Annotated Bibliography of
Environmental Indicators
tO AsseSS the U.8. EPA Headquarters Library
Mall code 82013404T""
Effectiveness Of Municipal and IndUStPlahnnsylvania Avenue NW
« ^ . ^ Washington DC 20460
Stormwater Control Pirograms
Prepared by the
Center for Watershed Protection
• r y'
US Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Wastcwatcr Management
Washington, DC U'S EF^ Headquarters Lorary
e Mail code 340*1
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington, DC 20460
202-566-0556
•^•^••••^^••^•^••••••^l^^^^^^^^ ^HE^^H^^I^
Environmental
[Indicators
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J
Annotated Bibliography
of
Environmental Indicators
to Assess the Effectiveness of
Municipal and Industrial Stormwater Control Programs
Center for Watershed Protection
Richard A. Claytor and Ronald L Ohrel
8737 Colesville Road, Suite 300
Silver Spring, Maryland 20910
Aprill995
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
Mail code 3201
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington DC 20460
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Wastewater Management
Washington, D.C.
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Annotated Bibliography
of
Environmental Indicators
Table of Contents
I Introduction
Acknowledgments
Introduction
Definition of Environmental Indicators for
Stormwater Management Assessment
Use of Indicators in the Past
Explanation of Indicator Categories
Computer Search Procedure
Search Methodology
"Grey literature" Search Procedure
Summary of Environmental Indicator
Document Citations
II Listing of Annotated Bibliography
Biological Indicators
Other Indicators
Physical and Hydroiogical Indicators
Programmatic Indicators
Site Indicators
•Social Indicators
Water Quality Indicators
Whole Watershed Indicators
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in
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xtii
1
57
73
97
109
135
139
225
Appendix A-Index to Bibliography
by Keywords
A-l
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Acknowledgments
The preparation of this document was made possible through a Cooperative Agreement with the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (Assistance ID No C X 823668-01-0)
We would like to thank a number of individuals whose support and participation were key to the
completion of our literature search. In particular, we would like to extend our appreciation to
Ms. Kimberly Ogden Haitians of U. S. EPA for her direction and guidance through the preparation
of this document Special thanks goes to Mr. Bill Swietlik and Mr. Bill Tate of EPA for their time
and energy in tracking down additional resources in the stormwater arena. In addition, we would
like to recognize the valuable assistance of Mr. Chuck Hoffinan and Mr. John Williams of the
River Federation for their expert assistance in database retrieval and manipulation. Finally, we
would like to thank the numerous people who took time out of their busy schedule to respond to
our telephone and mail requests, with specific appreciation to Mr. Derek Booth, Mr. Samuel
Brush, Mr. Richard Homer, Mr. Bill Stack, Mr. James Stribling and Mr. Chris Yoder.
This project is part of a comprehensive environmental indicators initiative. EPA has issued a
series of grants for investigations of the utility of environmental indicators as assessment tools for
municipalities and industries to judge the effectiveness of stormwater monitoring efforts. The key
components of the project are as follows:
o Preparing a summary of recent documents relating to the use of environmental indicators in the
stormwater field and preparing Indicator Profile Sheets to analyze the utility of specific
environmental indicators as assessment tools (this document is the first component of this task).
o Holding a series of stakeholder meetings around the country to review the use of environmental
indicators; to share accumulated information and to generate stakeholder input on the use of
indicators. In addition, meeting participants will select a common list of environmental indicators
to be used for stormwater programs.
o Preparing a final report on the results of the stakeholder meetings outlining the conclusions
reached, including the advantages and disadvantages of each environmental indicator, specific
methods for the use of indicators and recommendations on the possible development of a future
national stormwater environmental indicator tracking program.
o Awarding a series of grants for conducting demonstration projects for the implementation of
stormwater environmental indicators and assessing stormwater program effectiveness. The
grantees will report on the results of these demonstration projects.
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Introduction
For many years, it has been recognized that stormwater runoff is a significant source of pollutants
to the receiving waters of the country. In the early 1980's, as part of the National Urban Runoff
Program (NURP), a substantial amount of data was collected which quantified the concentration
of pollutants present in urban stormwater runoff. The NURP sampling data, which is still the
largest research effort targeting urban runoff; established the event mean concentration (EMC) as
the primary water quality statistic for measuring pollutant constituents loads (Cave 1995). EPA
evaluated the results of the NURP EMCs from across the country to develop a rational level
planning tool for the assessment of water quatity. The NURP data helped bridge the gap between
the constituents coming off the land surface and the in-stream problems associated with them.
Much more recently, large and medium sized cities and many industries throughout the United
States have taken part in the Phase I National Pollutant Discharge Himmttion System (NPDES)
stormwater monitoring program. Each participating municipality conducted "characterization"
monitoring of at least five sites during three storm events. The purpose of this sampling program
was to characterize the stormwater runoff from separate land uses (industrial, commercial and
residential) so as to be able to use this data for the development of future monitoring programs to
be implemented as permit conditions. The results of these and other previous monitoring studies
have provided accurate pollutant loading data for stormwater runoff from given land uses.
The next step in n!Wf«nc the effects of urban stormwater runoff on the environment is through
the use of comprehensive monitoring practices which provide information on the health of
receiving waters as opposed to nxxirtcflngcmryend-of pipe conditions Water quality can be
viewed as a somewhat intangible entity, since it describes the uses that a waterbody can support
(as a fishery or swimming resource, for example). This is the foundation for die concept of
"environmental indicators." In order to assess the complete environmental health of a particular
waterway for a vast array of conditions, it is necessary to evaluate all of the environmental
parameters that make up thai system Since it is not practical or cost effective to evaluate all
biological, chemical and physical parameters, a select few "indicators* can be evaluated that tefl
the story of the whole system.
The objective of this study is to assess the usefulness of several emvonmental indicators as
predictors of effective stormwater management practices and programs Since the ultimate user
of these environmental indicators is likely to be die municipal storawater inanagement regulatory
agency or industrial she manager, we are focusing our evaluation toward answering the following
general questions:
o Does the indicator provide an accurate representation of environmental conditions? •
o Is it relatively easy to use and inexpensive?
o Does the indicator work (in a scientific sense) and how?
o What indicator or combination of indicators can be used to evaluate a stormwater
management program?
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o What aquatic uses does the indicator assess0
o How comparable are the indicators in different geographic locations (are they equally
effective throughout the country and equally effective in different water regimes; i.e.,
lakes, streams, rivers, estuaries)17
o At what watershed scale is the indicator most effective (over the whole watershed, only
in headwater streams or only within the ultimate receiving water)?
Definition of Environmental Indicators for
Stormwater Management Assessment
The Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality (TTFM) established an
Environmental Indicators Task Group which was charged with developing and recommending
national guidelines for the selection and application of indicators to be used in water quality
monitoring. The group defined an environmental indicator as "a measurable feature which singly
or in combination with other features provides managerialty and scientifically useful evidence of
ecosystem quality or reliable evidence of trends in quaUty"(Robertson and Davis, 1993). For a
stormwater environmental indicator, this definition has been modified to address the specific
issues associated with urban stormwater runoff. We define a stormwater environmental indicator
as a measurable practice which singly or in combination with other features provides
managerialfy and scientifically useful evidence of the effects of stormwater runoff on ecosystem
quality or trends in ecosystem quality. This modified definition limits stormwater indicators to
tools used to assess stormwater runoff impacts, using currently available technology, with
scientifically defensible methods and should be used by stormwater practitioners in making
management decisions.
Use of Environmental Indicators in the Past
Environmental Indicators have been used in one way or the other for many years. Perhaps one of
the first examples was the use of canaries in coal mines as indicators of the presence of lethal
carbon gas. Fecal colilofin counts have been used for many years as public health indicators.
Water column bacteria concentrations have frequently been used to indicate a waterbody's
suitability for swimming and shellfish harvesting. The use of environmental indicators to teU us
information about a larger system is not new, but it has not been a widely acceptable alternative to
traditional chemical and lexicological monitoring for many applications.
The reliance on indicators has evolved in the last couple of decades as a measure of our aquatic
environment as a whole. Biological monitoring, in particular, is being used more and more as a
holistic approach for assessment and management of surface water resources. The ability of
aquatic organisms to assimilate environmental influences through their entire Hfespan in the
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waterbody makes them prime indicators of chemical, physical and biological stressors
Other examples of past use of environmental indicators as assessments of water quality include:
o Lake algal blooms in lakes as indicators of phosphorous and nitrogen loadings
o High fecal coUform concentrations as an indicator of water use violations
o Species extinction or reduction as an indicator of environmental degradation or habitat
loss
o Fish consumption advisories as indicators of water poUution
o Fish and aquatic insect diversity and richness as indicators of water poOution
Many of these same indicators will be discussed in greater detail as they apply to stormwater
monitoring. The useiof indicators as water quality assessment tools has been and continues to be
a viable and at times a preferable method to obtain needed information in the making of
management decisions.
Explanation of Indicator Categories
The list of enviroimiental mdicatctt used rn the joint
work session with U.S. EPA and Center for Watershed Protection staff. This fist is identified in
Table 1, to follow. The indicators selected as candidates for father exploration and study
followed the general selection criteria outlined in ITEM'S Indicator Selection Criteria (USGS,
1994). Specifically, the selection criteria discusses three major categories which should be
addressed as part of a program using indicators, for environmental monitoring: (1) scientific
validity, (2) practical considerations and (3) programmatic considerations.
In the next phase of the study, the Center will prepare a series c^Enviroomenttl Indicator Profile
sheets, that will evaluate each category on indicators in detail.
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Table 1: Environmental Indicator Categories
Biological Indicators
* Composite indicators
* Fish diversity (e.g. Index of Biodc Integrity)
Macro-invertebrate diversity tad quantities (e.g. RBP)
Other biological indicators
Single species indicators (trout, salmonoid spawning)
Other Indicators
Physical and Hydrotogkal Indkaton
• Increased frequency of flooding events in streams
• Physical habitat quality monitoring (e.g. Rapid Stream
• Reduced dry weather flows a streams
* Stream temper time monitoring
• Stream widening and downcuttmg (stream morphology monitoring)
Programmark Indicators
Technique, RSAT)
• Number of BMPs installed/inspected
• Number of illicit connections surveyed
• Public mvotvement groups (stream stev
Site Indkaton
bhip teams, school programs, etc.)
BMPperfon
rag
Industrial site compliance monitoring
Social Indkaton
ial pollution prevention
* Public attitude surveys
• Surveys of industrial/com
efforts
Water Quality Indkaton
• Exceedance frequencies of water qualify standards
* Noopoint source loading
(Simple method, nmulaboo modd* HSPF, SWMM, SLAMM, etc.)
Shellfish bed closures
• Toxkity testing
(EP toxkity tests, acute and chronic bwassays, etc.)
Water quality poOntant
(
Whole Watershed Indkaton
• Comparison to reference watersheds
• Paired snbwatenhed monitoring
• Watershed CIS systems
• Watershed mpervionsness studies
• Watershed simulation imt4Hhig •
hydrocarbons, pesticides, herbicides, etc.)
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The following describes each indicator category to provided a baseline reference for further
consideration by the stakeholders. Although many of the indicator categories and meanings
should be familiar to most readers, it is worth presenting a common explanation of each category
to ensure that future discussions will have a common starting point.
Biological Indicators
Composite Indicators: This category is intended to include those biological monitoring
approaches that rdy on multiple species to collectively portray the health of the aquatic system,
such as fish and invertebrates, combined. There are several examples of these practices over the
past 10 to IS years.
Fish Diversity: This indicator is used to evaluate the aquatic health of a given waterbody using
its resident fish popular, on, diversity and presence of pollutant tokrant and intolerant species
(among other metrics) to evaluate the system as a whole. There has been a great deal of work
completed on this topic in the last several yean which provides a great opportunity to evaluate
this indicator for stormwater applications. The Index of Btotic Integrity (IBI) is perhaps the best
known example of using fish for biological monitoring.
Macro-invertebrate Diversity and Qaaatitk*: This indicator, like the one discussed above, is
used to evaluate the aquatic health of a given waterbody, but uses its resident invertebrate
population as indicator organisms. There are several techniques (and literally tens of assessment
metrics) for evaluating a waterbody using macro-invertebrates. As with fish, there has been a
great deal of work on this topic in the past several years. Both topics will receive detailed
attention in the preparation of the Indicator Profile Sheets.
Other Biological Indicators: This category includes the several other biological monitoring
methods that rdy on other species as assessment tools in evaluating aquatk heahK Examples of
these include; algae (phytoplankton), zooplankton, bacteria, fecal cofiforms, etc.
Single Species ladkaton: This indicator involves the use of single species to evaluate the health
of a particular system. TT* use of a singte species, particularly in eoviixw^^
is often used as a biological barometer of the overall health of an aquatic system. In addition,
single species indicators can act as a focus point for the preservation and protection a sensitive
resource, as is the case with salmon streams in the Pacific Northwest.
Other Indicators
This category has been reserved for those indicators which did not &D into the other indicator
categories. The document search revealed tint there are several examples of indicators that were
not directly related to the other indicator categories. Some examples include: comprehensive
monitoring programs which incorporate more than one of the indicator categories,
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implementation of stormwater utilities for funding stormwater programs, stream restoration
programs and ecoregional monitoring protocols.
Physical and Hydrological Indicators
Increased Frequency of Flooding Events in Streams: This topic is certainly not new to the
urban stormwater arena. The increased frequency and volume of stormwater flows associated
with urbanization is well documented The utility of this indicator will be in measuring the change
in hydrology as it relates to slight changes in land use or in estimating the effects of BMP
installation on flooding frequency.
Physical Habitat Quality Monitoring: This indicator also measures the changes in physical
characteristics of a stream or river. In this case, a relative measure of habitat quality can be used
as an indicator of other influences. The measure of instream habitat (number of pools or substrate
characteristics, for example) can provide a program manager with useful information on why
certain species may be missing from a system and what restoration measures should be employed.
There is a valid argument that physical habitat and biological indicators cannot be evaluated
separately
Reduced Dry Weather Flows in Streams: This indicator may possibly be used as an assessment
tool for changing land uses. There are potentially several reasons for reduced dry weather flows
in streams. Care will have to be taken to successfully evaluate potential applications of this
indicator, particularly given the uncertainties of climatic changes and groundwater influences
associated with irrigation, lost infiltration, seawater intrusion, etc.
Steam Temperature Monitoring: This indicator can be used to evaluate the effect that
urbanization has on water temperatures. Increased summer water temperatures from stormflows
and baseflows can have advene effects on the aquatic life of receiving streams. This indicator
could be used to predict these effects and provide useful information on implementing land uses
and BMFs which minimize these impacts.
Stream Widening and DowaorttiBg: This indicator represents the measurement of physical
changes to a stream over time to reflect changes in the magnitude and frequency of stormflows
(which may be associated with changes in upstream land use). This measure of a stream's
response to human influences can be a valuable tool in assessing impacts and proposing
restoration techniques.
Programmatic Indicators
Number of Dlicit Connections Surveyed: This topic is intended as a measure of a program's
efforts in reducing non-point source pollution associated with illicit discharges. The number and
type of illicit discharges corrected can have a direct and immediate effect on reducing pollutant
loadings.
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Number of BMP's Installed/Inspected: This can be used as a measure of a municipality's
stormwater program effectiveness. The inspection component is particularly useful in that it can
assess the efforts placed on BMP maintenance. The installation component will require further
study and refinement since the sheer number of BMP's installed is not only a function of program
thoroughness, but may also be a measure of overall growth in the housing sector.
Public Involvement Groups: This indicator is intended to measure program effectiveness
through the participation of public groups such as stream stewardship groups, public educational
programs, citizen monitoring groups, etc. This topic will also require more study and refinement
since the measure of citizen involvement may be more a function of sodoeconomic environment
than actual program effectiveness.
Site Indicators
BMP Performance Monitoring: This indicator is a direct measure of the effectiveness of various
BMP's. This may involve traditional chemical monitoring or one of the biological monitoring
methods ched above. The specific parameter being measured is the pollutant removal efficiency
of the BMP structure itself.
Industrial Site Compiiaoce Mmitoriuf: This indicator is intended as a measure of the success
of implementing NPDESpennrtrequirenjents in the imhistrialse^ The rate of implementation
of industrial site pollution prevention plans wiH provide a good ineasiire of how effective this
component of the permit process has been and will also provide some data on pollutant loading
reductions.
Social Indicators
Pnbfic Attitude Surveys: This indicator is intended to measure how much the general public
knows about key issues related to stormwater runoff and can be used as a tool to influence public
behavior. Decision makers can use the results of attitude surveys to make judgements regarding
funding, maintenance, implementation of restoration plans, land use, etc.
Surveys of iMdurtrial/CoMereial Muttoai Preveutiou Effort: This indicator is targeted at
the industrial stormwater NPDES permitting program. Information about the number of
industries or individual industrial sites which are implementing stormwater pollution prevention
plans can pro vide iiseful information to watershed planners. The results of surveys of this kind
can help shape future pollution prevention efforts, thnxigh evthiation of cost effectiveness, ease
of implementation, ease of training, etc.
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Water Quality Indicators
Exceedance Frequencies of Water Quality Standards: This indicator category measures how
often a particular water quality standard criteria is exceeded. Several state and local governments
have established water quality standards for various constituents and for various waterbodies.
One measure of the effectiveness of a stormwater program is through the monitoring of pollutants
that have caused frequent exceedances of numeric water quality standards.
Nonpoint Source Loading: This indicator category is mainly used as a desktop methodology for
evaluating changes in non-point source pollutant loads over time. Several methods and simulation
models can be used to evaluate changing toads. This indicator may not meet all of the selection
criteria stated above and may be more appropriately used as a tool to evaluate changing land uses
or to assess the implementation of various BMP's and their effect on NFS loads. Special attention
will be paid to this indicator in the preparation of the Indicator Profile Sheets.
Sediment Contamination: This indicator involves the measure of sediment contamination
through various methods including traditional sample collection and chemical analysis, toxicity
testing and biological monitoring. The measure of sediment pollution as a function of distance
from a discharge source can provide useful infonnation'to evaluate the limits of pollutant effects
on a receiving water. Sediment contamination can also show trends in pollutant buildup or
pollutant cleanup (although it may take several decades to accumulate useful information).
in be evaluated under this
Resuspension of deposited sediments can also be a problem which <
category.
Shellfish Bed Closures: Bacteria concentrations have traditionally been used as indicators of
shellfish bed contamination. This indicator relates the number and frequency of shellfish bed
closures to a source of incoming pollutants. The statistical evaluation of bed closures could
provide useful information to program managers regarding the effectiveness or ineffectiveness of
particular pollutant source control programs.
Toxicity Testing: While this indicator could also be placed in the biological indicator category,
we consider it a water quality indicator because h usually involves a direct evaluation of water
quality through an analysis of single species toxicity. Toxicity testing is used to evaluate the
relative health of a receiving water by assessing the toxicity of any one of several species.
Common toxicity tests include: EP toxicity tests, acute and chronic metal toxicity, Bioassays and
Microtox .
Water Quality Pollutant Constituent Monitoring: (Pollutant Trends) This indicator is used to
demonstrate changes in pollutant concentrations over time. This indicator involves traditional
monitoring of water chemistry (of one or more pollutant constituents) at predetermined locations
and frequencies to evaluate changes in pollutant concentrations as a result of some upstream
change. For example, this indicator could be used to evaluate changes in land use over time or to
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measure changes in pollutants as a result of the implementation of a watershed restoration
program.
Whole Watershed Indicators
Comparison to Reference Watersheds: This indicator utilizes similar processes as several
biological monitoring protocols which rely on a reference condition to compare impacts
associated with human influences to conditions where these influences are minimal or nonexistent.
The comparison to a reference watershed may use one or several other indicators as assessment
tools to evaluate the conditions of both watersheds. The conclusion* reached represent a
watershed-wide comparison between two or more watersheds.
Paired Sub-watershed Monitoring: This category, which : similar to the above condition, may
or may not use a reference watershed for comparison. This .Astern may be more applicable for
smaller jurisdictions and densely populated areas which may not have ideal reference conditions
Two watersheds with similar physiographic conditions can be compared to one another as one
system undergoes a different set of influences (i.e. land use changes, restoration implementation^
etc.)
•
Watershed CIS System: This watershed evaluation system can be viewed as more of an
assessment tool as opposed to an indicator of environmental conditions. CHS is included as an
indicator because it can provide significant infotmation on the watershed as a whole. Watershed
planners now have the ability to easily manipulate land use and other watershed* related
information and integrate this information with watershed simulation models to obtain planning
level assessments for a wide variety of scenarios.
Watershed ImpervioasBefs Studies: This indicator can provide indirect information on the
effect of iniperviousai^ on the resource of a waterbody Impervious area can be easily
measured by stormwater practitioners who win then be able to assess the effects of land use
decisions on water resources. Other indicators can be used at assessment tools in estimating the
effects of impervious area.
•
Watershed Siamdfttioa ModeJfog: This indicator, which is also referenced under water quality
indicators as Trends in NFS Loads), is intended for use as a whole watershed evaluation
tool Portions o£ or the entire watershed can be evaluated using one or more several
fiiiRilitfi<>n modHf *** *•*»««•••*> pflflp***** *^attingf. hydrologic characteristics or sediment transport
characteristics in response to different land use conditions.
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Computer Search Procedure
Search Methodology
River Federation searched computerized databases to locate citations of literature that may be
appropriate for inclusion in this bibliography. The researcher pursued two courses of action: an
on-line search via the Internet, and a detailed search of on-line computer systems at the National
Agricultural Library (NAL). Many of the resources that are available on-line for a fee are available
free at the NAL
The search was limited to publications released no earlier than 1980. The on-line search is
valuable in retrieving articles in professional and scientific journals, published monographs, some
dissertations, and conference proceedings. The search concentrated on several databases, each of
which contain 20,000 or more citations and abstracts. These include the following:
National Technical Information Service (available from 1983 to the present). NTIS is the
primary clearinghouse for unclassified, publicly available scientific, technical, and engineering
information issued by federal agencies, federal contractors, and grantees.
Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts (from 1988 to the present). This database contains
records from three abstract journals published by Cambridge Scientific Abstracts. It includes
references from journals, reports, monographs, dissertations, grey literature, and proceedings.
Biological Abstracts (1985 to the present). This database has worldwide coverage of research in
biological and biomedical studies. It indexes approximately 250,000 records per year.
Water Resources Abstracts (from 1980 to the present). These WRA abstracts cover scientific
and professional journals and publications from federal and state agencies, universities, and state
water research institutes.
Government Printing Office (from 1980 to the present). The GPO database includes
bibliographic citations to reports, studies, books, fact sheets, maps, serials, and conference
proceedings published by federal agencies and the Congress.
Marine Biology/Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management Abstracts (from 1988
to the present).
Water Information Network (on-line from the National Agricultural Library).
Keywords
Key words were provided by the Center for Watershed Protection . Searches were conducted that
best matched key words with the databases being searched. These key words included:
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Stormwater Biocriteria Index of Biotic Integrity
Watershed management Urban stormwater HSPF
NPDES Monitoring SWMM
Urban Runoff Rapid Bioassessment Protocol Bioassessment
Indicators
Searches on individual words can yidd 1,000 or more citations, most of which are irrelevant, so
combinations of words were used. These combinations were:
Water quality & Indicator Bioassessment
Stormwater ft Indicator Water Quality ft HSPF
Urban & Runoff* Stormwater SWMM
Watershed ft Stormwater Watershed ft Indicator
Water Quality ft Monitoring ft Indicator ffil (Index of btotic integrity)
Biocriteria
This search generated 3,468 citations, approximately 400 of which are listed in this bibliography
The best sources were the Water Resources Abstracts, the Marine Biology/Environmental
Sciences and Pollution Management Abstracts, and the NHS database.
The researcher conducted a secondary search to fill gaps in the database. The search concentrated
on the NTIS database and Biological Abstracts. It yielded 690 citations, twelve of which were
used in this report. Key words used in this search included:
Stream habitat Source control
Pollution prevention Oil recycling
Industrial stormwater Industrial runoff
Key word combinations from this group included:
Industrial ft Stormwater ft Pollution ft Prevention
Stream Restoration ft Urban Runoff
Urban Stormwater ft Pollution ft Previ
Urban ft Stormwater ft Source ft Control
Urban ft Stormwater ft Oil A Recycling
Industrial & Stormwater ft Runoff
"Grey" Literature Search Procedure
The annotated bibliography contains both citations from conventional published literature as wdl
as documents which may not have been published in the traditional sense of the word. Our goal
was to secure as much information as possible on the subject of environmental indicators so as to
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produce a bibliographic reference which would encompass the majority of the work which is
currently available.
To find the less obvious sources, The Center staff utilized its network of stormwater practitioners
to initiate a conventional telephone and mail survey of individuals who may be involved in urban
stormwater monitoring The Center staff mailed out more than seventy-five request for
information letters and conducted more than fifty personal telephone interviews with individuals
from across the United States and Canada. The basic approach was to explain the purpose of the
project, to define the term "environmental indicator," to provide a few examples of indicator
applications and then to request copies of similar work or additional references from people
known to be involved in this type of work. To date the Center staff have received more than 125
documents relevant to the subject of environmental indicators.
Summary of Environmental Indicator Document Citations
The following annotated bibliography contains 492 citations of environmental indicators. The
bibliography is sorted by indicator category and is listed alphabetically by author within each
subcategory An author index has been provided, sorted alphabetically by key word and author
Table 2 below indicates the total number of citations found by indicator category and indicator
name
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Table 2: Summary of Annotated Bibliography Citations
Biological Indicators
(119 Citations)
Fish Diversity
Macro- Invertebrate
Single Species
Composite Indicators
Other Indicators
(30 Citations)
Physical and Hydrological
Indicators
(44 Citations)
Stream Widening
Physical Habitat
Dry Weather Flows
Flooding
O|____j TgiYingrjitiirg
^uipdiuuic
Water Quality Indicators
(180 citations)
Pollutant Trends
Toxicity Testing
Nonpoint Source Loading
Exceedances Freq
Shellfish
#of
Citations
20
31
9
32
10
13
6
11
4
54
47
48
3
21
7
Programmatic Indicators
(19 Citations)
BMFs InstalleoVInp.
No. of Illicit Conn.
Public Involvement Groups
Social Indicators
(8 Citations)
Public Attitude
Industrial Surveys
Site Indicators
(53 Citations)
DU1I Hmmfitmrnmimmam
DPV r BI un inanCC
•Industrial She Compliance
WJgWatenned
(39 Citations)
Comparison to Ref.
Paired Subwatershed
Watershed Simulation
Watershed GISSys.
Imperviousnass
»of
Citations
I
5
13
8
0
51
2
2
13
6
7
u •
xrv
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References:
Cave, K A, Roesner, L. A., 1995 "Overview of Stormwater Monitoring Needs", in Stprrowatcr
Management NPnFS-Reiated Monitoring Needs. Proceedings of the Conference, American
Society of Civil Engineers, Mt Crested Butte, CO., August 7-12,1994
Robertson, A.; Davis, W , 1993, "The Selection and Use of Water Quality Indicators", Paper
presented at Water Environmental Federation Specialty Conference, Anaheim, CA., August 1993
US Geological Survey, 1994. "Final Report of the Intergovennental Task Force on Monitoring
Water Quality" The Strategy for Improving Wal^f-fhialitv Monitoring in the United
Intergovernmental Task Force on Monitoring Water Quality, September 1994
xv
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BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
FISH DIVERSITY
AUTHORS: Browder, J.A; McClellan, D.B.; Harper, D.E.; Kandrashoff, M.G.; DATE: 1993
Kandrashoff; W.
AFFIL: National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Science Center, Miami, FL 33149, USA
TITLE: A major developmental defect observed in several Biscayne Bay, Florida, fish species.
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: Environmental Biology of Fishes 37(2): 181-188.
KEYWORDS: Haemulon schirus; Haemulon parrai; Haemulon plumieri; Lagodon rhomboides; Archosargus
rhomoidalis; Diplodus argenteus; Lutjanus griseus; Kyphosus sectatrix; Sphoeroides testudineus;
Lactrophrys quadricomis; Abudefduf Saxatilis; morphology
ABSTRACT: Stunted or missing dorsal spines or rays, sometimes accompanied by a depression* in the dorsal
profile, were found in 10 fish species in six families from Norm Biscayne Bay. The same
morphological abnormality occurred in Haemulon schirus, H. parrai, H. plumieri, Lagodon
rhomboides, Archosargus rhomboidalis, Diplodus argenteus, Lutjanus griseus, Kyphosus
sectatrix, Sphoeroides testudineus, and Lactzophyrys quadricomis. Another morphological
abnormality, scale disorientation, was found in six specks: H. parrai, L. rhomboides, A.
rhomboidalis, L. griseus, and Abudefduf saxatilis. Pugheadedness, jaw deformities, and other
abnormalities also were observed. The occurrence of similar deformities across such a spectrum of
fishes from the same location suggests the deformity was induced by something in the
environment common to all these species. Although there could be other explanations for the
unusual cluster of abnormalities, it is suspected that the same environmental contaminant or group
of contaminant! is adversely affecting a common developmental pathway of these fishes.
Biscayne Bay (USA) is an urban estuary that receives agricultural, industrial, and residential run
off.
AUTHORS: Hughes, RAt DATE: 1990
AFFIL: Performer NSI Technology Services Corp., Corvallis, OR.
TITLE: IBI: A Quantitative, Easily Communicated Assessment of the Health and Complexity of Entire
Fish Communities. Symposium paper.
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: EPA600D90194
KEYWORDS: Abundance-; Populations-; Scoring-; Standards-; Sites-; Reliability-;
Water-resources.'Assessments; 'Health; 'Fishes.
ABSTRACT: Data on species and their abundances can be made understandable to the public and to water
resource regulators while retaining the ecological information that is meaningful to biologists. A
recent attempt to communicate such information is the Index of Biotic Integrity, or IBI (Karr
1981; Karr et al. 1986). The IBI is a means of quantifying ichthyologists'judgments of the relative
-------
&l Indicators
quality of a fish assemblage. It is based on a sample of the entire fish assemblage, not just game
fish. The index incorporates professional judgment of fish assemblage health in 12 metrics and
their scoring criteria, which are based on regional ideals. These regional standards are determined
from historical data and data from iqiairmlly affected sites that characterize the region. The
individual metrics differ in their range of sensitivity for detecting perturbations, and a degree of
redundance is built into the ffll because no single metric can reliably indicate integrity.
AUTHORS: Hyatt. D.E. (ed.) DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation; U.S. EPA; Washington, DC
TITLE: Biological Populations as Indicators of Environmental Change
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: EPA-230-R-92-011
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Jacob**, P.; Kazyak. P.; lankki, A.; Wade, a; Wilson, H; Morgan, DATE: 1992
ILILP.
AFFIL; Versar, be., Columbia, MD.
TITLE: Feasibility af thing «n InAa of Biorie Integrity fTRf) Appmadi far
Maryland Biological Stream Survey.
TW. fr
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: CBRMAD93I1
KEYWORDS: Feasibility-studies; Maryland-; Enviroomeotal-mqwct; Bkxa-; Assessownts-;
Biological-indicatan; Aqiiatic-ecosystems; Air-water-interactions; Ak-poUutioa; Water-quality;
Land-use; Acid-rain; Acidification-; Depotition-.'Biological-efftcts; *Streams-;
ABSTRACT: A state-wide survey is cumotiy being designed to assess the stams of Maryland biological stream
resources. Tba report provides an assessment of me feasibility of using an .approach similar to
Kan's Index of Biotic integrity (FBI) tor reduction art orterprttation of data obtamed from the
survey. ReJsuoosbipa anioog mstream physical habitat, lanctuse, water quauty cbaiacterbUbij and
biological communities wen iHramiMd in western Maryland, and me Piedmont region.
Additionally, a trial biotic index far western Maryland fish was tested using available data.
Biologically based metrics were found to have some ability to discriminate sites with respect to
anthropogenic inflnmcfis; thus, it appears feasible to devise an aggregated measure of biological
integrity tor detecting anthropogenic stress in lUimns of the Appalachian Plateauand Piedmont
regions of Maryland. Two «••»•«•*•§ challenges are to improve the sensitivity of the metrics and
to develop a *"^n
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Biological Indicators
Diversity
KEYWORDS: 'Fishes-; 'Streams-; 'Water-pollution; Geography-; Streams-; Assessments-; Monitoring-;
Size-determination; Indicator-species; Abundance-; Comparison-; Illinois-; Kentucky-;
Michigan-, Nebraska-; Tables-Data; Reprints-.'Fishes-; 'Streams-; 'Water-pollution
ABSTRACT: The recently proposed index of biotic integrity (IBI) was evaluated for several watersheds
throughout die midwestem United States. Five of the community metrics comprising me IBI
depend on the number of fish species present and must -be adjusted for changes in expected
species richness with stream size or zoogeography. The authors use basic relationships of fish
species richness versus stream size, calculated from historical fish community data for seven
watersheds, to define lines of maximum species richness. These lines are used to predict attributes
of 'excellent* fish communities, the basis of comparisons for assigning scores to 5 of 12 IBI
metrics. When zoogeographic and stream-size factors were accounted for in assigning scores, die
IBI accurately reflected watershed and stream conditions. As partial tests of the IBI, the authors
found that the index conforms to knowledge of biologists familiar with several watersheds, is
independent of stream order in homogeneous watersheds, and isn't biased upwards in generally
degraded watersheds.
AUTHORS: Jacknow J.; Ludke, J.L.; Coon, N.C. DATE: 1986
TITLE: Monitoring Fish and Wildlife for Environmental Contaminants: The National Contaminantion
Monitoring Program.
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: Wildlife Service; 1986. Fish and wildlife leaflet (4): 15 p. maps; 1986.
KEYWORDS: U.S.A.; Pesticides; Contaminants; Environmental pollution; Fishes; Wildlife; Birds; Residues;
Monitoring; National planning; Multivariate nonparametric trend assessment with
environmental applications.
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Karr,J.R.
AFFIL: Illinois, Natural History Survey Division
TITLE: . Assessing biological integrity in running waters a method and Hs rationale
DATE:
1986
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: Leaves: ill.; 28 cm. (Special publication (Illinois. Natural History Survey Division);
Cover tide. September 1986. Photocopy. Bibliography: leaves 20-22.
KEYWORDS: Biodegradation; Water, Pollution; Illinois; Water quality; Illinois
ABSTRACT: No abstract available.
AUTHORS: Karr, J.R.; Yant, P.R.; Fnuch, (CD.; Schiosser, U. DATE: 1984
AFFIL: Performer Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign. Dept of Ecology, Ethology and Evolution.
TITLE: Evaluation of an Index of Biotic Integrity: Temporal Variability and Regional Application in the
Midwest Research brief.
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: EPA600D84033 '
KEYWORDS: * Water-resources; 'Regional-planning; 'Fishes-; Assessments-; Fisheries-; Abundance-;
Evaluation-; Stream-flow.'Water-resources; 'Regional-planning; 'Fishes-.
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Biological Indicators
ABSTRACT: Assessment of biotic integrity in water resource systems has been hampered by lack of indices
suitable for evaluating biological conditions. Biotic integrity is defined as presence of a balanced,
integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and
functional organization comparable to that of a natural habitat for the region. Classical water
quality assessments are usually based on chemical, bacterial, or thermal criteria. This approach
neglects factors such as structural (habitat) characteristics, and patterns of temporal variation in
environmental characteristics, both of which affect biological conditions and are subject to human
alteration. An Index of Biotic Integrity (DM) based on analysis offish communities in streams was
introduced by Karr.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Karr, J.R.; Ytnt, P.R.; Ftusch, 1CD.; Schlosser, IJ. DATE: 1984
Illinois Univ. at Urbana-Champaign. Dept of Ecology, Ethology and Evolution.
Evaluation of an Index of Biotic Integrity: Temporal Variability and Regional Application in the
Midwest Research brief.
