1980,  1985,  1995, 1999a)  because
these new criteria were  derived based on the  most .recent literature.   Whenever
adequately justified, a  national criterion may  be  replaced by a site-specific
criterion (U.S. EPA 1994a), which may include not  only site-specific criterion
concentrations  (U.S. EPA 1994b), but also site-specific  durations of averaging
periods and site-specific frequencies of allowed exceedences  (U.S. EPA 1991).
All concentrations  are expressed as cadmium,  not as the  chemical tested.   The
latest literature search for  information for  this  document was conducted in
June, 1999; some newer information was also used.
Acute Toxicitv to Aquatic Animals
      Acceptable  data on the acute  effects  of cadmium in freshwater are
available  for  43  species of invertebrates,  27 species of fish,  one salamander
species, and one  frog species (Table  1).  Although many factors might affect
the results of tests of the toxicity  of  cadmium to aquatic organisms (Sprague
1985),  water quality criteria can quantitatively take into account only
factors for which enough data are available to show that the factor similarly
affects the results of tests with a variety of species.  Hardness is often
thought of as  having a major effect on the  toxicity of cadmium, although the
observed effect may be due to one or  more of a number of usually interrelated
 ions,  such as  hydroxide, carbonate, calcium, and magnesium.  Hardness is used
 here  as a surrogate for the ions which affect the results of toxicity tests on
 cadmium.
       Acute  tests were conducted at three different levels of water hardness
 with Daphnia magma  (Chapman et al.  Manuscript), demonstrating that daphnids
 were at least five  times more sensitive to cadmium in soft than hard water
  (Table 1) .  Data  in Table 1 also indicate that cadmium was more toxic to the
 tubificid worm Limnodrilus hoffmeisteri, Ceriodaphnia reticulata, Daphnia
 pulex, chinook salmon, goldfish., fathead minnow, green sunfish, striped bass
                                        2

-------
and bluegill in soft Chan  in hard water.  Other  species  tested at  different
hardness levels (e.g., rainbow  trout) ,;did.not  show the  same consistent  water
hardness to acute toxicity relationship as discussed above, possibly due  to
differences in the various test conditions.  Carroll et  al. (1979)  found  that
calcium, but not magnesium, reduced the acute" toxicity  of cadmium.
      Other water quality  characteristics could  potentially influence the
toxicity of cadmium to aquatic  species.  Giesy et  al.  (1977)  found that
dissolved organics substantially reduced the toxicity of cadmium to daphnids,
but had little effect on its toxicity to fish.   No consistent relationship
between toxicity and organic particle size was observed.  Development of  the
"biotic ligand model"  (BLM - formerly the "gill  model")  in recent  years has
attempted to better account for the bioavailability of  metals to aquatic  life.
The BLM, which quantifies  the capacity of metals to bind to the gills of
aquatic organisms, can be  used  to calculate  the  bioavailable portion of
dissolved metals in the water column  based on  site-specific water  quality
parameters such as alkalinity,  pH and dissolved  organic carbon (U.S. EPA
1999b).  Future development of  the BLM for cadmium will  help better quantify
the bioavailable fraction  of cadmium.
      A tendency for  increasing resistance to  toxicity  with increasing  size or
age has been reported (Table  1) in the snails, Ami cola sp. (Rehwoldt et  al.
1973) and Physa gyrina  (Wier and Walter  1976), the coho salmon (Chapman 1975),
a-nd the common carp  (Suresh et  al.  (1993) .   No such effect was observed with'
increasing age  (Table 1)  in the cladoceran,  Daphnia magna  (Stuhlbacher  et al.
1993),  the rainbow  trout   (Chapman  1975,  1978), or  in the striped bass (Hughes
1973;  Palawski et al.  1985).  Data are unavailable for  a sufficient number of
species and  life stages  to allow general adjustment of  test results or
criteria on  the basis of  size  or  life stage,   where relationships  were
apparent between  life-stage and sensitivity,  only values for the most
sensitive  life-stage  were considered.
       Currently,  the  primary quantitative correlation used' to modify metal
toxicity estimates  is water hardness (viz.  the USEPA 1984 water quality
 criteria  for cadmium).   Hardness (as calcium or magnesium  ions) almost
 certainly has some direct effect on cadmium £oxicity (e.g. by influencing
                                       3

-------
membrane integrity),  but it also serves as a general surrogate for pH,
alkalinity, and ionic strength, becaus'e waters of higher hardness usually  have
higher pH,  alkalinity, and ionic strength.
      Although past water quality criteria for cadmium  (and other metals)  have
been established upon the loosely defined term of "acid soluble metals,"' U.S.
EPA made the decision to allow the expression.of metal criteria on the  basis
                                              i
of dissolved metal (U.S. EPA 1994), operationally defined as  that metal that'
passes through a 0.45 micron filter.  Because most of the data in existing
databases are from tests that were either nominal concentrations, or provided
only total cadmium measurements, some procedure was required  to estimate their
dissolved equivalents.  U.S. EPA evaluated the data on dissolved-total
relationships from existing data, and then had a number of tests conducted
under conditions  (static, flow-through, fed, and unfed) that  typified standard
acute and chronic toxicity tests from which  criteria are derived.  These
studies were used to  derive conversion  factors  (CFs)  (Stephan 1995; Lussier et
al. 1995; Univ. of Wisconsin-Superior 1995).  For certain metals like cadmium,
these CFs are hardness dependent.
      Based upon the  results of these studies, acute freshwater total cadmium
concentrations were converted  to dissolved concentrations using the factor of
0.97 at a  total hardness level of SO mg/L as CaC03, 0.94 at a total hardness
level of 100 mg/L  as  CaC03r  and 0.92  at  a  total  hardness level of 200  mg/L as
CaC03.   Acute saltwater total cadmium values were converted to dissolved using
the  factor of 0.994.   For the  final  criterion values, conversion from total to
dissolved  was used because hardness  relationships were  established based upon
total cadmium concentrations as this minimized  the  number of  conversions
required,  and because of the uncertainty  of  the  conversion factor  in  tests
 reporting  acute  toxicity at higher cadmium concentrations.   In cases  where
only dissolved cadmium was  reported  in  freshwater,  conversion to total  used
 the  same  appropriate  factor.
      To  account for  the apparent  relationship  of  cadmium acute  toxicity  to
 hardness,  an analysis of covariance  (Dixon and  Brown 1979; .Neter and  Wasserman
 1974)  as  noted in the guidelines  (Stephan 1985}  was performed using the
 Statistical Analysis  System.(SAS line.,  Cary, NO  software program  to  calculate

-------
the pooled slope for hardness using the natural  logarithm of the.acute value
as the dependent variable, species as the treatment  or grouping variable, and
the natural logarithm of hardness as the covariate or independent variable.
The pooled slope is a regression slope from  a pooled data set,  where  every
variable is adjusted relative to it's mean. . The species  are adjusted
separately, then pooled for a single conventional least squares regression
analysis.  The slope of the regression line  is the best estimate of the
all-species relationship between toxicity and hardness,   with analysis of
covariance, different species will be weighted relative to the  number of data
points they have.  In this case, the fathead minnow  has 29 data points out of
the total of.69, and the next most frequent  species  has just 6  data points.
      This analysis of covariance model was  fit  to the data in  Table  1 for the
10 species for which definitive acute values are available over a range of
hardness such that the highest hardness is at least  three times the lowest,
and the highest is also at least 100 mg/L higher than the lowest (other
species in Table 1 either did not meet these criteria or  did not show any
hardness-toxicity trend due to differences in exposure methods,  species age,
etc.).  For D. magna, only acute toxicity tests  that were initiated with less
than 24-hr old neonates were used to estimate the hardness slope.  For the
striped bass, the data from Rehwoldt et al.  (1972) were not used because the
data were too divergent.  The slopes for all 10  species ranged  from 0.1720 to
1.535, and the pooled slope for these 10 species was 0.9931 (see Table Ib) .
An F-test was used to test whether a model, with  separate  species slopes for
each species gives significantly better fit  to the data than the model with
parallel slopes.  This test showed that the  separate slopes'model is  not
significantly better, and therefore the slopes are not significantly  different
than the overall pooled slope  (P=0.66).  The slopes  and confidence intervals
associated with the  10 species  indicated that D. magna (all available data)
had a very flat slope and a  large confidence interval (and large standard
error).  If  only  the D. magna data from Chapman  et al. (Manuscript) were used,
the resultant D.  magna slope was  1.1324, with smaller confidence intervals
than  for the all  D.  magna slope.   If this  reduced data set is used (all
species  but  using only data  from  Chapman et  al.  (Manuscript) for D. magna),

-------
 the pooled slope for these-species was 1.2049 (see Table Ib).  The test for
 equality of the 10 slopes using the reduced data set (all species but only
 Chapman D.  magna data)  produced P=0.99.  It therefore is,reasonable to assume
 that the slopes for these 10 species are the same, and that the overall slope
                                                                    '  ,'  •
 is a -reasonable- estimate of the average relationship between hardness.and
-toxicity.   Either'p value indicated that it was reasonable to assume that the
 slopes were the same,  however, the second model'was considered the better
                                             t
 model  and was therefore selected.  The pooled slope of 1.2049 is close to the
 slope  of 1.0 that is expected on the basis that cadmium, calcium, magnesium,
 and carbonate all have a charge of two.  A plot of the acute effect level
 (EC50  or LC50)  versus total hardness is provided in Figure 1.
       The potential for a back-transformation bias associated with the
 hardness slope adjustment has been noted by Newman (1991).   However,  the bias
 discussed by the author reviews bias for single species in least squares
 regression, rather than ANCOVA used here, so it is not clear how biases may
 accumulate (or cancel)  with combined,species and a combined slope.
       The pooled slope of 1.2049 was used to adjust the freshwater acute
 values in Table 1 to hardness a so mg/L,' except where it was not possible
 because no hardness was reported.  Species Mean Acute Values (SMAV) were
 calculated as geometric means of the adjusted acute values.  As stated in the
 guidelines (Stephen 1985),  flow-through measured study data are given
 preference over rion-flow-through data for a particular species.  In certain
 cases  flow-through measured results were available,  yet preference was given
 to the sensitive life stage for certain species in calculating SMAVs.  Only
 data from Chapman (1975) were used for coho salmon'and only data from Rehwoldt
 et al. (1972) were used for the common carp to avoid using test results from
 studies in which the life stage tested is known to be less sensitive, or in
 which the life stage tested is unreported and the' higher LCSOs may be due
 primarily to the use of less sensitive life stages.   The available acute
 values for U. imbecilis, striped bass and brook trout covered a wide range.
 The data for Palawski et al.  (1985) were used for striped bass because they
 were considered better data than those given in U.S.  EPA (1985),  although  the
 data from Hughes (1973) support:Jthe newer data^   Only some of the Keller

-------
unpublished data were used to calculate the SMAV for  U.  intbecilis.  The  data
for. brook trout were not used in the calculation of the  Final Acute Value.
Drumraond and Benoit  (Manuscript) reported that stress greatly affected the
sensitivity of brook trout to cadmium.
      The SMAV for freshwater invertebrates ranged from  12.00 ng/l> total
cadmium for the mussel, Anodonca coupierana to 78,579 ^g/L total  cadmium for
the midge, Chironomus riparius.  Of the fish  species  tested, the  brown trout,
Salmo tructa, had the lowest SMAV of 1.656 fig/L total cadmium,  and the
tilapia, Oreochromis mossambica, recorded the highest fish SMAV of 11,861 iig/L
total cadmium.  As indicated by the data, both invertebrate and fish  species
display a wide range of sensitivities to cadmium.
      Fish species represent eight of the nine most sensitive species to
cadmium (Table 3).  Salmonids  (Salmo truCta,  Oncorhynchus kisutch,
Oncorhynchus mykiss, and Oncorhynchus tsnawytscha) are four of  the five  most
sensitive species listed in Table 1, and thus are more sensitive  to cadmium
than any other freshwater animal species thus far tested (Chapman 1975,  1978,
1982; Cusimano et al. 1986; Davies et al. 1993; Finlayson and Verrue  1982;
Phipps and Hoicombe  1985; Spehar and Carlson  1984a,b).   The mussel, Anodonta
coupierana, is the sixth most  sensitive species to cadmium, and thus  the most
sensitive invertebrate species  tested thus far  (Keller Unpublished).
      Genus Mean Acute Values  (GMAV) at a hardness of SO mg/L were then
calculated  (Table 3) as geometric means of the available freshwater Species
Mean Acute Values and ranked.   Of the 59 genera for which acute values are
available, the most  sensitive  genus, Salmo,  is over 47,451 times  more
sensitive than the most resistant,  Chironomus.  The first through fourth most
sensitive genera  (and a total  n of  59 were considered) in the computation of
the final acute value.  Because there are  59  GMAVs, the  four lowest GMAVs were
selected  as being closest  to the  fifth percentile of  toxicity,  even though  the
second  through the sixth values were also  equally as  close to the fifth
percentile.   The  sensitivity of these  four most sensitive genera  are  within a
factor  of 7.2, and except  for  the fourth genus  (Anodonca), all  are fish. Of
the  ten most.sensitive genera,  seven  are  fish, one  is a  mussel, one is a
cladoceran,  and  one  is a  bryozoan (Figure  2;  Table  3).   Hardness-adjusted
                                       7

-------
acuce values are available for more than one species  in  10 genera,  and the
range of SMAVs within each genus is less than a  factor of 4.0  for eight of the
10 genera.  The ninth genus, Ptychocheilus. has  two SMAVs that differ by a
factor of 146, possibly due to differences  in the  test conditions between
species.  The tenth genus, Morons, has SMAVs that  differ*by  a  factor of 2,954,
but only the most sensitive species was used because  the two species values
are too divergent to use for the genus value.   ;-',.
      The freshwater Final Acute Value  (FAV) for total cadmium at a hardness
of 50 mg/L was calculated to be 5.995 ng/l>  total cadmium from  the Genus Mean
Acute Values in Table 3 using the procedure described in the Guidelines.  The
Species Mean Acute Values for four salmonids and the  striped bass are lower,
but the acute value for the brown trout and striped bass are from static
tests, whereas flow-through measured tests  have  been  conducted with the
remaining .three salmonid species.  The  freshwater  Final  Acute  Value for total
cadmium at a hardness of 50 mg/L was lowered to  4.296 ^g/L to  protect the
important rainbow trout  (Table 3).  This value  is  above  the  SMAV of 1.656 M9/&
for the brown trout and 2.535 for striped bass,  but below all  other SMAVs
listed  in Table 3  (Figure 2).  The resultant freshwater  Criterion Maximum
Concentration  (CMC) at a hardness of 50 mg/L for total cadmium (in j«g/L) =
eU.205(ln(hardnesS}]-3.949)_   If the CMC baged Qn  total cadmiura values  is
converted to  dissolved cadmium using the 0.97  factor  at  a hardness of 50 mg/L.
determined by EPA  (Stephan  1995;  Lussier et al.  1995; Univ.  of Wisconsin-
Superior  199S), the freshwater CMC for  dissolved cadmium, (in M9/L)  = 0.97
 [e (1.205 (in (hardness)] -3.949), _  ThuSj the 2 . t Mg/L CMC  for digsoived  cadmium at
a hardness  of 50 mg/L  is below all of  the  SMAVs but  the  brown  trout presented
in Table  3  (Figure 2).
       Tests  of  the acute  toxicity of  cadmium  to saltwater  organisms have been
conducted with 50  species  of invertebrates  and 11  species  of fish  (Table 1}.
 The SMAVs for saltwater invertebrate  species  range from 41.29  ^ig/L for a mysid
 to 133,000 /ug/L for an oligochaete worm (Tables 1  and 3).   The acute values
 for saltwater polychaetes range  from 200  ng/L for Capitella capicata to 14,100
      for Neanches arenaceodentata (Reish and LeMay 1991),  but  the larvae of C.

-------
capitata are 38 times more  sensitive  than  the  adults.   Saltwater molluscs have
Species Mean Acute Values from  227.9  /ug/L  for  the  Pacific oyster to 19,170
Mg/L for the mud snail.
      Frank and Robertson  (1979)  reported  that the acute toxicity to juvenile
blue crabs was related  to salinity.   The 96-hr LCSOs were 320,  4,700,  and
11,600 M9/L at salinities of  1,  15, and 35 g/kg, respectively.   The LC50 at
the very low salinity is in Table 6 and was not used in deriving criteria.
Studies with Americsuaysia bahia (formerly  Mysidopsis bahia)  by Gentile et al.
(1982) and Nimmo et al.  (1977a)  also  support a relationship between salinity
and the acute toxicity  of cadmium.  O'Hara (1973a)  investigated the effect of
temperature and salinity on the toxicity of cadmium to the fiddler crab.  The
LCSOs at 20°C were 32,300,   46,600, and 37,000  ^g/L  at  salinities of  10, 20,
and 30 g/kg, respectively.  Increasing the temperature from 20 to 30°C lowered
the LC50 at all salinities  tested.  Toudal and Riisgard (1987)  reported that
increasing the temperature  from 13 to 21°C at  a salinity of  20  g/kg  also
lowered the LCSO value  of cadmium to  the copepod,  Acartia tonsa.
      Saltwater fish species  were generally more resistant to cadmium than
freshwater fish species with  SMAVs ranging from 75.0 uglli for the striped bass
(at a salinity of  1 g/kg) to  50,000 j/g/L for the sheepshead minnow.   In a
study of the interaction of dissolved oxygen and salinity on the acute
toxicity of cadmium to  the  mummichog, Voyer  (1975)  found that the 96-hr LCSO
at a temperature of 18-20°C and a salinity of  32 g/kg was about one-half what
it was at 10 and 20 g/kg.   Sensitivity of  the  mummichog to acute cadmium
poisoning was not  influenced  by reduction  in dissolved oxygen concentration to
4 mg/L.  This increase  in  toxicity with  increasing salinity conflicts with
other data reported  in  Tables 1 and  6.
      Of the 54 saltwater genera for  which acute values are available, the
most  sensitive, Americamysis, is 3,270 times more  sensitive than the most
resistant, Monopylephorus   (Table 3) .  Acute values are available for more than
one species  in  each  of  seven genera,  and the  range of Species Mean Acute
Values within each genus  is no more  than a factor  of 3.6 for six of the seven
genera.  The  seventh genus, Crassostrea,  has two SMAVs that differ by a factor?
of  16.7, possibly  due to different exposure conditions between species. Only

-------
the data from Reish et al.  (1976) were used  for  Capitella  eapitata, only  data
from Martin et al. (1981) and Nelson et al.  (1976) were used  for Mytilus
edulis, only data from Sullivan et al.  (1983) were used for Buryte/nora
affinis, only data from Cripe (1994) were used for Penaeus- duorarum,  and  only
data from Park et al. (1994) were used for Rivulus mazmorat'us to avoid  using
test results from studies in which the life  stage tested is known  to  be less
sensitive or in which the life stage tested  is unreported  and the  higher  LCSOs
may be due primarily to the use of less sensitive life stages.  The
sensitivities of the four most sensitive genera  differed by a factor  of 2.7,
which includes two myaids, the striped bass  and  the American  lobster.
      The saltwater Final Acute Value for total  cadmium calculated from the
Genus Mean Acute Values in Table 3 is 80.55  f^g/L.  This Filial Acute Value is
below the SMAV for the mysid, Mysidopsis bigelowi  (110 M9/L) ,  but  is
aproximately three percent above the American lobster  (78  pg/lt), approximately
seven percent higher than the striped bass  (75.0 jj.g/1,) , and approximately 95
percent above the SMAV for the mysid, Americamysis bahia  (41.29 ^g/L,
geometric mean of two flow-through measured  tests}.  The resultant saltwater
Criterion Maximum Concentration  (CMC) for total  cadmium is 40.28 pg/L (FAV/2
or 80.55 ^g/L/2).  If the total cadmium CMC  is converted to dissolved cadmium
using the 0.994  factor determined experimentally by EPA, the  saltwater  CMC for
dissolved cadmium is 40.03 jug/L- The resultant 40.03 ug/L  CMC for  dissolved
cadmium is below all of the saltwater SMAVs  presented  in Table 3  (Figure  3).
Chronic Toxicitv to Aquatic Animals
      Acceptable chronic toxicity tests have  been conducted on cadmium  in
freshwater with 21 species, including seven invertebrates  and 14  fishes in  16
genera.   Several related values are in Table  6.   Among the unused values in
Table 6,  a 21-day Daphnia magna test in which the test concentrations were  not
measured, Biesinger and Christensen  (1972) found a 16  percent reduction in
reproduction at 0.17 jug/L.  Bertram and Hart  (1979)  and Ingersoll and Winner
 (1982)  found chronic toxicity to Daphnia pulex at less than 1 and 10 ^g/L,
respectively.  The 200-hr LC10 of 0.7'^g/L obtained  with rainbow  trout  (Table
6)  by Chapman (1978) probably would be close  to  the  result of an  early  life-
                                      10

-------
stage test because of the extent to which various  life stages were
investigated.  Effects on other salmonids and  many invertebrates  have  been   ,
observed at 5 M9/L or less  (Table 6) .  These species  include decomposers
(Giesy 1978) , protozoans  (Fernandez-Leborans and Noville-Villajes 1993;
Niederlehner et al. 1985), Ceriodaphnia duJbia  (Winner 1988; Zuiderveen and
airge 1997), D. magna (Enserink et al. 1993; Winner and whitford  1987),
zooplankton  (Lawrence and Holoka 1987), crayfish (Thorp et al.  1979),
amphipods  (Borgmann et al. 1991; Phipps et al.  1995),  copepods  and  annelids
(Giesy et al. 1979), midges  (Anderson et al. 1980), and mayflies  (Spehar et
al. 1978) .
      An acceptable C. dubia seven-day static -renewal toxicity  teat was
conducted by Jop et al.  (1995) using reconstituted soft laboratory  water.  The
<24-hr old neonates were exposed to 1, 5, 10,  19 and  41 M9/L measured  cadmium
concentrations in addition to a laboratory water control at 25'C.   The NOEC
and LOEC were 10 and 19 ^g/L cadmium, respectively, with a resultant chronic
value of 1.4 Mg/L cadmium  (Table 2).
      The effects of water hardness on the toxicity of cadmium  to D. magna was
evaluated by Chapman et al.  (Manuscript) under static-renewal conditions at  a
temperature of 20 ±2"C.  As part of the experimental  design, the  total
hardness level was adjusted  to either 53, 103  or 209  mg/L (as CaCOj) in three
distinct tests.  Daphnids were individually exposed to six measured cadmium
concentrations  (exposures ranged from 0.15 to  22.1 A*g/L cadmium among  the
three tests) and a control  (0.08 A*g/L cadmium)  for 21 days.  Based  on  an
analysis of variance hypothesis testing procedure,  they reported  reproductive
(mean number of young per adult) chronic values of 0,1523, 0.2117 and  0.4371
Mg/L cadmium at hardness  levels of  S3, 103 and 209 mg/L,  respectively  (Table
2) .  These  same data were also subjected to a  regression analysis procedure,
whereby  the 20 percent reproductive  (mean number of young per adult)
inhibition concentration  (IC20) was estimated  for  each hardness level.   The
resultant  IC20 values were  0.07, 0.23 and 0.33 M9/L cadmium for the 53,  103
and 209  mg/L hardness  levels, respectively.  Overall,  the results obtained by
the two  different  procedures are similar.
      The  effect of  cadmium on  the  reproduction strategy of D.  magna was
                                       11

-------
investigated by Bodar et al.  (1988b).  After a 25-day exposure of  the  12 ± 12-
hr old neonates to .0  (control), 0.5, 1.0, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 50 pq/L  cadmium
at 20 ± 1°C,  the authors compared the survival, number of neonates per female,
first day of reproduction and neonate size of the cadmium exposures  to the
                                                         -.„
controls.  The 25-day reproductive NOEC was 5.0 ^g/L cadmium, and  the  . - .
reproductive LOEC was 10.0 ^g/L cadmium.  However, • a more sensitive  endpoint
was the length of the 5th and 6th broods  of neonates;  where the 25-day NOEC and
LOEC were estimated to be 0.5 and 1.0 t*g/L cadmium, respectively.  The
resultant chronic value was  0.7071 ng/L cadmium  (Table 2).  .
      Borgman et al.  (1989)  also investigated the effect of cadmium  on.D.
magna reproduction.  The 21-day static-renewal test was  conducted  at 20°C
using measured exposure concentrations of 0.22  (control), 1.86,  4.10,  7.78 and
22.9 Mg/L cadmium.  Reproduction was significantly reduced at the  lowest
measured exposure concentration of  1.86 ^g/L cadmium.  Thus,  the reproductive
NOSC and LOEC were <1.86 and 1.86 Mg/k cadmium,  respectively, with a chronic
value of <1.86 Mg/L cadmium (Table  2),
      Brown et al.  (1994) exposed 270-day old  rainbow  trout  to  cadmium under
flow-through conditions for 65 weeks using borehole water with  a total
hardness of 250 mg/L  (as CaC03) .  Mean cadmium concentrations during the
exposure of adult  fish were 0.47  (control), 1.77, 3.39 and 5.48 pg/L.  After
65  weeks of exposure, the three  most mature males and  females were selected •
from each  treatment,  anesthetized and striped  of their gametes  when  possible,
with the milt and  ova combined in a bucket.  The fertilized  eggs from each
treatment  group were  then divided  into  four approximately equal-sized
subsamples and exposed  for  seven weeks  in 30-liter  aquaria under flow-through
conditions to nominal concentrations of  0 (control),  2,0, 5.0 and  8.0 ^g/L
cadmium.   Second generation fry development was  significantly affected when
 the parents were exposed 1.77 ^g/L  cadmium, but  not  when exposed to  0.47  M9/L
 cadmium.   However,  second generation embryo  survival  for all groups  was  less
 than 60 percent,  which may have influenced the fry  development  effect levels.
 A more representative endpoint was  the  ability of  the first  generation adults
 to reach sexual maturity,  with a statistically derived NOEC  and LOEC of  3.39
 ami 5.48 ng/L cadmium.   The  resultant  chronic value was  4.310 Mg/L cadmium
                                       12

-------
(Table 2).
      Brown et al.  (1994) also exposed two-year old brown  trout  to  cadmium
under flow-through conditions for 95 weeks using the same  borehole  water.
Mean cadmium concentrations during the exposure of adult fish were  0.27
(control),  5.13, 9.34 and 29.1 /ig/L.  After  60 weeks of exposure, the  three
most mature males and females were selected  from each  treatment,  anesthetized
and striped of their gametes, with the milt  and ova combined in  a bucket.  The
fertilized eggs from each.treatment group were then divided into four
approximately equal-sized subsamples and exposed for SO days in  30-liter
aquaria under flow-through conditions to cadmium concentrations  similar  to
those in which the parents were  exposed.  After the 90 week exposure,  the
survival NOEC and LOEC were 9.34 and 29.1 A*g/L cadmium, respectively,  with a
resultant chronic value  of 16.49 pg/l cadmium (Table 2).
      A  32-day fathead minnow early life stage toxicity test was conducted by
Spehar and Fiandt  (1986) under flow-through  conditions using sand filtered
Lake Superior dilution water  (Table 2).  They reported a chronic value of 10.0
,ug/L cadmium, which when coupled with their  96-hour LC50 of 13.2 ^g/L  cadmium,
gives an acute-chronic ratio of  1.320.
      Cope et al.  (1994) examined  the sublethal responses  of juvenile
bluegills exposed to cadmium under flow-through conditions at  an average total
hardness of  134 mg/L  (as CaCO3)  and temperature of 21.7"C.   The  fish were
exposed  to a control  (0.02 Mg/L  cadmium)  and seven measured cadmium
concentrations  that ranged from  2.8  to  32.3  f^g/L.  At  the  end  of the 23-day
test, test fish survival or  growth was  not adversely  affected,  resulting in a
NOSC of  >32.3 Mg/L cadmium and a chronic value  of  >32.3 t^g/l> cadmium (Table
2) .
       Ingersoll and Kemble  (unpublished)  investigated the  chronic toxicity of
cadmium to the  amphipod Hyaleila azteca.   The organisms  were exposed under
 flow-through measured conditions at a mean temperature of  23°C and a total
 hardness of 280 mg/L (as CaCO,) , and a  3-m nylon mesh  substrate  was provided
 during the test.   The seven- to eight-day old amphipods were exposed to water
 only mean total cadmium concentrations of 0.10 (control),  0.12,  0.31,  0.51,
 2.0 and 3.5 t^g/L for 42 days.   The most sensitive endpoint was survival, with
                                       13

-------
an NOEC and LOEC of 0.5 and 2.0 ng/lt cadmium, respectively, after both 28 and
42 days of exposure.  The resultant chronic value was  1.000 ,ug/L total cadmium
(Table 2) .
      Ingersoll and Kemble  (unpublished) also exposed  the midge Chironamus
tentans to cadmium under the same conditions listed  above for  the amphipod,
except that a thin 5 ml layer of sand was provided as  a  substrate.  The <24-hr
old larvae were exposed to water only mean measured  total cadmium
concentrations of 0.15  (control), O.SO, 1.5, 3.1, 5.8  and IS. 4 ^g/L for 20
days.  The mean weight, biomass, percent emergence and percent hatch endpoints
all had 20-day NOEC and LOEC values of 5 . 8 and  16.4  £tg/L cadmium, respectively
(Table 2).  The resultant chronic value was 9.753 ^g/L total cadmium.
      Chronic values are available over a wide  range of  hardness for two
species (Table 2) .  To account for the apparent relationship of cadmium
chronic toxicity to hardness, an analysis of covariance  (same  as the analysis
performed on the acute data) was performed to calculate  the pooled slope for
hardness using the natural  logarithm of the chronic  value as the dependent
variable, species as the treatment or grouping  variable, and the natural
logarithm of hardness as the cpvariate or independent  variable.  This analysis
of covariance model was fit to the data in Table 2 for the two species for
which definitive chronic values are available over a range of  hardness such
that the highest hardness is at least three times the  lowest,  and the highest
is also at least  100 mg/L higher than the lowest (other  species in Table 2
either did not meet these criteria or did not show any hardness -toxicity trend
probably due to differences in exposure methods, species age,  etc.).  The
slopes for the two species  ranged from 0.9786 to 1.003,  and the pooled slope
for  these two species was 0.9917  (Table 2b) .  A plot of  the chronic effect
level versus total hardness is provided in Figure 4.
      The slope of  0.9917 was used to adjust each chronic value to a hardness
of  50 mg/L.  Generally, , replicate adjusted chronic values for  a species agreed
well,  as did values  for species within a genus. The two values for Atlantic
salmon are very different,  but one agrees well  with  the  value  for the other
 tested species  in the  same  genus.  Twenty-one Species  Mean Chronic Values^ were
 then calculated,  and from  these,  the sixteen Genus Mean  Chronic Values were
                                       14

-------
calculated and ranked  (Table  3b).
      A freshwater Final Chronic Value was  calculated from the sixteen Genus
Mean Chronic Values using  the procedure used  to calculate a Final Acute Value.
This approach seemed appropriate since a number of  chronic tests have been
conducted with a large variety of species.  Thus,' the freshwater Final Chronic
Value for total cadmium is 0.0861 M9/L at a hardness of SO mg/L, and the Final
Chronic Value  (in M9/D =  e(0-9917Cln(hardness) ]-6-332) .  For dissolved cadmium,
the Final Chronic value is 0.0809 M9/L  (0.94  x 0.0861 Mg/L)  at a hardness of
50 mg/L, or = 0.94  te«J-99"fln«"]-«-»2>]  .  At a hardness of  50 mg/L,  all
Genus Mean Chronic Values  are above the dissolved Final Chronic Value (Figure
5) .
      Another option for calculating the Final Chronic Value is to use the
Final Acute-Chronic Ratio  in  conjunction with the Final Acute Value.   However,
the acute-chronic ratios ranged  from 0.9021 for the chinook salmon to 433.8
for the flagfish  (greater  than a factor of  ten),  with other values scattered
throughout this range  (Tables 2c and 3).  These ratios do not seem to follow
any of the patterns  (Table 3) recommended in  the guidelines,  and so it does
not seem reasonable to use a  freshwater Final Acute-Chronic Ratio to calculate
a Final Chronic Value.
      Three chronic toxicity  tests have been  conducted with the saltwater
invertebrate, Americamysis Jbahia, formerly  classified as Mysidopsis bahia
(Table 2).  Nimmo et al.  (1977a) conducted  a  23-day life-cycle test at 20 to
28"C and salinity of 15 to 23 g/kg.  Survival was 10 percent  at 10.6  Mg/L,  84
percent at the next lower  test concentration  of 6.4 Mg/L, and 95 percent in
the controls.  No unacceptable effects were observed at 6.4 Mg/L or any lower
concentration.  The chronic toxicity limits,  therefore, are 6.4 and 10.6 Mg/L,
with a chronic value of  8.237 M9/L.  The  96-hr LC50 was 15.5 Mg/L,  resulting
in an acute-chronic ratio  of  1.882.
      Another  life-cycle  test was conducted on cadmium with Americamysis bahia
under different environmental conditions,  including a constant temperature of
21°C and salinity of 30 g/kg  (Gentile et al.  1982;  Lussier et al.  Manuscript).
All organisms  died  in  28  days at 23 M9/L.   At 10 Mg/L a series of
                                       15

-------
morphological abberations occurred at the onset of sexual maturity.  External
genitalia in males were abberant, females failed to develop brood pouches, and
both sexes developed a carapace malformation that prohibited molting after the
release of the initial brood.  Although initial reproduction at this
concentration was successful, successive broods could not be born because
molting resulted in death.  No malformations or effects on initial or
successive reproductive processes were noted in the controls or at 5.1
Thus, the chronic limits for this study are 5.1 and 10 ,ug/L for a chronic
value of 7.141 Mg/L-  The LC50 at 21*C and salinity of 30 g/kg was 110
which results in an acute-chronic ratio of  15.40  from  this study.
      These two studies showed excellent agreement between the chronic values
but considerable divergence between the acute values and acute-chronic ratios.
Several studies have demonstrated an increase in  acute toxicity of  cadmium
with decreasing salinity and increasing temperature  (Table S) .  The observed
differences in acute toxicity to the mysids might be explained on this basis.
Nimmo et al.  (1977a) conducted their acute  test at 20.  to 28°C and salinity of
15 to 23 g/kg, whereas the other test was performed at 21°C and salinity of  30
g/kg.
      A third Americamysis bahia chronic study was conducted  by Carr  et al.
 (1985) at  a salinity of 30 g/kg, but the temperature varied from 14 to 26°C
over the 33 day study.  At test termination,  >50  percent of the organisms  had
died. in cadmium exposures *8 ptg/L.  After 18 days of exposure, growth in the 4
pg/L treatment group, the lowest exposure concentration was significantly
reduced when  compared to the controls.  The resultant  chronic limits  for this
study  are  <4  and 4  pig/L cadmium.  Acute data were not  presented by  the
authors.   The lower chronic value observed  for this study as  compared to the
 two  studies described above may have been due to  unexpected temperature
 fluctuations  over  the study period  (mechanical problems) .
       Gentile, et  al .  (1982) also conducted a life-cycle test with  another
 mysid,  Mysidopsis  bigelowi, and the  results were  very  similar to those for A.
 bahia.   Thus, the  chronic value was  7.141 ng/L and  the acute-chronic  ratio was
 15.40.
       Because they covered  such a wide  range,  it  would be inappropriate to use
                                       16

-------
any of the available freshwater acute-chronic ratios  in the calculation of the
saltwater Final Chronic Value.  The two saltwater species for which acute-
chronic ratios are available  (Table 3} have Species Mean Acute Values in the
same range as the saltwater Final Acute Value, and so it seems reasonable to
use the geometric mean of these two ratios.  When the saltwater Final Acute
Value of 80.55 M9/L is divided by the mean acute-chronic ratio of 9.106, a
saltwater Final Chronic Value of 8.846 ;ig/L is obtained, or 8.793
dissolved cadmium {0.994 x 8.846 /zg/L) .
Toxicitv to Aquatic Plants
      Thirty-three acceptable tests are available  with  freshwater plant
species exposed to cadmium which lasted from  4  to  28  days  (Table 4).  Growth
reduction was the major toxic effect observed with freshwater aquatic plants,
and several values are in the range of concentrations causing chronic effects
on animals.  The influence that plant growth  media might have had on the
toxicity tests in unknown, but is probably minor at least  in the case of
Conway  (1978) who used a medium patterned after natural Lake Michigan water.
Because the lowest toxicity values for fish and invertebrate species are  lower
than  the lowest values for plants, water quality criteria  which protect
freshwater animals should also protect freshwater  plants.
      Toxicity values are available for five  species of saltwater diatoms and
two species of macroalgae  (Table 4).  Concentrations causing fifty  percent
reductions in the growth rates of diatoms  range from 60 ng/L for Oitylum
brightvelli to  22,390 Mg/L  for Phaeodaccylum cricornutum,  the most  resistant
to cadmium.  The brown macroalga  (kelp) exhibited  mid-range sensitivity to
cadmium, with an ECSO of  860  pg/1*.  The most sensitive  saltwater plant tested
was the red alga,  Champia parvula,  with  significant reductions  in the growth
of both the  tetrasporophyte plant  and female plant occurring at 22.8 Mg/L.
This  plant  is more  resistant  than  the chronically most  sensitive animal
 species tested.   Therefore,  water  quality criteria for cadmium that protect
 saltwater animals  should also protect saltwater plants.
                                       17

-------
Bioaccumulation
      Bioconcentration  factors  (BCFs)  for cadmium  in  fresh water (Table 5)
range from 3 for brook  trout muscle  (Benoit et al.  1976)  to 6,910 for the soft
tissue of the snail  Viviparus georgianus  (Tessier  et  al.  1994b).   Usually,
fish accumulate only small amounts of  cadmium in .muscle as compared to most
other tissues and organs  (Benoit et  al. 1976; Sangalang and Freemen 1979).
Also, cadmium residues  in fish  reach steady-state  only after exposure periods
greatly exceeding 28 days {Benoit et al. 1976; Sangalang  and Freeman 1979}.
Daphnia magna, and presumably other  invertebrates  of  about this  size or
smaller, often reach steady-state within a few days  (Poldoski 1979).   Cadmium
accumulated by fish  from water  is eliminated slowly  (Benoit et al.  1976:
Kumada et al. 1980), but Kumada, et  al. (1980) found  that cadmium accumulated
from food is eliminated much more rapidly.  If all variables,  except
temperature, were kept  the same, Tessier et al. (I994a) found that  increased
exposure temperatures generally increased the soft tissue bioconcentration
factor observed for  the snail,  Viviparus -georgianus,  but  not for  the mussel,
Elliptic complanata.  Poldoski  (1979)  reported that humic acid decreased  the
uptake of cadmium by Daphnia magna,  but winner (1984)  did not find  any effect.
Ramamoorthy and Blumhagen (1984) reported that fulvic  and humic acids
increased uptake of  cadmium by  rainbow trout.
      The only BCF reported for a saltwater fish is a  value of 48 from a 21-
day exposure of the mummichog (Table 6).  However,  among  ten species  of
invertebrates, the BCFs range from 22  to 3,160 for whole  body and from S to
2,040 for muscle (Table 5).   The highest BCF was reported for the polychaete,
Ophryotrocha diad&na (Klockner  1979).  Although a  BCF  of  3,160 was  attained
after sixty-four days exposure  using the renewal technique,  tissue  residues
had not reached steady-state.
      BCFs for four  species of  saltwater bivalve molluscs  range from  113 for
the blue mussel (George and Coombs 1977) to 2,150  for  the  eastern oyster
(Zaroogian and Cheer 1976).   In addition,  the range of reported BCFs  is rather
large for some individual species.   BCFs for the oyster include 149 and 677
(Table 6) as well as 1,220,  1,830 and  2,150 (Table 5).  Similarly,  two studies
with the bay scallop resulted in BCFs  of 168 (Eisler et al.  1972) and  2,040
                                       18

-------
(Pesch and Stewart 1980) and three studies with the blue mussel reported BCFs
of 113, 306, and 710  (Tables 5 and 6).  George and Coombs  (1977)  studied the
importance of metal speciation on cadmium accumulation in  the  soft  tissues of
Mytilus edulzs.  Cadmium complexed as Cd-EDTA, Cd-alginate, Cd-humate,  and Cd-
pectate (Table 6) was bioconcentrated at twice the rate of inorganic cadmium
(Table 5).  Because bivalve molluscs usually do not reach  steady-state,
comparisons between species may be difficult and the length of exposure may be
the major determinant in the size of the BCF.
      BCFs  for five species of saltwater crustaceans range from 22  to  307 for
whole body  and from 5 to 25 for muscle  (Tables 5 and fi).   Nimmo et  al.  (1977b)
reported whole-body BCFs of 203 and  307 for two species of grass  shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio and  P.  vulgaris.  Vernberg et al.  (1977) reported a factor
of 140 for  P. pugio at  2S°C (Table 6), whereas Pesch and Stewart  (1980)
reported a  BCF of 22  for the -game  species exposed at 10°C, indicating  that
temperature might be  an important  variable.  The commercially  important
crustaceans, the pink shrimp and  lobster, were not  effective bioaccumulators
of cadmium  with  factors of 57  for whole body and 25  for muscle,  respectively
 (Tables 5 and  6).
       Mallard  ducks are a  native  wildlife  species whose chronic  sensitivity to
cadmium has been studied.   These  birds  can  be expected to ingest  many  of  the
freshwater  and saltwater plants  and animals listed  in  Table  4.  White  and
Finley (1978a,b) and  White et  al.  (1978)  found  significant damage at a cadmium
concentration  of 200  mg/kg in food for 90  days.  Di Giulio and Scanlon (1984)
 found significant  effects  on energy metabolism  at  450  mg/kg,  but not at 150
mg/kg.  These  are  concentrations which would cause  damage to mallard ducks.
More recent information may be available,  but these data would not have been
 identified during  the literature search conducted for this update.
       The bioaccumulation data provided in this document is  for information
 purposes only.  Calculation of a Final Residue Value for cadmium will  not be
 presented at this time.

 Other Data
       A number of the values in Table 6 have already been discussed,   when
                                        19

-------
possible, the freshwater acute effect concentration  has  been  adjusted  to a
hardness of 50 using the pooled slope.  Cadmium-binding  proteins were  isolated
from Amoeba proteus  (Al-atia, 197B, 1980) and  rainbow trout  (Roberts et al.
1979) .   The cumulative mortality resulting from  exposure to cadmium for more
than 96 hours is clearly evident from the studies  with phytoplankton  (Findlay
                 •                                .•'*?•
et al.  1996; Fargasova 1993), duckweed  (Outridge 1992),  protozoa  (Niederlehner
1985),  zooplankton  (Lawrence and Holoka  (1987) ,  snails (Spehar  et al.  1978),
zebra mussels (Kraak et al. 1992), crayfish  (Thorp et al.  1979),
macroinvertebrates  (Giesy et al . 1979), polychaetes  (Reish et al. 1976),
bivalve molluscs, crabs, and starfish  (Eisler  and  Hennekey 1977), scallops,
shrimp, and crabs  (Pesch and Stewart 1980),  and  a  mysid  (Gentile et al. 1982;
Nimmo et al. 1977a) .
      Nimmo et al.  (1977a) in studies with the mysid,  Americamysis bahia,
reported a 96-hr LC50 of 15.5 ng/L (Table 1) and a 17-day LC50  of 11 ^g/L
(Table 6) at 25 to 28°C and salinity of 15 to 23 g/kg.   In another series of
studies with this mysid  (Gentile et al . 1982), the 96-hr LC50 was 110  f^g/'L
(Table 1) and the 16-day LC50 was 2B ^g/L  (Table 6)  at 20  °C  and salinity of
30g/kg.  These data suggest that short-term  acute  toxicity might be strongly
influenced by environmental variables, whereas long-term effects, even
mortality, are not.
      Considerable information exists concerning the effect of  salinity and
temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium.  Unfortunately, the conditions
and durations of exposure are so different that  adjustment of acute toxicity
data for salinity is not possible.  Rosenberg  and  Costlow (1976) studied the
synergistic effects of cadmium and salinity  combined with constant and cycling
temperatures on the larval development of two  estuarine  crab  species.  They
reported reduction in survival and significant delay in  development of the
blue crab with decreasing salinity.  Cadmium was three times  as toxic  at a
salinity of 10 g/kg than at 30 g/kg.  Studies  with the mud crab resulted in a
similar cadmium-salinity response. ' In addition, the authors  report that
cycling temperature may have a stimulating effect  on survival of larvae
compared to constant temperature .
       Theede et al.  (1979) investigated the  effect of temperature and  salinity
                                      20

-------
on the acute toxicity of cadmium to the colonial  hydroid,  Laomedea loveni.  At
17.5 °C cadmium concentrations inducing irreversible  retraction  of half of the
polyps ranged from  12.4 pg/l> at a salinity of  25  g/kg to 3.0 /^g/L at 10 g/kg
(Table 6) .  At a temperature of 17.5"C, the toxicity  of  cadmium  increased as
salinity decreased  from 25 g/kg to 10 g/kg..
      A similar acute toxicity-salinity relationship  was observed by Hall et
al.  {1995} for the  copepod, Eurytemora affinig, whereby  the 96-hour toxicity
increased four-fold (from 213 to 51.6 ^g/L cadmium) when the salinity was
decreased from 15 to 5 g/kg at a test temperature of  25°C.   Hall et al. (1995)
also observed an approximate three-fold toxicity  increase to the sheepshead
minnow when the salinity was lowered in similar fashion  at the same
temperature. - Likewise, the 21-day toxicity of cadmium to the blue crab,
Calllneetes sapidus, increased over nine-fold  when the salinity was lowered
from 25 to 2.5 g/kg, and the temperature was held constant at 22-23 °C (Guerin
and Stickle 1995).   In contrast, Snell and Personne (1989b)  observed little
difference in the 24-hour toxicity of cadmium  to  the  rotifer, Brachionus
plica tills/ exposed under 15 and 30 g/kg salinity regimes and a temperature of
25 °C.
      The effect of environmental factors on the  acute toxicity of cadmium is
also evident from tests with the early life stages of saltwater vertebrates.
Alderdice, et al.  (1979a,b,c) reported that salinity  influenced the effects of
cadmium on the volume, capsule strength, and osmotic  response of embryos of
the  Pacific herring.  Studies with embryos of  the winter flounder indicated a
quadratic salinity-cadmium relationship  (Voyer et al. 1977), whereas Voyer et
al.  (1979) reported a linear relationship between salinity and cadmium
toxicity  to Atlantic silverside embryos.
      Several studies have reported chronic sublethal effects of cadmium on
saltwater fishes  (Table  6).  Significant reduction in gill tissue respiratory
rate was  reported for the cunner after a 30-day exposure to 50 ng/L (Maclnnes
et al. 1977).  Dawson et al.  (1977) also reported a significant  decrease in
gill-tissue  respiration of  striped bass at  0.5 ^g/L above ambient levels after
a 30-day, but not a 90-day,  exposure.  A similar  study with the winter
 flounder (Calabrese et  al.  1975) demonstrated  a  significant alteration in gill

                                       21

-------
tissue respiration rate measured  in  vitro after a  60-day exposure to 5
Unused Data
      Some data on the effects of  cadmium on aquatic organisms were not used
because the studies were conducted with species  that are not resident in North
                                                   ^ *
America, e.g., Abbasi and Soni  (1986),  Abel and  Papoutsoglou (1986), Abel and
Garner  (1986), Abel'and Barlocher  (1988),  Ahsanullah et al.  (1981), Ahsanullah
and Williams  (1991),  Amiard-Triquet et  al.''(1987), Annune et al.  (1994),
Arshaduddin et al. (1989), Austen  et al.  (1997),  Avery et al.  (1996), Azeez
and Banerjee  (1987),  Baby and Menon (1987),  Bambang  et al.  (1994),  Bednarz and
Warkowska-Dratnal  (1983/1984), Birmelin et al.  (1995),  Bresler and Yanko
(1995), Brooks et al.  (1996), Brunetti  et al.  (1991),  Calevro et al. (1998),
Canli and Furness  (1993, 1995),  Cassini et al.  (1986),  Castille and Lawrence
(1981), Centeno et al.  (1993), Chan (1988),  Chandini (1988,  1988, 1989, 1991),
Chandra and Garg  (1992), Charpentier et al.  (1987),  Chattopadhyay et al.
(1995), Cheung and Lam  (1998), Coppellotti (1994), D'Agostino and Finney
(1974), Dallinger et al  (1989),  Darmono (1990),  Dartnono et al. (1990),  Datta
et al.  (1987), Demon et al  (1989),  Den  Beaten et al. (1989,  1991),  De Nicola
Giudici and Guarino  (1989),  De Nicola Giudici and Migliore (1988),  Denton and
Burdon-Jones  (1986, 1986), Devi  (1987,  1996),  Devi and Rao (1989),  Devineau
and Triquet  (1985), Dorgelo  et al.  (1995), Douben (1989), Drbal et al.   (1985),
Duquesne and  Coll  (1995),  Evtushenko et al.  (1986),  Evtushenko et al.  (1990),
Ferrari et al.  (1993),  Fisher et al. (1996), Fisher  et al.  (1996),  Forget et
al.  (1998),  Francesconi  (1989),  Francesconi et al. (1994),  Forbes  (1991), Gaur
et al.  (1994), Gerhardt  (1992,  1995), Ghosh and  Chakrabarti (1990), Glynn
 (1996), Glynn et  al.  (1992,  1994),  Gopal and Devi (1991), Green et al.   (1986),
Greenwood and Fielder'(1983), Gupta and Rajbanshi (1991), Gupta et al.   (1992),
Hader et al.  '(1997), Hansten et  al.  (1996),  Heinis et al. (1990), Herkovits
and.Coll  (1993),  Hiraoka et  al.  (1985), Hu et al. (1996), Huebner and Pynnonen
 (1992), Husaini  et al.  (1991),  Ikuta (1987), Jenkins and Sanders (1985),
 Karlsson-Norrgren and  Runn (1985), Kasuga (1980), Keduo et al. (1987),
 Khangarot  and Ray.  (1987),  Khristoforova et al.  (1984), Kobayashi  (1971),
 Krassoi and Julli (1994),  Krishnaja et  al.  (1987), Kuhn and Pattard  (1990),
                                       22

-------
Kuroshima  (1987), Kuroshima and Kimura  (1990),  Kuroshima et al.  (1993),  Lam
(1996, 1996), Lam et al.  (1997), Lee and Xu  (1984),  Loumbourdis  et al (1999),
McCahon et al.  (1988), McCahon and Pascoe  (1988,  1988,  1988),  McCahon et al.
(1989), McClurg  (1984), Ma et al.  (1999),  Malea (1994),  Markich  and Jeffree
(1994, 1994), Martinez et al.  (1996), Metayer et  al.  (1982),  Michibata et al.
(1986), Michibata et al.  (1987), Migliore  and Giudici (1987),  Moller et al.
(1994), Mostafa and Khalil (1986), Muino et  al.  (1990),  Musko et al. (19903,
Nakagawa and Ishio  (1988, 1989, 1989), Nasairi et al. (1997),  Negilski (1976),
Nir et al. (1990), Noraho and Gaur  (1995), Notenboom et  al. (1992),  Nott and
Nicolaidou (1994), Nugegoda and Rainbow  (1995), Ojaveer  et al. (1980),  Pantani
et al. (1997), Papathanassiou  (1995), Pavicic et  al.  (1994),  Perez-Coll and
Herkovits  (1996), Pynnonen (1995), Rainbow and Kwan   (1995), Rainbow et al.
(1980), Rainbow and White (1989), Ralph and  Burchett (1998),  Ramachandran et
al. (1997), Rao and Madhyastha  (1987), Rebhun and Ben-Amotz (1984),  Reish et
al. (1988), Ringwood  (1990, 1992), Ritterhoff et  al.  (1996),  Romeo and
Gnassia-Barelli  (1995), Safadi  (1998), Sastry and Shukla (1994),  Sastry and
Sunita (1982), Saxena et  al.  (1990,  1993), Schafer et al.  (1994),  Sehgal and
Saxena (1987), Shanmukhappa and Neelakantan  (1990),  Shivaraj  and Patil (1988),
Simoes Goncalves  (1989),  Stuhlbacher and Maltby (1992),  Takaittura et al.
(1989), Temara et al.  (1996a,b), Ten Hoopen  et al. (1985),  Thaker and Haritos
(1989), Thebault et al.  (1996), Theede et  al. (1979), Tomasik et al. (1995),
Tyurin and Khristoforova  (1993), Udoidiong and Akpan (1991),  Valencia et al.
(1998), Van Gemert  (1985), Vashchenko and  Zhadan  (193),  Verriopoulos and
Moraitou-Apostolopoulou  (1981,  1982), Visviki and Rachlin  (1991),  Vogiatzis
and Loumbourdis  (1998), Vranken et al.  (1985), Vuori (1994),  Vymazal (1990,
1995), Walsh et  al.  (1995), Warnau et al.  (1995a,b,c, 1996a,b, 1997),
Westernhagen and Dethlefsen  (1975),  Westernhagen  et  al.   (1975, 1978),  Wildgust
and Jones  (1998), White  and Rainbow  (1986),  Wicklund and Runn (1988),  wicklund
et al. (1988),  Hu et  al.  (1997), Wundram et  al. (1996),  Zanders  arid Rojas
(1992, 1996),and Zou  and Bu  (1994).  Brown and Ahsanullah  (1971)  conducted
tests with a  brine  shrimp, which  species  are too  atypical to be  used in
deriving  national criteria.
       Data were also  not used if  cadmium was a component of a drilling mud,

                                       23

-------
effluent, mixture, sediment, or sludge  (Allen  1994,  1995;  Araiard-Triquet  et
al. 1988; Andres et al. 1999; Arnac and Lassus  1985;  Austen and McEvoy 1997;
Bartsch et al. 1999; Beiras et al. 1998; Bendell-Young 1994;  Bendell-Young et
al. 1986; Besser and Rabeni 1987; Biesinger et  al.,-1986;  Bigelow and Lasenby
                                                 j
1391; Bodar et al. 1990; Buckley et al. 1985;  Burden and  Bird-1994;  Busch et
al. 1998; Campbell and Evans 1991; Camusso et  al.  199S; Carlisle and Clements
1999; Casini  and Depledge  1997; Cuvin-Aralar 1994;  Cuvin-Aralar and Aralar
1993; Dallinger et al. 1997; de March  1988,-'  Elliott et al. 1986; Farag et al.
1994, 1998; Gully and Mason 1993; Hall et al.  1984,  1987,  1988; Hardy and
Raber 1985; Hare et al. 1991, 1994; Haritonidis et  al. 1994;  Hartwell 1997;
Haynes et al. 1989; Hendriks 1995; Hickey and  Clements 1998;  Hickey and Martin
1995;' Hickey  and Roper 1992; Hogstrand et al.  1991;  Hollis et al. 1996; Hooten
and Carr 1998; Hylland et  al. 1996; Inza et al. 1998; Jak et al. 1996;
Janssens de Bisthoven et al. 1992; Jop 1991; Keenan and Alikhan 1991; Kelly
and Whittoh 1989; Kettle and deNoyelles 1986;  Khan and Weis 1993; Khan et al.
1989; Kiffney and Clements 1996; Klerks and Bartholomew 1991; Kock et al.
1995; Koivisto et al. 1997; Kolok et al. 1998;   Kraak et  al.  1993, 1994;
Krantzberg 1989a,b; Krantzberg and Stokes 1988, 1989; Kumar 1991; Lee and
Luoma 1998; Lithner et al. 199S; Lucker et al.  1997; Macdonald and Sprague
1988; Maloney 1996; Manz et al.  1994;  Marr et  al.  1995a,b; Mathew and Menon
1992; Mersch  et al. 1996;  Nalewajko 1995; Nelson 1994; Odin et al. 1996,  1997;
Palawski et:-al 1985;  Pedersen and Petersen 1996; Pellegrini et al. 1993;
Playle et al. 1993; Polar,  and Kucukcezzar 1986; Poulton et al. 1995; Prevot
and  Soyer-Gobi Hard  1986;  Qichen et al. 1988;  Rachlin~and Grosso 1993;
Reynoldson et al.  1996;  Richelle et al. 1995;  Roch and McCarter 1984;
Roesijadi and Fellingham 1987;  Sanchiz et al.  1999; Schaeffer et al. 1991;
Smokorowski  et  al.  1997;   stephenson and Macki 1989; Stern and Stern 1980;
Talbot  1985,  1987;  Tessier et al 1993; Vuori  1993; Vymazal 1984;  Wall et al.
 1996;  Walsh  and  Hunter 1992;  Wang  et al.  1996; Warren et al. 1998; Weimin et
 al.  1994; Wong  et al.  1982; Woodling  1993; Woodward et al. 1995).  Reviews by
 Barnthouse et al.  (1987),  Bay et al.  (1993),  Cairns et al. (1985), Chapman et
 al.  (1968),  Dierickx and Bredael-Rozen (1996), Dyer et al. (1997), Eisler
 (1981),  Sisler et al. (1979),  Enserink et al.   (1991), Florence et al.  (1992),
                                       24