Fish diversity
EPA600D84053
•Water resources; •Regional punning; *Fishes; Assessments; Fisheries; Abundance; Evaluation;
Stream flow.
Assessment of biotic integrity in water resource systems has been hampered by lack of indices
suitable for evaluating biological conditions. Biotic integrity is defined as presence of a balanced,
integrated, adaptive community of organisms having a species composition, diversity, and
functional organization comparable to that of a natural habitat for the region. Classical water
quality assessments are usually based on chemical, bacterial, or thermal criteria. This approach
neglects factors such as structural (habitat) characteristics, and patterns of temporal variation in
environmental characteristics, both of which affect biological conditions and are subject to human
alteration. An Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) based on analysis offish communities in streams was
introduced by Karr.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
Lyons,!.
Perfor
DATE:
1992
Norm Central Fc
,StPaul,MN.
Using the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) to Measure Environmental Quality in Wan
Streams of Wisconsin. Forest Service general technical rept
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: FSGTRNC149
KEYWORDS: Aquatic-ecosystems; Fishes-; Biota-; Brotogkal-communities; Surface-waters;
Enviranmental-quality.*Water-qualay; •Biologkai-mdicaton; •Water^lhitioo-effects-Aninials;
•Wisconsin; •Streams.
ABSTRACT: From 1987 through 1990, the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) collected «nd
analyzed fish community data win the aim of developing a version of the IBI for use in
warmwater IIIMIIH of Wisconsin. The paper summarizes the results of this efibrt and presents a
detailed description of how me IBI should be applied and interpreted in Wisconsin. The paper is
designed primarily as a "how to' manual, and as such contains lime discussion of the underlying
principles of the IBI.
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Biological indicators
Diversity
AUTHORS: Meador, M.R.; Cuffhey, T.F.; Gurtz, M.E. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: U.S Geological Survey
TITLE: Methods for Sampling Fish Communities as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment
Program
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-file Report 93-104
KEYWORDS: Fish, U.S Geological Survey, Water-Quality
ABSTRACT: Fish community structure is characterized in die U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-
Quality Assessment Program as part of an integrated physical, chemical and biological assessment
of the Nation's water quality. The objective of the National Water-Quality Assessment
characterization of fish community structure is to relate fish community characteristics to
physical, chemical and other biological factors to assess water-quality conditions. To accomplish
this, fish community structure is described at sites representing selected environmental settings. In
addition, spatial and temporal patterns in fish community structure are examined at local, regional
and national levels.
AUTHORS: Miller, D.L.; Leonard, P.M.; Hughes, R.M.; Karr, J.R.; Moyle, P.B. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: Performer Northrop Services, Inc., Ada, OK.
TITLE: Regional Applications of an Index of Btotic Integrity for Use in Water Resource Management
Journal article.
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: EPA600J88303
KEYWORDS: Water-quality; Surface-waters; Fishes-; Populations-; Indexes-; Reprints-.*Water-resources;
* Water-management
ABSTRACT: The index of biotic integrity (IBI) integrates 12 measures of stream fish assemblages for assessing
water resource quality. Initially developed and tested in the Midwest, the IBI recently was adapted
for use in western Oregon, northeastern Colorado, New England, the Appalachians of West
Virginia and Virginia, and northern California. The concept also was extended to Louisiana
estuaries. In regions of tow species richness, the IBI proved difficult to apply and often required
extensive modification. Adapting the IBI to those regions required that metrics be replaced,
deleted, or added to accommodate regional differences in fish distribution and assemblage
structure and function. The IBI holds promise for direct biological monitoring because of its
strong ecological foundation and flexibility. Vermont, TV A, Ohio, Kentucky and Illinois have
incorporated the IBI into their monitoring or standards programs. The IBI thus serves as a
quantitative, biological goal for water resource management
AUTHORS; Ney, J.J.; Yurie, JJ. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: Dep. Fish, and Wild. Sci., Virginia Polytech. Inst and State Univ., Blacksburg, VA
24061, USA
TITLE: Analysts of phosphorus-fishery productivity relationships in southern Appalachian reservoirs: Can
lakes be too clean for fish?.
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed Management 1988. p. 46; 1985806
KEYWORDS: Water-quality; phosphorus-; biological-production; limiting-factors; fishery-limnology;
reservoir-fisheries; fisheries-; limnology-; reservoirs-; biomass-; food-chains; abundance-;
regression-analysis; USA,-Appalachia; stocking-organisms
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Biological
Fish Diversify
ABSTRACT: In the southeastern US reservoirs, P is usually the principal nutrient limiting algae production, but
its impact on higher trophic levels has hot been assessed. Regression analysis was used to examine
the relationship between the concentration of phosphorus and the biomass of fishes over time in a
Virginia reservoir and in 22 southern Appalachian reservoirs in a single year. In the Virginia
reservoir, which had responded to a nutrient reduction program, total P concentration and fish
biomass concurrently declined over an 11-yr period. P was also the best predictor of fish
abundance for the southern Appalachian reservoir set Predictive power was generally higher for
forage fishes man for top carnivores, owing in part to human manipulation (stocking, harvest) of
these sportfish species. The strength and robustness of the regression relationships indicate oat,
for these systems, reduction in P loading will cause a decline in the fishery. Nutrient abatement
programs should be planned with full consideration of the potential tradeoff between cleaner
water and poorer fishing.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
DATE: 1992
blages to Characterize Rivers of
Oberdorff, T.; Hughes, R-M.
Performer. Corvallis Environmental Research Lab.,r R.
Modification of an Index of Biotic Integrity Based or Fish A
the Seine Basin, France. Journal article.
Fish diversity
EPA600J92167
France-; Water-poUution-efTects-Animals; Water-quality; Life-cycles; Species-diversity;
Reprints-.'Fishes; * Aquatic-ecosystems; 'Seine-River.
The Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) is a measure of fish assemblage Tjeahh' that has been used to
assess catchment and stream quality throughout North America. It reflects human perturbations on
natural environmental structures and processes. White preserving the ecological foundation of the
original North American metrics, the authors have modified and adapted the ffll to dw mainstem
Seine River and its major tributaries in France. This successful modification of the IBI to a
considerably different fish fauna on a different continent nmher supports its wider use outside the
midwestern United States. Using data collected in 1967, 19S1. and I9U-1989 froma total of 46
sites, they show spatial and temporal variation in the Seme as indicated by IBI scores. Statistically
significant relationship!! were found between IBI and catchment area but insignificant
relationships existed between IBI and an independent Water Quality Index (WQI) based on water
chemistry. Comparisons between die IBI and the WQI indicate mat die former is a more sensitive
and robust measure of water body quality. Their results demonstrate that the fBL combmed with a
statistically designed national monitoring program, would offer a reliable means of assessing
spatial patterns and temporal trends in water body improvement or degradation in France. The
more primitive fish families in the Basin were affected first by pecturiMtions. These families
include all die diadromous species found in the Seine and suggest serious disruption of their life
histories.
AUTHORS: Saytor, C; Scott, E.M. . DATE: 1987
AFFIL: Tennessee Valley Authority, Norris. Office of Natural Resources and Economic Development
TITLE: Application of the Index of Biotic Integrity to Existing TVA Data.
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: TVAONREDAWR8732
KEYWORDS: Abundance-; Biological-Indicators; Evaluation-; Populations-; Sampling-; Species-Diversity;
Standards-Document; Tennessee-Valley-Authority; Tennessee-Villey-Region.*Environmental-
Quality; •Fishes-; 'Streams-.
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Fish
ABSTRACT: The Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) is a recently developed method of evaluating environmental
quality at a given stream site by measuring certain aspects of the resident fish population (Karr.
1981). Application of IBI in different geographical regions, and to various perturbations of water
quality and habitat has been shown by Fausch et al. (1984), Karr et al. (1986), and Leonard and
Orth (1986). IBI was used by O'Bara (in press) to assess the effects of coal mine runoff on certain
second order streams in the Cumberland River Drainage. IBI continues to undergo testing and
modification; however, its value as a monitoring tool is apparent, and it may very well become a
standard method for various TV A projects. To evaluate the use of IBI on streams of the Tennessee
Valley, mis report examines application of the method to existing TV A fish data that were
gathered to complete Activity 2 of the Cumberlandian Mussel Conservation Program (CMCP)
(TVA, 1986). 9 refe., 1 fig., 8 tabs. (ERA citation 13:001839)
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Scon, J.B.; Steward, CJL; Stober, Q.J. DATE:
Effects of Urban Development on Fish Population Dynamics in Kelsey Creek, Washington.
1986
Fish diversity
Transactions of the American Fisheries Society TAFSAI, Vol. 115, No. 4, p 555-567, July 1986. 8
fig, 7 tab, 58 ref. EPA Grant R-806387020.
Habitat degradation and accentuated peak stream flows reduce the spatial stability of the fish
population measured as the rate of loss of fish from study sites within an urban stream. Migration
within the stream and outmigration would be stimulated by 'first flush' pollutant loading during
the time immediately after drought-ending rainstorms, when nonpoint-source pollutant
concentrations are often greatest A 30-month study of the comparative dynamics of the fish
populations inhabiting Kelsey Creek, located in the City of BeUevue, Washington, and a nearby
pristine control stream suggest mat urban development has resulted in a restructuring of the fish
community. Environmental perturbations, including habitat alteration, increased nutrient loading,
and degradation of the intragravel environment appeared to have a greater impact on coho salmon
Oncorhynchus Idsutch and nonsalmonid fish species than on cutthroat trout Sahno clarki.
Although the total bkxnasa (g/sq m) of fish in each stream was similar, its composition .differed
markedly. Ages 0 and 1 cutthroat trout were the majority of the fish community inhabiting Kelsey
Creek, whereas the control stream supported a diverse assemblage of saimonids of various ages
and numerous nonsahnonids. The rapid growth and greater btanass of sabnonids in Kelsey Creek
(a 2-year mean of 3.51 g/sq m versus 2.03 g/sq m in the control stream) resulted in a total annual
net production of these species of 1.6 to 3.3 times that of the control stream (a 2-year mean of 7.6
g/sq m versus 3.5 g/sq m in the control stream). Marking and outmigrant studies indicated mat
environmental disruptions in the urban stream do not result in the displacement of the salmonid
AUTHORS: Steedman, R.J. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: . Department of Zoology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Out M5S 1A1
TITLE: - Modification and Assessment of an Index of Biotic Integrity to Quantify Stream Quality in
Southern Ohio
INDICATOR: Fish diversity
SOURCE: Canadian J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 1988. vol 45, pp. 492-501
ABSTRACT: A multivariate measure of stream quality; the Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI). was adapted to
southern Ontario and calibrated to watershed land use on a variety of spatial scales. The fish
fauna at 209 stream locations on 10 watersheds near Toronto, Ontario, was sampled with a
backpack electrofisher in the summers of 1984 and 1985 to provide biological information for the
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Biological Indicators
Diversity
IBI. Watershed urbanization, forest cover, and riparian forest were measured from 1:50,000 scale
topographic maps and related to IB! estimates by linear regression. Of the biological measures
tested, species richness, local indicator species (brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) and
Rhinichthys spp.). abundance of large piscivores, fish abundance, and incidence of blackspot
disease were found to contribute significantly to IBI estimates. Variation in IBI estimates at the
same location ranged from 0 to 8% withtn the sample season and from 0 to 24% between years.
Linear models based on measures of watershed urbanization and forest cover accounted for 11-
78% of the variation in IBI scores, depending on the spatial scale of the analysis. Significant
IBI/land use relationships were found with whole-basin IBI estimates and for IBI estimates from
individual stream reaches. Land use immediately upstream of sample stations was most strongly
associated with stream quality as measured by me IBI.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Tennessee Valley Authority DATE: 1993
Biomonhoring offish communities, using the Index of Static Integrity (IBI) in Rabbit Creek-Cat
Creek Watershed, Summer 1992.
Fish diversity
TVAWM9322
Aquatic-Ecosystems; Biological-Indicators; Evaporation-; Fishes-; Monitoring-; North-Carolina;
Populations-; Sedimentation-; Tennessee-Valley-Authority; Toxkity-; Water-Pollution;
Water-Quality; Watmheds-.'Herbicioes-; •Organic-Compounds; *Pesticides-
The Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) is a method for evaluating the health of water bodies and
watersheds by analyzing sample catches of fishes, Sites are scored on a numerical scale of 12-60
and on mat basis assigned to a "bioclass" ranging from "very poor* to "excelkm." Overall, the
major causes of depressed IBI scores in the Rabbit Creek watershed would appear to be: Organic
pollution, mostly from livestock, but also from agricultural runoff and possible septic tank
failures; sedimentation, principally from stream bank damage by cattle, also possibly from
agriculture and construction; toxic pollution from agrochemicab applied to Holly Springs Golf
course and agricultural fields* and Warming of water and evaporation loss due to elimination of
shade on stream banks and construction of ponds.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
T<
Ri
edimentation-; Soils-;
Valley Authority DATE: 1993
jtoring of fish communities, using the index of Biotic Integrity, as an indicator of the
of soil conservation measures in the Rabbit Creek and Middle Creek watersheds, Macon
County
Fish diversity
Aug93.12p.; DE93040576XSP
Streams-; Erosion-; Fishes-; Land-Use; North-Carolina; Populations-; i
Turbkiitys* Aquatic-Ecosystems; •Water-Quality; •Watersheds-.
Fish communities in two upper Little Tennessee River tributaries. Rabbit Creek and Middle
Creek, both located in Macon County, North Carolina, were monitored using IBI methods in 1990
and again in 1992. A single site, each on the tower reaches of its respective creek, was chosen to
reflect the influence of conditions throughout the watershed and to provide a measure of water
quality exiting me watershed. The Rabbit Creek waersbed (Holly Springs community) has a loog
history of settlement and agricultural use. Dominant land uses today are pasture in the bottom
lands and residential development at higher elevations. Much of the upper portion of the Middle
Creek watershed on me slopes of Scaly Mountain is devoted to cabbage frrming, often on steep
slopes and highly credible soils. From the cabbage growing area, the creek drops 400 feet to the
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Biological Indicators
Fish Di\zrstty
lower valley. Other common land uses include residential, livestock, and forest. Both streams are
characterized by heavy sedimentation and frequent high turbidity. Both streams showed marked
improvement between 1990 and 1992. In 1990, Rabbit Creek's IBI score was 31.0, for a bioclass
rating of "poor." In 1992, the IBI score was 42.1 for a bioclass rating of "fair." For Middle Creek,
the corresponding figures and ratings are 42.1 (fair) and 54.5 (good). Examination of the data for
Rabbit Creek shows a reduction in the proportion of pollution-tolerant species, a higher
proportion of specialized insectivores, a higher catch rate (reflecting higher total numbers of fish),
and an additional intolerant species. In both cases, the data (supported by visual observation)
suggests the causative factor is reduced sedimentation.
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-------
COMPOSITE INDICATORS
AUTHORS: Bain, M.B. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: Performer: Alabama Cooperative Fishery Research Unit, Auburn.
TITLE: Ecology and Assessment of Warmwater Streams: Workshop Synopsis.
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: BIOLOG1CAL905
KEYWORDS: Mollusca-; Aquatic-biology; Environmental-impacts; Fishes-; Stream-flow;
Electric-power-plants.*Ecology; * Streams; 'Meetings.
ABSTRACT: Contents: Ecological Research and Impact Assessment: Complementary but Different Endeavors;
Ecological Research; Ecosystem Characteristics and Biological Productivity of Southeastern
Coastal Plain Blackwater Rivers; Biology and Ecology of Mollusks in Streams; Aquatic and
Terrestrial Linkages: The Role of Floodplains; Ecology of Southeastern Stream Fishes:
Geographic, Macro- and Microhabitat Considerations; A Pluralistic View of Factors Influencing
Warmwater Stream Fishes: Implications for Environmental Management; Fish Community
Structure and Stability in Warmwater Midwestern Streams; Centrarchid-Habitat Associations in
Ozark Streams; and Fish Larvae- Ecologically Distinct Organisms; Assessment and Research;
The IBI: A Quantitative, Easily Communicated Assessment of the Health and Complexity of
Entire Fish Communities; Comparison of Instream Flow Methods for Western Virginia; Minimum
Flow Is a Myth; Considerations in Applying IFIM to Warmwater Streams; Determination of
Instream Flow Needs at Hydroelectric Projects in the Northeast
AUTHORS: Barbour, M.T.; Plafkin, J.L.; Bradley, B.P.; Graves, C.G.; Wisseinan, DATE: 1992
R.W.
AFFIL: Tetra Tech. Inc., 10306 Eaton Place, Suite 340, Faifax, VA 22030
TITLE: Evaluation of EPA'S rapid bJoassessment benthic metrics: Metric redundancy and variability
among reference stieaui sites,
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11(4): 437-449
KEYWORDS: Macroinvertebrates; Pollution; Principal Component Analysis; Correlation Coefficient; Analysis
of Variance; Stepwise Discriminant Analysis; Oregon; Colorado; Kentucky; USA
ABSTRACT: The data analysis scheme used in the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA's) rapid
bioassessment protocols (RBPs) integrates several community, population, and functional
parameters (or metrics) into a single assessment of biological condition. A reference data base of
macro-invertebrate data obtained from 10 ecoregions in Oregon, Colorado, and Kentucky was
used to evaluate the appropriateness and variability of the benthic metrics and the similarities of
results among ecoregions. Several statistical procedures, including principal component analysis,
correlation coefficient, analysis of variance, and stepwise discriminant analysis, were used to test
the efficacy of 17 community metrics. A general separation between the mountain ecoregions and
' the valley/plains ecoregions was determined to exist for the metrics. Two of the original eight
metrics described in the EPA's RBPs for benthic macroinverteorates were found to be highly
variable and unreliable as measures of biological conditions in some ecoregions. Eleven metrics
were determined as being valuable in .discriminating between montane and valley/plains
groupings of ecoregions.
11
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Biological Indicators
Composite Indirntnr*
AUTHORS: Baumgartner, R. DATE:
AFFIL: Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Portland, Oregon
TITLE: Application of Biomeasures to Basin Water Quality Studies in Oregon and Idaho
1992
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: Swetlow, K. (ed). 1992. Water Quality Standards for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Third
National Conference. USEPA Office of Science and Technology (WH-551), Washington, DC.
Held in Las Vegas, NV, Aug. 31-Sept 3.. Ref. number 823-R-92-009
ABSTRACT: There is an increasing concern that there is reliance upon conventional pollutant standards alone
may not fully protect mstream beneficial uses (Km, 1991; U.S. EPA, 1990). An —esrated
approach to beneficial use protection should include biological as well as chemical ar -iical
measurements. Case studies from Oregon and Idaho discuss the use of biological ir • in
pollution control efforts.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Bennett, D.H.; Fisher, T.R. DATE: 1989
Performer Idaho Univ., Moscow. Dept of Fish and Wildlife.
Use of the Index of Biotic Integrity to Assess the Impact of Land Management Activities on Low
Order Streams in Northern Idaho. Technical rept
Composite Indicators
USGSG141906
Indexes-Ratios; Aquatic-animals; Idaho*; Fresh-water-biology; Fishes-. *Land-use; 'Streams;
•Water-quality-mani
The Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) was adapted to the fauna! characteristics of northern Idaho
headwater streams. Stream biota was sampled from June 1987 through September 1987. The
original Index of Bio re. Integrity, as developed for nudwestern U.S. streams, was unsuitable for
use in northern Idahc -ry four of the 12 metria included in the original IBI reflected changes in
the biotic integrity c .them Idaho streams. The original IBI, although significantly correlated
with measures of stream quality, was too. insensitive and classified tower quality streams as being
in 'good to exceUenf health. The original ffil was modified to contain eight metrics to reflect the
health of the fish, amphibian, and aquatic macroinvertebnte communities. Abo, expectation
criteria of three metrics were adjusted for relative stream size. The modified IBI seems to
adequately assess the health of northern Idaho headwater streams. The modified IBI detected
changes in stream health, as index scores were significantly correlated with road density and
percent harvest of the drainages. Also, the modified IBI was more highly correlated with i
of impact and less significantly wim the measures of stream size man Shannon diversity of fishes
by biomass of numbers, the Index of Well Being. BriUoum diversity of both fishes and aquatic
mauouivertebrates. The modified Index of Biotic Integrity offers managers a technique to
evaluate stream health with limited vertebrate and invertebrate sampling. .Because the index was
developed from data collected in northern Idaho streams wim generally noaerosive rock types, the
authors do not know how well this index would classify stream heahh in other regions of Idaho or
. other streams in the Pacific Northwest
AUTHORS: Brooks, RJ>.; Croonquist, MJ.; D'Silva, E.T.; Gallagher, J.E.; DATE: 1991
Arnold, D.E.
AFFIL: Pennsylvania State University, School of Forest Resources
TITLE: Selection of Biological Indicators for mtegr^g Assessments of Wetland, Stream, and Riparian
Habitats
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Composite Indicators
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators; Habitat Quality Monitoring
SOURCE: Biological criteria: research and regulation. 1991. pp. 81 -89
ABSTRACT: Biological indicators were compared to physical and chemical parameters for assessing the effects
of human disturbance in wetlands, streams, and riparian habitats. Two watersheds were studied in
central Pennsylvania, one relatively undisturbed and one disturbed by agricultural and residential
development in the lower sections. Methods based primarily on the structure and functional
groupings of biological communities were used to compare the intensity of impacts. Avian
similarity indices and response guilds reflected differences in habitat condition within the wetland
and riparian components of watersheds. Neotropical migrants and species that have specific
habitat requirements were more abundant in the reference watershed. Edge and exotic species
occurred more frequently in disturbed areas. Fish and benthic macroinvertebrate communities
varied between lentic and lotic waters, and between disturbed and undisturbed reaches of streams.
More warmwater fish and omnivorous species were present in the disturbed watershed. Wetlands
with flowing water supported macroinvertebrate taxa similar to streams, whereas wetlands with
standing waters contained more pollution-tolerant species. The forested watershed provided
habitat for four functional feeding groups of stream invertebrates (scrapers, shredders, collectors,
and predators), whereas streams of the agricultural watershed contained primarily herbivores
(scrapers and collectors). Biological monitoring, using a variety of community-based indicators,
may be useful for detecting the degree of habitat disturbance and identifying areas in need of
restoration.
AUTHORS;
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Cunningham, P.A.
Research Triangle Inst, Research Triangle Park, NC.
Nonpoint source impacts on aquatic life: Literature review.
DATE:
1988
Composite Indicators
(MdBeCS)2471749
Marine. Brackish. Freshwater. Agricultural runoff. Urban runoff. Environmental impact
Forest industry. Mining. Construction. Aquatic organisms. Pollution effects.
The report examines the effects of nonpoint source (NPS) pollution on aquatic biota, by EPA
Region, State, mi type of nonpoint source (urban, agricultural runoff; construction runoff, mining
and forestry activities). Also listed are primary and secondary sources obtained from database
searches. The study includes data on NPS projects and impacts obtained from phone contacts with
30 states. (Contract EPA-68-03-3423. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency,
Washington, DC. Office* of Water Regulations and Standards.)
AUTHORS: Helbwell, J.M. DATE: N/A
AFFTL: Monitoring Ecotogist, Nature Conservancy Council, Peterborough, UK
TITLE: Biological Indicators of Freshwater Pollution and Environmental Management
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
ABSTRACT: Several chapters of the book are of special interest A chapter on biological indicators discusses
the selection of indicators of freshwater pollution at three ecological levels: individuals,
populations, and community. Both naural and imposed environmental stresses are discussed as
well as conmbination stresses. Purely physical disturbances such as heat and pH changes are
covered separately of the effects of organic enrichment or inorganic poisons. Some sampling
strategies and biotic indices are outlined.
13
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Biological Indicator?
Composite
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Hughes, R.M. DATE: 1989
Performer: NSI Technology Services Corp., Corvallis, OR.
What Can Biological Monitoring Tell Us about the Environmental Health of Aquatic Ecosystems.
Symposium paper.
Composite Indicators
EPA600D89113
Site-surveys; Water-quality.*Toxicology.
Biological monitoring offers a proven, cost-effective way to evaluate the health of aquatic
ecosystems. Macroinvertebrates have been sampled for many years, but only recently have
rigorous muttimetric indices been suggested for mem. These indices have not yet been tested as
widely as the ffll. Quantitative biological data from relatively undisturbed reference sites typical
of aquatic ecoregions provide benchmark information, hence these sites serve as 'controls' in
'experiments' with anthropogenic perturbations. The information can be-used to evaluate data fora
particular site of interest or, if a representative sample is drawn, for entire ecoregions. The paper
focuses on biological monitoring because of the current emphasis on chemical monitoring; it is
not meant to suggest that chemical, physical habitat, and toxicologkal monitoring are valueless.
Rather, quantitative criteria developed from all four types of monitoring are necessary tools for
improved water resource regulation and management
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Karr,J.R. DATE:
Institute for Environmental Studies, FM-12, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195
Defining and Assessing ecological Integrity: Beyond Water Quality
1993
Composite Indicators
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 1993. voL 12, pp. 1521-1531.
Biological monitoring; Biological diversity; Ecological health; Ecological integrity; Water quality
Emphasis in environmental protection is shifting from primary attention to human health to a
more balanced consideration of human and ecological health. This shift provides opportunities
and challenges to the scientific community. Few example, success depends on the development of
operational definitions of ecological health and programs to measure oat health. Ecological
health is inextricably tied to concepts such as biological diversity and biological integrity. Water
chemistry and toxkity testing have dominated water-quality programs for decades. Success in
protecting the ecological health of water resources depends on our ability to supplement those
methods with ecologically robust approaches. Existing definitions and approaches for measuring
the quality of water resources provide a template to guide development of procedures to assess
ecological health. Critical components of successful monitoring programs should include
evaluations relative to regional expectations, use muitimetric indexes that reflect the muhivariate
nature of biological systems, and include index components (metrics) that evaluate conditions
from individual, population, assemblage, and landscape p
AUTHORS: Larsen, D.P.; Christie, S.J.; Paulsen, S.G.; Hughes, R.M.; Johnson, C.B.
AFFIL: Performer Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.
TITLE: EMAP-Surface Waters 1991 Pilot Report
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: EPA620R93003
DATE:
1993
14
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Biological Indicators
Composite Indicators
KEYWORDS: Indicators-; Lakes-; Streams-, Water-quality; Regional-analysis; United-States; Implementation-;
Habitats-; Aquatic-ecosystems; Biological-effects; Criteria-; Biological-indicators;
Physical-properties; Water-chemistry.*Environmental-monitoring; 'Surface
ABSTRACT: The FY 1991 pilot studies included elements of all three types of preliminary study (regional
surveys, special field studies, and desktop analyses). The fundamental rote of a pilot study is to
focus on critical questions, the answers to which are necessary for effective implementation of
EMAP monitoring. The authors began by asking, what critical pieces prevent us from
implementing regional or national monitoring or why can't we presently initiate a EMAP-rype
monitoring program or what will be the consequences of proceeding with monitoring without an
answer to the set of questions. The EMAP-Surface Waters Northeast Lakes Pilot Implementation
Plan posed a set of questions to be addressed in a series of pilot studies. The questions, recast here
to set the framework for the pilot report, focus on lake monitoring but they apply equally well to
stream monitoring.
AUTHORS: Lubinski, K.; Gaugush, R.; Gutreuter, S.; Owens, T.; Rogers, S. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Performer: Fish and Wildlife Service, Onalaska, WI. Environmental Management Technical
Center.
TITLE: Current Ecological Conditions. Long Term Resource Monitoring Program.
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: EMTC93R021
KEYWORDS: Biological-indicators; Sedimentation-; Hydrology-; Aquatic-animals; Mussels-;
Fresh-water-fishes; Aquatic-organisms; Habitats-; River-basin-development; Flood-plains; Dams-;
Graphs-Charts; Visual-aids; Waterways-Transportation; Reprmts-.'Water-poUution
ABSTRACT: Describing the status of the Upper Mississippi River is a continuing function of the Long Term
Resource Monitoring Program. Some ecologically important characteristics that serve as indices
of overall system status include depositionai habitats, vegetation, invertebrates, fish biodiversity,
and our capability to apply information to achieve ecological goals. The filling of deposhional
aquatic habitats has been measured sufficiently to identify this as the major long term resource
problem in navigation pools. Many deposhional habitats currently are at high risk of entering a
successional phase that will be characterized by poor water quality and reduced aquatic
vegetation. One of the first steps in the strategy will be the establishment of ecological objectives
and action levels appropriate for a large flood plain river.
AUTHORS: Mono, T.; Lines, M.; Getty, K.; Kientead, T. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Polluted! Environ. Ltd., 1149 Vanier Rd., Unit 4, Sarnia, ON NTS 3Y6, Canada
TITLE: In situ multi-species approach to environmental effects monitoring of a major river ecosystem
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators; Bioassays
SOURCE: ' Baddaloo, EG.; Ramamoorthy, S.; Moore, J.W. (eds). 1993. Proceedings of the Nineteenth
Annual Aquatic Toxicky Workshop: October 4-7,1992. Edmonton, Alberta. Department of •
Fisheries and Oceans, Ottawa, ON Canada. No. 1942 pp. 41-56
KEYWORDS: Toxicity-tests; bioassays-; aquatic-organisms; petroleum-hydrocarbons; agricultural-runoff;
industrial-wastes; survival-; fish-eggs; sexual-reproduction; Oncorbynchus-myltiss;
Daphma-magna; Daphnia-pulex; Pimephales-promelas; Canada,-Ontario,-St-Clair River
ABSTRACT: The St. Clair River is both a major route for Great Lakes shipping and an international boundary
between the province of Ontario and the state of Michigan. Along the Ontario side of the river is a
series of petrochemical, organic and inorganic industrial complexes. These plants along with
IS
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Indicators
Composite Indicators
urban and agricultural sources discharge to the St. Clair River. To determine the environmental
impact of these discharges a multi-species bioassay study was conducted. In situ monitoring
included the use of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) eggs for determining hatchabiliry
success from the green to swim-up stage; Daphnia magna and Daphnia puiex life-cycle testing for
determining survival and reproductive rates; and fathead minnows (Pimephaies promelas) for
determining fecundity rates.
AUTHORS: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE: State of Ohio Administrative Code 3745-1
DATE:
N/A
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: Volume One: Regulations. Water Standards, Air Standards, Solid Waste, Permits, Procedural and
Miscellaneous
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE: The Use of Biocriteria in the Ohio EPA Surface Water Monitoring and A
DATE:
Program
1990
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators , <
ABSTRACT: Ohio EPA has operated a program of biological surveys ("Biosurveys") since the late 1970s. An
outgrowth of this overall effort has been me development of biological criteria (*Biocriteria")as an
ambient aquatic life goal assessment tool. The impact of these criteria on Ohio EPA surface water
programs has been profound and includes refined aquatic life uses and criteria, more accurate
environmental assessment, and a broadened appUcation of water quality standards to include non-
chemical influences (e.g. habitat, sittation), and improved evaluation of "difficult" issues (e.g.
spills, nutrient enrichment, combined sewers, etc.). Examples of biocriteria development,
derivation, and applkation are illustrated. Fish and macroinvertebrate sampling procedures are
also summarized wall cost and resource requirements. The improved accuracy of environmental
evaluation gained via biocriteria is illustrated by comparing the percentage of impaired waters
between the 1986 and 19ft 30Sb reports. Aquatic life use attainment status for the 19S6 report
was based on early, narrative evaluation criteria which employed site specific, best professional
judgement type evaluations. In contrast, the 1988 inventory was based on the ecoregumal,
numeric biocriteria and constituted a reassessment of the data used in the 1986 305b report The
significant discrepancy between the 1986 and 1988305b report statistics was attributed to the
increased sensitivity of the numerical biocriteria used in the 1988 inventory. The numeric,
ecoregkn approach is more accurate man a narrative aporoach alone, in part, because the reliance
on observer judgement is reduced. A comparison of the relative abilities of chemical
quality criteria and biocriteria to each measure aquatic life use impairment reveals mat biocriteria
dftfftH an impairment in 49.8% of the situations where no impairment was evident with the
chemical criteria alone.
AUTHORS: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency DATE: 1987
TITLE: Biological Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Life; Volume ft Users Manual for Biological
Field Assessment of Ohio Surface Waters
•
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators; Habitat quality
SOURCE: Doc. 0046e/0013e
16
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Biological. Indicators
Composite Indicators
ABSTRACT: Since 1980 Ohio EPA has used measurable characteristics of instream fish and macroinvenebrate
communities (expressed as numerical and narrative biological criteria) to quantitatively determine
use attainment/non-attainment in flowing waters. Aquatic life use attainment has traditionally
been determined on a chemical basis. If exceedences of specific chemical criteria were observed
it was then assumed that the designated use was not being attained. However, it has been our
experience mat this approach has some significant shortcomings particularly when chemical
results are compared to the response of the resident biota. To resolve some of the stated
shortcomings of a strictly chemical approach to defining aquatic life use impairment we introduce
die use of biological criteria to determine the magnitude and severity of environmental
degradation directly. This document discusses: 1) field methods and data analysis requirements;
2) evaluating fish and macroinvertebrate data; 3) deriving biological criteria; 4) biological criteria
for Ohio surface waters; and 5 ) guidelines for biological criteria use and application.
AUTHORS: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency DATE: 1987
TITLE: Biological Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Life; Volume I: The Role of Biological Data in
Water Quality Assessment
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: Doc. OOS5e/0015e
ABSTRACT: This proposal advocates the adoption of biological criteria in the Ohio Water Quality Standards
(WQS) regulations for the protection of aquatic life. While it is recognized from the outset that
biological criteria and evaluations cannot perform every task necessary in a water quality
management program they do offer some significant advantages over the traditional chemical
and/or bioassay approaches alone. Currently available techniques for future load projection (e.g.
. wasteload allocation), bioassay testing, compliance, and enforcement will continue to be
important components in water quality management However, the addition of biological criteria
can be a valuable aid in supporting these activities if they are combined in a truly integrated
program. It is important to recognize and exploit the links between the chemical, bioassay, and
biosurvey/ecoregion approaches to water quality assessment and regulation. It is also important to
recognize that the former are surrogates for biological community performance. Including direct,
quantitative assessment of biological communities significantly broadens me base from which
regulatory agencies can manage and protect surface water resources. This type of approach makes
sense given the biological goals of the Water Quality Act and the important role that biological
principles have in water resource management in general. The evaluation of surface waters
routinely conducted by Ohio EPA includes chemical analyses (water column, effluent, sediment,
and fish tissue), bioassay tests, and biological evaluations at me sub-community level (primarily
fish and macromvertebrates). This has provided the opportunity to observe and evaluate the
similarities and differences between a direct measure of biotic integrity (i.e. biosurvey/ecoregion
approach) with surrogate measures (e.g. chemical, bioassay, sediment) under a wide variety of
conditions. Finally, the development and use of standardized field evaluation and data analysis
techniques bave been essential for developing biological criteria. This often underrated aspect of
field evaluation has permitted the establishment of objective assessment criteria which can be used
on a statewide and regional basis.
AUTHORS: Plafkin, J.L.; Barbour, M.T.; Porter, K.D.; Gross, S.K.; Hughes, R.M. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Assessment and Watershed Protection Division, 401 M
Street, S.W., Washington, DC 20460
TITLE: Rapid Bioassessment Protocols for Use in Streams and Rivers: Benthic Macroinvertebrates and
Fish
17
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Biological Indicators
Composite
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: EPA/440/4-89-001
•
ABSTRACT: The primary purpose of this document is to provide States with a practical technical reference for
conducting cost-effective biological assessments of lode systems. The protocols presented are not
necessarily intended to replace those already in use by State agencies. Instead, they provide
options for agencies that wish to implement rapid biological assessment techniques. Three
macroinvertebrate and two fish protocols are presented: Benthk Rapid Bioassessment Protocol I
(RBP I) and fish Rapid Bioassessment Protocol TV (RBP IV) are cost-effective screening
procedures that provide some supporting data; benthic Rapid Bioassessment Protocol II (RBP II)
can help set priorities for more intensive evaluations; and beotfak Rapid Bioassessment Protocol
m (RBP m) and fish Rapid Bioassessment Protocol V (RBP V) are progressively more rigorous
and provide more confirmational data, but also require more resources. The choice of a particular
protocol should depend on the purpose of the bioassessment, the need to document conclusions
with confinnational data, the degree of discrimination desired, and available resources. Although
the benthic protocols were designed and tested in wadabk freshwater streams rather than large
rivers (or lakes, estuaries, or marine systems), the fundamental approach should be applicable to
large freshwater riven as well. The fish protocols were validated in freshwater streams and large
rivers and are applicable to both.