-------
Guilhermino et al.  (1997), Hare  (1992), Hornstrom (1990),  Jonnalagadda and Rao
(1993),  Khangarot and Ray  (1987),  Kooijman  and  Bedaux (1996),  Kraak et al.
(1994a,b), LeBlanc  (1984), Mark  and Solbe  (1998),  Meyer (1999),  Nendza et al.
(1997),  Oikari et al.  (1992),  Papoutsoglou  and  Abel  (1993),  Pesonen and
Andersson  (1997), Phillips and Russo  (1978),  Ramesha et al.  (1996),  Rice
(1984),  Skowronski et al.  (1998),  Spry and  Wiener (1991),  Thomann et al.
(1997),  Thompson et al.  (1972),  Toussaint et  al.  (1995),  Trevors et al.
(1986),  Van Leeuwen et al.  (1987), Vymazal  (1990), Wright and Welboum'  (1994),
and Wong  (1937). only contain data  that have been published elsewhere.
      Data were not used if the  organisms were  exposed to cadmium in food or
by injection or gavage  (e.g.,  Bodar et al.  1988;  Brouwer et al.  1992;  Chou et
al. 1986; Davies et al.  1997;.  Decho and Luoma 1994;  Gottofrey and Tjalve 1991;
Handy 1993; Kluttgen and Ratte 1994;  Kuroshima  1992;  Lasenby and Van Duyn
1992; Lawrence and Holoka 1991;  Lomagin and Ul'yanova 1993;  Malley and Chang
1991; Melgar et al. 1997; Mount  et al. 1994;  Munger  and Hare 1997; Postma et
al. 1994; Postma and Davids 1995;  Reinfelder  and Fisher 1994,  1994;  Reddy et
al. 1997; Rhodes et al.  1985;  Van  den Hurk  et al.  1998; Wallace and Lopez
1997; Wang and Fisher  1996; Wen-Xiong and Fisher 1996; Wong 1989).
      A number of studies of cadmium  toxicity examined physiological or
behavioral effects but provided  no interpretable concentration,  time,  response
data, and some papers  described  effects of  only a single,  often lethal,
concentration.  Included in-such studies are  those of Berglind (1985),  Bitton
et al.  (1994), Block and Part  (1992), Block et  al.  (1991), Blondin.et al.
(1989),  Bowen and Engel. (1996),  Bressan and Brunetti (1988), Castano.et al.
(1996),  Christoffers and Ernst (1983), Clausen  et al. (1993),  Fargasova
(1994),  Fernandez-Pinas  et.al. (1995), George et al.  (1983), Iftode et al.
(1985), Ilangovan et al. (1998), Issa et  al.  (1995),  Jana arid Sahana (1988),
Kluytmans  et al.  (1988), Kraak et  al. (1993b),  Kosakowska et al. (1988),
Lussier et al.  (1999),  Mateo  et  al.   (1993), Palackova et al. (1994), Pereira
et al.  (1993), Prasad  et al.   (1998),  Rachlin  and Grosso (1991),  Reader et al.
(1989), Reddy and Fingerman (1994),  Reid  and  McDonald (1991),  Ribo (1997),
Rombough  (1985),  Rosas and Ramirez (1993),  Sauvant et al. (1997), Skowronski
et al.  (1991), Sunila  and  Lindstrom  (1985), Trehan and Maneesha  (1994),

                                       25

-------
 Verbost et al.  (1987), Visviki and Rachlin  (1994), Wang et al.  (1995), Woodall
 et al.  (1988),  Wundram et al.  (1996), and Xue and Sigg  (1998).
       Battaglini et al.  (1993),  Borchardt  (1983), Craig et al.  (1998),
•Gargiulo et al.  (1996), Gomot (1998), Harvey and Luoma  (1985),  Kraal  et  al.
 (1995), Penttinen et al. (1995), Rouleau et al.  (1998), and  Sobhan  and
 Sternberg (1999)  presented no useable data on cadmium toxicity  or
 bioconcentration.
       Papers that dealt with the selection, adaptation, or acclimation of
 organisms for increased resistance to cadmium were not used, ,e.g.,  Anadu et
 al. (1989), Bodar et al. (1990), Currie et  al.  (1998), Ramo  et  al.  (1987),
 Herkovits and Perez-Coll (1995), Kaplan et  al.  (1995), McNicol  and  Scherer
 (1993), Madoni et al.  (1994), Nagel  and Voigt  (1995), Thomas et al.  (1985),
 and Van Steveninck et  al.  (1992).
       Data were not used if the results were only presented  graphically
 (Laegreild et al. 1983; Laube 1980;  Remade et  al.  1982),  if the organisms
 were not .exposed to cadmium in water (Foster 1982;  Hatakeyama and Yasuno
 1981a; O'Neill 1981),  or if there was no pertinent  adverse effect  (Carr  and
 Neff 1982; DeFilippis  et al.  1981; Dickson et  al.  1982;  Fisher and  Fabris
 1982,-  Fisher and Jones 1981,-  Tucker  and Matte  1980;  Watling  1981; Weis et al.
 1981).  Data in publications  such as Abbasi and Soni (1989), Ball  (1967),
 Belabed et al.  (1994),  Bendell-Young (1999), Bitton et  al.  (1995),  Bjerregaard
 and Depledge (1994),  Bolanos  et  al.  (1992), Burnison et al.  (1975), Calevro et
 al.  (1998),  Canton  and Slooff (1979), Carpene  and Boni  (1992),  D'Aniello et
 al.  (1990),  Davies  et al.  (1994), Department of the Environment (1973),
 Srrecalde et al.  (1998), Fennikoh et al.  (1978),  Fernandez-Leborans and
 Antonio-Garcia  (1988), Galic  and Sipos  (1987),  Glubokov (1990), Gorman and
 Skogerboe (1987),  Guanzon  et  al.  (1994),  Guerin et al.  (1994),  Hofslagare et
 al.  (1985),  Janssen and Persoone (1993),  Jaworska et al.  (1997), Kay et  al.
  (1986),  Kessler (1985), Khangarot  et al.  (1987),  Koyama et al.   (1992),  Landner
  and Jernelov (1969),  Lee and Oshima (1998), Liao and Hsieh  (1990),  Maas
   (1978), Mansour (1993), Ministry of Technology (1967),  Moza et al.  (1995),
  Munger et al.  (1999), Naylor et al.  (1992), Nwadukwe and Erondu (1996),  Pascoe
  and Shazili (1986), Pauli and Berger (1997),  Penttinen et al.  (1998), Peterson

                                        26

-------
(1991), Peterson et  al.  (1984),  Rayms-Keller  et  al.  (1998),  Rombough (1985),
Sandau et al.  (1996), Sekkat  et  al.  (1992), Shcherban (1977),  Sheela et al.
(1995), Sovenyi and  Szakolczai  (1993), Stom and  Zubareva (1994),  Stubblefield
et al. (1999), Tarzwell  and Henderson  (I960),  Verma  et al.  (1980),  Vykusova
and Svobodova  (1987), Wani  (1986), Witeska et al.  (199S),  Yamamoto and Inque
(1985), and Zhang et al.  (1992)  were not used because either the  materials,
methods,  or results  were insufficiently described.   High control  mortalities
occurred in testing  reported  by  Asato and Reish  (1988),  Hong and  Reish (1987),
Sauter et al.  (1976) and Wright  (1988).  The  96-hr values reported by Buikema
et al. (1974a,b) were subject to error because of  possible reproductive
interactions  (Buikema et al.  1977).  Bringmann and Kuhn (1982)  and Dave et al.
(1981) cultured daphnids in one  water and tested them in a different water.
      The acceptability  of the dilution water or medium used in some studies
(e.g., Brkovic-Popovic and Popovic 1977a,b;.Cearley  and Coleman 1973,  1974;
Nasu et al. 1983) was open to question because of  its origin or content.
Algal studies were not used if they were not  conducted in an appropriate
medium (Stary and Kratzer 1982;  Stary et al.  1983) or if the medium contained
too much of a complexing agent such as EDTA  (Baillieul and Blust  1999;  Brand
et al. 1986; Chen et al.  1997; Couillard 1989; Hockett and Mount  1996;  Huebert
et al. 1993;  Huebert and Shay 1991, 1992, 1993; Jenkins and Mason 1988;
Jenkins and Sanders  1986; Jenner and Janssen-Mommen  1993;  Kessler 1986;  Lue-
Kim et al. 1980; Macfie  et al. 1994; Meteyer  et  al.  1988;  Muller  and Payer
1979; Nasu et al. 1988;  Rebhun and Ben-Amotz  1986, 1988; Sloof  et al.  1995;
Sunda and Huntsman 1996;  Thongra-ar and Matsuda,1993;  Thorpe and  Costlow 1989;
Tortell and Price 1996;  Vasseur  and Pandard 1988;  Wright et  al  1985).   Some
papers were omitted  because of questionable treatment of test organisms or
inappropriate test conditions or methodology  (e.g.,  Babich and  Stotsky  1982;
Brown et al. 1984; Bryan 1971; Chan et al. 1981; Dorfman 1977;  Eisler and
Gardner 1973; Greig  1979; Hung 1982; Hutcheson 1975; Moraitou-Apostolopoulou
et al. 1979; Parker  1984; Pecon  and Powell 1981; Ridlington et  al.  1981; Sunda
et al. 1978; Wikfors and Ukeles  1982).
      Data on bioconcentration by aquatic organisms-were not used if the test
was conducted  in distilled water, was not long enough,  was  not  flow-through,
                                      27

-------
or if the concentrations'in water were not adequately measured  (e.g., Allen
1995; Amiard et al. 1993; Amiard-Triquet et al. 1986; Balogh and Salanki  1984;
Baudrimont et al. 1997; Seattle and Pascoe 1978; Bentley  1991;  Berglind 1986;
Bernds 1998; Bervoets et al. 1995, 1996; Bjerregaard 1982,  1985, 1991;  Block
and Glynn 1992; Brown et al. 1986; Burrell and Weihs 1983;  Carmichael and
Fowler 1981; Carr and Neff 1982; Chan et al.  1992; Chander  et al.  1991; Chawla
et al. 1991; Chitguppa et al. 1997; Chou and  Uthe  1991; Collard and Matagne
1994; Craig et al. 1999; Davies et al. 1981;  De Conto Cinier et al.  1997;  De
Conto Cinier et al. 1998; De Nicola et al.* 1993; Denton and Burdon-Jones  1981;
                                       .'*'.;.
Elliott et al. 1985; Engel 1999; Everaarts 1990; Fair and Sick  1983; Frazier
and George 1983; Freeman 1978, 1980; Giles 1988; Gottofrey  et al.  1988; Graney
et al. 1984; Gupta and Devi 1993; Haines and  Brumbaugh 1994; Hansen et  al.
1995; Hardy and O'Keeffe 1985; Hashim et al.  1997; Hatakeyama 1987;  Herwig et
al- 1989; Hollis et al.  1997; Irato and Piccinni 1996; John et  al.  1987;  Katti
and Sathyanesan 1985; Kerfoot and Jacobs 1976; Khoshmanesh  et al.  1996, 1997;
Klaverkamp and Duncan 1987; Koelmans et al. 1996;  Kohler  and Riisgard 1982;
Kwan and Smith 1991; Langston and Zhou 1987;  Les and Walker 1984;   McLeese and
Ray 1984; Maeda et al. 1990; Malley et al. 1989; Maranhao et al. 1999;  Mersch
et al 1993; Mizutani et  al 1991; Muramoto 1980; Mwangi and  Alikhan 1993;  Nolan
and Duke 1983; Morey et  al. 1990; Oakley et al. 1983; Olesen and Weeks  1994;
Papathanassiou 1986; Pawlik and Skowronski 1994; Pawlik et  al.  1993; Pelgrom
et al 1994; Pelgrom et al. 1997; Playle and Dixon  1993; Preaing et al.  1993;
Postma et al. 1996; Poulsen et al. 1982; Rai  et al. 1995; Rainbow  1985;
Ramjrez et al. 1989; Ray et al. 1981; Reichert et  al. 1979; Reinfelder  et al.
1997; Riisgard et  al. 1987; Ringwood 1989, 1992, 1993; Roseman  et  al. 1994;
Rubinstein et al.  1983;  Santojanni et al. 1998"; Sedlacek  et al. 1989; Sidoumou
et al. 1997; Simoes Goncalves et al. 1988; Sinha et al. 1994; Skowronski  and
Przytocka-Jusiak  1986; Srivastava and Appenroth 1995; Stary et  al.  1982;  Sunil
et al. 1995; Suzuki et al.  1987; Swinehart  1990; Taylor et  al.  1988; Tessier
et al. 1996; Thomas et al.  1983; Van Leeuwen  et al. 1985; Van Ginneken  et al.
 1999; Vymazal  1995; Wang and Fisher 1998; Watling  1983a;  White  and Rainbow
 1982; Williams et  al. 1998; Windom et al. 1982; Winner and  Gauss 1986;  Winter
 1996; Woodworth  and Pascoe  1983; "Xiaorong et  al. 1997; Yager and Harry  1964;

                                      28

-------
Zauke et al. 1995; Zia and McDonald 1994) .  The bioconcentracion  testa  of
Eisler (1974), Jennings and Rainbow (I979b), O'Hara  (1973b), Phelps  (1979),
and Sick and Baptist  (1979), which used radioactive  isotopes of cadmium, were
not used because of the possibility of isotope discrimination.  Reports on the
concentrations of cadmium in wild aquatic organisms,  such as Anderson et al.
(1978), Bouquegneau and Martoja  (1982), Boyden  (1977), Bryan et al.  (1983),
Frazier (1979), Gordon et al.  (1980),  Greig and Wenzloff  (1978),  Hazen  and
Kneip  (1980), Kneip and Hazen  (1979),  McLeese et al.  (1981), Noel-Lambot et
al. (1980), Pennington et al.  (1982),  Ray et al.  (1981), Smith et al.  (1981),
and Uthe et al. (1982) were not used for.the calculation of bioaccumulation
factors due to an insufficient number of measurements of the concentration of
cadmium in the water.
Summary
      Freshwater Species Mean Acute Values  for  cadmium are available for
species in 59 genera and hardness adjusted  values  range  from 1.656 M9/L for
brown trout to 78,579 pg/L for a midge.  The  antagonistic effect of hardness
on acute toxicity has been demonstrated with  10 species.  Chronic tests have
been conducted on cadmium with 14 freshwater  fish  species and seven
invertebrate species with hardness adjusted Species  Mean Chronic Values
ranging from 0.1811 M9/L for Hyalella azteca  to 34.19  ^9/L for Ceriodaphnia
dtubia.  Acute-chronic ratios are available  for  eight species and range from
0.9021 for the chinook salmon to 433.8 for  the  flagfish.
    .  Freshwater aquatic plants are affected  by cadmium  at concentrations
ranging from 2 to 20,000 Atg/L.  These values  are in  the  same range as the
acute toxicity values for fish and invertebrate, species, and are considerably
above the chronic values.  Bioconcentration factors  (BCFs) for cadmium in
fresh water range from 7 to 6,910 for invertebrates  and  from 3 to 2,213 for
fishes.
      Saltwater cadmium species mean acute  values  for  11 fish species range
from 75.0 M9/L for  striped bass to 50,000 M9/L  for sheepshead minnow.  Species
Mean Acute values for SO species of  invertebrates  range  from 41.29 ^g/L for a
mysid to  135,000 M9/L for an oligochaete worm.   The  acute toxicity of cadmium

                                      29

-------
generally increases as  salinity  decreases.  The  effect  of  temperature seems  to
be species^specific.  Two  life-cycle  tests with  Americamysis bahia under
different test conditions  resulted  in similar chronic values of 8.237 and
7.141 fj.g/L, but the acute-chronic ratios were 1.882  and 15.40,  respectively.
A third chronic test with  Americamysis bahia gave  a  slightly lower chronic
value, possibly due to  the unexpected temperature  (14-26 °C)  fluctuation.  The
acute values appear to  reflect effects of salinity.and  temperature,  whereas
the few available chronic  values apparently do not.  A  life-cycle test with
Mysidopsis bigelowi also resulted in  a chronic value of 7.141 (tg/L and an
acute-chronic ratio of  15.40.  Studies with microalgae  and macroalgae revealed
effects at 2 to 22,390  ^g/L.
      BCFs determined with a variety  of saltwater  invertebrates range from S
to 3,160.  BCFs for bivalve molluscs  were generally  above  1,000 in long
exposures, with no indication that  steady-state  had  been reached.  Cadmium
mortality is cumulative for exposure  periods beyond  four days.   Chronic
cadmium exposure resulted  in significant effects on  the growth of bay scallops
at 78
National Criteria
      The procedures described  in the  "Guidelines  for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic  Organisms and
Their Uses"  indicate that, except possibly: where  a  locally important  species
is very sensitive, freshwater aquatic  organisms and  their uses should  not be
affected unacceptably if the four-day  average concentration (in ^g/L)  of
dissolved cadmium does not exceed the  numerical value given by 0.94
, _(0. 9917 [In(hardness) 1-6.332),       ..
le                          J more  than once every three years on the average,
and if the one-hour average dissolved  concentration  (in Mg/D  does not exceed
the numerical value given by 0.97  [e'1'205 Hn (hardness) ] -3. 949) j  more than once
every three years on the average. : For example, at hardnesses  of  50, 100, ,and
200 mg/L as CaC03 the four-day average dissolved concentrations of cadmium are
0.08, 0.16 and 0.32 ^g/L, respectively, and the one -hour average  dissolved
concentrations are 2.1, 4.8, and 11 ng/L.  If brown  trout are  as  sensitive as
some data indicate, they may not be protected by this criterion.
                                      30

-------
      The procedures described in the "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical
National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and
Their Uses" indicate that, except possibly where a locally important species
is very sensitive, saltwater aquatic organisms and their uses should not be
affected unacceptably if the four-day average dissolved concentration of
cadmium does not exceed 8.8 M9/L more than once every three years on the
average and if the one-hour average dissolved concentration does not exceed 40
ug/L more than once every three years on the average.  However, the limited
data suggest that the acute toxicity of cadmium is salinity-dependent;
therefore the one-hour average concentration might be underprotective at low
salinities and overprotective at high salinities.
      EPA believes that the use of dissolved cadmium will provide a more
scientifically correct basis upon which to establish water-column criteria for
metals.  The criteria were developed on this basis.  The use of dissolved
criteria reduces the amount of conservatism that was present in earlier
cadmium criteria.  It is recognized that a considerable proportion of
dissolved cadmium in organic-rich waters may be less toxic than freely
dissolved cadmium. On the other hand, some particulate forms of cadmium may
contribute to cadmium loading of organisms, possibly through ingestion.
      The recommended exceedence frequency of three years is the Agency's best
scientific judgment of the average amount of time it will take an unstressed
system to recover from a pollution event in which exposure to cadmium exceeds^
the criterion.  Stressed  systems, for example, one in which several outfalls
occur in a limited area, would be expected to require more time for recovery.
The resilience of ecosystems and their ability to recover differ greatly,
however, and site-specific criteria may be established if adequate
justification is provided.
      The use of  criteria in designing waste treatment facilities requires the
selection of an appropriate wasteload allocation model.  Dynamic models are
preferred  for the application  of  these criteria.  Limited data or other
factors  may make  their  use impractical,  in which case one should rely on a
steady-state model.   The Agency recommends the interim use of  1Q5 or 1Q10 for
Criterion  Maximum Concentration (CMC) design flow and 7QS or  7Q10  for the

                                       31

-------
Criterion Continuous Concentration (CCC) design flow in steady-state models
for unstressed and stressed systems respectively.  These matters are discussed
in more detail in the Technical Support Document for Water Quality-Based
Toxics Control (U.S. EPA 1985).
                                      32

-------
                                                            ISt
                                                            81
                                                            0)
                                                            c
                                                            18
                                                            X

                                                            41

                                                            iJ
                                                            4J
                                                           •H
                                                            a
                                                            o
                                                            in

                                                            a
                                                            •o
                                                            ID
                                                            a
                                                            o
                                                            in
                                                            U
                                                            H
                                                            I
                                                            4)
                                                            u
                                                            3
                                                            U
                                                            Vi
                                                            01
                                                            u
                                                            19


                                                            
-------
o


a
D
a
•2
1 *
3 a 5
o • i
w . a 5
E S, 1
3 • s
*S D ®
12 *• •§
(0 • g
0 an I
>• n o
**" ^ ?
^rf ^ j
HS .c 'i JT
ECO n '
a> °B
P n a 3
« a 5
3 - a J
(/5 D 5

•o \ i
o 5 E
•^K O S
p™ O 2
5 g |
^^ D ^
^^ Q
-.: a
Cs| a
a
Q% •
i- a
3m
^V
O) ' DB
iZ "a
•
in ^* O O O
^•^ ^>^k ^*^ ™^ ^"^
5 S g 5




























•





1
n
i
i
8
9
1
1
'•S
5
1
i
u
1
E
a
S
.9
Q






^" <
a>
- T- 2
1
> .2
2 S
co n
f >
ca w
00 £ £
~ o ^ U-
a •




-------
_w -
"5
E
•— o
C
^ ; D
.2
3
0" •

s •
E
3
I
0
0
&
"o
'x
o
• I
1— .1
O 1
"c
o
£
0
id
s
3
O)
1^™ 1" • ' 1 ' • • 1
0 C
' - •

, ; •
J~
. ;
8
' 1
i :'
o
0
M
1. I
O
1
1
• •
• ....

1 _ Q ^ . -
1 ,

•'
•
. 'm
•* • • '
'• O
,* . , . » _. —
n
D

..

» ^ ^





I


8
O
1
*8
1
1
3
e>
n
1
.u
0
1
u-



u.







11111 ' .
^

- .3
T* . I
f £
£ it.
•i i
II
- , O •
O

5
(0

•s S
2
o
c
* «
" 0 ®
S
in

3
C
Q
M ^
" d C
(Q
£
^

0
d
iB
                                            O
37

-------
**
c
O)

no
In*
§ 5
a a
o* o*
^" *""
"3 • •
** **
« w
G C
1
f
ID
«l

i
a
nj
*™
"3
M
«
c
a
(M
8
(pur
"3
M
«l
c
(0
" "
"3
4rf
u
c
a
IN
8
" '
a
«•«
u
c
i
• o

"3
M
«
c

a
i

s
§
a •
M ru
§60
Ch
^
9 "3
M ««(
« «l
c c
                                                                                                   u.    u
      — o a
      ,

u
X
0
o ^^
U "V
u, a
t.
o .
oS
m —
u o


     ocnuw
I*   12   12


iM=   15
I 2   * 3   93
I -ft   U M   U M
          *,!      ^       *~
           Sfl       .       .       *       x

          •5      x       *
           S       .              w       «
           »      tt       M
                                            VI       «l       (A
                                                                           i '?   '" — i ?   u ^  «J  'u
                                                                                   s  J  e J  g"

                                                                                   O     O     Q


                                                                                  ^  2  j 3  ^ 2

                                                                                   u><  u x  u *
     3  !
-------
































,
*rf
i
u
Ro3 M [O >» 4>
O* P* K. CO oi is.
O- f O O- O> n o-
_ 1
* o * • » u <•»

« s • • • S 5
<-> 0. *- M M B
V
U
§
L.
91
**•
41
OC
is i
ui "3 in 5
9) > II _
— x o
u D i- 2
l| S
UJ 5 **
*•" «
o **
m ,_^ o
« w ai 41 -a 3
2 S 2 2 ' 1 " "§
Si S S o am <.
£ 5 .4£ £ ^ •.•fiOW
« u w ai o j; 31 •-
K ea ae at x £ i- 3
g «O o
:- i • t •
ii a § i a a ^
H H rf co" ?! 9 JQ

o <•>
in -J
 . 33X .X
1 • 1- - -• - !- -
9 *z 5 *• t ^
>-.*->. gwSw
              "8
              •§
       t
                                                             '. "8
                                                               «
                                                               41


                                                               "35
              0
              in
                                                               o
                                                               CM
                                                                                            ?
                                                                                            §
                                                                                            IS|

                                                                                            I
                                                N.
                                                O
                                                                                    s

                                                                                    §
                                                §3
                                                         g
    U wi  Q.  '"" '—   l— •""   *— -fc 4i   •«• vt   •••  w>
= -    •; o  er  -a s   9&   a~   a-?   g*>   a^.

1^1  1'i   Si   Sf   Sf   3.
. .- .    .- =.   ._ =.   u> •f   U> *f  M I
       —   ^
                               3 3
k id

s
                                                           ~ 2
**» S*   w  
-------
         I
         o
I
                                 I
                               &
1     I
"5     "5
            &
                                             £
                          "S
                                                   I    -•
              •    s.
              K    (J
                                                            a


                                                            g
g" "H
«l fll

I 3
0 *>

IS
  *> »-
-• 3  I--
 Oj $  Iflf
     -
                                                     g
                                                     i)
                            ~  c i  c

                            42  ?t  S«*-
                          gs
                          sf
                          I ~i  o
                                        40

-------
          i
          o
          •x

          •g
          (0
                       V



                       ~a
g
M
        g
        o>

     g  i
        3
                                  o» «
                                  c w
     8—  *<
     i.  e
    — j:  a
    CD U  U
                                          g
                                          o
        g   g
                                          U
    S
    o>
    I

    g
    4M

    U
i
Wl

•g
O)

I
o
z

1
 ii  ?
                                 >.
              l
                  o
                  l_

                  IB
                                                                        S   8:
                                          •o
                                          h.
                                                                        O   4
  w a m
  41 > II _,
  w w

  I!

   o . <->
   l« ,— O
                                  s
                                                      O   m
                                          %*
                                          i
     o
     in
     (j ,
     uj o
                                                           it     «    «
     .
     o _

     o"
     in o
     u. i-
T
«—
v
CO   (A

                                O  " U
         S2  §£  S2  i|      §5  §5    §|  is §3

         11  ll  ll  1-2  '    1-2  1-2    ll  12 |°
         o'c  3'c  o'E  3g      3-g  3-g    33  3-g 3-s
                                                            U  ** O
                                  en   in   u>    
-------
'f  '  i





























•n
i
u
§
u

r-
41
3
«!
*•


41
£
i_
«l
«*-
U
ac
c* "-i
IS 3
-03
ui a in
u > n _
i2~s
S.S £
VI U ^
< ^
0 ° -H
° « -i
0 "I •«;
"f 5
W o
Q ** ^
0 *- «
O . *•»
«•« .^ o
ssd
O "
in -i
u •%
UJ §
O •
0 3
in •—
U Q
_l >*
O ^
tn _i
<-» 5
ui a
u 3
o _
o2
55
W «> '

• " • • 1 1 "8
<«> *j w v u u a
. „ „ « % s .
T3 "O T3 T3 -> — V
L! i- u L. f i>j ^ rg . Ji ra
._ ._ ..- .- ^ o. 3 o> u «?
tg a a a vo> wo> — &•
a co ca a> w><- « •- z «-

i • » « * i t



o o i*> K« a IM in
g g o in 3 -c •
• . .  I" ' *N ?
* » * « »^ ^ -*^ ^ >^ ^^ >™ h*
1 aT x* SB" « * x* x"
11 * 0 « 1. » * .
cltAtfiiAcncn v» w



t? Ch — " Q\ ^ Ch -^ O^ ,• d ._ Ql _ C3l
i| Si gg g g i.g g-.i S . 1
^ fc. i* t. U^H U^N I.***
J!\ &> t] «> T3 4119 4>>Q 411-iQ «<.!>. U L. m
- J8 ^ 0 § S * § * '~ « •= -
4 "8-c: -Q-c -O-C TJ-S -O-^j; •Q'<»« -§«».§
uj n ex is a. ao. a Q. o  41
U C L- 1*
41 41 V 41
f jg -c J=
J E 1 1
Is Is -Is Is
w5C « ^- w>?- w —

II 1 t "



~ 8. ° °
f» O pi ni
in M h. m



* t i *


**t j^
«•• ^% ^ *^
' *fc < u«
»- »» IM MM O
0 41 ^ C <>« > C
me KIO «-c wo
rvjo »- — m o T- —
— U — U
U >f U »
^llX N«*
§111
PI * t
3333
§« S« i« i-S
11 11 11 11
urr OT^ UTt tJ*s
*-*u ^*w *^y ^^o
^*> 1™ (• ^
• <• » «
XX X X
•• » » ^
(A (A VI (A

*
^v
TJ
2g g 5 g
*- O\ _. G* ,. ^ — C%
|li gg i § g
U U t ^ U
g.2 8 -'2 8«2 8-:2
IB 1"°^ I'i -s^s
2'Q. 22*. "OS. ISO'S.
UO U v Cl U C <3 O it Q
4
«
^
4*
1
^S
s5

t



$
?:






^s
r*
m en
•O 41
tv c
m o
u
N^
O
at
!
3
§3
15
3-s
4J
^B
*
X
in*



i 1
t_
S-c.2
lot
— f\J -TJ
u CJeS
                 42

-------
g-  ^
Si > II _
o « 5 «
£5  °
wo  ^
IB

4J
41

l_
V



I
IB
4*
41
C_
41
f
U

3


li
                    8   .5
                    O>   «

                    10   'u
                    U.   U
                              a
                              **
                              41
                              g
                              1
                                       IB   a
                                       41

                                       a
                                    a   IB
                    a
                    a
                    tj
                    
                                                             o-
                                     u    u    y
                                                  u   u    u
 W IB *T3
 V
 C —J
 »"*»•
        S     S
                            3     3   S   ^    3
                                                         V-   "i
       31   'I
       II   \\
                   3?  53 ,
                                   S£   §2  S£  §2  §S  §£  Si
                                   15  15  15  i*  1^  15  |o
                                   53  33  53  33  S3  33  3^
                                          §i   §'    §i
                                          15   15    il
                                          5g   5g    3g
        M     M
                    tn    in
                                                at        «    ta
                         -
                         S
                                   c    e    e   c    e   c
                                  «rcyi  ^ro)  y^Cft  ^ o*  .^ot  ^cj*  ^
                                  S|  Sg  gg  S g  Sg  Si  i
                                  u    fc _  fc    fe   —    -    *• *»
              u •••C5  u <
                                                                        -<* v ^? ^ v
                                                                        u «--c5 u «< i
                                       43

-------

































1
e
o
u
IB

91
1
!«.
S £
322:
§ w j

""•it v "3 co
>• S a a o>
eference
a a < o «i
««* Tz^a- -
u o. "Q c a "O 1  .a
a g a 4-> «•• S^tS^t -*
5i 2 g S IS fl «
CK UZ < U CO X »- IU «- X
i* c
« IB in ~*
.2 > i —
O 41 1— 2
8.3 5

3
i * ill* i
CO
u> u ^
gf2
ui;£ o
^^ *J
>n * o
!3 "0 £

5 si 21 si a a
Pw H i •! •! H n
•"• «°| ol H «a sil
CO v-l -^1 ^1 ^1 FOl


O ••«
in -J
U >;
Ul O
u
o •
I i: .1
l_ y* *= C .«. ^ l_ ^*" l_ **• 1- ^ 1. *•* ^ C_ *•• ^"
IM 4>t.iQ 4>i-«Q 4life 4l«g U'Q ftfb>Q tl(.«Q
.21 o f S O ^ c O £ O C S C S * 5 O ^ S
Ml tj -^ Q U — <2 O S O S U Q UwQ » N»
? 1 * *
a *~ a •
s ^s g •
1 si*
u co y a *- a
a co 3 w co w
** O* O 09 O* •—
(fl •- IX I t- <3

M -O
1 * • »
5 ft


1 1 1 1





i iii






in
*^ •*! IM o
g S ^ ^
(«. "*- N.


„, § 3 •-
S 8- 8 =
S3 s3 s3 §3
•§0 -§0 ^£ .§0
3 3 X
. u> in o Jj'S'a
UwCi UQ UC Ut^vi
O 01 O

! 1 ^
0 0
i * :
^ j3 a v

Kl Ol r-


— 1 81 "^





1 » 4







^ -* s
3 ~ S


CO
M S
1'i ' 1
o-g 3
X 3 3
 _» -«. (ij o
U ^ ^ U Cn i. u
44

-------
= . t • s i | . s
ra ro — 5 S K _ K
Ol O) T3 — • u  <
(A fl tn "*
fl* > il _,
'i25s

tfl U u
« ^
gS?2
Sf |
o.2
in .^ o
S3
u •>
o •
oil!
in >—
u a
^ *•*
u ^
in g
o2
in S
u ,Z
Hardness
 o «-  ex.
45 .

-------








§
Of
z

2 2
"3 o
1 -g
ae «

4^ u
 II _
u?2

o
a
-* '
it
Kl
O
S
CB

4^
41
S
-S
<8
(V


<
ill
3 "s i
0 S 1
« "B "S
c c
g • . "
i i i
S = if
3 0. 0.


R * 3
m K .
S ~ ~
i
,_>
•g
o
3
•o
C
a
IB
a.


i
R
o
r s
-- o
flj v-
4rf '
41 —
01
M
1 «
S
^ £>
ae -J


o
^ i
R

g
**
1
X

1
?i
m ^


-


1C 1C
o> o
«*» , . ^»
i i
o a
£ wC
U U
!
t
••-      3     "3     °3     -•«*'0_"a)      -.'—  *"   r-     5 ^ !=i
          — *>      B     "gco   «-gvt   C
-------
n

s
o
(U
                  R
                  o>
                  a
                  g
           s
           o.
                        K
           o
           5
                          R
                          o»
                                     s
                                     o
                       K
                                                I
                                                §
                                                si
                                                     «

                                                     u
£§  01
 —' O 3
 So in *
 > M -•

o w *- 5


13  5
 O , w
  s'1
  ai

   in

   ^dl
   o _
                                    *
                                    ~
                              n
                                                rg
                                                (M
       §1
13
io
3|
                   |«
                     IS    §S    13    IS

                     1^    15    15    |5
                     « ,-    • T?    .• j-    "» j?
                                                 g «

                                                 |«
ai


1

               ?t!
      2 -

      lit!
      '
                      ^ll

                        f!
                                  ll

                                  f

'¥
,5
     1
     ts
l§ ill

21

i^
IB =
'•* U -«
5ll
                               47

-------

1>
U
41
^i
et
ta "3 m "
V > n _
8.1" o
"3 -1
o ° —
O . w
in ,_i o
LA -1
a^
fc .
1 s.5
0 0
u ^
w o
o —
o|
II*
"5
u
1
5
+*
«l
X
1
fc4
§
u
5
01
a .-
i I
r» VI
1" 1 i 1 1
L. _ *~ *~
•5^1 g R S
•g X £ £ 0.
«i. a -y *^
<» <- - a I i i
§ II S» 1 1 |
2 S-st 35 5 5 1
• • I 1 1 1

K § * "1 **1
?

' ' 1 1 1 1

2 '2 2 % 3 3
5
§;£ if §3 §^ S^ §3
|| '1| || . |i || |1
3 *. = X X . X
« • » » * *
I W» W Crt U. u. u.
i
« W *• w w V>
53 83 0.3 3s §3 33
"-^ t£ U«"».S U£ u»5 t.^
**a "tj ***s — *»"^ ^^S y
1 'ill sit sell sell isll 'ill"
V
K + *
* fc 2 "§
§• — ' *; ^"^
f ^» o !c S
u z o a. ?-
ii * i ,

fl 3- a
sig

• ii.

33 5 5 -
"*
§ •§ 6° S ** 6 -§
11 ll ll 11
»•
* * *
» * X
te.
« *• w w
!_.| !_| 1| !J
< •«" B o 4c •"• U 4< *— U J< ••» * u
1- 35st SQisI sll SS5
48

-------





Reference
e S 'H
| « ^
ai ~5 in '
V > II _
0 01 »- 2
JL3 £
EA U ^,
0 S "
0 2-
o 2
in .4 o
o <*>
in -J
U "s
tu O
a
* V>
o •
a>
o 
in ••-
ss
o^
m _i
 » (i
2 §
in

_ . i-
3
fa»
4 *O
g °*
§ 15 «
I II

(M 
pw O* N* ^ .O Cp (X Ok Oi
O* ^~ O1 ^ € ^^ ^^ O* O*
• U *~

— • ^ . •o 3 — • — ^ — -» -I —
IB C^(8IB3G<0 IB IQ IB

*" * *~ -a
S OICVVCV « V S
1) CO IB
— S — •* > >. ID aj IB a
"o a uwbt^aia "S 'S "w
i_ o j< •Q 0 IB Sin «( u it u
i- — o C o o — oo 6 1 e e
a O •— v u u jc O> 9 3 B 3
u 3= a.x X x a.*- of  •
7 u* ' t* *S yi SI





i i i « i i i * i i




'

2 1 2. S' 8 g | I 5 ' 1
vin—
X X 3 X X , 3 3 3 3
» • >•««•* » « »*
M i^ v> tn (/> , cc at at at
ik
W| W» W» * Ul
2 3 3 d 3
.£ w <3 o)J3 So o ^o g
• * 3 3 5_:3~'**?'«C'^Jr'-»i21^
<-> ** 
s ;
* »
^ ^.





* (




fl

s s
•* i:

I §

§2 12
«b IS
3 .. s —
u e u c
3 3
^ ^
M (A

2 °
s. „-§.
a- 5 a.« Ss
a o ^ .5 u

IIS Il||
49

-------
               E
               o
m



v

w

•O



j.



PC
              ?
?s
              32
                                        ?§

                                        — 1(1


                                        fe
                                        II
                                         b |_




                                        11
                                 at
                                 c
                                       .S
                                       L.
                                       Of
                                                                              o)

                                                                              s
                                                                              SS
                                                                              Q. »-

       '*4s
        u *- Z

      ^   £
      (A U   s^
\$
       o:2
       ^» i^ O
                                                           in

                                                           OJ
                                                            «
                                                           nj

         o
         in •—
         u o
          L.

          o _
         <-)
               ^

               I
          o
          •*
          IM
                    o
                    CM
                    •O
                      •b
                      s
                          'o

                          S


                          R
                                      §
                                             g
                                      §
                                                   o
                                                   m
                                                     a
                                                     (M
E «
3s
is
32
                             §3    §3   §3    §5    12
                             'i fe    !i h   'S !?    1 *•    1 *•
                                                                         
                        •-» v\
                                                            S cu
                               ! ^2  "g 2 ^2

                               I fl»  41 Q Oj
  '  8-S  S'

 id^  sag  s-sg
 :w%—  litVO.  tt.Q.0.
                                     a. a.  u. Q. a.  U.Q.
                                                50
                                                   "5 rg rQ  "O
                                                   18 f »—  fll ,

                                                   ^&i  -

                                       -^E £s§. SSI  S.
                                                i    6 Oi

                                                [ ^   "S *^ ^

                                                Li   «i 5.1
                                                                                          IA
      •o
      « -« —

f or E  £ x ff R
- € 5  - u g S
W "- V.  <0 **• -» w
*fc 
-------
                         3

                         1
              .
             g
                                           I
                                            -s.
  LU o
   O _
                 _,i?>

•> s c s c  3 •'S 3 c "ol
.COV.CQ  *-•  *^B   _


I IBs? I  I| ^":s
                                     CO s*V3
 »«.» *•*      ^
 •»   i»      -^
•£ «• C U  t« w —  .,  . _
S— *   *33 J» is
                 :*:s
•n ~ ^ ._ 5 Tg

ill III O
co u. Ta u. •*> ^. ^~/
                                    53

-------


i"
41 V
at a
is
o



N- t\t r\i u"i m
N» N* P»» 00 * 83
i 1 .. • I ' s ' ~ !1 JJ
t)
u
41
11
oe
.j
•v
?"
S2
o
*-
iS *
S^
is 1
0 °"
m —
CJ O
u ^
uj a
o _
•o 3 i- o an a a
"3 "3 *~ •O TI 4» 4* K E 41 41
o> c C c o- o
^ « c 3 a « fl?"~ ** 'i ""
u t «i 4> — — « «i in i/i
>.>>4I4IO O OO4I 11 3 X
.£ .2 51 8 8fe * -g f "1 -5 «
a o o. z o. a.«- at « i z a. &
O) ^* ^ ^ in
IM rn eg 0} KI
i ^ co * .*O -^11 i i in
CO* fl V Is- IM
H s i a j n i i t

1 I 4 1 1 lti-1 t |
§0 S 0 g S 0 ...
Jin ""^ ^T-i-tM^S
*_-•».« • • *^

Pickering and
Henderson 1964
Pickering and
Henderson 19&
i t

^O f**
co" <4tT


2 t
I
u
 i  si  s*
                      §2
                     I o
                 3

                  *
                 u>
        S3
s*
II
S*
II

                                                          a-5
§3

1-1
                                                                     3

                                                                      •
                                                                     la
S3  §3
       10    U)
     .. . £   , C
     '•st  -st
     ^ •»  s •«
     2 2  2 .2
•St  -St          A.* 3     J-
r •«  •- <«      ^jju*    s y
•fe    t        •uCa«ji/>cg
22  2.2    2 J  a-8 S 2  '5.-S
"55  =3  >~3  SSfcS  8S
°" -Q  CT -Q  a U ~  41 y CI -S  «u
tflg  <*, S  £Oj4^»  U-*-VT3  i-'P-
O'Q'O'B  3Q C   MC
»H»  8lS«   II  H  IS  HI  I  I  J  1  15  ?S
        (_ 9 4.1 Vt

        T--8 S3
          •^ ^ *o
          jj 4, S
                                             I-
                                             £
                                                  I -»    -a u   -o .
                                                  i ia a»  y 41 QJ v ^^
                                                  i- > s  .«• g. | S-'
                            I- (B

                            SZi:
                    ^g  S
                       £  41
                                       54

-------
g
u







.
t_
41
ee
S " 3
X S 0

3 > ii
u o ^ 2
8.3 £
v> u C
I'!
m ,4 o
"•or;
-i < M
o —
U X
•-§
h.
O i
-J X*
(J X
t_ ^
o ^

o ^
in Q
<-> >-
•^ C
W 10 _.
a o •"?
S» ^
"§ ^ a
id i"
X w
^
11
t.
1
5
|
**
a
X



a
i
<
t
V
.£

."
41
Bl

I
IB O
CJ *»



i


O
•o"







e
(V
in
v~
•H



tn

S

IS
•S*
83
U l»
| ;
! en

a
§*" «J O1
.. « *—
II W "~ l/i
M (J C _j
PU •
O

.


C O*
. S * "~
o« -S •£ 8
I S i|
? -S 2 g
-> DC Q- X

CM |W •

O l*> '
<\T • •-"

(V| N.I IM
Ki in tn
Oj Ml 00
<\ij «— 1 in"







1 s |
o" ^r ,."





!G vn o
Jo "» ™

§1 S3
'S ^ . 'S ^
1| i|
o-g o-g
Z Z 3
uT u> vT

VJ

«"i ,-5
*•* "T! y ^i W*
**- 5! « 12 a
§ ^ S °> _: >
3 v, 8 «, i « «
is — i cv -j m -j §
JC £ -C t)
(A U9 
I 1 I 1 I S
1. 1. 1.5 L, 1
in eo w co IS co w •- co —
•«- O> •— O> — 0> (B X O> <- LU a. ^ u

« "~

• ' • • ft ~,
in ^

1. !- !• 3 3 I







^jjj Q
UK «J *| •"* ^«k ^"




"* -41
co M 2 o


§.f §.^ §i §1 Si §1
f1^ L. 'E *- 'S *- "5 *- "S *• 'e ^
5 if if if . • if if
«€ 3-g 3^ 3-g 3-g 3-g
Z Z Z Z .3
, . z
M M M U. , OC
Ik
, «
Ol
o
]§ • ? . 5 • i? C 5 ~S
-* wi JC — • vi ^ -^ >/t ^ — ' t»> -C , **• V> ^ « S -Q
3 -j S Q^J§ en -j s aa-^@ co -j § >- d S
S m
S
^J **
<0 •

*^ 
-------
              rS    iS
              o    o>
              

'Z

                                        1
I
                                        1.
                                        01

                                                 X    O.
               u
               oc
*    :    ?
IB    oi    a
a    a


01    o*
                                   5    .-
                                   U    LU
  iii
                                                      s    *   °.
                                                      
Polyc

Capite
                    9 TI
                    s o.
                    V IQ

                    i?

                s   f S
Po
     B      B! V.    
-------



rence
41
is
at
u^
3
_
1
in
1
•' OC
1
III
'5
o


1
1
VI
1
oc
1
41
(A
41
O


1
1

!.•> *»
i «
1 1
> X


1 1 * •
a
!• •
U '
•- It
*| §
"S "3 "Jo
t* 4* fai
41 V  a
C 4^
ae wi 3

g
«     
                                    
                                                                                  tn    tn
                                                                                    vi    v>
1
o
u
a
•—

41
I'
                   I'
I
                              •2
                             .5
                                                        
                   .
              w>  TJ

              S*  N.
               .     .


             -i  '6
             *^ m  *^ fQ

                 '
                          Ln    m


                          ^    U1
   -Q


 ' " *A


<• 'I?.
  A   IV*   >r
  8-   C   ^

  •^   ^ -5*2
tfS.  -5C  8.2
                                                                T "^  ^
                                                                11  I

                                JLJ  5L|   JLK
                                I <  X<   I <
                                                          If If

                                                            '*-  u> W

                                                            5  IS

-------

at
    w


    4)
        (O
         £
                       1   *
                                               V

                                               at





                                               I
                                              o
                   §i  5|  §1
                       ''    '
                   a

               o   ° "S
                                                 f  §.?  §1   §3  §1  §1   if
                                                 iliii   i^liii   Ii
                                                  o  w o
                                                                   o  " o
§
o •


IB


a

2
a
          ~   «
          is  5
                             3


                            . C
T?"  -oS -g § -o^i
|l  ls || 1?

Is  Is   '
                    •in _ u>
                   i  II 18
                                                TJ

                                                ~»


                                                T3
                                                      2
                                                      O
                                                     ^*^


                                                    11


                                                    i^
                                                            3     3 s

                                                            S   xS 2


                                                          Si   *P l

                                                          o'S,
                                                   to
                                                      il  1§
                                                                 « 1
                                                                 2 3
                                                        ' VI
                                                       -S  IS  |i.
li
** s
&£
                                                       .
                                                  tC -C *0  X *3

                                                  2 t&  fa-
                                                  (o 5 -j  5 -j
                                                        a-
                                                         -  -

                                                         a- -s
                                                         -3  a.
                                60

-------

»
~t»
**
«
i
5
a
1
4.
4)
.c
W
U.
Burton and


1
c
«
'w
IU
j§
o>
t
~a
**
V
z


*—
N.
O
L.
O
*5
w
R
a.
V
**
c
«
O
Johnson and


|
k
V
tn
'ui
N.
f>.
o>
3?
n.
\
V
a
i.
«
w
Ul
ra
2
*•»
i
£
X
I
T
1
J
Hart in et a
1
J
a
*
a
I
'o
£
»
§
tfl
v
t»
1
oe
1
JC
tk
It
o
*r"
§
M
w
L.
1
IK
1
C
U.


1
l_
0
»
tu

a
C
»

9
i.
a
O

a
C
o.
a
u
•
O
                       i
                                a
                                in
                                3
ro
rj
(W
         g   I
    o

    o
            j«^

          •21
          •J?  -1
                      a     a   :j   3   a!   I!
    X
    +* *

    C J
                                                                              So
                                                                              m
 S-9   is to  is 4*   a to  B tt  a OP   0«l  CB
 T3   5 ^ * § w   5 "^  5 *O  5 "O   § ^  3'

f"~ t»   "e ^  Q*'!IB  *e ^  *S ^  *e ^   "^ '   ""
 o   * o  ^ o  5 o  £o  Jo
. -   Ss  S?   8-±  a-s  a-±
                                               |^  |^  i^
                                               3-g  3-g  3-g
                                                                   *  s*
                       13  5|
                            VI    CO
U


n
                         .2    3
                     2    s
                    is  ts
                         .
                                 c-    u   o
                                 IB^IA   wt
                                 .ssg  -re  .r
                                 isss  gg,  s

-------


as
a
a


a
g
IB
<0


R
o
a
a
r-
o
| 2
^ a
f>- -Q
2 i. S
4) 4P 4P

0
2
"S
«
Ml
1
       01
       ce
                              UJ     LU
                                                                           «


                                                                           (I)
                                                              0


                                                              III

                                                                                             sc
                                                                               tc
                                                                               o
                         i_     i_     ^




                         I     I     I
                                          e
                                          o>
                                                                              c
                                                                              (X

                        (O
                        ro
                        CM
                                    •*
                                     *

                                    OJ
                                                g
                                                        o
                                                        in
     i" a

     •. 31
     O





     li
                   i]     II.  §|
                   si     J    "'
                                                                         g    g
                                                                         o    o
                                                                          <*     ••

                                                                         Sf    S
                                          I    i
                                          R    3
              §1
              '
|i   §.l   §1       §1

i.§   1.2   1.2       Is
!«   3-s   5-s       3-s
                                                      -g
§.-°
"
                                                        §1   §1   §3   §1   §1   !.-§
                                                        "£ *—   "S ^   *S ^  'S ^*  *5 ^-   *

                                                        f «   f «   |«  13  15
                                                        w—   ** r   *«^   *•••   *Q^
                                                                                       «?
                                                                                       -g
              M    (/>    in     «i     in
                                                                            tn     tn    in    in     in     in
i
u
 V

•1
                   '~   .S   -y     "^   n

                   I   i   is  !   I
               > ~   u -z   u ~r
—•   .  ^
a     a
U'Q  U
— (J  —
kt 5  U.
                                                     3
                                                     a. w w
                                           1|   ss
                                           a ^   "o ^
 ,  Qi  _. w»


= i  |l
"3 tt  "i! 5.
•a   x^1   X%^  ^^

                                                                              5     2  *3  *2  **2   *3  *«

                                                                                                     3   -C 3  •= 3
                                                                                                     ~   u~  u~

-------
                          3?

                                              I    §   I
K K 1C
o» » o>

> x. >.

> > >
•g
a
L.
V
la

Ul
I

1
C

-J
' &
^
.s
M

.UJ
—

V
JK
L.

a
°a


                                         w    (o    >k   en
                                                                               3



                                                                               Ul
                                                                          3


                                                                          en
I
a

a
           ^^^3^3   ^   a ^        '^    _,    fc   ^   -*

           ^ *"  ^^*  ."^""  *-T"*   *'~  »     • S <«  •3w>'Sw»  2*«  "°

           EM  £«  SU  -V  SS"5  •«  S3  «3  13  £3  »
           Wo  Wft  WQ  *^S  *^K  t—  •«.  *"*«*  _«»  _»*»  fl>«  ^
  §•—•  ^ *-"•  .. •--•   ,, '^  __ "^  ^r


»gfglS3g?S;=;=
3£  35  35-OB(M5;.^  ^-OS  ' S *=

'•^qt  'C4^  "-^ «!   "Saj  ^"Sj  ^  ^OC  Sg ^-       -  —

o>   en    o    DJ   a   j<     %^g>^gN^es^3      s
Ow»Ov^Ow\OirtOwi._*iO                     ON^
X 3  JC^  f^   -C 3  -fi 3  ^^^3  I* ui  l(*i^  U!wt   « VY  4»«-%^ta

.*    ,"    °    .li   ." "^  8.^ "^  3^  3^ 3^   3^  «J**-i2




zw.  )CU»  x u.   x U.  X "-*-  t/» "-»U.  aeck:  oe Qs oc Q;   aedc  <•*-»*;

«g  i  S
tg
a>  ^*  fi   ^*   5   ^
>  S  >   $  ^>  r;5







        11  111
                           3 •; ^ Tl



                           c •— <• c

-------
0 ^j
S-
u
 X



 c


                       i
                        a



                        41
          15   §5     §2     §5
                                         I-
                                                 c       e
                                        I       ,        8

                                        hJ"               "*
um

ide
5                  I

3 v,   -           g    -s

-~   "x        * *  «- «i  *   «>

• «   * «     -e ~ v.  — "c 5  — -2
»^a   "c     5f "^ «>  "5>*S  "5slS
33  ~ii3   j?ilS  IS-g.   I?-5


H *   S  !             ~'"    "*"


-§  It
w O   19  U
                                  Ll^

                                  ! o  5>  T o
                                                  o 3 v»   o 3
                                                  C5 s   CA
                                                  c
                                                  i^
                                                  3
fcSS

cab

3  f

                                                              1   5 ^
                                                              —   VI Ul


                                                              3   , -
                                                                        12 =

                                                                        'C   "So
                                                                        IB   Of
                                                                        "-   B.
                                                                                   S

                                                                              .     i
                                                                   Stl 3       §.!/><-

                                                              it   5^    .   "5*   -J=S
                                                              g      «.   ti   — o   w a
                                                              3    ra o   CD   -H £.      X
                                                                 a   c *»   <-
                                                                  — a   w   3 u   o a
                                                              •o    «--   «   u §   ^«i
                                                                        ^
                                                                                       85   §
                                                                     x:   ia   M at —  '~

                                                                     . « t. p
                                                                         u   w o — a £

                                                                   <«5   i   i^3!*--


                                                               i    a    •       E o —> 4
                                                               i      TI c L.   t. i_    a a

                                                               jJS||<£   £|.£>

                                                                 o "a — o 4<
                                                                 — 3» 3 o —
                                                                                   4)   4> •- >  o
                 333^ei-(->'B*e

                 u u u -o •- — — *• w u> •-

                ««>«i E*— — —  ° ,_.£TJ

              •- « a   aSSSvv'uv
               WW3M— Ul V) V)  O) V U U>
               IB — J=U0333aaQ.3
               « 3 « 3 O        C.4IUI
               MMV^Mwvwtll.   <-•
                                                                         a ja u     -o 41 <- 01 ^ — -•
                                                       64

-------














M
1*
|
• versus Hi
^*
4*
'o
X
o
«
3
U

u
«

1
M
V
t»
Ik
«*-.
O
(A
I
1
0
A
._
I
"a
at

"3
V>
t>

.Q
41
2 -
IB







rdness
X
III
c_
§1
*•*
u
8
4)
5
U
U
Ml
: Freshwati
o
1A
S
1

V
u
§

u
1

**•
o
0
**
1
''>*-f%-D:f*i o
"go? o 070000 = 0
*




I! i! ! HHHIf I










•


aotrngi m «<«j$<» «t*8
Vlt -J O d *•* Ci ^_ <^ O U. O GB O CO <*• < O "3 §





















^% «^»


o o


• w «••
Q. £ L!
i? U dl
O H- •*-
C *5 *D
5 X X
*rf 4rf
= §§
£•-•-
Ill

» *s
— ** 4^
c§g
|ll
c — —
a « 
-------
I
                            I
                                        S-3  3
                                                                                       I
                                u a.  4i a.  u a
                                                             -.   a.  -  a
                                                     >-   c L.
                                                     o   g u
                                                     • a   IS
                                                         I.    W 41
                                                                 b  S
                                              v     u X  u X  u :
                                                              « 4 3  «3
                                                              ?11  c°1
                            *
                    5    «>


                    •*    (O
                         S
                         N.
                O O _
                                                   3
                                                   O   O
                                               £    js
                                               o    9
               S3 si
               55sl
               u    »*i
          !    1-1
                J Q
                            fM
               i    §
                                                              o    o
          PIJ   5
           V

               S   R     •
               r*   «r    »-
               A   e    e
               •«   in    —
               -»   ni
~
o
§
(3
c^j    o«
o    o
-O    i
»•    nj
o    o
                                                         *   1
                                                                                       i
3
1
                                    si
§3  §3  §S  §3  §3
"T  "r  II  II  II
                         i*    i*
                                                                                  (a —
                                                                                  u-g
                                   u    u    u      u    u
                                                                   U    U    (J   U
                                     §    §
                                             il    S|  i|  S
                                             I- n   .(- B  C. c  L.
                                          3
ran
                                8-2  8-2  S 2  S 2  82  82
                                .3 -gj  O C  _3 C  ^5 C  5 ^C  5 C
                                ' CX  *" 'CX.  ^ Q*  ^ ^>X  "B CX  ^ CX
                                .uca  u 3  o Q  o Q  o o  3 S
                              •- «i    4» §
                              II    is
                              f *    S5
                                                         66

-------
 IB
ru

 01
Reference
jiff
iisl
*s J
8 a
"3 ~ S
> a S
u — * —
1 0 ° *
5*" = -
.i! « . n
e 3 IA -<
° «-2l
I83i
£5,25
u >••
° i "" 'a
.if «_,"„
R-- • x
2.5 os
^ j t- =
ID i»
«) n ««
's
L
]
*
«
a 
« 4> e S "mo
IQO> » O> f k.O> S IB
UJ*- UJ*^ IJ BDv DCtf
S 8 c S
' * *~. « ' "]
•* lf» d *

4 1*- M £ ^o <* '
«5 M o J2 . 2
fn • *^ *~ c0 O *"
c\j cd ro o PI o>

» i i » i . »
S» KI 0 fc> aq
in -o «- .  „, in
»
. •
5 i s S In?
| .'* - * n ' X 1
§« §« §* §£ §3
H 11 11 If '11
"•g o-g o -g o 10 u -g
IM IA W 0 
UJ UJ UJ ~* 111
u>| in cn S, -c is u 5, .c j< - x, »j I ••» i^ — - ui ,
ul o .* o 'S o ui o ^> c s o TJ coo— a e §
V .caCjSi .e « G 3 •— — • u -C — 1«- u •* — — ~
SI o_is— O3C-- jsoS« mrgSs, ***nj
Ml U -x Q -»< U^'Q-W O "> Q *-> « »* Q S 
o u . 41
§C •— « C
CO S^ O*O «-*. <_,££
O O- t-O> 41 O O O. « o.
ui»- »•- «o»- w»- uj •-
§in
in
in nj

1 S S S S
r^ M tv rJ .  10 S 00^*2
a
Is
a o>
Ul "
in
03

in
10
CO

•
S
K
•
KI
(V
3
||
U)
Lake trout, •
Sdfve/l/u/s














nd/iwycos/>
                                                                                                      67

-------
sl
u> u-
                                            Is
                                                            a
                                                            *j
                                                            ai
                                         — fM

                                         35?
                                                                           a
                                                                           IU
                                                                         o

                                                                         o
                        « o
                        ui «-
                                                                                  ii
        .,
      s?