AUTHORS: Portete, GJ.; Mar, B.W.; Homer, R.R.; Welsh, EB.
TITLE: Effects of Seattle Area Highway Stormwater Runoff on Aquatic Biota.
DATE:
1982
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. 22161, as
PB83-170761, Price codes: A04 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Interim Report No. WA-RD-
39.11, January 1982.45 p, 11 tab, 61 ref. Contract No. Y-1804.
ABSTRACT: The impacts of Stormwater runoff from Washington State freeways on aquatic ecosystems were
investigated through a series of bioassays utilizing algae, zooplankton and fish. Algae and
zooplankton were adversely affected by the soluble fraction of the runoff, while suspended solids
caused high mortalities of rainbow trout fry. to addition BOD values similar to those reported in
die storm water literature were measured; however, there were indications mat results were
influenced by toxkity to microbial populations.
AUTHORS: Rjnkin,E.T. DATE: N/A
AFFIL: Water Quality Specialist, Ohio EPA, 1030 Kin* Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43212
TITLE: The Use of Biocriteriain the Assessment of Nonpomt and Habitat Impacts in Wannwater Streams
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Roos, C; Uunk, EJ.B. DATE: 1987
AFFIL: Witteneen and Bos Cons. Eng^ P.O. Box 233,7400 AE Deventer, Netherlands.
TITLE: Effects of Stormwater sewer discharges on the aquatic community in urban canals in Letystad.
•
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: Hydrobiological bulletin. Amsterdam 1987. vol. 21, no. 2, p. 207-212. (MdBeCS) 1965719
18
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Biological Indicators
Composite Indicators
KEYWORDS: Sewers. Population dynamics. Aquatic organisms. Biocenoses. Stormwater runoff. Sewage.
Pollution effects. Freshwater. Storm water. Sewage effluents. Community composition.
Community structure. Urban environments. Netherlands, Lelystad.
ABSTRACT: In urban areas with a separate sewerage system, the storm water runoff is discharged into surface
waters. A study on the effects of Stormwater sewer discharges on the composition of the aquatic
community in urban waters was carried-out in two areas with a primarily residential use in the new
town of Lelystad. The aquatic organisms considered included hydrophytes, epiphytic diatoms,
filamentous algae and macroinvertebrates. The results indicate that toe Stormwater sewer
discharges cause a slight change in the composition of the aquatic community. The water in the
urban surface waters can be characterized as eutrophic and beta - to alpha -mesosaprobic state.
The shifts in the composition of the aquatic community could be traced primarily on the .basis of a
number of epiphytic diatoms and macroinvertebrates (in particular some Diptera and Trichoptera).
AUTHORS: Saylor, C.F.; Hill, D.M.; Ahlstedt, S.A.; Brown, A.M. DATE:
AFFIL: Performer: Tennessee Valley Authority, Chattanooga. Div. of Air and Water Resources.
TITLE: Middle Fork Holston River Watershed Biological Assessment, Summers of 1986 and 1987.
1988
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: TVAONREDAWR8825
KEYWORDS: Eutrophication-; Evaluation-; Sampling-; Silt-; Soils-; Species-Diversity; Tennessee-.'Fisbes;
•Invertebrates; *Rivers; "Water-Quality.
ABSTRACT: Fish and macroinvertebrates were collected to obtain a qualitative and quantitative determination
relating the impacts of land use activities on aquatic fauna and water quality in watersheds of the
Middle Fork Holston River. Samples were compared to historical data, used for calculating an
Index of Biological Integrity (IBI), and examined for diversity and abundance of
macroinvertebrates. Most BPs determined for subwatersheds of the Middle Fork Holston River
(MFHR) supported land use inventories and soil loss estimates previously completed by TV A in
1985. These inventories targeted streams likely to be impacted by sifcation, agricultural runoff,
and other nonpoint pollution sources. Findings indicated that siltation and enrichment had
increased in the mainstream of MFHR since 1969. Several sites exhibited characteristics implying
additional forms of pollution which were impacting the fauna. Beotnic macrotnvertebrate samples
were helpful in documenting degradation but did not always support ffil's and land use inventory
and soil loss estimates. Macroinvertebnte fauna are typically more resilient and recover faster
than fish fauna, offering a partial explanation for this phenomenon. 6 refs., 3 figs., 12 tabs. (ERA
citation 13:050942)
AUTHORS: Seager. J.; Abrahams, R.G.
TITLE: The impact of storm sewage discharges on the ecology of a small urban river.
DATE:
1990
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: Aalderink, R.H.;Lijklema, L.;Ellis, S.B. (eds.) Urban Storm Water Quality And Ecological
Effects Upon Receiving Water science and technology. Oxford etc. ISSN 0273-1223 vol. 22, no.
10-11.
KEYWORDS: Overflows. Pollution effects. Fish physiology. Runoff. United Kingdom, England, Lancashire.
Fish. Storms. Freshwater. Pisces. Inveitebrata. Environmental impact. Stormwater runoff.
Urban runoff.. Water quality. British Isles, England
ABSTRACT: This paper describes the results of a study which has been carried out on Pendle Water, a river
which flows through the urban catchment of Burnley, Lancashire, UK. Both the chemical and
19
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Biological Indicoiqr*
biological quality of Pendle Water are adversely affected by storm sewage discharges during
heavy rainfall events. The ecological investigation has been primarily concerned with impact of
these episodic discharges on benthic invertebrate communities and physiological responses in fish.
Quantitative sampling of macroinvertebrates has indicated that storm sewage discharges may have
a significant impact on the structure and diversity of benthic communities in receiving waters.
Physico-chemical properties of habitats appear to be altered in a way which tends to favor the
proliferation of certain pollution-tolerant species and decrease the abundance of taxa intolerant of
organic pollution. In situ bkmssays, including the WRc Mark III Fish Monitor, have been
deployed to investigate physiological responses to storm events of different magnitude, duration
and frequency.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Shugart, L.R.
P.O. Box 2008, Envi
UuuWCH
DATE: 1993
tal Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge,
TN 37831-6036, USA
State of the Art - Ecological Biomarken
Composite Indicators
Travis, C.C. (ed). 1993. Use of Biomaricers in Assessing Health and Environmental Impacts of
Chemical Pollutants. Plenum Press, New York. pp. 237-245.
An informative approach to quantifying exposure and its potential impact at the individual and
Ecosystem levels is to monitor biological endpoints (bnmarkers) as indicators of exposure and
effects to environmental contaminants (McCarthy and Shugart, 1990). The btomarkers are any of
a series of biochemical or molecular responses to compounds that have entered an organism,
reached sites of toxic action, and are exerting an effect on the organism. In this context, the
organism function as integrator of exposure, accounting for abiotic and physiological factors that
modulate the dose of toxicant taken up from the environment These biological markers can be
used to quantify exposure to environmental insults.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Simon, T.P.; Hoist, UU Shepard, LJ. DATE: 1988
Proceedings of the National Workshop on Biological Criteria (1st). Held in Uncomwood, Illinois
on December 2-4, 1917
Composite Indicators
EPA/905/9-S9/003.
Biological-surveys; biological-data; standards-;'
ifc
-; pollution-effects; bbassays-
A compilation of 15 papers representing a portion of presentations delivered at the 1987 National
Biocriteria Workshop in Imcolnwood. Illinois, December 2-4. 1987. Papers include state
perspectives, methodological, and technical issues which directly impact the implementation of
biological
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Biological Indicators
Comnosn,*
ABSTRACT: The New York Bight region is one of the most intensely developed areas of the United States...
The ocean, estuarine and river waters of the Bight receive large quantities of domestic and
industrial wastes discharged from treatment plants and combined sewers, and from nonpoint
pollution sources... Although most persons in the United States might perceive the Bight region as
almost totally devoid of fish and wildlife populations, the Bight in fact contains a significant fish
and wildlife resource. This report has two objectives: (1) to describe trends in abundance or
production of key fish, shellfish, marine mammal and bird species in the Bight region; and (2) to
characterize important habitat areas and values, and to indicate trends in the condition and extent
of these habitats. Except for certain habitat types (e. g., tidal wetlands), published information on
Habitat trends is generally unavailable. The recent development of geographic information systems
by New Jersey and New York will enable the mapping of key habitat areas and could serve as a
basis for determining habitat trends in the future.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
Tennessee Valley Authority DATE: 1993
Watershed, survey and educational program to enhance environmental quality in the Upper Little
Tennessee River Valley. Year 4, Executive summary.
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: TVAWM9323
KEYWORDS: Aquatic-Ecosystems; Biological-Indicators; Fishes-; Meetings-; North-Carolina; Populations-;
Tennessee-Valley-Authority; Trout-; •Rivers-; •Streams-; * Water-Quality.
ABSTRACT: Work carried out during 1992 under TV A grant No. TV-74216A, administered by the Western
North Carolina Alliance, may be broken down into four categories: Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI),
Macroinvertebrate Biomonhoring, Visual Reconnaissance, and Survey of Brook Trout In 1992,
we began to shift emphasis from merely studying the watershed to activities aimed at protecting,
restoring, or improving water and habitat quality. The "target" area for this work in the upper
Little Tennessee River watershed was the 10.0 square mile Rabbit Creek watershed (Holly Springs
Community), and work conducted in Holly Springs is here reported separately from watershed-
wide monitoring activities. Additional topics treated in this report include the relation of this
project to other activities in the upper Little Tennessee watershed, significant changes in me
watershed which occurred independently of this project, a list of other reports prepared to be made
available through the project and a list of meetings. Work carried out under this grant in the
Spring Creek and Laurel River watersheds (Madison County, North Carolina) will be reported on
separately by Mark Hopey.
AUTHORS: Van Ness, K.; Haddaway, M.S. DATE:
AFFIL: Dept of Env. Protection, Drv. of Water Resources Mgt, 250 Hungerford Drive, Second
Floor, Rockville, MD 20(50-4159, Telephone (301) 217-6350, Fax (301) 217-6318
TITLE: Montgomery County Water Quality Monitoring Program: Stream Monitoring Protocols
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: Dept Env. Prot, Div. Water Resour. Mgmt, 250 Hungerford Dr., 2nd Floog, Rockville MD
20850-4159
1994
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Wann, D.
TITLE: Practicing the art of biomonrtoring.
DATE:
1986
21
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Biological Indicators
Composite /fffflrflf)
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Composite Indicators
EPA Environmental Protection Agency journal v. 12 (8): p. 15-16; 1986 Oct
Water composition and quality; Water pollution; Monitoring; Crustacea; Toxicity; Biotechnology
Some of the techniques currently used by environmental scientists seem to be as much art as
science. Biomonitoring is a good example. By growing "indicator" species such as flamead
minnow, crustaceans like daphnids, and algae in selected water samples, scientists can quickly
determine if a given stretch of waterway should be studied in more detail. The artistry lies in
deciding exactly where and how to use the indicators.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Yoder, C.O.
Manager, Ecological A
DATE: N/A
Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Water
Quality, Planning, and Assessment, Columbus, Ohio
Answering Some Concerns About Biological Criteria Based on Expcrien
i in Ohio
Composite Indicators
Water Quality Standards for the 21st Century; pp. 95-104.
Although biological assessments have been a part of some State monitoring efforts for many
years, only recently has the need for and acceptance of ambient biological criteria been
recognized, In many traditional water quality circles, the validity and efficacy of biological
criteria are often questioned or misunderstood. This presents a paradox because biological criteria
directly express what water quality criteria are designed to achieve, m an effort to address some of
these concerns, we have posed five questions about biological criteria and answered mem with
real world examples from our experiences in Ohio.
AUTHORS: Yoder, CO.
AFFIL: Surface Water Section, Division of Water Quality, Monitoring, and A
Environmental Protection Agency, Columbus, Ohio
TITLE: The Development and Use of Biological Criteria for Ohio Surface Waters
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
SOURCE: Water quality standards for 21st century: p. 139-146; 19S9
ABSTRACT: tfo abstract available
DATE:
c-Ohio
1989
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE: •
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Yoder, C.O.
Div. of Water Quality Planning A A
DATE:
Ecological Assessment Section, Ohio
1991
Environmental Protection Agency, Columbus, Ohio
The Integrated Biosurvey as a Tool for Evaluation of Aquatic Life Use Attainment and
Impairment in Ohio Surface Waters
Composite Indicators
Biological Criteria: Research and Regulation. 1991. pp. 110-122.
The Ohio Environmental Protection Agency recently incorporated biological criteria
("biocriteria'") into its water quality standards regulations. Numerical biological criteria were
derived by utilizing the results of sampling conducted at "least impacted" regional reference sites.
Fish and macroinvertebrate data from more than 300 Ohio reference sites were used to establish
attainable, baseline expectations within the framework of an existing system of tiered aquatic life
22
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iolQgicaJ Indicatory
Composite Indicator*
use designations. Attainment status is determined as being "full" (all biocriteria are met), "partial"
(one organism group reflects attainment, but the other does not), or non (none of the biocriteria
are met or one organism group reflects a poor a very poor condition). An attainment status table is
constructed using these guidelines. The diagnosis of observed aquatic life use impairment relies
on an integrated assessment of available biological, chemical, physical habitat, bioassay, pollution
source, and general watershed information. This approach is employed extensively in the Clean
Water Act section 305b reporting process and in support of regulatory program efforts. While all
available biological and chemical criteria are utilized, considerable reliance is placed on the
integrated interpretation of these data by the scientists who actually conduct the field sampling
and evaluate the results. Detailed, she-specific knowledge of complex study areas in combination
with these varied types of monitoring data is necessary to accomplish an environmentally accurate
assessment No single tool alone can accomplish this level aid power of assessment. A common
criticism of biosurvey information is that it lacks the ability to distinguish between different types,
causes, and sources of impairment The emergence of multimetric biological evaluation tools and
a rigorous, standardized approach to field assessment has provided the detail necessary to
establish biological response patterns and distinguish between general impact types. The Ohio
Environmental Protection Agency is currently working to develop biological "response
signatures" that consist of key response components of the biological data that consistently
indicate one type of impact over another. Further refinement of this tool should have a profound
influence on both site specific and statewide assessments and should be an important
consideration in some of the biocriteria policy issues that are currently being debated.
AUTHORS: Yoder.C.O. DATE: N/A
AFFIL: Ohio EPA, Div. of Surface Water, Ecological Assessment Section, 16*5 Westbelt Drive,
Columbus, Ohio 43228
TITLE: Incorporating Ecological Concepts and Biological Criteria in the Assessment and Management of
Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution
INDICATOR: Composite Indicators
ABSTRACT: Along with maintenance of water quality, the Clean Water Act has as its goal the protection and
restoration of biological integrity. Biological impairment of a water body, manifest in the loss of
fauna, occurs often, where no impairment of chemical water quality is observed, Because biological
integrity is the corabhution of chemical, physical, and biological processes, ecological concepts need
to be used in evaluating the degradation of lotic ecosystems. Compromised systems are not able to
recover from disturbances, especially sedimentation from channelization and construction activity.
Over-simplified management often fails because of landscape variability. The most effective
bioasscsameats are therefore sampled from whole watersheds. The Ohio EPA devised a watershed
design for use attainment after recently adopting biological criteria in its water quality standards. For
example, a use attainment table for the Nimishilkn Creek and tributaries is derived from
determinations of full, partial, or non-attainment at different sites in each of the riven. The
interdependence of various physical factors and biocriteria are discussed.
23
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MACRO-INVERTEBRATE DIVERSITY
AUTHORS: Barton, D.R.; Metcalfe-Smith, J.L. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3GI
TITLE: A Comparison of Sampling Techniques and Summary Indices for Assessment of Water Quality in
the Yamaska River, Quebec, Based on Macroinvertebrates
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 1992. Vol. 21, pp. 225-244.
ABSTRACT: The Yamaska River drainage basin in Quebec, Canada, is intensively farmed and heavily polluted
with poorly treated domestic and industrial wastes. We investigated the responses of the resident
and colonizing components of the benthic macroinvertebrate community to municipal/industrial
versus agricultural pollution in the basin and evaluated the performances of seven diversity and
biotic indices for assessing water quality. Samples of riffle-dwelling, infaunal and colonizing
invertebrates were collected from 13 stations representing a wide range of types and degrees of
pollution using Surber, scoop and artificial substrate samplers. The data were summarized using
the indices S (number of taxa), N(number of individuals), H1 ( Shannon-Wiener's diversity index),
D (Simpson's diversity index), BBI (Belgian biotic index), TBI (a modification of Hilsenhoffs
biotic index), %CH1R (percentage of arthropods consisting of Chironomidae) and %OLIGO
(percentage of total organisms consisting of Oligochaeta). Different components of the
community generated somewhat different assessments and were therefore complementary-
Community composition, expressed as the percentage of individuals contributed by major
taxonomic groups, reflected the kinds of stresses at a station more consistently that did any of the
indices,. S and TBI came closest to ranking control, agricultural and municipal/industrial sites in
accordance with our a priori classification, both between months and among sampling methods.
%OLIGO usually separated municipal/industrial sites from control sites. Other indices were found
to be less sensitive, accurate or temporally stable, or were otherwise inappropriate for use with
certain sampling methods or for certain types of pollution. With most of our samples, all of the
summary indices TMgfffrtfd mat the impact of agricultural practices on stream ecosystems may be
as severe as the impacts of municipal and industrial wastes.
AUTHORS: Bascombe, A.D. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: Performer: Middlesex Polytechnic, Enfield (England). Urban Pollution Research Center.
TITLE: Urban Pollution: Biological Monitoring of Benthic Invertebrates for the Assessment of Heavy
Metal Pollution in Urban Riven
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
KEYWORDS: Great-Britain; Sources-; Water-quality; Ecology-; Assessments-; Fresh-water, Sediments-;
Toxicity-; Sites-.'Urban-areas; •Rivers; 'Benthos; * Invertebrates.
ABSTRACT: Contents: Chapter 1: Introduction - (Biological monitoring as a management tool, Water quality,
Biological assessment of communities, and Ecological indicators of urban runoff pollution);
Chapter 2: Heavy metals — (Introduction, Metal interactions win the environment, and Biological
interactions and metals); Chapter 3: Methodology - (Introduction, Use of indicator species,
Development of a sampling strategy, Use of toxicity tests, and In-stream investigations); Chapter
4: Analysis of biological data - (Introduction, Saprobic systems, Biotic indices, and Community
structure); Chapter 5: Ecological survey of an urban river - (Introduction, Site choice.
Experimental methods, Results, and Discussion); Chapter 6: Further development - (Research on
Salmon's Brook and Implications for urban water resource management).
25
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Biological Indicators
Dry
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
Bascombe, A.D.; Ellis, J.B.; Revitt, D.M.; Shutes, R.B.E. DATE: 1988
Macroinvertebrate Biomonttoring and Water Quality Management Within Urban Catchments.
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: IN: Hydrologies! Processes and Water Management in Urban Areas. Proceedings of the
International Symposium 24-29 April 1988, Duisburg, West Germany. International Hydrological
Programme of UNESCO Publication, 1988. p 403-411,3 fig, 6 ref.
ABSTRACT: The management role of benthic macroinvertebrate monitoring as a means for evaluating the
impacts of transient urban discharges is described for a catchment in N. London, UK. Ecological
variations and indices are identified and related to hydrochemical and toxic perturbations which
prevent the establishment of a stable ecosystem. This kind of macroinvertebrate monitoring
appears to be an advantageous way to assess urban runoff impacts and to evaluate qualitative,
time-integrated approach to water quality management of urban rivers. Ecological approaches can
either complement existing chemical procedures or provide a reliable, inexpensive alternative
method for surface water quality classification, where chemical data are absent Although
biological monitoring can provide a practical and sensitive tool, there is still a need to further
modify the ecological scoring system for transient discharges, and to identity an appropriate
species for specifically monitoring toxic impacts.
AUTHORS: Benke, A.C.; Willeke, C.E.; Parrish, F.K.; Stites, D.L.
TITLE: Effects of Urbanization on Stream Ecosystems.
DATE:
19SI
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Available from die National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB82-
254905, Price codes: A04 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Georgia Environmental Resources
Center. Atlanta, Report ERC 07-81, November 1981.64 p, 22 Fig, 12 Tab
ABSTRACT: The effects of urbanization on 21 stream ecosystems were studied in the Atlanta area in 1-3 sq
mile watersheds varying from 3-100% green space, from 0-98% leskkotial-coinmerctal, and wfch
house densities from 0-941 sq miles. The primary index of stream quality was community
composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates. The streams were in a single area where physico-
chemical conditions and composition of macroinvertebrates should be very similar under natural
conditions. While mere were widely-varying degrees of urbanization, pollution (as indicated by
standard water quality measures) was not at all obvious, and differentiation of stream communities
was more subtle man is often encountered in studies of gross pollution. A significant relationship
was found between urbanization and number of species/families (but not with species/family
diversity, indicating less utility for t diversity index). Hence, identifying macroinvertebrates to the
family level is sufficient in assessing differing degrees of stress in streams. Cluster analysis
distinguished three major groups of streams: clean, intermediate, and degraded. High residential
land use, 'tow levels of green space, and high house densities were associated with degraded
streams.
AUTHORS: Clarke, G.M. DATE: 1993
TITLE: Fluctuating asymmetry of invertebrate populations as a biological indicator of environmental
quality
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Enviromnentaf Pollution (ISSN 0269-7491) v82 no2 p207-l 1 -93
KEYWORDS: Water pollution/Indicator organisms; Industrial pollution/Indicator organisms; Symmetry
(Biologyyinvertebrates
26
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Bialoeicai Indicators
Macro-Invertebrate
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Cowie, G.M.; Cooley, J.L.; Dutt, A. DATE: 1991
TITLE: Use of modified benthic bioassessment protocols for evaluation of water quality trends in Georgia
INDICATOR: Macro-in vertebrate diversity
SOURCE: REP.-U.S.-GEOL.-SURV.-WATER-RESOUR.-DIV. 1991 72 pp, ERC-06-91; USGS/G-1556-03
KEYWORDS: Benthos-; water-quality; monitoring-; physicochemical-properties; project-planning;
USA.-Georgia; environmental-monitoring
ABSTRACT: The study explored the potential for biotic evaluation of changes in water quality in the state of
Georgia. Specific objectives were: (1) evaluate application of U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) benthic assessment protocols for potential use in ongoing water quality monitoring
in Georgia; and (2) compare biomonitoring results with water quality indices based on physical-
chemical monitoring.
AUTHORS: Crunkilton, R.L.; Duchrow, R.M. DATE: 1991.
AFFIL: Missouri Department of Conservation
TITLE: Use of Stream Order and Biological Indices to Assess Water Quality in the Osage and Black River
Basins in Missouri
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity, Stream Order
SOURCE: Hydrobiologia 224:155-166,1991
KEYWORDS: Stream order, Benthic macroinvertebrates, Stream contmium
ABSTRACT: Significant variations in four biological measures of water quality with stream order and river
basin were demonstrated for streams of the Black and Osage river basins of Missouri. Water
quality criteria specific for each order and basin were then developed. Benthic macroinvertebrates
for springs and stream orders 3-8 in the two river basins were sampled quarterly for one year with
riffle nets an artificial substrate samplers. A total of 54* samples were taken at 137 stations. The
average annual macroinvertebrate density, index of diversity, number of taxa and number of
mayfly and stooefiy taxa were determined for each station. These measures showed significant
differences across stream order within and between the two basins. Total taxa, total mayfly and
stonefly taxa and diversity were highest in orders 4 and 5 with decreased values in lower and
higher stream orden. Maximum organism densities occurred in intermediate order streams. These
differences were attributed to the succession of physical changes from headwaters to mouth within
each river and to the unique geomorphology of each catchment basin. Water quality criteria based
on three of the four measures described above were established for each stream order in each river
basin. Criteria for the Osage River basin were men used to identify three streams in the basin
affected by environmental disturbances. The use of order- and basin- specific criteria assures mat
the biological differences between streams caused by environmental disturbance can be
distinguished from the natural biological differences between streams of different orders and
drainages.
AUTHORS: Cuflhey, T.F.; Gurtt, M.E.; Meador, M.R. DATE:
AFFIL: U.S. Geological Survey
TITLE: Methods for Collecting Benthic Invertebrate Samples as Pan of the National Water- Quality
Assessment Program
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
1993
27
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Biolofical Indicators
SOURCE: U.S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 93-406
KEYWORDS: Benthic invertebrate, U.S. Geological Survey, Water-Quality
ABSTRACT: Benthic invertebrate communities are evaluated as part of the ecological survey component of the
U.S. Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program. These biological data are
collected along with physical and chemical data to assess water-quality conditions and to develop
an understanding of the Actors that affect water-quality conditions locally, regionally and
nationally. The objectives of benthic invertebrate community characterizations are to (1) develop
for each she a list of tm within the associated stream reach and (2) determine the structure of
benthic invertebrate communities within selected habitats of that reach. A nationally consistent
approach is used to achieve these objectives. This approach provides guidance on site, reach and
habitat selection and methods and equipment for qualitative multihabitat sampling and semi-
quantitative single habitat sampling. Appropriate quality-assurance and quality-control guidelines
are used to maximize the ability to analyze data within and among study units.
AUTHORS: Cufmey, T.F.; Gurtz, M.E.; Meador, MR. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: . U. S. Geological Survey
TITLE: Guidelines for the Processsing and Quality Assurance of Benthic Invertebrate Samples Collected
as Part of The National Water-Quality Assessment Program
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: USGS Open-File Report No 93-407
KEYWORDS: Benthic, Invertebrate, Biological Indicators,
ABSTRACT: Benthic invertebrate samples are collected as part of the U.S. Geological Surveys National Water-
Quality Assessment Program. This is a perennial, munldisctplmary program that integrates
biological, physical, and chemical indicators of water quality to evaluate status and trends and to
develop an understanding of the factors controlling ob**rved water quality. The Program
quality in 60 study units (coupled grc md surface water systems) that
encompass moat of the conterminous Untied States and par Alaska and Hawaii.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
Davis, W.S.; Lamrap, J£..
US Environmental Protection Agency Region V, Envtrc
DATE: 1992
atal Sciences Division, 77 West
Jackson (SQ-14JX ChfcafO, IL 60604; 312/FTS 886-6233
Chapters. Fteahwatet Beanie Macroinvertebrate Community Structure and Function
Ma
-ii
rtebrate di
sity
Sediment Classification Methods Compendium; US EPA Sediment Oversight Technical
Committee; Office of Water Report EPA 823-R-92-006
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Desrosiers, G.; Billan-Santini, D.; Brethes, J.-C.F.; Willsie, A. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: Dep. Oceanogr., Univ. Quebec, 300 Alice des Ursulines, Rimouski, Que. GSL 3A1, Canada.
25ref.
TITLE: Variability in tropic dominance of crustaceans along a gradient of urban and industrial
contamination.
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
28
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MacrO'Invertebrate
SOURCE: Marine biology. Berlin, Heidelberg, ISSN 0025-3162 1990, vol. 105, no. I, p. 137-143.
MdBeCS)2304885
KEYWORDS: Marine. Crustacea. Cystoseira stricta. Rhodophyta. Corallina mediterranea. Pollution
effects. Herbivores. Carnivores. Filter feeders. Detritus feeders. Industrial wastes.
Urban runoff. MED, France, Fos Gulf. Trophic structure.
ABSTRACT: The trophic organization of the crustacean fauna belonging to a photophilic assemblage exposed
to an urban and industrial contamination gradient in the Gulf of Fos (South of France) was studied
over a period of 16 mo (May 1974 to Aug 1975). An increasing destabilization of the four major
trophic groups from clean waters towards those most polluted was noted. Carnivores dominated at
the relatively clean- water Cystoseira stricta station; at the second, moderately polluted C. stricta
station, carnivores were replaced by suspension-feeders. Deposft-feedersdominated the Corallina
cf. mediterranea stations affected by the warm-water effluent of a power plant Other polluted
stations, dominated by Mytilus galloprovincialis and Ulva cf. rigida, were dominated by grazers.
The fauna! destabilization was related to changes in the structural composition of the photophilic
algal assemblage which were, in turn, related to the industrial contamination gradient along this
coast.
AUTHORS: Garie, H.L.; Mclntosh, A. DATE: 1986
AFFIL: Office of Science and Research, Department of Environmental Protection, CN 402, Trenton,
New Jersey 08625
TITLE: Distribution of Benthic Macroinvertebrates in a Stream Exposed to Urban Runoff
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin. 1986. vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 447^55.
KEYWORDS: Urban runoff; benthic macroinvertebrates; pollution indicators; heavy metals;, nonpoint source
pollution; artificial substrate.
ABSTRACT: A study of benthic macroinvertebrate community composition was conducted at eight sights along
Shabukunk Creek, a small stream in Mercer County, New Jersey, which receives urban runoff.
The relationship between changes in substrate composition and the nature of the benthic
macroinvertebrate community has been examined; Organisms we collected seasonally from
natural substrates in riffles. Attempts to employ artificial substrates for invertebrate collection
proved unsuccessful, as the population on the samplers was not representative of that in the stream
bed. Number of total macroinvertebrate taxa collected declined from 13 in relatively undeveloped
upstream areas to 4 below heavily developed areas, while population density decreased
simultaneously in the same areas. Periphyton samples collected from natural substrates were
analyzed for selected heavy metals. Significantly higher heavy metal concentrations are reported
from substrates sampled below heavily developed areas, and in these values are discussed with
regard to changes in benthic macroinvertebrate distribution.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
Gaunt, G.A.; Thorpe, PA.
Adaptation of rapid bioassessment protocols for non-wadable waters.
DATE:
1993
Macro-invertebrate diversity
Letters; 1993. Michigan academician v. 25 (4): p. 363-381; 1993.
Michigan; Cabt; Water quality; Bioassays; Rapid methods; Aquatic insects; Sampling
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
29
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Bioloftcai Indicators
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Gore, J.A.; La Point, T.W.
Univ. of Tulsa and U.S. Fish and Wildlife
The Role of Benthos in Impact Assessment
DATE:
1988
Macro-invertebrate diversity
North American Benthological Society, Technical Information Workshop, Tuscaloosa, Alabama
Toxonomy, Bioassessment, Biomonitoring, Benthic
The workshop includes five major topic areas as follows: Taxonomy and Regulatory Biology
where variability, accuracy and costs are discussed in association with benthic monitoring; Spatial
and Temporal Scales as they relate to stream and pond contaminant studies. Considerations in
Rapid Bioassessment as used as a biomonitoring tool and in the assessment of environmental
regulations; Living with Uncertainty: Approaches to Decision-Making in Impact Assessment
where standards of biological integrity are used to determine water quality classification and
ecological risk assessment is used for regulatory decision making; Open Forum to discuss the
topics of invertebrates, sediments, contaminants and criteria.
AUTHORS: Harris, M.A. DATE:
TITLE: Developing protocols for monitoring water quality using stream macroinvertebrates
1991
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Bibliographical references.
KEYWORDS: Aquatic invertebrates; Aquatic ecology; Water quality management; Environmental monitoring
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Hilsenhoff, W.L. DATE: 1987
AFFIL: Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin. Madison, WI 53706
TITLE: An Improved Biotic Index of Organic Stream Polhit,on
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity, arthropods
SOURCE: The Great Lakes Entomologist 1987. vol 20, no. 1, pp. 3 1-39.
ABSTRACT: Major iropiovements were made in using a biotic index of me arthropod fauna to evaluate organic
stream pollution. All tolerance values were reevahiated, many were changed, and the scale for
tolerance vahm was expanded to 0-10 to provide greater precision. Keys to larvae of
Ceratopsyche have been developed and tolerance values for species in this important genus are
provided. Sorting of samples in the laboratory instead of the field is recommended, and directions
for processing and evaluating samples are included.
AUTHORS: Hogg. I.D.; Norris, R.H. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: Life Set, Scarborough Campus, Univ. Toronto, 126S Military Trail, Scarborough, Ont MIC
1A4, Canada.
TITLE: Effects of runoff from land clearing and urban development on the distribution and abundance of
macroinvertebrates in pool areas of a river.
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Australian journal of marine and freshwater research. Melbourne 1991 , vol. 42, no. 5, p.
S07-S18. (MdBeCS)2590286
-------
!ndtcmr<;
Macro-Invenebrgtsprversitv
KEYWORDS: Rivers. Storms. Stormwater runoff. Sediment load. Environmental impact. Development. Urban
environments. Pools. Macrofauna. Australia. Runoff. Lnvertebrata. Land-use. Abundance.
Freshwater ecology. Australia, Murrumbidgee R. Community
ABSTRACT; The authors examined the effects of runoff from urban land clearing and development on the
macroinvertebrate pool fauna of the Murrumbidgee River, Australia, over 1 year. Tuggeranong
Creek, which flows through the urban development, often recorded higher instantaneous (storm)
discharges than did the Murrumbidgee River. Monitoring of suspended solids during one storm
event revealed high concentrations of suspended solids (max. 560 mg/L) entering the
Murrumbidgee River for an 8 h period. Such concentrations were not detected by regular two-
monthly sampling, although concentrations were generally higher downstream of Tuggeranong
Creek. Analysis of substratum particle size revealed a higher proportion of fine inorganic material
(< 250 microns) at stations downstream of Tuggeranong Creek, suggesting a settling of fine
material discharged during storm events. Number of taxa and macroinvertebrate density were
lower at downstream stations. We conclude that the deposition of fine inorganic sediment
following storm events, and the resulting change in the composition of the substratum, was the
major cause of low invertebrate numbers in pools downstream of the cleared catchment
AUTHORS: Jones, R.C.; Clark, C.C.
AFFIL: Department of Biology, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030
TITLE: Impact of Watershed Urbanization on Stream Insect Communities
DATE:
1987
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin. Dec. 1987. vol. 23, no. 6, pp. 1047-1055.
KEYWORDS: Urbanization; watershed; stream; benthic macroinvertebrates; diversity; nonpoint pollution;
aquatic ecosystems; principal components analysis
ABSTRACT: The impact of urbanization on stream insect communities was determined by sampling 22 sites in
northern Virginia representing a range of human population densities. Watershed development
had little effect on the total insect numbers (noj'sq. m.), but shifted the taxonomk composition
markedly. Relative abundance of Diptera (mainly chironomids) increased at more highly
urbanized sites, while most other insect orders including Epfaemeroptera (mayflies), Coleoptera
(beetles), Megaloptera (dobscnflies), and Plecoptera (stoneflks) decreased. Trichoptera
(caddisflies) exhibited a variable response. Genus diversity and richness (number of genera) were
significantly higher in less urbanized streams. Two genera of chiroaomtds were positively
correlated with increased urbanization, while 14 other genera (scattered through several orders)
were negatively related to human population density. Principal components analysis
demonstrated a gradient from more urbanized to less urbanized stations based on generic and
order level biological data. Results of mis study indicate that watershed urbanization has a major
impact on benthic insect communities even in the absence of point source discharges.
AUTHORS: Karr, J.R.; Kerans, B.L. . DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Department of Biology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg,
VA 24061-0406
'TITLE: Components of Biological Integrity: Their Definition and Use in Development of an invertebrate
IBI
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
31
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Indicators
SOURCE: Simon, T.P.; Davis, W.S. (eds). 1992. Proceedings of the 1991 Midwest Pollution Control
Biologists Meeting: Environmental Indicators: Measurement and Assessment Endpoints. USEPA,
Reg. V, Env. Sci. Div., Chicago, IL. Held in Lincolnwood, IL, Mar 19-22, EPA 905/R-92/003
ABSTRACT: Protection of water quality resources is critical to the maintenance of our way of life. Recent
threats such as the drought in. California, fish consumption advisories, and contamination of
beaches, are illustrative of the extent of abuse of water resources. These widespread declines in
the quality of water resources have altered societal perceptions of and goals for the management
of those resources. Growing interest in biological assessment in the last decade is in sharp contrast
to the status quo of earlier decades. In this paper, we briefly review the evolution of. water law and
outline the conceptual foundations of ambient biological monitoring. We illustrate the use of those
foundations as we outline our efforts to develop a methodology for use of invertebrates in
assessing biological integrity.