-o
in
                                           s
                                           CO
                                                 IM


                                                 in
                                                                                  §
                                                   (M
                                                   -»
                                                   Ifl

                                                   -O
CM


tn
                                                                 IM
                                                                 »—
                                                                 A
                                                                                                     §
    u     *
    .- Hi  .
      §3 W ;
      — IA
    U Ifl •—
    £ > O
    (J
S
u
    2 „-'

    §32
    •L. <0 O
    .C > t-
    u
       §w U)

     .-a*
     .c T o
     » l ^
      §._ <"
         ^
       w


       I
                   if   is      |s
                                  u e
 4)
 M

 a 3
                           «M '

« <-> K1
•^ (u •
0
S 5 «
12 !| !|
i 5 i o i b
03 S 5 S -±
0 w «J -g U -g
0 U «"
-1 -" i

Wl w> w»
- f - 5 1 g'2

*« *S' Si '» 5 J^ ^ '5
lib S|b |Sb5
ca~jg oo -j S t/> J! £ ~o
5!
A
••



(M
in
A

S
§2
11
u c
u
»J
m
•* v»

•~ I.
*• «
1 1
a O
                                                      68

-------
      S o -
      .£•- 
                                                  a »-
                   III   I
sid.

Mysidops

bigelowi
                                    —  IB
                                       u

                                    .11


                                    V
                                    a «

                                    fc*
                                    ti  a

                                    >. O  •
                                    u  C f+
                                         *•

                                    ^rS
                                    —  9 *<
                                                           a»-p •-
                                                           o i »-
                                                           w ui a
                                                           ui ui —•
                                                           o?3
                                     >. 41 C

                                     <- a
                                     a   -a
                                     «l M 9

                                       " n

                                     U) M M
                                     _i u O
                                     LU oe X
                                                       69

-------
             t
             m
             41

             2!
        «1


        41


        £
w
**

'I
                         0
                         3   -
             si
        X
        a
     I
             -   »
             
-------
                          s
                                            1 :     CM

                                            a     s
a*
  (V
                                                                                         IS.
                                                                                         Kt
                                                                                         ru


                                                                                         CO
                                                                                         in

                                                                                         in
                     u

                     i
                          3
                                 Q.




                                 U
                               O.



                               U
                                          3


                                          1
                                                               1
                                                 .c     .c
                                                 <»«
                                                 a.     a.
                                                                                         I
                                                                                                            at
                                                                                                            a
                                                                                                            is




                                                                                                            1



                                                                                                            ?
a.


§
                                                                                               S
                                                                                               a
«
at
u

a
 o



 15
                       I     §
                                 s|   s
        * 13    « m   O '
        > X   — ><   O
        ' Hi   *1^ 4j   y •

        ! "S.   c "5.   —
        i •flT   *» ^r   








                                                               u.CL   "-
                                                                                                        s
                                                                                                       VI

                                                                                                      ,-t
                                                         71

-------
      iS
u

II
                R
                m
    S

                                                         (M
                                                          »
                                                         in
                                    •*    CO
                                    A*    ^
                                    f-    >O
i  s
   V
   I
   IA
                  a
                  V.
 rs
 !6
                    5

                    §
                   s"s
                   ry
                   il
          _^
          >
£8
i^
                                  .=1
                                  &1
               I
               *a

              si
              S3
              u ^
              u^
 .c
«£
*c '
3 -2
                                                               IT
                                                               >&
                                                    s
 H_
g"5
i&
                            o o  —
                            6&  ?.
                                                -Si
  •   ^4  EC
  •o   o    5 c
  «   X g  3 5

i-E  -s s  35 32
«•• «•   ufi.  UQ.  
-------
c£
1!
.?!'
i?'
U* *E
                          I      I     I
                                1     R
                                '     •*
                                                                      9-
s§q
"3s-
s5 °
III


ff
"*


S
si


5
"*


3
«


§
' ro"
                                             o    -O    rvj

                                             ro    ru    (M
                                                     S    B
                                                      •     «
                                                     tn    IM
                                                                                 in
                                                                                 8!
            1
          Si
          S3
          •o ~
          il
          II
                 |3
             * w  (J ?i
             ! i>  >•• ^

             !-  « «>
            IB
1   Si
    fg
            •• -—.   6 ^
            ^^   l«

             S
             11
           II
           25
                                      "5   -5
                                      O  -T~.
                                                         3    2
                                                         I    1
                                    ?.   fe-3
                                                       y    *-    •-
                                                       Q    Ch     o
                                     i-on
                                                        O ^-J  CL —J   OB -*i  3C t^   (j C^
         g
S
•*"

S
K?
                            i
                               §
                               -*
sr
m
-*
 «
(M
§
u
                                          IM    i-    O     O>
                                          -*    -
                                           73

-------
  Ill
  C a, --I
  s = -

  "53
  *« =
                             s     s
                             K.     <«
                     as    CM



                     m
                                                   »

                                                   tw
                                                   CXI
         i


         I
           *n

           Q.
         f J?
2



1-

II


§1
 v>
 a
 44



 i
 •O
                                TS
                                40

                                ^
                                     i
-•£
    88
is  §5  -3-c
U"2
O
    o —  — •
     2g

     S<3
    i
       (J




      •I
fl*  3
i!
       b
f|
u,    5.   a 'to
S   ,-S   o c



u   go   §•£
^   at "^   t- C
    §3
              o
              s
s    •:    °.
m   • KI    »•
-    S    C
         •o

         i
           CM    O
            •     »


           s    ^
                                                                  s
g
o
                                                                   a
                                         74

-------
ean
lue
u"
ie
te
al
pec
S
Acu
(Tot
06.
98
29
39
26


00
00
39
28.29
43
30
gyr
i
a

l
a
Sna
Phy
lai

uss
amp

lad
eri
vetulu
adoce
mocep
                                                                                                        s
                                                                                                        o
                                                                                                        I
                                                                                                      8 =
Cla
Sim

Cla
Sim

Mus
Act
enus Hean
ute Value
tal nfl/L)
Ac
lo
06
98.
93.81


81.91


77.15
39.29
26


41
90
04
con
Kl
 it
JD
a
                                                      75

-------

1!
l«:

Hi
                   3
                                                                    r\j
                                                                    §
- 2 "S
              £
                                         "
                    S    3
                *
              -   .1   -5   2*
              C   —* G*  —***-*   w «J
              IW   C  IB  C ~^
              S,   a  g  • Q.  -x c

                    ?  s »   a«
                              y
                               S^
                                ^  43
1
                                                            3    S
                                                            fe
                                                  ZZ
                                                                    €
                                                                    w
                                                                    4^»

                                                                    &
           3   .S
      •2    '""   ^ "*

o.    i"  c-«   J >5
      S  §5   g-i
Oi       E (j   « o
^5   -2  "3 5,
•s  -s s  «•?
      a •&  00   CO

      ll  SI  SI
                                                                          3 "<
                                                                          2£
                      fe

                     II
                               a    s
                    a
4)


flj
                                          76

-------
           I
                                                (M



                                                Sj  :
                                                                                •-     o>
                                                                                (M     •-
                                             *
            ni


            «»
«



1
                                               M     M
                                               in     in
                                                            in     m
                                                     77

-------
  .

1°
             t     I
                             I      I
                                                               (1(1
""" *rf ffl
£ 3 *
4«S
§
o

a
a
M
O
A
I I'

3
to

a
IV

R
o
*

° J*

S 1

§
*

a
o
ISI

e
8


                  e*    s    I
      it  it  ii
      M O  o> ~i  o -i
                                                   B-    .                .

                                              S01  S"  "82  'f  {3S  ?l

                                             "52    -~  •-2J  u     c-   --g
                                              X4J  *D4j  ^O  *^tA  4IO  £'^
                                             — C  c c  1L5.  u» o  S C  a. j,
                                              o 5  5 01   ff ~  >.c  c ^  e«
                                             a. %   S  5 cs  o3  u u  5s
*3?
i     I
I    i    I
*     »     _
S    R
                             S.    K    N.    O     <*    K»    «M
                                   S    ft
                                                                    in    <*
                                        78

-------
   c,-
   II
   !?'
   H
   58 21
    *"
     •*
      h
     rg
                  a
                  g
         .1
         I!
                     3
                     V|
S
^

!
                                    rQ   "O "o  ^ S   » S.   a (i  i» 5  « 5  o ta  3 vi   w x C    X  utn  CM
  tc  •— ~   C'S  "> C   "»^   u y    s    S         a    2" ^  " 3  •— o  <- o
  •u  >- 
  • 3  w    OQ    S*  Q  WIQ  .C C  " ~   ttS'3  "S. O  <— v>  Mv!
     ~        >*• > Oi  a —  a ~~  y. TJ  3 *j   u i. o  uc  U-o  o. J
             S    R

    -------

S2
"S °
o —
u o

    fi   .-:
    »*   35
          55
                flj   31 ^1
                t   Ss
                '§.   " I
                                          5
                                          .8
                                         .1
•— «S  1 g  e •Q
52  4^  il
      
                                5. --1?
            a
           I <0
*8  •§§
•«- 91  O /O
 ^
'i*
     «(J  a <3
                                                                        !
      n
     •3
                         
    -------
    a '?
   "I"!
    s?d
   "2
o
in
    e «%
    

1
I
O
in
                                                                       O
                                                                       H»
                                                                       
                        3 «l
                        *3
                        i:
                        *s
                        «x
                        C «l
                        S-2
                        §i
                        1"     .
                        « «     g
                        51     I
                        >^   Jl
                             •  3 3
                        «> a — (S
                            4 i- o
                        w in a   w
ric
nsiti
Fre
                              2 £
                              3 L.
                                                               .- C o C 5
                                                                vi a S £ S
                                                                t « ** ** 4>
                                                                   •*- *. t»
                                                                w M O O <8
                                                                §icc«
                        *" IB 'C 'C M S
                        P 9 w w «
                        u f a  >
                                              81

    -------
a
a
Iff
^» l
0
3
C
a
o
X
I
<
o
tn
o
M
M
ffl
JC,
(9
4-1
a
"S
4^
a
'S
u
a
ai
^!
in
n
S
at
>
4-»
3
U
^
.£
u.
i
S
«
_r
o
o
(A
(A
1
a
.c
o
|
3
'S
44
2
o
t_
a.
o
4rf
lowered
's^
O>
3
n
S
>
w
1
•M*
1
U.

M*
O
1
a
a
s*
1
U
a
Q
1
tf)
CM
II

CXI
1
fM
II
§
4-*
m
£
1
§
u
0
*rf
u
u










V
1
a
S
f>l
II
1
U)
V
1



o
'c
X
1

5
£
cT
n
imun Intercept)
i
riterion
u
c

o «8/D = e(1 205Clnlhardness
«T <«•
» 0
fO M
1 M
• i
*"* C*
ru 

i s
i U
in -"
^Q 4rf
N. O
• •»
O
u
II O
Concentration f
i
1
l
u
V
L.
U

£
^
S
o
u
in
9
f.
i
o
m
(0
Hi*
.1
O
1
u
!
g
u
o
*•
4«v
g
a
L.
1
g
U
1.
u


1
S!
- wl
_1
CO

a
n
S
«•
ff
u
6
1 f
U. 4J
1 i^
£ i
s :
1 i
u —
Ul

IB
S
«
(M
S
^ -O
| '•
"c -•
•- ru
X ox
o x
u r^«

• s
^ o
o in
C nl
••" i
ii ii
onic intercept)
g
1
u.
C



, _ g(0.991? (ln(lijranessl}-6 332)
= 0 94 [e(CI "" Un(turdness)]-6
*i ^i
K 0
O o
? J"
g) ^
M 0>
0 6
•§ o
s «»

a £
S §
S *
a °
* i
U b.
1 S
water Final Chr
reshwater Final
f. u.
I 9
i 1
3 1
— * c.
•A % Z
2 .2 §
a
_J
?
-< e!
oi •*
3 u
CO «->
ru _i
0 $
II  X C
„ S .2
4* U
3 § £
- 'i 5
1 5 1
§ § i
1 1 ;
u u 5
-* — • O
- o
t*
§







«
10
I
II
o
a
at
u
1
L.
5
41

    -------
Species Hea
Acute-chroni
Rat
                              N.

                              K1
                              CM
                                                      CO

                                                      8
      §
Species Mean
Chronic Value
)'
                                             •0
                                             in
                         ~    nj
                                       0>
                                       s
                                                                 (M
                                                                 •*
      i
      u
      u

      L.
      4



      j
      tf
      «
eran
           $
           T3

          a-l
 rl
ll  -
Cl
Ce
Olig
Aeol
Blue
  !
-1    .
rr  "S
  ?S  »• a.
  S  £ af
-I  si
ca -j  u. ex
mi
es
  £
ll
f!
h
Js
hern pi
lucius
f
White suc
atos
5%
o IS
— vi
                                                  2 e  ^*=
                                                  *• u  i» 'aj
                                        tlui   CO   CO  ^ ?
                                        -2   51   .il  St
                                                         ;<3

    -------


c y
1 § o ^ ... ^
(2 O fl • ' ' ' * S ' ^ ' '
tf, ' OS O • O .


«<


c 2j
jfi i | i * '8s ^ | s i
£l~ -*~«^ 0 "> - o -A o
-6





-C
•2 . « « %

e y t» ~ l





^1








•
^
i
o
tn
s -s
1 8
u c
ll
s .
Ja
«
til 
I«M S
b U
111
• ;»
t- (0 U
K C
"S «|
n « v
a
u
1
i
**
M
i

01
s
o
<••
41
S
s.
+*
' i
1
'»
a>
a
**
Q

i
.1
U
u
i
41
19
4)
f
w
i

O

0) . 4)
« M O)
III
> TJ
S^O
l. > O

V
t> 'o o
ecu
111
w u >
V. U tfl

III
5tl i
U I/)
                           •O      IA
                                                                         PO      IM

    -------
                                    "8
                                                 "S     g
                                                                         Tt
                                                                                    1C
                                                                                    o
                    ft
                    O
                                 u
                                 o

                                           CO
                                           o
                                                    it
                                                    o
                                                         •cjj  s:§   a
                                                         CD  -    O   O.
                                                           
           O


           X
                               CP

                               c.
                               u
                               o
                                    TS
                                    10
                                 '»* CM



                                 II
                                                    a

                                                    a.
                                                              •a o


                                                               gl-
                                                          <- D   I- O>
                                                          co w   a •-
                                                                       •a
                                                                       a
                                                                          at
                                                                          t.
                                                                          a.
                                                                          41
                                      S
                                      c
3 *•
III O
41 t-
                                         O
                                         O
                                         a
                                                    §
                                                    in
           B    S    S
         §
         m
                                                                               o
                                                                               in
                                                                               (M
a.

u
o

X
T;  <» «
0  n 10 /-^

Mil
               an   c

               :s   ;
               0 S   .2
               i. TJ   w
                      O
                      Ul
               o    u w   u

               52  -S S   f
                 « O   ^  iv>
                                               g    §
                                   *  I1
                                   I- f I
M C  <->

•;.2  a



'S
                                               1^   g
                                               i —   in
                                                         15
                                                         '5.J3
C   O

.2   0
4-   Ul
                                                                 -
c     3

i    I
3     §
                                                                            !  I    1
                                                                          -* 01  ee
01


a
                       3-g
                                  S^   1<   S2   §^   §2

                                                 '
                                                                          S|
                                               3c  3-5   3E  3E   3-g   3-g
                            1

                            C
                            §
            s?   §1
            ** oj   *^ c:

            O «S   O IO
                           3 w   S3  c
                           *-« isi   ** •**.  u
                           a *2   IB i  u

                                              '    S
                                              i    S
                                              o   .B
                                              ^3   % VI


                                              **   II
                                                           §


                                                           I
                                                           11
                                                                                      i.

                                                                                      Ol
                                                          3

                                                          3
                                                                     9 ~-

                                                                     -. *
                                                                            S    fe,    a

                                                                            i  a^  s*
                                                                            (»  O* (fj  W m

                                                                            8  a~  "3~
                                                                            O  _ 
    -------





u
g
HI
^
 v u
E E U)
~ ^ ss«
•o & S 5 5-
in * ***

*i*H X^ *•»
>>>•>•
'i 'i 1
„ JZ -o-ots
•a o ~v ~v~a
L. U U U
— . Ol >^ «^ w
2 0 O O O
*^ in in m in
4) U O U U
_l UJ UJ W UJ
£ ft S.SLS.
I « !H
^ S -*f-2

'
S

§2 §S Sl .
i= 15 io
33 33 3*
i *; -. ".
1 X X X
1 * *• *
1 (A Vt I*.

1

C
s
ix^ «
•— -•» vi
W W T)
» 3 ai
q i ? ^|
—1 . w ilj • *Q C &
g a^ ass s-2
fil ' — ' -C — ' -C u -C
U>| « to < (0 U <0
t*- rv -f
f~ eo f~
O. O >
*- r- *-
C **-

i 1 »
U ^^ A'
(B VI 41
oe
2
o g S
£ i; *•
tjl C b
0 en a
« o eo
SS o
. in
IO

£
X ^
*•* -P
.£ 1 g
1. Ol
1 "<. .£
w O ? ""
y in o C
3 u — 5
T] UJ 4* t^
5 £ ... «
u? .ifl I
x o • f "6
O i- O C W
in en Ch •** ot
.



g

§1 !« !3
P ii O
10 ^ (B -.  01 C
— ; TS -i *o T; *-*
(0 -^ fl — (B tn
C 4j C qj C c
01 VH (U t. V OJ
41 O 41 O 4* *—
L. ^ t. «= <_ H,
tj  g
"~ "~ o>

~a §. ~a •

*j t- w  — >.
— • M £ 01
0 (_ U «»
X 41  at a
** a o
ro J2 £ •"
ru




* <-£
v t: o c c
g 3 S 3 §.2
o> g, « JESS
0 O i 'E 3 "3
Sin * Oi 13 Q.
U -O '-SO
uj uj o* vi u u.
i ft
-35-'
-» •*


i N- i ^

if if |3 il
e *" et ^* £« 4» o *••
Is If 1.2 if
3^ 3* 3-g 3s
«•
3 3
«T vT

I !
1 1
o £$ aj
G G V3
'C Z S-
* * ?'
o o «» _
-B -E S "
al al ^ a
Q vi 0 u> C _
Sc-cS «% vv
O) 41 0> IB o (B X
o — u ~ oinj o« —
l_0i UQ) — « C — '6
13 O! O ^ << «* —
m
j<
M
*sl
U
•a

§
1
£
u
«•*
3
X
O


u

1
C
n
*• 5
3*
lo
,



.

§£
il
* 5







IX)
C
TJ
4j
2
..i
c" ^
C —•
£X



•f
s.
»
Jr
i
«^
(A
a
o
>*
^



s
2
s*
O
tA
U
Ul
X
•3
ft
(



.


i
.



— *
o
^.
1
o
3
Eurasian

















j«\
**
^
'i













4^
s
•J
Q.
VI
1
Myriophy
86

    -------




Reference
3S^
SC*



o
s:
UJ


g

**
a
a

01 Ml
m  >•
-g •§ -g
?*.**••&



* • °"

is i|.
5"E 3-g
1* "- :'
* «•
•1 IA ee




2 o o
a |s> |« |i
jl .* c •*. e j»t s
a 3 i s 1 3 .1
fll Q -J Q -J O — 1
O.
« £
3 1
<_
X VI
N tl
U , C
•a o
§ *
1 i
U X
I -a
o 3
1
1

e
§3 i
— e c
" O O>
•3 "^ ul
u *• o
ae O -i «n
UJ
u
s. s
io ""
' "P M
s I
h-
^


4 |

35 35
1s II
3'E 22
', =

*-
§»- «.
co o>
o>. > *•
•- *- e

W» -*- t.
frj c
.1 i! §1
Q.--. 4-* 01 ** ^
— e a i» - « •"•
a> ? — v» — ~
ii -j a t o Q


o
in
u
UJ

i»

•g
^i-



in
fO

I*
«-> o
=
.1
|


o
UI
t_ "*>
£. «)
1 *4



1




1

H
31
i
§
i
s
s.
S
V)
• a
S2

s





1
1
OC



'




•

§
1
u
•





a
g
a








•0
Cl
1
M
VI
i
A

O

I

w 0 O
O fll 3
"O *J O
w 41 W
ac *• a



'




•

§1
11
•

'

•1
• 2
ID ft
lg
37

    -------
8    8


4)
U
f_
41
V
at

— "3 "
3 <-• -S.
SO 0
'•" 3
ec — •*


I




§

a
L.
D

« I/I
111


"3
u
1
5
^m

4-
41
X

,
c
c
o
u
« j


3 i
»— . "
J3 JD 4)
U* Ul **
II"
^ »— C
a
u v a
111

M Wl >—

a o>
• • iv
cs» ru N-
rvi M



1 Is -§
5 u ,S g —
<*• (a *j 3 *>
w x; 4J "Q 
§ g fe.^
c K at
II O «t -*
i — ~v
** ** U O)
.M M >h
1 iiB
S a! ^S

. 4. V,
                              88

    -------
                                  M
                                  L.
                                  X
                         10
                         jc
                         a>
                         c_

                         M
                         U
                               R
in

«4
V
                 u

                o
                                         §

                                         8
                          X
                          w
                  -e
                  u
                               a
                               i
                o
                Si
         §
                                                                IB
                                                                               !£   £* **
                                               S3
                                               O (VI
                                               v> +*
                                                                §5
                                                                u>
                                                        l» O

                                                        *• Ml
                                                          I.
                                                        4- >.


                                                        I/I »
                                                                          •
                                                                 01 Q    WIO   MO

                                                                 **.     W«»   **«»
i r;   o  **   Ul
                   1
 QJ t-»      U «-r

•g i     -gi
 2 "a.     2 "a.
 *^        w
 a u      a u
f O V)   £  O
u vi —   u  M •
3 O S   3  O
Z c. g   XI.
>^    mo.   ui ^
                                                                                 -".I
                                                                                     $3-
                                                                                     Ifl *->
                                                                                     3 -*

    -------
1
t
a
44
41
U
V
JJ
V
1

ID

Of

X
I
L.
I

ID

01

X
c
c_


i>
*-•
,_
j4
M
2
"3




j£

U
1

**
ID
oi

ai
a.
M
-
•—
R
• O>
J
ID
w
0>

M
••-
S g
O* 0^
J J

*J *-«
u u

01 |0
41 4>

R
*
j
ID

1)

III
U

        y 3932,

       3   rg      IM
<->;:     uuu   uuu
ID r; 7_.  OOO   OOO
i-a^|  o in u-i   oiniri




J5|
T- »- ru   »- ^- ru   « ]

ooo
ooo
                      §3!
                                        o o   o o
                                        — in   »- in
    If"
•S
(_
o
•^
£
U
§
2
t-
O
—' •
U
§
•D
'i
*y
U
§
•D
'i
je
U
§
.1
u.
o
*z!
u
§
u
IS
"3
M
|
a
ID
3

                        *      o
                                                              U

                                                              "o
                                                                                "
                                                                                       U

                                                                                       o
01

"3
                                   I
§
U
1
                                                    il    il
                                                       £s   -5.2    i
                                                        no    ID o    •a
                                                                             «l  n.
                                                                                           8-
                                                                           t     s
                                                                           Vt      4-i
                                                                         * Ol      Q.
                                                                        * •*-*      O^
                                                                        wo     *-C
                                                                                          8-
                                                                                 x S   "^4!   ••-8
                                                                                 a u   x-c   >••£
                                                                                 t- t   a Q.   10 cL
                                                                                 u <3   nij   x <$•
                                                                                                                    1
 >*£>    >>£•


i^5   i.3
 Q <12    O 
    -------
g
u



in

4)
&

"3

4)
_^
VI
41
U
O
I"-
yw
§
1
1



1
. O
J=
§
I
U
1
4.



Damsel fly,
Ischnura sp.
o. g
I 2
,
i •
aj
41
t.
•^ fl)
u> .is
.2 8.
O VI
8 C
O> Kl

$ a

i i


i i
5 3
0 0
•g -g
I §
1 i
u u
t t"
£ 1
41 4)
i i

m
Damselfiy,
Ischnura sp.
Stonefly,
Pteronarcys dors,
£ 2:
p*« ^»

"3 "3

4) 41
St ]W
£ S
^ t3
„* o
s 3

S S!
* 8

i i



S 3
o o
•g -g
§ §
1 1
u u
| |

o o
S S


Beetle,
Dytiscidae
Beetle,
Dytiscidae
g
.
"3
a*

t_
i
u>
o
•*
R

i



j
o
f
§
1
u
!

o

1
Caddisfly,
Hydropsyche bettt
£
"3
V

c?
"•
in
u
o
a
rvj
3

a
tv

<



1
o
£
§
1
u
|

o
.c


Caddisfly,
Hydropsyche sp.
1 1

"3 "3

« 4!

U» M
4) 41
5 u

    -------
ration
a
o
(A
IA
1.
O
01
1
«>*
IB
C.
3
O
<_
u
*j
(D
X
_e

»^
41
at
~a
u
1
5
» "- O>
« N. O 5
o ^ ^ rg
|
u
I
1
la
41 g
r
S-fe
R
o
C
•o -o «
r- r» E o>
9> » V f~
w" V 41 O^
* • M.
~n Is MI —
« W D> "
.41 41 C <->
10 41
*> *rf — •
1 1 1 !
& CD u» o
K1
Kl in |^j IM
*~ k trout, Muscle Cadmiun chloride
'elinus fontinalis
>k trout, Muscle Cadmium chloride
'elinus fontinalis
luitofish. Whole body Cadmium chloride
>usia affinis (estimated
steady state)
£
id
*••
V
41

•a
§
£
a
u
(M
M
i
!
41
"o
3?
O —     O "•     O ~    01
co to    a 
    -------
          g
                               I


                               i


                               *
                               M
                                                      8

                                                      U»
                                                              03


                                                            01 O<
                                                            ?:
                                                            a v
&
o
(J
                                                     3

                                                                                L.     —

                                                                                O     —

                                                                                U     .c

                                                                                o     a.
                                           ^w T r«» «^»   Q




                                           ^ »- fU •"   *~
                                                                                      S
     C
     o
                                           (M IM (M r\J  O     o
   c "
   * c
                                            • >» CO CM   ,
   S"2
   ^ •*>u
   S ?u
           S

           o
                                                                          3     3
                                                                          t_      u
                                                                          o      o
                                                                                        «
           U

           §
                                           I
                                                                          U      U

                                                                          §      §
                                                                          1     1     I
                                                                          U     U     U
           -
            o
§
U
c

3
I/I
         Ull  —• <
         u  ._ .,

         —I  01 :
                                            i •;   j* $
                                            * *   a c
                                            •35   -oi>


                                            S 3   ?1
                                                                                               w     w
                                                                                      S8   SI   S
                                                                                      oi g   •»     "*
                                                                                      Si   a vi   a
                                                                                             3 «-J
                                                    93

    -------







01
C
L.
0)
11
ce
i_
O
CD
O ^
'5 i
*» "b
o
§
|S%,
P!

Ill
*"



"S
u
1
u





u
(*
1—



s
X

**
i
u
M j
0) - •-
3 i
t— o
iS
o o
§ :
<^ t_

(Q .U
41 o*
VI C
O0 '^
Ol
-c 9
u o
M 1.
01 10
Q. (M
O O
o t2
IM (M

3 §




1 t

'



a v
5 2

X X
u u
§ §
1 f




vt
1 • a.
^
' 5 -s
UI



g
TO

Bay scallop,
Argopecten irrad
Eastern oyster.








































^
<0
c

Crassostrea virg





o

S

t
10
M
0
*
*"

i






•



V

u
§
1




Ul
1
"5
in






Eastern oyster.








































^
£
c

Crassostrea virg
1

u
m
C

c.
Q.

cd
4)
1
U

O
(M
(VI
*~

S






'





c •
§
1




in
i
"o
VI


TO
3
c

Eastern oyster,
Crassostrea virg


1 £
K
"~ O-

*io

w 10
M
tl «J
1 1
0. Z

1 ft


g °




1 1

'





s €
1 1
i I
u



M X.
^ 9
a :
"5 5
en 5






Soft-shell clam,
A/K3 arenaria
Pink shrimp,
Penaeus duorarum


S

u
s
u
I/I
•a
1
u
0.

M
(M


•*






'



^

•g
§
1
U




.
O




a

Grass shrimp,
Paleomonetes pug


J3
t>



<0
tl
|
z

K1
O
(M


S






•



1

u
§
1
o



X
9)
O




o

Grass shrimp.
Paleomonetes pug


^
i

g

10 r>
tj
g 01
3E 3

o in


co  —
** t! '5
o > S
-lu

rO b C
U O O
s* i
"
w C O
M O *•
S.Z c
AJ 1*
' Results are 1
* Bioconcentrai
c More recent
•94
                                         ffj

    -------
     2      (M     IM     —
     •3      £     &      *



•a o 12
«- * in >

"3 t» z "3
B> 3 I- U>
93 "^ V)
"3 2 'a

TJ O
«-> w tn —
-- *» II IB
5 35S
«3 S~
-To
U
ae ^



i
en
a
u w «
•— ma

f"3 ^
SI
s
§
1
u
"o

Ifl
s
**•
*•»
UJ
i
(S
«
1
o
41 1
2
IB
01
41
CO V
°" — M"
1 feJ
oe «. - X <0

_i
^




i i


f
^<
_<
O

-5
0

o
PJ '
po
in *?
Ir^ i
« § .1
si 1 s^.z iSgg
« S Z^»8 3«°*-
a ; I-I Ifii
l*i >t
i
(A
iij
§


      
a o>
J *~


•





•

o
in
Growth inhibition

£
3
O




i

s«
||



3

t/l


m
•J
^
i
1
X
I
11
4.W «-


1





•

g
e
NOEC bionas and
photosynthesis

a
>,
IB
n
o
tn




i

§4
H
0-5



^
X
^
U9



§
Phytoplankt
coomunity
1
+•* o*
•"•"


•





t

-

EC50 (frond
production)

£
3
s




1


1



3

QC





Duckweed,
Leana minor
i i
U L.
S o


> i





* >

in e
cv »•
Reduced growth
rate
Reduced growth
rate

>. >•
« ^
o o




» 1


1 1



^ ^
X- X
^
en v>


2
| 1
3 c
*• c"S
•a ~ * •»
|| u|
11. s^
O W 3 <--1
«-. . «l
'* « - in
C •** 2*
§&> 9i Q* T3 •
Q- 41 » «J — •
or- _j •- oe a


i ii





• i ^

e
in § *
• •• O
0 O nj
tn
1 1 §
L. o e o
ai ^ in u
a u
UJ O

i- X 1-

fM >» N.



W
' ' **
rg
§| §| §^
c t 'S 1. 'e ••
1- 1- 1-
3« 3-5 5 ^

4

0 33

CA  «



s
i -^ 1
S r , S c « S a
tti ^ « « 0> C C
ui Q U — — «-. C
x. £ g  o
o 8 » 1^ c a i
Sb e s« sa ^
£5* S3 £33
95
                                                                J

    -------
                  5$
                                       8
ga
                                Jm CS

                                13 ••
                                                1J
                                                4, .,
               S.


               8-S
               & +4

               Is
               I- U
                                                   *
                                               III
zon
Skow

al.
                               *    ^o
                               2    " t

                               ^|   §5
                               -S   ,.
   -"SSI
   —• W II —
   3 01 X O _j

   JA'-S s

   -3S5
   -"SS--I
   —• w II (0
   3 Si.    tic's   vu —
                                                ~- 5.   *) ~- a.    3 5j -n   5 ~ 
    -------
                           <  \
                           O»
                           r-  C •*•
                               o i-
                           I  II
                      ^ co   0 -I
                        a>   •pa
                          .
                     c c S- o
                     — f K- a»  >• t.   «
                     k 3 O> O>  «l O   — *•
                     »««-«-  MX   at u
                                        'I r   I S Z1
     •n o
   *• v IT* > "
   ^ V II —• -J
   3 to X 0 **
   Iff 3 H- l» O
   41 •—.   i*
   « -O O —
     < w O
   ^•85-H
   — w u (0 -J
   3 ul X « -
   u> 3 i— O
   V —»   i—
                                        i     t
s       a    s
^"       ^"    *-t
                                                S
g£~   gl  Is
4>   V*   (U TT  5* '«-
,^ ^ t»   ,^ **  t— ^j
                   ' .^

                    i
         ' -S  o 5
         : I  C |
             ||
             .£«
             .2-3
                                                           i   S
                                                ?     £
                                                                        Si        S*
                                                      »   2.    <-
                                                      «   «    *
                                                      •a  "°    o
       in la
       ul <0 ^
       II
 i*


H
u-g
                                o
                                in
§3   S3
f"" U   '£ L.

  -   I-
  __   O —
                    S3

     e



  3  §3
                                                                          So
                                                                          w
                                            f o      It
                                            «^      «•=
                                                                                     u
                                                                                     o
§
u


•o

V
2
o
   H


S*   I
<0 -O   <-
B v   Ok
                                             u


                                             i
                                             N
                                             O
                                             .«rf
                                             o
                                             u
                                             a.
                                                                          §
                                              si
                                              o «->
                                              c c
                                              O. Uj
                                                                                   i £ 5
                                            97

    -------
                               09
                                                                         •
                                                                        S
•o

a
                                                                                                                             §
                                                                                                                             S e
0
u S in > "
mmt ** )l *^ •
SSSS^
£••00.2 =
* ** S
a1-—* k^v a*' QCO« u — *
a a gnu— 3t« at o S £ ^

. .
T> 0 1
w S in — H
— « u 
D U) X ~ •sj • .
83 t- O Ol ' ' f«- f» " i
~» h- 3 m in
at ~a o **> i »- p»
< «" 1
«-""
= 2<
Sss
08 «
o ^» rS « ftf
5 iS gjo* 3$ K
^* I/C ^ tyfT
"•• fn
§
-, g.2 gl 1
a ~ M * *- oe = ?
* .2-3 53 SS- C •§
S| g| g| --. - j
31
O
U
O
I
(0
o
u <*
« <» ff
*<&
II5
Chemical •
"• <- i-
f- A . ^
•C £ . ^
a - o -* , M
<* «J rtj - ff

ss .
§3 §5 U §2 |«
Ir 1- 1^ IS is
oc 3c 3-g 3c 3-g
§ 3 3 3
^ w* " w" ot1
1

gfi A sL'i1s .|i
'III 11 If! ill 511
P = !s P P P •- -o o ~ S '- h T
« s. 5 > ^ 3: g j
W>^ -4«» Q«^ M T

.

' t ( •
in g 0
8 8 1C §
- s «

5 ^ * •=
w 41***^**
2 2= 2 2 •
01 • 9.2 • •
1 "?i | S
« UJ •••
«- c u
1 « i
* s a »

< > ii
§.1 §2 §2 S*
.i* '15 i£ i*
3^ 3S 33 3|
= 333
"•" 
    -------
.
»i "3 2
(U
y
b
0)
»*•
«t
QC
•o o S
« S in > "

"3 « 35 75 X
S3 >- » 0
•— . VI 3
oe "O o —
* w S
•o o
*• a tn — **
-. *• II ID -J
£)3^Q0
-S2-3

ili
O *•* ii—
So
*^ •*• 01 C

— —. C> 
* U 10
litj tl
i
S
S
'^
It
a
lii
t- >*
^" jj
CO
sf .
II


•


^
o
1*1

in
,
**
1
i


i
IM
IA
5=
Cadmiua
chloride

•


macro
tebrates
IS

in •
&> fu -»*
o*> o* &
"g- -gS
an ra «

Is I? si
Ul U MX Irt »-


i , ' . • •


» o. "I*. "!
• « g^ ^3
3

oo oo 2
lo>3o g* g

*. ^* CL k CL b
X! 11 J= U J=
LI fc. U b* U
I- b b
JS £ jz
ni «a >»
N. *» f\j
i II
§ 33
Stl g 0 g 41
._ S .2 s ." «
B b . • b 6 b
S -- S •- S •-
o c u c u 'e
3 33
» »
M (A WJ

to wi vj
^5C ^^5 iti'SS.
5
§
Is

— * M
S^
tn &


i •


»o.
CO Nr
M «^

23
CON
*•»
1
O *
« i
o
S
u
JZ
OJ
3
Cadmium
chloride
a
^
tn
1
ifl
£1

1
ji
w ^
II


.



    -------
i
V
*•
V
et
•no*
*« 9 in > ^
Illss
aa«r
7 °
«< u m — • •*
— W II fl -J
3 IH X ** *•«
iff 3 * 0 8
* '•? O w 5
HI
1
IU
1
a
S w>
Chemical

i
c
o
u
<5 «
4* .«
i \
p- i/
! iS s
« •- -i X CT ^


« XI
» , in
•» (N»
in
g
' ' I
li °
u g § u
u ,2 J
1 l J
^* ^* ^
§ ^
35 3|
!=• ' i|
o c u-g
1 a- :- •
I "
§
s - il
IiM? ""i '5§
= s x ^ I • - 5
o 2 , .S| -9-3
« iS o x o tf >=
z r « « §-
O Of *•* *- M L.

It lit
3 o K m
° t a s '
o
In * m _
"X in m •- S
K - nj «
•*
|J
S 3 S u S § "2
j 1 * * *
•o (M oa r o>
5 ? ^ !0
ry -*f ^
§•8 §-8 §-8 §4! §-8
|l 11 11 ll il
3fl 3« 3* 3s 3-5-
3 .3
. * ' X
• . « ' . <*
lb I/I
|l , 1 •£
15 .ll .1 -1 f ^ i
3-5 E'gC i- ~ k— SB?
3 ,3 O 5 T3 O l_ OV. 5 13 ~
>->— 3 -a ^ an. 30. so
    -------
•o
u
Reference
-no*
w * m > ">
1i£8S
*fs|*
-IS--
11*15
a. 'v O C "*
«_1,
jfl

•M
u
41
t-,v
*•»
LU
1
1
Hardness
(ng/L as
CaCO,)
«ri
a
i.
1
S
1
4
v
<
1
I
O» *•• *«4 IB) <™ C O*
— ti ii •  •-
•^ V V 41
SON'ii.eaQjiiS— <*•» <0^ « «M j<
O a) « P: V i. — > « S a » u
— — a> ao> «««*» i- 5> i- S «
(A M «• M >- OX M«- «^ i<»- X
• 1 1 14 41 4*1111
«i * Ojin •*! 0 oj g g ^
' o 5j •<> "-«• iS "^ "*• K. « *
•
^ o 0 in g o 0 in
9 ? 5 «s a * a 5|"^|
s
S 2 g 28 8 • ia2 2
_J ^ ^ W^ IU ^l-UI^
u
£ J'i f£ i "S"!^
09 £ CO 9O CO O»<4
«r co o> <* «» ••» -^ ^ t>
I S 1 .§ 0 , « -
1 ' i 3 Ms * * S
§ .•? ' fi 5 i 9 i S iS i * §1
J 1^ 1^ ^ N-
3 . , , .
| • • . x x x x
1 <"....
3 (A OC Of M
1C S
vi ' vi C
= £ 2
ti £ S ivia-oSasS ^
» %3 %« >s _;|~ ise* lie- ji
i| — 2 •*• -A *— CL -* i* •& «-. *- S, u •*» S. » ••*
S3 * 9 X fl 3r u> -u 4S XIQj *^ --O 4.1 "^ > v*
S, 5 .£? 2---* 3*.*g «Co 
    -------
is a m ,,
• V
V
at
•no*
w 5 U1 > "

"3 »! x "3 x
vt 3 ^ ut.o
fll **^ irt 'ZS
-32S
-IS--
" 3 S * « •».
M 3 i- O 0
tl -^ >- 3
at w O *»*
--1*
« o *
*c 5
4^ to* « t W £ "O
01 o — ' i» tt a >
CO V <>
S! g « IS S-
a) £ « .dm u w
MO! •- o. yo> xi-ov u 3
£2 «2 ^ ^£^ II


t i i i



K -o. « « 2
• * -O N« N- M
. "? S FO <0 g

"• '•* "f S "i
^ *" S ' 5


3S ?§ ?§ S
•5 .— — o •— o .7
«4i a* w TO '~ v *— v
U) ' u « *rf fi W •«- O
4|I 3 W •*•• 9) '— «•* U>
^l .ii fl >^ .0 ••- .a u
3 S i- o £ o £ m
r Q. m c in c u
^ » u — u — _)
5 "- uj ui

1
'Z
3
ul u u
<] £ £ £ •*
! '- - 5 3
al
|;sj 3 f. i 1 s
«| S £ S -S §-8 § £ §-3
ul .Z a .S — ._ — ._ a •_ '~
i ii 1^ i| 1= !^
3 . UM u-g u-g o c u-g
1 •• -- '- ;: '-
f
2 S • 3 S 3
5 *S "3 fi •§
O *B »ta * »ft *o
r si si' s| 2x-^ "^-^
•o uii • u^1 «< % wf ui.%- «i C %•
s » 1 '^ j i ' 3 "^ ' 3 ? '^ * "5 ^
*<• <35| cj ^o u '•j o ^j u >^ ^*j u %^ *o

11


i i



0; «J
<> 1^
•* «

§
IM in
(M -
(M
X
i
a g
u
«
at
c
£ S
3 S

e ?
3
i| i
o-g u
M
* ^
"O

•§
' .'
2 -c-^ *
u ^r ^ »
a  <0 •-
t. ' C «
U tl O C
S ? 5 =
3 — no
rv CO Z OC


( (



s «
o S

^.^
^ CO ^
K~

!i
3 o
« s
i
f
u

x u

' S

I i
§ 3
§3 S£
15 11
3-g 35
•» *

3 3
^ •§
-.2 2
g J i ^ .1
41 %• 1) w §•
"O ~ . '8 >» ~
•k 5^i
u "o u -^ o
«V1
Winner 19*


(



m
d

in
d

§

u
U
s
£
•3
a

S
.,
I!
3)
oc
•o

•8
.2
" i
41 %*
1
uC

Spehar and
Carlson


g



s.
i

J
JJ j;
z

8



*
«

R
in
in
§B
Jo
1
X



% •«
« I
V §


J3
«



























2
—2
3
•hi*
102

    -------



u
1
tl
•a o U
w £ in > *•

"3 u> x 'o •«.
Iff 3 ^ Iff O

a? -a o -
< <-> a
•a a
u 6 in — • —
— w ii a -i
3 3 £ o o
SSo-
15 2 5



• 1

g
tut
(Q
O
i*i
if-
8
HK
i
5
••
£
1
g
u
4  ^ > u> M C C v) '- rsj u
— w n — • a n u^'^\ea»dj
x •- u» in in ut i £ n i a u S o


• i ii i i ' i i


* * ^ * C
i *4J ^ ' ' ' '
•^ o 30 ooj: -
o« o> co • • e *T i
• S ^- ~ •* «n - o ;*
 ^ -n--- U 9~ " **>q »> 13 ^ « TJ -3 «» ^ *>>q U T:
1 u i 

c c a
r-5 £
CO M CD


f «


1 1

1 $

^
u
o o
•^ o
in
u


£ -C
S K

1 1
S£ §
S:
<>

I
5;
£
u
in


, ,




8-


jt« *J
IA 1/1
«"• OJ






«







,


•

o


?
§







ir 11
u c u m
t 1


.1 e
|! S
41 TJ II
ii i
u a u



it
52
T •§
Kl ^
**-» Gi





103

    -------
                X

                M at

                ||
                            _>
                            a
                     ««o  'S    C S>
                     i*  i

                     5.-  c    g £

                     = fi  23!  c§
J3_  a .


It  M
                       S3  <2
                                 U W»  U>  ^
   « 3 — o 01
                                         o


                                         CJ
         jv;   T^mcocv  mo
                              5s2Ri
                                 g
                                         S
                                                  3
                              SKS3
                              M ~ rst •*
             u u u u
             o o o a

             "»S  S    S
             >»>•»< w  12    »j
                                                  o
                                                                       O

                                                                       Q
                                 o
                                 ni
                                            3
                                                    3
                       3
a
•»
      l<:


                                               g   S 3 CS
                              £;:££
                H      |2  |3  §3  §3

                1?      1-  15  1*  1*.
                S3      * ^  .• «•  .• «•  * »
                o i     u e
                                                       "•5
                                                              |3-   §3

                                                              II    II
c
o
u
•o

01
.a
a

                     _• o>  -.*»  _•.»  _.-«   _s»r«ei..a     _a_a

                     Si  |l  Si  Si   .g_.g   il  i  ^     S  .1  gg


                     "5  «.5  S .5  * •»   8^2   S 2  S C 2     8 C 2  8 2
                                      '   .S   Ci   .9 CS  5 J5 C     5 «C C  _Q C

                                      I,   IB *Nj C^   "Q.  w>PCL     ^^f^b  "* Ot
                        u<5  uc^  u c5  u c5   u w cS   u <
                                     104

    -------


41
41
"«
rl?>2
3328^
£ 7 o •- a

06 < « 5
-a o
w fi in — "
— «> ii a ^
Sl''!
06 S 2 ~
*•» ^u
"3 ** ^
* <^

4*
u
flj
!*•
l+»
LU



.1
IM
• (8
1
X «l
IP
1
^


4
*

|
M
§
U
•o
t>
1
"o ~a
W W
41 4)
1. t_
* ^ J
x •- x •

i i • • .



•*5 SO K. N. CM
J3J ^™ {^J ^* t^


52SS rS


S S
u u
_i _»
1




^ J=
a . a>
>» •*

1 fO P* 1^* n* fO
i H s
I ~n i
ji a "~.
1 - *
B «
5 S
(M TJ U^
g| i
™ B u
«3 82 8

4)
w a
41 -M
U)
JK K1 3 •£
C O* O O>
— Ok ' ^ O>
f S . |.S .
i 1, I5«

1 1



*
o


^ « ^
(M ***•

S
1 ,
§• y
L.

U

t
•3 *
,. *
nj

S •
1 sl sl
° 1 ° 1s
1 5| 5S
a
x „
, vt
ct
~
g C g g
f i I" s §
' S 2 u ""
^ X o ?
_.
"3 'S
41 U
C b»
-a il
 (0 CD — & M
— Ob C w g 41
C-* 4)O O ^ 'S §
uia- _JE ui ui **-

1 • I . • .



— m s s
• • N» O , ,
•^ •*  | »|

I
— (1 <"». *» <-
— A «<•>. u u a
125S ass? g gi
o 5 o a o»o» •" ^ S"
in w in 4 in in >-

— 1 -1 -1 _J U
i
u t
* ^5 * £ •* -S
to ^ a -* -j
o S
» I
S| S* 92 §.|
15 15 1| 1*
t»s ""S u«uS
b— b—
3 3
B? , <« ,
(a at

.S S ..=
i g § - i S 1 S ,
t , i e , s 2 o r
UQ O ^ Cl UQ U —
105

    -------
      '
      N.

      8

     (9 -0

     L. O
             i »   — c>  — 3«
              T*.   wr *-  ** *•
             i o>   o   o
             i-   gS  Js
             , L.   oi c  ra e
             15   £'5  ^5
                                             M
                                             V
               II  1§
                 •—  0| ^
                     1*
                     ••!
                     «i

  "3 M X O >•
  in 3 i- w O
  W '^  VI tj
  Of TJ O — ^
    < w O
    •a e
   « 41 in —
   — u ii O -J
   3 VI S " •»
   01 D I- O O
     §

     O
            S
            o
N.


     v ^     a ~  g -  u -  g ~  o x -   y
     If    Ii  II  It  ||  1^1- |
                                    i. "*
                                    fi ">
                                         S .a  i .1

                           U d  u Q  U O  U '
                                                   U Q  U ** t
                                   106

    -------
    •o o H .
   ** S m > -«

   lllss

   JT-oo.2^
    < «. o

eyama and

o 19S1b

and

j 1
                                   a  a «
      a 3   ota   t. >   .c — <«
      ww   c 5   19 -»   u u eo
      • a   5 $   .e «   a « o>
      x >•   5 —   
Braginskly and

Shcherban 1978
rma and

varaj 1
                                                           32   fi »
a

Sei
Sharma and

Seivaraj 1
    •g a
   u 5 u-i — —
   — w II to -J
   3 (A X w X
   M 3 >- O 31
p»» in o*   ^


i»» fw ••   o
                     i
                co m in  -
                            •g
                       1    1
                                             in
                                             u
                                   in
                                   u
       I    I
                                      u
                                      £

                                      to
                            JE

                            eo
                                                           (M
                                                           in
      S "
                       3
                 •s    &
                 It^    *
                 M    m
                 "    in
                                              s
                                              tn
                       §2  §2  15  §2    |2    §2    |2   IS    IS


                       «-»•§•<-» -g  « 3  "-g    ""g    S3
                                              •= «

                                                1
                                                                u>     in
I
i
op
ag
   ,    1    I    I
   qj    ti    (J    tj    U)      W>


S .1   S15  S S  S 5  i I 3  Si      ^     ;    8-     &
U^1*^   U )Q  U m  Una  *- Jt «3  *-«     » g  U &  «> Q. 13  « Q. o^  *9Out  "9 Q"   "B U 3  *5^
 £*r   u    o    u    v 01 »•••  Q 4j a  s -S •"•  3*"*   5=>ssi  a^
   C   OT&  Oti  O ^  OOA  O O **•  A *J "a  QpU   Q. v »•  &QVI

 s|   is  is  is  if?  iis  ist  |&   ||-5  |=|

 i 2   ufi  uS  uS  u v? S  u <^ s  u •r i  ut2   u S 3. u S i
                                       107

    -------
a
I
V
at
•g o V
w 5 In > —
— • ** u — • — *
3 v> as O •*;
m 3 i—  " i- 3
w 1+
sfl

» — "8 *" * nj "^ * 1 § -O ^» -O-f
g J, 3 a — »• «*•'-• a «i o" — >"• >•«"
« ^ -o £> <* •= — ^* D g» £ — >f ^ — —
3ll la J^ tot II ^1 1 sis' si
, 1 fill 1 1 t 1 t 1 t
w r ~ •? 2 SxS'j •* ":
O . ' ' ' «J O« 2 arvtM10 "*
^: « ' * — ° 33"""
rj S«S
» 1 ooe^ o «S V-fff « •«
- ^" SS-«s ^ S'S S§§ 7 *•
i ~SJS
U 0 0
• j_*i o o tfi
u o e •» S " o oo o oo
a>I u> in w «•* *^ yi in m IA intn
,il u u uuciuuu
«*»l ~J -J OOO^ «J«4 «J ^^
J 535
I
a
J
U l_ 1- <- I- I- U. C <-
JC £ J= .C JBJC £ -C .£

(AMI «-
*" * ^3 ^A ' P* *•' 3* 1*1
ll| 5 ft ' « i * * 8 s
^
a
c
b
|3. 12 13 13 13 '|3 . sS |3 |3
I| Ii l| Ji l| Si S| "Si l|
^1= . .* ** - .-
|^ ,xx. , , x x x
xt i»" en" u» «»" in
! 3 ' „• .-
c e «, v ^ 3 *, v ^
u S'i'lC"'^ Sin's I^°'0*'S
• 7j^»a.S "S* fl «» -S Tjm 'S'* TJ' T!1' T?'
t *! ll§ ill -s '-al --^ -5 -? -^ -?
3 I- lt|-s«l Is 1 1 £ tl fl II Jl tl
o a
|l R|
"S J "3 —
u a u a
•
•* K>
u n
in
> a
a

a a
u c
& £
§ §

§ S
J3 §3
Jl II
X* X*
V) VI
«
-jp x; tj
" •* ^r •*
— "S — — "S
II Ki
108

    -------
99
gan
                                          TZ3   "
                                          !*   if
                        o —  -co-
                        ma  a. «-
                               _.?«  s-o.  e-s   «~
                               5 fc S  55:  15   -zJ
                               w> eo —  ^ —  ^ u   u o
Cr

al

   TJ
  M V
     in
  ^ w II _ . _J
  3 in SB O
  M 3 I- M
  41 — *  y»
  a. -a o —
   < •* a
..SS-H
3Si23
« 3 >- O
* ^ - ^
                                      N.

                                      O
                                          S
                             oa

                             rsi
                                          §
                                          O
                                                   o
                                                   1C
                                    s
             o
             «•>
             o
                 e
                 a
a
0
in
u
«~o   o
S TS  m   m
* 2'  u   «

15  '   "
             S
                 s
                                    1
                                    §
                         6 "

                         il
                         u e
                            "2  82
                            il  is
              S3  sS  82
              II  15  II
              u a  
    -------
*
2
u
u
41
•*•
«
OK
'»• J> m > «"i
— • *-i u — • -j
3 » z 0 "s
M 3 t— l» O
u -X la a,
as -O o — ^
< « O
*•»
'•o o
»j 4) u-l — —
«• •« H ig _l
3 «1 I i-> X
S3 I- O O
— • ^5
at "o o <~
< *•
- - %
3*3;
£55
• <•*
?s
00 -
x" - S
— c ^ o-
•X 9 tl —
M JS
•5 « * -
  »- x
>i>i i i i
S ff
i . • • > K> 0
a a
^^ <^
s.s.i| 1 §51°
ss«* s -i«°i
<*•* >
« ^^ ^ «
u u u u
U. a o o a
73 o m in o — —
gl •- «- «M MS 2
C>| *•» -w w w 2 *n
a ° J -1
1—1 y>
u
«4
|
+rf
m
*
o
^ ^ ^
K 3 S
IA «f 1
0> S «-J
i-,3 . ^
Sffi s
5 - i
10
u
1
5
§2 §2 S*
ii if i|
u M we 0-5
>-
ad &
*^
'i § §
5 bid
" a a • "
^ 2! 4 4 -*
4* '— — S — S U «3
Suj •»» o> «** o. t* •-«.
m ' 3( >-0 X 3 i T,
IB oi « — a~3e
- Ml I<0 XOOUJ
J J J "g
* _ " « « « TJ »-
? " - « «a 18
• *s* ^s « •• si c-
k i_ a - o o *. «. o s s«
a_ « u> O X *- •<- »- Ol«-- ^ a
IS til * • §s §3 §>• 3S
*S 5-32 5« 32 3J2 55 x£
1 • ' i • • • ,
S m <» *^ fc o .
*. M » e . . » ^
3 v « « « 5 J
% *^
> o in o _
* "4 * O A. o O O O
r*.H n § o g e g o ;
L2S v « * "• « « '
» ^
L. «.
o o ooooSS
ss is a a a ' 2 11
-* -j -> -i _i " _ _
??
11
at at
| ^ ^ ^ ^ J= ^ 1
jg»S-S33-£
09 K ^
5 a R • • « S
§i §i §2 §2 §2 §«
|« 1« |5 it ii |s •
a -5 3* 3e 3c 3c 31
* a
1 ' ' ' . X
M „•
Ul
» ^
S r 2
•S •§ 3 « *•
8" 'S 3. •- w £ a 9-
3 5, =- 'a. 2 - St
"S t3 a o§ «-:§ i *-*
•^ !s» *rSX"9 »?C **TJ **GL S ^S
3** * QJ •<•• .« **• * ^ 
    -------

























~
V
"i
o
u


•o
V
3
U
2
a
a
"ol
ae
•o o *
« u in > "

3 « JB e ^
53 '2. *" ii!
at *•? o —
< w 3
•o o
<-• oi m — "
— t* II IB J
11-21
"3 2 ~
3 "* v
153
a QI
Is
a u
U M
£2


• •

ii
§ a
o o
• IN
(V
« *

01 V
o> a
i li


i!
« s
ae ac
1
_ a
SS4
hi s
1
1
1 «*
1

^ ^
2 I
It
5 a
"* S

vtt X <5
01
S S
25


•

s.
3
o
in


* ^
?
.2 « *
£ I 5
« S- <-
® o>
u ^
1
N.