AUTHORS: Kerans, B.L.; Kan, J.R. DATE: 1994
AFFIL: Department of Biology, 114 Weyandt Hall, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana,
Pennsylvania 15705-1090 USA
TITLE: A Benthic Index of Biotic Integrity (B-IBI) for Rivers of the Tennessee Valley
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Ecological Applications. 1994. vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 768-785.
KEYWORDS: Bioassessment; biocriteria; biotic integrity; index of biotic integrity; invertebrate
assessment; streams; water quality; water resources.
ABSTRACT: Invertebrate data from rivers in the Tennessee Valley were used to: (1) evaluate the utility of 18
characteristics of invertebrate assemblages (attributes) to assess die biological condition of
streams and (2) develop a comprehensive benthic invertebrate index that reflects important aspects
of stream biology and responds to the effects of human society in detectable ways. We used data
from die Tennessee Valley Authority's (TVA) fixed station monitoring program established in
1986 to evaluate water resources in the Tennessee Valky. TVA biologists sampled riffles and
pools using quantitative methods. To evaluate attributes we determined (1) the ability of each
attribute to distinguish among sites (analyses of variance), (2) me association among attributes
(correlation coeflcientsX (3) die concordance of assessments of sites using each attribute with two
independent site assessments (water and quality and analysis of fish assemblages based on die
index of biotic integrity), and (4) die variability of each attribute across habitats (riffles and pools)
and ecoregtons. Thirteen attributes (total taxa richness and taxa richness of intolerant snails and
mussels, mayflies, caddisflies, and stoneflies; relative abundances of Corbkuia, oligochaetes,
ivores, fUteren, grazers, and predators; dominance; total abundance) were valuable in
discriminating sites, exhibited concordance with other methods of assessment, and were relatively
among themselves. Five attributes (sediment-surface taxa richness; relative
abundances of shredders, gatherers, detrivores, and chironomids) were not acceptable for in
conclusion in the index because they either were not in concordance with other methods of
assessment or were strongly correlated with other attributes. Based on the results of. this
evaluation, 13 attributes were included in the beathic index of biotic integrity (B-IBI). The B-IBI
was evaluated using a more extensive fixed-station data set and was tested using an independent
data set where samples were taken above and below the release of and industrial effluent to the
North Fork Holston River. The fixed-station sites were correctly ranked, although rankings were
not always consistent for pool and rifle habitats. B-IBI also distinguished the industrial impact
The B-IBI has potential as an assessment tool for streams, although more testing and evaluation of
bom the attributes and the index were warranted
32
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Biological Indicators
Macro-Invertehrate Dn/ersitv
AUTHORS: Klemm, D J.; Hiltunen, J.K. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Bioassessment and Ecotoxicology Branch, Environ. Monitoring Syst. Lab. USEPA, 3411 Church
St., Cincinnati, OH 45244
TITLE: The Freshwater Annelida (Polychaeta, Naidid and Tubificid Oligochaeta, and Hirudinea) of the
Great Lakes Region-an Overview
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity; annelida indicators
SOURCE: Simon, T.P.; Davis, W.S. (eds). 1992. Proceedings of the 1991 Midwest Pollution Control
Biologists Meeting: Environmental Indicators: Measurement and Assessment Endpoints. USEPA,
Reg. V, Env. Sci. Div., Chicago, IL. Held in Lincolnwood, IL, Mar 19-22, EPA 905/R-92/003
KEYWORDS: Macroinvertebrates, polychaetes, oligochaetes, leeches, pollution, water quality, organic
enrichment
ABSTRACT: The segmented worms are important components of benthic communities in nearly every
freshwater biotope. They are widely distributed, and some groups are found in great abundance.
Several of the annelid groups have been used for monitoring and detecting changes in water
quality and physical habitats. The habitat and water requirements as well as the pollution tolerance
of many species of freshwater annelids have been documented in the literature by a few
investigators. Practical taxonomic keys are now available to species, but many benthic water
quality assessment studies still do not treat the annelid groups adequately because the investigators
lack the knowledge and experience in using these keys. Furthermore, most bioassessment
monitoring studies do not use adequate sampling and processing (preservation) techniques for
adequate annelids. The inadequate treatment by some investigators represents a loss of valuable
ecological information for use in biological assessment of the quality of water resources, water
pollution, or other changes in aquatic ecosystems resulting from natural causes or anthropogenic
activities. The current aspects of morphology, taxonomy, distribution, and organic pollution to
polychaetes, naidid and tubificid oligochaetes, and leeches of the Great Lakes Region species are
discussed.
AUTHORS: Kohlhepp, Q.W.; HelfcnthaL RJ\. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556
TITLE: The Effects of Sediment Deposition on Insect Populations and Production in a Northern Indiana
Stream
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity, Effects of sediment deposition
SOURCE: Simon, T.P.; Davis, W.S. (eds). 1992. Proceedings of the 1991 Midwest Pollution Control
Biologists Meeting: Environmental Indicators: Measurement and Assessment Endpoints. USEPA,
Reg. V, Env. Sci. Div., Chicago, IL. Held in Lincolnwood, IL, Mar 19-22, EPA 905/R-92/003
KEYWORDS: Sediment, water quality, secondary production, functional feeding group, filter-feeders,
collector-gatherers, shredders, benthic macroinvertebrates
ABSTRACT: In 1986 the St Jeseph County, Indiana, Draint.ie Board began conducting routine maintenance
operations in and along Juday Creek, .a third-order tributary of the St Joseph River. These
activities, which include debris and snag removal from stream channels, have led to a large
increases in sediment deposition into the lower ranches of the stream. Monthly benthic
invertebrate samples were collected from June 19*9 to June 1990 from a rifle area in Juday Creek
and insect densities and secondary production rates during mis time were compared to those of a
previous study at the same site in 1981-82. Invertebrate density and production rate responses
varied based'on a functional feeding group. Among filter feeders, two species showed
significantly lower mean annual densities in 1989-90 compared to 1981-82, two species showed
significantly lower densities during several months in 1989-90 versus corresponding months in
1981-82, and only one species (Hydropsyche morosa) showed significantly greater density in
33
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BiologicaUndicaior^
1981-82. Among collector-gatherers, mean annual densities were significantly higher for five or
six species collected in 1989-90. Shredders showed mixed responses, with two species having
significantly higher mean annual densities in 1981-82, and one species Taeniopteryx nivalis,
having higher densities in 1989-90. While production rates of three of five species for which
production rates were calculated increased in 1989-90, the net effect of the increased sediment
deposition was a reduction in the combined production rates of the five species from 2765.1
mg/sq. m/ year in 1981-82 to 653.8 mg/sq. m/year in 1989-90.
AUTHORS: Lewis, P.A.; Smith, M.E. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Bioassessment and Ecotoxicology Branch, Environmental Monitoring Systems Laboratory,
USEPA, 3411 Church Street, Cincinnati, OH 45244
TITLE: A Comparison of Macroinvertebrates Collected from Bottom Sediments in Three Lake Erie
Estuaries
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Simon, T.P.; Davis, W.S. (eds). 1992. Proceedings of the 1991 Midwest Pollution Control
Biologists Meeting: Environmental Indicators: Measurement and Assessment Endpoints. USEPA,
Reg. V, Env. Sci. Div., Chicago, IL. Held in Lincolnwood, IL, Mar 19-22, EPA 905/R-92/003
KEYWORDS: Macroinvertebrates, bottom sediments, pollution, water quality, organic enrichment, biotic index
ABSTRACT: Macroinvertebrates were collected from the bottom sediments from three Lake Erie tributaries as a
part of EMSL's Biomarker Project. The objective of this paper is to compare macroinvertebrate
populations collected from the three water bodies and relate these populations to possible
pollutions! stresses and/or habitat characteristics. Three grab samples were collected with either a
petite Ponar or a standard Eckman-on-a-stick at three different stations at each site. The sampling
stations were chosen randomly from among the nine stations used for collecting fish at each site.
In the Black River above a Cocking Plant, 60-80% of the organisms were tolerant oligochaete
worms but some pollution sensitive organisms were also present indicating organic enrichment
but not toxic pollution. All of the individuals collected from below the plant were oligochaete
worms (90%) and other organisms tolerant of both organic and toxic pollution. In Old Woman
Creek, over 80% of the individuals collected were oligochaete worms and blood worms (midges)
characteristic of organically enriched sediments associated with high oxygen demand. Toussaint
Creek simples were characterized by a variety of midge larvae and many empty molltisk shells
but few live moUusks. Less man 50% of the individuals were oligochaete worms. This may be a
reflection of the sediment characteristics which consisted of gravel and clay with little of the muck
substrate characteristic of the other two sites. The data indicate that all three sites are effected by
organic enrichment and/or agricultural runoff; but the Black River macroinvertebrate community
below the Cocking Plant appears to be stressed by something in addition to organic enrichment.
AUTHORS: Ludwa,K.A. DATE: 1994
TITLE: • Urbanization Effects on Palustrine Wetlands: Empirical Water Quality Models and Development
of a Macroinvertebrate Community-Based Biological Index
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
ABSTRACT: A substantial amount of research has been undertaken on the utility of natural wetlands for
protecting downstream aquatic systems from the effects of watershed urbanization, but relatively
little study has considered the effects on the wetlands memselves. This study, as part of the Puget
Sound Wetlands and Stormwater Management Research Program, examined connections between
the landscape, wetland water chemistry, and wetland biota. Relationships between watershed land
use and wetland morphology and water quality were evaluated via analysis of land use thresholds
34
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$iolo%ical Indicator^
Macro-lm
Diversity
and multivariate linear regressions. Threshold results suggest that a maximum level of
development and deforestation exists, beyond which wetland water quality will significantly
degrade. Regressions reveal significant relationships between urban land use and water quality
degradation, but are generally not useful as predictive tools. A macroinvertebrate community-
based biological index was developed to evaluate multiple attributes, or metrics, of community
structure and function. Metrics were adapted from stream methods and developed from
observations of macroinvertebrate communities in "best attainable" and highly impacted sites.
Index scores were strongly explained by wetland chemical and hydrologic parameters, as well as
the same land use and wetland morphological parameters to which wetland water quality was
related. This index is strongly recommended for further development and implementation in
wetlands in the Puget Sound region.
AUTHORS: Pearson, J.G.; Pinkham, C.F..A. DATE: 1992
TITLE: Strategy for Data Analysis in Environmental Surveys Emphasizing the Index of Biotic Similarity
and BIOS1M1
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Water Environ. Res., 64,901
KEYWORDS: Analysis; Biotic; Communities; Index; Surveys
ABSTRACT: The index of biotic similarity (B) was intended to help pollution biologists reach a better
understanding of their data. However, problems that surfaced after its publication in 1976
indicated mat improvements would be helpful. This paper presents these improvements. The
approach has been threefold: first, we introduce a computer program, BIOSIM1, that automates
many of the procedures that would otherwise have to be done laboriously by hand; second, we
discuss a thorough and ecologically sound strategy for analyzing data using BIOSIM1; and third,
we present ways to use the various options inherent in the first two steps and discuss the
ecological conditions under which each option is appropriate.
AUTHORS: Pedersen, E.R.; Perkins, MA. DATE: 1986
AFFIL: Gaia Northwest Inc., 10522 Lake Crty Way N.E. C-201, Seattle, Wash. 98125, USA
TITLE: The use of benthk invertebrate data for evaluating impacts of urban runoff.
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Hydrobiologia 139(1): 13-22.
ABSTRACT: The benthk macroinvertebrate population of a stream in an urbanized watershed was compared to
the benthos in a rural stream. Using buried samplers, no significant difference between streams
was found in total numbers of invertebrates, indicating no long term loss of colonization potential
in the urban stream. Classifying the benthos in functional family groupings (based on Cummins,
1973) showed the rural stream to have nearly twice me functional diversity of the urban stream.
The benthos of the urban stream was dominated by a few groups of invertebrates which could
adapt to the erosional/depositional nature of the substrate and could utilize transient, low quality
food sources. The density of invertebrates was adequate to support a cohosahnon and cutthroat
trout population in the urban stream. Apparently, me salmonids feed, on available benthos and do
not select specific benthic trophic groups. An evaluation of six similarity coefficients using cluster
analysis showed that only the Canberra Metric index was able to represent the raw data according
to known data associations.
35
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lndicaiori_
AUTHORS: Pratt, J.M.; Color, R.A.; Godfrey, P.J. DATE; 1981
AFFIL: Dept. of Environmental Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
TITLE: Ecological Effects of Urban Stormwater Runoff on Benthic Macroinvertebrates Inhabiting the
Creen River, Massachusetts
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Hydrobiologia. 1981.83:29-42.
ABSTRACT: Although it has been demonstrated that urban stormwater can alter the quality of receiving waters,
the corresponding impact on aquatic biota remains essentially undocumented. A year-long
intensive study, therefore, was implemented to monitor and describe the ecological effects exerted
by urban runoff on benthic macroinvertebrates. Rock-filled, basket-type artificial substrates
deployed periodically in nonurban and urban river reaches yielded collections of
macroinvertebrates that furnished data for (1) species diversity (the BriUouin index, H), (2)
hierarchical diversity, (3) major taxa composition, and (4) collection dissimilarity at the species
level. The overall results from these four analytical procedures strongly indicate that the
macrobenthic community became progressively disrupted downstream in the urban reach. The
high degree of correspondence between the known sources of urban runoff and the observed
effects on the benthic community are forceful arguments that urban runoff is the casual agent of
disruption. The impact is not confined to periods following heavy rains. Instead the pollutants
appear to remain in the system. The stress imposed by them was most acute during the summer
low flow and was probably localized in or, near the stream bed. To asses the impact of urban
runoff on an aquatic ecosystem, physical, chemical, and biological monitoring should routinely
consider the stream bed microzone. Urban runoff pollutant loading standards must take into
account the apparent long-term residence of pollutants in the substrate and the associated stress of
summer low flows.
AUTHORS: Ranasinghe, J .A.; Weisberg, S.B.; Gerrotsem, J.; Dauer, D.M. DATE: 1994
AFFIL: Versar, Inc
TITLE: Assessment of Chesapeake Bay Benthic Macroinvertebrate Resource Condition in Relation to
Water Quality and Watershed Streams
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: The Chesapeake Bay Research and Monitoring Division, Maryland Dept of Natural Resources
ABSTRACT: The Chesapeake Bay Program and other state and federal agencies presently collect monitoring
data for a wide variety of environmental indicators throughout the bay region. Realizing the full
potential of these effort requires development of a quantitative understanding, on baywide scales,
of the relationships between 1) the condition of living resources, 2) water column and sediment-
borne pollution exposure mat alters the condition of living resources and 3) measures of
anthropogenic activity that lead to changes in pollution exposure. Previous efforts to integrate data
in mis way have been hampered by me habitat-specificity of the living resource data and our
inability to assess their relative condition on Bay-wide scales.
AUTHORS: Rosenberg, DM.; Resh, V.H.
TITLE: Freshwater biomonhormg and benthic
DATE:
1993
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: IX, 488 p.: ill.; 24 cm. Includes bibliographical references and indexes.
KEYWORDS: Water quality bioassay; Indicators (Biology); Water quality; Freshwater invertebrates;
Environmental monitoring
36
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J4acro-Imfertebrate
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Van Urk, G.; Kerkum, F.C.M.; Smit, H. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Institute for Inland Water Management and Waste Water Treatment, Lelvstad, The
Netherlands
TITLE: Life Cycle Patterns, Density and Frequency of Deformities in Chironomus Larvai (Diptera:
Chironomidae) over a Contaminated Sediment Gradient
INDICATOR: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Can. J. Fish. Aquat Sci., Vol 49:2291-2299
KEYWORDS: Chironomus Larvae; Deformities; Contamination; Lake Vossemeer
ABSTRACT: Along a gradient of Contamination in Lake Vossemeer (where contaminated sediments from the
River Rhine are deposited out), Chironomus cf. plumosus larvae occurred at lower population
densities and with higher frequencies of deformities as the contamination levels increased. At the
least polluted sites, the frequency of larval deformities was elevated only slightly compared with
reference levels.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Willemsen, G.D.; Cast, H.F.; Franken, R.O.G.; Cuppen, J.G.M. DATE:
Aquatic Ecology Section, Dept. of Nature Conservation, Agricultural University,
Wageningen, The Netherlands
Urban Storm Water Discharges: Effects upon communities of Sessile Diatoms and Macro-
invertebrates
Macro-invertebrate diversity; Other (Diatoms)
Water Science Technology, Vol. 22, No. 10/11, pp 147-154.
Urban storm water discharges; Biological effects; sessile diatoms; Macro-invertebr
Receiving waters: The Netherlands
1990
From 1985 to 1987, long-term and more or less permanent effects of discharges from combined or
separate sewer systems on communities of sessile diatoms and macro-invertebrates in receiving
waters have been studied. Sessile diatoms and/or macro-invertebrates have been investigated on
46 locations, spread all over The Netherlands. The results were related to the type of sewer
system, the discharges and the characteristics of the receiving water and compared with results
from samples) taken from a corresponding water* not influenced by sewer overflows, the
reference water. In general, communities of sessile diatoms and macro-invertebrates indicate a
more severe organic pollution and disturbance of receiving waters compared with reference
waters. In the immediate vicinity of the overflows these communities were more disturbed than at
some distance. In small ditches, effects were more pronounced compared with large water bodies
and waters with a constant flow regime. Finally, effects of combined sewer overflows were more
pronounced than effects of discharges from separate sewer systems, except for locations in
industrial;
37
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-------
SINGLE SPECIES INDICATORS
AUTHORS: Fast, D.; Hubble, J,; Kohn, M.; Watson, B. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: Performer: Yakima Indian Nation, Toppenish, WA. Fisheries Resource Management.
TITLE: Yakima River spring chinook enhancement study. Final report. May 1991. Progress rept.
INDICATOR: Single Species indicators
SOURCE: Sep91.3S2p.; Contract: B17983BP39461; DE92005360XSP
KEYWORDS: Dams-; Life-Span; Adults-; Calculation-Methods; Columbia-River-Basin; Compiled-Data;
Data-Analysis; Environmental-Effects; Environmental-Impacts; Federal-Region-X;
Fish-Passage-Facilities: Fisheries-; Hatching-; Hydroelectric-Power, Juveniles
ABSTRACT: The population of Yakima River spring chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) has been
drastically reduced from historic levels reported to be as high as 250,000 adults (Smoker
1956).This reduction is the result of a series of problems including mainstem Columbia dams,
dams within the Yakima itself, severely reduced flows due to irrigation diversions, outmigram loss
in irrigation canals, increased thermal and sediment loading, and overfishing. Despite these
problems, the return of spring chinook to the Yakima River has continued at levels ranging from
854 to 9,442 adults since 1958. In October 1982, the Bonneville Power Administration contracted
the Yakima Indian Nation to develop methods to increase production of spring chinook in the
Yakima system. The Yakima Nation's current enhancement policy attempts to maintain the
genetic integrity of the spring chinook stock native to the Yakima Basin. Relatively small numbers
of hatchery fish have been released into the basin in past yean. The goal of this study was to
develop data that will be used to present management alternatives for Yakima River spring
chinook. A major objective of this study is to determine the distribution, abundance and survival
of wild Yakima River spring chinook. The second major objective of this study is to determine the
relative effectiveness of different methods of hatchery supplementation. The last three major
objectives of the study are to locate and define areas in the watershed that may be used for the
rearing of spring cbt" ^ok; to define strategies for enhancing natural production of spring chinook
in the Yakima River, and to determine the physical and biological limitations on production
within the system. 47 refs., 89 figs., 67 tabs.
AUTHORS: Limburg, K.E.; Schmidt, R.E. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: c/o Business Manager, Ecol. Soc. Am., Cent. Environ. Stud., Arizona State Univ., Tempe,
AZ 85287, USA
TITLE: Patterns of fish spawning in Hudson River tributaries: Response to an urban gradient?
INDICATOR: Single Species indicators
SOURCE: Ecology. 1990. vol. 71, no, 4, pp. 1238-1245
KEYWORDS: urbanization-; freshwater-pollution; pollution-effects; anadromous-species; Pisces-;
USA,-New-York,-Hudson-R.
ABSTRACT: Large rivers are not well understood with respect to ecological patterns and processes. Although
some generalizations have been made, the geographic scope of large rivers presents considerable
sampling difficulties for evaluation of many system-wide phenomena. Furthermore, studies of
large rivers often fail to consider interactions between the lotic portion and surrounding
watershed. Two features of many large river watersheds, their large geographic extent and their
occupation and ose by humans, should render them good candidates for the manifestation of
anthropogenic, ecological gradients. One approach is to examine properties of tributary
watersheds within the overall drainage basin, as a function of urbanization. We demonstrate the
39
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Biological Indicator's
Single Species
approach with a study conducted to evaluate the contribution of nontidal tributaries to anadromous
fish spawning within a large, riverine estuary.
AUTHORS: Metcalfe-Smith, J.L.; Green, R.H. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Rivers Res. Branch, Natl. Water Res. Inst., P.O. Box 5050,867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington,
Ont. L7R4A6, Canada
TITLE: Ageing studies on three species of freshwater mussels from a metal-polluted watershed in Nova
Scotia, Canada.
INDICATOR: Single Species indicators
SOURCE: Can. J. Zool. Rev. Can. Zool. 1992. vol. 70, no. 7, pp. 1284-1291
KEYWORDS: Age-determination; freshwater-pollution; metals-; pollution-effects; watersheds-; Unionidae-;
Canada,-Nova-Scotia; mercury-; arsenic-; pollution-monitoring; indicator-species;
pollution-indicators; biological-age
ABSTRACT: Freshwater mussels are increasingly used to monitor metal pollution in freshwater systems.
Mussels are long-lived, and age is a factor that may influence metal concentrations in their tissues.
Species that can be precisely aged are most suitable for biomonitoring because they can be
standardized for this factor. Precise age estimates are also needed for determining the effects of
contamination on population parameters such as growth rate. Elliptic complanata, Anodonta
implicata , and Aiasmidonta undulata (family Unionidae) were collected from two Nova Scotia
lakes contaminated with arsenic and mercury. Mussel shells were weighed, measured, and
sectioned, and two independent counts of internal growth bands were made. External rings were
also counted for A. implicata . Age estimates based on internal bands were most precise for E.
complanata (r squared - 0.71 vs. 0.35 for A. implicata) and 0.29 for A. undulata ). Estimates
based on external rings were more precise (r squared - 0.69) than those based on internal bands
for A. implicata), but were believed to include disturbance rings.
AUTHORS: Platts, W.S.; Torquennda, R.J.; McHenry, M.L., Graham, C.K. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: 1603 Sunrise Rim, Boise, ID 83705, USA
TITLE: Changes in salmon spawning and rearing habitat from increased delivery of fine sediment to the
South Fork Salmon River, Idaho.
INDICATOR: Single Species indicators
SOURCE: Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 1989. vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 274-283.
KEYWORDS: sedimentation-; forest-practices; Oncorhynchus-; forest-industry; sediment-load;
environmental-impact; Oncorhynchus-mykiss; Oncorhynchiu-tshawytscha;
USA,-ldaho,-South-Fork-Salmon-R_; Salmo-gairdneri
ABSTRACT: Levels of surface and subsurface fine.sediment (< 4.75 mm in diameter) were measured annually
from 1965 to 1985 in spawning and rearing areas for chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tschawytscha
and steelhead O. tnykiss (formerly Salmo gairdneri ) in the South F Salmon River, Idaho.
Between 19SO and 1965, logging and road construction, in combination h large storm events of
1964 and 1965, resulted in the delivery of increased amounts of fine sec..nents to the South Fork
Salmon River. A logging moratorium initiated in 1965, coupled with natural recovery and
watershed rehabilitation, led to significant decreases in the amounts of fine sediments delivered to
and stored in the South Fork Salmon River.
40
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Biolozicai Indicators
Soecies Indicators
AUTHORS: Poe,T.P DATE: 1983
AFFIL: Perfonner. Fish and Wildlife Service, Ann Arbor, MI. Great Lakes Fishery Lab.
TITLE: Food Habits of Larval Yellow Perch as a Potential Indicator of Water and Habitat Quality.
Administrative rept.
INDICATOR: Single Species Indicators
KEYWORDS: *Food-Rabits; Perch-; • Detroit-River; Sampling-; Larvae-; Diets-; Feeding-Supplying;
Water-pollution; Industrial-wastes; Waste-disposal.*Food-Rabits; • Detroit-River.
ABSTRACT: The authors studied the food habits of over 760 larval yellow perch (5.0-9.9 mm, total length)
collected during May in 1977 and 1978 in the Detroit River to investigate whether degraded water
quality reduces the feeding activity of larval fish; and to determine if the kinds and amounts of
food eaten by larvae changed as they passed downstream from relatively unpolluted waters near
Belle Isle to waters heavily impacted by industrial and municipal waste discharges near Grosse
He. The results of this study suggest that a cause-effect relation exists between reduced water
quality in the lower river and reduced feeding rates of larval yellow perch.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR;
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Pridmore, R.D.; Roper, D.S.; Hewitt, J.E. DATE:
Variation in Composition and Condition of the Pacific Oyster, Crassostrea gigas, Along a
Pollution Gradient in Manukau Harbour, New Zealand.
1990
Single Species indicators
Marine Environmental Research MERSDW, Vol. 30, No. 3, p 13-177,1990. 3 fig, 4 tab, 49 ref.
The Pacific oyster, Crassostrea gigas Thunberg, is a native of Japan and was accidentally
introduced into New Zetland probably during the 1960s. Since its introduction, the species has
rapidly colonized the northern coastline of the North Island and become the dominant farmed
oyster. C. gigas is found in relatively high numbers along the northern shore of Manukau Harbour,
which receives inputs of industrial and municipal wastewater, including various organochlorine
compounds, and treated sewage effluent and urban runoff from the Auckland metropolitan area.
Three physical and four biochemical condition indices were used to assess the condition of the
Pacific oyster, C. gigas, down a pollution gradient in Wairopa Channel, Manukau Harbour, New
Zealand. Changes in condition along the channel agreed well with the known water
quality/pollution gradient All indices except one (based on protein content) clearly distinguished
between polluted and unpolluted sites. Differences in condition were attributable principally to an
increase in glycogen content down the pollution gradient Whereas protein content varied
insignificantly among sites, glycogen content was 1.5-1.8 times greater at the less polluted sites
and accounted for much of the observed increase in dry flesh weight Pronounced shell
thickening, commonly associated with tributyltin contamination, was also observed at the more
polluted sites.
AUTHORS: Sloane-Richey, J.; Perkins, M.A.; Malueg, K.W. DATE: 1984
AFFIL: Performer: Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.Perfonner Senes Consultants,
Willowdale (Ontario).
TITLE: Effects of Urbanization and Stormwater Runoff on the Food Quality in Two Salmonid Streams.
Journal article.Environmental monitoring program design for uranium refining and conversion
operations.
INDICATOR: Single Species indicators
41
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Biological Indicatory
Single Species
SOURCE: EPA600J81669EPS3HA1
KEYWORDS: Channel-stabilization; Sediments-; Toxicity-; Nutrients-; Metals-; Reprints-.'Runoff-; 'Fishes-;
* Stream-pollution; 'Urbanization-,Contamination-; Environmental-Impacts; Pollution-;
Refining-.*Natural-Uranium; 'Ore-Processing; 'Aerosol-Monitoring.
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to develop recommendations for the design of environmental
monitoring programs at Canadian uranium refining and conversion operations. In order to develop
monitoring priorities, chemical and radioactive releases to the air and water were developed for
reference uranium refining and conversion facilities. The relative significance of the radioactive
releases was evaluated through a pathways analysis which estimated dose to individual members
of me critical receptor group. The effects of chemical releases to the environment were assessed
by comparing predicted air and water contaminant levels to appropriate standards or guidelines.
For the reference facilities studied, the analysis suggested that environmental effects are likely to
be dominated by airborne release of both radioactive and nonradioactive contaminants. Uranium
was found to be the most important radioactive species released to the air and can serve as an
overall indicator of radiological impacts for any of die plants considered. The most important
nonradioactive air emission was found to be fluoride (as hydrogen fluoride) from die uranium
hexafluoride plant For the uranium trioxide and uranium dioxide plants, air emissions of oxides
of nitrogen were considered to be most important. The study recommendations for die design of
an environmental monitoring program are based on consideration of those factors most likely to
affect local air and water quality, and human radiation exposure. Site- and facility-specific factors
will affect monitoring program design and the selection of components such as sampling media,
locations and frequency, and analytical methods.
AUTHORS; Taylor, W.J.
TITLE: Freshwater Mussels and their Use as Biological Monitors
DATE:
N/A
INDICATOR: Single Species indicators
SOURCE: Independent Study. Dept of Civil Eng.. U WA, Dr. R. Homer
ABSTRACT: The current status of the use of freshwater mussels as biological monitors is reviewed by a survey
of the existing scientific literature. It is clear from mis review mat the use of naiad mussels as
biomonhors has been, paradoxical. On one hand a plethora of literature exists analyzing mussels as
habitat and pollutant monitors, and on the other hand mussels nave received very little attention
for use in systematic, long term programs. No doubt many questions regarding the interpretation
of monitoring data are yet to be answered. However, die consistency in the literature of
satisfactory results points to their potential use in extended monitoring programs. Two possible
programmatic approaches to the use of freshwater mussels in Washington State are described.
AUTHORS: Tennessee Valley Authority DATE: i993
TITLE: Survey of brook trout (Salvelinus fontinatis) population in the Upper Little Tennessee River water
shed, Macon and Swain Counties. North Carolina.
INDICATOR: Single Species indicators
SOURCE: Aug 93.43p.; DE93040575XSP, TVAWM9320
42
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! Indicj.it
Single Species Indicators
KEYWORDS: Aquatic-Ecosystems; Compiled-Data; Fishes-; North-Carolina; Populations-; Sampling-;
Tennessee-Valley-Authority; Trout-; Water-Quality; Tables-data.*Biotogical-Indicators;
•Streams-.
ABSTRACT: During the months May-November 1992, as part of the Western North Carolina Alliance upper
Little Tennessee River watershed survey, streams in the North Carolina portion (Macon and
Swain Counties) of the watershed were surveyed for the presence of brook trout (Salvelinus
fontinalis). The purposes of this survey were threefold: (1) To use this sensitive, pollution-
intolerant species as an indicator organism for high quality waters. (2) To assist the North
Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, the US Forest Service, and private landowners in
managing for and protecting this popular game fish. (3) To locate possible stocks of pure
"southern Appalachian strain" brook trout. Research is currently underway at the University of
Tennessee and Auburn University to determine whether there is in fact a distinct southern
subspecies or race of S. fontinalis. This author is one of those who is inclined to believe there is;
43
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OTHER BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
AUTHORS: Bahls, L.L. DATE: 1993
TITLE: Periphyton Bioassessment Methods for Montana Streams
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Water Quality Bureau, Department of Health and Environmental Sciences
KEYWORDS: Periphyton; aquatic life; biocriteria; metrics; biological integrity
ABSTRACT: The Manual presents guidlines for using the composition and structure of periphyton communities
to assess biological integrity and impairment of aquatic life in Montana streams. The Manual
recommends: (1) methods for collecting, processing and analyzing periphyton samples; (2)
measurements or metrics for evaluating periphyton communities; and (3) biocriteria and protocols
for assessing biological integrity and aquatic life impairment. This document also examines
variability in the recommended metrics.
AUTHORS: Campbell, E.E.; Knoop, W.T.; Bate, G.C. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: Dep. Hot., Univ. Port Elizabeth, P.O. Box 1600, Port Elizabeth 6000, South Africa
TITLE: A comparison of phytoplankton biomass and primary production in three eastern Cape estuaries.
South Africa.
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: South African Journal of Science 87(6): 259-264.
KEYWORDS: Nutrient load
ABSTRACT: The distribution of phytoplankton biomass in three eastern Cape estuaries (Gqunube, Kwelera and
Nahoon) was assessed in terms of chlorophyll a concentration. From the distribution of standing
stock at high and low tides, it was deduced that little mixing of estuarine and coastal populations
occurred during the rising tide. Spatial variance of standing stock was much greater than variance
between sampling sessions. Phytoplankton of the Gqunube were concentrated in the surface
waters whereas mixing in the two other estuaries prevented such concentration. The rates of
phytoplankton primary production in the Gqunube, Kwelera and Nahoon estuaries were 147, 32
and 116 mg C m-2 h-1, respectively. This makes the Gqunube and the Nahoon highly productive
estuaries compared to some other South African estuaries, which have rates between 10 and 40
mg C m-2 h-1, but comparable to other estuarine systems, which can be as high as 500 mg C m-2
h-1. These two estuaries receive significant urban runoff likely to contain high nutrient loads.
AUTHORS: Cooper, C.M.; Bums, J.W. DATE: 1984
TITLE: Bryozoans-possible indicators of environmental quality in Bear Creek, Mississippi: Describing
and testing nonlinear treatment effects in paired watershed experiments
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Journal of Environmental Quality (ISSN 0047-2425) v!3 pi 27-30 January-March '84.
KEYWORDS: Bryozoa; Environmental pollution/Indicator organisms
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
45
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Btoloficai
Othfr Btolosical
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Davic, R.D. DATE:
Ohio EPA, Twinsburg, OH, USA
A new lake condition index (Ohio LCI) for the assessment of fake water quality.
1988
Biological Indicators; Physical/Hydrological Indicators; Social Indicators; Water Quality
Indicators
8. Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed Management 1988. p. 42; 1985864
Classification-systems; lakes-; environmental-legislation; limnology-; freshwater-ecology;
pollution-monitoring; legislation-; pollutant-detection; freshwater-environments; USA,-Ohio;
statistical-analysis
Sections 30S(b) and 314 of the 1987 Water Quality .« require each state to report on the water
quality of its lakes, including designated $es and C ui Water Act goals (i.e., aquatic life, public
water supply, fishable, and swimmab! !o comp with the new 305(b) guidelines, the Ohio
EPA developed a multiparameter lake w . Jition inde >. to assess the quality of its 41 public lakes.
The index is comprised of 13 parameters that represent four general categories of lake condition:
biological, physical, chemical, and user perception. Seven of the parameters were used in Ohio's
Section 319 Nonpoint Assessment to target lakes that may be affected by nonpoint pollution. The
adoption of a muitipanuneter index requires states to reevaiuate the appropriateness of assessing
lake condition based solely on the traditional eutrophication concept
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
del Giorgio, P.A; Vinocur, A.L.; Lombardo, R.J.; Tell, H.G. DATE: 1991
Ciudad University, Buenos Aires, Argentina
Progressive Changes in the Structure and Dynamics of the Phytoplankton Community Along a
Pollution Gradient in a Lowland River - A Multivariate Approach
Other
HydrobiologM 224:129-154
Phytoplankton; Lowland river, Pollution; Water quality, Community structure; Multivariate
analysis
The phytoplankton of the River Lujan (Buenos Aires, Argentina) was studied for a period of 18
months, together with physical and chemical variables, in relation to a pollution gradient. 167 taxa
were recorded within a seasonal succession characterized by dominance of diatoms with a brief
summer green algae fades. A combination of several biotic indices and multivariate analysis was
employed to assess the impact of pollution on me phytoplankton community... The changes in the
community structure and dynamics described herein involved alterations in the distribution and
relative proportions of the algae, rather than modifications in the basic species composition. These
changes may not be readily detectable by methods which over-simplify the ecological
information, such as systems of indicator species and biotic indices, designed to assess the degree
of pollution. The suitability of multivariate analysis and biotic indices in river phytoplankton
studies is further discussed.