S


x"
»
ac

*% a
II
3 3

*<^ Q
ii
S S S S
ff O* 9 O*
^1 "^
5 "3 '5 "S


•

t 1
K» O*
* •
in ao
i i
a a


^^ ^^
2 2



u o
-J _J
u u
JB JC
O 0
§ §
•^ w*
s« §«
11 11
X* X*
• *
OC OC

++ ^ A ^
u r* u r
S| 2|
S9- » a-
._ <>. ,£ t
5. a ' a

**^ § ^* §
•S 1 § i:
•— -ft *^ •€!
X Vj X ^i
|i i|
^ ~*
'5 "3 'a "a


, . .

oo in o
S
3
* ^ 1
-o S '
S —2
a
^
sj li
11 11
„ 3
X
» **
ac
U> VI
« 3 3
II I
e vi vi

** a Q
« S tT §
as §i
x6 x€
M O
4j .
< ~9


•

S
flO


*J
o
1
12 S
1 1» _i
g
o.
o
1
o

£
si
11
1




VI

^ ^»
II
                          \
                                      -
                          o

                          IV
                          s
                          u
                          a
                          5*
o
in
u
fu
IM

                           uCfu   ••"•tfu

                           ?l^a   93^5
                    t-r -Q  o "-Q •*
111

    -------
       u

       c1

                   g
                   o
                        S
                        o>
                            s
                            o
                                                   ?! :
                                                   « £ 41
                                                       tl
                                                       at
                                             H .-  ^ —  Ol 89
5   vl X O -
   3 t- vi O

  a!-5 o •-
   < ** o
   •p
  » w i
  J O
u 6 m ->
_. » ii n -J

1I!S1
                                       *
                                                         S
 •S a —

•5S3
                   S
                                             o
                                             -o
                                                (M
                                                 •
                                                •a
                   e

                   u
                               o

                               u
                                   o

                                   u
                                                      Si  1

                          O
                          a
                          IM
                                                    S
Cadnium
chloride
                        13     IS'   IS
Cadm
hlor
                                fl5    |«
                                3*    3-5
                                                   £  fl
                                               us   trt   v\   vi
                                               (/I   VI   b%   Ut
i
u
                       a
             's  i
             O U O 3  C 41 5 -5
                                            j-s  „•   j-

                                  pi  Is  II  -!1  II
                                     |sfs  |l  jl  if
                                      COO'S  CO  CO  CO
                                                    -
                               112

    -------
V
L.
a
V
at
13 O 8
w 4> m > "
111 8^
S9o.23
* w s
-is-H
3512=!
« 3 t- O 0
Sfo-3
*•* _ ^
11!
•S -, S S g S ?> --s-
• •^ Q jj l^ r*» pt» ^« • ^4 ^ CO fll fl
500 C*O>»»-O>N. x
£-^*j*'-*~ •- •- w- (!>*•«<••
 in
S K« ^ f «. ^ «• - 2 , ', ?«?
»- m A — 0 o C       C     *€

•5*   5 ** •£*  s "™ -S*   5 *  5s'  9 ^ ^*  x *****

^   -• "rt \j  -•• _• tj   •"•Ho   "~ *s w  *^ 8 w
s   «
    -------
                 i«
                 ii
                         "
                                             33      33
                                             S3!      a   .c a
                     • a     > o     >a    a. •-  o» a.
                                                      = 8


                                                      38
                                                      w> a.
    •ooCl
   «* u m _> H

   "3 « z "3 53
   M 3 >-• M 01

   S--ao.2
    < « a
    .
    32-
                                     §
                                             s
                                             A

                              §
                              m

                                       'S.S.  g*

                                        «- IM  S
                       a

                       • 8
                    o

                    IS
                                         if   *
                                         *. «.   O

                                         rr   8
§      s      s     s
             u
             £

             s
                                                              3
                                                      CO
                                                      sT
                       o
                       in
5s    Ii
H    Ji.
                         5    ii    Ii    ii
                         *    3-g    5*    3s
                                                          U
                                                      §2
-o

V
a
a
                    •5     -i    «•£.
                    I1  J  t   £* §
                              IK   5^.    Is       IK       "i.
                            h«^£>   •  gv   .A   «  «M^RV   «  ^HA
                            > ^ "  MO.*   »J*   U  CS  *•  CS

                            1^^  i?**"1*   2^   2  ° *  2  °>*
                            i(Ma  9?a   9a   9  —• a  9  — 3
                          *
si!

•g oh
'— a Q  -^ ai G   >M X G  •*• >* O  •** * G  •— *«-<3
                                          t!  i**i»ti  Z » 9 ^j
                                           I  i§.= H  »a'=s,
                                           t  l&=f  |T,-t
                                           5  ?""t*?  ?-.f?>
                                        115

    -------
         91

         g
         tt
          u
          et
                 .rg
  .- S
  N U

  J8
  
   •*       >»
                                           L.





                                           00
                                  3       S
                          IS
                             §1      IS      si    si

                             !»      i*      !«    <="
                             * 5      fl ^      fl -i?

^^

i
1
w»        irt
to        wi
3  3
o  —
                               M        VI       W»      W»      trt

                                             .-VI      «»      VI
                          VI    ^   VI
                                   3  Sw)   3   O
                                   a  •— a   o   -^
                               S  Is
                               a.  e
                             *«B^
                             3*0  ^
                             0    3
                                                               2   IK
                                                              • 4   =*
                                                             *'6*'
                                                               "
              Os i- u   •— 
    -------
                                                    I
1
V
•^
u
ac
^
w 6 in > "
— u u — _i
3 VI X O *;
S3 i- M a
•^ w 3
OS 'O O —
* " 8
•o o
«• 8 in -» "
-» ** H 19 -^
3 M S w >;
M 3 >- O a
V — i-3
« •Q o f
< M
*• ^
"5 « =!
IP
5 « • 3 c ji S
SKI IA b O • I/I
u 01  S >S >C> UI.C&W
a $ a 5>  &ao> «
o?- QV^ or- in o •- a
• i i i «


eo S S *• '
3^2°
~ 0 0 S

h. CM .
£ « ^ * 3.
•A irfl «A -dfll
§ § £ S o
OM
Iff M 1
in a j^ o>
111 a 8 1 S s
S ?q *>
X -^ 1
~
i
!i U
i ' ' ' 15 1*
1 *^ 3fl
||
•y <•
e ^
O a
ac u
4


f>-
in


S
0
«
-a
Mater upti
inilibited

4>
i
S
5!


S


s«
15
3fl
c IIS a
a o i~
H — - «
fa CM in
?fc 8-S
vi o «- -i 51--
i i


m *-
ft **

(A (A
1 1.
5 2


S S


si .
1! '
u-g
u
4? f*»
€8
*•
k! 8-
a
a
o>
«b


S


. !«
15
3^












M
"S
£











frj
I
V
2
a
                    s
t  .  I

I  §  I
i_i  **  U

     -^^
                Ii
                M <«
                < vfl
i 3.2   3 -S 3 -2  3" 3 «
; I ^   S 5 .1 -5  Ml
 — c    S -• S  «— (3
is-   -sis-  • 11>
I — B  • O  — S  J*~-S
• ^iS   ".aj-ofl  ",52
                                      117

    -------
            ?§
            a =
                       I

                     II

                     II
                               TjS
                               CO.    CM

                               !:  is
                                   IB »-


                                     >
                                          i  '^

"3 ti x ^
M 9 >- M O


«S2s
                   §
                         §
                                           CO

                                           55
                                                   o
                                                   lA
                                 J   I
                                              O

                                              S
                                                               §
            e
                   O
                   in
                   U
                         1-
1,  I
a 3  
    -------


Result Result
Adjusted Adjusted
tesult to TH=50 to IN=50
V
'i
Total (Total (Dissolved
us/I)' M9/1) «l/L) Refen

5 8
*O M
Kl in
» co
® 3
g

1
5
§
R
IM
S

t
«l
1
CO
8
i i

a a
i f
M M
i i
a o>
Kl 9>
in -S
Kl 
CO
AJ
s

1
•o
CO
s
4 _•
a

o KI tnm
Is '.hS
w» •- m r-
rvi
i in
CM*
a i
ru ^
a a
«i «
«fi £K,
c. co t. as
m 2 ea £
• i
s *
rf S
a
ti
ti
I!
o
o
0
in
                     o    o

                I.     I.    I.     I.     L.
               £     f    £     f     f
                               $
                                           CO    •    ^
                                           •*    -d    m
                                                                           €
in    »
m    in
3    if    g
S    7     2
-    »     s
                                                                                  O


                                                                                  §
                 *   si  s5   §3   s|   s^   i*    i
                                     LI "   tl "
                                                  jB    ^          ^    ^
                                                U -g  O "g   UC  U -g  CJ "g   (J -
                                                                              VI      M
c
o
                                                               *   I  ^
                'IS  IS  'IS   'IS  'IS  I

                "Si  "82  "S3   "81  "82  "8
                2s.  3s.   3^.   • ft  Ss.   o»
                                          '
                                 S v'  *i *"
                                 So*  B 4i
                                 I
                                                      "8
                                          119

    -------
•o
41

1


w
"3
VI
41
at
"3
Ifl
oe


























41
g
• 1)
oe
** II ^ — i
M I O -s
3 >— <^
y> ^- CO U 1- VIU^" O*-

t I I i


~ 3 3 §
3 «. ~. o
T- rg «- nj

00^.


IA ^" ^




o a o o
am in m
u u u


U. 1. t. U
^ -£. £ £
O -O -O CO

a R s §
O i > »
ry IA t/> o
i/» irt r»
92 §5 §3 s*
IS is is iS
^
XX.
• .x
M ^
"™ «
ac
Ul VI IA l/l
ig TJ TJ TJ
S* 1 Z* 1 *" § 1 §
§ ^. | h. | ^ ' | ^.
'i S 'i £ iS i S
11 11 IS 1-1
41
li
OB «-

4111


w in *M ^
tn m.m ro
u u u u
S- CON.*


"• "• T^* "•
Sjs«s



1


.
1
CO

•o
s
s*
11
*
U»

*^
_ ^J S
lit
' 'I ~* 2
111
^fl 1
" " li i
w M a w-
V 8) **
L. *rf- 41
4i 4i o -g
oitn Q>m ji c •— -o
ueo s.a u a -> 0.— a o
10 •- (0 •- MU. I —

1*1 i i


•* o in <* o»
^ • in ^ <4
— in ^» ^ *-

r- N
^ « 3 • o

^™ ^

V *»
"5.t»
— 41
O U " ** O O
$% li 5 5
0 $
IA a.
U 10
-
co ^U "^U iJW WU
=
XXX.
.,-."»
at u. u.
 (rt v>

sSl a'lS^ a § s §
i^o, i^o. § &. i ^.
'e ~* 3 i ~* S i 2 a -»" 2
^3 O 'o "O O 4 ^3 * *o T3 ti
S s»S * 5.5 «A« 2°-c
                              ». IX
as
                                              ^ *^ ^.   ^ «^ i
* ?   **;?   *M^
wO.   >fc^.Q.   u. wO.
                                               120

    -------
g
u
Reference
•o o 5 ^

—• •* u -» _i
M 3 5 3 o
41 -^ M 3
at "O O —
* *- o
s^
c!
if



i



•n o
w i in — —
_ ^ n a -J
2|XS|
-|2-1
~-~
3 2 "s
S o 2
OC ^ ""
«
N!
**i
^


^
si 1*
a -?
Uil ** CB
3
I
*•*
ID
i
i

s.
» M 1
si a «J
l->Ei «
o *- yl •*
If5!
«
w

si .
!|
« I o
•3 x~
d »
«




(_
V
st 2x||
1 Itll
gs ?
o> o» » —
-- cg -
M 9 g o> «
.* <^ u « a
u o *•* 01 01 o*
.— i. in L. i_ f*
_ « V ._ — >
ID o 3 a a «-



i i i




i . i

§ -
^ o
•0
2 *•
—• X -n ->i
5I 1-1 e
1? ii •
flj S Q
i B u

-c
(M


• . ,
SI IS 5*
1| 1| \\

i i


3^5
iy> •*** •*-*
*5 JB a *a


•^ C ** ^ ** Q.
i| *| l\
^ VJ . L.
-C <0 -C
§ 2 s


^
in
si si si
i o is i o
<3^ 3| 5|
X 33

M" wT in

^

* ^ ^ -^
j« t! .* u

** Q. *^ ^ 3
(B ^ (0 m » *^
U U> U -Q O> —
|| || Hi
H ^ o> —
lg i. ?§ *
1* I2 se s
- x .2 x 8IC
=5 r* Ii 88
3U 3 a 5 u 32
i


* i i " i




5 S
• • e\j^ ^
09* lC
', 1
h. ^
fM TJ O
«•! *^ *•* S O
s^2 a=i o o
j^sJTJ 3^S "" "*
Sg! 1^1
^ ^ (.1.
I 31 * -C
•s « 33


fc s 8
Si Si S2 S£
!« lo is is
u-g 3-g 33 5c
•^
*
• ' X *

«*
•^

«/> i/i t^ — .
*1 -i -i §

,- ^ '!§ ^ .2 ^ ^*
O « O « O m m
*- -T «-)•-. •-*-•* —T
11 II 11 Ii
                                                                           121

    -------
•*
***s ij
11"
"3

5
*
4
1
|
—
1
U
vd i
i ]
0
ll 1
U II X
•- jz a
a u in
4 (9 U
o x a


. , .


ru in 4 in
in fO M *O
o a o o
ses §
 cO

I «
O (M
5
li §2
1 * 15
S* .32
1 -- ;:
* u-


.
vi J* 3
3 S « S ^,
n| u -j i_ i- t» 10 -o
TjS ?* "S
C 3> a ^ a
fl .- u) C J3
a. o i- a -
* v o w a M a
u en £ C .c — -.*

CD CO CO I VI U ^


. .


<" -. IM
10 ft *
in • "™.
7 "* ~°
i- • O
i s s
A CO
*
c u i
li i? §
58 r J
g
» i *
3 K> *

i »
«M in S.
^ o in
-* in
i i § i S i
si ii ii
X
Ul
| | 1
-S < •£
^ ^. ^

•^ (A ^ 1/1 •• * VI
. 5 s as we
a 3 * s US
3 Q. 3 Q. 3 Q.
ai -j S i CD -j
a
«!
P
CO •"


'


5
CO
".

1
u
M
1
Si

S


'li
3|
X*
LW
g
?*
c

iS'
ca C ^i
ti

    -------


                                                    §
                                                   I


                                                    V
                                                    a>
                                                    L.

                                                   a
    •HoC
   «* U in >


   IIISo,

   5--00-2
    < ** a
    7 o
   « $ in — ^
   _ w H a -t

   3 3 = * ^
   v» 3 *• o a


   -32-
 Wl
             u S «- 5.
             O *-* cu  y -9  a
     wi  Q tm Q v\  n
                               a 5
                               lDI.
•-
a> •
a c
-^ (8
£J v,   = « 5, ^

III    flJ
        = c^§  cs^i  -^c
    -------





13 O $
*> v ut >
3 S x "o
u) 3 t- «
oc '•? o •£
* ** S
? °
** 41 lA ^
— • *-i II 10
2 v> X *•
U) 3 I- O
Of •-* ^
ce *5 O »•»
< «••
*« _^
•S 9
is









« M
M IB
i 0
if


1
*•*
s
u
-o
u
>—
4, ssli ES ?§

u
c.
11
(1

rs?.j gt gs
SfeS" S8 ?§
— H* O. i- 40-4 ffl —
a: in ta •- V u v> u «
^
v
o

„
•s.
a


-
x.
a
3

» t i

"
o rg 03

OJ ^» ^"
§
- 5 ^

4*
"1 S S
il ° S 3 §•
«*H ^ ^ '2 "flj

I
*•«*
(t3
1
SL
* . * 4
a « 0
-» «* §

«%
8
u
A
<.
1
t.

S S S
CM <— «-

g «l
I3
S Ij i >
1 '

"g ,2 "S 2 "8 £
i * i ^ 2 >
R| (Jj ™ Qj ™ Qj
^ m ••> m ™* T3
CJ — I (J -2 4J «2
Ml C vi C M C wi
«| 5 a 5^*5
— i w * S. u * 9» w*&
w« •<**•*< «<*•*< ic*^*<;
1>
** f»-
p

£ *

i


i


g
-"
o

s
2
Ul
i

JB
55


i

Cadmium
chloride
9
(rt*

1 1
73 ~
l?l
^ "^ *<
41
M

||
41 — '
x a

' •


• >


(\l -0
o «^
0 C
- M w§
Oil

JB
IcS
*"

•


iv



CM
(VI

JC
4rf
5
a
^
i
.
a
O


5

f Cadnium
chloride
»^
14.
&
e 2
2 1 a
sf 1
X 9 «j
JS § «
r3^
o n J-

"5

41
V

ea ^

i


iX


o
m
^
• «
f w
5 'I
T7 g
i1

S"
CO


$

Cadmium
chloride
•
C.
I?
tO IB
— * fll
a —
til
ji

124

    -------
         «l
         *^
         41
                                                                                    ^^Tv

    •a
   w $
      06
   «!'  **
   •fsl*
    V °
   u It m _ 
    -------








S


w X) «— l/> —
• « ' V IB
-* -"• «j o *o
tg x * i -» C **
0» g — « «l

* i * "g > * o
•- w Q 8 C * t! 1
TI -^CO 1- (»^ 36O3
9 o» a o Z fS-M
Of Z »- M u. a ^>r-O.
1 ^ f 1 * < 1




1 1 II » II

2 2 s - i I i
M «— r- in ^ »

i ^g 111! 8 |§ ||
! i Ii Illif II !| 3
B '^ f|= 1 K? »^
| x ~
4 * ' * ! -
« 3 g J §

o
M * * » 1 1
S

82 •' 13 S3 §3 3*
is 111" i « i fe •
3e u-g 3-g o-g 3-g
3 3 .33
v> wl . aT 01
t . g Li
?& Sea'Ce "Sbi ^ 2
g K «» COOI>n3 O*. *• G R
Js^-iw-sil ^s s« lw
CSo «o.S "J5 S5« 52 $£
«>.•: ko— e^q^s o t; 3 a « . ^ —
«ut 3-3 8«3-2 2s!s §• ioCu
i
«M



«a


VI
i





•

5

a
in
u
Ul
w
£
to


1


§3
H
u-g
3
«
M
t/i
= 1
. ?» ?•
1 1* a
o «M S
a
«

e
Q

a
u
!.
IS





t

a
in

f
4^
i
01
g
u
1
a







3
»
Ul

.1 i
i*2
5 t> -a
i
r-



9)


tl
i





•

?

s
UJ
1.
£
K


•


s-3
u
"•§
3
w

.1 §
— * O 3
Q « *J
3 «) -Q
                   C
                   01
a
                              o ^ 
    -------
    «- >

    3 ~o
    a vl
    4) a

    «5
   ~^S
    Is
    U I—
      5"
a
m
£
2
 O
1 ?
S« i
O O» v
X — 
M *••»
2 •»>
> <-•
W1W1 V^lrt ^^^-ft
•» u 2 — o u •— *J w _>• £ S
« QQ "Q. « 133 ft. « 3i Q. &%'Q
fi
»


~a
o
c
in
V
at
•
1
1

o
in
u

|

3
•
S*
•§0
3?


TJ
* ^
B «o
Jl
t5
a ~
If
a. <3
S
»


a
*•
u
s
«i
«
at
i
i
i

a
in
u

1

S
•
S*
II



•o
_-^
E •*
5»
•f
|=
If
& o
5- S1
oe at

I I
U 4f
Ii i!
1 1
1 1
S g

o e
in in
u u

b. 1-
£ JS

*"" *"
1 1
s'S S3
- i-
^ *• r*
"o "u
X X
ac* at

«
u '
S
    -------
       £1
I   1
4>   O
01   m
i. f-
O K-
32
                     u
                     1
                        -
and
dhuizen
al. 199
                      I
fe  Sfc  8fc  5"
2  32  52  StS
                       a
                       **
                       u

                       fc
K
o


ID
k<
«
I.
V
"S
 Is
 .§§
• gi »
Zar
Hor

    3 O :
    I* (A
    4) (A
    *• " _
   !-l£2
    3  S
                                   R
                 (M
                 in
                 (M
            a
            £
            u
             £   31    R  '  8,
             •3   5    4    -S
             u —  .c
           in — \7  w *»
           >||  i§
           n o.'C  01 w
           _ — ._  ^ U
           S « "3  o |
           =|i  s?
                      I
                      ni
                      >*


>*
It
Ik
u
oa
1
days Reduct ion
enbryoni<
developmei
il
1. 41
Si
Irt ' —
S.
5
     ._«
             §3* if   9S  S£  Si   il    §1    i«
             i! 11   15  i*  1s   i*    i-*    £5
             3| 3*   Si  3i  3S   5S    3S    3-2
                                        11  Ml    11
                                        3 b  "£<-    '5 «-
§
u

               "»    V)

             u •-   u -
             -^   - X
             at1   at1
                           !§
                           *
         ai1  o
              C  S c

lgw
'S *"*' c
** ^^
ill-

lgw>
^ *-> c
** S-'S
«I
L.
«
i?.
IIS
III
t
1?,
Ill
5^ ?
Si >
c_
4t
«rf
|S
o C. n
.. «j 
An*
4 j>
o $
•S8
*• !X
'— «rt
U t)
4 C
o. O
                                 123

    -------


il
V

V
V
at
*• > — j
111

*'§
o G
w ^
3 S " -
.« a z a
"5-2
" TS 2}
X - (M rsi
Si |,-g g S § E
|_; j g 3**'~'~>
a a » ~9 "a ^ 3 *~ " — — S
2JQ X — U) . 0 « 0
QOO'P** ^ w t 30-^ X.
o o> i^- "O « « — 5 _ o ^ ^ *•
~-2ic e <0il1«4''|-g
??w«.? 3 SSoo-°.2.2°







*i *; ** (flt'±S* "=* ^<-s^B c c xd*
M *^O^3O* 3 O* 10 O & 4J •*• 41 at a 5n
3 3 Ul UJ *- « *- W)^ Z I < > Z 0-3 > ^

• I'll 1 til 1 1 1 1




*•*!* 1 141 lit!


s a 3 1 • 2 = sS I - a a ;










c £ f- — ,§
-i * § c 1? c i "S "Z -Is
o " 'C ° ° o 3-~go§a>S9x S 1.1.1. x x 2 >.
« * i t « i ;:-: < <. i <
^ 53 iw N. - IM *<> >• t 2 « S


*« ? o . *
10 — i m ' 2
1 3 |3 53 53 93 §S |3 JS IS |S
If 1| 3* 3* 3* 3* 3| 3| 3| 3|
• III! I X • • < > X*
»? «."
„, « « 1« .5 .2 q, 22 2
•8 *S a" e" .2 S .2 5 5 « -c -S -c
il if 1 i »£ u£ Si 333
j-*wl**'J1(^r^y^J^ 3/q ^ ^ vt wt vi
X^X^^I^^V^Citj *- (fl Tj Q M (A wi
?! ^1 r^ i^ 1? li1 i£ 8.S ?'i- -i IE 1
flt(Z 4tt^ OX OX O 3 O2 O 3 O -• X S X R X S X
i™ f^ ^T t^ ._ ^D ^ *CI »^ i™ «T ,~ J\ i^ « t_ ^ J> «•• — * ^ tfp *
t*.









,
i
'«
u
c
129

    -------
Reference
•sli
i s^
.0
a j
*« ^
w ^ O
||"2
*•=•£ 5
s 5
— 'S'^
* S n
5
r
u
Duration
— a
a —
u>
I
S
)
*
i
u
« .:
1 1
« nj a a m S- f-
-O e>. u u u
S - TZ i TJ - -
, _. i 1 * . ! "
""5 "9 U "9 «J « |C
c c c &
a ** 0 Q . S X O» >» £ C C C
o *-„ K > ^ >»- > ^ o a -i

1 II II 41 II 1 1 1


( II II *l II 1 1 1

rg o U ut U o u m U O u o U S

I"1 — > 5 > 1 o a a o o o
•na^u^uin in in m in tn
S — 3 w 2 a> u a u u u u

«- «-«.«- •- '-SL^SL
•::*•; : : i < i
~»h.* » » ««^
•! >•! i>Jt.i-2»«5
R e
> o.
M yj
« «
I I

i i


.

I i
o* o*
o o
in tn
u u

M
SI &
2 5
«~ •*
CadniLin
sulfate'«
Cadni urn

8
J .
13 1
li I













sulfate

4w»
S

130

    -------
                 X
                 a
x
a
at
1      1
                   41


                   VI
                         *3  1
                         a z  5
                                                                                      s.
                                                                                      »
                                                     4*

                                                     at
                                  01


                                  Ol
                                                                1    1     1
                      cfc   It   ?fc   5?S
                      ^ f*»   U. f*   t_ n*   W ™
                      4» G£   01 »   WO   -~ |~
                                                     IS   |S  |fc
     rs
111
g
a
3 §00
a o o o
in ^ ^ u>
CJ U U O
' - • I i
«» •* * ^
I
o
u
I
m m
in o
u u
ID ID
1. 1
s 1
1 S
I 1
§ s
O HI
o
a m "~
m   "

                  g 2 S-  £ 1   .5 £  '-
                  «T1
                         <4 •«  d) M.   (0 "^   (0-*   «•*-   «"-»   <• •*  * "•»   H -**
                                     i C   o i
                                                                      I Q»   O C^  O Qk   tfl O«.
                                            131

    -------
                                 fi
                                 o>
and
d e

                        f K  fi,
                        in r»  MI
                        •— o*  vi
                        at *-  a. •
    -S«  "°

    If  1
    X «-  <3
                                      1
                                      C (
              u

    "g^  S*   I
    ON.  IB I-.   QC
      O*   9*
    en—  o)5-   -g

    13  ji   *

      -  fS   SK
                                          V w  4)
8                                            ID  ID ..
                                            O  O O
                                          ae u  ae u
r
9
                                                          u

                                                          *4
                                                          VI

ed
35
                    IM
                                 §
                                          O
                                          u-i
                 o
                 m
                                               in    u  £ ^  Jlu
CQ>*.   ''iH    y     !^   !^   !^


•g^   S~  S~  Ss~  S~  S~
et 
    -------
g
1
— — O O O Q
X X at u at u

11*1

• lit
o o o o
«• ^ m in
<»
S x| S K
U O 0 U U
5| - -
SL x x x
| « 4 4
as 5 ^ ^

s a

§3 §3 || ||
I! !l ir 1r
0-5 0-5 o c u c
• I 1 1

, ^
52 w* u>
•aclL -oS§. •a~-2 -a^S
Rosenberg and
Costlou 1976
O'Nara 1973a

i i

I I
s 1.
ni
o e
3 in
u
^ .A
1 1
— O

s

ll '
u e
, ,

*
b S ~ - 1
S j ^| *
 a
UJ i- Z

1 1 »

1 I 1
"* s s"
25X mortality
EC50 (sperm
cell)
EC50 (embryo
growth
1 ; ;
1
. ' o ,,

f-8 §•!!
I'i Ii
.3« a«.
, . =

2
S 2
£ w> £ *
til i^ u - a* 5
4 ** Q ^Q
** *rt 41 W
U» ^ (l» ^
a
V
a

•

*
e
§
a
1^
IB W
i5
Ul
e.
'e
S

a

Cadmiun
chloride
x"
*
Wl
Wi
Green sea urchii
Strwiay tocentrot















Wl
«
^
                       133

    -------
                       O        m


                       I        S
                                S
                                                   «i
                                                             u

                                                             O IB
                                                                                 II

                                                                                 U
                                                                                   l
                                                                                               u
    2
jjj g ;
  — a
   a —
     a
     u


     1

.     S
§
1M
S.'T
VI «-*
%Mf U
o5
u>
U
c
'i

s
l|

>•
 Is "> * *
•i«.3 *i.a -*t-
— «) U —Q)VJ w •»
§
o"
17X reduction
in volume
u

V
t
S3
11
"•6
•


Pacific herring
(embryo),
Clupea harengus
pailasi
i
»•
Decrease in
capsule
strength
u
^
S
•
!*
II
'


Pacific herring
(eofcryo).
Clupea hdrengus
pal last
S
*•
Reduced
osmolality of
periviteline
fluid
t
JC
«o
• _
S3
11
•


Pacific herring
{embryo),
Clupea harengus
pallasi
                                               134

    -------
           §
           M
           c
Cl

Q





I
                            o
                                 K
                                 »
         a


         v
I
o

1
                                             1
                                             33 f-

                                             55
                           1
                           Ul
                                                         — O>
1152

 35
    1
          S3
           -m
           s3
Of* §

??f
^ *^ ^
w w •**
a a a
m in in
u u u
§o
3 .
% *
3 3

a o
2 £}



.

to
•*

it
i^
u
01
§- 8
s

o e
in in
u u



i
*

o
a
~t


i
2

o
a
MM*


           «*
                            -
                                                         e
                                                         ru
           S3    13    S3   IS

           is    |o    1°   |i
           3-s    3fi    5-g   3^
                      |3   |3    S3   |3
                      io   |o    is   '|s
                      «5   ™ S    * 3   * ^

             O 13  •£ O ^3


            .25-  §•!.?

                   CX k.
                                                               -  -i
    •3           is  '   k     S

 sis     3-s-s-a.
 *j*j  ai*^^*^   ra^^n
«^  ?«~  o«C  S«~   ^""^  5U>~:--^, -~^



            i9j  53«»   §34!  5§«»  ««S -«i;
            !«  *«-£   *<£«  xu.«  <-S: <-j*
                               135

    -------
                           R
           u
           a

           1

           f


           ii
                   c
                   ifl
                   V
                                           1
                                            'fc
                   N.
                   o>
idda

977
                                              ufc
                                              a£
  S">
  M
2   3
    S
  X
  w
  .«•. g|
  ,2

                   o
                   XT
                   in
   §
                            o

                            iri

                            in

                            o
§
o
a
                           S

                   o

                   G
                                                        H    -a
        ?!
                                   i.
                                   JE

                                   3
                   L.

                   JS
                   SL


                   S
t
&
 m    M  • SI
                            I « x    9 " S
                            i « 5    2 « i5
             •-*U-b  ~wUf«   wU-iC   M9^T   W49>«!   vClb    .

               Stl-S]  C«t3   C tl f3   C > -Q   S>t3   O.«g    &
               > •"-   ••»    •••   Q b» •"*   (0 i» ".   ••" > Q    '•
                                             1
                                                                             >. Si s.
                                                                         C   53""
                                                                         •9   3 f ^3
                                                                         X   U *— ^
                                        136

    -------
-1
•o

ai
    s  a


    ** Ml

    II
                3
                "3
                 o o
                 U «r
         o
         I/I
              18 g -'  1 i .r  1.
              01 ,_ ** r*  a e C  w
              g « £ I  S ff.Z  '5

              8-r8g  8 S3  g-
              /«* .•  n  j^  ™  c?
                             «


                             «

                             VI

                             • SL > . £
. -g ^|^5

o » «, 3 ,t

X
'c S
i~

i i i i i
' *

IB
U
1
i
S3 • |3 |S- S3 S3
1 S 1-2 1 2 1 2 •§ 2
u-g t»-§ o-g u-g 5-g

i
4H

a
6

M
a
1

i
n
K

a
&
•«
J
II
U»

1




^

    -------
                                  REFERENCES

Abbasi, S.A. and'R. Soni. 1986. An examination of environmentally  safe  levels
of zinc (II), Cadmium  (II) and lead  (II) with reference to impact  on
channelfish Wuria denricus. Environ. Pollut.  (Series A) 40(1): 37-51.

Abbasi, S.A. and R. Soni. 1989. Relative toxicity of seven heavy metals with
respect to impact towards larvae of amphibian Rana  tigrina. Intern. J.
Environ. Stud. 35: 121-122.

Abel, P.D. and S.M. Garner. 1986. Comparisons of median survival times  and
median lethal exposure times for Gaimarus pulex exposed to cadmium, permethrin
and cyanide. Hater Res. 20(5): 579-5B2.

Abel, P.D. and S.E. Papoutsoglou. 1986. Lethal toxicity of cadmium to Cyprinus
carpio and Tilapia aurea. Bull. Environ. Contam., Toxicol. 37: 382-386.

Abel, T. and F. Barlocher. 1988. Uptake of cadmium  by Gammarus fossarum
(amphipoda) from food and water. J. Appl. Ecol- 25: 223-231.

Ahsanullah, M. 1976. Acute toxicity of cadmium and  zinc to seven invertebrate
species from Western Port, Victoria.  Aust. Jour. Mar. Freshwater  Res. 27:
187.

Ahsanullah, M. and A.R. Williams. 1991. Sublethal effects and bioaccumulation
   •»
of cadmium, chromium, copper and zinc in the marine amphipod Allorcnestes
compressa. Mar. Biol. 108: 59-65.

Ahsanullah, M.D., et al. 1981.  Toxicity of zinc, cadmium, and copper to the
shrimp Callianassa australiensis. I. Effects of individual metals.  Mar. Biol.
64:  299.

Al-atia,  O.R.  1978.  The uptake and  toxicity of cadmium in Amoeba  proteus.
Jour.  Protozool. 25: SB.
                                      138

    -------
 Al-atia,  G.R. 1980. Toxicity of cadmium to Amoeba proceus: a biochemical
 approach.  Jour. Protozool.  27: 128.

 Alderdice,  D.F., et al.  I979a.  Influence of salinity and cadmium on the
 volume of Pacific herring eggs. Helgol. Wiss.. Meeresunters. 32:163.

 Alderdice,  D.F., et al.  1979b. Influence of salinity and cadmium on capsule
 strength in Pacific herring eggs.  Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters. 32: 149.

 Alderdice,  D.F., et al.  1979c. Osmotic responses of eggs and larvae of the
 Pacific herring to salinity and cadmium.  Helgol. Wiss. Meeresunters. 32: 508.

 Allen, P.  1994. Accumulation profiles of lead and the influence of cadmium and
 mercury in Oreochromis aureus  (Steindachner) during chronic exposure. Toxicol.
 Environ.  Chem. 44: 101-112.

 Allen, P.  1995a. Soft-tissue accumulation of lead in the blue tilapia,
 Oreochromis aureus (Steindachner),  and the modifying effects of cadmium and
 mercury.  Biological Trace Element Research. 50: 193-208.

 Allen, P.  199Sb. Accumulation profiles of lead'and cadmium in the edible
 tissues of Oreochronus aureus during acute exposure. J. Fish Biol. 47: 559-
 563.

 Allen, Y.,  P. Calow and D.J. Baird. 1995. A mechanistic model of contaminant-
 induced feeding inhibition on Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and
 Chemistry. 14(9):  1625-1630.

 Amiard, J.C., C. Metayer, J.P. Baud and F. Ribeyre. 1994. Influence of some
 ecological and biological factors on metal bioaccumulation in young oysters
  (Grassestrea  gigas Thunberg) during their spat rearing. 28(1): 219-231.

 Amiard-Triquet, C., B. Berthet,  C. Metayer and J.C. Amiard. 1986. Contribution
 to  the ecotoxicological study  of cadmium, copper and zinc in the mussel
' Mytilus edulis. Mar.  Biol.  92: 7-13.
                                       139

    -------
Amiard-Triquet,  C,  C.  Metayer and J.C.  Amiard.  1987. Etudes in situ et
experimentales de 1'eotoxicologie de quatre metaux  (Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) chez des
algues  et  de3  mollusques gasteropodes brouteurs. Water, Air, Soil Pollut. 34:
11-30.

Amiard-Triquet,  C.,  J.C. Amiard,  B. Berthet and C. Metayer. 1988. Field and
experimental  study of  the bioaccumulation of some trace metals in a coastal
food chain:  seston,"oyster (Crassostrea gigas),  drill  (Ocenebra erlnacea).
Water Sci.  Tech. 20(6/7): 13-21.

Anadu,  D.I.,  G.A. Chapman, L.R.  Curtis and R.A.  Tubb.  1989. Effect of zinc
.exposure on subsequent acute tolerance to heavy metals in rainbow trout. Bull.
Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 43: 329-336.

Anderson,  B.C. 1949.  The apparent thresholds of toxicity to Daphnia magna for
chlorides  of  various metals when added to Lake Erie water. Trans. Am. Fish.
Soc. 79: 96.

Anderson,  R.L.,  et al. 1980. Survival and growth of Tanytarsus dissimilis
 (Chironomidae) exposed to copper, cadmium, zinc, and lead. Arch. Environ.
      *
Contain. Toxicol. 9:  329.

Anderson,  R.V.,  et al. 1978. The distribution of Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn in the
bidta of two freshwater sites with different trace metal inputs. Holartic
Ecol. 1: 377.

Andres, S., M. Baudrimont, Y. Lapaquellerie, F.  Ribeyre, N. Maillet,  C.
 Latouche and A. Boudou. 1999. Field transplantation of the freshwater bivalve
 Corbicula. fluminea. along a polymetallic contamination gradient  (River Lot,
 France): I. Geochemical characteristics of sampling sites and cadmium and zinc
 bioaccumulation kinetics. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18(11): 2462-2471.
 Andros, J.D. and R.R.  Garton. 1980. Acute lethality of copper, cadmium, and
 zinc to northern squawfish. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 109: 235.
                                       140

    -------
Annune, P.A., S.O. Ebele and A.A. Oladimeji.  1994. Acute  toxicity of  cadmium
Co juveniles of Clarias gatziepinus  (Teugels)  and  Oreochromis  niloticus
(Trewavas).  J. Environ. Sci. Health. A29(7):  1357-1365.

Anonymous. 1950. Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission,  Subcommittee
on Toxicities, Metal Finishing Industries Action  Committee Report Nol  3.

Arillo, A.,  et al. 1982. Biochemical effects  of long-term exposure to Cr,  Cd,
Ni on rainbow trout  (Sal/no gairdneri Rich.}:  influence of sex and season.
Chemosphere 11: 47.

Arillo, A.,  et al. 1984. Biochemical effects  of long-term exposure to cadmium
and copper on rainbow trout  (Salmo gairdneri): validation of  water quality
criteria.  Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 8: 106.

Arnac, M. and C. Lassus. 1985. Heavy metal  accumulation  (Cd,  Cu,  Pb and Zn)  by
smelt  (Osmerus aiordax) from the north shore of the St. Lawrence  estuary. Water
Res. 19{6) :  725-734.

Arshaduddin, M., R.  Yasmeen, M.M. Hussain and M.A. Khan.  1939. Effect  of two
heavy metals  (lead and cadmium) on growth in  the  rotifer  Asplanchna
intermedia.  Pollut.  Res. 8{3): 129-128.

Asato, S.L.  and D.J..Reish. 1988.' The effects of  heavy metals on the  survival
and feeding of Holmesimysis costata  (Crustacea: Mysidacea). In:  Proc.  7ch int.
Symp. on Mar. Biol., California State University, Long Beach,  CA:  113-120.

Attar, E.N. and E.J. Maly. 1982. Acute toxicity of cadmium, zinc,  and cadmium-
zinc mixtures to  Daphnia magna. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  11: 291.

Austen, M.C.  and  A.J. McEvoy.  1997.  The use of offshore meiobenthic
communities  in  laboratory microcosm experiments:  response to  heavy metal
contamination.  J.  Exp. Mar.  Biol. Ecol. 211:  247-261.
                                      141

    -------
 Avery,  E.L.,  R.H.  Dunstan and J.A.  Nell.  1996.  The detection of pollutant  "
 impact  in marine environments.: condition  index,  oxidative DNA damage,  and
 their associations with metal bioaccumulation in the Sydney rock oyster
 Saccoscrea commercialis.  Arch. Environ. Contam.  Toxicol. 31: 192-198.

 Azeez,  P.A.  and O.K.  Banerjee. 1987.  Influence  of light on chlorophyll,  a
.content of blue-green algae treated with  heavy  metals. Bull. Environ.  Contam.
 Toxicol.  38:  1062-1069.

 Babich, H. and G.  Stotzky. 1978.  Effects  of cadmium on the biota: influence of
 environmental factors. Adv. Appl.  Microbiol.  23: 55-117.

 Babich, H. and G.  Stotzky. 1982.  Influence of chloride ions on the toxicity of
 'cadmium to fungi.  Zbl. Bake. Hyg.,  I.  Abt. Orig. C..3: 421.

 Baby, K.V. and N.R. Menon. 1987.  Salt  forms of  metals and their toxicity in
 the^brdwn mussel Perna indica (Kuriakose  and Nair).  Indian J. Mar. Sci.  16(2):
 107-109.                      '                                     •  •

 Bailey, H.C., J.L. Miller, M.J.  Miller and B.S.  Dhaliwal. 1995.  Application
 of toxicity identification procedures  to  the echinoderm fertilization  assay to
 identify toxicity in a municipal effluent. Environmental Toxicology and
 Chemistry. 14(12): 2181-2186.

 Baillieul, M. and R.  Blust. 1999.  Analysis of the swimming velocity of
 cadmium-stressed Daphnia magma.  Aquat. Toxicol.  44:  245-254.

 Baird,  D.J., I. Barber and P. Calow.  1990. Clonal variation in general
 responses of Daphnia magna Straus to toxic stress. I. Chronic life-history
 effects. Functional Ecology. 4(3): 399-407.
                                       142

    -------
'Baird, D.J.,  I.  Barber,  M.  Bradley,  A.M.V.M.  Scares and P.  Calow. 1991.   A
comparative  study of  genotype sensitivity to  acute toxic stress using clones
of Daphnia. magna Straus.  Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 21: 257-265.
Ball,  l.R. 1967.   The toxicity of cadmium to  rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnerii
Richardson).  Water Res.  1:  305.

Balogh, K.V.  and J. Salanki.  1984. The dynamics  of mercury and cadmium uptake
into different organs of  Anodonta cygnea  L. Water Res.  18(11):  1381-1387.

Bambang, Y.,  G.  Charmantier,  P.  Thuet  and J.P. Trilles. 1994.  Effect of
cadmium on survival and  osmoregulation of various developmental stages of  the
shrimp Penaeus japonicus {Crustacea: Decapoda).  Mar.  Biol.  123: 443-450.

Barata, C.,  D.J.  Baird and  S.J.  Markich.  1998. Influence of genetic and
environmental factors on the  tolerance of Daphnia magna Straus  to essential
and non-essential metals. Aquatic Toxicology.  42:  115-137.

Barnthouse,  L.W.,  a.w. Suter  II,  A.E.  Rosen and  J.J.  Beauchamp. 1987.
Estimating responses  of  fish  populations  to toxic contaminants. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 6:  811-824.

Barque, J. Ph.,  A. Abahamid,  Y.  Bourezgui,  H.  Chacun and J. Bonaly.  1995.
Growth responses of achlorophyllous  Euglena gracilis to selected
concentrations of cadmium and pentachlorophenol.  Arch.  Environ. Contain.
Toxicol. 28:  8-12.

Bartlett, L., et al.  1974.  Effects  of copper, zinc and cadmium on Selena scrum
capricornucum. Water  Res. 8:.  179.

Bartsch, M.R., W.G. Cope and  R.G. Rada. 1999.  Effects of cadmium-spiked
sediment on  cadmium accumulation and bioturbation by nymphs of  the burrowing
mayfly Hexagenia Jbilineata. Water, Air, Soil  Pollut.  109:  277-292.
                                      143

    -------
Battaglini, P., G. Andreozzi, R. Antonucci, N. Arcamone, P. De Giroloamo, L.
Ferrara and G. .Gargiulo. 1993. The effects of cadmium on the gills of the
goldfish Carassius auracus L.: metal uptake and histochemical changes.. Comp.
Biochem. Physiol. 104C(2):  239-247.

Baudrimont, M., J. Metivaud,  R. Maury-Brachet, F. Ribeyre and A. Boudou. 1997.
Bioaccumulation and metallothionein response in the asiatic clam {Cprbicula
fluminea) after experimental exposure to cadmium and inorganic mercury.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 16(10): 2096-2105.

Bay, S, R. Burgess and D. Nacci. 1993. Status and applications of echinoid
(Phylum echinoderntaca) toxicity test methods. Environ. Toxicol. Risk. Assess.,
ASTM STP 1179, W.G. Landis, J.S. Hughes and M.A. Lewis  (eds.), American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp. 281-302.

Beattie, J.H. and D. Pascoe.  1978. Cadmium uptake by rainbow trout, Salmo
gairdneri eggs and alevins. Jour. Fish Biol. 13: 631.

Bednarz, T. and H. Warkowska-Dratnal.  1983/1984. Toxicity of zinc,  cadmium,
lead, copper, and their mixture for Chlorella pyrenoidosa Chick. Acta
Hydrobiol. 25/26(3/4): 339-400.

Beiras, R., E. His and.M.M.L. Seaman.  1998. Effects of storage temperature and
duration on toxicity of sediments assessed by Crassostrea gigas oyster embryo
bioassay. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17(10): 2100-2105.

Belabed, W., N. Kestali, S. Semsari and A. Gaid. 1994. Toxicity study of some
heavy metals with daphnia test. Tech.  Sci. Methods. 6: 331-336.

Belanger, S.E. and D.S. Cherry. 1990.  Interacting effects of pH acclimation,
pH, and heavy metals on acute and chronic toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia
(cladocera). J. Crustacean Biol. 10(2): 225-235.
                                      144

    -------
Bellavere, C. and J. Gorbi. 1981. A comparative analysis of acute toxicity of
chromium, copper and cadmium to Daphnia magna. Biomphalaria glabrata, and
Brachydanio rerio. Environ.' Techno1. Letters 2: 119.
                                           I
                          t
                          \               :
Bendell-Young, L.I. 1994. .'Comparison of metal concentrations in the fore and
hindguts of the crayfish Cambarus bartoni and Orconeccea virilis and
                                         •f
implications regarding metal absorption efficiencies. Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 53: 844-851.

Bendell-Young, L.I. 1999..Application of a kinetic model of bioaccumulation
across a pH and salinity gradient for the prediction of cadmium uptake by the
sediment dwelling chironomidae. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33: 1501-1508.

Bendell-Young, L.I., H.H. .Harvey and J.F. Young. 198S. Accumulation of cadmium
by white suckers  (Catoscomus commersoni) in relation to fish growth and lake
acidification. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 806-811.

Bengtsson, B. 1978. Use of harpacticoid copepod in toxicity tests. Mar.
Pollut.  Bull. 9: 238.

Bengtsson, B.E. and B. Bergstrom. 1987. A flow-through fecundity test with
Wicocra  spinipes  (Harpacticqidea Crustacea) for aquatic toxicity.
Ecotoxicology and  Environmental Safety. 14: 2SO-2S8.

Benoit,  D.A., et al.  1976. Toxic effects of cadmium on three generations of
brook  trout  (Salvelinus  foncinalis). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 105:550.

Bentley,  P.J. 1991. Accumulation of cadmium by channel catfish  (Ictalurus
punctacus):  influx from  environmental  solutions. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 99C:
527-529.

Berglind,  R.  1985. The effects  of  cadmium on  ala-d  activity, growth and
haemoglobin content in the water flea,  Daphnia magna. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
80C(2):  407-410.
                                       145

    -------
 Berglind,  R.  1986.  Combined and separate effects of cadmium, lead and zinc on
 ala-d activity-,  growth and hemoglobin content in Daphnia magna. Environ.
 Toxicol.  Chem.  5:  989-995.

 Bernds,  D,  D.  Wubben and G.P. Zauke. 1998.  Bioaccumulation of trace metals in
 polychaetes from the German Wadden Sea: evaluation and verification of
 toxicokinetic models. Chemosphere. 37(13):  2573-2587.

 Bertram,  P.E.  and B.A. Hart. 1979. Longevity and reproduction of Daphnia pulex
 (deGeer)  exposed to cadmium-contaminated food or water. Environ. Pollut. 19:
 295.

 Bervoets,  L.,  R. Blust and R. Verheyen. 1995. The uptake of cadmium by the
 midge larvae Chironomus riparius as a function of salinity. Aquat. Toxicol.
 33:  227-243.

 Bervoets,  L,  R.  Blust and R. Verheyen. 1996. Effect of temperature on cadmium
 and zinc uptake by the midge larvae Chironomus riparius. Arch. Environ.
 Contam.  Toxicol. 31: 502-511.

 Besser,  J-M.  and C.F. Rabeni. 1987. Bioavailability and toxicity of metals
 leached from lead-mine tailings to aquatic invertebrates. Environ. Toxicol-.
. Chem. 6: 879-890.

 Biesinger, K.E. and'G.M. Christensen. 1972. Effects of various metals on
 survival, growth, reproduction, and metabolism of Daphnia magna. Jour. Fish.
 Res. Board Can. 29:  1691.

 Biesinger, K.E., G.M. Christensen and J.T. Fiandt. 1986. Effects of metal salt
 mixtures on Daphnia  magna reproduction. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 11: 9-14.

 Bigelow, L.K. and D.C. Lasenby. 1991.  Particle size selection in cadmium
 uptake by  the opossum shrimp. Mysis relicca. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
 47:  790-796.
                                       146

    -------
Birge,' w.J. 1978. Aquatic toxicology of trace elements of coal and  fly ash.
In: J.H. Thorp and J.W. Gibbons  (eds.). Energy and Environmental  Stress  in
Aquatic Systems. CONF-771114. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia, p. 219.

Birge, W.J., et al. 1978. Embryo-larval bioassay on inorganic coal  elements
and in situ biomonitoring of coal-waste effluents. In; D.E. Samuel, et al.
(eds.>, Surface Mining and Fish/Wildlife Needs in the Eastern United States.
PB 2983S3. National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, p.
97.

Birge, W.J., et al. 1979. The effects of mercury on reproduction  of fish and
amphibians. In: J.O. Nriagu  (ed.), The Biochemistry of Mercury in the
Environment. Elsevier/North-Holland, New York. p. 629.

Birge, w.J., et al. 1930. Aquatic toxicity tests on inorganic elements
occurring in oil shale, .In: C. Gale  {ed.), Oil Shale Symposium: Sampling,
Analysis and Quality Assurance.  EPA-600/9-80-022. National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, p. 519.

Birge, W.J., et al. 1981. The reproductive toxicology of aquatic  contaminants.
In: J. Saxena and F. Fisher  (eds.), Hazard Assessment of Chemicals: Current
Developments. Vol. 1. Academic Press, New York. p. 59.

Birge, W.J., et al. '1983. Induction of tolerance to heavy metals  in natural
and laboratory populations of fish. PB84-111756. National Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

Birge, W.J., J.A. Black and A.G. Westerman. 1985. Short-term fish and
amphibian embryo-larval tests for determining the effects of toxicant stress
on early life stages and estimating chronic values for single compounds and
complex effluents. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 4: 807-821.
                                      147

    -------
Birmelin, C., J. Cuzin-Roudy, M. Romeo, M. Gnassia-Barelli and S. Puiseux-Dao.
1995. The mysid Siriella armata as a test organisms  in  toxicology: effects of
cadmium. Mar. Environ. Res. 39: 317- 320.

Bishop, w.E. and A.M. Mclntosh. 1981. Acute  lethality and effects of sublethal
cadmium exposure on ventilation frequency and cough  rate of bluegill  (Lepocnis
ntacrochirus) . Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 10:  519.

Bitton, G.,  K. Jung and B. Kooptnan. 1994. Evaluation of a microplate assay
specific for heavy metal toxicity. Arch. Environ.  Contain. Toxicol. 27:  25-28.

Bitton, G.,  K. Rhodes, B.  Koopman and M. Cornejo.  1995. Short-term toxicity
assay based  on daphnid feeding behavior. Water  Environ. Res.  67(3): 290-293.

Bitton, G.,  K. Rhodes and  B. Koopman.  1996.  Ceriofast™: an acute toxicity
test based on Ceriodaphnia dubia feeding behavior. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry. 15(2): 123-125.
Bjerregaard, P. 1982.  Accumulation of  cadmium  and selenium and their mutual
interaction  in the shore crab Carcinus  maenas.  Aquat. Toxicol. 2: 113.
                             •\
Bjerregaard, P. 1985. Effect of selenium on  cadmium  uptake in the shore crab
Carcinus maenas  (L.). Aquat. Toxicol.  7: 177-189.

Bjerregaard, P. 199.1. Relationship between physiological  condition and  cadmium
accumulation in Carcinus maenas (L.).  Comp.  Biochem. Physiol. 99A(l/2) :  75-83.

Bjerregaard, P. and  M.H. Depledge.  1994.  Cadmium accumulation in Lietorlna-
liccorea,  My tilus eduiis and Carcinus  maenas:  the influence of salinity and
calcium ion concentrations.  Mar. Bio.  119:  385-395.

Black,  J.A.  and W.J.  Birge.  1980.  An avoidance  response bioassay  for  aquatic
 pollutants.  PB80-180490. National  Technical  Information Service,  Springfield,
 Virginia.
                                       148

    -------
Blickens, E.A.M. 1978. Cadmium induced histopathological  changes  in  the  gillg
of the brown bullhead Jctalurug nebulosus  (Lesueur).  Ph.D.  Thesis. New York
University.

Block, M. and A.W. Glynn. 1992. Influence, of xanchates  on the uptake of  1MCd
by Eurasian dace  (Phoxinus phoxinus) and rainbow  trout  (Oncorhynchus mykiss) .
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 11: 873-379.

Block, M. and P. Part. 1992. Uptake of l"Cd by cultured gill  epithelial  cells
from rainbow trout  (Oncorhynchus mykisa) , Aquat.  Toxicol.  23: 137-151.

Block, M, A.W. Glynn and P. Part. 1991. Xanthate  effects  on cadmium  uptake and
intracellular distribution in rainbow trout  (Oncorhynchus mykisa) gills.
Aquat. Toxicol. 20: 267-284.

Blondin, G.A., L.M. Knobeloch, H.W. Read and J.M.  Harkin.  1989. An in vitro
submitochondrial bioassay for predicting acute toxicity in fish.  Aquat.
Toxicol. Environ. Fate. ASTM STP 1007, G.W. Suter II  and  M.A. Lewis  (eds.),
American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia.  11: 551-563.
                                              s-
Bodar, C.W.M., I. Van der Sluis, P.A. Voogt"and D.I.  Zandee.  1968a.  Effects of
cadmium on consumption, assimilation and biochemical  parameters of Dapnnia
ma.go.a-. possible  implications for reproduction. Comp.  Biochem. Physiol. 90C(2) :
341-346.

Bodar, C.W.M., C.J. Van Leeuwen, P.A. Voogt and D.I.  Zandee.  1988b.  Effect of
cadmium on the reproduction strategy of Daphnia ntagna.  Aquatic Toxicology. 12:
301-310.

Bodar, C.W.M., A.V.D.  Zee,  P.A. Voogt, H.  Wynne and D.I.  Zandee.  1989.
Toxicity of  heavy metals  to early  life stages  of  Daphnia  magna. Ecotoxicology
and  Environmental Safety.  17:  333-338.
                                      149

    -------
Bodar, C.W.M., P.A. Voogt and D.I. Zandee. 1990a. Ecdysteroids  in  Caphnia
magna: their role in moulting and reproduction and their levels upon  exposure
to cadmium. Aquat.  Toxicol. 17: 339-350.

Bodar, C.W.M., I. Van der Sluis, J.C.P., Van Montfort, P.A. Voogt  and D.I.
Zandee. 1990b. Cadmium resistance in Daphnia magna. Aquat. Toxicol. 16:  5633-
40.

Bolanos, L., M. Garcia-Gonzalez, P. Mateo and I. Bonilla. 1992. Differential
toxicological response to cadmium in Anabaena strain PCC 7119 grown with N
    -------
Bouquegneau, J.M. and M. Martoja. 1982.' La teneur en cuivre ec son degre de
complexation chez quatre gasceropodes marins. Donnees aur le cadmium ec zinc.
Oceanologica Acta 5: 219.

Soutet, C. And C. Chaisemartin. 1973. Specific toxic properties of metallic
salts in Austropctamobius pallipes pallipes and Orconectes limosus. C.R. Soc.
BiOl. 167: 1933.

Sowen, W.J., III and D.W. Engel. 1996. Effects of protracted cadmium exposure
on gametes of the purple sea urchin, Arbacia punctulata. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 56: 493-499.

Boyden, C.R. 1977. Effect of size upon mecal content of shellfish. Jour. Mar.
Biol. ASSOC. U.K. 57: 675.

aozeman, J., B. Koopman and G. Bitton. 1989. Toxicity testing using
immobilized algae. Aquatic Toxicology. 14: 345-352.

Braginskiy, L.P. and E.P. Shcherban. 1973. Acute toxicity of heavy metals to
aquatic invertebrates at different temperatures. Hydrobiol. Jour. 14(6): 78.

Brand, L.E., W.G. Sunda and R.R.L. Guillard. 1986.  Reduction of marine
phytoplankton reproduction rates by copper and cadmium. J. Exp. Mar. Biol..
Ecol. 96: 225-250.        .

Brent, R.N. and E.E. Herricks. 1998. Postexposure effects of brief cadmium,
zinc, and phenol exposures on freshwater organisms. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry. 17(10): 2091-2099.            .

Bresler, V. and V. Yanko. 1995. Acute toxicity of heavy metals for benthic
                            j  *                   f
epiphytic Coraminifera Pararoealia spinigera (Le Calvez) and influence of
seaweed-derived doc. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 14(10): 1687-1695.
                                      151

    -------
 Sressan,  M.  and R.  Brunetti. 1988. The effects of nitriloacetic acid, Cd and
 Hg on the marine algae Dunaliella tertiolecta and Isochrysis galbana. Water
 Res.  22(5):  553-556.

 Bringmann,  G.  1975.  Determination of the biologically harmful effect of water
 pollutants by means  of the retardation of cell proliferation of the blue algae
.Microcystis.  Gesundheits-Ing. 96: 238.

 Bringmann,  G.  1973.  Determination of the biological toxicity of waterbound
 substances towards protozoa. I. bacteriovorous flagellates  (model organism:
 Encosiphon sulcatum Stein). Z.  Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 11: 210.

 Bringmann,  G.  and R. Kuhn. 1959a. The toxic effects of waste water on aquatic
 bacteria, algae, and small crustaceans. Gesundheits-Ing. 80: 115.

 Bringmann,  G.  and R. Kuhn. 1959b. Water toxicology studies with protozoans as
 test  organisms. Gesundheits-Ing. 30: 239.

 Bringmann,  G.  and R. Kuhn. 197S. Comparative results of the damaging effects
 of water pollutants against bacteria  (Pseudomonas pueida)  and blue algae
 (Aficrocyscis aeruginosa).  Gas-Wasserfach, Wasser-Abwasser 117: 410.

 Bringmann, G.  and R. Kuhn. 1977a. Limiting values for the damaging action of
 water pollutants to bacteria (Fseudomonas putida) and green algae (Scenedesmus
 quadricauda)  in the cell multiplication inhibition test. Z\ Wasser Abwasser
 Forsch. 10:  87.

                                                         s
 Bringmann, G.  and R. Kuhn. 1977b. Results of damaging effect of water
 pollutants on Daphnia magna. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch. 10: 161.

 Bringmann, G.  and R. Kuhn. 1978a.  Limiting values for the noxious effects of
 water pollutant material to blue algae (Microcystis aeruginosa) and green
 algae  (Scenedesmus quadricauda) in cell propagation inhibition test. Vom
 Wasser 50: 45.
                                       152

    -------
Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1978b. Testing of substances for their toxicity
threshold: model organisms Microcystis  (Diplocystis) aeruginosa and
Scenedesmus guadricauda. Mitt. Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 21: 275.

Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1979. Comparison of toxic limiting concentrations
of water contaminants toward bacteria, algae, and protozoa in the cell-growth
inhibition test. Haustech. Bauphys. Umwelttech. 100: 249.

Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980s. Determination of the harmful biological
effect of water pollutants on protozoa. II. bacteriovorous ciliates. Z. Wasser
Abwasser Forsch. 13: 26.

Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1980b. Comparison of the toxicity thresholds of
water pollutants to bacteria, algae, and protozoa in the cell multiplication
inhibition test. Water Res. 14: 231.

Bringmann, G. and R. Kuhn. 1981. Comparison of the effects of harmful
substances on flagellates as well as ciliates and on halozoic bacteriophagous
and saprozoic protozoa. Gas-Wasserfach, Wasser-Abwasser 122: 303.

Bringmann, G. and R Kuhn. 1982. Results of toxic action of water pollutants on
Daphnia magna. Straus tested by an  improved standardized procedure. Z. Wasser
Abwasser Forsch. IS: 1.

Bringmann, G., et al. 1980. Determination of biological damage from water
pollutants to protozoa. III. saprozoic  flagellates. Z. Wasser Abwasser Forsch.
13: 170. .

Brkovic-Popovic, I. and M. Popovic.  1977a. Effects of heavy metals on survival
and respiration rate of tubificid  worms: Part I-effects on survival.. Environ.
Pollut.  13:65.
                                      153

    -------
Brkovic-Popovic, I. and M. Popovic. 1977b. Effects of  heavy metals on survival
and respiration rate of tubificid worms: Part Il-effacts on respiration rate.
Environ. Pollut. 13: 93.

Brooks, A.M., L. Maltby, A.J. Saul and P. Calow.  1996. A simple  indoor
artificial stream  system designed to study the effects of  toxicant pulses on
aquatic organisms. Wat. Res. 30(2): 235-290.

Brouwer, M, D.M. Engel, J. Bonaventura and G.A. Johnson. 1992.  In vivo
magnetic resonance imaging of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus: effect of
cadmium accumulation in tissues on proton relaxation properties.  J.  Exp. Zool.
263: 32-40.

Brown, B.  and M. Ahsanullah. 1971. Effect of heavy metals  on  mortality and
growth. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 2: 182.

Brown, A.P. and D. Pascoe. 1988. Studies on the acute  toxicity of pollutants
to  freshwater macroinvertebrates 5. The  acute toxicity of  cadmium to twelve
species of predatory macroinvertebrates. Arch. Hydrobiol.  114(2): 311-319.

Brown,  D.A., et al.  1934. Detoxification/toxification  of cadmium in
scorpionfish (Scorpaena guttata):  acute  exposure. Aquat. Toxicol. 5: 93.

Brown,  M.W., D.G.  Thomas, 0. Shurben, J.F. De L.G. Solbe,  J.  Kay and A. Cryer.
1936.  A comparison of  the differential  accumulation  of cadmium in the tissues
of  three species  of freshwater  fish,  Salao Gairdneri,  flutilus ruCilus and
Noemacheilus barbatulus.  Comp.  Biochem.  Physiol.  84C(2):  213-217.

Brown,  V., D.  Shurben, W.  Miller and  M.  Crane.  1994.  Cadmium toxicity to
 rainbow trout  Oncorhynchus mylciss Walbaum and brown  trout  Salmo trutca L. over
 extended exposure periods.  Ecotoxicology and  Environmental Safety.  29: 38-46.
                                       154

    -------
                                                  TV
Calabrese, A., et al. 1975. Sublethal physiological  stress  induced by cadmium
and mercury in the winter flounder, Pseudopleuronectes aaiericanus.  In;  J.H.
Koeman and J.J.T.w.A. Strik (eds.), Sublethal  Effects  of  Toxic  Chemicals  in
Aquatic animals. Elsevier, New York. p.  is.

Calevro, P., S. Campani, M. Ragghianti,  S. Bucci  and 0. Mancino.  1998a. Tests
            l                                     .
of toxicity and teratogenicity in biphasic vertebrates treated  with heavy
metals  (Cr3*, Al1',  CdJ*) . Chemosphere.  37(14-15): 3011-3017              ;
           .'       ' ->                                                 '
Calevro, F, C. Filippi, P. Deri, C. Albertosi,  R.  Batistoni.  1998b.  Toxic
effects of aluminum, chromium and cadmium in intact  and regenerating
freshwater planarians1. Chemosphere. 37(4): €51-659.

Callahan, M.A., et al.  1979. Water-related environmental  fate of  129  priority
pollutants. Vol. I. EPA-440/4-79-029a. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield,' Virginia.

Campbell, J. and R.D. Evans. 1991. Cadmium concentrations in  the  freshwater
mussel  (Elliptic coraplanaca) and their relationship  to water  chemistry. Arch.
Environ. -Contain ."Toxicol. 20: 125-131.

Camusso, M., L. Vigano  and R. Balestrini. 1995. Bioconcentration  of trace
metals  in rainbow trout:  a field study.  Ecotoxicol.  Environ.  Safety.  31:  133-
141.   '              '

Canli,  M. and  R.W. Furness. 1993. Toxicity of  heavy'metals  dissolved in sea
water and  influences of sex and size on  metal  accumulation  and  tissue
distribution  in the Norway lobster Nsptirops  norvegicus. Mar.  Environ. Res. 36:
217-236.

Canli,  M.  and  R.W.  Furness.  199S. Mercury and  cadmium uptake  from seawater and
from food  by  the  Norway lobster Wephrops norvegicus. Environ. Toxicol.  Chetn.
14(5):-619-328.                     '
                                       157

    -------
 Canterford,  G.S.  and D.R.  Canterford.  1980.  Toxicity of heavy metals to the
 marine  diatom Ditylum brightvellii (West)  Grunow:  correlation between toxicity
 and  metal  speciation.  Jour.  Mar.  Biol.  Aasoc.  U.K.  60:  227.

 Canton,  J.H.  and  D.M.M.  Adema.  1978.  Reproducibility of short-term and re-
 production toxicity experiments with Daphnia magna and comparison of the
 sensitivity of Daphnia magna with Daphnia  pulex and Daphnia cucullaca in
 short-term experiment.  Hydrobiologia 59: 135.

 Canton,  J.H.  and'W.  slooff..1979.  A proposal to classify compounds and to
 establish  water quality based on laboratory  data.  Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety
 3: 126.

 Canton,  J.H.  and  W.  Slooff.  1982.  Toxicity and accumulation studies of cadmium
 (Cd1*) with freshwater organisms of different trophic levels. Ecotoxicol.
 Environ. Safety 6:  113.

 Cardin,  J.A.  1982.  Memorandum to J.H. Gentile.  U.S.,.EPA,  Narragansett,  Rhode
 Island.

 Carlisle,  D.M.  and  W.H.  Clements.  1999.  Sensitivity and variability of metrics
 used in biological  assessments  of running  waters.  Environ.  Toxicol.  Chem.
•18(2):  283-291.

 Carlson, A.R.,  et al.  1982.  Cadmium and endrin toxicity to  fish in waters
 containing mineral  fibers. EPA-600/3-82-053.  National Technical Information
 Service, Springfield,  Virginia.

 Carmichael,  N.G.  and B.A.  Fowler.  1981.  Cadmium accumulation and toxicity  in
 the  kidney of the bay scallop Argopecten irradians.  Mar.  Biol.  65:  35.

 Carpene, E.  and L.  Boni.  1992.  Effects  of  heavy metals  on the algae Nitzschia
 closcerium and Prorocencrum micans.  Sci. Total  Environ,  pp.  921-927.
                                      153

    -------
Carr, R.S. and J.M. Neff. 1982. Biochemical indices of stress in the sandworm
Neanthes virens (Sars) .  II. sublethal responses to cadmium. Aquat. Toxicol. 2:
319.

Carr, R.S., J.w. Williams, F.I. Saksa, R.L. Buhl and J.M. Neff. 1985.
Bioenergetic alterations correlated with growth, fecundity and body burden of
cadmium for mysids  (Mysidopsis bahia). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 4:  181-188.

Carrier, R. and T.L. Beitinger. 1988a. Reduction in thermal tolerance of
Nocropis lutrensis and Pimephalea promelas exposed to cadmium, water Res.
22(4): S11-S1S.

Carrier, R. and T.L. Beitinger. I988b. Resistance of temperature tolerance
ability of green sunfish to cadmium exposure.  Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.
40:  475-480.

Carroll, J.J., et al. 1979. Influences of hardness constituents on the acute
toxicity of cadmium to brook  trout  (Salvelinus fontinalis). Bull.  Environ.
Contain. Toxicol. 22:575.

Casini, S. and M.H. Depledge.  1997.  Influence  of copper, zinc, and iron on
cadmium accumulation  in  the Talitrid  amphipod,  Placorchescia plaeensis. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  59:  SOO-506.

Cassini, A, L. Tallandini, H.  Favero  and V. Albergoni.  1986. Cadmium
bioaccumulation studies  in the freshwater  molluscs Anodonta cygnea and Ohio
elonjatulus.  Comp.  Biochem. Physiol.  84C(1}:  35-41.

Castano,  A.,  M.J.  Cantarino,  P.  Castillo and  J.v. Tarazona. 1996.  Correlations
between the  RTG-2  cytotoxicity test  EC50 and  in vivo LC50  rainbow  trout
bioassay.  Cheraosphere.  32(11): 2141-2157.
                                       159

    -------
Castille,  F.L.,  Jr.,  and A.L.  Lawrence.  1981.  The effects of EDTA (ethylene-
dinitrocetraacetic acid)  on the  survival  and development of shrimp nauplii
 (Penaeus  styliroscris Stimpson)  and  the  interactions of EDTA and the
toxicities  of  cadmium,.calcium,  and  phenol.  Jour. World Maricul.  Soc.  12:  292.

Cearley,  J.E.  and R.L.  Coleman.  1973. Cadmium toxicity and accumulation in
southern  naiad.  Bull.  Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  9:  100.

Cearley,  J.S.  and R.L.  Coleman.  1974. Cadmium toxicity and bioconcentration in
largemouth  bass  and bluegill.  Bull.  Environ.  Contam. Toxicol.  11:  146.

Centeno,  M.D., L.  Brendonck and  G. Persoone.  1993.  Cyst-based toxicity tests.
III.  Development and standardization of  an  acute toxicity test with the
freshwater  anostracan crustacean Streptocephalus proboscideus. In:  A.M.V.M.
Scares  and  P.  Calo (eds.).  Progress  in Standardization of Aquatic  Toxicity
Tests.  Lewis  Publishers,  pp 37-55.

Centeno,  M.D.F.,  G.  Persoone and M.P.Goyvaerts.  1995.  Cyst-based toxicity
cests.  IX.  The potential of Thamnocephalus  platyurus as test species in
.comparison  with  Strepcocephalus  proboscideus (Crustacea: branchiopoda:
anostraca). Environ.  Toxicol.  Water  Qual.:  an International Journal. 10(4);
275-282.

Chagnon,  N.L.  and'S.I.  Guttman.  1989. Differential  survivorship of  allozyme
genotypes in  mosquitofish populations exposed to copper or cadmium.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.  8:  319-32S.

Chan, H.M.  1988. Accumulation  and tolerance to cadmium, copper,  lead and zinc
by the green  mussel Peraa viridis. Mar.  Ecol.  Prog.  Ser. 48: 293-303.

 Chan, H.M.,  p. Bjerregaard, P.S.  Rainbow, M.H. Depledge. 1992. Uptake  of zinc
 and cadmium by two populations of shore  crabs Cardans masaas at different
 salinities. Mar. Ecol.  Prog. Ser. 86: 91-97.
                                      160

    -------
Chan, K.,  et al. 1981. Effects of polyethylene glycol  on growth and cadmium
accumulation of Chlorella salina CU-1. Chemosphere  10:  985.

Chander, G.P., N.V. Madhav and Vidyavati. 1991. Response of  Pithophora
oedogonia to cadmium. Acta Botanica Indica. 19: 240-242.

Chandini,  T. 1988a. Changes in food (Chlore.Ha) levels  and the acute toxicity
of cadmium to Daphnia carinaca (daphnidae) and Echinisca criserialis
(macrothricidae) (Crustacea: cladocera). Bull. Environ.  Contain.  Toxicol. 41:
398-403.

Chandini,  T. 1988b. Effects of different food  {Chlorella}  concentrations on
the chronic toxicity of cadmium to survivorship, growth and  reproduction of
Echinisca triserialis (Crustacea: cladocera). Environ.  Pollut. 54:  139-154.

Chandini,  T. 1989. Survival, growth and reproduction of Daphnia carinata
(crustacea: cladocera) exposed to chronic cadmium stress at  different  food
(Chlorella) levels. Environ. Pollut. 60: 29-45.

Chandini,  T. 1991. Reproductive value and the cost  of  reproduction  in  Oaphnia
carinaca and Echinisca triserialis  (crustacea: cladocera)  exposed to food and
cadmium stress. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 47: 76-33.

Chandra, P. and P. Garg. 1992. Absorption and toxicity  of chromium  and cadmium
in'Limnanthemuni cristatum Griseb. Sci. Total Environ.  125: 175-183.

Chang, M., H.C. Lin and .P. Hwang. 1998. Ca1' uptake  and Cd2* accumulation in
larval tilapia  (Oreochromis mossambicus) acclimated to  waterborne Cd2. Am. J.
Physiol. 27(6): 1S70-1S77.

Chapman, G.A. 1975. Toxicity of copper, cadmium and zinc to  Pacific Northwest
salmoides. U.S. EPA, Corvallis, Oregon.
                                      161

    -------
Chapman,  G.A. 1978. Toxicities of cadmium, copper, and  zinc  to  four juvenile
stages of chinook salmon and steelhead. Trans. Am. Fish.  Soc. 107: 841.

Chapman,  G.A. 1982. Letter to C.E. Stephan. U.S. EPA, Corvallis, Oregon.
December 6.

Chapman,  G.A. and D.G. Stevens. 1978. Acutely lethal  levels  of  cadmium,
copper, and zinc to adult male coho salmon and steelhead.  Trans. Am. Fish.
Soc. 107: 837.

Chapman,  G.A., et al. Manuscript. Effects of water hardness  on  the toxicity of
metals to Daphnia magna. U.S. EPA, Corvallis, Oregon.

Chapman,  P.M., et al. 1982. Relative tolerances of selected  aquatic
oligochaetes  to individual pollutants and environmental factors. Aquat.
Toxicol.  2: 47.

Chapman,  W.H., et al. 1968. Concentration factors of  chemical elements  in
edible aquatic organisms.  UCRL-50564. National Technical Information Service,
Springfield,  Virginia.

Charpentier,  S., J. Gamier and R. Flaugnatti.  1987.  Toxicity and
bioaccumulation of  cadmium in  experimental cultures of  duckweed, Lemna
polyrrhiza  L. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  38:  1055-1061.

Chattopadhyay, S.  K.  Anam and  A.K. Aditya. 1995.  Bioassay evaluation of acute
toxicity levels of  mercuric chloride and  cadmium  chloride on the early  growing
stages of-.Labeo rohita.  J. Ecobiol.  7(1):  41-47.

Chawla,  G.,  J. Singh and P.N.  Viswanathan. 1991.  Effect of pH and  temperature
on the uptake of  cadmium by  Lemna minor L. Bull.  Environ. Contam.  Toxicol. 47:
 84-90.
                                      162

    -------
Chen, C.y., K.C.  Lin  and  D.T.  Yang.  1997.  Comparison of che relative toxicity
relationships based on batch  and continuous  algal  toxicity tests.  Chemosphere.
35(9):  1959-1965.

Cheung, C.C.C. and P.K.S.  Lam.  1998. Effect  of  cadmium on the embryos and
juveniles of a tropical freshwater snail,  Physa aeuta (Draparnaud,  1805) .
Water Sci. Tech.  38(7): 263-270.

Chitguppa, R., K.H. Chu and M.A. Hashim. 1997.  Reusability of seaweed
biosorbent in multiple cycles  of cadmium adsorption  and desorption.  Biotech.
Techniques 11(6): 371-373.

Chou, C.L. and J.F. Uthe.  1991. Effect of  starvation on trace metal  levels in
blue raussels  (Myci2us edulis).  Bull. Environ. Contam.  Toxicol.  46: 473-478.

Chou, C.L., J.F.  Uthe, J.D. Castell and J.C. Kean. 1987.  Effect of dietary
cadmium on growth, survival, and tissue concentrations of cadmium, zinc,
copper, and silver in juvenile  american lobster (Homarus americanus) . Can. J.
Pish. Aquat. Sci. 44: 1443-1450.

Christoffers,  D.  and  D.E.W. Ernst. 1983. The in-vivo fluorescence of  Chlorella
fusca as a biological test for the inhibition of photosynthesis. Toxicol.
Environ. Chem. 7: 61-71.

Clausen, P.S., P. B'jerregaard  and M.H. Depledge. 1993.  Passive  and active
cadmium uptake in the isolated gills of the  shore crab,  Carcinus maenas  (L.) .
Chemosphere. 26(12):  2209-2219.

Clubb,  R.W., et al. 1975. Acute cadmium toxicity studies  upon nine species of
aquatic insects.  Environ.  Res.  9: 332.

Collard, J.M.  and R.F. Matagne. 1994. Cd1*  resistance in wild-type and mutant
strains of Chlamydomonas  reinJiardCii. Environ.  Exp.  Bot.  34(2): 235-244.
                                      163

    -------
Collyard, S.A., G.T. Ankley, R.A. Hoke and T. Goldenstein. 1994. Influence of
age on the relative sensitivity of Hyalella azceca to diazinon, alkylphenol
ethoxylates,  copper, cadmium, • and zinc. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26:
110-113.

Conway, H.L.  1978. Sorption of arsenic and cadmium and their effects on
growth, micronutrient utilization, and photosynthetic pigment composition of
Ascerionella formosa. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 286.

Cope, W.G., J.G. Wiener and G.J. Atchison. 1994. Hepatic cadmium, metal-
binding proteins and bioaccumulation in bluegills- exposed to aqueous cadmium.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 13(4): 553-562.

Coppellotti,  0. 1994. Effects of cadmium on CTronema marinum  (ciliophora,
scuticociliatida) from Antarctica. Acta Protozool. 33: 159-167.

Couillard, Y., P. Ross and B. Rinel-Alloul. 1989. Acute toxicity of six metals
to the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus, with comparisons to other freshwaer
organisms. Toxic. Assess. 4(4): 451-462.

Craig, A., L. Hare, P.M. Charest and A. Tessier. 1998. Effect of exposure
regime on  the  internal.distribution of cadmium in Chironomus staegeri  larvae
 (insecta,  diptera). Aquat. Toxicol. 41: 26S-275.

Craig, A., L. Hare  and At Tessier. 1999. Experimental evidence for cadmium
uptake via calcium  channels  in the aquatic insect Chironomus staegeri. Aquat.
Toxicol. 44:  255-262.

Gripe,  G.M.  1994. Comparative acute toxicities of several pesticides and
metals  to  tfysidopsis bahia  and postlarval Penaeus duorarum. Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry.  13(11): 1867-1872.
                                      164

    -------
Crisinel, A., L. Delaunay, D. Rossel, J. Tarradellaa,  H, Meyer, H.  Saiah,  P.
vogel, C. Deliale and C. Blaise. 1994. Cyst-based  ecotoxicological  tests using
anostracans: comparison of two species of  Streptocephalus. Environ, Toxicol.
Water Qual. 9(4): 317-326.

Currie, R.S., D.C.G. Muir, W.L. Fairchild, M.H. Holoka and R.E. Hecky.  1998,
Influence of nutrient additions on cadmium bioaccumulation by aquatic
invertebrates in littoral enclosures. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17(12): 2435-
2443.

Cusimano, R.F., D.F. Brakke and G.A. Chapman. 1986. Effects of pH on the
toxicities of cadmium, copper, and zinc to steelhead trout (Salato gairdneri).
Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 43: 1497-1503.

D'Agostino, A. and C. Finney. 1974. The effect of  copper and cadmium on the
development of Tigriopus japonicus. In; F.J. Vernberg  and W.B. Vernfaerg
(eds.). Pollution and Physiology of Marine Organisms.  Academic Press,  New
York. p. 445.

D'Aniello, A., M. Pischetola, F. Vanacore, M. De Nicola and M. Denuce.  1990.
Effect of mercury, cadmium and copper on the development and viability of
Loligo vulgaris and Sepia officinalia embryos. Ital. J. B'iochem. 39(2): 130A-
132A  (ABS).

Dallinger, R., E. Carpene, G.J. Dalla Via  and P. Cortesi. 1939. Effects of
cadmium on MUrex crunculus from the Adriatic Sea.  I. Accumulation of metal and
binding to a metallothionein-like protein. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  18:
554-561.

Dallinger, R., M. Egg, G. Kock and R. Hofer. 1997. The role of-metallothionein
in  cadmium accumulation of Arctic char  (Salvelinus alpinus) from high alpine
lakes. Aquat. Toxicol. 36: 47-66.
                                      165

    -------
Darmono,  D. 1990. Uptake of cadmium and nickel in banana prawn  (Penaeus
merguiensis de Man). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 45: 320-328.

Darraono,  G.R.w. Denton, R.S.F. Campbell. 1990. The pathology  of  cadmium and
nickel toxicity in the banana shrimp  (Penaeus merguiensis de  Man).  Asian Fiah,
Sci. 3(3}:  287-297.

Datta, D.K and Sinha. 1987. Estimation of acute toxicity of cadmium,  a heavy
metal, in a carnivorous freshwater teleost, Mystus vittatus  (Bloch).  In: Proc.
Indian Natl. Sci. Acad. Part B 53(1) : 43-45.

Dave, G., et al. 1981. Toxicity of eight solvent extraction chemicals and of
cadmium  to water fleas, Daphnia aiagna, rainbow trout,  Salmo gairdneri, and
zebrafish,  Brachydanio rerio. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.  69C: S3.

Davies,  I.M., et al. 1981. Field  and  experimental studies on  cadmium in the
edible crab Cancer pagurus. Mar.  Biol. 64:  291.

Davies,  N.A., M.G. Taylor  and K.  Simkiss. 1997. The  influence of particle
surface  characteristics on pollutant  metal  uptake by cells. Environ.  Pollut.
96 (2! : 179-184.

Davies,  P.H.  1976. Use of  dialysis  tubing in defining  the toxic  fractions of
heavy metals  in natural water.  In;  R.H. Andrew, et al.  (eds.), Toxicity to
Biota of Metal  Forms in^Natural Water.  International Joint Commission,
Windsor, Ontario, p.-110.

Davies,  P.H.  and W.C.  Gorman.<1987.  Effects of chemical equilibria and
kinetics on the bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium to  rainbow trout. Am.
Chem. Soc.  Natl.  Meeting.  194:  646-650.

 Davies,  P.H.,  W.C.  Gorman, C.A.  Carlson and S-F.  Brinkman.  1993. Effect of
 hardness on bioavailability and toxicity of cadmium  to rainbow trout. Chemical
 Speciation and Bioavailability.  5(2): 67-77.
                                       166

    -------
Davies, R.W., R.N. Singhal and D.D. Wicklum.  1995. 'Changes  in  reproductive
potential of the leech Nephelopsis obscura  (Erpobdellidae)  as  biomarkers  for
cadmium stress. Can. J. Zool. 73: 2192-2196.

Dawson, M.A., et al. 1977. Physiological response of  juvenile  striped  bass,
Morone saxacilis, to low levels of cadmium  and mercury. Chesapeake  Sci. 19:
353.

De Conto Cinier, C., M. Petit-Ramel, R. Faure and D.  Garin.  1997. Cadmium
bioaccumulation in carp  (Cyprinus carpio) tissues during  long-term  high
exposure: analysis by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 38:  137-143.

De Conto Cinier, C, M. Petit-Ramel, R. Faure  and M. Bortolato.  1998. Cadmium
accumulation and metallothionein biosynthesis in Cyprinus carpio tissues.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 61: 793-799.

De Lisle, P.F. and M.H. Roberts, Jr. 1988.  The effect of  salinity on cadmium
toxicity to the estuarine rays id Mysidopsis  bahia-. role of chemical  speciation.
Aquatic Toxicology. 12:  357-370.

De Lisle, P.F. and M.H. Roberts, Jr. 1994.  The effect of  salinity on cadmium
toxicity in the estuarine mysid Mysidopsis  bahia: roles of  osmoregulation and
calcium. Marine Environmental Research. 37:  47-62.

De March, B.G-E.  1988. Acute toxicity  of binary mixtures  of five cations
 (Cu  Jv  Cd **,  Zn1*, Mg**, and  K*)  to the freshwater amphipod Gairanarus lacustris
 (Sars): alternative descriptive models. Can.  J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 45:  625-633,

De Nicola Giudici,  M.  and S.M. Guarino.  1989..Effects of  chronic exposure to
cadmium or copper on  Xdothea toaltica.  (Crustacea,  isopoda).  Mar.  Pollut. Bull.
20{2):  69-73.
                                       167

    -------
De Nicloa Guidici, M. and L. Migliore. 1988.  Long  term effect of  cadmium of
copper on Asellus aqruaeicus  (L.)  (Crustacea,  isopoda).  Verh.- Int.  Ver.  Theor.
Angew. Limnol. 23: 1660-1662.

De Nicola, M., N. Cardellicchio, C. Gambardella, S.M.  Guarino and C.  Marra.
1993. Effects of cadmium on  survival, bioaccumulation,  histopathology, and PGM
polymorphism in the marine isopod Idot'ea baltica.  Ecotoxicol. Met.  Invert.
Proc. Sess. 1993. lltMeet.:  103-116.

Debelak, R.H. 1975. Acute toxicity of mixtures of  copper,  chromium,  and
cadmium to Daphnia jnagna. Thesis. Miami University,  Oxford,  Ohio;

Decho, A.W. and S.N. Luoma.  1994. Humic and  fulvic acids:  ink or  source  in the
availability of metals  to the marine bivalves Macoma baltnica and
Potamocorbula amurensis? Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 108:  133-145.

DeFilippis, L.F., et al. 1981. The effects of sublethal concentrations of
zinc, cadmium and mercury on Fuglena. II. respiration,  photosynthesis and
photochemical activities. Arch. Microbiol. 128:  407.

Del Ramo, J, J. Diaz-Mayans, A Torreblanca and A Nunez. 1987. Effects of
temperature on the acute toxicity of heavy metals  (Cr,  Cd,  and Hg)  to the
freshwater crayfish, Procambarus clarkii  (Girard).  Bull.  Environ.  Contam.
Toxicol.  38: 736-741.

Demon, A., M. Oe Bruin,  and H. TH. Wolterbeek. 1988.  The influence of  pH  on
trace element uptake by an alga  (Scenedesmus pannonicus subsp.  Berlin) and
fungus  (Aureobasidiuoi pullulans). Environ. Monit.  Assess.  10-2: 165-173.

Demon,  A.,' M. De Bruin  and H. TH. Wolterbeek. 1989.  The influence of  pre-
treatment, temperature  and calcium ions on trace element uptake by an alga
 (Scenedesmus pannonicus subsp. Berlin} and fungus  (Aureobasidium  pullulans) .
Environ.  Monit. Assess. 13:  21-33.
                                      168

    -------
Den Besten, P.J., H.J, Herwig, D.I. Zandee and  P.A. Voogt.  1989.  Effects of
cadmium and PCBs on  reproduction of the sea star Asterias  rubens:  aberrations
in the early development.  Ecotoxicol. Environ.  Safety.  18(2):  173-180.

Den Besten, P.J., E.G. van Donselaar, H.J. Herwig, D.I.'Zandee and P.A. Voogt.
1991. Effects of cadmium on gametogenesis in the sea  star  Asterias rubens L.
Aquat. Toxicol. 20:  83-94.

Denton,  G.R.W. and C. Burdon-Jones. 1981. Influence of  temperature and
salinity on the uptake, distribution, and depuration  of mercury,  cadmium, and
lead by the black-lip oyster Saccostrea echinata. Mar.  Biol. 64:  317.

Denton,  G.R.W. and C. Burdon-Jones. 1986. Environmental effects on toxicity of
heavy metals to two  species of tropical marine  fish from northern  Australia.
Chem. Ecol. 2: 233-249.

Department of the Environment. 1973. Water Pollution  Research  1972.  London.
p. 37.

Devi, M., D.A. Thomas, J.T. Barber and M. Fingerman.  1996.  Accumulation and
physiological and biochemical effects of cadmium in a simple aquatic food
chain. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.  33: 38-43.

Devi, v.U. 1987. Heavy metal toxicity to fiddler crabs,  t7ca annulipes
Latreille and Uca triangular!s  (Milne Edwards): tolerance  to copper, mercury,
cadmium, and zinc. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 39:  1020-1027.

Devi, V.U. 199S. Bioaccumulation and metabolic  effects  of  cadmium  on marine
fouling dressinid bivalve, Mytilopsis sallei  (Recluz).  Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 31: 47-53.

Devi, V.U. and Y.P.  Rao. 1989. Cadmium accumulation in  fiddler crabs tfca
annulipes  latelle and  Uca  triangular!s  (Milne Edwards).  Water,  Air, Soil
Pollut.  43: 309-321.
                                      169

    -------
             Devi Prasad,  P.V. and P.S.  Devi Praaad. 1982. Effect of cadmium, lead and
             nickel'-on three freshwater green algae, water Air Soil Pollut. 17: 263.

             Devineau, J.  and C.A. Triquet.  1985. Patterns of bioaccumulation of an
             essential trace element (zinc)  and a pollutant metal  (cadmium) in larvae of
                                -\
             the prawn Palaemon serratus. Mar. Biol. 86: 139-143.

             Di Giulio, R.t. and R.F. Scanlon. 1984. Sublethal effects of cadmium ingestion
             on mallard ducks. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13: 765.

             Diamond, J.M.,  D.E. Koplish, J. McMahon III and  R. Rost. 1997. Evaluation of
             the water-effect ratio procedure for metals in a riverine system.
             Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 16(3): 509-520.

             Dickson, G.W.,  et al. 1982. The effect of chronic cadmium exposure on
             phosphoadenylate concentrations and adenylate energy  charge of gills and
             dorsal muscle tissue of crayfish. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 1: 147.

             Dierickx, P.J. and E. Bredael-Rozen. 1996. Correlation between the in vitro
             cytotoxicity of  inorganic metal compounds to cultured fathead minnow fish
             cells and the toxicity  to Daphnia magna. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57:
             107-110.  -
                   .•
             Dillon,  T.M. and B.C. Suedel.  1986. The relationship  between cadmium
             bipaccumulation  and  survival,  growth,  and reproduction in "the freshwater
             crustacean,  Daphnia  magna.  Environ. Contam., 2nd  Conf., CEP  Consult.,
             Edinburgh, U.K.: 21-23.

             Dinnel,  P.A.,  J.M.  Link, Q.J.  Stober,  M.w. Letourneau and w.E. Roberts. 1989.
             Comparative  sensitivity of  sea urchin  sperm  bioassays to metals and
             pesticides.  Arch.  Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.  18:  748-755.
                                                   170
I,

    -------
Dive, D., S. Robert, E. Angrand, C. Bel, H. Bonnemain,  L.  Brun,  Y.  Demarque,
A. Le Du, R. El Bouhouti, M.N. Fourmaux, L. Query,  O.  Hanssens  and  M. Murat.
19S9. A bioassay using the measurement of the growth inhibition of  a ciliate
protozoan: Colpidium campy 1 mil Stokes. Hydrobiologia.  188/189: 181-188.

Dixon, H.J. and M.B. Brown, eds. 1979. BMDP Biomedical Computer Programs, P-
series. University of California, Berkeley, California,  p.  521.

Domal-Kwiatkowska, D., B. Sosak-Swiderska, U. Mazurek and  D. Tyrawska.  1994.
The effect of cadmium on the survival and filtering rate of Daphnia Magna,
Straus 1820. Pol. Arch. Hydrobiol. 41(4): 465-473.

Dorfman, D. 1977. Tolerance of Fuadulus heteroclztus to different metals in
salt waters. Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci. 22: 21.

Dorgelo, J., H. Meester and C. van Velzen. 1995.  Effects of diet and heavy
metals on growth rate and fertility in the deposit-feeding snail Potamopyrgus
jenkinsi  (Smith)  (gastropoda: hydrobiidae). Hydrobiol.  316: 199-210.

Douben, P.E.T. 1989. Uptake and elimination of  waterbome  cadmium by the fish
Noeaiacne.ilus barbatulus L.  (Stone Loach). Arch.  Environ. Contatn. Toxicol. 13:
576-586.

Drbal, K., K. Veber and J. Zahradnik. 1985. Toxicity and accumulation of
copper and cadmium in the alga Scenedesmus obliquus LH.  Bull. Environ.  Contarn.
Toxicol.  34: 904-908.

Dressing, et al.  1982. Effect of chemical speciation on the accumulation of
cadmium by the caddisfly, Hydropsyche sp. Bull.  Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 28:
172.

Drummond, R.A. and D.A.  Benoit.  Manuscript. Toxicity of cadmium to  fish: some
observations on  the  influence of experimental  procedures-  U.S.  EPA, Duluth,
Minnesota.
                                      171

    -------
Duncan,  D.A. and J.F. Klaverkamp. 1983. Tolerance and resistance to cadmium  in
whice suckers (Catostomus coirmersoni) previously exposed to cadmium, mercury,
zinc, or selenium. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 128.

Duquesne, S.J. and J.C. Coll. 1995. Metal accumulation in the clam Tridacna
crocea under natural and experimental conditions. Aquat. Toxicol. 32:  239-253.

Dyer, S.D., S.E. Belanger and G.J. Carr.  1997. An initial evaluation of  the
use of Euro/North American fish species for tropical effects assessments.
Chemosphere. 35(11): 2767-2781.

Eaton, J.G. 1974. Chronic cadmium toxicity to the bluegill  (Lepomia macro-
chirus Rafinesque). Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 4: 729.

Eaton, J.G. 1980. Memorandum to C.E. Stephan. U.S. EPA, Duluth, Minnesota.
August S.

Eaton, J.G., et al. 1978. Metal toxicity  to embryos and larvae of seven
freshwater  fish species-I. cadmium. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 19:  95.

Eisler,  R.  1971. Cadmium poisoning in Fundulus heteroclitus (Pisces:
Cyprinodontidae) and other marine organisms. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 28:
122S.

Eisler,  R.  1974. Radio cadmium exchange with seawater by Fundulus heteroclicus
 (L.)  (Pisces: Cyprinodontidae). Jour. Fish Biol. 6: 601.

Eisler,  R.  1977. Acute toxicities of selected heavy metals to the soft-shell
clam, ftfya  arenaria. Bull. Environ. Contarn. Toxicol. 17: 137.

 Eisler,  R.  1981. Trace Metal Concentrations in Marine Organisms. Pergamon
 Press,  New York.
                                      172

    -------
Eisler, R. and G.R. Gardner. 1973- Acute toxicology  to  an estuarine  teleost  of
mixtures of cadmium, copper, and zinc salts.  Jour. Fish Biol.  5:  131.

Eisler, R. and R. Hennekey. 1977. Acute toxicities of Cd*2,  Cr**,  Hg*3, Ni*2, arid
Zn*2 to estuarine macrofauna. Arch. Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.  6:  315.

Eisler, R., et al. 1972. Cadmium uptake by marine organisms. Jour. Pish.  Res.
Board Can. 29: 1367.

Eisler, R. , et al. 1979. Fourth annotated bibliography  on biological effects
of metals in aquatic environments. EPA-600/3-79-084. National  Technical
Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

Elliott, M.G., R. Swain and D.A. Ritz. 1985.  The influence  of  cyclic exposure
on the accumulation of heavy metals by Mytilus  edulis plaaulatus  (Lamarck).
Mar. Environ. Res. 15: 17-30.

Elliott, N.G., R. Swain and D.A. Ritz. 198S.  Metal interaction during
accumulation by the mussel Mytilus edulis planulatus. Mar.  Biol.  395-399.

Elnabarawy, M.T., A.M. Welter and R.R. Robideau. 1986.  Relative sensitivity of
three daphnid species to selected organic and inorganic chemicals.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 5: 393-398.

Engel, D.. W. 1999. Accumulation and cytosolic  partitioning of metals in the
american oyster Grassescrea virgin!ca. Mar. Environ. Res. 47:  89-102.

Enserink, L., W. Luttmer and H. Maas-Diepeveen. 1990. Reproductive strategy of
Daphnia magna affects the sensitivity of its  progeny in acute  toxicity tests.
Aquatic Toxicology. 17: 15-26.

Enserink, E.L., J.L. Maas-Diepeveen and C.J.  Van Leeuwen. 1991. Combined
effects of metals; an ecotoxicological evaluation. Water Res.  25(6): 679-687.
                                      173

    -------
Enserink,  L., M. De la Haye and H. Maas. 1993. Reproductive  strategy of
Daphnia magna; implications for chronic toxicity  test. Aquatic  Toxicology. 25:
111-124.

Errecalde, 0. M. Seidl and P.G.C. Campbell. 1998.  Influence  of  a  low molecular
weight metabolite  (citrate) on the toxicity of cadmium and zinc to  the
unicellular green alga Selena struzn capricomutum:  and exception to  the free-
ion model . Water Res. 32(2): 419-429.

Everaarts, J.M. 1990. Uptake and  release of cadmium in various  organs of  the
common mussel, Mytilus edulis  (L.). Bull. Environ.  Contam. Toxicol. 45: 560-
567.

Evtushenko,  Z.S., N.N. Belcheva,  O.N. Lukyanova.  1986. Cadmium  accumulation in
organs of the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis -  I.  activities of  phosphatases
and composition and amount of  lipids. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 83C:  371-376.

Evtushenko,  Z.S.,  O.N. Lukyanova, N.N.  Belcheva.  1990. Cadmium  bioaccumulation
in organs of the scallop Mizuhopecten yessoensis.  Mar. Biol. 104: 247-250.

Fair, P.A. and  L.V. Sick.  1983. Accumulations of  naphthalene and  cadmium  after
simultaneous ingestion by the  Black  Sea Bass,  Centropristis  scriata. Arch.
Environ.  Contam. Toxicol.  12:  551.

Faraday.  w.E. and  A.C. Churchill.  1979. Uptake of cadmium by the  eelgrass
Zoster a. marina.  Mar.  Biol.  S3:  293.

Farag,  A.M., C.J.  Boese, D.F.  Woodward  and H.L.  Bergman. 1994.  Physiological
changes and  tissue metal accumulation in  rainbow trout  exposed  to foodborne
and waterborne  metals.  Environ.  Toxicol.  Chem.  13(12):  2021-2029.
                                      174

    -------
Farag, A.M., D.F. Woodward, J.N. Goldstein, W. Brumbaugh and J.S. Meyer. 1998.
Concentrations of metals;associated with mining waste in sediments, biofilm,
benthic macroinvertebrates, and fish from the Coeur d'Alene River basin,
Idaho. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34: 19-127.

Fargasova, A. 1993. Effect of five toxic metals on the alga Scenedesmus
guadricauda. Biologia, Bratislava. 48(3): 301-304.

Fargasova, A. 1994a. Toxicity of metals on Daphnia magna and Tubifex  tubifex.
Scotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 27: 210-213.

Fargasova, A. 1994b. Comparative toxicity of five metals on various biological
subjects. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. S3: 317-324.

Fennikoh, K.B., et al. 1978. Cadmium toxicity in planktonic organisms of a
freshwater food web. Environ. Res. 15: 357.

Fernandez-i/eborans, G. and M.T. Antonio-Garcia. 1988. Effects of lead and
cadmium in a community of  protozoans. Acta Protozool. 27(2): 141-159.

Fernandez-Leborans, G. and A. Novillo-Villajos. 1993. Changes in trophic
structure of a freshwater  protozoan community subjected to cadmium.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 25: 271-279.

Fernandez-Leborans, G. and A. Novillo. 199S. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of
cadmium  in  Olisthodiscus ieteus.  Wat. Res. 30(1): 57-62.

Fernandez-Pinas,  F,  P. Mateo and  I. Bonilla.  1995. Cadmium toxicity in Nostoc
UAM208:  protection by calcium.  New Phytol. 131: 403-407.

Ferrari,  L,  A. Salibian  and  C.V.  Muino.  1993. Selective protection of
temperature against cadmium  acute toxicity to Sufo  arenarum  tadpoles. Bull.
Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.  50:  212-213.
                                       175

    -------
Findlay, D.L., S.E.M. Kasian, and E.U. Schindler. 1996. Long-term effects of
low cadmium concentrations on a natural phytoplankton community. Can. J. Fish.
Aquat. Sci. 53: 1903-1912.

Finlayson/ a.J. and K.M. Verrue. 1982. Toxicities of copper,  zinc, and cadmium
mixtures to juvenile chinook salmon. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc.  Ill: 645.

Fisher, M.S. and J.G. Fabris. 1982. Complexation of Cu, Zn  and Cd by
metabolites excreted from marine diatoms. Mar. chem. 11:  245.

Fisher, N.F. and G.J. Jones. 1981. Heavy metals and marine  phytoplankton:
correlation of toxicity and  sulfhydryl-binding.'Jour. Phycol. 17: 108.

Fisher, N.S., J.L. Teyssie,  S.W. Fowler and W.x. Wang.  1996.  Accumulation and
retention of metals  in mussels  from food and water: a comparison under field
and laboratory conditions. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30(11): 3232-3242.

Florence, T.M., G.M. Morrison and J.L. Stauber. 1992. Determination of trace
element speciation and the role of speciation  in aquatic  toxicity. Sci. Total
Environ. 125:  1-13.

Forbes, V.E.  1991. Response  of  Hydrobia venCross  (Montagu)  to environmental
stress: effects of salinity  fluctuations and cadmium exposure on growth.
Funet.  Ecol.  5(5): 642-648.

Forget, J.,  J.F.  Pavilion, M.R. Menasria and G. Bocquene. 1998. Mortality and
LC50  values for  several  stages  of  the marine copepod  Tigriopus brevicornis
 (Muller)  exposed to  the  metals  arsenic and cadmium  and  the  pesticides
atrazine,  carbofuran,  dichlorvos,  and malathion. Ecotoxicol.  Environ. Safety.
 40:  239-244.

 Foster, P.L.  1932.  Metal resistances  of chlorophyta from rivers polluted by
 heavy metals.  Freshwater Biol.  12:  41.
                                      176

    -------

Francesconi, D.A. 1989. Distribution of cadmium  in  the  pearl  oyster,  Pinctada
albina albina  (Lamarck), following exposure to cadmium  in seawater. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 43: 321-328.

Francesconi, K.A., E.J. Moore, J.S. Edmonds.  1994.  Cadmium uptake  from
seawater and food by the 'western rock lobster Panu.lirus cygrnus. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. S3: 219-223.

Frank, P.M. and P.B. Robertson. 1979. The influence of  salinity on toxicity of
cadmium and chromium to the blue crab, Calli^ectes  sapidus. Bull.  Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 21: 74,           .                                   .

Frazier, J.M.  1979. Sioaccumulation of cadmium in marine organisms. Environ.
Health Perspect; 28: 75.

Frazier, J.M.  and S.G. George. 1983. .Cadmium  kinetics in oyster -  a
comparative study of Crassostrea gigas and Ostrea edulis.  Mar. Biol.  76: 55.

Freeman, B.J.  1978. Accumulation, of cadmium,  chromium,  and lead by bluegill
sunfish (Lepomis raacrochirus Rafinesque) under temperature and oxygen stress.
SRO-757-6. National Technical Information Service,  Springfield, Virginia.

Freeman, B.J.  1980. Accumulation of cadmium,  chromium,  and lead by bluegill
sunfish (Lepomis macrociurus Rafinesque) under temperature and oxygen.stress.
Thesis. University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia.

Gadkari, A.S.  and V.B.  Marathe. 1983. Toxicity of cadmium and lead-to a fish
and a  snail from two different habitats. IAWPC Tech. Annual.  X: 141-148.

Gaikwad, S.A.  1989. Effects of mixture and three individual heavy  metals on
susceptibility of three fresh water  fishes. Poll. Res.  8(1):  33-35.

Galic,  M.,  L.  Sipos and B. Raspor.  1987. Toxicity of cadmium  and
nitrilotriacetic acid  in sea water to the photobacteria Vibrio fisheri.  Sci.
Total Environ. 60:  173-184.
                                      177

    -------
Gargiulo, G., P. De Girolamo, L. Ferrara, 0. Soppelsa, G. Andreozzi,  R.
Antonucci and P. Battaglini. 1996. Action of cadmium on the gills of  Carassius
auracus L. In the presence of catabolic NH3. Arch,  Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.
30: 235-240.

Garofano, J.S.  1979. The effects of cadmium on the peripheral blood and, head
kidney of the brown bullhead Ictalurua nebuloaus  (Lesueur). Thesis. New York
University.

Gaur, J.P., H.  Noraho, Y.S. Chauhan.  1994.  Relationship between heavy metal
accumulation and toxicity  in Spirodela polyrhiza  (L.)  Schleid.  and Azolla
pinnaea  R. Br.  Aquat. Bot. 49(2/3): 183-192.

Gentile,  J.H. and M. Johnson. 1982.   Memorandum to John H. Gentile. U.S.  EPA,
Narragansett, Rhode Island.

Gentile,  S.M. 1982. Memorandum  to  John H. Gentile. U.S. EPA, Narragansett,
Rhode Island.

Gentile,  S.M.,  et al.  1982.  Chronic effects of cadmium on two  species of mysid
shrimp:  Mysidopsis  bahia and Mysidopsis  bigelowi. Hydrobiologia 93:  195.

George,  S.G.  and T.L.  Coombs.  1977. The  effects of chelating agents on the
uptake  and accumulation  of cadmium by Mytilus edulis.  Mar. Biol. 39:  261.

George,  S.G., B.J.S.  Pirie and J.M.  Frazier.  1983. Effects of  cadmium exposure
on metal-containing amoebocytes of the  oyster Ostrea edulis. Mar. Biol. 76:
 63-66.

 Gerhardt, A. 1992.  Acute toxicity of  Cd in stream invertebrates in  relation to
 pH and test design. Hydrobiologia. 239:  93-100.

 Gerhardt, A. 1995.  Joint and single toxicity of  Cd and Fe related to metal
 uptake  in the mayfly LeptopMeJbia marginata (L.)  (Insecta) .  Hydrobiologia.
 306: 229-240.
                                       178

    -------
 Ghosh,  A.R.  and p.  Chakrabarti.  1990.  Toxicity of arsenic and cadmium to a
 freshwater fish.  Environ.  Ecol.  8(2):  576-579.

 Ghosh,  T.K.,  J.P.  Kotangale and  K.P.  Krishnamoorthi.  1990. Toxicity of
 selective metals  to freshwater algae,  ciliated protozoa and planktonic
 crustaceans.  Environmental and Ecology.  8 (1) =356-360.]

 Giesy,  J.P.,  Jr.  1978.  Cadmium inhibition of  leaf decomposition in an aquatic
 microcosm.  Chemosphere  6:  J467.

 Giesy,  J.P.,  Jr.,  et al.  1977. Effects of naturally occurring aquatic organic
 fractions on  cadmium toxicity to Sitaocephalus serrulatus (Daphnidae)  and
 Gambusia  affinis  (Poeciliidae).  Water  Res.  11: 1013.

 Giesy,  J.P.,  Jr.,  et al.  1979. Fate and biological effects of .cadmium
 introduced into channel microcosms.  EPA-600/3-79-039.  National Technical
 Information Service,  Springfield,  Virginia.

 Giles,  M.A.  1988.  Accumulation of  cadmium by  rainbow trout,  Salato gairdneri,
 during  extended exposure.  Can. J.  Fish.  Aquat. Sci.  45:  1045-1053.

.Gill, T.S.  and A.  Epple.  1992. Impact  of cadmium on the mummichog Fundulus
 heceroclicus  and  the role of calcium in suppressing heavy metal toxicity.
 Comp. Biochem.  Physiol. 101C(3): 519-523.

 Gillespie,  R.,  et al.  1977. Cadmium uptake by the crayfish,  Orconectes
 propinguus propinguus (Oirard).  Environ. Res.  13: 364.

 Glubokov, A.Z.  1990. Growth of three species  of fish during early ontogeny
 under normal  and  toxic  conditions. Voprosy Ikhtiologii.  30(1):  137-143.

 Glynn,  A.W.  1996.  The concentration dependency of branchial intracellular
 cadmium distribution and  influx  in the zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio).  Aquat.
 Toxicol.  35:  47-58.             .                  .
                                       179

    -------
Glynn, A.W., C. Haux and C. Hogstrand. 1992. Chronic  toxicity  and metabolism
of Cd and-Zn in juvenile minnows  (Phoxinus phoxinus)  exposed to  a Cd and Zn
mixture. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 49: 2070-2079.

Glynn, A.M., L. Norrgren, A. Mussener. 1994. Differences  in uptake of
inorganic mercury and cadmium in  the gills of the zebrafish, Brachydanio
rerio. Aquatic Toxicol. 30: 13-26.

Gotnot, A. 1997. Dose-Dependent effects of cadmium on  the  growth  of snails in
toxicity bioassays. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 33: 209-216.

Gomot, A. 1998. Toxic effects of  cadmium on reproduction,  development, and
hatching in the freshwater  snail  Lymnaea stagnalis  for water quality
monitoring.. Ecotoxicol. Environ.  Safety. 41: 288-297.

Gopal, V.. and K.M. Devi. 1991. Influence of nutritional status on the median
tolerance limits  (LC50) of  Ophiocephalus striatus for certain  heavy metal and
pesticide toxicants. Indian. J. Environ. Health. 33:  393-394.

Gordon, M., et al. 1980. Mytilus  califarnianus as. a bioindicator of trace
metal pollution: variability and  statistical considerations. Mar. Pollut.
Bull. 11: 195.

Gorman, w.C. Jr. and R.K. Skogerboe. 1987. Speciation of  cadmium in natural
waters and  their effect on  rainbow trout. Preprint  extended abstract,
presented before the Division of  Environ. Chem., Am.  Chem. Soc.  , Aug. 30 -
Sept. 4, 1987. New Orleans, La: 664-645.

Gossiaux, D.C., P.P. Landrum and  V.N. Tsymbal. 1992.  Response  of the amphipod
Diporeia  spp. To various stressors: cadmium, salinity, and temperature. J.
Great Lakes Res.  18(3):  364-3*71.

Gottofrey,  J. and H. Tjalve. 1991. Axonal transport of cadmium in the
olfactory nerve of the pike. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 19:  242-252.
                                      160

    -------
Gottofrey, J.; I. Bjorklund  and  H. Tjalve.  1986.  Effect  of  sodium
isopropylxanthate, potassium amylxanthate and .sodium diethyldithiocarbamate or
the uptake and distribution  of cadmium in the brown trout  (Salmo trucca).
Aquat. Toxicol. 12:  171-184.

Gould, E. and J. Karolus.  1974.  Physiological.response of the cunner,
Tautogolajbrus adspersus, to  cadmium. Observations on the biochemistry.  NOAA
Technical Report SSRF-681, Part  V.

Gould, E., et al. 1976. Heart transaminase  in the rock crab,  Cancer irroratus,
exposed to cadmium salts.  Bull.  Environ. Contam.  Toxicol. 15: 635.
                                 !
Govindarajan, S., C.P. Valsaraj, R. Mohan,  V. Hariprasad and  R.
Ramasubramanian. 1993. Toxicity  of heavy metals  in  aquaculture organisms:
Penaeus indicus, Perna viridis,  Arteunia salina and  Skeletonema costatura.
Pollut. Res. 12(3):  187-189.

Graney, R.L., Jr., et al.  1983.  Heavy metal indicator potential  of  the  Asiatic
clam  (CorMcula flurainea)  in artificial stream systems.  Hydrofaiologia 102: 81.

Graney, R.L., Jr., D.S. Cherry and J. Cairns Jr.  1984. The  influence of
substrate, pH, diet  and temperature upon cadmium accumulation in.the asiatic
clam  (Corbicula fluminea)  in laboratory artificial  streams. Water Res.  18:
833-842.

Green, A.S., G.T. .Chandler and E.R. Blood.  1993.  Aqueous-,  pore-water-, and
sediment-phase cadmium:  toxicity relationships for  a meiobenthic copepod.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 12: 1497-1506.

Green, D.W.J., K.A.  Williams and D. Pascoe. 1986. The acute and  chronic
toxicity  of  cadmium  to different life history stages of  the freshwater
crustacean Asellus aquaticus (L) . Arch. Environ.  Contam. Toxicol. 15(5): 465-
471.
                                      181

    -------
Greenwood, J.G. and D.R. Fielder. 1983. Acute  toxicity of  zinc  and  cadmium to
zoeae of three species of portnid .crabs  (Crustacea:  Brachyura).  Comp.  Biochem.
Physiol. 75C: 141.

Greig, R.A. 1979. Trace metal uptake by three  species of mollusks.  Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22: ,643. .

Greig, R.A. and D.R. Wenzloff. 1973. Metal accumulation and depuration by  the
american oyster, Crassostrea  virginica. Bull.  Environ. Contam.  Toxicol. 20:
499.

Guanzon, N.G., Jr., H. Nakahara and Y. Yoshida.  1994. Inhibitory effects of
heavy metals on growth and photosynthesis of three freshwater microalgae.
Fish. Sci. 60(4): 379-384.

Guerin, J.L. and W.8. Stickle. 1995. Effects of  cadmium on survival,
osmoregulatory ability and bioenergetics of juvenile blue, crabs  Callinectes
sapidus at different salinities. Marine Environmental Research.  40(3): 227-
246.

Guerin, C., N. Giani and M. Sire. 1994. A study  of the sensitivity  of
Fnchytraeus variatus (Oligochaeta, Enchytraeidae) to certain salts  of heavy
metals in relation to its use as a test organism. Ann. Limnol.  30(3): 167-178.

Gui'lhermino, L., M.C. Lopes, A.P. Carvalho and A.M.V.M. Soares.  1996.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity as effect criterion  in  acute tests
with  juvenile Dapnnia magma. Chemosphere. 32 (4) : 727-738.

Guilhermino, L., T.C. Diamantino, R. Ribeiro,  F. Goncalves and A.M.V.M.
Soares. 1997. Suitability of  test media containing EDTA for the  evaluation of
acute metal toxicity to Daphnia magna. Straus.  Ecotoxicology and  Environmental
Safety. 38: 292-295.
                                      132'

    -------
Gully, J.R. and A.2. Mason. 1993. -Cytosolic redistribution and enhanced
accumulation of Cu in gill tissue'of Littorina  littorea  as a  result of Cd
exposure. Mar. Environ. Res. 33: 53-57.