AUTHORS: Dixit, S.S.; Gumming, B.F.; Smol, J.P.; Kingston, J.C
AFFIL: Performer. Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.
TITLE: Monitoring Environmental Changes in Lakes Using Algal Microfossils
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: EPA600D91181
DATE:
1991
46
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i2(t:;mr$
_Other Biological Indicator^
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Algae-; Fossils-; Surface-waters; Water-quality; Paleoecology-; Paleolinutology-;
Diatoms-.'Environmental-monitoring; "Lakes; 'Biological-indicators; 'Aquatic-ecosystems;
* Water-pollution-effects.
Algal micro fossils are especially powerful- tools for ecological monitoring programs because they
can be used to assess deterioration and/or recovery in aquatic ecosystems, even when direct
historical data are not available. Sedimentary diatom and chrysophyte assemblages have been the
most widely used retrospective indicators. These assemblages have repeatedly proven to be
reliable indicators for evaluating present-day surface water quality in comparison with natural
('reference' or 'background') conditions. Within the last few years, many advances have occurred
in algal microfossil research. The paper describes the applicability and strengths of these new
approaches, and shows how they can be successfully integrated into ecological monitoring
programs.
AUTHORS: Dixit, S.S.; Smol, J.P.; Kingston, J.C.; Charles, D.F. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Queen's Univ., Kingston, Ontario, K7L 3N6 Canada
TITLE: Diatoms: Powerful Indicators of Environmental Change
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1992. Vol. 26, No. 1. .
ABSTRACT: Aquatic management programs are difficult to devise considering the rapid changes of many of
the chemical variables in a system and the lack of long-term monitoring data. The usual approach
has been to monitor water quality of a few sites in detail or a large number of sites infrequently.
However, because aquatic organisms sample the environment continually and respond to a full
array of habitat characters, biotic samples provide more information than do chemical samples and
may be taken less frequently. Ideal biological indicators are simple organisms that provide
quantifiable feedback on water quality degradation and recovery and an applicable over a large
geographic area.. Diatoms, single-celled microscopic plants, satisfy the criteria more than other
aquatics. Extensive research on the biology and ecology of diatoms is being conducted in the
United States and Canada.
AUTHORS: Dufour,A.P.
AFFIL: Performer. Heahh Effects Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH.
TITLE : Bacterial Indicators of Recreational Water Quality
DATE:
1984
INDICATOR: Vimer
SOURCE: EPA600J84100
KEYWORDS: 'Bacteria-; * Recreational-areas; 'Water-pollution; Fresh-water, Growth-; Epidemiology-;
Coliform-bacteria; Escherichia-coli; Disinfection-; Tolerances-Physiology; Selection-;
Indicator-species; Reprints-. 'Bacteria-; "Recreational-areas; 'Water-pollution.
ABSTRACT: The selection of bacterial indicators of recreational water quality are considered with respect to
suggested ideal characteristics, such as association with pathogens, growth in aquatic
environments, resistance to disinfection and ease of enumeration, and through the use of
epidemiological-microbiological techniques. On the basis of these considerations the traditional
indicators of water quality, total and fecal coliforms, were found to be clearly inadequate.
Conversely, E. coli and enterococci met most of the ideal characteristics in freshwater
47
-------
Biological Indicators
Ftioloeicai 7nrfffWTT
environments, whereas only enterococci were found to be efficient for indexing water quality in
marine environments.
AUTHORS: Falter, CM.; Kann, J.; Beckwith, M. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: Dep. Fish and Wildl, Univ. Idaho, Moscow, ID 83843, USA
TITLE: Attached benthic algae (periphyton) in the littoral of Lake Pend Oreille, Idaho.
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed Management 1988. p. 39; 1985686
KEYWORDS: Phytobenthos-; littoral-zone; primary-production; water-quality; eutrophication-;
ldaho,-Pend-Oreille-L.; Cymbella-; Mougeotia-; Rhizoclonium-; algae-; lakes-; chlorophylls-;
substrata-; USA,-Idaho,-Pend-Oreille-L.
ABSTRACT: Attached algae in the littoral zone of Pend Oreille Lake, a targe (383 km super(2)> deep (Z
sub(max) = 380 m), meso-oligotrophic lake in northern Idaho, were studied for comparison to
estimates of pelagic productivity and to identify areas of inshore degraded water quality. Natural
substrate means for all measures of production were higher than artificial substrate. Mean
trichromatic chlorophyll a on natural substrate averaged > 200% greater than on tiles. South lake
natural substrate had twice the chlorophyll >of mid-lake natural substrate and 1.5 times those at
north lake sites. Cymbella was dominant on natural substrate, while Cymbella, Mougeotia , and
Rhizoclonium were co-dominant on artificial substrate. Chlorophyll a and AFODW values were
comparable to other lakes showing accelerated eutrophication (2-6 mg/ra super(2». Littoral
productivity in Pend Oreille was also similar to more shallow lakes with higher littoral periphyton
growths, despite Lake Pend Oreille's great depth and large profundal area. Results indicated the
existence of in-shore water quality degradation at a time when open-lake conditions still show
continued meso-oligotrophy.
AUTHORS: Gannon, J.J.; Busse, M.K. DATE: 1989
TITLE: E. Coli and Enterococci Levels in Urban Stormwater, River Water and Chlorinated Treatment
Plant Effluent.
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Water Research WATRAG, Vol. 23, No. 9, p 1167- II76, 1989. 1 fig, 5 tab, 27 ret
ABSTRACT: Stormwater from die Ann Arbor, Michigan area affects the bacterial indicator organism quality of
the Huron River. Investigations during the 1985 summer period involved samp&i during dry and
wet periods with parallel determinations for each sample for fecal coliforms, fccai streptococci, E.
coli and enterococci. Wet weather bacterial indicator densities were statistically significantly
higher than dry weather levels, and downstream densities were statistically significantly higher
than upstream densities, The FC/FS (fecal coliform/fecal streptococci) ratios for the storm drains
were low and suggestive of more animal than human sources. The geometric mean EC/FC (E.
coii/fecal coliforms) ratios were in the range of 0.82-1.34, well above the o of 0.63 calculated
using the U.S. EPA recommended level for E. coli of 126/100 ml to the sotly accepted level
for fecal coliforms of 200/100 ml. If the intent is to maintain fee cum- .ccepted illness rate,
additional results from other areas are necessary to refine the ;. coli - .iterococci levels for
water quality standard development purposes. In general, physical-chemicai observations reflected
the source of the sample.
-------
Biological Indicators
Other
' Indicators
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Gast, H.F.; Suykerbuyk, R.E.M.; Roijackers, R.M.M. DATE:
Water Authority Veluwe, P.O. Box 9030, 7300 EN Apeidoorn, The Netherlands
Urban Storm Water Discharges: Effects Upon Plankton Communities
1990
Other
Wat. Sci. Tech. 1990. vol. 22, no. 10/11, pp. 155-162.
Urban storm water discharges; biological effects; phytopiankton; zooplankton; receiving waters;
The Netherlands.
From 1985 to 1987, effects on sewer discharges on communities of phyto- and zooplankton in
receiving waters have been studied. Locations all over The Netherlands have been selected. The
results were related to the type of sewer system, the discharges and the characteristics of the
receiving water. Results were compared with those from samples taken from a corresponding
water not influenced by sewer discharges, the reference water. Often either phyto- or zooplankton
communities could be used successfully to describe the short- and medium-term effects of the
discharges on the quality of the involved habitats. Plankton communities could also indicate
permanent effects due to higher saprobic levels in the receiving water compared to the reference
water: an obvious result of urban storm water discharges, hi small to medium-sized stagnant
waters, particularly in the immediate vicinity if the overflows, effects on plankton communities
were more pronounced compared to large and running waters. Combined sewer system overflows
(CSO) often proved to affect plankton communities more severely than separate sewer system
discharges (SSD), except for some locations in industrial areas.
AUTHORS: Guzkowska, M.A.J.; Gasse, F. DATE: 1990
TITLE: Diatoms as indicators of water quality in some English urban lakes (with appendixes)
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Freshwater Biology (ISSN 0046-5070) v23 p233-50 April '90
KEYWORDS: Water pollution/Indicator organisms; Fresh water ecology/England; Diatoms
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Guzkowska, M.A.J.; Gasse,F. DATE: 1990
' TITLE: Seasonal Response of Diatom Communities to Variable Water Quality in some English Urban
Lakes.
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Freshwater Biology FWBLAB, Vol. 23, No. 2, p 251-264, April 1990. 7 fig, 6 tab, 5 ref.
ABSTRACT: Five diatom assemblages and their corresponding site groups were associated with urban lakes in
Bracknell New Town, England. When treated as a single dataset, detrended correspondence
(DCA) and principal components analysis (PCA) grouped these diatom assemblages along an
environmental gradient from circumneutral, dilute waters to strongly alkaline, concentrated,
nutrient-rich waters. When treated as individual datasets, 75% of the known variance was
explained by the first axis of DCA in all five diatom assemblages; this indicated the existence of a
strong prunaiy environmental gradient. The PCA results showed that the identity of this primary
environmental gradient can be different for each assemblage. The statistical analyses showed that
the physico-chemical gradients were continuous and not discrete. Nevertheless, fine-scale analysis
can identify smaller, more precise species and site groups. Two types of species response could be
49
-------
BioloficaL Indicator*
Other Biological
identified within most sub-assemblages in the urban lakes: the first was a quasi-seasonal response
and was characterized by a gradual rise to a peak relative abundance of one dominant or several
co-dominant species which could be sustained for a period of weeks before a gradual decline. A
quasi-seasonal response was sometimes interrupted by a storm response. The storm response was
characterized by a sudden increase in the relative abundance of one or more diatom species
following a storm, after which the species declined to pre-storm abundances within 7 days. The
effects of urban runoff on the water quality of urban lakes can override the effects of true seasonal
factors such as water temperature and day length on the relative abundance of species.
AUTHORS: Larsen, D.P. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Performer Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.
TITLE: Role of " -ological Sample Surveys in the Implementation of Biocriteria. Book chapter.
INDICATOR: Other: Sample surveys
SOURCE: EPA600A93218
KEYWORDS: Environmental-monitoring; Natural-resources-management; Lakes-; Streams-; Population-
Statistics; Numerical-analysis; Statistical-analysis; Criteria-; Case-studies; Reprints-.
'Environmental-surveys; 'Sampling-; 'Aquatic-ecosystems.
«•
ABSTRACT: Relatively few statistical sample surveys have been carried out on lakes and streams but these can
play an important role in characterizing the biological conditions of lakes and streams. Some of
these are described to illustrate how the concepts of sample surveys have been implemented for a
variety of purposes and the nature of the conclusions that can be drawn from sample surveys.
Specifically, sample surveys can be used to characterize the range of biological conditions found
in lakes and streams statewide, or in specific pans of a state, without monitoring each lake or
stream. These kinds of surveys can be used as a foundation for establishing numeric biological
criteria.
AUTHORS: LeMay, J.A.; Bartlett, M.S.; Dorsey, J.H. DATE:
TITLE: Microbiological monitoring of recreational waters in Santa Monica Bay, California, and the
effects of storm drain effluents on three bacterial indicators.
1989
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
Other
Oceans '89: The Global Ocean. Volume 2. Marine Technology Soc., Washington, DC. Institute of
Electrical and Electronics Engineers, New York, NY. 18-21 Sep 1989 : Seattle, WA.
KEYWORDS: Marine pollution. Hazard assessment Mtcrobial contamination. Indicator species. Pollution
monitoring. Outfalls. Bioindicators. California, Santa Monica Bay. Contamination.
Effluents. Recreation areas. Microbial pollution. Water quality.
ABSTRACT: As part of the NPDES monitoring program for the City of Los Angeles' Hyperion Treatment
Plant* levels of indicator bacteria are monitored in Santa Monica Bay to determine if effluent 'from
its outf? ! impacts the recreational waters of the shoreline. Additionally, levels of these bacterial
indicator groups are measured routinely in effluents from major storm drains impacting surf
waters. Analyses of data from Jul 1987 through Jun 1988 revealed several important trends. First,
low levels of indicator bacteria at nearshore stations, and results of special offshore studies
suggest that the effluent plume stayed offshore and did not impinge inshore recreational waters.
Second, elevated levels of bacteria along the shoreline usually were associated with storm drain
effluents or some other known onshore source. Finally, levels of ail three indicators dramatically
rose during wet weather, then fell to background levels two to three days after the event.
50
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Biological
Other Biological Indicators
AUTHORS: Macchiato. M. F.; Ragosta, M.; Cosmi, C., Lo Porto, A. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Univ. of Napoli, Napoli Italy
TITLE: A Method in Multivariate Statistics to Analyze Ecosystems Starting from their Species
Composition
INDICATOR: Other: Statistical analysis
SOURCE: Ecological Modelling, 62, 295-310
KEYWORDS: Biotic; Statistics; Ecosystems:
ABSTRACT: Ecosystems are characterized by many correlated biotic and abiotic variables interacting with the
environment and changes in their species composition are considered an eariy indicator of stress.
We present a statistical method, based on maximum entropy techniques, which allows us to
characterize ecosystems, choosing the species composition as the set of descriptors. Our method is
able to enhance small shifts of descriptors, identifying system changes before they become
evident. We present the methodological aspects of the analysis and its applications to two real
cases.
AUTHORS: Madigosky, S.R.; Alvarez-Hernandez, X.; Glass, J. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: Dep. Biol., Widener Univ., Chester, PA 19013, USA.
TITLE: Lead, cadmium, and aluminum accumulation in the red swamp crayfish Procambarus clarkii G.
collected from roadside drainage ditches in Louisiana.
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. New York NY etc. 1991, vol. 20, no. 2,
p. 253-258. (MdBeCS)2544231
KEYWORDS: Bioaccumulation. Heavy metals. Trace metals. Human food. Drainage water. Louisiana.
Pollutant detection. Freshwater. Procambarus clarkii. Lead. Cadmium. Aluminium. USA,
Louisiana. Tissues. Food chains. Public health. Urban runoff.
ABSTRACT: The concentration of Pb, Cd, and Al in tissues of crayfish Procambarus clarkii were evaluated
from several wetland sites located adjacent to roadways and were compared to crayfish harvested
from a commercial site free from roadside influences. Abdominal muscle, hepatopancreas,
alimentary tract, exoskeleton and blood were analyzed for metal content Results indicated that
levels of contamination obtained in almost all tissues of crayfish from roadside ditches contained
significantly higher amounts of metals than those of the commercially harvested control crayfish.
Detection limits of Pb, Cd, and Al ranged from 0.04 micrograms Pb/gram to 16.15 micrograms
Pb/gram. 0.001 micrograms Cd/gram to 0.13 micrograms Cd/gram, and \21 micrograms A I/gram
to 981 micrograms Al/gram, respectively Concentrations of Pb, Cd, and Al were highest in the
hepatopancreas and alimentary tract.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
Maples; R.S. DATE: 1987
Diatoms as Indicators of Water Quality in Three Bayous of the Calcasieu River/Lake Complex.
Other
IN: Ecosystem Analysis of the Calcasieu River/Lake Complex (CALECO). Report No.
DOE/EP/3111l»l-Vol. 2, June 26, 1987. Tinal Report, p 87-103, 1 fig, 4 tab, 13 ref. DOE Grant
DE-FGOI-83EP3U11.
51
-------
Stoiogicai
Biological %faarffrT
ABSTRACT: A total of 99 pehphytic diatom taxa were collected in three bayous of Calcasieu Estuary,
Louisiana. Eutrophic and mesotrophic species were identified and found to be widespread in all
three bayous. The most common eutrophic taxa were Cyclotella meneghiniana Kutz.,
Gomphonema parvulum Kutz., Nitzschia ganderscheimiensis Krasske and Nitz. palea (Kutz.) W.
Sm. The absence of pollution-sensitive taxa and high autotrophic index values in Contraband
Bayou indicated that this bayou was at a critical level of eutrophication. The pollution was
attributed to a sewage outfall near the mouth of Contraband Bayou, urban runoff, urban activities
(e.g., discarding grass clippings in the bayou), and summer stagnation of the water column.
AUTHORS: Morgan, M.D. DATE: 1987
TITLE: Impact of Nutrient Enrichment and Alkalinizarion on Periphyton Communities in the New Jersey
Pine Barrens.
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Hydrobiologia. Vol. 144, No. 3, p 233-241, January 30, 1987.2 fig, 5 tab, 33 ref.
ABSTRACT: The impact of residential and agricultural development on stream periphyton communities in the
New Jersey Pine Barrens was examined by comparison with communities in undeveloped areas.
Watershed disturbance resulted in stream water primarily characterized by greatly elevated pH
levels and nitrate concentrations. A total of 53 periphyton species were encountered in bimonthly
samples over a one-year period in the three disturbed and three undisturbed study streams. Species
richness was significantly greater in the disturbed streams based on three criteria: the average
number of species per stream on each sampling occasion (disturbed • 6.3; undisturbed - 4.9), the
average number of species per stream for the entire year (disturbed - 19.3; undisturbed - 16.0),
and the total number of species found in streams within a type (disturbed * 40; undisturbed = 31).
Species composition also changed significantly as the result of disturbance. There appeared to be
replacement of species characteristic of undisturbed Pine Barrens streams with species peripheral
to the region. The expected effects of both elevated pH and nitrate were consistent with these
results.
AUTHORS: O'Shea, M.L.; Field, R. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Storm Combined Sewer Overflow Pollution Control Program, Office Res. Dev., U.S. Environ.
Protection Agency, Edison, NJ 08837-3679, USA
TITLE: Detection and disinfection of pathogens in storm-generated flows.
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Canadian Journal of Microbiology. 1992.38(4): 267-276
KEYWORDS: Review; human; animal; virus; bacterial indicator suitability; nonenteric disease; respiratory
infection; skin infection; urban runoff; agricultural runoff; rural watershed; recreational water,
swimming associated illness; disinfection; method
ABSTRACT: The disease-producing potential of recreational waters is currently estimated through the use of
certain bacterial indicators that are believed to be positively correlated with the presence offecai
contamination. In general, these indicators and their recommended limiting values have been
adopted for use from existing standard methods for the analysis of sanitary waste water. However,
no indicator currently in use today exists solely in the feces of man and not also elsewhere, e.g., in
soils, vegetation, and the feces of animals. Storm-water runoff is often rich in bacteria originating
from these nonhuman sources and can contain high densities of indicator bacteria; however,
existing epidemic logical studies of recreational waters receiving storm-water runoff have reported
52
-------
Biological Indicator*
Otter Biological l^ir.atnr*
little correlation between current indicator densities and the incidences of swimming illnesses. In
addition, microbia) analyses of storm-water runoff have revealed a predominance of nonenteric
disease-causing bacteria and viruses that have been linked to respiratory illnesses and skin
infections. Fecal-based indicators in use today provide no information on the risks resulting from
body contact with these nonenteric pathogens. Consequently, for receiving waters containing
discharges that originate primarily from separate storm drainage systems, current bacterial
indicators are ill suited to accurately assess the water's total illness-producing capabilities. This
paper briefly reviews the development of current bacterial standards and evaluates their adoption
in the field of storm-water testing. The unique disinfection requirements of storm-generated runoff
are discussed, and advanced disinfection practices are reviewed. The need for additional
epidemiologies! studies that address the disease-causing potential of noohuman and nonenteric
pathogens commonly found in storm-water runoff from urban, agricultural, and rural watershed
areas is emphasized in order to determine the actual health risks associated with storm-water
runoff contact.
AUTHORS: Pitt, R.E. DATE: 1994
AFF1L: Department of Civil Engineering, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
35294
TITLE: Effects of Urban Runoff on Aquatic Biota
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Handbook of Ecotoxicology. 1994. Chapter 30.
ABSTRACT: Before an effective urban runoff control program can be developed, urban runoff impacts on
receiving water beneficial uses must be appreciated. This chapter shows that urban runoff has
been found to cause significant receiving water impacts on aquatic life. The effects are obviously
most severe for receiving waters draining heavily urbanized watersheds. However, some studies
have also shown important aquatic life impacts for streams in watersheds that are less than ten
percent urbanized.
AUTHORS: Porter, S.D.jCuffiwy.T.F.; Gurtz, M.E.; MeadorM.R. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: U.S. Geological Survey
TITLE: Methods for Collection Algal Samples as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment Program
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: U.S1 Geological Survey, Open-File Report 93-409
KEYWORDS: Benthic Algae; Water Quality; Habitat; Biomass; U.S Geological Survey
ABSTRACT: Benthic algae (periphyton) and phytophankton communities, are characterized in the U.S.
Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment Program as part of an integrated
physical, chemical and biological assessment of the Nation's water quality. This multidisciplinary
approach provides multiple lines of evidence for evaluating water-quality status and trends, andfor
refining and understanding of the factors that affect water-quality conditions locally, regionally
and nationally. Water quality can be characterized by evaluating the results of qualitative and
quantitative measurements of the algal community. Qualitative periphyton samples are collected
to develop a'list of taxa present in the sampling reach. Quantitative periphyton samples are
collected to measure algal community structure within selected habitats. These samples of benthic
algal communities are collected from natural substrates, using the sampling methods that are most
appropriate for the habitat conditions. Phytoplankton samples may be collected in large
53
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Biological Indicators
ntftf!r Riolamcal W/rflfff'T
nonwadable streams and rivers to meet specific program objectives. Estimates of algal biomass
(chlorophyll content and ash-free dry mass) also are optional measures that may be useful for
interpreting water-quality conditions. A nationally consistent approach provides guidance on site,
reach and habitat selection, as well as information on methods and equipment for qualitative and
quantitative sampling. Appropriate quality-assurance and quality-control guidelines are used to
maximize the ability to analyze data locally, regionally and nationally.
AUTHORS: Sellner,-K.G.; Bundy.-M.H. DATE: 1987
AFF1L: Acad. Nat Set., Benedict Estuar. Res. Lab., Benedict MD 20612, USA
TITLE: Preliminary results of experiments to determine the effects of suspended sediments on the
estuarine copepod Eurytemora affinis.
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: DYNAMICS-OF-TURBID-COASTAL-ENVIRONMENTS.-EBSA- 16A-ANNUAL-
SYMPOSIUM. Uncles,- R.J.-ed. 1987. vol. 7, no. 11-12 pp. 1435-1438
KEYWORDS: Resuspended-sediments; Eurytemora-affinis; Copepoda-; environmental-effects; zooplankton-;
ANW.-Chesapeake-Bay
ABSTRACT: Suspended sediment did not significantly affect Eurytemor* affinis , which is the numerically
dominant, late winter, early spring mesozooplankton taxon in Chesapeake Bay. In preliminary
analyses, of survival, broods per female and nauplii development for suspended sediment
concentrations from 0 to 350 mg/1, few significant differences were observed between populations
exposed to no suspended sediment, and those in 50, 100 and 350 mg/1. However, in every case,
highest suspended sediment levels reduced physiological or reproductive parameters in the
copepod. These results suggest that current levels of suspended sediment in the Chesapeake Bay
should not reduce population success of the copepod. However, copepod production could decline
at slightly higher suspended sediment concentrations resulting from urban population growth and
development in the watershed.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Siokou-Frangou, I.; Papathanassiou, E.
Differentiation of zooplankton populations in a polluted area.
DATE:
1991
Other
Marine ecology progn
, Amelinghausen, ISSN 0171- 8630 1991, vol. 76, no. I. p. 41-51.
Zooptankton. Community composition. Species diversity. Dominant species. Indicator species.
Seasonal variations. Urban runoff. Industrial wastes. Sewage. Chlorophylls. MED, Greece,
Thennaikos Gulf. Marine.
Zooplankton composition and spatial distribution were studied in the Gulf of Thennaikos (Aegean
Sea, Greece), a shallow, semi-closed area which is subjected to urban and industrial pollution and
receives freshwater from 4 large riven. These features, combined with the hydrology of the Gulf,
influence the zooplankton, which is characterized by spatial differentiation depending upon the
time of year (December, May and September). Within the northern part of the Gulf, where there is
considerable waste discharge, zooplankton is abundant and communities are characterized by
dominance of opportunistic species. In contrast, the eastern region is strongly influenced by
incoming, water masses from the Aegean Sea and zooplankton communities presented a much
more diversified and stable situation. The pattern of zooplankton distribution off the river deltas is
more complex and depends greatly on season. The differentiation of the zooplankton communities
was quantified using non- metric multidimensional scaling and graphical descriptors.
54
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Indicators
Other Bioloejrnl Indicators
AUTHORS: Stevenson, R.J DATE: 1984
AFFIL: Dept .of Biological Sciences, Biwling Green State Univ., Bowling Green Ohio
TITLE: Epilithic and Epipelic Diatoms in the Sandusky River, with Emphasis on Secies Diversity and
Water Pollution
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Hydrobiologia 114,161 -175
KEYWORDS: Diatoms; Natural substrates; Pollution; Sewage; Species diversity; Streams
ABSTRACT: Benthic diatom communities were collected from silty and rocky substrates to survey the water
quality of the Sandusky River. Even though species composition was highly variable along the
river, recurrent changes in relative abundance of specific diatom taxa and changes in overall
community composition delineated areas where discharge of treated sewage affected water quality
of the river Changes in species diversity (Shannon formula), not decreases in diversity, marked
the site where greatest pollution had occurred. Problems with species diversity indices to indicate
pollution tend to be related to predicting decreases in diversity in response to decreases in water
quality. Evidence in the Sandusky River and the theories of diatom community dynamics suggest
that species diversity can be greater in polluted areas than less polluted areas.
AUTHORS: Washington, H.G. ' DATE: 1984
AFFIL: CSIRO Division of Fossil Fuels, CSIRO Energy and Earth Resources, Ryde, N.S. W. 2112,
Australia
TITLE: Diversity, Biotic and Similarity Indices: A Review with Special Relevance to Aquatic Ecosystems
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Water Res. 1984. Vol. 18, No. 6, pp. 653-694.
ABSTRACT: Diversity indices, biotic indices, and similarity indices are reviewed considering their ecological
application, both theoretical and practical. Eighteen diversity indices in eight groups, nineteen
biotic indices in ten groups, and five similarity indices are examined for their applicability to
biological systems, particularly aquatic ecosystems. All the diversity indices were found
unsuitable except for Simpson's D, Humbert's PIE indices based on the theory of Runs (SCI and
YU) and possibly Macintosh's M. Indices based on information theory, such as H' and H, although
the most commonly used diversity indices, were unsatisfactory due to the lack of exploration of
their biological relevance. The use of H* in aquatic ecosystems is only justified until the more
satisfactory indices are adequately field-tested. Biotic indices are highly specialized for a
particular type of water pollution, usually organic pollution. Chutter's and Chandler's biotic index
appear to be most favored. In their present form, however, such indices are necessarily limited to
the geographical area in which the tolerance lists were compiled. Although many comparisons
have been made between diversity indices and biotic indices, these were found to be spurious as
one index reflects community structure .the other the physiological response of indicator species to
one type of pollution. Such comparisons have usually been justified by claiming that one index
performs better when compared to the term "water quality", which is usually left undefined. The
five similarity indices examined have been used in aquatic systems. It is not clear which of the se
indices is best to use. The percentage similarity index (PSC) and Pinkham and Pearson's index (B)
appear to be most favored for aquatic systems, though there is a need for further research and field
testing of similarity indeices for water pollution.
55
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Biological Indicators
Other Biological Indicators
AUTHORS: Zolan, W.J. DATE: 1981
TITLE: Diatom Assemblages as Indicators of Water Quality in Freshwater Habitats of Guam.
INDICATOR: Other
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB82-
243619, Price codes: A04 in paper copy, AOl in microfiche. Technical Report No 29, September
1981. 47 p, 8 Fig, 8 Tab, 49 Ref, 1 Append. OWRT A-012-GUAM(I), 14-3
ABSTRACT: Periphytic diatoms were collected on immersed glass slides in five bodies of polluted/unpolluted
freshwater for 10-14 days, concomitant to the collection of water samples on three separate days.
The water samples were analyzed for 22 water quality parameters. Natural surfaces (plants, rocks,
sediments) were also sampled for comparison of inhabitant diatom assemblages with the glass
slide collections. Data from counting at least 750 diatom frustules on randomly-selected slide
areas were used to calculate species diversity indices, a sample similarity index, and to determine
whether diatom assemblages occur according to water quality or habitat type. Bodies of water
from urban runoff had diatoms dominated by Nitzschia palea and tow species diversity,
particularly where nutrient (nitrate and phosphate) enrichment occurred Gomphonema parvulum
diatoms dominated ponded habitats where mineral nutrients were excessively low (below 0.020
mg/liter). High sample similarity between river stations over time indicated that district diatom
assemblages exist according to water quality and habitat type. It was also noted that less diatom
species numbers (over 33%) and species diversity occurred on the slides than on the natural
substrata samples.
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OTHER INDICATORS
COMPREHENSIVE MONITORING
AUTHORS: Barth, E. (et al) DATE: 1989
AFFTL: The Chesapeake Bay Program Monitoring Subcommittee
TITLE: The State of The Chesapeake Bay, Third Biennial Monitoring Report -1989
INDICATOR: Comprehensive monitoring
KEYWORDS: Chesapeake Bay; Monitoring: Living resources; Toxicants
ABSTRACT: The Third Biennial Monitoring Report covers the following major topics: Monitoring the Bay
ecosystem, summary of the various monitoring programs, addresses the state of the Bay, issues
related to the Bay's rivers (Draining the Land, the Susquehanna River, The Upper Potomac, and
the Progress in the Patuxent), Managing Living Resources (Striped Bass, Oyster and SAV's) and
toxicant case studies (TBT problem and Kepone in the James) and future issues (1991 Nutrient
reduction strategy revaluation and other developing issues).
AUTHORS: Egan, J.T.; Michael, G.Y.; Grimes, M.M.; Moore, T.F.; Canton, S.P.; DATE: 1994
RocheOe, AJ>.
AFFIL: Regulatory Management, Inc., Colorado Springs, CO
TITLE: Tailoring Requirements to Reality: The Santa Ana River Use Attainability Analysis
INDICATOR: Comprehensive monitoring; attainability analysis
SOURCE: Pawlukiewicz, J.; Monroe, P.; Robertson, A.; Warren, J. (eds.). 1994. Watershed '93: A National
Conference on Watershed Management USEPA 840-R-94-002. Held in Alexandria, VA.,
Mar. 21-24,1993.
ABSTRACT: The Santa Ana Watershed Planning Authority (SAWPA) undertook a comprehensive use
attainability analysis of the entire Santa Ana River (SAR). The use attainability analysis (UAA)
was designed to address the ammonia issue, the heavy metals issue, and to provide an overall
characterization of the SAR to assist in making basinwide management decisions. To achieve its
goals, the Santa Ana River UAA was extensive. The parameters for which sampling and analysis
were conducted, and for which scientific determinations were made were: water chemistry,
physical parameters, microbiological analysis, habitat assessment, biomonitoring, biological fish
flesh analysis, hydraulic characterization, and socioeconomic impact analysis.
57
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Other Indicators
Comprehensive
AUTHORS: Gadbois, L.E. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: Naval Ocean Systems Center, San Diego, CA.
TITLE: Measuring the Effectiveness of Nonpotnt Source Control Techniques for Aquatic Protection. Final
summary rept
INDICATOR: Comprehensive monitoring
SOURCE: NOSCTD1682
KEYWORDS: Water pollution abatement; Hydrology; Industrial plants; Sources; Monitoring; Efficiency;
Measurement; Methodology.*Pollutants; •Environmental protection; 'Runoff.
ABSTRACT: Documenting the effectiveness of nonpoint source (NFS) pollution control technologies requires a
technique- and a site-specific monitoring program. This report details an evaluation method
developed to determine which NFS control technique should be used, and how to evaluate the
control's effectiveness. Attention to nonpoint source pollution (NPSP) originating from
stormwater runoff is growing as point sources are •itmi««*M or controlled NPSP has largely
escaped regulation because of frequent difficulty in identifying a culpable source and quantifying
its environmental impact, as well as from little knowledge of effective control techniques. The
lack of corporate knowledge of NPSP control techniques results from limited historical regulation
and from poorly developed methods to measure the techniques' effectiveness. The refinement of a
single or small set of control techniques will not be appropriate for all NPSP due to the diversity
of pollutants in runoff. Several measures of effectiveness may be needed for each technique due to
site-specific variations.
AUTHORS: McCoy, J.L.; Primrose. N.; Lehman, S.W.
AFFIL: Maryland Department of the Environment, Baltimore, MD
TITLE: Maryland's Targeted Watershed Project Establishing Baseline Water Quality
DATE:
1994
INDICATOR: Comprehensive monitoring; targeted watersheds
SOURCE: Pawlukiewicz, J.; Monroe, P.; Robertson, A.; Warren, J. (eds.). 1994. Watershed -93: A National
Conference on Watershed Management USEPA 840-R-94-002. Held hi Alexandria, VA.,
Mar. 21-24,1993.
ABSTRACT: The Targeted Watershed Project is a multi-agency state initiative to improve water quality and
restore living resources in several tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay. Living resources monitoring
programs and water quality assessments are coupled to characterize water quality, guide
restoration activities, and monitor effectiveness of the restoration activities.
AUTHORS: Sharp, J. H.; KraeuterJ. N.;(editors)
AFFIL: ' University of Delaware and Rutgers University
TITLE: The State of the Delaware Estuary
DATE:
1990
INDICATOR: Comprehensive monitoring program
SOURCE: Scientific Techincai Advisory Committee, Delaware Estuary Program
KEYWORDS: Nutrients; Toxicants; Sediments; Delaware Estuary; Nonpooint source pollution;
ABSTRACT: The "State of the-Delaware Estuary" workshop convened Oct. 19, 1989 in Philadelphia, PA. The
goal of the workshop was to make a preliminary assessment of the extent of the scientific and
technical knowledge of the estuary. This information is necessary to ensure wise management of
estuarine resources. Researchers summarized selected information about the estuary in order to
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Other Indicators
Comprehensive Monitoring
identify areas needing further research. After reviewing and synthesizing the information
presented on Oct. 19, the Scientific and Technical Advisory Committee (STAC) will collate and
edit the information and host follow-up workshops during the Spring of 1990. Topics of
discussion included: Nutrients, dissolved oxygen and primary production; Toxicants in the water
column, sediments and biota; Suspended and bottom sediments; Living resources; Nonpoint
source pollution; sociological aspects on management; economic value.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water DATE:
Technical Support Manual: Waterbody Surveys and Assessments for Conducting Use
Attainability Analyses'
1983
Comprehensive Monitoring Program (Use Attainability Analyses)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water; Regulations and Standards, Wash. DC
The Technical Manual contains technical guidance to assist States in implementing the revised
Water Quality Standards Regulation (48 FR 51400, Nov. 8, 1983). Consideration of the suitability
of a water body for attaining a given use is an integral part of the water quality standards review
and revision process. This document provides guidance in the following areas: (1) To address the
aquatic protection uses currently being achieved in a waterbody, (2) to address the potential uses
that can be attained based on physical, chemical and biological characteristics of a waterbody and
(3) to address the causes of impairment of the uses. The Guidance Document covers the following
major topic areas: Physical evaluations (flow, suspended solids and sedimentation, pools and
riffles and substrate composition, channel characteristics, temperature and riparian evaluations),
Chemical evaluations (water quality indices, hardness, alkalinity, pH and salinity). Biological
evaluations (habitat suitability indices, diversity indices, community structure, recovery index,
intolerant species analysis, omnivore-carnivore analysis and reference reach comparison).