Gupta, A.K. and v.K. Rajbanshi.  1991. Toxicity  of copper and  cadmium to
Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch) Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 19(3): 331-340.

Gupta, M. and S. Devi. 1995. Uptake and toxicity of cadmium in aquatic ferns.
J. Environ. Biol. 16(2): 131-136.

Gupta, M., S. Devi and J.  Singh. 1992. Effects  of long-term low-dose exposure
to cadmium during the entire life cycle of Ceratopteris  thalictroides, a water
fern. Arch. Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 23(2):  184-189.

Hader, D.P., M. Lebert, H. Tahedl and P. Richter. 1997.  The Erlanger
flagellate test  (EFT): photosynthetic flagellates in biological dosimeters. J.
Photochem. Photobiol, B: Biol. 40: 23-28.

Haines, T.A. and W.G. Brumaugh.  1994. Metal concentration in  the gill,
gastrointestinal tract, and carcass of white  suckers  (Cacostonms commersoni)
in relation to lake  acidity. Mater, Air, Soil Pollut.  73: 265-274.

Hale, J.G. 1977. Toxicity of metal mining wastes. Bull.  Environ. Contam.
Toxicol.  17: 66.                  •           .

Hall, L.W., Jr., L.O. Horseman and S. Zeger.  1984. Effects of organic" and
inorganic chemical contaminants  on fertilization, hatching success, and
prolarval survival of striped  bass. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 13: 723-
729.

Hall, W.S., R.L.  Paulson,'L.w. Hall, Jr. and  D.T. Burton. 1986. Acute toxicity
of cadmium and  sodium pentachlorophenate to daphnids and fish. Bull. Environ.
Contam.  Toxicol.  37: 308-316.
                                      183

    -------
Hall, L.W., Jr., W.S. Hall, S.J. Bushong and R.L. Herman.  1987.  In situ
striped bass  (Morone saxatilis) contaminant and water quality studies  in the
Potomac River. Aquat. Toxicol.  19: 73-99.

Hall, L.W., Jr., S.J. Bushong,  M.C. Ziegenfuss, W.S. Hall  and R.L.  Herman.
1988. Concurrent mobile on-site and in sicu striped bass contaminant and water
quality studies in the Choptank River and upper Chesapeake Bay.  Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 7:. 315-830.

Hall. L.W., Jr., M.C. Ziegenfuss, R.D. Anderson and B.L. Lewis.  1995.'The
effect of salinity on the acute toxicity of total and free cadmium to  a
Chesapeake Bay copepod and fish. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 30(6):  376-384.

Ham, L., R. Quinn and D. Pascoe. 1995. Effects of cadmium  on  the predator-prey
interaction between the Turbellarian Dendrocoelurn lacteum  (Muller,  1774}  and
the isopod crustacean Asellus aguaticus  (L.). Arch. Environ.  Contain. Toxicol.
29: 358-365.

Hamilton, S.J. and K.J. Buhl. 1990. Safety assessment of selected  inorganic
elements to fry of Chinook' salmon  (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha).  Ecotoxicology
and Environmental Safety. 20: 307-324.

Handy, R.D. 1993. The effect of acute exposure to dietary  Cd  and Cu organ
toxicant concentrations in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus tnykiss. Aquat.  Toxicol.
27: 1-14.

Hansen,  I.V., J.M. Weeks and M.H. Depledge. 1995 Accumulation of copper,  zinc,
cadmium  and chromium by the marine sponge Halichondria panicsa Pallas  and the
implications  for biomonitoring.  Mar. Pollut. Bull. 31(3-1):  133-138.

Hansten, C.,  M. Heino and  K. Pynnonen. 1996. viability of  glochidia of
Anodonta anaeina  (Unionidae) exposed to selected metals and chelating  agents.
Aquat.  Toxicol. 34: 1-12.
                                      184

    -------
Hardy, J.K. and D.H. O'Keeffe. 1985. Cadmium uptake by the water hyacinth:
effects of root mass, solution volume, complexers and other metal  ions.
Chemosphere. 14(5): 417-426.

Hardy, J.K. and N.B. Raber. 1985. Zinc uptake by the water hyacinth: effect of
solution factors. Chemosphere. 14(9): 1155-1166.

Hare, L. 1992. Aquatic insects and trace metals: bioavailability,
bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Critic. Rev. Toxicol. 22(5/6): 327-369.
                                 j
                                 i                '
Hare, L, E. Saouter, P.G.C. Camploell, A. Tessier, F. Ribeyre and A. Boudou.
1991. Dynamics of cadmium, lead, and zinc exchange between nymphs of the
burrowing mayfly Hexagenia rigida (Ephemeroptera) and the environment. Can. J.
Fish. Aquat. Sci. 48: 39-47.

Hare, L., R. Carignan and MA. Huerta-Diaz. 1994. A field study of metal
toxicity and accumulation by benthic invertebrates; implications for the acid-
volatile sulfide (AVS) model. Limnol. Oceanogr. 39(7): 1653-1668.

Haritonidis, S., J.w. Rijstenbil, P. Malea, J. van Drie and J.A. wijnholds.
1994. Trace metal interactions in the macroalga Enteramorpha. prolifera (O.F.
Muller) J. Ag., grown in water of the Scheldt estuary (Belgium and SW
Netherlands), in response to cadmium exposure. BioMetals. 7: 61-6$.

Harrison, S.E. and J.F. Klaverkamp. 1989. Uptake, elimination and tissue
distribution of dietary and aqueous cadmium by rainbow trout (Salmo gairdnsri
Richardson} and lake whitefish  (Coregonus clupeafomus Mitchell) .
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 8: 87-97.
                                                                            j
                                 i
Hart, B.A. and B.D. Schaife. 1977. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium in
Chiorella pyrenoidosa. Environ.  Res.  14: 401.

Hartwell, S.I.  1997. Demonstration of a toxicological risk ranking method to
correlate measures of ambient toxicity and fish community diversity. Environ.
Toxicol.  Chem.  16(2): 361-371.
                                      185

    -------
                                                      : J
Harvey,  R.w. and.S.N. Luoma. 1985. Separation of  solute  and particulate
vectors of heavy metal uptake in controlled suspension-feeding experiments
with Macoma balthica. Hydrobiologia. 21: 97-102.

Hashim,  M.A., K.H. Chu, S.M. Phang and G.S. Ong.  1997. Adsorption equilibria
of cadmium on algal biomass.  Adsorpt. Sci. Technol.  15(6): 445-453.

Hatakeyama, S. 1987. .Chronic effects of Cd on reproduction of Poiypedilum
nubifer (chironomidae) through water and food. Environ.  Pollut.  48:  249-261.

Hatakeyama, S. and M. Yasuno. 1981a. The effects  of  cadmium-accumulated
chlorella on the reproduction of Moina macrocopa  (Cladocera). Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Safety 5: 341.

Hatakeyama, S. and M. Yasuno. 1981b. Effects of cadmium  on the periodicity  of
parturation and brook size of Moina macrocopa  (Cladocera). Environ.  Pollut.
 (Series A)  26: 111.

Haynes, G.J., A.J. Stewart and  B.C. Harvey.  1989. Gender-dependent problems in
toxicity tests with  Ceriodaphnia dubia. Bull. Environ. Contam Toxicol. 43:
271-279.

Hazen,  R.S.  and T.J.  Kneip. 1980.  Biogeochemical  cycling of cadmium in a marsh
ecosystem.  In.: J.O.  Nriagu (ed;),  Cadmium  in the  Environment, Part I.  Wiley,
New York.  p.  399.

 Heinis,  F.,  K.R.  Timmermans and W.R.  Swain.  1990. Short-term sublethal effects
 of cadmium on the filter feeding chironomid larva Glypcocendipes pallens
 (Meigen)  (Diptera).  Aquatic Toxicology.  IS:  73-86.

 Hendriks,  J.A.  1995. Modelling equilibrium concentrations of microcontaminants
 in organisms of  the Rhine delta: Can average field residues in the aquatic
 foodchain be predicted from laboratory accumulation? Aquat. Toxicol. 31: 1-2S.
                                       186

    -------
Herkovits,  J. and C.S. Perez-Coll. 1993. Stage-dependent susceptibility of
Sufo arenarum embryos to cadmium.; Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 50: 608-611.
Herkovits, J. and C.S. Perez-Coll. 1995. Increased resistance against cadmium
toxicity by means of pretreatment with low cadmium-zinc concentrations in Sufo
arenarunt embryos; Biol. Trace Elem. Res. 49: 171-175.

Herkovits, J., P. Cardellini, C. Pavanati and C.S. Perez-Coll.  1997.
Susceptibility of early life stages of Xenopus laevis to cadmium.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 16(2): 312-316.

Herkovits, J., P. Cardellini, C. Pavanati and C.S. Perez-Coll.  1998. Cadmium
uptake and bioaccumulation in Xenopus laevis embryos at different
developmental stages.  Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 39:  21-26.

Herwig, H.J., F. Brands, E. Kruitwagen and D.I. Zandee. 1989. Bioaccumulation
and histochemical localization  of cadmium in Dreissena polymorpha  exposed to
cadmium chloride. Aquat. Toxicol. 15: 269-286.

Heumann,  H.G. 1987.  Effects of  heavy metals on growth and  ultrastructure of
Chara  vulgraris.  Protoplasma.  136:; 37-48.
                                  i
                          ;        i                 r               •     .
Hickey, C.w. and W.H.  Clements. 1998. Effects of  heavy metals on benthic
macroinvertebrate communities in New Zealand  streams. Environ.  Toxicol. Chem.
17(11}: 2338-2346.

Hickey, C.W.  and M.L.  Martin.  1995. Relative  sensitivity of five benthic
invertebrate species to reference toxicants and  resin-acid contaminated
                                                   i
sediments.  Environ.  Toxicol.  Chem.  14(8):  1401-1409.

Hickey, C.W.  and D.S.  Roper.  1992.  Acute toxicity of cadmium to two species of
 infaunal  marine amphipods (tube-dwelling and  burrowing)  from New Zealand.
 Bull.  Environ.  Contam. Toxicol. 49:  165-170.
                                       187

    -------
Mickey, C.W. and M.L. vickers. 1992. Comparison of  the  sensitivity to heavy.
metals and pentachlorophenol of the mayflies Deleatidium spp. and the
cladoceran Daphnia magna. New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater
Research. 26: 87-93.

Hilmy, A.M., M.B. Shabana and A.Y. Daabees. 1985. Bioaccumulation of cadmium:
toxicity in Mugil cephalus. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.  81(1): 139-143.

Hiraoka, Y. 1985. Acute toxicity of 14 different kinds  of metals affecting
medaka  (Oryzias latipes) fry. Hiroshima J. Med. Sci.  34: 327-30.

Hockett, J. R and D.R. Mount. 1996. Use of metal chelating agents to
differentiate among sources of acute aquatic toxicity.  Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
IS: 1687-1693.'

Hofslagare, 0., G. Samuelsson and S. Sjoberg. 1935.  Cadmium effects on
photosynthesis and nitrate assimilation in Scenedesmus  obliquus. A
potentiometric study  in an open COj-system.  Environ. Exp.  Bot. 25(1):  75-82.

Hogstrand,  C., L. Goran and C. Haux. 1991. The  importance of  tnetallothionein
for the  accumulation  of copper, zinc and  cadmium in environmentally exposed
perch,  Perca  fluviacilis. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 68: 492-501.

Hoicombe,  G.W., et al.  1983. Toxicity of  selected priority pollutants to
various  aquatic organisms. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety  7: 400.

Hoicombe,  G.W., et  al.  1984. Methods for  conducting snail  (Aplexa hypnorum)
embryo through adult  exposures: effects of cadmium  and  reduced pH levels.
Arch.  Environ. Contam.  Toxicol.  13: 627.

 Hollibaugh, D.L.,  et  al.  1980. A  comparison  of  the  acute  toxicities of  ten
 heavy metals  to  the plankton from Sasnick Inlet, B.C.,  Canada. Estuarine
 Coastal Mar.  Sci.  10: 93.
                                      188

    -------
Hollis, L, K. Burnison and R.C. Playle. 1996. Does  the'age of metal-dissolved
organic carbon complexes influence binding of metals  to"fish gilla? Aquat.
Toxicol. 35: 253-264.

Hollis, L., L. Muench and R.C. Playle. 1997. Influence of dissolved organic
matter on copper binding, and calcium on cadmium binding, by gills of rainbow
trout. J. Fish Biol. 50: 703-720.

Hong, J.S. and D.J. Reish. 1987. ;Acute toxicity of  cadmium to eight species of
marine amphipod and isopod crustaceans from southern  California. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 39: 984-388.
                                 I
                                 i
Hooten, R.L. and R.S. Carr. 1997 J Development and; application of a marine
sediment pore-water toxicity test using Ulva fasciaca zoosporea. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 17(5): 932-940.   j               •:
                                 I .                i

Hornstrom, S. 1990. Toxicity test with algae - a discussion on the batch
method. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 20: 343-353.

Hu, S., C.H. Tang and M. Wu. 1996. Cadmium accumulation  by several seaweeds.
Sci. Total Environ. 187: 65-71.                   '.

Huebert, D.B. and J.M. Shay. 1991. The effect of cadmium and its interaction
with external calcium in the submerged aquatic macrophyte Lemna trisulca L.
Aquat. Toxicol. 20: '57-72.

Huebert,- D.B. and J.M. Shay. 1992. Zinc toxicity and  its interaction with
cadmium in the submerged aquatic macrophyte Lemna trisulca L. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 11: 715-720.
                                                  i

Huebert, D.B. and J.M. Shay. 1993. The response of  Lemna trisulca L.  To
cadmium. Environ. Pollut.  80: 247-253.
                                      189

    -------
Huebert, D.B., B.S. Dyck and J.M. Shay. 1993. The effect of EDTA on  the
assessment of Cu toxicity in the submerged aquatic macrophyte,  Le/nna trisulca
L.-Aquat. Toxicol. 24: 183-194.

Huebner, J.D. and K.S. Pynnonen. 1992. Viability of glochidia  of two species
of Anodonta exposed to low pH and selected metals. Can. J. Zool. 70: 2348-
23SS.

Hughes, G.M., et al.  1979. A morphometric study of effects of  nickel,  chromium-
and cadmium on the secondary lamellae  of rainbow trout gills.  Water  Res.  13:
€65.

Hughes, J.S.  1973. Acute toxicity to thirty  chemicals to striped bass (Morone
saxatilis) . Western Assoc. State Game  Fish Comm., Salt. Lake City,  Utah.  July.

Hung,  Y.  1982. Effects of temperature  and chelating agents on  cadmium uptake
in  the American oyster. Bull.  Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 28:  546.

Husaini,  Y.,  A.K.  Singh and L.C. Rai.  1991.  Cadmium toxicity to. photosynthesis
and associated electron transport  system of  Nostoc linckia.  Bull.  Environ.
Contam. Toxicol.  46:  146-150.

Hutcheson,  M.S.  1975. The effects  of  temperature  and  salinity  on  cadmium
uptake by the blue crab,  Callinectes  sapidus.  Chesapeake  Sci.  IS:  237.

Hutchinson,  T.C.  and H.  Czyrska.  1972. Cadmium and  zinc  toxicity  and synergism
to floating aquatic plants.  In; Water Pollution  Research  in  Canada 1972.
Proc.  7eh Canadian Symp.  Water  Pollut. Res.,  Inst. Environ.  Sci. Eng. Publ.
NO. SI-3. p. 59.

 Hutchinson, T.C.  and P.M.  Stokes.  1975. Heavy metal  toxicity and algal
 bioassays. In:  S. Barabos (ed.),  Water Quality Parameters.  ASTM STP 573.
 American Society for Testing and Materials,  Philadelphia,  Pennsylvania,  p.
 320.
                                       190

    -------
              Hutchinson, T.H., T.D. Williams and G.J. Bales.  1994.  Toxicicy  of  cadmium,
              hexavalent chromium and copper to marine fish  larvae  (Cyprinodon variegacus)
              and copepods  (Tisbe battagliai). Marine Environmental  Research. 38:  275-290.

              Hutton, M. 1983. Sources of cadmium in the environment.  Ecotoxicol.  Environ.
              Saf. 7: 9-24.
                                               !
                                               1
                                               I
              Hwang, P.P., S.w. Lin and H.C. Lin. 1995. Different sensitivities  to cadmium
              in Tilapia larvae (Oreochromis mo'ssambicus; Teleostei) .  Arch.  Environ.
              Contam. Toxicol. 29:1-7.

              Hylland, K., M. Skold, J.S. Gunnarsson and J.  skei. 1997. Interactions between
              eutrophication and contaminants. IV. Effects on  sediment-dwelling  organisms.
              Mar. Pollut. Bull. 33(1-6): 90-99J

              Iftode, F, J.J. Curgy, A. Fleury and G. Fryd-Versavel.  1985. Action  of a heavy
              ion, Cd2+, and the antagonistic effect of Ca2 + ,  on two ciliates Tecrahyntena
                                               \
              pyriformis and Euplotes vannus. Acta Protozool-  24.(3-4): 273-279.

              Ikuta, K. 1987. Cadmium accumulation by a top  shell Bacillus cornutus. Nippon
              Suisan Gakkaishi. 53(7): 1237-1242.

              Ilangovan, K., R.O. Canizares-Villanueva, S. Gonzalez  Moreno and D.  Voltolina.
              1998. Effect of cadmium and zinc on respiration  and photosynthesis in
              suspended and immobilized cultures of ChiorelIa  vulgaris and Scsnedesmus
              acutus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60: 936-943.

              Ingersoll, C.G. and N. Kemble. 2000. Unpublished.  Methods, development for
              long-term  sediment toxicity tests with the amphipod Hyalella azteca  and the
              midge  Chironomus  tentans.

              Ingersoll, C.G. and R.W. Winner. 1982. Effect  on Daptuiia pulex  (De Geer) of
              daily  pulse  exposures to copper or cadmium. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.  1: 321.
L
191

    -------
                      k, r
Inza, B., F. Ribeyre and A. Boudou. 1998. Dynamics of  cadmium and" mercury-
compounds (inorganic mercury or methylmercury): uptake and depuration in
Corbicitla fluminea. Effects of temperature .and pH. Aquat.  Toxicol.  43:  273-
285.

Irato, P. and Piccinni, E. 1996. Effects of cadmium  and copper on Astasia
longa: metal uptake and glutathione levels. Acta  Protozool.  35: 281-285.

Issa, A.A.,  R. Abdel-Basset and M.S. Adam. 1995.  Abolition of heavy metal
toxicity on Kirchneeiella  lunaris  (Chlorophyta) by calcium.  Ann.'sot. 75: 189-
192.

Jak, R.G., J.L. Maas and M.C.Th. Scholten. 1996.  Evaluation of laboratory
derived  toxic effect concentrations of  a mixture  of  metals by testing fresh
water plankton communities in enclosure. Water Res.  30(5): 1215-1227.

Jana, S. and S.S.  Sahana.  1988. Effects of copper, cadmium and chromium
cations  on the freshwater  fish Clarias  batrachus  L.  Physiol. Bohemoslov.
37(1) :. 79-82.

Jana, S. and S-. S.  Sahana.  1989. Sensitivity of the  freshwater fishes Clarias
batrachus and Anatas  testudineus to heavy  metals. Environ. Ecol. 7(2):  265-
270.

janssen, C.R. and G.. Persoone.  1993.  Rapid toxicity  screening tests for
aquatic  biota. I.  Methodology and  experiments with  Daphnia magna. Environ.
ToxicoL. Chera. 12:711-717.

Janssen, H.H. and N.  Scholz.  1979. Uptake  and cellular distribution of cadmium
 in Mytilus  edulis. Mar.  Biol.  55:  133.

 Janssen, M.P.M.,  C.  Oosterhoff,  G.J.S.M.  Heijmans,  H.  Van der Voet. 1995. The
 toxicity of metal salts and the population growth of the Ciliate Colpoda
 cucculus.  Bull.  Environ.  Contain.  Toxicol.  54: 597-605.
                                       192

    -------
Janssens de Bisthoven, L.G., K.R.1 Timmerans and F. Ollevier.  1992.  The
                         l-        ,
concentration of cadmium, lead, copper and zinc in Chironomua gr.  chummi
larvae  (Diptera, chironomidae) with deformed versus normal menta.  Hydrobiol.
239: 141-149.             ;       \
Jaworska, M, A. Gorczyca/J. Sepi;ol and P. Tomasik.  1997.. Effect of  metal  ions
on the ejieofljopathogrenic nematode fHeteror^abditis hacteriophora poinar
                                 !
(Wefliacoda.- Heterohabditidae) unddr laboratory conditions. Water, Air,  Soil
Pollut. 93: 137- 166.     , :       1
Jenkins, K.D. and A.Z. Mason. 1988. Relationships between subcellular
distributions of cadmium and perturbations  in reproduction  in  the polychaete
Neanthes arenaceodentata. Aquat. JToxicol. 12: 229-244.
Jenkins, K.D. and B.M. Sanders.  1986. Relationships between  free cadmium ion
activity in seawater, cadmium accumulation  and  subcellular distibution,  and
growth in polychaetes. Environ.  Health Perspect. 65: 20S-210.

Jenner, H.A. and J.P.M. Janssen-mommen.  1993. Duckweed Lemna minor as a  tool
for testing toxicity of coal residues and polluted sediments. Arch. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 25: 3-11.

Jennings, J.R. and P.S. Rainbow.  I979a.  Studies on the uptake of cadmium by
the crab Carcinus maenas  in the  laboratory.  I.  Accumulation  from seawater and
a food source. Mar. Biol.  50: 131.
                           i
                           t      ' ':
Jennings, J.R. and P.S. Rainbow. ;l979b.  Accumulation of  cadmium by Dunaliella
tsrtiolecta Butcher. Jour.; Plankton Res. 1:  67.
                           !      i
                           !      •
                           1
Jindal, R. and A. Verma.  1990. Heavy metal  toxicity to Daphnia  pulex. Indian
J. Environ. Hlth. 32(3):  289-292.;

John,  J., E.T. Gjessing,  M. Grande and B. Salbu. 1987. Influence of aquacic
humus  and pH on  the  uptake and depuration of cadmium by  the  atlantic salmon
 (Salmo salar L.). Sci.  Total  Environ.  62:  253-265.
                                      193

    -------
Johns, D.M. and D.C. Miller. 1982. The use of bioenergetics to  investigate  the
mechanisms of pollutant toxicity in crustacean  larvae. In.: W.B. Vernberg, et
al.  (eds.), Physiological Mechanisms of Marine  Pollutant Toxicity. Academic
Press, New York. p. 261.

Johnson, M. and J. Gentile. 1979. Acute toxicity of cadmium,  copper,  and
mercury to larval American lobster  (Horaarus  a/nericanus) . Bull.  Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 22: 259.

Jones, M.S. 1975. Synergistic effects of  salinity, temperature  and heavy
metals on mortality and osmoregulation in marine and  estuarine  isopods
 (Crustacea). Mar. Biol. 30: 13.

Jonnalagadda, S.B. and P.V.V.P. Rao. 1993. Toxicity,  bioavailability  and  metal
speciation. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 106C(3):  585-595.

Jop,  K.M.  1991. Concentration of metals in various larval  stages  of four
 Ephemeroptera species. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46:  901-905.

 Jop,  K.M., A.M. Askew and  R.B-  Foster.  1995.  Development of a water-effect
 ratio for  copper,  cadmium,  and  lead for the  Great Works River in  Maine  using
 Ceriodaphnia  duhia and  Salvelinus  fontinalis.  Bull.  Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.
 54:  29-33.

 Juchelka,  C.M.  and T.W.  Snell.  1994. Rapid toxicity  assessment  using  rotifer
 ingestion rate. Arch. Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol, 26:  549-554.

 Jude, D.J. 1973.  Sublethal effects of  ammonia and cadmium on  growth of  green
 sunfish.  Ph.D.  Thesis.  Michigan State  University.

 Kaplan, D, Y.M.  Heimer,  A Abeliovich,  P.B.  Goldsbrough.  1995. Cadmium toxicity
 and  resistance in Chlorella sp. Plant  Sci.  109: 129-137.
                                       194

    -------
Karlsson-Norrgren, L. And p.. Runn'. 1985. Cadmium dynamics  in  fish: pulse
studies with lo'Cd in female zefarafish, Brachydanio reriq. J.  Fish Biol.r27:
571-581.

Kapur, K. and N.A. Yadav. 1982. The effects of  certain  heavy  metal salts  on
che development of eggs in common carp, Cyprinus carpio var.  cotmunis. Acta
Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 10: 517.

Karez, C.S., S. Bonotto and S. Puiseux-Dao. 1989. • Response of the unicellular
giant alga Acecabularia aceeaJbaZum to cadmium toxicity  and accumulation.
Toxicological and Environmental Chemistry.  19:  223-232.

Kasuga, s. 1980. Sexual Differences of medaka,  Oryzias  latipes in the acute
toxicity test of cadmium. Bull. Jap.  Soc.  Sci.  Fish.  46(9): 1073-1076.

Katti, S.R. and A.G. Sathyanesan. .1935. Chronic effects of lead and  cadmium  on
the testis of the catfish Clarias baerachus. Environ. Ecol. 3(4): 596-598.

Kay,  J. , D.G. Thomas, M.W.  Brown, A.  Cryer, D.  Shurben,  J,F.  deL.G.  Solbe and
J.S.  Garvey.  1986. Cadmium  accumulation and protein  binding patterns in
tissues of the  rainbow  trout,  Saloio gairdneri.  Environ. Health Perspect.  65:
133-139.

ECeduo, C. L.  Yumei and  H. Lanying, 1987.  Effects  os  six heavy metals on
hatching  eggs  and survival  of larval  of marine  fish.  Oceanol. Limol. Sin.
 (Haiyang  Yu Huzhao).  18(2): 138-144.

Keenan,  S.  and M.A.  Alikhan.  1991.'Comparative  study of cadmium and  lead
accumulations in Cambarus barconi (Fab.)  (Decapoda,  Crustacea)  from  an  acidic
and a neutral lake.  Bull.  Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  47: 91-96.

 Keller,  A,E.  and S.G.  Zam.  1991.  The acute toxicity of  selected metals  to the
 freshwater mussel,  Anodonta. imbecilis.  Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 10:  539-54$.
                                       195

    -------
Kelly, M.G. and B.A. Whitton. 1989. Interspecific differences  in Zn, Cd  and Pb
accumulation by freshwater algae and bryophytes. Hydrobiol.  17:  1-11.

Kerfoot, W.B. and S.A. Jacobs. 1976. Cadmium accrual  in combined waste-
treatment aquaculture system. Environ. Sci. Technol.  10:  662.

Kessler, E. 1985. An extremely cadmium-sensitive strain of  Chlorella.
Sxperientia. 41: 1621.

Kessler, E. 1986. Limits  of  growth of five  Chlorella  species in the presence
of toxic heavy metals. Arch.  Hydrobiol.  71(1):  123-128.

Kettle, W.D. and F. deNoyelles, Jr. 1986. Effects of  cadmium stress on the
plankton communities of experimental ponds. Journal of Freshwater Ecology.
3(4) : 433-443.
                                                          /
Khan, A.T.  and J.S. Weis. 1993. Bioaccumulation of  heavy metals in two
populations of mummichog  (Fundulus heceroclitus). Bull. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 51: 1-S.

Khan, A.T., J.S. Weis  and L. D'Andrea.  1988.  Studies  of cadmium tolerance in
two  populations  of  grass  shrimp,  Palaemoneces pugio.  Bull.  Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 40:  30-34.

Khan,  A.T., J.S.  Weis and L. D'Andrea.  1989.  Bioaccumulation of four heavy
metals  in  tow populations of grass shrimp,  Palaesnonetes pugio. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol.  42:  339-343.

 Khan, A.T., J.  Barbieri,  S. Khan and F.  Sweeney. 1992. A new short-term mysid
 toxicity test using sexual maturity as an endpoint. Aquatic Toxicology.  23:
 97-105.

 Khangarot, B.S.  1991. Toxicity of metals to a freshwater tubificid worm,
 Tubifex tubifex (Muller). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 46: 906-912.
                                       196

    -------
Khangarot,  .B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1987a. Correlation between heavy metal acute
toxicity values in Daphnia magna and fish. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 38:
722-725.

Khangarot,  B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1987b. Sensitivity of toad tadpoles, Sufo
raelanostictus  (Schneider), to heavy metals. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
38(3) :  523-527.'

Khangarot,  B.S. and P.K. Ray. 19S9a. Investigation, of correlation between
physicochemical properties of metals and their toxicity to the water flea
Daphnia magna Straus. Ecotoxicol.iEnviron. Safety. IB: 109-120.

Khangarot,  B.S. and P.K. Ray. 1989b. Sensitivity of midge larvae of Chironomua
tentans Fabricius  (diptera chironomidea) to heavy metals. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 1939. 42: 325-330.

Khangarot,  B.S., P.K. Ray and K. Chandra.  1987. Daphnia magna as a model to
assess heavy metal toxicity: comparative assessment with mouse system. Acta
Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 15(4): 427-432.

Khoshmanesh, A., F- Lawson and  I-G. Prince. 1996. Cadmium uptake by
unicellular green microalgae. Chem. Eng. J. 62: 81-88.

Khoshmanesh, A., F. Lawson and  I.G. Prince. 1997. Cell surface area as a major
parameter  in the uptake  of cadmium  by  unicellular green microalgae. Chem. Eng.
J. 65:  13-19.

Khristoforova,  N.K.,  S.M. Gnezdilova and G.A. Vlasova. 1984. Effect of cadmium
on gametogenesis and  offspring  of  the  sea  urchin Strongyiocencrotus
intermed!us. Mar.  Ecol.  Prog. Ser.. 17:  9-14.

Kiffney, P.M.  and  w.H.  Clements.  1996.  Size-dependent  response of
macroinvertebrates to metals in experimental  streams.  Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
 15(9): 1352-1356.
                                       197

    -------
Klass, £., et al. 1974. The effect of cadmium on population growth of  the
green alga Scsnedssmus quadricauda. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.  12:  442.

Klaverkamp, J.F. and D.A. Duncan.1987. Acclimation to cadmium  toxicity by
white suckers: cadmium binding capacity and metal distribution in gill and
liver cytosol. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6: 275-289.

Klerks, P.J. and P.R. Bartholomew. 1991. Cadmium accumulation  and
detoxification in a Cd-resistant population of  the oligochaete Llmnodrilus
hoffmeiseeri. Aquat. Toxicol. 19: 97-112.

Klockner, K. 1979. Uptake and accumulation of cadmium by Ophryotrocha  diadema
(Polychaeta). Mar. Ecol. Progress Series 1: 71.

Kluttgen, 3. and H.T. Ratte. 1994- Effects of different food doses on  cadmium
toxicity  to Daphnia tnagna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13(10): 1619-1627.

Kluytmand, J.H., D.I. Zandee and E.L. Enserink. Effects of cadmium on  the
reproduction of Mytilus edulis l>. University of Utrecht, Department  of
Experimental Zoology, 8 Padualan, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.

Kneip, T.J.  and R.E. Hazen. 1979. Deposit and mobility of cadmium .in marsh-
cove  ecosystem and the relation to cadmium concentration in biota. Environ.
Health Perspect. 28: 67.

Kobayashi, N. 1971. Fertilized sea urchin eggs  as an indicator material  for
marine pollution bioassay, preliminary experiments. Publ. Seto Mar.  Biol. Lab.
18: 379.

Kock,  G.,  R. Hofer and S. Wograth. 1995. Accumulation of trace metals  (Cd, Pb,
Cu, Zn)  in arctic char  (Salvelinus alpinus) from oligotrophic  alpine lakes:
relation to  alkalinity. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 52: 2367-2376.
                                      198

    -------
Koelmans, A.A., F. Gillissen and L. Lijklema. 1996.  Influence of salinity and
mineralization on trace metal sorption to cyanobacteria  i'n natural waters.
Water Res. 30(4): 853-864.

Kohler, K. and H.U. Riisgard. 1982.  Formation of metallothioneins in relation
to .accumulation of cadmium in the common mussel Mytilus  edulis. Mar. Biol. 66:
53.
                           }
Koivisto, S.-, M. Arner and N. Kautsky. 1997. Does cadmium pollution change
trophic interactions in rockpool food webs? Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. 16(6): 1330-1336.

Kolok, A.S., E.P. Plaisance and A. Abdelghani. 1998.  individual variation in
the swimming performance of fishes: an overlooked.source of variation in
toxicity studies. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17(2): 292-285.

Kooijman, S.A.L.M. and J.J.M. Bedaux. 1996. Analysis of  toxicity tests on
Daphnia survival and reproduction. Water Res. 30(7):  1711-1723.

Kosakowska, A., L. Falkowski and J. Lewandowska. .1988. Effect of amino acids
on the toxicity of heavy metals to phytoplankton. Bull.  Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 40: 532-538.

Koyama, J, R.  Kuroshima and A. Ishimatsu. 1992. The  seawater fish for
evaluation of  the toxicity of pollutants. Mizu Kankyo Gakkaishi. 15(11): 804-
313.

Kraak, M.H.S., M. Toussaint, D. Lavy and C. Davids.  1992a. Short-term effects
of metals on the  filtration rate of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha.
Environ.  Pollut.  pp.139-143.

Kraak, M.H.S.,  D.  Lavy, W.H.M. Peeters and  C. Davids. 1992b Chronic
ecotoxicity of copper  and cadmium  to  the zebra mussel Dreissena polymarpha.
Arch.  Environ.  Contain.  Toxicol. 23:  363-369.
                                      199

    -------
Kraak, M.H.S., H. Schoon, W.H.M. Peecers and  N.M.  Van  Straalen.  1993a.  Chronic
ecotoxicity of mixtures of Cu, Zn, and Cd  to  the  zebra mussel  Dreissena
polymorpha. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 25:  315-327.

Kraak, M.H.S., D. Lavy, M. Toussaint, H. Schoon,  W.H.M.  Peeters  and C.  Davids.
1993b. Toxicity of heavy metals to the zebra  mussel  (.Dreissena polymorpha).
In-, T.F. Nalepa and D.W. Schloessen  (eds.), zebra mussels  - biology,  impacts,
and control, chapter 29, Lewis Publishers, Boca Raton.  8:  491-502.

Kraak, M.H.S., M. Toussaint, D. Lavy and C. Davids.  1994a. Short-term effects
of.metals on the filtration rate of the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha.
Environ. Pollut. 84(2): 139-143.

Kraak, M.H.S., D. Lavy, H. Schoon, M. Toussaint,  W.H.M.  Peeters  and N.M.  Van
Straalen. 1994b. Ecotoxicity of mixtures of metals to  the  zebra  mussel
Dreissena polymorpha. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13:  109-114.

Kraak, M.H.S., Y.A. Wink, S.C. Stuijfzand, M.C. Buckert-de Jong, C.J. de
Groot, W..Admiraal. 1994c. Chronic ecotoxicity of Zn and Pb to the  zebra
mussel Dreissena polynto.rp.ha. Aquatic Toxicology.  30: 77-89.

Kraal, M.H., M.H.S. Kraak, C.J. De Groot and  C. Davids.  1995.  Uptake and
tissue distribution of dietary and aqueous cadmium by  carp (Cyprinus carpio).
Scotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 31: 179-183.

Krantzberg, G. 1989a. Accumulation of essential and  nonessential metals by
chironomid  larvae in relation to physical  and chemical properties of the
elements. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46: 1755-1761.

Krantzberg, G. 1989b. Metal accumulation by chironomid larvae: the  effects of
age  and  body  weight on metal body burdens. Hydrobiol.  188/189: 497-506.

Krantzberg, G. and P.M."Stokes. 1988. The  importance of surface  adsorption and
pH in metal accumulation  by chironomids. Environ.  Toxicol. Chem. 7:  653-670.
                                      200

    -------
Krantzberg, G. and P.M. Stokes. 1989. Metal regulation, tolerance,  and  body
burdens in the larvae of the genus Chironomus. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.  Sci.  46:
389-398.                         ;

Krassoi, F.R., M. Julli. 1994. Chemical batch as a  factor  affecting the acute
toxicity of the reference toxicant potassium dichromate to the  cladoceran
Afoina auscraliensis  (Sars) . Bull. Environ. Contain.  Toxicol.  53:  153-157.

Krawczynska, W., N.N. Pivovarova and A. Sobota. 1989. Effects of  cadmium on
growth, -ultrastructure and content of chemical elements in Tetrahymena
pyriformis and Acanthamoeba castellanii. Acta Protozoologica. 28:(3-4):  245-
252.                     '   '      -

Krishnaja, A.P., M.S. Rege and A.G. Joshi. 1987..Toxic effects  of certain
heavy metals  (Kg, Cd, Pb, As and Se) on the intertidal crab Scylla  serrata.
Environ. Res. 21: 109-119.       '                       •

Kuhn, R. and M.  Pattard.  1990. Results of  the harmful effects of  water
pollutants  to green  algae  (Scenedesmus subspicatus) in the cell multiplication
inhibition  test. Water  Res. 24(1):  31-38.

Kuhn, R., M.  Pattard,  K.D. Pernak and A.  Winter.  1989. Results  of the harmful
effects of  water pollutants to Daphnia magna  in the 21 day reproduction test.
Wat. Res.  23(4) : 501-510.
                                     *

Kumada, H.,  et  al.  1973.  Acute and  chronic toxicity,  uptake and retention of
cadmium in freshwater organisms.  Bull.  Freshwater Fish. Res. Lab.  22: 157.
      *
Kumada, H.,  et  al.  1980.  Accumulation and biological  effects of cadmium in
rainbow trout.  Bull. Jap. Soc. Sci.  Fish.  46:  97.

 Kumar,  M.  1991. Accumulation of Pb,  Cd,  and Zn in aquatic snails from four
 freshwater sites in Steuben County,  Indiana.  Bios.  62(1):  2-8.
                                       201

    -------
Kuroshima, R. 1987. Cadmium accumulation and it effect  on calcium metabolism
in the girella Girella punctata during a long terra exposure.  Bull.  jpn.  Soc.
Sci. Fish. 53(3): 445-450.

Kuroshima, R. 1992. Cadmium accumulation in the mummichog,  Fundulus
heteroclicus, adapted to various salinities. Bull. Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.
49: 680-635.

Kuroshima, R;, S. Kimura.  1990. Changes in toxicity of  Cd and its accumulation
in girella and goby with their growth. Bull. Jpn. Soc.  Sci.  Fish. 56(3):  431-
453.

Kuroshima, R., S. Kimura,  K.  Date  and Y. Yamamoto. 1993.  Kinetic, analysis of
cadmium toxicity to red sea bream,  Pagrus major, Ecotoxicol.  Environ.  Safety.
25: 300-314.

Kwan, K.H.M. and S. Smith. 1991. Some aspects of the  kinetics of cadmium and
thallium uptake by fronds  of  Lemna minor L. New Phytologist.  117(1):  91-102.

Laegreid, M., et al.  19S3. Seasonal variation of cadmium toxicity toward the
alga Selena strum capricomutum  Prints in two lakes with different humus
content. Environ. Sci. Technol.  17: 357.

Lagerwerff,  J.V. and  A.W.  Specht.  1970. Contamination of roadside soil and
vegetation with cadmium, nickel, lead and zinc. Environ.  Sci. Technol. 4: SS3-
                        *• •
536.

Lalande,  M.  and B.  Pinel-Alloul.  1986. Acute toxicity of cadmium, copper,
mercury and  zinc to  rropocycJ.ops Prasinus Mexicanus  (Cyclopoida, copepoda)
from three Quebec  lakes.   Environmental Toxicology and  Chemistry. 5:95-102.

'Lam,  P.K.S.  I996a.  Effects of cadmium on the consumption and absorption  rates
of a tropical  freshwater  snail,  fiadix plicatulus. Chemosphere. 32(11): 2127-
 2132.
                                      202

    -------
Lam, P.K.S. 1996b. Interpopulation "differences in acute response of Brotia
hainaxensis (gastropoda, prosobranchia) to cadmium: genetic or environmental
variance? Environ. Pollut. 94(1): 1-7.

Lam. P.K.S., K.N. Yu, K.P..Ng and M.W.K. Chong. 1997. Cadmium uptake and
depuration in the soft tissues of Brotia hainanensis  (gastropoda:
prosobranchia: thiaridae): a dynamic model. Chemosphere. 35(11): 2449-2461.

Landner, L. and A. Jernelov. 1969. Cadmium in aquatic systems. Metals and
Ecology Symposium. Bulletin No. 5. Ecology Research Committee, Stockholm,
Sweden, p. 47.                  '•

Langston, W.J. and M. Zhou. 1987. Cadmium accumulation, distribution and
metabolism in the gastropod Lictorina  littorea-. the role of metal-binding
proteins. J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. 67: 585-601.

Larsen, J. and B. Svensmark. 1991. Labile species of  Pb, Zn and Cd determined
by  anodic stripping  staircase voltammetry and their toxicity to Tetrahymena.
Talanta. 38(9): 981-988.

Lasenby, D.C. and J. Van  Duyn. 1992. Zinc and cadmium accumulation by the
opossum shrimp Mysis relicta. Arch. Environ. Contam.  Toxicol. 23: 179-183.

Lasheen, M.R., S.A.  Shehata and G.H. Ali. 1990. Effect of cadmium, copper and
chromium  (VI) on  the growth of nile water algae. Water, Air, and Soil
Pollution.  50: 19-30.

Laube,  V.M.,  et  al.  1980.  Strategies of response to copper, cadmium, and lead
by  a blue-green  and  a green alga.  Can. Jour. Microbiol. 26: 1300.

Lawrence,  S.G. and M.H.  Holoka. 1987.  Effects of low  concentrations of cadmium
on  the crustacean zooplankton  community of an artificially, acidified lake.
Can. J.  Fish. Aquat. Sci.  44:  163-172.
                                      203

    -------
Lawrence,  S.G. and M.H. Holoka. 1991. Response of crustacean zooplankton
impounded in situ to cadmium at low environmental concentrations. Verh.
Internat.  Verein. Limnol. 24: 22S4-22S9.

LeBlanc,  G.A. 1984. Interspecies relationships in acute toxicity of chemicals
to aquatic organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 3: 47-60.

Lee,  B.C.  and S.N. Luoma. 1998. Influence of microalgal biomass on absorption
efficiency of Cd, Cr, and Zn by two bivalves from San Francisco Bay. Limnol.
Oceanogr.  43(7): 1455-1466.

Lee,  H.H.  and C.H. Xu. 1984. Differential response of marine organisms to
certain metal and agrichemical pollutants. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol; 33:
460-467.

Lee,  H.L., B. Lustigman, V. Schwinge, I.Y. Chiu and S. Hsu. 1992. Effects of
mercury and cadmium on the growth of Anacystis nidulans. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 49: 272-278.

Lee,  J.G. 1995.  Cadmium; a toxin and a nutrient for marine phytoplankton.
Environ.  Sci. pp.1.

Lee,  R. and Y. Oshima. 1998. Effects of selected pesticides, metals and
organometallics  on development of blue crab  (Callinectes sapidus) embryos.
Mar.  Environ. Res.. 46(1-5): 479-482.
                  4 '

Lee, R.F., K. O', Mai ley and Y. Oshima. 1996. Effects of toxicants on developing
oocytes and embryos of the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus. Marine
      t
Environmental Research.  42(1-4): 125-128.

Lee, S. Ill,  E.J.  Ma, Y.O. Cho, B. Koopman and G. Bitton. 1997. Short-term
toxicity  test based on algal uptake by Ceriodaphnia dubia. Water Environment
Research. 69 (7) :. 1207-1210 .
                                      204

    -------
Leonhard, S.L., et al. 1980. Evaluation of the  acute  toxicity of  the  heavy
metal cadmium to nymphs of the burrowing mayfly, .Hexagenia rigida.  in: J.F.
Flannagan and K.E. Marshall  (eds.), Advances  in Ephemeroptera Biology. Plenum
Publishing Corp., New York, p. 457.

Les,  A. And R.w. Walter.- 1984. Toxicity and binding of  copper,  zinc and
cadmium by the blue-green alga, Chroococcus par is. Water,  Air,  Soil Pollut.
23: 129-130.

Lewis, P.A. and W.B. Horning II. 1991. Differences in acute toxicity  test
results of three reference toxicants on Daphnia at two  temperatures.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 10: 1351-1357.

Lewis, P.A. and C.I. Weber.  1985. A study of  the reliability of Daphnia acute
toxicity tests. Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment:  Seventh Symposium.
ASTM STP 854, R.D. Cardwell, R. Purdy and R.C.  Banner (eds.),  American Society
for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp.  73-86.

Liao, I.C. and C.S. Hsieh. 1990. Toxicity of  three heavy metals to
Macrobrachiuiti rosenbergii. In: Proc. of the 2nd  Asian  Fisheries Forum, April
17 - 22, 1989, Tokyo, Japan, Asian Fish. Soc.,  Manila,  Philippines: 923-926.

Lin,  H.C. and W.A. Dunson. 1993. The effect of  salinity on the acute  toxicity
of cadmium to the tropical,  estuarine, hermaphroditic fish,  Rivulus
marmoratus: a comparison of  Cd, Cu, and Zn tolerance  with  Fundulus
hsteroclitus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25: 41-47.

Lithner, G, K. Holm and K. Borg. 1995. Bioconcentration factors for metals in
humic waters at different pH in the Ronnskar  area  (N. Sweden) .  water. Air Soil
Pollut.  85: 785-790.

Lomagin, A.G.  and L.V. Ul'yanova.  1993. A new bioassay  on  water pollution
using duckweed Lenrna minor L.  Sov;. Plant Physiol./Fiziol.  Rast. 49(2) : 327.
                                      205

    -------
Lorz, H.W., et al. 1978. Effects of several metals on smelting of coho  salmon.
EPA-600/3-78-090,. National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia.

Loumbourdis, N.S., P. Kyriakopoulou-Sklavounou and G. Zachariadis.  1999.
Effects of cadmium exposure on bioaccumulation and larval growth in the frog
Rana ridibunda. Environ. Pollut. 104: 429-433.

Lourdes, M. 1994. Survival and heavy metal accumulation of two Oreochromis
nilocicus  (L.) Strains exposed to mixtures of zinc, cadmium and mercury.  Sci.
Total Environ. 148: 31-38.

Lourdes, M. and E.V. Aralar. 1993. Effects of long-term exposure to a mixture
of cadmium, zinc, and inorganic mercury on two strains of tilapia Oreochromis
niloticus  (L.). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. SO: 891-897.

Lucker, T., D. Busch and W. Wosniok. 1997. Experiments to determine the impact
of salinity on the heavy metal accumulation of Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas
1771). Limnol. 27{10: 91-101.

Lue-Kim,. H.,  et al.  1980. Cadmium toxicity on synchronous populations of
CMorella  ellipsoidea. Can. Jour. Biol. 58: 1780.

Lussier, S.M., H.S.  Boothman, S. Poucher, D. Champ1in and A. Helmstetten.
1999.  Comparison  of  dissolved-and total metals concentrations from  acute  tests
with saltwater organisms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18(5): 889*898

Lussier, S.M., et al. Manuscript. Acute and chronic effects of heavy metals
and  cyanide on Mysidopais bahia  (Crustacea: Mysidacea). U.S. EPA,
Narragansett, Rhode  Island.

McCahon, C.P. and D. Pascoe.  1988a. Cadmium toxicity to the freshwater
amphipod Ganonarus pulex (L.)  During  the moult cycle. Freshwater Biol. 19: 197-
203.
                                      206

    -------
McCahon, C.P. and D. Pascoe. 1988b. Increased sensitivity to cadmium of  the
freshwater amphipod Gammarus pulex  (L.) during the reproductive period.  Aquat.
Toxicol. 13: 183-194.

McCahon, C.P. and D. Pascoe. 1988c. Use of Gammarus pulex  (L.) In  safety
evaluation tests: culture and selection of a sensitive  life stage.  Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Safety. 15: 245-252.

McCahon, C.P. and D. Pascoe. 1991.  Brief-exposure of  first and fourth  instar
Chironomus riparius larvae  to equivalent assumed doses  of cadmium:  effects on
adult emergence. Water, Air, and Soil  Pollution. 60:  395-403.

McCahon, C.P., A.F. Brown and D. :Pascoe. 1988. The effect of the
acanthocephalan 'Pamphorhynchus  laevis  (Muller  1776) on  the acute toxicity of
cadmium to  its intermediate host,  the  amphipod Gammarus pulex  (L.). Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol 17: 239-243.

McCahon, C.P., A.J. Whiles  and  D.  Pascoe.  1989. The  toxicity of cadmium  to
different  larval  instars of the trichopteran larvae Agapetus fuscipes  Curtis
and the importance  of  life  cycle  information .to the design of  toxicity tests.
Hydrobiol.  135:  153-162.

McCarty, L.S.  and A.M.  Houston. 1976.  Effects  of  exposure  to sublethal levels
of  cadmium upon water-electrolyte status  in.the goldfish (Carassius auracus).
Jour.  Fish Biol.  9: 11.

McCarty,  L.S.,  et al.  1978. Toxicity of cadmium to goldfish, Carassius
 auratus,  in hard and soft  water.  Jour. Fish. Res.  Board Can.  35:  35.

 McClurg,  T.P. 1984. Effects of fluoride,  cadmium and mercury on  the estuarine
 prawn Penaeus indicus. Water SA 10: 40.

 McGee, B.L., D.A. Wright and D.J.  Fisher.  1998.  Biotic factors modifying acute
 toxicity of aqueous cadmium to estuarine amphipod Lepcocheirus plumulosus.
 Arch.  Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 34: 34-40.
                                       207

    -------

McLeese, D.W. and S. Ray. 1984. Uptake and excretion of cadmium,  CdEDTA, and
zinc by Macoma balthica. Bull. Environ. Contain. Toxicol.  32:  85.

McLeese, D.W. and S. Ray. 1986. Toxicity of CdClj,  CdEDTA, CuCl,,  and CuEDTA
to Marine Invertebrates. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  36:  749-755.

McLeese, D.W., et al. 1981. Lack of excretion of cadmium  from lobsters.
Chemosphere  10: 775.

McNicol, R.E. and E. Scherer.  1993. Influence of cadmium  pre-exposure  on the
preference-avoidance responses of Lake Whitefish  (Coregonus clupeaformis)  to
cadmium. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25: 36-40.

McNulty, E.W., F.J. Dwyer, M.R. Ellersieck, E.I. Greer, C.G.  Ingersoll and
C.F. Rabeni.  1999.  Evaluation  of ability of reference  toxicity tests to
identify stress in  laboratory  populations of the amphipod Hyalella  azteca.
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 18(3):  544-548.

Ma, M., Z. Tong, Z. Wang, W. Zhu. 1999. Acute toxicity bioassay using  the
freshwater luminescent  bacterium vibrio-qinghaiensia sp.  Nov.-Q67.  Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 62:  247-253.

Maas,  R.P. 1978. A  field study of the  relationship between heavy  metal
concentrations in stream water and  selected benthic macroinvertebrate  species.
PB  297284. National Technical  Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

Macdonald, C.R. and J.B. Sprague. 1998. Cadmium in marine invertebrates and
arctic cod in the Canadian Arctic.  Distibution  and ecological implications.
Mar.  Ecol. Prog. Ser.  47:  17-30.

Macdonald, J.M., J.D.  Shields  and R.K.  Zimmer-Faust. 1988. Acute  toxicities of
eleven metals to early life-history stages of  the yellow crab Cancer anchonyi.
Marine Biology.  98: 201-207.
                                      203

    -------
Macfie, S.M., Y. Tarmohamed and P.M. Welbourn. 1994. Effects of  cadmium,
cobalt, copper, and nickel on growth of the green alga  Chlamydomonas
reinhardtii: the influences of the cell wall and pH. Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 27: 454-4S8.

Maclnnes,  J.R., et al. 1977. Long-term cadmium stress in the cunner
Tautogolabrus adspersus. Fish. Bull. 75: 199.

Mackie, G.L. 1989. Tolerances of five benthic invertebrates to hydrogen ions
and metals  (Cd, Pb, Al) . Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18: 215-223.

Madoni, P., D. Davoli and G. Gorbi. 1994. Acute toxicity of lead, chromium,
and other heavy metals to ciliates from activated sludge plants. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. S3: 420-425.

Maeda, S., M. Mizoguchi, A. Ohki and J. Inanaga. 1990.  A bioaccumulation of
zinc and cadmium in freshwater alga, Chlorella vulgaris. Part II. Association
mode of the metals and cell tissue. Cheraosphere. 21(3): 9S5-973.

Majewski,  H-S. and M.A. Giles. 1984. Cardio vascular-respiratory responses of
rainbow trout  (Salmo  gairdneri) during chronic exposure to sublethal
concentrations of cadmium. Water Res. 15: 1211.

Malea, P.  1994. Uptake of cadmium and the effect on viability of leaf cells in
the seagrass Halophila stipulacea  (Forsk.) Aschers. Hot. Mar. 37: 67-73.

Mailey, D.F. and P.S.S. Chang. 1991. Early observations on the zooplankton
community of a precambrian shield lake receiving experimental additions of
cadmium. Verh.-Int. Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 24: 2248-2253.

Malley, D.F.,  P.S.S.  Chang and R.H. Hesslein. 1989. Whole lake addition of
cadmium-109; radiotracer accumulation in the mussel population in the first
season. The Science of the Total Environment. 87/88: 397-417.
                                      209

    -------
Maloney, J. 1996. Influence of organic enrichment on  the partitioning and
bioavailability of cadmium in a microcosm study. Mar.  Ecol. Prog. Ser.  144:
147-161-

Mansour, G.M.M. 1993. Effects on fish of cadmium concentrations  in water.
Oceanologia. 34: 91.

Manz, W., M. Wagner, R. A. and D.H. Schleifer.  In situ characterization of  the
microbial consortia active in two wastewater  treatment plants. Water Res.
28(8) :  1715-1732.

Maranhao, P., J.C. Marques and V.M.C- Madeira.  1999.  Zinc  and cadmium
concentrations in soft tissues of the red swamp crayfish Procaaibarus clarkii
 (Girard, 1852) after exposure to zinc and cadmium.  Environ. Toxicol. Chera.
18(8)':  1769-1771.

Mark, U. and J. Solbe. 1998. Analysis of the  ecetoc aquatic toxicity  (EAT)
database v- the relevance of Daphnia magna  as a representative test species.
Chemosphere. 36(1):  155-166.

Markham, J.W.,  et  al.  1980. Effects of  cadmium on Laminaria saccharins  in
culture. Mar.  Ecol.  Progress series 3:  31.

 Markich, S.J.  and R.A. Jeffree.  1994. Absorption of divalent  trace metals as
 analogues  of calcium by  Australian freshwater bivalves: an explanation  of how
 water hardness reduces metal toxicity.  Aquat. Toxicol. 29: 257-290.

 Marr, J.C.A.,  H.L.  Bergman, J.  Lipton and  C.  Hogstrand. 1995a. Differences  in
 relative sensitivity of  naive  and-metals-acclimated brown and rainbow  trout
 exposed to metals representative of the Clark Fork River,  Montana.  Can J.
 Aquat.  Sci: 52: 2016-2030.
                                       210

    -------
Marr, J.C.A., H.L. Bergman, M. Parker, J. Lipton, D. Cacela, W. Erickson and  '
G.R Phillips. 1995b. Relative sensitivity of brown and  rainbow trout to pulsed
exposures of an acutely lethal mixture of metals  typical  of the Clark Fork
River, Montana. Can. J. Aquat. "Sci. 52: 200S-2015.

Marshall, J.5. 1978a. Population dynamics of Daphnia galeata mendocae as
modified by chronic cadmium stress. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 461.

Marshall, J.S. 1978b. Field verification of cadmium toxicity to laboratory
Daphnia populations. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 20:  387.

Marshall, J.S.,.et al. 1981. An in situ study of  cadmium  and mercury stress in
the plankton community of  lake 362, Experimental  Lakes  Area, northwestern
Ontario. Can. Jour. Fish.'Aquat. Sci. 38: 1209.

Marshall, J.S., etral. 1983. Bioaccumulation and  effects  of cadmium and zinc
in a  Lake Michigan plankton community. Can. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 40: 1469.

Martin,  T.R.  and  D.M. Holdich. 1986.  The acute  lethal  toxicity of heavy metals
to peracarid  crustaceans  (with particular reference  to fresh-water as'ellids
and  gammarids) . Wat.  Res.  20(9): 1137-1147.

Martin,  M.,  et al.  1981.  Toxicities of ten  metals to Crassostrea gigas and
Mytilus edulis embryos and Cancer  magiscer  larvae. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 12: 30S.

Martinez,  M.,  J.  Del Rama, A.  Torreblanca,  A.  Pastor and J. Diaz-Mayans. 1996.
Cadmium toxicity, accumulation and metallothionein induction  in Echinogammarus
echinosetosus. J. Environ. Sci.  Health.  A31(7): 1605-1617.

Masters, J.A., M.A. Lewis and D.H. Davidson.  1991.  Validation of a  four-day
 Ceriodapftnia toxicity test and statistical  considerations in  data  analysis.
 Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.  10: 47-55.
                                       211

    -------
Mateo, P., F Fernandez-Pinaa and  I. Bonilla.  1994. 02-induced inactivation of
nitrogenase as a mechanism for the toxic action of Cd2* on Nostoc UAM 208.  New
Phytologist. 126(2): 267-272.

Mathew, P. and N.R. Menon. 1992.  Toxic responses of bivalves  to  metal
mixtures. Bull. Environ. Contam.  Toxicol. 48: 185-193.

Meador, J.P. 1993. The effect of  laboratory holding on the  toxicity response
of marine infaunal amphipods to cadmium and tributyltin.  Exp. Mar.  Biol. Ecol.
174: 227-242.

Melgar, M.J., M. Perez, M.A. Garcia, J. Alonso'and S.  Miguez. 1997.
Accumulation profiles in rainbow  trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)  after  short-term
exposure  to cadmium. J. Environ.  Sci. Health. A32{3):  621-631.

Mersch, J., S. Morhain and C. Mouvet. 1993. Laboratory accumulation and
depuration of copper and cadmium  in the freshwater mussel Dreissena polymorpha
and the aquatic moss Rhynchoscegium riparioides. Chemosphere. 27(8): 1475-
1485.

Mersch, J., P. Wagner and J.C. Pihan. 1996. Copper in  indigenous  and
transplanted zebra mussels in relation to changing water  concentrations and
body weight. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. IS(6):-886-893.  '

Metayer,  C., et al. 1982. Accumulation of some trace metals  (cadmium, lead,
copper and zinc) in .sole  (Solea^solea) and flounder  (Platichthus  flesus):
changes as a function of age and  organotropism. Rev. Int. Oceanogr.  Med. 66-
S7: 33.              "                         -

Meteyer,  M.J., D.A. Wright and F.D. Martin. 1988. Effect  of cadmium on early
developmental stages of the sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegraCus) .
Environ.  Toxicol. Chem. 7:321-328.

Meyer, J.S.  1999. A mechanistic explanation for the In(LCSO)  vs  In(hardness)
adjustment  equation for metals. Environ. Sci. Technol.  33:  908-912.
                                      212

    -------
Michibata, H.,  S Sahara and M.K. Kojima.  1986.  Effects of calcium and
magnesium ions on Che coxicity of cadmium to the egg of the teleost, Oryzias
lacipes. Environ. Res. 40: 110-114.

Michibata, H.,  Y. Nojima and M.K. Kojima. 1987. Stage sensitivity of eggs of
the teleost Oryzias latipes to cadmium exposure. Environmental Research. 42:
321-327.
    •.

Middaugh, D.P. and J.M. Dean. 1977. Comparative sensitivity of eggs, larvae
and adults of the estuarine teleosts, Fundulus  heteroclitus and Menidia
msnidia to cadmium. Bull. Environ. Centam. Toxicol. 17: 645.

Middaugh, D.P. and G. Floyd. 1978. The effect of prehatch and posthatch
exposure to cadmium on salinity  tolerance of larval grass shrimp, Palaemonetes
pugio. Estuaries 1: 123.
                                                     <
Middaugh, D.P., et al. 1975. The response of larval fish Leiostomus xanthurus
to environmental stress following  sublethal cadmium exposure. Contrib. Mar.
Sci.  19.                                                      '

Migliore, J. And M. De Nicola Giudici.  1988. Effect of heavy metals  (Hg, Cd,
Cu and  Fe) on  two  species of crustacean  isopods, Asellus aquaticus  (L.)  And
Proasellus coxalis Dollf. Verh.-Int.  Ver. Theor. Angew. Limnol. 23: 1655-1659.

Ministry of  Technology.  1967. Water  Pollution  Research  1966. London, p.  50

Mirenda,  R.J.  1986.  Toxicity and accumulation  of  cadmium  in  the crayfish,
Orconectes virilis (Hagen).  Arch.  Environ.  Contam. Toxicol.  15: 401-407.

MirJces,  D.Z.,  et al.  1978.  Effects of cadmium and mercury  on the  behavioral
 responses and develop." ".: of Eurypanopeus depressus larvae.  Mar.  Siol. 47:
 143.
                                       213

    -------
Mizutani, A., E. Ifune, A. Zanella and C. Eriksen.  1991. Uptake  of  lead,
cadmium and zinc by the fairy shrimp, flranchinecta  longiantenna  (Crustacea:
anostraca). Hydrobiol. 212: 145-149.

Moller, V., V.E. Forbes and M.H. Depledge. 1994.  Influence  of  acclimation  and
exposure temperature on the acute toxicity of cadmium  to the  freshwater  snail
Pocamopyrgus antipodarum  (Hydrobiidae). Environ.  Toxicol. Chem.  13(9): 1519-
1524.

Moore, M.H. and A.R.D. Stebbing. 1976. The quantitative cytochemical effects
of three metal ions on a  lysosomal hydrolase of a hydroid.  Jour. Mar. Biol.
ASSOC. U.K. 56: 995.

Moraitou-Apostolopoulou,  M. and G. Verriopoulos.  1982. Individual and combined
effects of three heavy metals, Cu, Cd and Cr for  the marine copepod risbe
holot.hu.riae. Hydrobiologia 87: 83.

Moraitou-Apostolopoulou,  M.( et al.  1979. Effects of sublethal concentrations
of cadmium pollution  for  two populations of Acartis clausi  (Copepoda) living
at two differently polluted areas. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  23: 642.

Morgan,  W.S.G.  1979.  Fish locomotor  behavior patterns  as a  monitoring tool.
Jour.  Water  Pollut. Control Fed.  51:  580.

Mostafa,  L.Y.  and  Z.  Khalil.  1986. Uptake, release  and incorporation of  radio
active cadmium and mercury by the  fresh  water alga  Phorntidium fragile. Isot.
Rad.  Res.  18(1}:  57-62.

Mount,  D.I.  and T.J.  Norberg.  1984.  A seven-day life-cycle  cladoceran toxicity
test.  Environ.  Toxicol.  Chem.  3:  425.

Mount, D.R.,  A.K.  Barth,  T.D.. Garrison,  D.A-.  Barten and J.R.  Hockett. 1994.
Dietary and waterborne exposure of rainbow  trout  (Oncorhynchus mykiss} to
 copper, cadmium,  lead and zinc using a live  diet. Environ.  Toxicol. Chem.
 13 (12) : 2031-2041.
                                       214

    -------
Moza, U., S.S. De Solva and B.M. Mitchell. 1995. Effect of  sub-lethal
concentrations of cadmium on food  intake, growth and digestibility  in  the gold
fish, Carassius auratus L. J. Environ. Biol. 16(3): 253-264.

Muino, C'.V. ,  L. Ferrari and A. Salibian. 1990. Protective action of ions
against cadmium toxicity to young  Bufo arenarum tadpoles. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 45: 313-319.                           \

Muller, K.w.  and H.D. Payer. 1979. The influence of pH on the cadmium-
repressed growth of the alga Coelostrum proboscideum. Physiol. Plant.  45: 41S.

Muller, K.W.  and H.D. Payer. 1980. The influence of zinc and light  conditions
on the cadmium-repressed growth of the green alga ,Coelostrum proboscidetun.
Physiol. Plant. SO: 265.                          :

Munger, C. and L. Hare. 1997. Relative importance of water  and food as cadmium
sources to an aquatic insect (Chaoborus punctipennis): implications  for
predicting Cd bioaccumulation in nature. Environ. Sci. Techhol. 31:  891-895.

Munger, C., et al. 1999. Influence of exposure time on the  distribution of
cadmium within the cladoceran Ceriodaphnia dubia. Aquat. Toxicol. 44:  195-200.

Muramoto, S.  1930. Decrease in cadmium concentration in a Cd-contaminated fish
by short-term exposure to EDTA. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25:  828.

Musko, I.B.,  W. Meinel, R. Krause  and M. Barlas. 1990. The  impact of Cd and
different pH on the amphipod Gammarus fossarum Koch  (Crustacea: amphipoda).
Comp. Biochera. Physiol. 96C{1): 11-16.

Mwangi, S.M.  and M.A. Alikhan. 1993. Cadmium and nickel uptake by tissues of
Cambarus bartoni  (astacidae, decapoda, Crustacea): effects  on copper and zinc
stores. Water Res. 27(5): 921-927.
                                      215

    -------
       Nacci,  D,,  E.  Jackim and R.  Walsh.  1986.  Comparative evaluation of three rapid
       marine  toxicity tests:  sea urchin early embryo growth test, sea urchin sperm
       cell  toxicity test and microtox.  Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 5:
       521-525.

       Nagel,  K.  And J.  Voigt. 1995.  Impaired photosynthesis in a cadmium-tolerant
       Chlaaydomonas mutant strain. Microbiol.  Res.  ISO: 105-110.

       Nakagawa,  H.  and S. Zshio. 1986.  Aspects of accumulation of cadmium ion in the
       egg of  tnedaka Oryzias latipes.  Bull.  Jpn. Soc. Sci. Fish.  (JPN) (ENG ABS) .
       54(12): 2159-2164.

       Nakagawa,  H.  and S. Ishio. 1999.  Effects of water hardness on the toxicity and
       accumulation of cadmium in eggs and larvae of medaka Oryzias latipes. Bull.
       Jpn.  SOC.  Sci. Fish. (JPN)(ENG ABS).  55(2): 327-331.

       Nakano, Y. 1980.  Chloroplast replication in Euglena gracilis grown in cadmium
       ion containing media. Agric. Biol.  Chem. 44:  2733.

       Nakano, Y., et al. 1980. Morphological observation of Bugrlena gracilis grown
       in zinc-sufficient media containing cadmium ions. Agric. Biol. Chem. 44: 2305.

       Nalecz-Jawecki, G. and J. Sawicki. 1998. Toxicity of inorganic compounds, in
       the spirotox  test: a miniaturized version of  the Spirostomum ambiguum test.
       Arch.  Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 34: 1-5.

       Nalecz-Jawecki, G.,  K. Demkowicz-Dobrzanski and  J.  Sawicki. 1993. Protozoan
       Spirostomura ambiguum as  a highly sensitive bioindicator  for rapid and easy
       determination of  water quality. The Science of the  Total  Environment, pp.
       1227-1234.

       Nalewajkb, C.  1995.  Effects of cadmium and metal-contaminated  sediments on
       photosynthesis heterotrophy, and phosphate uptake  in Mackenzie River delta
       phytoplankton. Chemosphere. 30(7): 1401-1414.
                                             216
-s..

    -------
Naqvi, S.M. and R.D. Howell.  1993. Toxicity of cadmium and lead  to juvenile
red swamp crayfish, Procaabarua clarkii, and effects  on fecundity of adults.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 51: 303-308.

Nassiri,  Y., J. Wery, J.L. Mansot, T. Oinsburger-Vogel.  1997.  Cadmium
bioaccumulation in Tetraselmis suecica: and electron  energy loss spectroscopy
(EELS) study. Arch. Environ.  Contam. Toxicol. 33:'  136-161..

Nasu, Y., K. Hirabayashi and  M. Kugimoto. 1988. The"toxicity of  some water
pollutants for lemnaceae  (duckweed) plant. Proc. ICMR Semin. 8:  485-491.

Nasu, Y., et al. 1983. Comparative studies on the  absorption of  cadmium and
copper in Lemna paucicostata. Environ. Pollut. (Series A)  32:  201.

Maylor, C. S.J. Cox, M.C. Bradley and P. Calow. 1992.  Effect of  differing
maternal food ration on susceptibility of Daphnia  magna Straus neonates to
toxic substances. Aquat. Toxicol. 24: 75-82.

Nebeker,  A.V., M.A. Cairns, S.T. Onjukka and R.H.  Titus.  1986a.  Effect of age
on sensitivity of Daphnia magna to cadmium, copper and cyanazine. Environ.
Toxicol.  Chem. 5: 527-530.

Nebeker,  A.V., S.T. Onjukka,  M.A. Cairns and D.F.  Krawczyk.  193Sb. Survival of
Daphnia magna and Hyalella azceca in cadmium-spiked water and  sediment.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5: 933-938:

Nebeker, A.V., G.S. Schuytema and S.L. Ott.  1994.  Effects of cadmium on limb
regeneration in  the northwestern salamander Ambystoma gracile. Arch. Environ.
Contam.  Toxicol. "27:  318-322.

Nebeker, A.V., G.S.  Schuytema and  S.L. Ott.  1995.  Effects of.cadmium on growth
and  bioaccumulation in the  northwestern  salamander Ambystoma gracile. Arch.
Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.  29: 492-499.
                                      217

    -------
 Negilski,  D.S.  1976.  Acute  toxicity of zinc,  cadmium and chromium to the
 marine fishes,  yellow-eye mullet (Aldrichecea forsteri C.  and V.)  and
 sraallmouth hardy head (ACheriuasoma microstoma Whitley).  Aust. Jour. Mar.
•Freshwater Res.  27:  137.

 Nelson,  D.A.,  et al.  1976.  Biological effects of heavy metals on juvenile bay
 scallops,  Argopencen irradians,  in short-term exposures.  Bull. Environ.
 Contam.  Toxicol. 16:  275.

 Nelson,  D.A.,  J.E. Miller and A. Calabrese. 1988. Effect of heavy metals on
 bay scallops,  surf clams, and blue mussels in acute and long-term exposures.
 Arch.  Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.  17: 595-600.

 Nelson,  S.M.  1994. Observed field tolerance of caddisfly larvae (Hesperophylax
 sp. to fish metal concentrations and low pH.  J. Freshwater Ecol. 9(2) :  169-
 170.

 Nelson,  S.M.  and R.A. Roline. 1998. Evaluation of the sensitivity of rapid
 toxicity tests relative to  daphnid acute lethality tests. Bull. Environ.
 Contam.  Toxicol. 60: 292-299.

 Nendza,  M., T. Herbst,  C.  Kussatz and A. Gies. 1997. Potential for secondary
 poisoning,and biomagnification  in marine organisms. Chemosphere. 35(9): 1875-
 1885.

 Neter, J. and W. Wasserman.  1974. Applied  Linear Statistical Models. Irwin,
 Inc., Homewood,  Illinois.

 Niederlehner, B. 1984. A comparison  of  techniques  for estimating the hazard of
 chemicals  in the aquatic environment. M.S. thesis.. Virginia Polytechnic
 institute  and State  University.

 Niederlehner, B.R.,. et al.,1985.  Laboratory  test  evaluating the effects of
 cadmium on freshwater protozoan communities.  Environmental Toxicology  and
 Chemistry.  4:  155-165.
                                       218

    -------
Nimmo, D.R., et al. 1977a. Myaidopsis bahia: an estuarine species suitable  for
life-cycle toxicicy tests to determine the effects of a pollutant.  In:  F.L.
Mayer and J.L. Hamelink  (eda.). Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Evaluation. ASTM
STP 634. American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, p. 109.

Nimmo, D.R., et al. 1977b. Effects of cadmium on the shrimps Penaeus duorarim,
Falaeizioneces pugio, and Palaemonetes vulgaris. In; F.J. Vernberg, et al.
(eds.). Physiological Responses of Marine Biota to Pollutants. Academic Press,
New York. p. 131.

Nir, R., A. Gasith and A.S. Perry. 1990. Cadmium uptake and toxicity to water
hyacinth: effect of repeated exposures under controlled conditions. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 44: 149-157.

Noel-Lambot, F., et al. 1980. Cadmium, zinc, and copper accumulation in
limpets  (Patella vulgata) from the British channel and special reference to
metallothioneins. Mar. Ecol. Progress Series 2: 81.

Nolan, C.V.  and E.J. Duke. 1983. Cadmium accumulation and toxicity  in Mytilus
edulis:  involvement of metallothioneins and heavy molecular weight  protein.
Aquat. Toxicol. 4: 153.

Noraho,  N.  and J.P. Gaur. 1995. Effect of cations, including heavy  metals, on
cadmium  uptake by  Lemna polyrhiza L. BioMetals. 8: 95-98.

Norey, C.G.,  M.W.  Brown,  A. Cryer and J. Kay.  1990a. A comparison of the
accumulation,  tissue distribution and secretion of cadmium in different
species  of freshwater  fish. Comp. Biochem.  Physiol.  96C(1): 181*184.

Norey,  C.G.,  A.  Cryer  and J. Kay. 1990b. Cadmium uptake and sequestration in
the pike (Esox lucius) Comp. Biochem. Physiol.  9SC(2): 217-221.
                                      219

    -------
Notenboom, J.,  K. Cruys, J. Hoekstra and P. Van Beelen.  1992.  Effect of
ambient oxygen concentration upon the acute toxicity of  chlorophenola and
heavy metals to the groundwater copepod Parascenocaris germanica  (crustacea).
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe. 24: 131-143.

Nott, J.A. and A. Nicolaidou.  1994. Variable transfer of detoxified metals
from snails to hermit crabs in marine food chains. Mar.  Biol.  120: 369-377.

Nugegoda, D. and P.S. Rainbow. 1995. The uptake of dissolved zinc and cadmium
by the decapod crustacean Palaemon elegans. Mar. Pollut. Bull.  31(4-12): 460-
463.

O'Hara, J. 1973a. The influence of temperature and salinity on the toxicity of
cadmium to the fiddler crab, Uca pugilacor. Fish. Bull.  71: 149.

O'Hara, J. 1973b. Cadmium uptake by fiddler crabs exposed to temperature and
salinity stress. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 30: 846.

O'Neill, J.G. 1981. Effects of intraperitoneal lead and  cadmium on the humoral
immune response of Salmo  trucca. Bull. Environ. Contam.  Toxicol. 27: 42.

Oakley, S.M., et al. 1983. Accumulation of cadmium by Abarenicola pacifica.
•Sci. Total Environ. 28: 105.

Odin,  M.,  F. Ribeyre and A. Boudou. 1996. Temperature arid pH effects on
cadmium and methylmercury bioaccumulation by nymphs of the burrowing mayfly
Hexagenia  rigida,  from water column or sediment source.  Arch.  Environ. Contam.
Toxicol.  31: 339-349.

Odin,  M.,  F. Ribeyre and  A. Boudou. 1997. Depuration processes after exposure
of  burrowing mayfly nymphs  (Hexagenia rigida)  to methylmercury and cadmium
from water column  or sediment: effects of temperature and pH.  Aquat. Toxicol.
37:  125-137.
                                      220

    -------
Oikari, A., J. Kukkonen and V. virtanen. 1992. Acute toxic'ity of  chemicals to
Daphnia magna in humic water. Sci. Total Environ. 117/118: 367-377.

Ojaveer, £., et al. 1980. On the effect of copper, cadmium and  zinc  on  the
embryonic development of Baltic spring spawning herring. Finnish  Mar. Res.
247: 135.

Okamoto, O.K., C.S. Aaano, E. Aidar and P. Colepicolo. 1996. Effects of
cadmium on growth and superoxide dismutase activity of the marine microalga
retraselmis gracilis (Prasinophyceae) J. Physiol. 32: 74-79.

Olesen, T.M.E. and J.M. Weeks. 1994. Accumulation of Cd by the marine sponge
Halicftondria panacea Pallas: effects upon filtration rate and its relevance
for biomonitoring. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 52: 722-728.

Onuoha, G.C., P.O. Nwadukwe and E.S. Erondu. 1996. Comparative toxicity of
cadmium to crustacean zooplankton  (copepods and ostracods) Environ. Ecol.
14(3); 557-562.

Oronsaye, J.A.O. 1989. Histological changes in the kidneys and gills of the
stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L, exposed to dissolved cadmium in hard
water. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 17: 279-290.

Outridge, P.M. 1992. Comparing Cd toxicity tests with plants in monocultures
and species mixtures. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 48: 344-351.

Palackova,•J., D.  Pravda, K. Faaaic and 0. Celechovska. 1994. Sublethal
effects of cadmium on carp  (Cyprinus carpio) fingerlings. In: R. Muller and R.
Lloyd  (eds.), Sublethal and chronic effects of pollutants on freshwater fish,
chapter S, Fishing News Books, London: 53-61.

Palawski, D., J.B. Hunn and F.J. Dwyer. 1985. Sensitivity of young striped
bass  to organic and inorganic contaminants in fresh and saline water. Trans.
Am. Fish. SOC.  114: 748-753.
                                      221

    -------
Pantani, C., G. Pannunzio, M. De Cristofaro, A.A.  Novell!  and M. Salvacori.
1997. Comparative acute toxicity of some pesticides, metals,  and surfactants
to Gammarus italicus Goedm. and Echinogamnarus tibaldii  Pink,  and  stock
(Crustacea: amphipoda). Bull. Environ. Contatn. Toxicol.  59(6):  963-967.

Papathanassiou, E. 1983. Effects of cadmium and mercury  ions  on respiration
and survival of the common prawn Palaemon serratus (pennant).   Rev. int.
Oceanogr. Med. 72: 21-35.

Papathanassiou, E. 1986. Cadmium Accumulation and  ultrastructural  alterations
in oogenesis of the prawn Palaemon serratus  (pennant). Bull.  Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 36: 192-198.

Papoutsoglou, S.E. and P.O. Abel. 1988. Sublethal  toxicity and accumulation of
cadmium in Tilapia aurea. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  41:  404-411.

Papoutsoglou, S.E. and D. Abel.- 1993. Studies on the lethal and sublethal •
effects of cadmium on some commercially cultured species of the Mediterranean.
In; Final Reports on Projects  (activity G), UNEP Mediterranean Action Plan,
Athens, Greece. MAP Tech. Rep. Ser. No. 48: 33-43.

Pardue, W.J. and T.S. Wood. 1980. Baseline toxicity data for  freshwater bryoza
exposed to copper, cadmium, chromium, and zinc. Jour. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 35:
27.

Park, E.H., H.H.-Chang, W.S. Joo, H.S. Chung and H.S. Kwak. 1994.  Assessment
of the  estuarine hermaphroditic fish Rivulus marmoratus  as a  useful euryhaline
species for acute toxicity tests as shown using cadmium. Can.  J. Fish. Aquae.
Sci.  51: 280-285.

Parker, J.G.  1984. The effects of selected chemicals and water quality on the
marine  polychaete Ophryotrocha diad&na. Water Res.  18: 865.
                                      222

    -------
Pascoe, D. and P. Cram.  1977. The effect of parasitism on the toxicity of
cadmium to the three-spined  stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus L.  Jour. Fish.
Biol. 10: 467.

Pascoe, D. and D.L. Mattey.  1977. Studies on the  toxicity of  cadmium  to the
three-spined stickleback Gaseerosteus aculeatus L. Jour.  Fish.  Biol.  11: 207.

Pascoe, D. and N.A.M. Shazili. 1986. Episodic pollution - a comparison of
brief and continuous exposure of rainbow trout to cadmium. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Safety. 12: 189-198.

Pascoe, D., S.A. Evans and J. Woodworth. 1986. Heavy  metal toxicity to fish
and the influence of water hardness. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  IS: 481-
487.

Pascoe, D., K.A. Williams and D.W.J. Green. 1989. Chronic toxicity  of cadmium
to Chironomus riparius Meigen - effects upon larval development and adult
emergence. Hydrobiologia. 175: 109-115.

Pascoe, D., A.F. Brown,  B.M.J. Evans and C. McKavanagh.  1990.  Effects and fate
of cadmium during  toxicity tests with Chironomus  riparius - the influence of
food and artificial  sediment. Arch. Environ. Contam.  Toxicol.  19: 872-877.

Pauli, W. and S. Berger. 1997. Toxicological comparisons of Tstrahymena
species, end points  and  growth media: supplementary  investigations  to the
pilot  ring test. Chemosphere. 35(5): 1043-1052.

Pavicic,  J.,  M.  Skreblin,  I. Kregar, M. Tusek-Znidaric and P.  Stegnar. 1994.
Embryo-larval  tolerance  of Mytilus galloprovincialis, exposed to the  elevated
sea  water metal concentrations  -  I. Toxic  effects of  Cd,  Zn and Kg  in relation
to  the metallothionein level. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 107C(2):  249-257.

 Pawlik,  B. and T.  Skowronski.  1994. Transport  and toxicity of cadmium: its
 regulation in the  cyanobacterium Synechocystis aqruacilis. Environ.  Exp. Bot.
 34(2): 22S-233.
                                       223

    -------
Pawlik, 3., T. Skowronski, Z. Ramazanow, P. Gardestrom and G. Samuelsson.
1993. pH-dependent cadmium transport inhibits photosynthesis in the
cyanobacterium Synechocystis aquatilis. Environ. Exp. Bot. 33(2): 331-337.

Pecon,  J.  and E.N. Powell. 1981. Effect of the amino acid histidine on  the  .
uptake of cadmium from the digestive system of the blue crab, Callinectes
sapidus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 27: 34.

Pedersen,  F. and G.I. Petersen. 1996. Variability of species sensitivity to
complex mixtures, water Sci. Tech. 33(6): 109-119.

Pelgrom, S.M.G.J., L.P.M. Lamers, J.A.M. Garritsen, B.M. Pels, R.A.C. Lock,
P.H.M.  Balm and S.E.W. Bonga. 1994. Interactions between copper and cadmium
during single and combined exposure in juvenile tilapia Oreochromis
mossainbicus: influence of feeding condition on whole'body metal accumulation
and the effect of the metals on tissue water and ion content. Aquat. Toxicol.
30: 117-135.

Pelgrom, S.M.G.J., R.A.C. Lock, P.H.M. Balm and S.E.W. Bonga. 1997. Calcium
fluxes in juvenile tilapia, Oreochromis mossamticus, exposed to sublethal
waterborne Cd; Cu or mixtures of these metals. Environ. Toxicol Chem. 16(4):
770-774.

Pellegrini, M., An. Laugier, M. Sergent., R. Phan-Tan-Luu, R. Vails and L.
Pellegrini. 1993. Interactions between the toxicity of the heavy metals
cadmium, copper, zi-nc in combinations and the detoxifying role of calcium in
the brown alga  Cystoseira barfaaca. J. Appl.  Phycol. 5: 351-361.
Pennington, C.H., et al. 1982. Contaminant levels in fishes from Brown's Lake,
Mississippi. Jour. Mississippi Acad.  Sci. 27:  139.

Penttinen,  s., J. Kukkonen and A. Oikari. 1995. The kinetics of cadmium in
Daphnia magna  as affected by humic  substances  and water hardness. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Safety. 30: 72-76.
                                      224

    -------
Penttinen, S., A. Kostamo and J.V.x. Kukkonen. 1998. Combined effects of
dissolved organic material and water hardness on toxicity of cadmium to
Daphnia magna. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17(12): 2498-2503.

Pereira, J.J., R. Mercaldo-Allen, C. Kuropat, D. Luedke and G. Sennefelder.
1993. Effect of cadmium accumulation on serum vitellogenin levels and
hepatosomatic and gonadosomatic indices of winter  flounder (Pleuronectes
americanus).  Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 427-431.

Perez-Coll, C.S. and J. Herkovits. 1996. Stage-dependent uptake of cadmium by
Bufo arenarum embryos. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 56: 663-669.

Pesch, G.G. and N.E. Stewart. 1980. Cadmium toxicity to three species of
estuarine invertebrates. Mar. Environ. Res. 3: 14S.

Pesonen, M. And T.B. Andersson. 1997. Fish primary hepatocyte culture,- and
important model for xenobiotic metabolism and toxicity studies. Aquat.
Toxicol. 37:  253-267.

Peterson, H.G.  1991. Toxicity testing using a chemostat-grown green alga,
Selenastrum capricornutuo.  In: J.W. Garoch, W.K. Lower, w. Hang and M.A. Lewis
(eds.),  Plants  for  toxic assessment, 2nd Volume,  ASTM STP  1115,  Philadelphia,
PA:  107-117.

Peterson,  H.G.-,  P.P.  Healey and R.  Wagemann.  1984. Metal  toxicity to algae: a
highly pH dependent phenomenon. Can. J.  Fish. Aquat.  Sci. 41: 974-979.

Peterson,  R.H.,  et  al.  1983. Effects of  cadmium  on yolk utilization, growth,
and survival  of atlantic  salmon alevins  on newly feeding  fry. Arch. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol.  12:  37.

 Peterson,  R.H., J.L.  Metcalfe  and S.  Ray.  1985.  Uptake of cadmium.by eggs and
 alevins of atlantic salmon {Salmo salar)  as influenced by acidic conditions.
 Bull. Environ.  Contam. Toxicol.  34: 359-368.
                                       225

    -------
Phelps, H.L. 1979. Cadmium sorption  in estuarine mud-type  sediment  and  the
accumulation of cadmium in the soft-shell clam, Mya arenaria.  Estuaries  2: 40.

Phillips, D.J.H. 1376. The common mussel Mytilus edulis as an  indicator  of
pollution by zinc, cadmium, lead and copper. I. effects of environmental
variables on uptake of metals. Mar.  Biol. 38: 59.

Phillips, G.R. and R.C. Russo. 1978. Metal bioaccumulation in  fishes and
aquatic invertebrates: a literature  review. EPA-600/3-78-103.  National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

Phipps, G.L. and G.w. Holcombe. 1985. A method for aquatic multiple species
toxicant testing: acute toxicity of  10 chemicals to 5 vertebrates and 2
invertebrates. Environmental Pollution (Series A). 38: 141-157.
                                                            y
Phipps, G.L., V.R. Mattson, G.T. Ankley. 1995. Relative sensitivity of three
freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates to ten contaminants.  Arch. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 23: 281-28S.

Pickering, Q.H. and M.H. Gast. 1972. Acute and chronic'toxicity of  cadmium to
the fathead minnow  (Pimephales promeJas) Jour. Fish. Res.  Board Can. 29: 1099.

Pickering, Q.H. and C. Henderson. 1966. The acute toxicity of  some  heavy
metals to different species of warmwater fishes. Air Water Pollut.  Int.  Jour.
10,: 453.

Playle,  R.C., D.G. Dixon and K. Burnison. 1993a. Copper and cadmium binding to
fish gills: estimates of metal-gill  stability constants and modelling of metal
accumulation. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 50: 2678-2687.

Playle,  R.C., O.G. Dixon and K. Burnison. 1993b. Copper and cadmium binding to
fish gills: modification by dissolved organic carbon and synthetic  ligarids.
Can. J.  Fish. Aquat. Sci.  50: 2667-2677.
                                      226

    -------
Polar, E. And R. Kucukcezzar. 1986. Influence of some metal chelators and
light regimes on bioaccumulation and toxicity of CdJ*  in duckweed (Lemna.
gibba).  Physiol. Plant 66: 87-93.

Poldoski, J.E. 1979. Cadmium bioaccumulation assays. Their relationship to
various ionic equilibria in Lake Superior water. Environ. Sci. Technol.  13:
701.

Postma,  J.F. and C. Davids. 1995. Tolerance induction and life cycle changes
in cadmium-exposed Chironomus riparius  (diptera) during  consecutive
generation. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 30: 195-202.

Postma,  J.F., M.C. Buckert-de Jong, N.  Staats and C. Davids.  1994. Chronic
toxicity of cadmium to Chironomus reparius  (diptera: chironomidae) at
different food levels. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  26: 143-148.

Postma. J.F., P. Van Nugteren and M.B.  Buckert-De Jong.  1996. Increased
cadmium excretion  in metal-adapted populations  of the midge Chironomus
riparius  (Diptera). Environ. Toxicol Chem.  15(3): 332-339.

Poulsen, E., et al. 1982.  Accumulation  of cadmium and bioenergetics in  the
mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar. Biol.  68: 25.

Poulton. B.C., D.P. Monda, D.F.  Woodward, M.L.Wildhaber and W.G.  Brumbaugh.
1995. Relations between benthic  community structure and metals concentrations
in  aquatic  macroinvertebrates: Clark  Fork River, Montana. J.  Freshwater Ecol.
10(3).: 277-293.

Prasad,  M.N.V., K.  Orej,  A.  Skawinska and K. Stralka. 1998. Toxicity of
cadmium  and copper in Chlamydomonas  reinhardeii wild-type  (WT2137) and  cell
wall deficient  mutant strain (CW15).  Bull.  Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 60: 306-
311.
                                       227

    -------
Presing, M., K.V. Balogh and J. Salanki. 1993.  Cadmium uptake  and depuration
in different organs of Lymnaea stagnalis L. And the  effect  of  cadmium on  the
natural zinc level. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  24:  28-34.

Prevot, P.  and M.O. SoyerrGobillard. 1986. Combined  action  of  cadmium and
selenium on two marine dinoflagellates in culture, Prorocen trust micans Ehrbg.
and Cryptftecodiniuni cohnii Biecheler. J. Protozool.  33(1):  42-47.

Pringle, B.H., et al. 1968. Trace metal accumulation by estuarine mollusks.
Am. Soc. Civil Eng., Jour. Sanit. Eng. Div. 94:  455.

Pynnonen, K. 1995. Effect of pH, hardness and maternal pre-exposure on the
toxicity of Cd, Cu and Zn to the glochidial larvae of a freshwater clam
Anodonta cygnea. Water Res. 29(1): 247-254.

Qichen, C., Z. Kejien and Z. Guanwen. 1988. A comprehensive investigation of
the toxic effects of heavy metals on fish. J. Fish.  China/Shuichan Xuebao
(Chi.)  (Eng. Trans.)  (Author communication used). 12(1): 21-33.

Qureshi, S.A., et al. 1980. Acute toxicity of four heavy metals  to benthic
fish  food organisms from the river Khan, Ujjain.  Int.  Jour.  Environ.  Studies
IS: 59.

Rachlin, J.W. and A.' Grosso. 1991. The effects  of pH on the growth of
Chlorella vulgaris and its interactions with cadmium toxicity. Arch.  Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 20: 505-508.

Rachlin, J.W. and A. Grosso. 1993. The growth response of the green alga
Chlorella vulgaris to combined divalent cation  exposure. Arch. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 24:16-20.

Rachlin, J.W., et al. 1982. The growth responses of  Ch.lore.Ila  saccharophila,
Wavicula incerta and Wiczschia closterjum to selected concentrations  of
cadmium. Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 109: 129. •
                                      228

    -------
Rachlin, J.W., et al. 1984. The  toxicological  response of the algae Anabaena
flos-aguae  (Cyanophyceae) to cadmium. Arch. Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.  13:  143.

Radetski, C.M., J.F. Ferard and  C. Blaise. 1995. A semistatic microplate-based
phytotoxicity test. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.  14(2):  299-302.

Radix, P., M. Leonard, C. Papantoniou, G. Roman, E.  Saouter,  S.  Gallotti-
Schmitt, H. Threbaud and P. Vasseur.  1999. Comparison of  flrachionus
calyciflorus 2-D and microtox* chronic 22-h tests'  with Daphnia magna 21-D  test
for chronic toxicity assessment  of chemicals.  Environ. Toxicol.  Chem.  18(10):
2178-2185.

Rai, U.N., R.D. Tripathi, S. Sinha and P. Chandra.  1995.  Chromium and cadmium
bioaccumulation and toxicity in  Hydrilla  verticillata (l.f.)  Royle and Chars.
corallina. Wildenow. J. Environ.  Sci.  Health. A30:  537-551.

Rainbow, p.s. 1985. Accumulation of Zn, Cu and Cd  by crabs  and barnacles.
Estuarine Coastal Shelf Sci. 21: 669-636.

Rainbow, P.S. and M.K.H Kwan.  1995. Physiological  responses and  the uptake of
cadmium and zinc by the amphipod crustacean Orchestia gamroarellus.  Mar. Ecol. ,
Prog. Ser.  127: 87-102.

Rainbow, P.S. and S.L. White.  1989. Comparative strategies  of heavy metal
accumulation by crustaceans:- zinc, copper and  cadmium in  a  decapod,  and
amphipod and a barnacle. Hydrobiol. 174:  245-262.

Rainbow,  P.S., et  al.  1980.  Effects of chelating agents on the accumulation of
cadmium by the barnacle  Semibalanus balanoides, and the complexation of
soluble Cd,  Zn and Cu. Mar.  Ecol.  Progress Series  2:  143.

Ralph,  P.J.  and M.D.  Surchett.  1998.  Photosynthetic response of  Halophila
ovalis to heavy metal stress.  Environ. Pollut. 103: 91-101.
                                      229

    -------
Ramachandran, S., T.R. Patel and M.H. Colbo.  1997.  Effect of copper  and
cadmium on three Malaysian tropical estuarine invertebrate  larvae. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Safety. 36: 183-188.

Ramamoorthy, S. and K. Blumhagen. 1984. Uptake of  Zn, Cd, and Hg by  fish in
the presence of competing compartments. Can.  Jour.  Fish. Aquat. Sci.  41:  750.

Ramesha, A.M., T.R.C. Guptha, R.J. Katti, G.  Gowda and C. Lingdhal.  1996.
Toxicity of cadmium to common carp Cyprinus carpio (Linn.). Environ.  Ecol.
14(2} : 329-333.  '

Ramesha, A.M., T.R.C. Gupta, C. Lingdhal, K.V.B. Kumar, G..Gowda and K.S.
Udupa. 1997. Combined toxicity of mercury and cadmium to the common  carp
Cyprinus carpio  (Linn.) Environ. Ecol. 15{1):  194-198.

Ramirez, P., G. Barrera and C. Rosas. 1989. Effects of chromium and  cadmium
upon respiration and survival of Callinecees  similis. Bull. Environ.  Contam.
Toxicol. 43: 850-357.

Rao, J.I. and M.N. Madhyastha. 1987. Toxicities of some heavy metals  to the
tadpoles of  frog, Micro.hy.la oraata  (Dumeril and BibrorU . Toxicol. Lett.  36:
205-208.

Ray, S., et  al.  1981. Accumulation of copper,  zinc, cadmium and lead from two
contaminated sediments by three marine invertebrates - a laboratory  study.
Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 25: 315.

Ravms-Keller, A., K.E. Olson, M. McGaw, c. Oray, J.O. Carlson and B.J.  Beaty.
1998. Effect of  heavy  metals on Aedes aegypti (diptera: culicidae) larvae.
Ecotoxicol.  Environ. Safety. 39: 41-17,

Reader,  J.P.,  N.C.  Everall, M.D.J.  Sayer and  R. Morris. 1989. The effects of
eight trace metals  in  acid  soft water on survival,  mineral  uptake and skeletal
 calcium deposition  in  yolk-sac  fry  of brown trout,  Salmo  trutta L. J.  Fish
 Biol;  35:  187-198.
                                      230

    -------
Rebhun, S. and A. Ben-Amotz. 1984. The distribution of  cadmium between the
marine alga Chlorella stigmatophora and sea  water  medium.  Water Res.  18(2):
173-179.

Rebhun, S. and A. Ben-Amotz. 1986. Effect of NaCl  concentration on  cadmium
uptake by the halophilic alga DunaJiella salina. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.  30:
215-219.

Rebhun, S. and A. Ben-Atnotz. 1988. Antagonistic effect  of  maganese  to cadmium
toxicity in the alga Duoaliella salina. Mar.  Ecol.  Prog Ser. 42: 97-104.

Reddy, P.S. and M. Fingerman. 1994. Effect of cadmium chloride on amylase
activity in the red swamp .crayfish, ProcamJbarus clarJcii. Comp.  Biochem.
Physiol. 109C(3): 309-314-:

Reddy, P.S., S.R. Tuberty and M. Fingerman.  1997.  Effects  of cadmium  and
mercury on ovarian maturation in the red swamp crayfish, Procamfaarus  clarkii.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 37: 62-65.

Redmond, M.S., K H. Scott, R.C. Swartz and J.K.P.  Jones. 1994.  Preliminary
culture and life-cycle experiments with .the  benthic amphipod Ampelisca abdita.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13(8): 1355-1365.

Rehwoldt, R., et al. 1972. The effect of increased temperature upon the acute
toxicity of some heavy metal ions. Bull. Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.  8:  91.

Rehwoldt, R., et al. 1973. The acute toxicity of some heavy metals  ions toward
benthic organisms. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  10:  291.

Reichert, W.L., et al. 1979. Uptake and metabolism of lead and cadmium in coho
salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Comp. Biochem. Physiol.  63C: 229.

Reid,  S.D.  and D.G. McDonald.  1991. Metal binding  activity of  the gills of
rainbow trout  {Oncorhynchus  mykisa). Can. J. Fish.  Aquat.  Sci.  48:  1061-1068.
                                      231

    -------

Reinfelder, J.R. and N.S. Fisher. I994a. The assimilation "of  elements  ingested
by marine planktonic bivalve  larvae. Limnol. Oceanogr.  39(1):  12-20.

Reinfelder, J.R. and N.S. Fisher. 1994b. Retention of elements absorbed by
juvenile fish  {Menidia menidia, Menidia bezyllina) from zooplankton prey.
Limnol. Oceanogr. 39(8): 1783-1789.

Reinfelder, J.R., w.x. Wang,  S.N.. Luoma and N.S; Fisher. 1997.  Assimilation
efficiencies and turnover rates of trace elements in marine bivalves:  a
comparison of oysters, clams  and mussels. Mar. Biol. 129:  443-452.

Reish, D.J. 1993. Effects of  metals and organic compounds  on  survival  and
bioaccumulation in two species of marine gammaridean amphipod,  together with a
summary of toxicological research on this group. Journal of Natural History.
27: 731-794.

Reish, D.J. and J.A. LeMay. 1991. Toxicity and bioconcentration of metals and
organic compounds by polychaeta. Ophelia Suppl. 5: 653-660.

Reish, D.J., et al. 1976. The effect of heavy metals on. laboratory populations
of two polychaetes with comparisons to the water quality conditions and
standards  in Southern California marine waters. Water Res. 10:  299.

Reish, D.J., et al. 1978. Interlaboratory calibration experiments using the
Polychaetous annelid Capitel2a capitata. Mar. Environ.  Res. 1:  109.

Reish, D.J., S.L. Asato and J.A. Lemay. 1988. The effect of cadmium and DOT on
the  survival and regeneration in the amphinomid polychaete Eurythoe
complanata. In:  Proc. 7th  Symp. Mar. Biol.,  June  1,  1988,-LaPaz BCS, Mexico:
107-111.

Remade, J., et  al. 1982. Cadmium fate in bacterial microcosms. Water  Air Soil
Pollut.  19: 4S5. .
                                      232

    -------

Reynoldson, T.B., p.. Rodriguez  and M.M Madrid.  1996. A  comparison  of
reproduccion, growth and acute toxicity in  two populations  of  Tubifex  tubifex
(Muller, 1774) from the North American  great lakes'  and  Northern Spain.
Hydrobiol. 334: 199-206.

Rhodes, L., E. Casillas, B. McKnight, W. Gronlund, M. Myers, O.P. Olson and a.
McCain. 1985. Interactive effects of cadmium; polychlorinated  biphenyls, and
fuel oil on experimentally exposed English  sole  (Parophrys  vetulus). Can J.
Fish. Aquat. Sci. 42: 1870-1880.              •  •                    '

Ribo, J.M. 1997.  Interlaboratory comparison studies  of the  luminescent
bacteria toxicity bioassay. pp.  283-294.

Rice, D.L. 1984.  A simple mass transport model for metal uptake  by  marine
macroalgae growing at different  rates. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 82:  175-182.

Richelle,  E., Y.  Degoudenne, L.  Dejonghe and G. Van  de Vyver.  1995.
Experimental and field studies on the effect of selected heavy metals on three
freshwater sponge species: Ephydatia fluviatilis, Ephydatia rauelleri and
Spongilla lacustris. Arch. Hydrobiol. 135(2): 209-231.

Ridlington, J.W., et al. 1981. Metallothionein and Cu-chelation:
characterization of metal-binding proteins  from the  tissues of four marine
animals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 70S: 93.

Rifici, L.M., .D.S. Cherry. J.L.  Farris and  J. Cairns, Jr. 1996.  Acute and
subchronic toxicity of methylene blue to larval fathead minnows  (Pimephales
proflielas): implications for aquatic toxicity testing. Environmental Toxicology
and  Chemistry. 15(8): 1304- 1308.

Riisgard,  H.V.; E. Bjornestad and F. Mohlenberg. 1937. Accumulation of cadmium
in the mussel Mytilus edulis: kinetics and  importance of uptake  via food and
sea  water. Mar. 'Biol. 96: 349-353.
                                      233

    -------
Ringwood, A.H. 19S9. Accumulation of cadmium by larvae  and  adults  of  an
Hawaiian bivalve, Isognoaion californicura, during chronic  exposure.  Mar.  Biol.
102: 499-504.

Ringwood, A.H. 1990. The relative sensitivities of different  life  stages of
Isogrnoniort californicum to cadmium toxicity. Arch. Environ.  Contara.  Toxicol.
19: 333-340.

Ringwood, A.H. 1992a. Comparative sensitivity of gametes  and  early
developmental stages of a sea urchin species  (Echinometra machaei)  and  a
bivalve species  (Isognomon californicum) during metal exposures. Arch.
Environ. Contain. Toxicol. 22: 288-295.

Ringwood, A.H. 1992b. Effects of chronic cadmium exposures  on growth  of larvae
of an Hawaiian bivalve, Isognomon californicum. 1992. Mar.  Ecol. Prog.  Ser.
83: 63-70.

Ringwood, A.H. 1993. Age-specific differences in cadmium  sensitivity  and
bioaccumulation  in  bivalve molluscs. Mar. Environ. Res. 35: 35-39.

Ritterhoff,  J.,  G.P. Zauxe and  R. Dallinger.  1996. Calibration of  the
estuarine amphipods, Gammarus zaddachi  Sexton  (1912), as  bipmonitors:
coxicokinetics of cadmium and possible  role of inducible  metal-binding
proteins in Cd detoxification.  Aquat. Toxicol. 34: 351-369.

Roberts, K.S., et al.  1979. A high  molecular-weight  cadmium-binding fraction
isolated from the liver cytosol of  trout exposed to  environmentally relevant
concentrations of the  metal. Trans. Biochem.  Soc. London. 7:  650.

Roch, M. and J.A. McCarter.  1984. Metallothionein induction,  growth,  and
survival of Chinook salmon exposed  to zinc, copper,  and cadmium. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 32: 478-48S.
                                      234

    -------
Roch, M. and E.J. Maly. 1979. Relationship of cadmium-induced hypocalcemia
with mortality in rainbow trout  (Salmo gairdneri) and the influence of
temperature on toxicity. Jour. Fish. Res. Board Can. 36: 1297.

Roesijadi,  G--And G.W. Fellingham. 1987. Influence of Cu, Cd, and  Zn
preexposure on Hg toxicity in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Can. J. Fish. Aquat.
Sci. 44: 680-684.                 -       '     '

Rombough, P.J. 1985. The influence of the zona radiata on the toxicities of
inc, lead,  mercury, copper and silver ions to embryos of steelhead trout Salmo
gairdneri.  Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 82C(1): 115-117.

Rombough, P.J. and E.T. Garside. 1982. Cadmium toxicity and accumulation, in
eggs and alevins of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar. Can. Jour. Zool.  60: 2006.

Rombough, P.J. and E.T. Garside. 1984. Disturbed ion balance in alevins of
Atlantic salmon Salmo  salar chronically exposed to sublethal concentrations of
cadmium. Can. J. Zool. 62: 1443-1450.

Romeo, M. and M. Gnassia-Barelli. 1995. Metal distribution in different
tissues and in subcellular fractions of the Mediterranean clam fluditapes
decussacus treated with cadmium, copper, or zinc. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
111C: 457-463.

Rosas, C. And P. Ramirez. 1993.  Effect of chromium and cadmium on  the thermal
tolerance of the prawn Macrobrachium rosenfaergii expose to hard and soft
water. Bull. Environ.  Contam. Toxicol. 51: 568-574.

Roseman, E.F.,  E.L. Mills, M. Rutzke, W.H. Gutenmann and O.J. Lisk. 1994.
Absorption of cadmium from water by north American zebra and quagga mussels
 (aivalvia: dreissenidae). Chemosphere. 28(4): 737-743.

Rosenberg, R. and  J.D. Costlow.  1976. Synergistic effects of cadmium and
salinity combined  with constant  and  cycling temperatures on  the  larval
'development  of  two estuarine  crab  species. Mar. Biol. 38: 291.
                                      235

    -------
Rosko, J.J. and J.W. Rachlin. 1977. The effect of  cadmium,  copper,  mercury,
zinc and lead on cell division, growth, and chloropyll  a  content  of the
chlorophyte Chlorella vulgaris. Bull. Torrey Bot.  Club"104:  226.

Rouleau,  C, M. Block and H. Tjalve. 1998. Kinetics and  body distribution of
waterborne «Zn(II), lMCd(II), J"Hg(II) ,  and CH32l)3Hg(II}  in phantom midge
larvae (Chaoborus americauus) and effects of complexing agents. Environ. Sci.
Technol.  32: 1230-1236.

Roux, D.J., P.L. Kempster, E. Truter and L. van der Merwe.  1993.  Effect of
cadmium and copper on survival and reproduction of Daphnia pulsx.  Water SA.
19(4): 269-274.

Rubinstein, N.I., et al. 1983. Accumulation of PCBs, mercury and  cadmium by
Nereis virens, Mercenaria mercenaria and Palaemontes pugrzo from contaminated
harbor sediments. Aquat. Toxicol. 3: 249.

Safadi, R.S. 1998. The use of freshwater planarians in  acute toxicity test
with heavy metals. Verh. Internat. Verein. Limnol.  26:  2391-2392

Sajwan, K.S. and w.H. Ornes. 1994. Phytoavailability and  bioaccumulation of
cadmium in duckweed plants  (Spirodela polyrttiza L.  Schleid).  J. Environ. Sci.
Health. A29(5): 1035-1044.

Sa-nchiz, C., A.M. Garcia-Carrascosa and A. Pastor.  1999.  Bioaccumulation of
Hg,  Cd, Pb and Zn in four marine phanerogams and the alga Caulerpa prolifera
 (Forsskal) Lamouroux from the east coast of Spain.  Bot. Mar.  42(2):  157-164.

Sandau, E., P. Sandau and 0. Pulz. 1996. Heavy metal sorption by  microalagae.
Acta Biotechnol. 16(4):  227-235.

 Sangalang, G.B. and H.C. Freeman.  1979. Tissue uptake of  cadmium  in brook
 trout  during  chronic sublethal exposure. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 8:
 77 .
                                      236

    -------
Sangalang, G.B. and M.J. O'Halloran. 1972. Cadmium-induced testicular  injury
and alterations of androgen synthesis in brook trout.  Nature  240:  470.

Sangalang, G.B. and M.J. O'Halloran. 1973. Adverse  effects of cadmium  on.brook
trout testis and on in vitro testicular androgentsynthesis. Biol.  Reprod..
9:394.

Santiago-Fandino, V.J.R. 1983. The effects of nickel and  cadmium on the growth
rate of Hydra, littoralis and an assessment of the rate of uptake of "Ni  and
"C by the same organism. Water Res. 17: 917.

Santojanni,  A., G. Gorbi and F. Sartore. 1998. Prediction of  fecundity in
chronic toxicity tests on Daphnia magna. Water Res. 32{1):  3146-3156.

Sastry,  K.V. and V. Shukla. 1994. Influence of protective agents in the
toxicity of cadmium to a freshwater fish  (Channa  punctaeus).  Bull. Environ.
Contam.  Toxicol. S3: 711-717.

Sastry,  K.V. and K. Sunita. 1982. Effect of cadmium and chromium on the
intestinal absorption of glucose in the snakehead fish, Channa punccacus.
Toxicol. Letters. 10: 293.

Sauter,  S.(  et al. 1976. Effects of exposure to heavy  metals  on selected
freshwater fish. Toxicity of copper, cadmium/' chromium and lead to eggs and
fry of seven fish species. EPA-600/3-76-105. National  Technical Information
Service, Springfield, Virginia.

Sauvant, M.P., O. Pepin, C.A. Groliere and J. Bohatier. 1995.  Effects of
organic and inorganic substances on the cell proliferation of L-929
FiJbroJblasts and  Tetrahymena toxicological bioassays. Bull.  Environ. Contam.
Toxicol.  55: 171-178.

Sauvant,  M.P., D. Pepin, J. Bohatier, C.A. Groliere and J.  Guillot. 1997.
Toxicity  assessment of  16  inorganic environmental pollutants  by six bioassays.
Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety.  37:  131-140.
                                      237

    -------
Saxena, K.K., A.K. Dubey and R.R.S. Chauhan.  1993. Experimental  studies  on
toxicity of zinc and .cadmium to Heteropneustes  fossilia  (Bl.) J.  Freshwater
Biol. 5(4):  343-346.

Schaeffer,  D.J., M. Goehner, E. Grebe, L.G. Hansen, K. Hankenson,  E.E.
Herricks,  G. Matheus, A. Miz, R. Reddy and K. Trommatef. 1991. Evaluation of
the "reference toxicant" addition procedure for testing  the  toxicity of
environmental samples. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 47: 540-346.

Schafer, H., A. Wenzel, U. Fritsche, G. Roderer and W. Traunspurger. 1993.
Long-term effects of selected xenobiotica on  freshwater  green algae:
development of a flow-through test system. The  Science of the Total
Environment, Supplement, pp. 735-740.

Schafer, H., H. Hettler, U. Fritsche, G. Pitzen, G. Roderer and A, Wenzel.
1994. Biotests using unicellular algae and ciliates for predicting  long-term
effects of toxicants. Ecotoxicol. .Environ. Safety. 27: 64-81.
Scherer, E., R.E. McNicol and R.E. Evans. 1997. Impairment of  lake trout
foraging by chronic exposure to cadmium: a black-box experiment. Aquatic
Toxicology. 37: 1-7.

Schubauer-Berigan, M.K., J.R. Dierkea, P.O. Monson and G.T. Ankley. 1993. pH-
dependent toxicity of Cd, Cu, Mi, Pb and Zn to  Ceriodaphnia dubia, Piatephales
promelas, Hyalella azteca and Lumbriculus variegatus. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry. 12: 1261-1266.

Schuster, C.M. and B.H.  Pringle.  1969. Trace metal accumulation by the
American oyster,  Crassostrea virgrinica. Proc. Natl. Shellfish  Assoc. 59: 91.

Scott,  K.J., et al. Manuscript. Toxicological methods using the benthic
amphipod A/npeiisca a£dita Mills.  U.S. EPA, Narragansett, Rhode Island.
                                      238

    -------
Sedlacek, J., E.T. .Gjessing and T Kallqvist.  1989.  Influence of  different
aquatic humua fractions on uptake, of cadmium  to  alga  Selenastrum capriconueum
Printz. Sci. Total Environ. 81/82: 711-718.

Sehgal, R. and A.B. Saxena. 1987. Determination  of  acute  toxicity levels of
cadmium and  lead to the fish Lebistes reticuJatus (Peters). Int.  J. Environ.
Stud, 29: 157-161.

Sekkat, NT.,  A. Le Du, J.M. Jouany and M. Guerbet.  1992. Study of the
interactions between copper, cadmium, and  ferbam using the protozoan  Colpidium
campylum bioassay. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety.  24: 294-300.

Selby, D.A., J.M. Ihnat and J.J. Messer. 1995. Effects of subacute cadmium
exposure on  a hardwater mountain stream microcosm.  Water  Res. 19(5):  645-655.

Seyfreid, P.L. and C.B.L. Horgan. 1983. Effect of cadmium on lade water
bacteria as  determined by the  luciferase assay of adenosine triphosphate.  in:
w.s.  Bishop, et al.  (eds.). Aquatic Toxicology and  Hazard Assessment: Sixth
Symposium. ASTM STP 802, American Society  for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 425.

Shanmukhappa, H.- and K. Neelakantan. 1990.  Influence  of humic acid on the
toxicity of  copper, cadmium and lead to the unicellular alga, Synechosystis
a
    -------
Shcherban, E.P.  1977. Toxicity  of  some heavy  metals  for Daphnia magma Strauss,
as a function of temperature. Hydrobiol. Jour.  13(4):  75.

Sheela, M.,  G. MaliiJea  and  S. Muniandy.  1995.  Impact of cadmium on food
utilization, growth and body  composition in the fish Oreochromis mossambicus.
Environ. Ecbl. 13 (2) : .410-414.

Sherman, R.E., S.P. Gloss and L.W. Lion. 1987.  A comparison of toxicity test
conducted in  the laboratory and in experimental ponds  using cadmium and the  '
fathead minnow (Pimephalea  prooielas) . Wat. Res.  21(3):  317-323.

Shivaraj, K.M. and H.S.  Patil.  1988. Toxicity of cadmium and copper to a
freshwater fish  Puntius arulius. Environ. Ecol.  6(1):  5*8

,Shukla, J.P. and K. Pandey. 1988.  Toxicity and long  term effects of a
sublethal concentration of  cadmium on the growth of  the fingerlings of
Ophiocephalus punceatus (Bl.).  Acta  Hydrochim.  Hydrobiol.  16(5):  537-540.

Sick, L.V. and G. Baptist.  1979. Cadmium incorporation by  the marine copepod
Pseudodiapconious coronatus. Limnol.  Oceanogr.  24:  453.