AUTHORS: Wiegand, C.; Van Ness, K.; Meckel, E. DATE: 1994
AFFIL: Montgomery County Dept of Environmental Protection, Div. of Water Resources Management
TITLE: Adapting Municipal NPDES Stormwater Discharge Permit Requirements to Also Address Local
Needs: Montgomery County, Maryland's Experience and Program Direction
INDICATOR: Comprehensive Monitoring Program
SOURCE: Position Paper
KEYWORDS: NPDES, Illicit discharges, Public education, CIS
ABSTRACT: This paper presents some case study examples of Montgomery County Maryland's emerging
program response to Clean Water Act permit application and program requirements governing
municipal NPDES Stormwater discharges. The paper discusses how the County has interpreted
certain NPDES requirements and adapted its program response to address the basic intent of the
rules using more cost-effective approaches. These approaches also better address the County's
specific goals and objectives regarding local stream protection. The Paper focuses on: 1) the need
for more comprehensive regulation of illicit discharges to extend beyond drainage to storm
drainage systems in urban areas; 2) actual County water quality data needs versus the research
nature of certain NPDES storm drain discharge and ambient stream monitoring requirements; 3)
the seemingly understated yet critical importance of public education for pollution source control
in urban areas; and 4) the use of geographic information systems (GIS) as a critical tool for
assembling and integrating basic NPDES inventory data for watershed planning purposes. The
County's funding strategy to address long-term NPDES needs is also briefly discussed.
59
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Other Indicators
Comprehensive
AUTHORS: Waller, W.T.; Acevedo, M.F.; Morgan, E.L.; Dickson, K.L.; Kennedy, DATE: 1995
J.H.; Ammann, L.P.; Allen. H.J.; Dealing, P,R.
AFFIL: Institute of Applied Sciences, Department of Biology. University of North Texas, Denton, TX
TITLE: Use of Biological and Chemical Testing in Storm Water NPDES Mentoring
INDICATOR: Comprehensive monitoring
SOURCE: Torno, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12, 1994.
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Wiederholm, T. DATE:
Performer Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, Solna.
Freshwater environmental monitoring in Sweden. Proposals from a working group.
1992
Comprehensive Monitoring
SNV4111
Aquatic-Ecosystems; Biological-Indicators; Environmental-Policy; Lakes*; Monitoring-;
Research-Programs; Resource-Management; Rivers-, Sweden-; Water-Chemistry;* Fresh-Water
•Water-Quality.
The proposed Freshwater Monitoring Program presented in this report addresses the
environmental monitoring goals recently proposed by the Swedish Environmental Protection
Agency. The overall objective for the Nation's freshwater resources is 'Native species should
occur in stable, well-balanced populations, and pollution should not limit the values of water as a
fisheries, recreation, and raw water resource' (SEPA 1990b). This place two aspects in focus,
namely, (1) the biodiversity of freshwater system and (2) water as a resource. In addition, the
Freshwater Monitoring program should indicate losses of material from terrestrial ecosystems and
the loading of substances, such as nutrients, to marine areas. Indicators relevant to these various
aspects have been proposed by the working group. The primary objective was to select biological
indicator variables that, as much as possible, directly reflect the quality and usability of water as a
resource. In some cases surrogate variable may, however, be used. These may be chemical
variables which indirectly reflect biological conditions, when adequate knowledge of the
relationship between the measured chemical and biological response variable is known. A number
of physico-chemical variables are also needed to support the evaluation of biological data, (88
refs., 5 figs., 21 tabs.)
60
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STORMWATER UTILITY
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Bissonnette, P.
Bellevue Experiences with Urban Runoff Quality Control Strategies.
DATE:
1985
Stormwater utility
IN: Perspectives on Nonpoint Source Pollution, Proceedings of a National Conference, Kansas
City, MO. May 19-22, 1985. Environmental Protection Agency, 1985. p 279-280,1 ref.
The Bellevue Storm and Surface Water (SSW) Utility was formed out of the city's and citizen's
commitment to preserve its network of streams and lakes. Established in 1974, the SSW Utility's
mission is to manage the storm and surface water system in Bellevue to maintain a hydrologic
balance, prevent property damage, and protect water quality for the health, safety, and enjoyment
of citizens and for the preservation and enhancement of wildlife habitat. The SSW Utility has five
major programs: administration, development regulation, maintenance and operations, water
quality control, and capital improvement. The 1985 operating budget is $5.6 million. The 1980-
1985 capital improvement budget is SI 3 million. Bellevue was one of the 27 cities nationwide to
participate in the National Urban Runoff Program (NURP). During a 6-yr period, extensive
monitoring of urban runoff, its sources of pollutant contamination, and its effects on receiving
waters was undertaken. More than 200 storm events and atmospheric and impervious surface
pollutant concentrations were monitored. It was found that the beneficial uses of streams that
Bellevue seeks to preserve are seriously impaired by urban runoff. The nature of the impairment is
largely due to the physical effects of uncontrolled runoff: flooding, erosion, and sedimentation.
These effects were large enough to mask most other effects. Were these macroeffects controlled,
however, other pollutant effects would become evident, particularly those associated with metals
and organic toxicants. It was also found that management practices targeting the street surface and
structural drainage system cannot provide a complete solution. An effective control strategy in
Bellevue must look beyond the typical public works and utilities design and operations and
maintenance practices to source controls, in-stream controls, and even treatment.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Hargett, C.W.
Creating a Stormwater Utility.
DATE:
1992
Stormwater utility
Public Works PUWOAH, Vol. 123, No. 10, p 65-68, 82, September 1992. 3 tab.
St. Petersburg, Florida, is widely known for its exceptional quality of life based on climate,
recreational facilities, and educational, cultural, and economic opportunities. These features
attracted large numbers of people to the area, bringing the population to about 250,000 and
leading to a significant Stormwater problem. To deal with the Stormwater runoff, the city council
decided to adopt a Stormwater utility to deal with the problems created by Stormwater runoff.
Studies were conducted of funding alternatives, land use by different types of units (single family,
multifamily, commercial, institutional, industry, and government), and calculation of fees. Single
family units made up the overwhelming majority of the number of parcels and had an impervious
area roughly equal to that of all other uses combined. Fees were established at a rate of S4.50 per
single family unit (SFU) and all types of entities were charged based on their impervious area
converted to SFU equivalents. The existence of a dedicated revenue source made it possible to
61
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Other Indicators
Starmwater
immediately undertake the many projects necessary to make the stonnwater management plan
effective (e.g., street cleaning, cleaning catch bsisins, cleaning ditches, and managing the
stonnwater control network). An education program was undertaken to ensure public support for
the program. The new utility has achieved overwhelming public support.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Lindsey, G.
Charges for Urban Runoff: Issues in Implementation.
DATE:
1990
Stonnwater utility
Water Resources Bulletin WARBAQ, Vol. 26, No. I, p 117-125, February 1990.4 tab, 16 ref.
Maryland officials have identified stonnwater utilities as a potential method of financing
programs to control nutrients in urban stonnwater runoff mat are proposed in Maryland's
Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Reduction Plan. A number of issues related to the equity, efficiency, and
acceptability of user charge schemes are reviewed. Overall, charges are found to be preferable to
property taxes from both equity and efficiency perspectives. In addition, evidence suggests that
elected officials will support creation of utilities. Obstacles to the implementation of utilities
include: adequacy of utility revenues and acceptability to the public.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Stitt, T.A.
Establishing a Stormwater Management Utility
DATE:
1986
Stonnwater utility
Public Works PUWOAH, Vol. 117, No. 9, p 126-127, 150,152, 154, 156, September 1986.
Cincinnati's experience in addressing stonnwater problems through establishment of a separate
stormwa- :r management utility was reported. Community involvement in establishing the utility
and the ••- Her rate restructuring required to finance its operations were discussed. Lessons learned
in implementing the utility included: (1) You need a storm. Nothing was more helpful for
stimulating public interest in the stonnwater problem than the two 100-year storms that Cincinnati
experienced in 1982. If there is nothing to stimulate public interest, support for the program will
likely be difficult to achieve. (2) Positive attitudes help push the program. Because the idea of a
stormwater management utility was innovative, there were those who said it would never work.
The engineer or manager that directs a study on stormwater needs a positive attitude to combat
people who will give a whole list of reasons why something cannot be done. (3) Doing homework
paves the road to success. You must document the problem. Information collected must be
accurate and given justification. It is not enough to say there is a problem. Proper documentation
also is vital when selling the program to the public. (4) Involve as many people as possible in the
process. Within your own organization and among the public, make people aware of the problem.
The thought of visiting 48 community councils and trying to sell them on a S50 million program
may indeed be frightening, but it could make the difference between a plan and an implemented
program. (5> Do not create another bureaucracy. Citizens do not want more government, just
efficient service. We chose to think small organizationally - 15 to 20 people. Supplement existing
stonnwater management staff with existing city maintenance organizations and contract for
needed design, construction, and additional maintenance services.
62
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MULTIPLE INDICATOR REFERENCES
AUTHORS: Flock, G.H. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: Perfonner: JT and A, Inc., Washington, DC.
TITLE: Proceedings of a National Conference: Water Quality Standards for the 21 st Century. Held in
Dallas, Texas on March 1-3, 1989.
INDICATOR: Multiple indicator reference
KEYWORDS: Nonpoint-sources; State-programs; Standards-; Toxic-substances; US-EPA; Sediments-;
Environmental-protection; Water-pollution-abatement; Water-pollution-control; Public-health;
Implementation-; Water-conservation; Wetlands-; American-indians.'Water-quality
ABSTRACT: This is a summary of the proceedings from the first national Conference on Water Quality
Standards held in Dallas, Texas, March 1-3, 1989. Topics addressed included: nonpoint sources
and water quality standards, diversity and innovation in state standards programs, identification
and control of toxic pollutants, setting human health standards, developments in sediment criteria,
water quality standards and Indian tribes, lake protection through standards, development of
biocriteria, criteria and advisory development by EPA: their deprivation and applications,
implementing antidegradation, extending standards to wetlands, and water quality, quantity, and
conservation.
AUTHORS: Illinois State Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield. DATE: 1987
Div. of Water Pollution Control
TITLE: Intensive Survey of the Fox River Basin from the Wisconsin State Line to Ottawa, Illinois, 1982.
INDICATOR: Multiple indicator reference
SOURCE: IEPAWPC88003
KEYWORDS: Surveys-; Fishes-; Sediments-; Chemical-analysis; Sampling-; Sites-; Classifications-;
Streams-.*Aquatic-biology; *Invertebrates-; 'Water-pollution; *Fox-River.
ABSTRACT: A survey of the Fox River was accomplished during 1982 by the Illinois Environmental
Protection Agency and the Illinois Department of Conservation. Sampling was accomplished at 23
tributary stations for water quality (seasonal), habitat, sediment chemistry, macroinvertebrates and
fish. Stations were established on the major tributaries of the Fox River including the N. Branch
Nippersink, Nippersink (2), Boone, Flint, Tyler, Poplar, Person, Mill (2), Waubansee,
Blackberry(2), Big Rock (2), Little Rock, Somonauk (2), Little Indian, Indian (3), and Buck
Creeks. From these data, environmental quality was summarized utilizing various indices
including water quality (WQI), macroinvertebrates (MBI), fish (ffil), and habitat (PIBI),
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
Mountford, K., Capacasa, J.; Sylvester, N.
U.S. EPA Chesapeake Bay Program
Environmental Indicators, Measuring Our Progress
DATE:
1994
Programmatic Indicators; % urban; Forest cover vs. urban; Water quality (NPS loads)
U.S. EPA Chesapeake Bay Program. Dec. 1994, revision. Annapolis, MD 21403. 60 pp. Speaker's
notes.
63
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Other Indicators
Indicator
ABSTRACT: Topics of study of the Chesapeake Bay Program include forest cover and urban land, non-point
source loading and the use of volunteer monitoring in water quality. Forests serve as nutrient and
sediment filters of agricultural and municipal runoff (phosphorus loading are the most significant).
A trend of basin deforestation has increased in the last 20 years. Preservation and planting of
forests is important to maintain the Bay's health while population increases. One of the missions
of the Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay is the promotion of public participation in tracking
changes in the shallow waters of the bay. Since 1985, hundreds of volunteers have been trained to
monitor water quality and the number of volunteers increases as new county and scholastic
programs are instituted.
AUTHORS: Pawlukiewicz, J.; Monroe. P.; Robertson, A.; Warren, J. (eds.) DATE: 1994
AFFIL: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE: Watershed '93 : A National Conference on Watershed Management
INDICATOR: Multiple indicator reference
SOURCE: EPA 840-R-94-002.
ABSTRACT: Proceedings contain papers addressing' the following environmental indicators (and
subindicators); Whole watershed (GIS simulation modeling, imperviousness and urbanization
assessment); Programmatic (citizen involvement groups, storm drain stenciling); Social (public
attitudes); Water Quality (nonpoint source loading trends); and Other (comprehensive monitoring
of "targeted watersheds", use attainable analyses).
AUTHORS: Shaver, E.; Maxted, J.; Curtis, G.; Carter, D. DATE: 1994
AFFIL: Division of Soil and Water Conservation, Delaware Department of Natural Resources ar
Environmental Control (DNREC), 89 Kings Highway, P.O. Box 140 1 , Dover, DE 199<"
TITLE: Watershed Protection Using an Integrated Approach
INDICATOR: Multiple indicator reference
ABSTRACT: The implementation of stormwater management has historically been accomplished on a
piecemeal basis with regulatory requirements being established for new development activities
using a standardized approach. Regardless of location, watershed specific problem pollutants, and
growth potential, «t»nto»i
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Other
Uultiple Indicaior References
analysis, information will be developed regarding the biological impacts that urbanization may
have on the watershed. More frequent and more severe stormwater flows degrade habitat by
scouring banks and smothering habitats with sediment. A survey of the nontidal streams
throughout the State was recently completed where various biological and habitat measures were
made. The results of the survey will be used to interpret habitat and biological data collected as
pan of the Silver Lake Watershed project and to make predictions on stream health in various
growth scenarios. Finally, a major impact of the project relates to the resources necessary to
accomplish such an effort. A watershed approach is seen as the ideal way to address land use and
permit needs, but the allocation of resources and costs can be significant, and other agencies need
to be aware of their obligations.
AUTHORS: Watershed Management Section, Toronto DATE: 1992
TITLE: In-Place Pollutants Program, vol. VII: A synthesis of the program
INDICATOR: Multiple indicator reference
SOURCE: c!992. 64p.; M1C9204810XSP, 1SBN0772990417
KEYWORDS: Maps-.*Water-pollution.
ABSTRACT: The program was initiated in 1983 in response to various concerns about potential impacts of
contaminants in sediments on the aquatic system. This report summarizes the findings of the In-
Place Pollutants studies on sediment, bottom water, benthic communities, contaminant uptake by
biota, and laboratory sediment bioassays and compares these findings with concurrent work of
other research published in the literature. An evaluation of the program and recommendations for
future directions are also included.
65
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OTHER INDICATORS
AUTHORS: Chesapeake Bay Program
TITLE: Chesapeake Bay Executive Council Directive: Fish Passage Goals
DATE:
1993
INDICATOR: Restoration program
SOURCE: PB941I0152XSP
KEYWORDS: Fish-management; Government-agencies; Fisheries-; Fish-migration. *Chesapeake-Bay-
Watershed; 'Fish-passages; 'Watershed-management; 'Anadromous-fishes.
ABSTRACT: According to the Fish Passage Strategy adopted by the Executive Council in January of 1989 the
jurisdictions of the Chesapeake Bay watershed will 'provide for fish passage at dams, and remove
stream blockages whenever necessary to restore natural passage for migratory fish.' 2.526
blockages to the historic spawning areas of migratory fish have been recognized. Because of the
large number of blockages, a subgoal of opening fish passage to migratory fish on the major
tributaries has been developed. If these blockages were removed, 1356.75 miles of spawning area
would become available to migratory fish, restoring critical mainstream habitat
AUTHORS: Clarke, S.E.; White, D.; Schaedel, A.L. DATE: 1991
TITLE: Oregon, USA, ecotogical regions and subregions for water quality management.
INDICATOR: Watershed mapping
SOURCE: Environmental management v. 15 (6): p. 847-856; 1991 Nov.
KEYWORDS: Oregon; Freshwater ecology; Water quality; Water management; Mapping; Environmental
protection; Regions
ABSTRACT: To aid in producing a protection and management strategy for the freshwater resources of Oregon,
USA, we have defined an initial set of ecological regions and subregions of the state that organize
the spatial similarities and differences in water quality. We have delineated and mapped these
subregions using existing maps of ecological regions, maps of selected environmental
characteristics, remote sensing imagery, and descriptive literature. To help in interpreting the
resulting map, a unique approach to mapping regions is used. We have described the relative
widths of regional boundaries, and we ranked the characteristics used in determining them. Water
quality managers in Oregon intend to apply these subregions as an organizational framework for
data display and reporting, prioritizing monitoring and pollution control strategies, developing
biological criteria for water quality standards, and developing other regional water quality
management approaches.
AUTHORS: Collins, P.S.; Marchand, J.P.; Daughters, D. DATE: 1993
TITLE: Consolidating Stormwater Management: An Efficient Approach.
INDICATOR: Interagency agreements
SOURCE: Public Works PUWOAH, Vol. 124, No. 7. p 52-53,112, June 1993. 1 fig.
ABSTRACT: Nationwide, the cost of implementing the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) regulations has been estimated at S75 billion. However, consolidating stormwater
67
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Other Indicators
management functions among several municipalities and counties (including permitting) can ease
the compliance burden and lower the total cost. The consolidation effort began in Sarasota,
Florida, in September 1990, with Sarasota County and the City of Sarasota uniting stormwater
management functions under the newly established Storm Water Environmental Utility (SEU). In
November 1 99 1 , Sarasota County and five area municipalities agreed to a combined approach for
comprehensive stormwater management and meeting die NPDES regulations. The agreement
covers the issues of: general responsibilities, operating and maintaining stormwater systems,
planning, capital improvement program, regulation, financing, and accounting and reporting. The
SEU is responsible for developing and managing a watershed master planning program, jointly
financed by the county and the city through stormwater utility assessments. The county is the lead
applicant and die other parties are co- applicants for the NPDES permit, significantly lowering the
cost of individual compliance wim the regulations. To further increase efficiency, other
stormwater management functions such as revision of the stormwater assessment rate structure,
may be incorporated into the comprehensive management program in the future.
AUTHORS: Corcoran, C; Randall, K.; Lage, K. DATE: 1993
TITLE: County Develops a Comprehensive Stormwater Management Plan.
INDICATOR: Comprehensive planning
SOURCE: Public Works PUWOAH, Vol. 124, No. 12, p 48-50, November 1993.
ABSTRACT: As a result of frequent flooding within Johnson County, Kansas, the Board of Commissioners
created a Stormwater Management Advisory Council to develop a county-wide stormwater
management plan. Developing the management program consisted of completing two inter-
dependent activities: (1) a traditional stormwater master plan identifying flooding problems,
computer modeling, improvement identification, priority listing, cost estimating, and developing a
capital improvements program; and (2) developing a program addressing policy and plan
implementation issues. To involve the general public a 'stormwater hotline' was established for
county residents to call to discuss their particular stormwater problems. To evaluate flooding
locations, a 'flood problem rating form1 was used to provide a relative rating for each flooding
location. The county-wide plan was completed in December 1992. As of June 1993 management
tasks completed are: (1) initiation of 2 1 capital improvement projects; (2) start of automation of
the stormwater management plan; (3) reimbursement of 5 1 .4 million to local cities for their work;
(4) interviews of engineers and technicians to run the program; and (5) requests for 'letters of
interest1 from participating communities.
AUTHORS: Eagan,L.L. DATE: 1991
AFF1L: Wisconsin Dep. Nat Resour, AM/10, P.O. Box 7921. Madison, WI53707, USA
TITLE: • Evaluation of an institutional framework designed to retard cultural eutrophication
INDICATOR: Cooperative programs
SOURCE: Lake Reservoir Manage. 1991. vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 131-136.
KEYWORDS: Nonpoint-pollution; environment-management; political-aspects; nun-induced-effects;
pollution-control; watersheds-; water-quality-control; USA,-Wisconsin,-Dane-Cty.;
eutrophication-; aquatic-plants
ABSTRACT: Lakes in Dane County, Wisconsin, USA, suffer from cultural eutrophication. Many attempts
designed to solve water quality problems have failed. While technical solutions appear feasible,
institutional arrangements have hampered progress in pushing back the clock on cultural
^
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Other
eutrophication. The latest effort to address these institutional weaknesses produced the Dane
County Lakes and Watershed Commission. At the same time, the County was also provided with
new authority and financing tools for water resource problems. The effectiveness of the new
Commission and the powers granted to the Dane County Board of Supervisors are evaluated in
terms of seven lake management factors. The new arrangements appear to address six out of these
seven factors fairly well. While the new institution offers much promise, the County faces the
challenge of sustaining the political will to make long-term progress in reversing cultural
eutrophication.
AUTHORS: Farrow, D.; Arenstam, S.; DeSouza, A.; Kineon, F.; Lowe, J. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Performer: National Ocean Service, Seattle, WA. Office of Ocean Resources Conservation
and Assessment.
TITLE: Coastal Zone Boundary Review: National Summary, State Characterization Reports. Draft rept.
1987-90
INDICATOR: Watershed classification analysis
SOURCE: Office of Ocean Resources Conservation and Assessment, National Ocean Service, Seattle WA
KEYWORDS: Hydrology-; Assessments-; Land-use; Water-utilization; Water-quality-management;
Reviews-.'Coastal-zone-management; 'Boundaries-; 'State-programs; 'Watersheds-;
'Water-pollution.
ABSTRACT: The report provides the capability to compare, across watersheds in the state, the distribution of
several indicators of nonpouit source pollution potential estimated to be in four analysis areas: (1)
the existing coastal zone; (2) inland of the coastal zone within an alternative area termed the
coastal watershed; (3) inland of the coastal watershed to the state border; and (4) outside the state.
Estimating the distribution of each indicator among these four areas established a basis with which
to begin the assessment of whether existing state coastal zone boundaries adequately encompass
land and water uses that impact coastai water quality. Nineteen reference maps of each coastal
state show schematically the major watersheds in each state, the existing coastal zone boundary,
and the boundary of the hydrologically defined coastal watershed.
AUTHORS: Heiskary, S.A.; Walker, W.W.,Jr. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: Minnesota Pollut Control Agency, 520 Lafayette Rd., St. Paul, MN 55155, USA
TITLE: Developing phosphorus'criteria for Minnesota lakes.
INDICATOR: Lake monitoring; Public survey
SOURCE: Lake Reservoir Manage. 1988. vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1-9
KEYWORDS: Minnesota-; lakes-; eutrophication-; chlorophyll-; data-collection; monitoring-measurements;
reservoirs-; water-quality-criteria; phosphorus-; water-quality; environment-management;
USA.-Minnesota; chlorophylls-
ABSTRACT: The development of practical and successful lake management strategies hinges upon setting
realistic goals. Typically, management efforts have focused on the evaluation of watershed
nutrient loadings and prediction of lake or reservoir eutrophication responses, expressed in terms
of average epilimnetic phosphorus, chlorophyll a, and transparency. This paper describes a
methodology for expressing lake conditions and model predictions. Lake conditions are expressed
in terms of the frequency or risk of "nuisance" algal levels, based upon extreme values of
chlorophyll a reduced transparency, and user-perceived impairment. Relationships between lake
phosphorus concentration and nuisance frequencies of chlorophyll a and Secchi depth are
69
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Other Indicators
developed by cross-tabulating lake monitoring data. A questionnaire is employed to collect data
for relating lake measurements to subjective classifications or nuisance ratings based upon
physical appearance and recreational suitability.
AUTHORS: Folen, D.A.; Zagar, M.A. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: Performer: Rieke Carroll Mutter Associates, Inc., Minnetonka, MN.
TITLE: Floatable Litter Entering Waterways through Storm Sewers. Final rept. 1987-90.
INDICATOR: Litter/Trash
SOURCE: Sen 90. 57p.; PB91152090XSP
KEYWORDS: Water-intakes; Combined-sewers; Storm-sewers; Overflows-; Floating-; Field-tests; Traps-;
Regulations-; Law-enforcement; Monitoring-; Ordinance-; Minnesota-. *Runoff; "Debris;
•Water-pollution-control; 'Urban-areas.
ABSTRACT: Man-made floatable titter creates immediate aesthetic problem when it discharges from storm
sewers into surface water. Floating liner also causes other problems along waterways, including
navigational hazards and operational problems at water intakes. The study examined aspects of the
man-made floatable litter problem. Field monitoring at watershed outlets measured typical
quantities of litter generated by different land use types and rainfall intensities. Litter was also
collected from the Mississippi River after a rain storm to determine the major sources of Utter in
the Minneapolis - St. Paul area. The study included a nationwide search for information on current
practices for litter control.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Park, W.; Shabman, L. DATE:
Benefit Taxation and Cost Sharing: Mechanisms for Encourgaging Acceptance of Nonpoint
Pollution Control Strategies.
1981
Cost sharing program
In: Nonpoint Pollution Control-Tools and Techniques for the Future, Proceedings of a Technical
Symposium, p 285-293,1981.2 Tab, 4 Ref
Economic incentives and compensations are being considered in the Occoquan River basin to
solve the problem of the economic inequity of nonpoint pollution control programs. With
nonpoint pollution controls, the area bearing the most cost of control is not the area receiving the
most benefit from the control. The Occoquan River basin encompasses parts of four counties in
northern Virginia. Fauquier County with 70,592 acres of the area's agricultural land stands to gain
only 1 to 3% of the water quality benefits from the implementation of Best Management Practices.
Fairfax County, with only 6,775 acres of agricultural land, will gain 40 to 67% of the improved
water quality benefits. Two scenarios, OPTIMISTIC and PESSIMISTIC can be applied to
determine cost sharing predictions needed to make nonpoint pollution controls fair and acceptable
to all .counties. One appropriate mechanism for raising cost sharing funds would be a fee for
recreational fishing.
AUTHORS: Paterson, R.G.; Luger, M.I.; Burby, R.J.; Kaiser, E.J.; Malcolm, H.R. DATE: 1993
TITLE: Costs and Benefits of Urban Erosion and Sediment Control: The North Carolina Experience.
INDICATOR: Cost/benefit analysis
70
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Other
SOURCE: Environmental Management EMNGDC, Vol. 17, No. 2, p 167-178, March/April 1993. 4 tab,
46 ref.
ABSTRACT: The Environmental Protection Agency's new nonpoint source pollution control requirements will
soon institutionalize urban erosion and sediment pollution control practices nationwide. The
public and private sector costs and social benefits associated with North Carolina's program were
examined to provide general policy guidance on questions relating to the likely burden the new
best management practices will have on the development industry, the likely costs and benefits of
such a program, and the feasibility of running a program on a cost recovery basis. The results of
this study indicate that urban erosion and sediment control requirements were not particularly
burdensome to the development industry, only adding approximately 4% to development costs.
Public-sector program costs ranged between $2.4 and 4.8 million in fiscal year 1989. The
contingent valuation survey suggests that urban households in North Carolina are willing to spend
between S7.1 and 14.2 million per year to maintain current levels of sediment pollution control.
The cost-benefit analysis determined in this study suggested that the overall ratio is likely to be
positive, although a definitive figure is elusive. Lastly, it was discovered that several North
Carolina localities have cost recovery fee systems that are at least partially self-financing.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Rosenthal, A.
Permitting Nonpoint Sources: Programs, Provisions, Problems and Potential.
DATE:
1989
Model NPDES program
Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. 22161, as
PB89-186712. Price codes: A09 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. EPA Report
No. EPA/600/9-89/035, January 1989. 179p, 2 fig, 2 tab, 6 append.
In recent years, an increasing number of states and local agencies have instituted permitting
programs to control nonpoint source (NPS) water pollution. Permits are issued to both urban and
agricultural NPS generators. NPS permit applications typically require a range of maps and
support documentation mat help indicate the impact of the operation on water quality. Permit
applicants rely heavily on consulting engineers to design the best management practices (BMPs)
allowed in the permit. Most NPS permits conform to design standards which detail BMP
specifications, rather than to performance standards which limit the amount or pollutant
concentration of allowable runoff. For such a NPS permitting system to ensure water quality,
however, permits should include reopener clauses or expire periodically. This would allow for
modifications in response to the dynamic ambient conditions of receiving waters. Although
permits for both agricultural and urban NPS discharges tend to require retention or detention
structures, other nonstructural BMPs are increasingly included in permit conditions. The Water
Quality Act's stormwater provisions and EPA's proposed regulations are primarily procedural in
nature and do not stipulate the form or stringency of stormwater permits. Enforcement of NPS
permits should proactively utilize inspection programs to prevent violations. Aerial surveillance
can help to supplement personnel shortages. Once a deficiency is identified, the decision to initiate
enforcement action should be based primarily on the potential for adverse impacts upon receiving
waters. Other factors should include the extent of the deficiency and existence of past violations.
There are many sociological, economic and political factors which appear to influence the success
of a NPS permitting program. While cost-sharing programs may enhance the effectiveness of a
permitting system, most regulatory programs for NPS have actually arisen because of the absence
of such nonregulatory programs. Because most NPS permitting systems have been established
only recently, there is an absence of evaluation literature assessing their effectiveness either in
71
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Other Indicator^
terms of permittee compliance or water quality impact. Yet, it appears that NFS permitting
programs are becoming increasingly comprehensive and effective in their efforts to reduce runoff.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Robertson, A.; Davis, W.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and U.S. EPA
The Selection and Use of Water Quality Indicators
DATE:
1993
Indicator development and reference information
Paper presented at Water Environmental Federation Specialty Conference in Anaheim, CA.,
Aug. 1993
Environmental indicators; water quality; biological; chemical exposure; physical habitat;
watershed stressors;
Water quality monitoring involves making environmental measurements mat allow for reaching
sue:- ater quality judgements. As assessments of water quality is a cumulative evaluation of
ov ;ystem conditions, a complete assessment would enta-i measurement of all the
en nental properties of an area. This is obviously not possible as the number of physical,
chem.wal, geological and biological properties that can be measured in an area are immense.
Instead, a relatively few properties that can provide general indication of environmental condition
must be selected for measurement. This paper deals with the selection and use of environmental
indicators; a definition of environmental indicators is presented, selection criteria are outlined,
recommended environmental indicators are presented and future considerations are discussed.
AUTHORS: Hughes, R.M.; Whittier, T.R.; Thiele, S. A.; Pollard, I.E.; Peck, D.V. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: Performer Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.
TITLE: Lake and Stream Indicators for U.S. EPA's Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program.
Symposium paper.
INDICATOR: Other General evaluation of indicators
SOURCE: EPA600D9109S
KEYWORDS: US-EPA; Regional-analysis; Spatial-distribution; Site-surveys; Biological-stress; Ecosystems-;
Habitats-; Diatoms*; Zooplankton-; Benthos-; Data-processing; Statistical-analysis; water
quality data; Surface-waters; Fishes-.*Water-poUution-effeca
ABSTRACT: The paper summarizes the indicators proposed for a pilot study by me U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency's (EPA) Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program for lakes and streams
(EMAP-LS). An additional take and stream monitoring program is needed because current programs
do not provide regional or national estimates of ecological condition or trends with known
levels of confidence. Because national and regional monitoring must necessarily focus on spatial
issues, the authors explain why and how they concentrate their sampling at particular index
periods and in particular index locations. They provide 10 criteria for selecting response
indicators and outline the 18 indicators selected and being developed for lakes and streams.
Finally, the authors discuss bow they propose to determine waterbody impairment through use of
regional reference sites, regional experts, historical data, models, and empirical distributions
of indicator values.
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PHYSICAL AND HYDROLOGICAL INDICATORS
DRY WEATHER STREAM FLOWS
AUTHORS: Evett,J.B. DATE: 1994
AFFIL: Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering,
University of North Carolina at Charlotte
TITLE: Effects of Urbanization and Land-Use Changes on Low Stream Flow
INDICATOR: Dry weather stream flows
SOURCE: UNC-WRRI-94-284
KEYWORDS: Low streamflows, urbanization, land-use change, urban hydrology.
ABSTRACT: Historical low-streamflow data were analyzed for a number of gaging stations on streams in and
around various urban areas in North Carolina in an attempt to rind and document effects of
urbanization and land-use changes on low streamflows. Records for streams within each urban
area were compared with streams outside (but nearby) the urban area by two statistical methods. It
was concluded from the study that there is some support for the premise that urbanization causes a
decrease in low streamflows over time, but statistically the results are inconclusive. It appears
more likely that most small streams—both urban and rural-are experiencing decreasing low flows
over time.
AUTHORS: Ferguson, B.K.; Suckling, P. W. DATE: 1990
TITLE: Changing Rainfall-Runoff Relationships in the Urbanizing Peachtree Creek Watershed, Atlanta,
Georgia.
INDICATOR: Dry weather stream flows
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin WARBAQ, Vol. 26, No. 2, p 313-322, April 1990.4 fig, 3 tab, 20 ref.
ABSTRACT: Peachtree Creek is a gaged watershed mat has experienced a substantial increase in urbanization.
The relationships of runoff to rainfall were studied for total annual flows, low flows, and peak
flows. For each type of flow the relationship in the later, more urbanized period was compared to
that in the earlier, less urbanized period. An increase in total runoff in wet years was observed as
urbanization increased, but a decrease occurred during dry years. For low flows a similar decrease
of runoff in dry years was found. An increase in peak runoff was observed over most of the range
of precipitation. Increasing peak flows and declining low flows can be adequately explained by
urban hydrologic theory, which focuses on the effects of urban impervious surfaces upon direct
runoff and infiltration. However, a decline of total runoff in dry years can be explained only by
taking into account evapotranspiration as well. The concept of advectively assisted urban
evapotranspiratiou, previously discovered by climatologists, is needed to explain such a loss of
total runoff. Urban hydrologic theory must take into account vegetation and evapotranspiration, as
well as impervious surfaces and their direct runoff, to explain the magnitude of total annual flows
73
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Physical and Hvdrnla$ical Indicates
Weather Strf(lm
and low flows. Urban stormwater rnanagement should address the restoration of low flows, as
well as the control of floods.
AUTHORS: Prince, K.R. DATE: 1981
TITLE: Use of Flow-Duration Curves to Evaluate Effects of Urbanization on Streamflow Patterns on
Long Island, New York.
INDICATOR: Dry weather stream flows
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB82-
114307, Price codes: A02 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Geological Survey Water-Resources
Investigations 80-114, 1981. 19 p, 4 Fig, 4 Tab, 15 Ref.
ABSTRACT: Streamflow patterns on Long Island, N.Y., have been changing over the last three decades in
response to eastward population growth and urbanization. Flow-duration curves for nine streams
in Nassau and Suffolk Counties indicate that, during this time, streams in urbanized areas have
had increased peak flows and decreased base flows, whereas streams in sparsely populated areas
have shown little or no change. The increase in peak flows reflects the greater volume of storm
runoff from impermeable surfaces such as roads, parking lots, and roofs. The decrease in base
flows results from the lowering of groundwater levels, principally by sanitary sewerage and
extensive pumping for public water supply. At East Meadow Brook, in a sewered, densely
populated area of Nassau County, peak flows (1-percent duration) increased by 41% during 1946-
74, and base flows (98-percent duration) decreased by 99%. to contrast, peak and base flows of
Carmans River, in a largely undisturbed, rural area of Suffolk County, showed fluctuations no
greater than 19% during the same period.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Prych, E.A.; Brenner, R.N. DATE: 1983
Effects of Land Use on Discharge and Water Quality in Newaukum Creek Basin, King County,
Washington.
Dry weather stream flows/land use impacts
Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle, WA, August 1983.62p, 12 fig, 20 tab, 11 ref.
Newaukum Creek drains 27.4 sq mi in south-centra! King County, Washington. Pan of the
drainage basin is in the foothills of the Cascade Mountains and is forested. The foothills usually
consist of a thin layer of unconsolidated sediments underlain by volcanic rock. The remainder of
the basin occupies an uneven plain that is mostly agricultural but contains part of the city of
Enumclaw. Most of the plain is covered by mudflow material that is underlain by glacial drift. An
analysis of one year of discharge data from stream gages near the mouth of Newaukum Creek and
at the mouths of a forested, an agricultural, and an urban subbasin show that the annual
contribution to base flow in Newaukum-Creek from the urban subbasin (expressed as a percentage
of precipitation) is less than from either the agricultural or forested subbasin. However, the
contribution to storm runoff is larger. An examination of stream-water-quality data collected
monthly during periods of base flow shows that the discharge-weighted mean annual
concentrations of most constituents were highest at the urban site and lowest at the forested site.