Sidoumou, Z., M. Gnassia-Barelli and M.  Romeo.  1997.. Cadmium and calcium
'uptake  in the mollusc Oonax rugosus  and  effect  of  a  calcium channel blocker.
Bull. Environ. Contain.  Toxicol.  58:  318-325.

Simoes-Goncalves, M.L.S., M.F.C. Vilhena and  M.A.  Sampayo.  1988.  Effect  of
nutrients, temperature  and  light on  uptake of cadmium  by Selenascrum
capricornueum Printz. Water Res- 22(11): 1429-1435.

Simoes-Goncalves, M.L.S., M.F.C. Vilhena, L.M.V.F. Machado,  C.M.R.  Pescada and
M. L. de Moura. 1989.  Effect of  speciation on  uptake  and toxicity of cadmium  to
shrimp  Crangon crangon  (L.).  Bull. Environ. Contam.  Toxicol.  43:  287-294.

Sinha,  S, M.  Gupta  and  P. Chandra. 1994. Bioaccumulation and toxicity of Cu
and  Cd in Vallisneria spiralis  (L.). Environ.  Monit. Assess.  33(1):  75-84.
                                      240

    -------
Skowronski, T. and M. Przytocka-Jusiak. 1986. Cadmium removal by green alga
Stichococcus bacillaris. Chemosphere.  15(1): 77-79.

Skowronski, T., M. Jakubowski and B. Pawlik. 1995. Cadmium toxicity to green
alga Stichococcus bacillaris. Acta Microbiologica Polonica. 34(3/4): 309.

Skowronski, T., B. Pawlik and M. Jakubowski. 1988. Reduction of cadmium
toxicity to green microalga Stichococcus bacillaris by manganese. Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 41: 915-920.

Skowronski, T., S. Szubinska, B. Pawlik, M. Jakubowski, R. Bilewicz and B.
Cukrowsak. 1991. The influence of pH on cadmium toxicity to the green alga
Stichococcus bacillaris and on the cadmium forms present in the culture
medium. Environ. Pollut. 74: 89-100.

Sloof, J.E., A. Viragh and B. Van der  Veer. 1995. Kinetics of cadmium uptake
by green algae-. Water, Air Soil Pollut. 83: 105-122.

Slooff, w. 1983. Benthic macroinvertebrates and water quality assessment: some
toxicological  considerations. Aquat. Toxicol. 4: 73.

Slooff, W. and R. Baerselman. 1980. Comparison of the usefulness of the
Mexican axoloth  (Ambystoma mexicanum)  and the clawed toad  (Xenopus laevis) in
toxicological  bioassays. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 24: 439.

Slooff, W.J.,  et al.  1983. Comparison  of the susceptibility of 22 freshwater
species to IS  chemical compounds. I.  (sub)acute toxicity tests. Aquat.
Toxicol.  4:  113.

Smith,  D.P.,  J.H. Kennedy and K.L..  Dickson. 1991. An evaluation-of a naidid
oligochaete as a  toxicity test organism. Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. 10: 1459-1465.
                                      241

    -------
Smith, J.D., et al. 1981. Distribution and significance  of  copper,  lead,  zinc
and cadmium in the Corio Bay ecosystem. Aust. Jour.  Mar.  Freshwater Res.  32:
151.

Smith, S. and M.K.H. Kwan. 1989. Use of aquatic macrophytes as  a  bidassay
method to assess relative toxicity, uptake and accumulated  forms  of trace
metals. Hydrobiologia. 188/189: 345-351.

Sraokorowski, K.E., D.C.. Lasenby and R.D. Evans. 1998. Quantifying the uptake
and release of cadmium and copper by the opossum  shrimp  Mysis relicts preying
upon the cladoceran 0aphnia magaa using stable isotope tracers. Can. j.  Eish.
Aquat. Sci. 55: 909-915.

Snell, T.W. and M.J. Carmona- 1995. Comparative toxicant sensitivity of  sexual
and asexual reproduction in the rotifer flrachionus  calyciflorus.  Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry. 14: 415-420.

Snell, T.W. and B.D. Moffat. 1992. A 2-d life cycle test with the rotifer
Srachionus calyciflorus. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.  11: 1249-
1257.

Snell, T.W. and G. Persoone. 1989a. Acute toxicity  bioassays using rotifers.
I. A  test  for brackish and marine environments with Brachionus plieatilis.
Aquatic Toxicology. 14: 65-80.

Snell, T.W. and G. Persoone. 1989b. Acute toxicity  bioassays using rotifers.
II. A freshwater  test with Brachionus rubejjs. Aquatic Toxicology.  14: 81-92.

Snell, T.W., B.D.  Moffat, C. Janssen and G.  Persoone. 1991a. Acute toxicity
test  using rotifers. III. Effects of temperature, strain and exposure time on
the sensitivity of flrachionus plieatilis. Environmental  Toxicology and Water
Quality: An International Journal. 6: 63-75.

 Snell, T.W., B.D.  Moffat, C. Janssen and G.  Persoone. 1991b. Acute toxicity
 tests using rotifers.  Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 21:  308-317.
                                      242

    -------
Sobahn, R. and S.P.K. Sternberg. 1999. Cadmium  removal  using cladophora. J.
Environ. Sci. Health. A34(l): 53-72.
                                                   i
Sorvari, J. and M. Sillanpaa. 1996. Influence of metal  complex formation on
heavy metal and free EDTA and DTPA acute toxicity determined by Daphnia magna.
Chemosphere. 33(6): 1119-1127.

Sosnowski, S. and J. Gentile. 1978. Toxicological comparison of natural and
cultured populations of Acartia  tonsa to cadmium, copper  and mercury. Jour.
Fish. Res. Board Can. 35: 1366.

Sovenyi, J. and J. Szakolczai. 1993. Studies on the  toxic and
immunosuppressive effects of cadmium on the common carp.  Acta Veterinaria
Hungarica. 41(3-4): 415-426.

Spehar, R.L. 1976a. Cadmium and  zinc toxicity to flagfish,  Jordanella
floridae.  Jour. Fish. Res.  Board Can. 33:  1939.

Spehar, R.L. 1976b. Cadmium and  zinc toxicity to Jordane21a floridae. EPA=.
600/3-76-096.'National  Technical Information Service,  Springfield,  Virginia.

Spehar, R.L. 1982. Memorandum to J.G. Eaton. U.S. EPA,  Duluth,  Minnesota.
February  24.

Spehar, R.L. and  A.R:  Carlson.  1984a. Derivation of  site-specific water
quality criteria  for cadmium  and the St. Louis  River Basin, Duluth,  Minnesota.
PB34-153196. National Technical  Information  Service, Springfield,  Virginia.

Spehar, R.L.  and A.R.  Carlson.  1984b. Derivation of  site-specific water
quality criteria for cadmium and the  St. Louis  River Basin, Duluth,  Minnesota.
Environ.  Toxicol. Chem. 3:  651.

 Spehar,  R.L.  and J.T. Fiandt.  1986.  Acute  and chronic effects of water quality
 criteria-based metal mixtures on three  aquatic  species. Environmental
 Toxicology and Chemistry. 5:  917-931.
                                       243

    -------
Spehar, R.L., et al. 1978. Toxicity and bioaccumulation of cadmium  and  lead  in
aquatic invertebrates. Environ. Pollut. 15: 195.

Sprague, J.B. 1985. Factors that modify toxicity. In: Fundamentals  of aquatic
toxicology.  Rand, G.M. and S.R. Petrocelli  (eds.). Hemisphere  Publishing
Company, New York, N.Y. pp.124-163.

Spry, D.J. and J.G. Wiener. 1991. Metal bioavailability and  toxicity to fish
in low-alkalinity lakes: a critical review. Environ. Pollut.  243-304.

Srivastava, A. and K.J. Appenroth. 1995. Interaction of EDTA and  iron on the
accumulation of Cd2* in duckweeds  (Lemnaceae).  J.  Plant Physiol.  146:  173-176.

Stackhouse, R.A. and W.H. Benson. 1988. The influence of h'utnic acid on  the
toxicity and bioavailability of selected trace metals. Aquatic Toxicology. 13:
99-108.

Stanley, R.A. 1974. Toxicity of heavy metals and  salts to Eurasian  water-
milfoil  (Myricphylluai spicatun L.). Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 2:  331.

Stary, J.  and K.  Kratzer. 1982.  The cumulation of toxic metals on  alga.  Int..
Jour.  Environ. Anal. Chem. 12: 65.

Stary• J-. «t al.  1982. The cumulation of zinc and cadmium in fish  (Poecilia
reciculata).  Int.  Jour. Environ. Anal. Chem. 11:  117.

Stary, J., et al.  1983. Cumulation of  zinc, cadmium and mercury on  the  alga
Scenedesmus  obliquus. Acta. Hydrochim. Hydrobiol. 11: 401.

Stebbing,  A.R.D.  1976. The effects of  low metal  levels on a  colonial hydroid.
Jour.  Mar. Biol.  Assoc. U.K.  56:  1977.
                                      244

    -------

Steele, R.L. and G.B. Thursby. 1983. A toxicity test using life stages of
Ciiampia parvula (Rhodophyta).  In; W.E. Bishop, et,al.  (eds.), Aquatic
Toxicology and Hazard Assessment: Sixth Symposium. ASTM STP 302. American
Society'for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, p. 73.
                                    >               i
Stephan, C.E., et al. 1985. Guidelines for deriving numerical national water
quality criteria for the protection of aquatic organisms and their uses.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

Stephenson, M. and G.L. Macki. 1989. Net cadmium flux  in Hyalella azteca
(crustacea: amphipoda) populations from five central Ontario lakes. Sci. Total
Environ. 87/88: 463-475.

Stephenson, M. and M.A. Turner. 1993. A field study of cadmium dynamics in
periphyton and in Hyalella azteca (Crustacea; amphipoda). Water, Air, and Soil
Pollution 68: 341-361.

Stern, M.S. and D.H. Stern. 1980. Effects of fly ash heavy metals on Daphnia
magna. PB81-198327. National Technical Information Service, Springfield,
Virginia.

Stom, D.I. and L.D. Zubareva. 1994. Comparative resistance of OapJinia and
Epischura to toxic substances in acute exposure. Hydrobiol. J. 30(3): 35-38.

Stromberg, P.C., et al. 1983. Pathology of lethal and  sublethal exposure of
fathead minnows, Pimephales promelaa, to cadmium: a model for aquatic toxicity
assessment. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 11: 247.

Stuhlbacher, A. and L. MaItby. 1992. Cadmium resistance in Gammarus pulex
 (I.).  Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 22: 319-324.

Stuhlbacher,  A., M.C.  Bradley, C. Naylor and P. Calow. 1992. Induction of
cadmium tolerance  in  two clones of Daphnia magna Straus. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol.  101C(3):  571-577.
                                      245

    -------
Stuhlbacher, A., M.C. Bradley, C. Naylor and P. Calow.  1993.  Variation in the
development of cadmium resistance in Daphnia magna Straus;  effect  of
temperature, nutrition, age and genotype. Environ. Pollut.  SOU):  153-158..

Sullivan,  B.K., et al. 1983. Effects of copper and cadmium  on growth, swimming
and predator avoidance in £urytemora affinis (Copepoda). Mar.  Biol. 77: 299.

Sunda, W.G. and S.A. Huntsman. 1996. Antagonisms between cadmium and  zinc
toxicity and manganese limitation in a coastal diatom.  Limnol.  Oceanogr.
41(3): 373-387.

Sunda, W.G., et al.  1978.. Effect of chemical speciation on  toxicity of cadmium
to grass shrimp, Palaemcnetes pugio: importance of free cadmium ion.  Environ.
Sci. Technol.  12: 409.

Sunderman,  F.W., Jr., M.C. Plowman and S.M. Hopfer.  1991. Embryotoxicity and
teratogenicity of cadmium chloride in Xenopus laevis, assayed by the  FETAX
procedure.-Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science. 21(6):  381-391.

Sunil, P.P.G,  M. Siriwardena, K.J. Rana and D.J. Baird. 1995.  A method for
partitioning cadmium bioaccumulated in small aquatic organisms.  Environ.
Toxicol. Chem.  14(9):  1575-1577.

Sunila, I.  and R. Lindstrom.  1983. Survival, growth  and shell deformities of
copper- and cadmium-exposed mussels  (Mycilus edulis  L.) In  brackish water.
Estuarine  Coastal Shelf  Sci.  21(4): 555-565.

Suresh, A., B. Sivaramakrishna and K. Radhakrishnaiah.  1993a.  Effect  of lethal
and  sublethal  concentrations  of  cadmium on energetics in the  gills of fry and
fingerlings of Cypri/ius  carpio.  Bull. Environ. Contam.  Toxicol.  51: 920-926.

Suresh, A., B. Sivaramakrishna and K. Radhakrishnaiah.  1993b.  Patterns of
cadmium accumulation in  the organs of fry and fingerlings of  freshwater fish
Cyprinus  carpio.following  cadmium exposure. Chemosphere. 26(5):  945-953.
                                      246

    -------
Suzuki, K.T., H. Sunaga, E. Kobayashi and S. Hatakeyama.  1937.  Environmental
and injected cadmium are sequestered by two major  isoforms of basal copper,
zinc-metallothionein in gibel  (Carassius auracus laugsdorfi) liver. Cbmp.
Biochem. Physiol. 87C(1): 87-93.

Swinehart, J.H. 1990. Final Technical report for U.S.G.S. grant:  the effects
of humic substances on the interactions of metal ions with organisms and
liposomes. Department of chemistry, University of  California,.Davis, CA 95616:
103.

Takamura, N., F. Kasai and M.M. Watanabe. 1989. Effects of Cu,  Cd and  Zn on
photosynthesis of freshwater benthic algae. J. Appl. Phycol. 1:  39-52.

Talbot, v. 1985. Relationship  between cadmium concentrations in seawater and
those in the mussel MytHas edulis. Mar. Biol. 85:  51-54.

Talbot, V. 1987. Relationship  between lead concentrations in seawater  and  in
the mussel Mytilus  edulis: a  water-quality criterion. Mar. Biol.  94:  5S7-560.

Taraldsen, J.E. and T.J. Norberg-King. 1990. New method for determining
effluent  toxicity using  duckweed  {Lemna minor). Environ.  Toxicol.  Chera. 9:
761-767.

Tarzwell, C.M.  and C. Henderson.  1960. Toxicity of less common  metals  to
fishes.  Itid. Wastes  5:  12.

Taylor,  G-,  D.J. Baird  and A.M.V.M. Scares. 1998.  Surface binding of
contaminants by algae:  consequences for  lethal.toxicity and feeding to Daphnia
magna Straus.  Environ.  Toxicol.  Chem.  17(3):  412-419.

Temara,  A.,  G.  Ledent,  M.  Warnau, H.  Paucot,  M. Jangoux and P.  Dubois. 1996a.
 Experimental cadmium contamination of Asterias rubens  (Echinodermata). Mar.
 Ecol. Prog.  Ser.  140:  83-90.
                                       247

    -------
             Temara, A.,  M.  Warnau,  G. Ledent, M. Jangoux and p.  Dubois.  1996b.  Allometric
             variations  in heavy metal' bioconcentration in the asteroid Asteriaa rubena
              (Echinodermata).  Bull.  Environ. Contain.  Toxicol. 56: 98-105.

             Ten Hoopen,  H.J.G., P.J.  Nobel, A.  Schaap,  A. Fuchs and J.A.  Roels. 1985.
             Effects of  temperature  on cadmium toxicity to the green alga Scenedestnus
             acutus. I.  Development  of cadmium tolerance in batch cultures.  Antonie van
             Leeuwenhoek. 51:  344-346.

             Tessier, A., Y. Couillard,  P.G.C. Campbell and J.C.  Auclair.  1993.  Modeling Cd
             partitioning in oxicilake sediments and  Cd concentrations in the freshwater
             bivalve Anodonta  grandis. Limnol Oceanogr.  38(1): 1-17.

             Tessier, L., G. Vaillancourt and L. Pazdernik.  1994a.  Comparative study of the
             cadmium and mercury kinetics between the short-lived gastropod  viviparus
             gsorgianus  (lea)  and  pelecypod  Elliptic  ccmplanata  (lightfoot) ,  under
              laboratory  conditions.  Environ. Pollut.  271-282.

             Tessier, L., G. Vaillancourt and L. Pazdernik.  1994b.  Temperature effects  on
             cadmium and mercury kinetics in freshwater molluscs under laboratory
              conditions. Arch. Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol. 26:179-184.

             Tessier, L. G.  Vaillancourt and L.  Pazdernik. 1996.  Laboratory  study of Cd and
              Hg uptake by two  freshwater molluscs in  relation to concentration,  age and
              exposure time.  Water, Air Soil  Pollut. 86: 3.47-357.

              Thaker, A.A. and  A.A. Haritos.  1989. Cadmium bioaccumulation and effects on
              soluble peptides, proteins  and  enzymes in the hepatopancreas of the shrimp
              Callianassa tyrrhena. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 94C(1):  63-70.

              Thebault,  M.T., A. Biegniewska, J.P. Raffin and E.F. Skorkowski. 1996. Short
              term cadmium intoxication of  the  shrimp  Palaeraon serracus: effect on adenylate
              metabolism. Comp. Biochem.  Physiol. 113C(3) : 345-348.
                                                   243
5.

    -------
Theede, H., et al. 1979. Temperature' and salinity  effects  on the  acute
toxicity of cadmium to Laomedea loveni  (Hydrozoa).  Mar.  Ecol.  Progress  Series
1:13.
Thellen, C., C. Blaise,.Y. Roy and C. Mickey.  1989.  Round robin  testing with
the Selenastrum capricornutum microplate toxicity  assay.  Hydrobiologia.
188/189: 259-268.

Thomann, R.V., F. Shkreli and S.'Harrison. 1997. A pharmacokinetic model of
cadmium in rainbow trout. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.  16(11):  2268-2274.

Thomas, D.G., A. Cryer, J.F. De L.G. Solbe and J.  Kay.  1983. A comparison of
the accumulation and protein binding of environmental cadmium in the gills,
kidney and liver of rainbow trout (Salmo jairdneri Richardson) . Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. 76C(2): 241-246.

Thomasi D.G., M.w. Brown, D. Shurben, J.F. Del G.  Solbe,  A. Cryer and J. Kay.
1985. A comparison of  the sequestration of cadmium and  zinc in the tissues of
rainbow trout  (Salmo gairdneri} following exposure to the  metals singly or in.
combination. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 82C(1): 53-62.

Thompson, P.A. and P.  Couture. 1991. Short- and long-term changes in growth
and biochemical composition of Selena scrum capricornutuoi  populations exposed
to cadmium. Aquatic Toxicology. 21: 135-144.

Thompson, S.E., et al.  1972. Concentration factors of the chemical elements in
edible  aquatic organisms. UCRL-50564. Rev. 1.  National  Technical Information
Service, Springfield,  Virginia.

Thongra-ar,  w.  and 0.  Matsuda. 1995. Effects of cadmium and zinc on growth of
Thalassiosira  veissflogii and Hsterosigma akiashiwo. In:  A. Snidvongs, W.
Utoomprukporn  >.:;i M. Hungspreugs  (eds.), 1995,-Proceedings of the NRCT-JSPS
Joint Seminar  -n Marine Science, December 2-3,  1993, Chulalongkorn University,
Songkhla, Thailand. Bangkok: Department of Marine  Science: 90-96.
                                      249

    -------
Thorp, J.H. and S.P. Gloss. 1986.  Field and laboratory tests  on  acute
toxicity of cadmium to freshwater crayfish. Bull. Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol.
37: 355-361.

Thorp, J.H., et al.  1979. Effects of chronic cadmium exposure  on  crayfish
survival, growth, and tolerance to elevated temperatures. Arch. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 8:  449.

Thorpe, G.J. and J.D. Costlow. 1989. The relation of the acute (96-h) uptake
and subcellular distribution of cadmium and zinc to cadmium toxicity in larvae
of Rhithropanopeus harrisii and a Palaeoionetes pugio.  In: U.M.  Cowgill  and
L.R. Williams  (eds.). Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, ASTM STP 1027,
Philadelphia, PA. 12: 82-94.

Thursby, G.B. and R.L. Steele. 1986. Comparison of short- and  long-term sexual
reproduction tests with  the marine red alga Champia Parvula. Environmental
Toxicology  and Chemistry.  S: 1013-1018.

Timmermans, K.R., W.  Peeters and M. Tonkes. 1992. Cadmium,  zinc,  lead and
copper in  Chironorous  riparius  (Meigen) larvae  (Diptera, Chironomidae):  uptake
and effects. Hydrobiologia. 241:  119-134.

Tomasik, P., C.Ml Magadza,  S.  Mhizha and A. Chirume.  1995a  The metal-metal
 interactions in biological systems.  Part III. Dapiinia  magna. Water, Air Soil'
 Pollut.  82: 695-711.

 Tomasik, P, C.M.  Magadza,  S. Mhizha, A. Chirume, M.F.  Zaranyika and S.
 Muchiriri. 1995b Metal-metal  interaction  in biological systems. Part IV.
 Freshwater snail Bulinus globosus.  Water,  Air Soil  Pollut.  83: 123-145.

 Torres,  £., A.  Cid,  C.  Herrero and J.  Abalde.  1998.  Removal of cadmium  ions by
 the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornuCum Bohlin  accumulation and long-term
 kinetics of uptake.  Bioresource Technology.  63:  213-220.
                                       250

    -------
Tortell, P.O. and N.M. Price. 1996. Cadmium toxicity and zinc limitation  in
centric diatoms of the genus Thalaasiosira. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 138:  245-
254.

Toudal, K- and H.U. Riisgard. 1987. Acute and sublethal effects of cadmium on
ingescion, egg production and life-cycle development in the copepod Acartia
consa. Mar.'Ecol. Prog. Ser. 37: 141-146.

Toussaint, M.W., T.R. Shedd, W.H. Van der Schalie and G.R. Leather. 1995. A
comparison of standard acute toxicity teat with rapid-screening toxicity  test.
Environ. Toxicol. Chera. 14(5): 907-915.        /

Trehan, K. And Maneesha. 1994. Cadmium mediated control of nitrogenase
activity and other enzymes in a nitrogen fixing cyanobacterium. Acta
Microbiol. Hungarica. 41(4): 441-449.

Trevors, J.T., G.w. stratton and G.M. Gadd. 1986. Cadmium transport,
resistance, and toxicity in bacteria, algae, and fungi. Can. J. Microbiol. 32:
447-464.

Tucker, R.K.  1979. Effects of in vivo cadmium exposure on ATPases in gill of
the lobster,  Hontarus  americanus. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 23: 33.

Tucker, R.K.  and A. Matte.  1980. In vitro effects of cadmium and lead on
ATPases in the gill of the  rock crab. Cancer irroratus. Bull. Environ.  Contam.
Toxicol.  24:  847.

Twagilimana,  L., J. Bohatier, C-A. Groliere, P. Bonnemoy .and D. Sargos. 1998.
A new low-cost  microbiotest with the protozoan Spirostomun ceres: culture
conditions and  assessment of  sensitivity of the ciliate to 14 pure chemicals.
Ecotoxicology and  Environmental Safety. 41: 231-244.

Tyurin, A.N.  and N-K. Khristoforova. 1993.  Effect of toxicants on the
development  of  the chiton Isclwochicon hakodadensis. Russ. Mar. Biol. 29(5/6):
 100-10S.
                                      251  -

    -------
U.S. EPA. 1976. Quality criteria for water. EPA-440/9-76-023.  National
Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

U.S. EPA. 1980. Ambient water quality criteria  for  cadmium. EPA-440/5-80-025.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia.

U.S. EPA. 1983a, Methods for chemical analysis  of water  and wastes. EPA-600/4-
79-020  (Revised March 1983). National Technical Information Service,
Springfield, Virginia.
                   j
U.S. EPA. 1983b. Water quality standards regulation. Federal Register 43:
51400. November 8.                                            .

U.S. EPA. 1983c. Water quality standards handbook.  Office of Water Regulations
and Standards, Washington,  D.C.

U.S. EPA. 1985. Ambient water quality criteria  for  cadmium. EPA-440/5-84-032
(Revised late  1984). National Technical Information Service, Springfield , VA.

U.S. SPA. 1991. Technical  support document for  water quality-based toxics
control. EPA-505/2-90-001.  Office of Water, Washington,  D.C.

U.S. EPA. 1994a. Water quality standards handbook,  second ed. EPA-823-B-94-
OOSb. office of Water, Washington, D.C.

U.S. EPA. 1994b. Interim guidance on determination  and use of water-effect
ratios  for metals.  U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water,
Washington, D.C.   EPA-823-B-94-001

U.S. EPA. 1999a. National  Recommended Water Quality Criteria -- Correction.
EPA-822-Z-99-001.  Office of Water, Washington,  D.C.

U.S. EPA. 1999b. Integrated approach to assessing the bioavailability and
toxicity of metals in surface water and sediments.  EPA-822-E-99-001. Office of
water,  Washington, D.C.                          *
                                      252

    -------
Udoidiong, O.M., P.M. Akpan.  1991. Toxicity of. cadmium,  lead and lindane to
Egeria radiata Laatarck.  {Lamellibranchia, Donacidae) .  Rev.  Hydrobiol.  Trap.
24(2):  111-117.

Uthe, J.F.. et al.  1982.  Cadmium  in American  lobster  (Homarus americanus)  from
the area of a lead  smelter. Can.  Tech. Rept..  Fish. Aquat.  Sci.  No.  1163.

Valencia, R., M. Gerpe, J. Trimmer, T. Buckman,  A.Z.  Mason and P.E. Olsson.
1993. The effect of estrogen  on cadmium distribution  in rainbow trout
(Oncorhynchua mykiss).  Mar. Environ. Res. 46(1-5): 167-171.

Van den Hurk, P., M.  Faisal and M.H. Roberts  Jr.  1998.  Interaction  of cadmium
and benzo[a]pyrene  in mummichog  (Fundulus fceteroclitus): effects on acute
mortality. Mar. Environ.  Res.  46(1-5): 525-528.

Van der Heever, J.A.  and  J.U.  Grobbelaar. 1996.  The use of Selenastrum
capricornutum growth  potential as a measure of  toxicity of a few selected
compounds. Water SA 22(2):  133-191.

Van Gemert, J.M, H.J.G. Ten Hoopen, J.A. Roels  and A.  Fuchs.  1985.  Effects of
temperature on  cadmium  toxicity  to the green  alga Scenedesaius acucus.  II.
Light-limited growth  in continuous culture. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek.  51: 347-
351.

Van Ginneken, L.,  M..J.  Chowdhury and R. Blust.  1999.  Bioavailability  of
cadmium  and  zinc to the common carp, Cyprinus carpio,  in complexing
environments: A test  for  the  validity of the  free ion activity model.  Environ.
Toxicol.  Chem.  18(10):  2295-2304.

Van  Leeuwen,  C.J.,  P.S. Griffioen, w.H.A. Vergouw and J.L. Maas-Diepeveen.
 1985a.  Differences in susceptibility of  early life  stages  of rainbow  trout
 (Salmo gairdneri)  to environmental pollutants.  Aquatic Toxicology.  7: 59-78.
                                       253

    -------
Van Leeuwen, C.J., W.J. Luttmer and P.S. Griffioen.  1965b. The use of  cohorts
and populations in chronic toxicity studies with Daphnia magna: a cadmium'
example. Scotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 9: 26-39.

Van Leeuwen, C.J., G. Hiebeek and M. Rijkeboer. 1987. Effects of chemical
stress on the population dynamics of Daphnia magna:  a comparison of  two  test
procedures. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety. 14:1-11.

van steveninck, R.F.M., M.E. Van Steveninck and D.R. Fernando. 1992. Heavy-
metal  (Zn, Cd) tolerance in selected clones of duck  weed  (Lerana minor),  Plant
Soil. 146: 271-280.

Vanegas, C., S. Espina, A.V. Botello and S. Villanueva. 1997. Acute  toxicity
and synergism of cadmium and zinc in white shrimp, Penaeus setiferus,
juveniles. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 58: 87-92.

Vashchenko, M.A. and P.M. Zhadan. 1993. Ecological assessment of marine
environment using  two sea urchin tests, disturbance  of reproduction  and
sediment embrybtoxicity. Sci. Total Environ. pp!235-1245.

vasseur, P and P.  Pandard. 1988. Influence of some experimental factors o
metals  toxicity to Selenastrum  capricornutum. Toxic. Assess. 3: 331-343.

Veldhuizen-Tsoerkan, M.B., D.A. 'Holwerda and D.I. Zandee. 1991. Anoxic
survival time  and  metabolic parameters  as stress indices in sea mussels
exposed to cadmium or polychlorinated biphenyls. Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 20: 259-265.

Verbost,  P.M., 6.  Flik,  R.A.C.  Lock and S.E.W. Bonga. 1987. Cadmium  inhibition
of  Ca2' uptake in rainbow trout  gills.  Am. J.  Physiol. 253  (Regulatory
Integrative  Comp.  Physiol.  22): R216-R221.

Verma,  S.R.,'et  al.  1980. Short term toxicity tests  with heavy metals  for
predicting safe  concentrations. Toxicol. Letters 1:  113.
                                      254

    -------
Vernberg, W.B., et al. 1974. Multiple environmental  factor effects  on
physiology and behavior of the fiddler crab,  Uca pugilator.  In.:  F.j. Vernberg
and W.B. Vernberg  (eds.). Pollution and Physiology of  Marine Organisms.
Academic Press, New York. p. 381.

Vernberg,.W.B., et al. 1977. Effects of sublethal concentrations of cadmium on
adult Paleomonetes pugio under static and flow-through conditions.  Bull.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17: is.

Verriopoulos, G. and M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou.  1981.  Effects of some
environmental factors on the toxicity of cadmium to  the copepod  Tisbe
holothuriae. Arch. Hydrobiol. 91: 287.

Verriopoulos, G. and M. Moraitou-Apostolopoulou.  1982.  Differentiation-of the
sensitivity to copper and cadmium in different  life  stages of a copepod. Mar.
Pollut. Bull. 13:  123.                     .

Versteeg, D.J. 1990. Comparison of short- and long-  terra toxicity test results
for the green alga, Selenastrum capricornutum.  Plants  for  Toxicity Assessment/
ASTM STP 1091. w.  Wang, J.W. Gorsuch and W.R. Lower  (eds), American society
for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, pp.  40-48.

visviki, I. and J.W. Rachlin. 1991. The toxic action and interactions of
copper and cadmium to the marine alga Dunaliella minuca, in  both acute and
chronic  exposure.  Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  20:  271-275.

Visviki, I.  and J.W.  Rachlin. 1994. Acute and chronic  exposure of Dunaliella
salina and  Ch.Zamydomo.nas bullosa to Copper and  cadmium:  effects on growth.
Arch.  Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26: 149-153.

Vogiatzis,  A.K. and N.S. Loumbourdis. 1998. Cadmium  accumulation in liver and
kidneys  and hepatic metallothionein and glutathione  levels in Rana  ridibunda,
after  exposure to CdClj. Arch. Environ.  Contam. Toxicol. 34: 64-68.
                                      255

    -------

Voyer, R.A. 1975. Effect of dissolved oxygen concentration on  the  acute
toxicity of cadmium to the mummichog, Fundulus heteroclitua. Trans.  Am.  Fish.
Soc. 104: 129.

Voyer, R.A. and D.G. McGovern. 1991. Influence of constant and fluctuating
salinity on responses of Mysidopsis bahia exposed to cadmium in a  life-cycle
test. Aquatic Toxicology. 19: 21S-230.

Voyer, R.A. and G. Modica. 1990. Influence of salinity and temperature on
acute toxicity of cadmium to Mysidopsis bahia Molenock. Arch.  Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 19: 124-131.

Voyer, R.A., et al. 1977. Viability of embryos of the winter flounder
Pseudopleuronectes araericanus exposed to combinations of cadmium and salinity
at selected temperatures. Mar. Biol. 44: 117.                       .,'

Voyer, R.A., et al. 1979. Hatching success and larval mortality in an
estuarine teleost, Menidia menidia  (Linnaeus), exposed to cadmium  in constant
and  fluctuating salinity regimes. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  23: 475.

Voyer, R.A., et al. 1982. Viability of embryos of the winter flounder
Pseudopleuronectes americanus exposed .to mixtures of cadmium and silver  in
combination with  selected fixed  salinities. Aquat. Toxicol. 2:  223.

Vranken, G, R. Vanderhaeghen and C. Heip.  1985. Toxicity of cadmium  to free-
living marine  and brackish water nematodes  (Monhystera oiicrophttialma,
Monhystera disjunct*,  Pelliodicis marina). Dis. Aquat. Org. 1:  49-58.

Vuori,  K.M.  1993.  Influence of water quality and  feeding habits on the whole-
body metal concentrations  in  lotic  trichopteran larvae. Limnol.  23(4): 301-
308.

Vuori,  K.M.  1994.  Rapid behavioural  and morphological responses of
 hydropsychid larvae (Trichoptera, Hydropsychidae) to sublethal cadmium
 exposure.  Environ.  Pollut.  84:  291-299.
                                      2S6

    -------
Vykusova, B., Z. Svobodova. 1987. Comparison of  the  sensitivity of male  and
female guppies  (Poecilia recicujaca Peters) to toxic substances. Bull. Vurh
Vodnany.  (CZE)(ENG ABS). 23(3): 20-23.

Vymazal, J. 1984. Short-term uptake of heavy metals  by periphyton algae.
Hydrobiol. 119:  171-179.

Vymazal, J. 1990a. Toxicity and accumulation of  lead with respect to algae and
cyahobacteria: a review. Acta Hydrochim. Hydrobiol.  18(3): 513-535.

Vymazal, J. 1990b. Uptake of lead, chromium, cadmium and cobalt by Cladbphora
giomeraca. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 44: 468-472.

Vymazal, J. 1995. Influence of pH on heavy metals uptake by Cladophora
glomsrata. Pol.  Arch. Hydrobiol: 42(3): 231-237.

Wall, S.B., J.J. Isley and T.W. La Point. 1996.  Fish Bioturbation of cadmium-
contaminated sediments: factors affecting cd availability to Daphnia magna.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(3): 294-298.

Wallace, W.G. and G.R. Lopez. 1997. Bioavailability  of biologically
                                       «
sequestered cadmium and the implications of metal detoxification. Mar. Ecol.
Prog. Ser. 147; 149-157.

Walsh,  G.S., L.L. McLaughlin, M.J. Yoder, P.H. Moody, E.M. Lores, J. Forester
and  P.B.  Wessinger-Duvall. 1988. Minutocellus polymorphus-. a new marine diatom
for  use in algal toxicity tests. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 7:
925-929.

Walsh,  K., R.H. Dunstan, R.N. Murdoch.  1995. Differential Bioaccumulation of
heavy metals  and organopollutants in the soft tissue and shell of the marine
gastropod, Austrocochlea constricta- Arch. Environ.  Contam. Toxicol '. 28: 35-
 39.
                                       257

    -------

              Walsh,  R.S. and K.A. Hunter. 1992. Influence of phosphorus  storage on  the
              uptake of cadmium by the marine alga Macrocystis pyrifera.  Limnol. Oceanogr.
              37(7) :  1361-1369.

              Wang, J. ,  M. Zhang, J. Xu and Y, Wang. 1995. Reciprocal  effect  of Cu,  Cd, Zn
              on a kind of marine alga. Water Res. 29(1) : 209-214.

              Wang, W.  1986. Toxicity tests of aquatic pollutants by using common duckweed.
              Environmental Pollution  (Series B) .  11: 1-14.

              Wang, W.X. and N.S. Fisher. 1996. Assimilation of .trace  elements and carbon by
              the mussel Mytilus edulis: effects of food composition.  Limnol. Oceanogr.
              41(2) :  197-207.

              Wang, w.x. and N.S. Fisher. 1998. Accumulation of trace  elements in a marine
              copepod.  Limnol. Oceanogr. 43(2): 273-283.

              Wang, w.x., N.S. Fisher and S.N. Luoma. 1996. Kinetic determinations of trace
              element bioaccumulation in the mussel Mytilus edulis. Mar.  Ecol. Prog. Ser.
              140: 91-113. '
                                     }

              wani, G.P.  1986. Toxicity of heavy metals to embryonic stages of Cyprinus
              carpio communia Pollut. Res. 5(2): 47-51.

              Warnau, M., G. Ledent, A. Temara, V. Alva, M. Jangoux and P. Dubois. 199Sa.
              Allometry  of heavy metal bioconcentration in. the echinoid Paracentrocus
              lividus. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 29: 393-399.

              Warnau, M., G. Ledent, A. Temara, M Jangoux and P. Dubois.  1995b. Experimental
              cadmium contamination  of the echinoid Paracentrocus lividus: influence of
              exposure mode  and  distribution of the metal in the -organism. 116: 117-124.

              Warnau, M., J.L. Teyssie and S.W. Fowler.  199Sc. Effect  of  feeding on cadmium
              bioaccumulation  in the echinoid Paracentrocus lividus  (Echinodermata) . Mar.
              Ecol.  Prog. Ser. 126: .305-309.
                                                    253
=s

    -------
Warnau, M., S.W. Fowler  and J.L. Teyssie.  1996a.  Biokinetica  of  selected heavy
metals .and radionuclides in two marine macrophytes:  the seagrass Posidonia
oceanic* and the alga  Caulerpa  taxifolia.  Mar.  Environ.  Res.  41(4):  343-362.

Warnau, M., M. laccarino, A. De Biase, A.  Temara,  M  Jangoux,  P.  Dubois  and G.
Pagano. 1996b. Spermiotoxicity and embryotoxicity of heavy metals in the
echinoid Paracentrotua lividus. Environ. Toxicol  Chem.  15(11): 1931-1936.

Warnau, M., J.L., Teyssie and S.W. Fowler, 1997.  Cadmium bioconcentration in
the echinoid Paracejitrotus lividus:  influence of  the cadmium  concentration in
seawater. Mar. Environ.  Res. 43(4):  303-314.

Warnick, S.L. and H.L. Bell. 1969. The acute toxicity of some heavy  metals to
different species of aquatic insects. Jour. Water Pollut.  Control Fed.  41:
280.

Warren, L.A., A. Tessier and L. Hare. 1998. Modelling cadmium accumulation by
benthic invertebrates  in situ:  the relative contributions of  sediment and
overlying water  reservoirs to organism cadmium  concentrations. Limnol.
Oceanogr. 43(7): 1442-1454.

'Watling, H.R. 1981.  Effects of  metals on the development of oyster embryos.
South  African Jour.  Sci. 77:  134.

Watling, H.R. 1982.  Comparative study on the effects of zinc, cadmium;  and
copper on  the larval growth of  three oyster species. Bull.-Environ.  Contam.
Toxicol.  28:  195.

watling,  H.R.  1983a. Accumulation of seven metals by Crassostrea gigas,
 Crassostrea margaricacea, Peraa perna, and Choromytilua meridionalis. Bull.
 Environ.  Contam. Toxicol. 30:  317.

 Watling,  H.R.  1983b. Comparative study on  the  effects of metals  on the
 settlement of Crassoscrea gigas.  Bull.  Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 31: 344.
                                       259

    -------
             Watson,  C.F.  1988.  Sublethal  effects of cadmium exposure on freshwater
             teleosts.  Northeast Louisiana-University,  pp. 136.

             Weber,  W.J.,  Jr.  and W.  stunun.  1963. Mechanism of hydrogen ion buffering in
             natural  waters. Jour.  Am.  Water Works Assoc.  55:  1553.

             weimin,  Y., G.E.  Batleyand M.  Ahsanuullah.  1994. Metal bioavailability to the
             soldier crab  Mictyris longicarpua.  Sci.  Total Environ.  141: 27-44.

             Weis,  J.S., et  al.  1981.  Effects of cadmium,  zinc, salinity,  and temperature
             on the teratogenicity of methylmercury to  the killifish (Fundulua
             heteroclieus)'.  Rapp.  P.  v.  Reun. Cons.  Int.  Explor.  Her. 173:  64.
                       »
             Westerman,  A.G. and w.j.  Birge.  1978.  Accelerated rate  of albinism in channel
             catfish exposed to  metals.  Prog. Fish-Cult.  40:  143.

             Westernhagen, H.V.  and V.  Dethlefsen.  1975.  Combined effects  of cadmium and
             salinity on development and survival of flounder eggs.  Jour.  Mar. Biol.  Assoc.
             U.K.  55: 945.

             Westernhagen, H.V., et al.  197S. Combined  effects of cadmium and salinity on
             development and survival of garpike eggs.  Helgol. wiss^ Meeresunters.  27:  268.

             Westernhagen, H.V., et al.  1978. Fate and  effects of cadmium in an
             experimental  marine ecosystem.  Helgol.  Wiss.  Meeresunters.  31:  471.

             Westernhagen, H.V., et al. 1979. Combined  effects of cadmium,  copper and lead
             on developing herring eggs and larvae.  Helgol. Wiss.  Meeresunters. 32:  257.

             White, D.H. and M.T. Finley.  1978a. Effects of dietary  cadmium in mallard
             ducks,  in; D.D. Hemphill (ed.), Trace Substances in Environmental Health-XII.
             University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri,  p. 220.

             white,  D.H. and M'.T. Finley.  197Bb. Uptake and retention of dietary cadmium in
             mallard ducks. Environ. Res.  17; 53.
                                                   260
^

    -------
white, D.H., et al. 1978. Histopathologic effects  of dietary cadmium on
kidneys and testes of mallard ducks. Jour. Toxicol. Environ. Health 4: 551.

White, S.L. and P.S. Rainbow. 1982. Regulation  and accumulation of copper,
zinc and cadmium by the shrimp Palaemon elegans. Mar. Ecol. Progress Series  8:
95.

White, S.L. and P.S. Rainbow. 1986. Accumulation of cadmium by Palaemon
elegans (crustacea: decapoda). Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 32: 17-25.

Wicklum, D. and R.W. Davies. 1996. The effects  of  chronic cadmium stress on
energy acquisition and allocation in a freshwater  benthic invertebrate
predator.  Aquatic Toxicology. 35: 237.-2S2.

Wicklum, D., D.E.C. Smith and R.W. Davies. 1997. Mortality, preference,
avoidance, and activity of a predatory leech exposed to cadmium. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 32: 178-183.

Wicklund,  A. and P. Runn. 1988. Calcium effects on cadmium uptake,
redistribution, and elimination in minnows, Phoxinus phoxinus, acclimated to
different calcium concentrations. Aquat. Toxicol.  13: 109-122.

wicklund,  A., P. Runn and L. Norrgren. 1988. Cadmium and zinc interactions in
fish: effects of zinc on the uptake, organ distribution, and elimination of
109Cd  in the zebrafish, Srachydanio rerio. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.  17:
345-354.                     .                    :

wier, C.F.  and W.M. Walter.  1976. Toxicity of cadmium in the freshwater snail,
Physa gyrina Say. Jour. Environ. Qual. 5: 359.

wikfors,  G.H. and R. Ukeles.  1982. Growth and adaptation of estuarine
unicellular algae  in media with excess copper,  cadmium or zinc, and e:fects of
-.Ttetal-contaminated  algal food on  Crassostrea virginica  larvae. Mar. Ecol.
Progress  Series  7:  191.
                                       261

    -------

Wilczok, A., U.  Mazurek,  D.  Tyrawska,  B.  Sosak-Swiderska. 1994. Effect of
cadmium on  the  cell  division of Chlorella vulgaris Beij .  1390, strain A-3.
Pol. Arch.  Hydrobiol.  41(1): 123-131.

Wildgust," M.A.  and M.B.  Jones.  1998.  Salinity change and the toxicity of the.
                -,
free cadmium ion [Cd3*(iq,] to Neomysis  integer (Crustacea:  Mysidacea) .  Aquatic
Toxicology. 41:  187-192.

Williams, C.J.,  D. Aderhold and R.G.J. Edyvean.  1998. Comparison between
biosorbentg for the  removal of  metal  ions from aqueous solutions.

Williams, D.R.  and J.P.  Gieay,  Jr.  1973.  Relative importance of food and water
sources to  cadmium uptake by Gambusia affinis (Poeciliidae). Environ.  Res. 16:
326.

Williams, K.A., D.w.J. Green and 0. Pascoe.  1985. Studies on the acute
toxicity  of pollutants to freshwater macroinvertebrates 1. Cadmium. Arch.
Hydrobiol.  102(4): 461-471.

Williams, K.A., O.W.J. Green, D. Pascoe and' D.E. Gower. 1986. The acute
toxicity  of cadmium to different larval stages of Chironomus riparius
 (diptera:  chironomidae) and its ecological significance for pollution
•regulation. Oecologia. 70(3}: 362-366.

 Williams,  K.A., D.W.J. Green, D. Pascoe and D.E. Gower. 1987. Effect of
 cadmium on oviposition and  egg viability in Chironomus riparius  (diptera:
 chironomidae). Bull.  Environ. Contarn. Toxicol. 38: 86-90.

 Williams,  P.L  and O.B. Dusenbery.  1990. Aquatic toxicity testing using the
 nematode,  Caenorhabditia elegrans.  Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
 9:1285-1290.

 Windom, H.L.,  et  al.  1982.  Metal accumulation by the polychaete  Capitella
 capi ca ca:'.'  influences  of metal  content and nutritional quality of detritus.
 Can. Jour. Fish.  Aquat.  Sci. 39: 191.
                                       262

    -------
Winner, R.W. 1984. The  toxicity and biaccumulatio'n of cadmium and copper as
affected by humic acid. Aquat.  Toxicol.  5:  267.
winner, R.W. 1986.  Interactive  effects of  water  hardness and humic acid on the
                            !     I
chronic toxicity of cadmium to  Daphnia pulex.  Aquatic Toxicology.  8:  281-293.
Winner. R.W. 1988. Evaluation  of
the relative sensitivities of 7-d Daphnia
magna and Ceriodaphnia dubia  toxicity  tests  for  cadmium and sodium
pentachlorophenate. Environmental) Toxicology and Chemistry.  7:  153-159.
winner, R.W. and J.D. Gauss.  19861.  Relationship between  chronic'toxicity and
bioaccumulation of copper,  cadmium  and  zinc  as affected  by water hardness and
humic acid. Aquae. Toxicol.  8:  149-161.

Winner, R.W. and T.C. Whitford.  1937. The  interactive  effects  of a  cadmium
stress, a selenium deficiency and water temperature  on the survival and
reproduction of Daphnia magna Straus. Aquatic Toxicology.  10:  217-224.

winter, S.  1996. Cadmium  uptake kinetics by  freshwater mollusc soft body under
hard and soft water  conditions.  Chemosphere. 32 (10): 1937-1948.

witeska, M., B. Jezierska and J.  Chaber. 1995. The  inf".,;ence of cadmium  on
common  carp embryos  and larvae.  Ao^iaculture. 129: 129-1I2.

Witzel, B.  1998. Uptake,  storage and loss  of cadmium and lead  in the woodlouse
Porcellio  scaloer  (Crustacea,  isopoda).  water, Air,  Soil  Pollut.  108: 51-68.

Wong,  C.K.  1989. Effects  of cadmium on  the feeding  behavior of the  freshwater
cladoceran Moina macrocopa. 1989. Chemosphere.  18(7/8):  1681-1687.

Wong,  C.K.  and  P.K.  Wong. 1990. Life table evaluation  of the effects of
cadmium exposure on the  freshwater  cladoceran, Moina macrocopa.  Bull. Environ.
.Contam. Toxicol. 44: 135-141.
                                       263

    -------
Wong, P.T.S.  1987. Toxicity of cadmium to  freshwater microorganisms,
phytoplankton, and invertebrates.

Wong, P.T.S., et al.  1982. Physiological and  biochemical responses of several
freshwater algae to a mixture of metals. Chemosphere 11: 367.

Woodall, C, N. Maclean-and P. Crossley. 1988.  Responses  of  trout fry  (Salmo
gairdneri) and Xenopus laevis tadpoles to  cadmium and zinc.  Comp.  Biochem.
Physiol. 89C(1): 93-99.

woodling, J.D. 1993.  Survival and mortality of brown trout  (Sa2jno trutta)
exposed to in situ acute  toxic concentrations  of  cadmium and zinc.  University
of Colorado at Boulder, pp. 130.

Woodward, D.F., A.M.  Farag, H.L. Bergman,  A.J.  DeLonay,  E.E.  little,  C.E.
Smith and F.T. Barrow. 1995. Metals-contaminated  benthic invertebrates in the
Clark Fork River, Montana: effects on age-0 brown trout  and  rainbow trout.
Can. J. Fish. Aquat.  Sci. 52: 1994-2004.

Woodworth, J. and D.  Pascoe. 1982. Cadmium toxicity  to rainbow  trout, Salmo
gairdneri Richardson: a study of eggs and  alevins. Jour.  Fish Biol. 21: 47.

Woodworth, J. and D.  Pascoe. 1983. Cadmium uptake and distribution  in
sticklebacks  related  to the concentration  and method of  exposure. Ecotoxicol.
Environ. Safe. 7: 525-530.

•wren, M.J. and D. McCarroll. 1990. A simple and sensitive bioassay  for the
detection of  toxic materials using a unicellular  green alga. Environmental
Pollution. 64: 87-91.
       i
Wright, D.A.  1977. The effect of salinity  on  cadmium uptake  by  the  tissues of
the  shore crab,  Carcinus  maenas. Exp. Biol. 67: 137.
                                      264

    -------
Wright, D.A. 1988. Dose-related  toxicity of  copper and cadmium in striped bass
larvae from the Chespeake Bay: field considerations.  Wat.  Sci.  Tech.  20(6/7):
39-48.

Wright, D.A. and J.W.  Frain.  1931. Cadmium toxicity in Marinogaramarus
obtusacus: effect of external calcium. Environ.  Res.  24:  333.

Wright, D.A. and P.M.  Welbourn.   1994. Cadmium in the aquatic  environment:  a
review of ecological,  physiological, and toxicological effects on biota.
Environ. Reviews 2: 137-214.

Wright, D.A., M.J. Meteyer  and F.D. Martin.  1985.  Effect  of calcium on cadmium
uptake and toxicity in larvae and juveniles  of striped bass (Morone
saxaeilis). Bull. Environ.  Contam. Toxicol.  34(2): 196-204.
               :          .,., '•;'».•-
Wu, R.S.S., P.K.S. Lam and  B. Zhou. 1997. A  settlement inhibition assay with
cyprid  larvae of  the  barnacle Balanus  amphi trite.. Chemosphere.  35(9):  1867-
1374.

Wundram,  M., D.  Selmar and  M. Bahadir.  1996. The. Chlaotydomonas test:  a new
phytotoxicity  test based on the  inhibition of algal photosynthesis enables the
assessment of  hazardous leachates from waste disposals in salt mines.
Chemosphere.  32(8):  1623-1632.

Xiaorong,  W.  J.  Mei,  S. Hao and X. Ouyong.  1997. Effects of chelation on  the
bioconcentration of  cadmium and copper by carp  (Cyprinus carpio L.).  Bull.
Environ.  Contam. Toxicol. 39: 120-124.

Xue,  H. and L. Sigg.  1998.  Cadmium speciation and complexation by natural
 organic ligands in freshwater.  Analytica Chemica Acta. 363: 249-259.

 Yager, C.M. and H.W.  Harry.  1964. The uptake of radioactive zinc, cadmium and
 copper by the freshwater snail,  Taphzus glajbratus. Malacologia 1: 339..
                                       26S

    -------
Yamamoto, Y and M. Inoue.  1985.  Lethal  tolerance  of  acute cadmium toxicity in
rainbow trout previously exposed to cadmium.  Bull. Jpn.  Soc.  Sci. Fish.
51(10) :  1733-1735.

Zanders, I. P. and W.E, Rojas.  1996. Salinity  effects on cadmium accumulation
in various tissues of the  tropical fiddler  crab Uca  rapax.  Environ. Pollut.
94(3) : 293-299.

Zaroogian, G.E. 1979. Studies  on the depuration of cadmium and copper by the
American oyster Crassostrea  virginica.  Bull.  Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol. 23:
117.

Zaroogian, G.E. 1980. Crassostrea virginica as an indicator of cadmium
pollution. Mar. Biol.  (Berl.).  58(4): 27S-234. :'£

Zaroogian, G.E. and  S. Cheer.  1976. Cadmium accumulation by the American
oyster,  Crassostrea  virginica.  Nature.  261: 408.
                                                          i -
Zaroogian, G.E. and  G. Morrison. 1981.  Effect of  cadmium body  burdens in adult
Crassostrea  virginica on  fecundity and  viability  of  larvae.  Bull. Environ.
Contam.  Toxicol.  27:  344.

Zauke,  G.P.,  R. Von  Lemm,  H.G.  Meurs and W. Butte. 1995. Validation of"
estuarine gammarid collectives  (amp'hipoda:  Crustacea)  as biomonitors for
cadmium in semi -controlled toxicokinetic flow-through experiments. Environ.
Pollut.  90(2):  209-219.

Zhang,  M., J. Wang and J.  Sao. 1992. Study  on thel(relationshiphbetweenj
speciation of heavy  metals and their ecotoxicity. Chin-.  J?^6ceariol.. .Limnol.
  *                                               . syn-y.fcinavlvennv.1*   -f
10(3):  215-222.                                   ';-v .<• fT
 Zia,  S.  and D.G.  McDonald. 1994. Role of the gills and gill chloride cells  in
 metal uptake in the -freshwater-adapted rainbow trout,  Oncorhynchus mykiss.
 Can.  J.  Fish.  Aquat.  Sci. 51: 2482-2492.
                                       266

    -------
Zou,  g.  And S.  Bu.  1994. Acute toxicity of copper,  cadmium,  and zinc to the

water" flea,  Moina irraaa (cladocera). Bull. Environ.  Contam.  Toxicol. 52: 742-

748.
                                   >


Zuiderveen,  J.A.  and W.J. .Birge. .1997. The relationship  between chronic values
                          3 •'      If-     •' '     M lii
in  toxicity tests with Ceriodapiuiia  dtifaia. Environmental'Toxicology and Risk
                          1 '      JM               j i
Assessment:  Modeling and Risk Assessment  (sixth volume), ASTM STP 1317, F.J.

Dwyer,  T.R.  Doane and M.LJ Hinman  (eds), American Society  for Testing and

"Material's:  pp.  551-556.
     U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
            Mail code 3201
     1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
        Washington DC 20460
                                                                                K-

                                        267



                                     *  (, t V

    -------
    -------
                                             I
                 s

                 41
                 »^
                 U
         •o o  *   ;
      « S m  > H
       U •—   to

      QC "O O V

         < »*
           123
           |2  3
§
u
•o

V
(0
M
Al
V*
Is
3 O>
•
3
o
fa

Increased gil
diffusion
1
s
s
ru
Cadmium
sulfate
.

VI
irt
Rainbou trout,
Oncorhynchus myk
1$
V O
o *"
=a
as
•
r»
Q

O

Physiological
effects
1
•*
S
m
Cadmium
chloride
,

U1
w>
Rainbou trout,
Oncorhynchus myki
V fM
** *™
s s
z o
"5 u
O M
o •
31 a.
•

•*
•*
§
£
Reduced grout
and survival
w
1
N.
>r
•O
i
Cadnium
chloride
,

i/i
M
Rainbou trout,
Oncorhynchus myk,
— • a
m
«.»
w V
* ..
4>
41 «"• Olfl
> «J b «0
53: .- S
o •- «o^
i *
p>. . *•
V S

Q
>
'>
U
-
8 s
3; p
S
§2 Ij
"If 1^
3 2 u-g
• i

W) W>
1^1 w»
Rainbou trout,
(enbryo, larva)
Oncorhynchus myki
Rainbou trout
(larva),
Oncorhynchus myki
• ? Ss "a
4^ C 83 (O
S * e A 3 5 3 £
•«. U O » « M
V *. o « O 3 u> a in
?S §8 -StS -i- -S*
.-§ -S S.a§ ?•- ?•-
D ^ U» •- VI U «- XU XU
1 t < 1 *
^" K •- m
g ••:•!•:
g K «8 0
^^
° u, ^- *? *
m „ a £ « -0
^_ ^ w ^ ^
!e
s^
•a
^ fi
(M ** «J ^» *^
..1^5 u "
2- * e o S S
£g» a -o c c
:»- j j s g
in M o u u
u X w -J ~i
-•8
« ^ •. " S.
1 ; < * f
>. •* * ^ «>
2 ? M «
i » 3 "
s« ss §5 §5 s3
i* is ii p i*
Ql7« 9 '~ (Q^ *« j» " *^
u-g uc u^ u-g-u-g
X
1 ' * ' «
M
VJ U* V) Wl V)
M VI M Vrl M
!> -I -1 -i -I1
w ** *-* **** **^ *-**
3 vt 2^2^ 2 ^ 3 -^
I 1 11 If !| If
J?l ll.it It |{
CI.Q Co Co CO CO
•358 •58 -38 «| "3 1
Dts'tS at <3 ac a ac <3 «<3
sa
32
I]
X C
1
1/1
3
rJ
•*
•O
•i
M

Physiological
effects
M
1
5

s>
Cadmiun
chloride
i

VI
Rainbou trout,
Oncorhynchus myki>
                                                               114