An examination of discharge-weighted mean concentrations in storm runoff that were obtained by
regressing constituent washoff load against runoff volume show that the site with the highest or
lowest concentration was different for the different constituents. Concentrations of bacteria,
phosphorus and organic nitrogen were lowest at the forested site and the concentrations of
suspended solids, ammonia, and dissolved nitrate-plus-nitrite were lowest at the urban site.
74
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and
,£>r' Weather$tream F!o*s
Concentrations of suspended solids, nutrients, and bacteria were highest at the agricultural site,
and concentrations of lead and zinc were highest at the urban site. Results of surveys of the natural
benthic invertebrate populations and of algal growth on artificial substrates show that the biota at
each site reflect the local environmental factors and water quality at each site.
AUTHORS: Simmons, D.L.; Reynolds, R.J. DATE: 1982
AFFIL: U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Division; 5 Aerial Way, Syosset, New York 11791;
and P.O. Box 1350, Albany, New York 12201, respectively
TITLE: Effects of Urbanization on Base Flow of Selected Southshore Streams, Long Island, New York
INDICATOR: Dry weather stream Hows
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin. 1982. vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 797-805.
KEYWORDS: Urbanization; base flow; low flow; stream flow; Long Island; sewerage.
ABSTRACT: Hydrograph analysis of six streams on the south shore of Long Island indicates dial eastward
urbanization during the last three decades significantly reduced base flow to streams. Before
urbanization, roughly 95% of total annual stream flow on Long Island was base flow. In urbanized
southwestern Nassua County, storm water sewerage, increased impervious surface area, and
sanitary sewerage have reduced base flow to 20% of the total stream flow. In an adjacent
urbanized but unsewered area in southeastern Nassua, base flow has decreased to 84% of total
annual stream flow. In contrast, base flow in two streams in rural areas has remained virtually
constant, averaging roughly 95% of the total annual flow throughout the 1955-70 study period.
Double-mass curve analysis of base flow as a percentage of total annual stream flow indicates that
(i) changes in stream flow characteristics began in the early 1960's in the later urbanized,
unsewered area, and (2) a new equilibrium has been established between the streams in the
sewered area the new hydrologic characteristics of their urbanized drainage basins.
AUTHORS: Spinello. A.G.; Simmons, D.L. DATE: 1992
TITLE: Base Flow of 10 South-Shore Streams, Long Island, New York, 1976-85, and the Effects of
Urbanization on Base Flow and Flow Duration.
INDICATOR: Dry weather stream flows
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open Files Reports Section, USGS Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS. Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4205, 1992. 34p, 12 fig, 6 tab, 22 ref Prepared
in cooperation with the Nassau County Department of Public Works
ABSTRACT: Hydrograph-separation techniques were used to quantify die 1976-85 base flows of 10
continuously gaged streams on the south shore of Long Island. Base flow is the water that enters a
stream channel as discharge from the groundwater reservoir-the 'fair-weather* flow of the stream.
Base flow during 1948-52, the last 5 yrs before extensive urban development, constituted about
95% of die total annual stream discharge, but in 1976-85, it averaged 14% in streams in a highly
urbanized, sewered area; 79% in streams in a less urbanized, more recently sewered area; 88% at
streams in a suburban area in which sanitary sewerage is nearly complete; and, 96% at streams in
an unsewered area where development is minimal. A major cause of base flow decreases on Long
Island has been a lowering of the water table as a result of urbanization. The principal factors that
cause this lowering include a decrease in the amount of permeable (unpaved) area, the routing of
storm runoff directly to streams through storm sewers, and sanitary sewers, all of which intercept
recharge and prevent it from entering the groundwater system. Water level declines and the
attendant losses of base flow are minimized in areas where stormwater is routed to recharge
75
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Physical and Hvdroiopicai Indicators grv Weather Stream
basins. Flow duration analysis shows that urbanization also causes an increase in the magnitude
and frequency of high flows and in the flow variability of each stream. These effects currently are
seen as far east as Carlls River in southwestern Suffolk County. Double-mass-curve analysis
shows that a new base flow equilibrium has been reached at the three westernmost streams
studied.
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HABITAT QUALITY MONITORING
AUTHORS: Birtwell, I.K.; Levings, CD.; MacDonal, J.S.; Rogers, LH. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: West Vancouver Lab., Biol. Sci. Branch, Dep. Fish, and Oceans, 4160 Marine Drive, West
Vancouver, B.C. V7V 1N6, Canada
TITLE: A review of fish habitat issues in the Fraser River system.
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
SOURCE: WATER-POLLUT.-RES.-J.-CAN. 1988. vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1-30
KEYWORDS: Industrial-wastes; sewage-; pesticides-; urbanization-; fishery-resources; pollution-effects;
environmental-impact; salmon-fisheries; agricultural-pollution; fisheries-; sewage-discharges;
Oncorhynchus-; Canada,-British-Coiumbta,-Fraser-R.
ABSTRACT: The 1,253 km-long Fraser River drains a 230,400 sq. km area of British Columbia and has a mean
annual discharge of 2,700 cubic m/s. The river currently supports the most valuable salmon runs
in western Canada. However, the system has the capacity to produce approx. 70% of the sockeye
(Oncorhynchus nerka) and chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), 50% of the pink (Oncorhynchus
gorbuscha ), 35% of the chum (Oncorhynchus kera ), and 10% of the coho (Oncorhynchus
kisutch) salmon in British Columbia, if potentials were realized. Physical impacts have occurred,
for example, due to dyking intertidal areas, from water regulation and abstraction, land filling and
dredging. Contaminants enter the river system from various sources, such as from industry (pulp
mills) and urban developments (sewage), through the use of pesticides, from terrestrial activities
(logging, silviculture, agriculture) and in "stormwater". Concerns associated with these activities
and the discharge of contaminants are documented in relation to their effects upon aquatic habitats
and fishery resources.
AUTHORS: Bovee, K.D. DATE: 1982
AFFIL: Instream Flow and Aquatic Sys. Group, Western Energy and Land Use Team, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service, 2622 Redwing Road, Fort Collins, CO 80526
TITLE: A Guide to Stream Habitat Analysis Using the Instream Flow Incremental Methodology: Instream
Flow Information Paper No. 12
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
SOURCE: June 1982; 248 pp., FWS/OBS-82/26
ABSTRACT: No abstract available.
AUTHORS: Ehrenfeld, J.G.; Schneider, J.P. DATE: 1983
AFFIL: Performer: Rutgers - The State Univ., New Brunswick, NJ. Center for Coastal and Environmental
Studies-
TITLE: Sensitivity of Cedar Swamps to the Effects of Non-Point Source Pollution Associated with
Suburbanization in the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Final rept.
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
SOURCE: W8400682, OWRTA065NJ1
77
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Pfcsical and Hydro/of teal
Habitat Quality Monttnrmf
KEYWORDS: •Swamps-; 'Forest-trees; 'Ecology-; * Water-pollution; Urbanization-; Runoff-; Metals-;
Concentration-Composition; Phosphorus*; Lead-Metal; Btoassay-; Environmental-impacts; Plant-
growth; Abundance-; Copper-; Zinc-; Plant-tissues; New-Jersey.
ABSTRACT: Nineteen swamps dominated by Chamaecyparis thyoides were chosen to represent the following
gradient of increasingly severe impacts due to watershed development: isolated sites, far from
roads; isolated sites, near roads; suburban sites with indirect runoff; and suburban sites receiving
storm sewer input. The sites receiving storm sewer input showed an increased uptake of
phosphorus and lead, but no significant changes for N, Cu or Zn; sites with indirect runoff showed
no changes in tissue element concentrations. In summary, the presence of direct stormwater input
to cedar swamps causes marked changes in community structure, vegetation dynamics, and plant
tissue element concentration.
AUTHORS: Galli, J. DATE: N/A
TITLE: RSAT Evaluation Method - Step One
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
SOURCE: unpublished notes
ABSTRACT: Notes describe the evaluation method associated with the Rapid Stream Assessment Technique
(RSAT). Sample data sheets for the assessment of stream habitats are provided.
AUTHORS: Hayslip.G.A. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Performer Environmental Protection Agency, Seattle, WA. Environmental Services Div. Lab.
TITLE: Region 10 In-Stream Biological Monitoring Handbook: For Wadable Streams in the Pacific
Northwest.
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
SOURCE: EPA910992013
KEYWORDS: Water-quality-management; Surface-waters; Invertebrates-; Fishes-; Habitability-; Water-
poUution-effects-Animals; Research-programs; Handbooks-.'Streams-; 'Biological-monitoring;
•Water-pollution-deteetioo.
ABSTRACT: The handbook provides a reference for those interested in conducting biological assessments of
wadable streams in EPA Region 10. The document describes the minimum level of data that needs
to be collected, as well as methods for additional levels of intensity, for each category
(macroinvertebrates, fish, water column and physical habitat). The handbook is an attempt to
provide a consistent minimal set of methods to facilitate information exchange and interpretation.
AUTHORS: Maxted, J.R.; Dickey, E.L.; Mitchell, G.M. DATE: .1994
AFFIL: Biological Monitoring Program, Division of Water Resources, Delaware Dep. Nat Resour.
Environ. Control
TITLE: Habitat Quality of Delaware Nontidal Streams; Appendix D, State of Delaware Section 305(b)
Report for 1994
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
SOURCE: Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control
78
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Physical and Hydrnio^icsl Indicator*
Jiabitat Quality Monitoring
ABSTRACT: Habitat assessments were conducted at 189 sites throughout the state during the fall of 1991 and
1993. Sampling stations were selected randomly so that the results could be extrapolated to the
entire state with known statistical confidence. Eighty-seven percent of all nontidal streams in Kent
and New Castle counties and 78% of ail perennial streams statewide were found to have degraded
physical habitat. The majority of the degraded sites were severely degraded. Degraded physical
habitat was defined as conditions substantially different from reference or natural conditions and
know to contain pollution tolerant organisms. Reference conditions were based upon 10 % of the
sites with the best habitat attributes found during the surveys, therefore this assessment is a
relative assessment of habitat conditions found in Delaware in the early 1990s. In the Northern
Piedmont region, the degradation of habitat was caused primarily by urbanization and stonnwater.
Peak stonnwater flows 'and velocities eroded streambanks and deposited sediment in the stream
channel. In the Coastal Plain region, the degradation was caused by agricultural practices and
stream "maintenance" activities. These practices remove channel and riparian vegetation that
provides biological stability and diversity and shades the channel to prevent exceedences of
temperature and dissolved oxygen criteria. A slightly higher proportion (92 %) of small headwater
intermittent streams had degraded habitat. The management implications of these results are
presented. They include, for example, the need for close adherence to the state's sediment and
stormwater control regulations and the need to re-evaluate stream "maintenance" and ditching
practices.
AUTHORS: Medor, M.R.; Hupp, C.R.; Cuffhey, T.F.;Gurtz, M.E. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: U.S. Geological Survey
TITLE: Methods for Characterizing Stream Habitat as Part of the National Water-Quality Assessment
Program
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
SOURCE: U. S. Geological Survey, Open-File Report 93-408
KEYWORDS: Stream habitat; riparian; U.S Geological Survey, Basin; Reach; Microhabitat
ABSTRACT: Stream habitat is characterized in the U.S Geological Survey's National Water-Quality Assessment
Program as part of an integrated physical, chemical and biological assessment of the Nation's
water quality. The goal of stream habitat characterization is to relate habitat to other physical,
chemical and biological factors to describe water-quality conditions. To accomplish this goal,
environmental settings are described at sites selected for water-quality assessment In addition,
spatial and temporal patterns in habitat are examined at local, regional and national levels.
Although habitat characterization is an important component of a number of Federal, State and
local water-quality assessment programs, no current set of habitat evaluation procedures meets the
objectives of the habitat assessment component of the National Water-Quality Assessment
Program. Evaluation of stream habitat is based on a spatially hierarchical framework that
incorporates habitat data at basin, segment, reach and microhabitat scales. This framework
provides a basis for national consistency in collection techniques, while allowing flexibility in
habitat data at basin and stream segment scales that include use of geographic information system
data bases, maps and aerial photographs. Data collected at the stream reach scale include more
than 34 riparian and instream habitat characteristics evaluated during one-time visits and surveys
of the channel and riparian area during repeated sampling.
AUTHORS: Ohio Environmental Protection Agency
TITLE: Ohio Water Resource Inventory: Executive Summary
DATE:
1992
79
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Physical and Hydroiogical Indicators
Hahitat Quality
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
ABSTRACT: This reports summarizes aquatic community status and trends for principal rivers and streams
monitored by Ohio EPA between 1979 and 1991. A statistically significant increase in all of the
biological indicies indicates that water resource integrity is improving overall; however, for many
waterbody types the database is inadequate to assess the current status of these waters.
Recommendation dealing with a watershed management approach are also provided.
t
AUTHORS: Petersen, R. C. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Stream and Benthic Ecology Group, Department Ecology/Limnology Institute,
University of Lund, Box 65,221 00 Lund, Sweden
TITLE: The RCE: A Riparian, Channel, and Environmental Inventory for Small Streams in the
Agricultural Landscape
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
SOURCE: Freshwater Biology. 1992. Vol. 27, pp. 295-306.
ABSTRACT: The Riparian , Channel and Environmental (RCE) Inventory has been developed to assess the
physical and biological condition of small streams in the lowland, agricultural landscape. It
consists of sixteen characteristics, which define the structure of the riparian zone, stream channel
morphology, and die biological condition in both habitats. The inventory is based on the view that
in landscapes where non-point source pollution and agriculture dominate, the environmental
condition of small streams can be assessed by an appraisal of the physical condition of the riparian
zone and stream channel. It is assumed that disturbance of this physical structure is a major cause
for reduction of stream biological structure and function. This assumption is supported by a case
study using fifteen Italian stream locations in which the RCE was found to be positively correlated
to the benthic macroinvertebrate community as measured by the Extended Biotic Index (r * 0.80,
P<0.001) and the Shannon diversity index (r - 0.73, P<0.001). The inventory is designed for
quick use to cover a large number of streams in a short period of time. When used it generates a
numerical score which can be used to compare the physical and biological condition between
different streams within a region. The numerical score is divided into five , colour-coded classes
to facilitate use in stream-monitoring programmes and to allow comparison with biological
indices.
AUTHORS: Rankin, E.T. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: Ohio EPA, Division of Surface Water. Ecological Assessment Section, 1685 Westbett Drive,
Columbus, Ohio 43228
TITLE: The Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index [QHEI]: Rationale, Methods, and Application
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
ABSTRACT: This document discusses: (1) the relationship between the Qualitative Habitat Evaluation Index
[QHEI] and its metrics with the Index of Biological Integrity in minimally impacted (by chemical
water quality) stream reaches in Ohio; (2) the importance of basin and subbasin land use and
stream modification and the limiting effects of "average" habitat conditions on the QHEI as a
predictive teol; (3) guidelines for use of the QHEI for determining aquatic life use designations of
flowing waters'; and (4) the variability that can be expected in the calculation of the QHEI by
different biologists.
80
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Ph. yicj/ and H\draio^ical Indicators
Habitat Quality
AUTHORS: Rankin, E.T.; Yoder, C.O.; Mishne, D. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: State of Ohio Environmental Protection 'Agency, Division of Water Quality,
Planning and Assessment, Ecological Assessment Division
TITLE; Ohio Resource Inventory, Volume 1: Summary, Status, and Trends
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring; Composite indicators
ABSTRACT: The water resource inventory focuses on: (1) the current status of Ohio's water resources (2)
trends in the biological integrity of selected stream segments, (3) the incorporation of biological
data from other state agencies and institutions in Ohio as a part of monitored level assessments,
and (4) the first integrated, statewide assessment of Ohio's EPA's fish tissue contaminant database
since 1977. Underlying all of this is the theme that a simple, technology-based, or even water
quality-based approach to water resource management is alone insufficient to deal with the
remaining problems of our surface waters.
AUTHORS: Sweeney, B.W. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: The Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia
TITLE: Streamside forests and the Physical, Chemical and Trophic Characteristics of Piedmont Streams in
E astern North America
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring,Streamside forest quality
SOURCE: Water Science Technology, Vol 26, No. 12, pp 2653-2673
KEYWORDS: Streamside, riparian, forest, stream ecology, deforestation, piedmont macroinvertebrates, algae
ABSTRACT: It is now clear that water and habitat quality in the coastal embayments of eastern North America
are greatly affected by the quality of water and habitat in the thousands of feeder streams and
rivers comprising their watershed. In this paper! suggest that the quality of Streamside forests may
be the single most important factor altered by humans that affects the structure and function, and
ultimately water quality, of the streams providing water to the coastal embayments. I use
comparative data from forested and deforested reaches of streams in a small piedmont
watershed(White Clay Creek) to illustrate the actual and/or potential effects of Streamside forests
on: (i) availability of habitat; (ii) the nutrient chemistry of the water, and (iii) the quantitative and
qualitative nature of the primary food base (organic detritus and algae) supporting higher trophic
levels in streams. Also discussed are the potential role of Streamside forests in partially mitigating
the flux of sediment and nutrients into aquatic ecosystems, the effects of global wanning on
stream temperatures, and the deleterious effects on stream organisms of the increased levels of
UV radiation associated with global ozone depletion. Current methods and approaches for
Streamside forest restoration are presented.
AUTHORS: White, R.J.; Wells, J.D.; Peterson, M.E.
AFFIL: Montana Water Resources Research Center, Bozeman.
TITLE: Effects of Urbanization on Physical Habitat for Trout in Streams.
DATE:
1983
INDICATOR: Habitat quality monitoring
SOURCE: MWRRC139,OWRTA134MONT1
KEYWORDS: 'Ecology; *Trout; 'Fisheries; 'Channel improvements; Urban areas; Rural areas; Bank
protection; Waterways; Abundance; Wyoming; Comparison.
81
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Physical and Hvdroloetcal Indicate Habitat Quality Monitormf
ABSTRACT: Non-urban were more favorable than urban stream sections as habitat for trout and held more
trout. The major habitat difference was amount of instream solid overhead hiding coyer. Urban
land modifications had created unnaturally straight, narrow channels with high, unstable banks
with little of the undercuts and woody debris that provide shelter for fish. Urban and non-urban
sections did not differ significantly with respect to water velocity, dissolved nitrate, or amount of
pools or water turbulence. Per unit stream length, non-urban sections avenged 54% more trout
larger than 20 (8 inches) and 74% greater total trout biomass than urban sections. In both urban
and non-urban areas, trout abundance as kg/ha was generally below the level predicted by the
Wyoming Habitat Quality Index (HQI). This could have been due to effects of angling or other
unmeasured factors, to measurement errors or to inapplicability of the HQI method to the areas
studied. There is evidence that altering the HQI method to consider solid overhead hiding cover
and pool-turbulence hiding cover as separate variables rather man as a total cover index will
enhance predictiveness.
82
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INCREASED FLOODING IN STREAMS
AUTHORS: Bailey, J.F.; Thomas, W.O.; Wetzel, K.L.; Ross, T.J. DATE: 1989
TITLE: Estimation of Flood-Frequency Characteristics and the Effects of Urbanization for Streams in the
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Area.
INDICATOR: Increased flooding in streams
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 87-4194, March 1989. 7 Ip, 4 fig, 6 tab, 7 append,
11 ref.
ABSTRACT: Data collected at 21 streamflow gaging stations were used in a multiple-regression analysis to
develop equations for computation of peak-flow characteristics in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The
flood equations were determined by relating flood-frequency characteristics computed using
observed flow data from 13 stations and synthetically derived flow data from 8 stations to
measurable basin characteristics. Significant characteristics in the equations are drainage area and
impervious cover. Standard errors of estimate for the regression equations ranged from 38 to 43%.
The equations can be used to determine peak-flow characteristics and to estimate the effect of
urbanization on small streams with drainage areas from 1.1 to 64 sq mi. The analyses indicate that
increasing impervious area can significantly increase peak flows. Examples are given for
computing flood frequency for a site on an ungaged stream and for an ungaged site on a gaged
stream.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Buttle, J.M.
Effects of Suburbanization upon Snowmelt Runoff.
DATE:
1990
Increased flooding in streams
Hydrologicai Sciences Journal HSJODN, Vol. 35, No. 3, p 285-302, June 1990.4 fig, 6 tab,
30 ref.
The influence of suburbanization upon runoff response to snowmett and rain-on-snow inputs was
examined for a small drainage basin in south-central Ontario. Modification of more than 50
percent of the basin ana over a 14 year period led to a six-fold increase in the spring quickflow
response ratio and an increase in the number of snowmelt events that generate appreciable
quickflow. Anticipated changes in mean peak discharge, time of rise and quickflow response ratio
did not emerge, and the influence of development upon these streamflow characteristics may have
been overshadowed by annual changes in basin antecedent conditions. The distinction between
hydrograph properties associated with, snowmelt and rain-on-snow events has become more
pronounced with suburbanization. Rain-on-snow generated higher maximum peak flows and
lower average peak discharge per unit input compared with snowmelt, and these differences were
accentuated by development of the basin. Rain-on-snow also produced more variable time of rise
values, while the reduction in hydrograph recession coefficients mat accompanied suburban
development was most apparent for snowmelt events. The results suggest that suburbanization can
have a subtle, yet real influence upon basin runoff regime during spring snowmelt.
83
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•"*
Physical and
Indicators
Inrrenxed Flooding ir,
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Buttle, J.M.; Xu, F.
Snowmelt Runoff in Suburban Environments.
DATE:
1988
Increased flooding in streams
Nordic Hydrology NOHYBB, Vol. 19, No. !, p 19-40, 1988. 7 fig, 5 tab, 34 ref.
While snowmelt and rain-on-snow events have received considerable attention in rural watersheds
they have been largely ignored in urban hydrology, despite the fact that they may result in severe
flooding. The runoff responses of two subcatchments of a small drainage basin in Peterborough,
Ontario were investigated for the spring snowmehs of 1984 and 1985. One of the catchments has
undergone substantial suburbanization, whik the other is largely in rural land use. Measurements
in each catchment included snowpack water-equivalent depths, snowmelt and precipitation, fluxes
of net radiation over snowpacks, infiltration capacities of pervious surface types, and stream flow.
Suburban development appears to have produced substantial increases in spring quickflow yields
from the entire basin. A comparison of the responses of the two subcatchments reveals that the
suburban catchment reacts more rapidly to snowmelt and rain-on-snow inputs and generates larger
initial quickflow response ratios than the rural basin as a result of the microclimatic, pedologic
and hydraulic characteristics of built-up areas. However, the dynamic behavior of the runoff
contributing area of the rural catchment results in a marked increase in hs quickflow yield as melt
progresses. The results suggest that the distinct nature of the processes of snow accumulation,
melt and runoff generation in built-up areas should be considered when modeling suburban
snowmelt runoff.
AUTHORS: Changnon, S.A., Jr. DATE: 1980
TITLE: Summer Flooding at Chicago and Possible Relationships to Urban-Increased Heavy Rainfall.
INDICATOR: Increased flooding in streams
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin, Vol 16, No 2, p 323-325, April 1980.2 Tab, 5 Ref.
NSFENV77-15375.
ABSTRACT: Studies of two measures of flooding in the Chicago metropolitan area revealed a wide range of
floods with the mignht^* related to recurrence interval expressions of rain intensity. Minor type
floods in basements and underpasses usually result from localized heavy rains with return
intervals of 1 to 2 years, and more major floods result from rains with return intervals of 2 to 5
years or more. Urban factors help lead to increases in warm season rain events in Chicago with 1 -
to 4-year return intervals. These apparently help lead to 10-100% more flooding events in Chicago
than expected. The range of increase varies depending on locale and type of flood, but the
increases in storms should be accounted for in drainage designs.
AUTHORS: DeVilliers, G.T. DATE: 1988
TITLE: Hydrological Impact of Urbanization-A Study of the Palmtet River in Metropolitan Durban,
South Africa.
INDICATOR: Increased flooding in streams
SOURCE: IN: Hydrological Processes and Water Management in Urban Areas. Proceedings of the
International Symposium 24-29 April 1988, Duisburg, West Germany. International Hydrological
Programme of UNESCO Publication, 1988. p 571-578.2 tab, 8 ref.
84
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Physical and Hy^ra/ogtcal Indicators
Increased Flooding (n Streams
ABSTRACT: Urbanization has had a drastic effect on the hydrology of the Palmiet River, Durban, South Africa.
Peak discharge rates increased four-fold while discharge volumes increased by 15%. Channel
morphology, dynamics and sediment transport were similarly influenced while the water quality
also deteriorated downstream. The Pinetown Central Business District has a marked impact on the
River. The analyte values (for pH, conductivity, Ca(2+), K(+), Mg{2+), NaC-t-), Ci(-), phosphates,
nitrates, ammonia, Si, F(-), alkalinity, P, and total dissolved solids) in the Palmiet River are
noticeably higher than those of the Umgeni River. Measured by world standards AI, Fe and Mn
values are high throughout the year, while other analytes randomly exceed world norms.
AUTHORS: Hollis, G.E. DATE: 1975
AFFIL: Department of Geography, University College, London, England
TITLE: The Effect of Urbanization on Floods of Different Recurrence Intervals
INDICATOR: Increased flooding in streams
SOURCE: Water Resources Research. 1975. vol. 11. no. 3, pp. 431-435.
ABSTRACT: Studies have shown that the urbanization of catchment can drastically change the flood
characteristics of a river. Published results are synthesized to show the general relationship
between the increase in flood flows following urbanization and both the percentage of the basin
paved and the flood recurrence interval. In general, (1) floods with a return period of a year or
longer are not effected by a 5% paving of their catchment, (2) small floods may be increased by
10 times urbanization, (3) floods with a return period of 100 yrs. may be doubled in size by a 30%
paving of the basin, and (4) the effect of urbanization declines, in relative terms, as flood
recurrence intervals increase.
AUTHORS: Kibler, D.F.; Froelich, D.C.; Aron, G. DATE: 1981
AFFIL: Civil Engineering, Room 212 Sackett Bldg., The Pennsylvania State University,
University Park, Pennsylvania 16802
TITLE: Analyzing Urbanization Impacts on Pennsylvania Flood Peaks
INDICATOR: Increased flooding in streams
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin. 1981. vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 270-274.
KEYWORDS: Flood frequency; urbanization effects; flood peak estimation; ungaged watersheds.
ABSTRACT: The impact of man made change on the hydrology of developing watersheds is frequently
measured in terms of the ratio: flood peak after development to flood peak before development
over a range of return periods. However, the analysis of urbanization effects on flood frequency
presents a vexing problem because of a general lack of flood data in urban areas and also because
of nonstationarity in the development process. Clearly, the flood peak ratio depends on the
impervious fraction and percent of basin sewered and these factors have been taken into account
in recent urban flood peak models. In general, these models are developed by: (1) split sanlple
analysis of available annual flood data, or (2) by computer simulation using mathematical
watershed models capable of representing man made changes. The present paper discusses the
results of representing man made changes. The present paper discusses the results of work in
progress to characterize the impact of urbanization on small developing watersheds in
Pennsylvania. .
85
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Physical and Hvdroinytcsl Indicators
Increased Flooding in Stream^
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
Kitai, K. DATE:
Flood Control of Urban Runoff in the East Area of Osaka Prefecture (Neya River Basin).
1988
Increased flooding in streams
IN: Proceedings of the Eleventh United States/Japan Conference on Sewage Treatment
Technology. Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161,
as PB88-214986. Price codes: A99 in paper copy, E04 in microfiche. April
The eastern part of Osaka Prefecture, comprising the Neya Basin, is a low-lying area which has
suffered flood damage since ancient times. Though damage has been gradually reduced due to
sewerage construction and river improvement, the recent rapid urbanization of this region has
increased rainwater runoff from the region. A rainwater runoff model using the Espey Model with
an increased run-off coefficient was designed. It proved that the pump and pipe capacity is now
insufficient due to the increase in peak discharges. In addition, calculations revealed the
possibility of overflow on a fairly large scale. Osaka Prefecture plans to solve these problems by
improving discharge capacity, as well as by constructing storage facilities for sewerage pipes,
which may prove to be a more efficient measure. It is also expected that the runoff toad during
rainfall will be greatly reduced by means of these facilities. The Comprehensive Flood Disaster
Prevention Plan for the region covering sewerage, river improvement and facilities for runoff
control is now under preparation. This plan will coordinate related sections by assigning clearly-
defined tasks to each of them, and enhance safety precautions against flooding in the Neya Basin.
Richtcr, K.G.; Schultz. G.A. DATE:
Aggravation of Flood Conditions Due to Increased Industrialization and Urbanization.
1988
Increased flooding in streams
IN: Hydrological Processes and Water Management in Urban Areas. Proceedings of the
Internationa] Symposium 24-29 April 1988, Duisburg, West Germany. International Hydrological
Programme of UNESCO Publication, 1988. p 495-503, 6 fig, 7 ref.
Qualitatively it is known that man's activities, such as urbanization and industrialization, have a
significant impact on hydrologic conditions in river basins. Particularly, floods are aggravated by
an increase of flood peaks and a reduction of time to peak. For planning purposes it is often
necessary to quantify the change in flood conditions on the basis of the planned change in land
use. Three deterministic mathematical rainfall-runoff models were analyzed according to their
capability to simulate such changing conditions. It was found that a distributed system models was
superior to two well known lumped system models. This paper discusses the application of this
model in three different test catchments in the upper Emscher region in West Germany. The
model which subdivides the catchment area into small area elements by superimposing a grid
system, is characterized by calculating translation and storage attenuation effects in two
consecutive steps. Each elemental area is characterized by its specification of land use, different
infiltration rate, and flow velocities. The specification of different types of land use is
accomplished with the aid of a Geographic Information System using LANDSAT Themiatic
Mapper satellite data. Results of the model application are presented, one of which is the fact that
the distributed system model is able to quantify the expected changes of flood conditions
depending on where within the catchment new developments are planned.
Sauer, V.B.
New Studies of Urban Flood Frequency in the Southeastern United States.
DATE:
1986
INDICATOR: Increased flooding in streams
-------
j and Hyjroiogicat ladicatori
Increased Flooding in
SOURCE: Transportation Research Record TRREDM, No. 1073, p 10-15, 1986. 3 tab, 12 ref.
ABSTRACT: Five reports dealing with flood magnitude and frequency in urban areas in the southeastern United
States have been published during the past 2 years by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). These
reports are based on data collected in Tampa and Tallahassee, Florida; Atlanta, Georgia; and
several cities in Alabama and Tennessee. Each report contains regression equations useful for
estimating flood peaks for selected recurrence intervals at ungauged urban sites in their respective
study area. A nationwide study of urban flood characteristics by the USGS published in 1983
contains equations for estimating urban peak discharges for ungauged sites throughout the United
States. At die time that the nationwide study was conducted, data from only 35 sites in the
southeastern United States were available. The five new reports contain data for 88 additional sites
in the southeastern United States. These new data show that me seven-parameter estimating
equations developed in the nationwide study are unbiased and have prediction errors less than
those described in the nationwide report. On the other hand, the new data indicate that the three-
parameter equations are biased and significantly underestimate flood discharge in four of the new
study areas. The five new reports on the southeastern United States and the nationwide report
provide reliable methods for estimating design discharges.
AUTHORS: Weiss, L.A. . DATE: 1990
TITLE: Effects of Urbanization on Peak Streamflows in Four Connecticut Communities, 1980-84.
INDICATOR: Increased flooding in streams
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4167, 1990.40p, 16 fig, 9 tab, 19 ref.
ABSTRACT: Ratios of peak flows in urban basins to peak flows in rural basins in Connecticut are about 1.5 to
6,1 for the 2-year flood and 1.1 to 4.3 for the 100-year flood. The lower ratios, in each case, apply
where 30% of the area is served by storm sewers, and the higher ratios apply where 90% of the
area is served by storm sewers. Peak flows for six small urban streams were determined from
rainfall and runoff data collected from 1981 to 1984 and from a distributed-routing rainfall-runoff
model that simulated storm runoff for the period 1951-80. Recurrence intervals of the peak flows
for these streams and three, other urban streams were estimated using the log-Pearson Type III
method and compared with peak flows for rural streams that were computed from regression
equations. A comparison of the ratios of urban to rural peak flows shows that basins where more
than 50% of the area is served by storm sewers have urban to rural ratios that are outside the 95%
confidence limits of the rural regression equations. Peak flows for such areas can be adjusted
graphically for the effects of urbanization if the streams drain less than 10 sq mi and manmade
storage is less man 4.5 million cu ft/sq mi.
87
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STREAM TEMPERATURE MONITORING
AUTHORS: Galli, J. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
TITLE: Thermal Inpacts Associated with Urbanization and Stormwater Management Best Management
Practices
INDICATOR: Stream temperature monitoring
SOURCE: Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Galli, J.; Dubose, R. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: Dept of Environmental Programs, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
TITLE: Thermal Impacts Associated with Urbanization and Stormwater Management Best Management
Practices
INDICATOR: Stream temperature monitoring
ABSTRACT: The report consists of a two part study to evaluate thermal and dissolved oxygen impacts to
aquatic life associated with urbanization and various Stormwater management BMPs. Part one of
the study involved water temperature monitoring and water quality grab sampling at six headwater
streams and four stonnwater management BMPs located in the Piedmont portion of the Anacostia
River basin. The urban streams studied spanned the entire spectrum of watershed imperviousness
from undeveloped to approximately 60% impervious cover. The four representative BMPs
monitored in the study included: an infiltration facility, artificial wetland, extended detention dry
pond and a wet pood. The second part of the study consisted of a comprehensive literature review
to evaluate potential temperature and DO impacts at major levels of the aquatic food chain. The
major findings of the study are as follows: (1) Air temperature and other local meteorological
conditions had a greater influence on stream temperature than stormflow for 90-95% of the time.
Rainfall amount and intensity was second in importance. (2) Watershed imperviousness together
with local meteorological conditions had the largest influence on urban streams. (3) Riparian
canopy coverage played a key role in insulating small streams from wanning. (4) Stream
temperature increased with increasing order in a downstream direction. (5) All four BMPs had a
positive average effect in increasing stream temperatures. Temperature increases were the most
severe in the wet pond and the extended detention dry pond. The artificial wetland was next and
the infiltration facility had the least effects on both stormflow and baseflow.
AUTHORS: Pluhowski, E.J. DATE;
TITLE: Urbanization and its Effect on the Temperature of the Streams on Long Island, New York
INDICATOR: Stream temperature monitoring
SOURCE: U. S. Geological Survey, Professional Paper 627-D, 110pp.
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
1970
89
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Physical and Hydroloficai
ffmperature
AUTHORS: Yetman, K. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: MD Dept. of Natural Resources, Tidewater Admin., Power Plant and Environmental Review
Division
TITLE: Study of Non-Point Source Thermal Pollution in Jabez Branch
INDICATOR: Stream temperature monitoring
ABSTRACT: The primary objective of the investigation is to identify the potential sources of non-point thermal
pollution affecting the upper portion of Jabez Branch where trout once existed. Results from the
1990 land use surveys indicate mat nearly 50% of the left fork watershed of Jabez Branch remains
forested and much of the remaining land is in agricultural use. It is estimated that at present less
man 4% of the left fork watershed is covered with impervious surfaces. Despite the fairly low
level of urban development, results indicate that runoff generated within the watershed increases
stream water temperature near the tolerance limit of brook trout The relatively large rises in
stream water temperatures appear to be the result of two factors. First, the left fork of Jabez
Branch is a small stream with a summer base flow of only 0.3 cfs. Because normal base flow in
the stream is low, even a small amount of warm surface runoff can have a dramatic impact on
stream water temperature. The second factor is that development in the left fork watershed is
concentrated in the upper sections of the drainage basin. When it rains, runoff from commercial,
residential and agriculture land in the upper watershed concentrates in drainage channels and
quickly flows down stream. This runoff has not only been heated from contact with roads and
other warm surfaces, but the volume of water originating from the tipper watershed is relatively
large. As this heated runoff moves down stream, it changes water temperature along the entire
length of the left fork of Jabez Branch. The largest rise in water temperature (6.9 degrees C) in
the lower left fork of Jabez Branch during 1990 occurred as stream flows increased from 0.3 cfs to
17.S cfs. Runoff temperature changes are reported for a variety of land uses, including a road,
industrial roof, urbanized areas, agriculture land, and a forested subdrainage basin. In addition, it
was found that pH levels varied along the stream's length and fluctuated when it rained.
Monitoring indicates the pH of the stream can drop as much as 1 pH unit shortly after the
beginning of a rain event
90
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STREAM WIDENING AND DOWNCUTITING
AUTHORS: Booth, D. DATE: N/A
AFFIL: King County (WA) Surface Water Management Division, Water Resources Section
TITLE: A Protocol for Rapid Channel Assessment
INDICATOR: Stream widening/downcutting
SOURCE: unpublished report
ABSTRACT: This protocol is intended to evaluate the conditions of a stream channel that has resulted from
existing watershed and riparian-zone disturbance. This paper describes the personnel, equipment,
and procedures used for evaluation. This methodology is descriptive, but not necessarily
predictive. Its purpose is to correlate the variability of stream conditions across a region with the
degree of watershed development that occur in a particular stream system over time as a result of
land-use changes.
AUTHORS: Booth, D.B. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: Geologist, King County Basin Planning, 770 Dexter Horton Bldg., Seattle,
Washington 98104; and Department of Geological Sciences, University of Washington AJ-20.
Seattle.Washington 98195
TITLE: Stream-Channel Incision Following Drainage-Basin Urbanization
INDICATOR: Stream widening/downcutting
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin. 1990. vol. 26, no. 3, pp. 407-417.
KEYWORDS: Urbanization; channel incision; runoff.
ABSTRACT: Urbanization of a drainage basin results in pervasive hydroiic changes that in turn initiate Song
term changes in stream channels. Increases in peak discharges and in durations of high flows
result in either quasi-equilibrium channel expansion, where cross-section area increases in near
proportion to the discharge increase, or catastrophic channel incision, where changes occur far out
of proportion to the discharge increases that initiated them. Field data and hydroiic modeling of
rapidly urbanizing basins in King County, Washington, define conditions of flow, topography,
geology, and channel roughness that identify streams susceptible to incision. Channel slope and
geologic material are particularly critical; thus simple map overlays, nearly irrespective of
contributing drainage area, provide a valuable planning tool for identification of susceptible
terrain. Where such conditions exist, basal shear stress provides a quantifiable parameter for
predicting likely problems, although knick points are typical in such settings and confound simple
calculation of sediment-transport rates. Where urbanization proceeds in such areas, effective
mitigation of the incision hazards requires a degree of storm water control far in excess of
standards typically applied to present development activity.
AUTHORS: Ebisemiju, F.S. . DATE: 1989
TITLE: Response of Headwater Stream Channels to Urbanization in the Humid Tropics.
INDICATOR: Stream widening/downcutting
SOURCE: Hydrological Processes HYPRE3. Vol. 3, No. 3, p 237-253, Jul-Sep 1989. 7 fig, 4 tab. 52 ref.
91
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Ph\ stcjl and H\ dr
Indicatnr.i
Widening and Downcuttin£
ABSTRACT: Analysis of the bankfull cross-sectipns of headwater streams in Ado-Ekiti region of Southwestern
Nigeria and their comparison with data from other tropical environments and temperate latitudes
reveal that the channel capacities of streams in the humid tropics are relatively smaller than those
of temperate regions. This is attributed to the small stream discharge, the predominately low and
highly seasonal flows of the streams, the low shear stress of stream load, and the stabilizing and
protective influence of riparian vegetation and surface incrustations. The channel capacities of the
urban streams (mean = 1.13 sq m) are about 47% smaller than those of the natural streams (mean
=2.12 sq m) in the same ecological zone. Resurveys of seventeen cross-sections reveal that while
channel shoulder width increased by only 6% over a one-year period, channel depth and capacity
decreased by 16% and 4% respectively; the decrease in channel size occurs entirely in the channel
depth dimension. Thus the response of stream channels to the urbanization of small headwater
catchments in the humid tropics is probably more of vertical accretion of channel bed and
reduction in channel capacity rather than the enlargement of urban streams through channel
widening. The rapid rate of channel aggradation is attributed to excessive rates of sediment
production, rapid deposition of sediments during small runoff events and on the falling stage of
storm hydrographs, and the inability of the streams to evacuate the sediments delivered to them
despite the increased discharge and peak flow associated with urbanization. The low competence
of the urban streams is attributed to predominance of low flows, very gentle bed slopes, and most
importantly the widespread dumping of refuse into channels thereby reducing flow velocity and
promoting backwater flooding, ponding, and sedimentation. Spatial variations in the degree of
urbanization of the catchments, and therefore in runoff volume and velocity, exercise strong
control on channel width, depth and size. A model of the sequence of stream channel adjustment
to the urbanization of small headwater catchments in the humid tropics is presented.
AUTHORS: Hammer, T.R. DATE: 1972
AFFIL: Regional Science Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
TITLE: Stream Channel Enlargement Due to Urbanization
INDICATOR: Stream widening/downcutting
SOURCE: Water Resources Research. 1972. vol. 8, no. 6, pp. 1530-1540.
ABSTRACT: Stream channel enlargement occurs in response to the change in stream flow regimen
accompanying urbanization. This empirical study relates the imputed increase in channel cross-
sectional area to detailed land use data and other information for 78 small watersheds near
Philadelphia. Important differences between the effects of various types of impervious land use
are observed: Large channel enlargement effects are found for sewered and area of major
impervious parcels such as parking lots, and much smaller effects are observed for unsewered
streets and impervious area involving detached houses. Relatively low channel enlargement
effects are attributed to all types of impervious development less than 4 yean old and house area
more than 30 years old. The influence of impervious development on channel size is found to be
significantly related to topographic characteristics of the watershed, to the location of impervious
development within the watershed, and to man made drainage alterations. Although the relative
importance of these interactive factors proves difficult to establish, the most critical determinant
of the amount of channel enlargement resulting from a given level of urbanization appears to be
basin slope'.
AUTHORS: Krug, W.R.; Goddard, G.L. DATE: 1986
TITLE: Effect of Urbanization on Streamflow, Sediment Loads, and Channel Morphology in Pheasant
Branch Ba sin Near Middteton, Wisconsin.
92
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Physic?]
Indicator*
Stream W^entny and
INDICATOR: Stream widening/downcutting
SOURCE: Available from USGS, OFSS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. USGS Water-Resources
Investigations Report 85-4068, 1986. 82 p, 38 fig, 7 tab, 19 ref.
ABSTRACT: A 5-year, data collection and modeling study was conducted on Pheasant Branch basin in and near
Middleton, Wisconsin. The objectives of the study were (1) to describe the streamflow
characteristics, sediment transport, and stream channel morphology in the Pheasant Branch basin
and (2) to relate the above factors to changes caused by urbanization and project the effect that
urbanization will have on the hydrology and channel morphology of the study area. Suspended-
sediment yields from the South Fork basin were the highest of all basins monitored. A comparison
of storm suspended sediment loads between Century Avenue and the mouth indicated deposition
of about 4,000 tons of sediment in the marsh between the two sites. Downstream from the fully
urbanized part of the basin, the mean streambed elevation was lowered by almost 2 ft between
197! and 1977, while die mean channel width increased by more than 35%. In other reaches of
the stream, the mean streambed elevation was lowered by more man ! foot A rainfall-runoff
model was used to simulate 68 years of summer flood hydrographs for (1) current land use, (2)
projected urban development, and (3) complete urban development The simulated mean annual
flood peaks at U.S. Highway 12 would be increased by factors of 2.0 and 2.4 by projected and
complete urban development, respectively. This would cause the channel width to increase by 40
to 50% and the channel depth to increase by 3Q to 40%.
AUTHORS: MacRae, C.R.; Rowney, A.C. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Gore and Storrie Ltd., 857 Norwest Rd., Kingston, Ont, K7P 2N2, Telephone (613) 384-0913.
Fax (613) 384-3048
TITLE: The Role of Moderate Flow Events and Bank Structure in the Determination of Channel Response
to Ur banization
INDICATOR: Stream widening/downcutting; Morphology, Storm frequency
SOURCE: 45th Annual Conference Resolving Conflicts and Uncertainty in Water Management June 1992.
Conference proceedings. Canadian Water Reources Association. Kingston, Ontario.
ABSTRACT: Case studies have previously demonstrated that alteration of the upland sediment and hydrologic
regimes within a watershed as a consequence of urbanization may have an adverse effect on
channel form. Such effects have prompted the development of Storm Water Management
measures, typically based on a reproduction of the pre-development flood frequency curve or a
sediment continuity method. The widely used hydrologic procedure has met with limited success,
and in some instances has resulted in the aggravation of erosion hazard. Both of these techniques
are one-dimensional and employ a discrete event approach. Design methods based on these
approaches do not account for the non-uniform increase in flow events or the significance of
transverse variations in bank structure. In this paper continuous hydrologic simulation techniques
were applied to a channel formed in cohesive materials to evaluate the significance of the non-
uniform increase in flow events associated with urbanization. Secondly, observations of channel
response, as measured by bankfull channel width, are used to identify the potential significance of
bank structure in the determination of channel sensitivity to an alteration in the upland factors
controlling channel form. It was found that moderate flow events (recurrence interval between
1:0.5 and 1:1.5 years), may displace bankfull flow as the geomorphically dominant flow. Further,
the least resistant bank toe stratigraphic .unit may be the principle factor conn-oiling channel
sensitivity to a change in the upland sediment and hydrologic regimes. The implication on design
procedures for the control of instream erosion potential is the need for increased emphasis on the
93
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Physical and Hvdrolosicat Indicators
Stream Widenim and powncuiting
control of scour associated with moderate flow events and the need to consider bank structure
when establishing the degree of storage control to be applied.
AUTHORS: Neller, R.J. DATE:
AFFIL: Dep. Geogr. and Plan., Univ. New England, Armidale, N.S.W., Australia
TITLE: A comparison of channel erosion in small urban and rural catchments, Armidale, New South
Wales.
1988
INDICATOR: Stream widening/downcutting; Comparison to reference watersheds
SOURCE: Earth Surf. Process. Landforms. 1988. vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 1-7
KEYWORDS: River-banks; erosion-; urban-runoff; channels-; Australia,-New-South-Wales,-Armidalc; rivers-
ABSTRACT: Five years after the cessation of housing construction in a small urban catchment in Armidale.
New South Wales, the stability of the channel bed and banks was investigated with the use of
erosion pins. After eighteen months of monitoring, the rate of channel bank erosion was found to
be 3 multiplied by 6 times greater than that of a nearby rural channel and the rate of knickpoint
retreat was 2 multiplied by 4 times greater. There was, however, no evidence to suggest that the
urban channel was inherently unstable, but that the increased rate of erosion was the product of
changed runoff conditions associated with urban development. Both channels are considered to be
in a state of equilibrium.
AUTHORS: Neller, RJ. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: Dep. Geogr., Chinese Univ. Hong Kong, Shaitin, N.T., Hong Kong.
TITLE: Induced channel enlargement in small urban catchments, Armidale, New South Wales.
INDICATOR: Stream widening/downcutting
SOURCE: Environmental geology and water science. New York NY 1989, vol. I4,no.3,p. 167-171.,
(MdBeCS)2 290261
KEYWORDS: Environmental impact Stormwater runoff. Stream flow. Hydrology. Freshwater. Fluvial
morphology. Australia, New South Wales, Armidale. Urbanization.
ABSTRACT: Surveys of stream channels in 14 small catchments within and adjacent to Armidale, northern
New South Wales, revealed average) than adjacent rural streams. The enlargement of such
channels is frequently attributed to increased urban storm runoff. In this case, however, there is no
apparent linkage between the degree of urban development and the magnitude of channel
enlargement Rather, it appears that gullying is initiated by more direct disturbances to these
channel boundaries, such as realignment and the building of road crossings. Once gullying has
been initiated the degree of channel enlargement seems to be a function of slope; the enlargement
of channels in the steeper headwater urban catchments being significantly greater than that in the
lower reaches. For incipiently unstable channels such as these, the more conventional erosion
control measures may be inadequate.
AUTHORS: Whipple, Jr., W.; DiLouie, J.M.; Pytlar, Jr., T. DATE: 1981
AFFIL: Research Professor, Water Resources Research Institute, Rutgers - The State University, Cook
College Campos, P.O. Box 23 1, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
TITLE: Erosional Potential of Streams in Urbanizing Areas
INDICATOR: Stream widening/downcutting
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Physics:
''•>£•-? zjIndicators
Stream Widgruny and Do\vncuqmg
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin. 1981. vol. 17, no. 1, pp. 36-45.
KEYWORDS: Erosion; bank erosion; channel erosion; degradation (stream); stream erosion; erosion control;
geomorphology; storms; bank protection; land management; stream stabilization; culverts; land
use; land classification; urbanization
ABSTRACT: in urbanizing areas, the usual increase in flood flows also increases erosional capability of
streams. In order to evaluate such tendencies quantitatively, 25 stream reaches were studied, and
were classified as to whether erosion of the channel and banks was light, medium or, heavy.
Analysis of characteristics indicated that (1) densely developed areas were correlated with greater
erosion, (2) wide stream buffers of natural vegetation are correlated with lesser erosion, and (3)
there is no definite correlation of erosion to slope or characteristics of soil. Erosional stream
instability can be avoided by retention of storm water runoff, creating additional channel
roughness or reducing channel slope during floods by drop structures, such as culverts, which
restrict flow. Channel straightening and general bank protection should be minimized in such
streams. Design of culverts should take such effects into consideration.
AUTHORS: Whitlow, J.R.; Gregory, K.J.
AFFIL: Dep. Geogr., Univ. Zimbabwe, Harare, Zimbabwe
TITLE: Changes in urban stream channels in Zimbabwe.
DATE:
1989
INDICATOR: Stream wideningAiowncutting
SOURCE: Regul. Rivers: Res. Manage. 1989. vol. 4, no. I, pp. 27-42
KEYWORDS: Fluvial-morphology; erosion-; man-induced-effects; river-basin-management; Zimbabwe-;
tropical-environment; river-basins
ABSTRACT: Although channel change has been documented downstream of urban areas there have been few
previous studies which have focused upon the spatial variation of erosion and upon examples of
such channel change in tropical areas. In the Avondale stream basin, which includes part of
Harare the capital of Zimbabwe the way in which the channel network has evolved from the
extensive dambo system in the period 1891 to 1984 is reconstructed showing that drainage density
which was initially between 0 multiplied by 35 and 0 multiplied by 80 km km super(-2> has
increased to 3 multiplied by 15 km km super(-2) including stormwater drains.
95
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PROGRAMMATIC INDICATORS
NUMBER OF BMPS INSTALLED
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Lindsey, G.; Roberts, L.; Page, W. DATE:
Maintenance of Stormwater BMPs in Four Maryland Counties: A Status Report.
1992
No. of BMPs installed/inspected
Journal of Soil and Water Conservation JSWCA3, Vol. 47, No. 5, p 417-422, September/October
1992. 5 tab, 15 ref.
In Maryland, the 1982 Stormwater Management Act and supporting regulations mandate that al!
local jurisdictions establish regulatory Stormwater programs mat require developers to provide
structural best management practices (BMPs) on essentially all new development sites, to control
the two-year and 10-year, 24-hour storms. However, previous studies in Maryland and elsewhere
have shown that maintenance of Stormwater structures often is deferred or inadequate. Field
inspections were made of more than 250 Stormwater facilities in four counties in Maryland. The
types of facilities inspected included dry basins, wet and extended detention basins, infiltration
basins and trenches, dry wells, underground storage facilities, and vegetated swales. Four trained
inspectors evaluated performance (inappropriate ponding of water, slow infiltration, incorrect
flow patterns, clogging of facility, excessive sediment or debris, water bypassing facility, design
shortcomings, structural failures, erosion at intake or outfall) and maintenance criteria (facility
functioning as designed, quantity controlled as designed, quality benefits produced by ability,
enforcement action needed, maintenance action needed) for each facility. While most (64%) of the
facilities were found to be functioning as designed, many needed maintenance, especially to
correct excessive sediment and debris problems. Inspectors believed that enforcement action was
warranted at many sites. The condition of different types of facilities varied significantly. Several
models were used to explain results, including a series of chi-square tests to determine the
independence of facility status and objective and subjective variables. Overall, the investigations
documented the need for improved inspection and maintenance by Stormwater management
regulatory authorities.
97
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NUMBER OF ILLICIT CONNECTIONS
AUTHORS: Apogee Research, Inc. DATE: 1994
TITLE: Benefits of Storm Water Management: Case Studies of Selected Communities
INDICATOR: No. of illicit connections. No. of BMP's installed/inspected, BMP performance monitoring,
SOURCE: unpublished
ABSTRACT: The case studies in this report summarize local storm water management activities and financing
mechanisms and begin to document benefits achieved by each local storm water program. The
five communities are: Ann Arbor, Michigan; Austin, Texas; Bellevue, Washington; Boulder.
Colorado; and Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. The case studies document benefits achieved by
local storm water management programs within the following categories: Reduction in peak
flows, reductions in pollutant loadings/discharges, protection or restoration of ecological
resources, recreation activity and economic activity.
AUTHORS: Field, R.; Pitt, R.; Lalor, M.; Thackson, E. DATE: 1995
AFFIL: Storm & Combined Sewer Pollution Control Program, U.S. EPA, 2890 Woodbridge Avenue,
(City?) New Jersey 08837-3679
TITLE: Locating Inappropriate Discharges to Storm Drains
INDICATOR: No. of illicit connections; Procedures for identifying illicit connections
SOURCE: Tomo, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12, 1994.
ABSTRACT: This article describes the results of a series of research tasks to develop a procedure to investigate
non-stormwater (dry-weather) entries into storm drainage systems (Field et al. 1993a, Field et al.
1993b). Dry-weather flows discharging from storm drainage systems contribute significant
pollutant loadings to receiving waters and although they can originate from many sources, the
most significant include sanitary wastewater, industrial and commercial pollutant entries, failing
septic tank systems, and vehicle maintenance activities. Protocols are discussed to: characterize
the drainage area; locate and identify polluted outfalls; estimate the magnitudes of non-stormwater
entries; and locate and correct the non-stormwater entries into the storm drainage system. If these
loadings are ignored (e.g., by only considering wet-weather stormwater runoff), only limited
improvement in receiving water conditions may occur with stormwatcr control programs.
AUTHORS: Minor, J.D. . DATE: 1995
AFFIL: Manager of Water Resources, City of Scarborough, 300 Consilium Place, Suite 1000,
Scarborough, Ontario M1H 3G2 Canada
TITLE: Finding Illicit Connections and Discharges with PA2IL
INDICATOR: No. of illicit connections; procedures for finding illicit connections
SOURCE: Torno, H.C. (ed), 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12, 1994.
99
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Programmatic Indicators
Number of Illicit Conn^
ABSTRACT: The City of Scarborough is a lower tier (area) municipality of 172 square kilometers, population
of about 550.000 and borders on the north shore of Lake Ontario. About 85% of the area is fully
developed with 7 distinct areas zoned as Industrial Districts (16% of total area). About 400 known
ICI sites have stormwater discharges (70% are in Industrial Districts). The City is drained by three
watercourses which receive stormwater from 826 outfalls. Thirty-two large outfalls discharge
directly into Lake Ontario. Storm outfall and up-pipe pollution prevention efforts utilize
approximately 6,000 manhours per year. Analytic laboratory costs average S35,000 CDN per
year. Equipment costs average SI5,000 CDN per year. First year start up costs approximate
$200,000 CDN for 70% of total area. No stonnwater discharge permits are issued in Scarborough
except for "once-thru cooling water" to storm. All storm water quality is specified by a Sewer Use
Bylaw on a concentration basis, not load. All outfalls, drainage areas and pipes have been digitally
mapped. Watercourses are monitored at select locations during dry and wet weather, and on a
seasonal basis. Specific storm drainage areas receive intensive investigation. Outfall problems are
identified by chemical, biological and visual criteria. Problem outfall (storm sewerage)
investigative techniques include visual, biological degradation, chemical and physical assessment.
Discharge characterization techniques using flow meters, non-intrusive sensors, video cameras,
absorbent sticks/pads (for petroleum), dye testing, smoke testing and pressure testing assist in
problem verification. Finding illicit connections and discharges requires dedicated programs with
procedures that may be executed with intuition and occasionally luck .
AUTHORS: Pitt, R.; Lalor, M.; Adrian, D.D.; Field, R.; Barbe, D. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Alabama Univ. in Birmingham. Dept. of Civil Engineering.
TITLE: Investigation of Inappropriate Pollutant Entries into Storm Drainage Systems: A User's Guide.
INDICATOR: No. of illicit connections
SOURCE: EPA600R92238
KEYWORDS: Surveys; Waste water; Runoff; Sewage; Industrial wastes; Septic tanks; Weather; Dry methods;
Maintenance; Repair shops; Motor vehicles; Water quality; Permits; Urban runoff "User manuals;
•Storm drains; *Storm sewers; * Water pollution control
ABSTRACT: The User's Guide is the result of a series of EPA sponsored research projects to develop a
procedure to investigate non-stormwater entries into storm drainage systems. A number of past
projects have found that dry-weather flows discharging from storm drainage systems can
contribute significant pollutant loadings to receiving waters. If these loadings are ignored (by only
considering wet-weather stonnwater runoff, for example), little improvement in receiving water
conditions may occur with many stormwater control programs. These dry-weather flows may
originate from many sources, the most important sources may include sanitary wastewater or
industrial and commercial pollutant entries, failing septic tank systems, and vehicle maintenance
activities. After the outfalls are identified that are affected by polluted dry-weather flows,
additional survey activities are needed to locate and correct the non-stormwater entries into the
storm drainage systems. The User's Guide contains information to allow the design and conduct of
local investigations to identify the types and to estimate the magnitudes of these non-stormwater
entries.
AUTHORS: Schmidt, S.D., Spencer, D.R.
TITLE: Magnitude of Improper Waste Discharges in an Urban Stormwater System.
INDICATOR: No. of illicit connections
DATE:
1986
inn
-------
Pro^rammaiic !nijicators_
(Connections
SOURCE: Journal - Water Pollution Control Federation JWPFA5, Vol. 58, No. 7, p 744-748, July 1986. I
fig, 2 tab. 15ref.
ABSTRACT: A major and often undetected contributor of urban nonpoint pollution is the direct connection of
illegal and improper waste discharges to storm drains and receiving waters. The magnitude of the
problem, isolated individual pollutant dischargers, and initiated source controls for a small urban
storm drainage system were evaluated. It was discovered that of 160 businesses investigated, half
had at least one storm drain connection that discharged potentially hazardous substances.
Improvements in aesthetic and chemical water quality were noted as these discharges were
eliminated. This effort was important because recreation is a high priority use of the receiving
water. The range and mean concentrations of selected pollutants found in the storm drain outfall
are given.
101
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PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT GROUPS
AUTHORS: Custer, C.; Ross, D.
AFFIL: Northeast Ohio Four County Reg. Plann. Dev. Organ., Akron, OH, USA
TITLE; The volunteer take monitoring program in Northeast Ohio.
DATE:
1988
INDICATOR: Public involvement groups
SOURCE: 8. Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed Management. 1988. p. 27; 1985720
KEYWORDS: USA,-Ohio; lakes-, water-quality; pollution-monitoring; Ohio-; pollutant-detection
ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the development of a volunteer lake monitoring program for a four-county
area in northeast Ohio. Five major issues will be addressed: (I) the formation of the Lake
Monitoring Program; (2) review of data collection; (3) volunteer recruitment and training; (4) use
of lake water quality data by government agencies and other interested groups; and (5) future
plans of the Lake Monitoring Program.
AUTHORS: Dilley, M.A. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: School of Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, 2021 Coffey Road,
Columbus, Ohio 43210
TITLE: A Comparison of the Results of a Volunteer Stream Quality Monitoring Program and the Ohio
EPA's Biological Indices
INDICATOR: Public involvement groups; Citizen volunteer monitoring
SOURCE: Simon, T.P.; Davis, W.S. (eds). 1992. Proceedings of the 1991 Midwest Pollution Control
Biologists Meeting: Environmental Indicators: Measurement and Assessment Endpoints. USEPA,
Reg. V, Env. Sci. Div., Chicago, IL. Held in Lincolnwood, IL, Mar 19-22 EPA 905/R-92/003
KEYWORDS: Volunteer monitoring, biological indices, stream quality, kick-seining, Ohio, Scenic Rivers
ABSTRACT: Volunteer stream quality monitoring is increasing in popularity around the country, and
organizations involved with the administration of volunteer stream quality monitoring programs
are becoming interested in the effectiveness of their monitoring techniques. This research
compares the results or the Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR) volunteer-oriented
Scenic Rivers Stream Quality Monitoring Program and the Ohio Environmental Protection
Agency's (OEPA) biological assessments. The volunteer biological monitoring ("kick-seining")
technique was performed on 12 Ohio rivers and tributaries, at 47 different sites, to coincide with
the OEPA's monitoring agenda for the summer of 1989. Comparisons were made between the
volunteer stream quality monitoring ratings and the OEPA's Index of Biotic Integrity (IB I) and
Invertebrate Community Index (ICI). Sites which were rated "excellent" using the ODNR
volunteer method tended to meet the OEPA's criteria for attainment of aquatic life uses for both
the IBI and ICI. Sites which were determined to be "fair" or "poor" with the volunteer method
corresponded to IBI and ICI scores falling in the non-attainment of aquatic life uses range.
Although revisions in the sampling and rating system for the volunteer program could improve the
predictive value of these results as compared to OEPA's indices, the volunteer technique
assessments currently appear to have merit when interpreted in terms of aquatic life use attainment
or non-attainment.
103
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Programmatic Indicates
Pvhlic Involvement
AUTHORS:- Ely, E. (ed). DATE: 1994
AFFIL: The Volunteer Monitor, 1318 Masonic Avenue, San Francisco, CA 94117, (415) 255-8049
TITLE: Volunteer Monitoring: Past, Present & Future
INDICATOR: Public involvement groups; Citizen monitoring
SOURCE: Ely, E. (ed). 1994. The Volunteer Monitor. Vol. 6, No. 2. Spring
ABSTRACT: This issue provides a glimpse of the volunteer water quality monitoring movement nationwide.
Topics discussed include: a profile of volunteer monitoring; the parameters tested by volunteer
groups; testing beyond the traditional boundaries of water quality; putting data to use; a history of
volunteer monitoring; citizen monitoring as a part of community life; a case study of citizens' data
being put to use; and a discussion of phosphorus monitoring.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRART:
Harris, R.E.; Johnsey, P.; Larsen, B.; Berreil, M.
Promoting Stormwater Education.
DATE:
1993
Public involvement groups
Water Environment & Technology WAETEJ, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 64-68, August 1993. 3 fig.
Educating and involving the public in any new regulatory program is among the* most important
factors responsible for a program's success. EPA is now faced with the challenge of implementing
one'of its largest programs to.date. The regulations requiring permit application for stonnwater
discharges bring together a distinctly different community in the sense that these discharges are
dependent on the whims of Mother Nature. The program includes all large and medium-sized
cities and unincorporated urban areas with a population of 100,000 or more, and a very large,
diverse group of industries. Industries covered by the stonnwater regulations will be required to
implement educational programs in several areas, including employee training programs, spill
prevention programs, contingency procedures, and response procedures. Cities are required to
plan and implement a stonnwater management plan as a part of their applications for a municipal
separate storm sewer system permit Public participation must include extensive public education
activities to assist communities in understanding the importance of this program and their impact
on it. EPA has set up a National Stonnwater Hot Line to provide information to callers about the
stormwater regulations and their implementation. These education efforts continue to be an
important aspect of the stormwater program as more people become aware of the regulations and
how they affect their daily lives.
AUTHORS: Hawes, J.; Hammel, W.; Rosen, B. DATE:
TITLE: Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program, 1986 Volume 5. East-Central Illinois Region.
1987
INDICATOR: Public involvement groups
SOURCE: REPS-1L.-ENVIRON.-PROT.-AGENCY-DIV.-WATER-POLLUT.-CONTROL. 1987. 109pp;
1829728; Ref. No. IEPAWPC87007E
KEYWORDS: Environmental-monitoring; limnological-surveys; reservoirs-water, eutrophic-waters; USA,-
Illinois
ABSTRACT: The report is Vol. V of a series of 7 reports summarizing Illinois EPA's 1986 Volunteer Lake
Monitoring Program. It provides a program overview, summarizes results for 25 lakes in East-
Central Illinois, and discusses lake/watershed management strategies. It also contains individual
104
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Public Involvement Groups
analyses and recommendations for lakes monitored during 9 or more sampling periods, and data
for lakes monitored 4-8 sampling periods.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Hawes, J.; Michaud, G.; Hammel, W.; Luly, K. DATE:
Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program, 1985, Volume 4. West-Central Illinois Region.
1986
Public involvement groups
REP.-IL.-E1WIRON.-PROT.-AGENCY-DIV.-WATER-POLLUT.-CONTROL. 1986. 300 pp;
1700369; rEPA/WPC/86/005D (IEPAWPCS6005D)
environmental-monitoring; personnel-; freshwater-lakes; environment-management; labor-;
PERT-; USA,-Hlinois,-West-Central
The report is Vol. IV of a series of 7 reports summarizing Illinois EPA's 1985 Volunteer Lake
Monitoring Program. It provides a program overview, summarizes results for 18 lakes in West-
Central Illinois, and discusses lake/watershed management strategies. It also contains individual
analyses and recommendations for lakes monitored during 9 or more sampling periods, and data
for lakes monitored 4-8 sampling periods. Twenty-nine volunteers recorded total depth, Secchi
disc transparency, and field observations for 18 lakes in West-Centra] Illinois between May and
October, 1985.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
Lukowsky, A.M.
Adopting wetlands
DATE:
1994
INDICATOR: Public involvement groups
SOURCE: Outdoor Delaware. 1994 vol. 3, no. 2, pp, 4-9.
KEYWORDS: wetlands-; conservation-; management-planning; natural-resources; watersheds-; USA,-Delaware;
environmental-protection
ABSTRACT: Bright, early December sunlight reflected off the frost lingering on the marshy entrance to Burtons
Island, one of Delaware Seashore State Park's unique natural areas. Braving the cold was a small
contingent of Business People for the Bays who had gathered to mark an important milestone for
the Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control's six-month-old Adopt-a-
Wetland program. With as much fanfare as the nippy occasion allowed, the association of small
businesses located around the Inland Bays watershed of eastern Sussex County became the first
such group to officially adopt a wetland and begin an on-going project of maintaining the natural
beauty of the ecosystem.
AUTHORS:
AFF1L:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
Maas, R.P.; Kuchen, D.J.; Gregutt, F. DATE:
Univ. North Carolina, Environ. Qual. Inst, Asheville, NC, USA
Developing a rigorous water quality database through a volunteer monitoring network.
1991
Public involvement groups
Lake Reservpir Manage. 1991. vol. 7, no. 1, pp. 123-126
Data-collections; freshwater-lakes; reservoirs-water; pollution-monitoring; environment-
management; data-bases; United-States; nonpoint-pollution; lakes-; data-collection; computer-
programmes; LTSA-; education-
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Public Involvement
ABSTRACT: Lake and reservoir managers, as well as affected citizen groups, have increasingly recognized the
need for extensive watershed-level land use and water quality data in developing effective lake
management strategies. Water quality data, in particular, from lake or reservoir tributaries is
essential for identifying and quantifying point and nonpoint sources of pollutants. This paper
describes a unique volunteer-based monitoring network, which in cooperation with a university
laboratory, is developing laboratory monitoring data using US EPA-certified methods at minimal
cost. This program appears to have the unique capacity of providing STORET-acceptable data
while simultaneously functioning as a highly visible quality education/awareness program within
the local community.
AUTHORS: Muir, D.B.; Sefton, D.F.; Hawes, J. DATE:
TITLE: Volunteer Lake Monitoring Program, 1986. Volume 7. Southern Illinois region.
1987
INDICATOR: Public involvement groups
SOURCE: Rep IL Environ. Prot Agency Water Pollution Control. 1987. 106 pp; 1775733;
IEPA/WPC/87-00
KEYWORDS: Research-programs; pollution-monitoring; freshwater-lakes; environmental-monitoring; data-
acquisition; USA,-Illinois
ABSTRACT: The report is Vol. VII of a series of 7 reports summarizing Illinois EPA's 1986 Volunteer Lake
Monitoring Program. It provides a program overview, summarizes results for 16 lakes in Southern
Illinois, and discusses lake/watershed management strategics. Nineteen volunteers recorded total
depth, Secchi disc transparency, and field observations for 16 lakes in Southern Illinois between
May and October, 1986. All 16 lakes were artificial impoundments. (Prepared in cooperation with
Greater Egypt Regional Planning and Development Commission, Carbondale, IL.)
AUTHORS: Nowak,P.J. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: Environ. Resour. Cent, Univ. Wisconsin, Madison, WI53706, USA
TITLE: Social versus technical and regulatory fixes: The land user's perspective in managing nonpoint
source pollution.
INDICATOR: Public involvement groups
SOURCE: Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed Management 1988. p. 18; 1985796
KEYWORDS: Pollution-legislation; land-use; nonpoint-pollution; legislation-; water-quality
ABSTRACT: Managing nonpoint source pollution is often guided by the technician and agency administrator.
Program resources are expended on defining the problem, seeking technical solutions, and
restricting land user behavior in accordance with technical specification. Little or no attention is
given to understanding why the land user is engaging in current behaviors, or the obstacles faced
in adopting best management practices. This paper examines nonpoint source pollution programs
from die land user's perspective. Data from several research projects show that land users do not
understand the problem as perceived by the technician, lack working knowledge of remedial
•programs, and are largely ignorant of the economic ar.l agronomic facts surrounding best
management practices. Several strategies are suggested that will address these issues with the
intent of making nonpoint source programs more effective.
AUTHORS: Sadlon,N.P. '
TITLE: Water watch programs: stream water quality monitoring.
106
DATE:
1992
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Programmatic Indicators
Involvement
INDICATOR: Public involvement groups
SOURCE: USGA Green Section record v. 30 (4): p. 19-20; 1992 Jul.
KEYWORDS: Water quality; Streams; Monitoring Water-quality assessment and wastewater-management
alternatives for Dardenne Creek in St. Charles County, Missouri. Berkas, Wayne R.; Lodderhose,
John R. Missouri, Division of Environmental Quality Rolla, Mo.
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Stroud Water Research Center DATE: 1994
TITLE: Stream School: An Eight-Day Course in Stream Ecology and Biological Monitoring Techniques
INDICATOR: Public involvement groups
ABSTRACT: This brochure describes a program offered by the Stroud Water Research Center that is designed
especially for streamwatch volunteers. Stream School will teach biomonitoring techniques to
streamwatch volunteers for addressing nonpoint source pollution (NFS) problems in streams and
headwaters of Pennsylvania.
AUTHORS: Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission DATEr N/A
TITLE: Texas Watch: Volunteer Environmental Monitoring
INDICATOR: Public involvement groups; Citizen monitoring
ABSTRACT: This information packet describes Texas Watch, the statewide volunteer environmental
monitoring program of the Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission. The program is
one component of the agency's strategy to combat nonpoint source pollution. Texas Watch
addresses nonpoint source pollution in two ways: it assists professional data gathering efforts by
enlisting volunteers to monitor water quality in their communities and it provides an excellent tool
with which to educate the public about nonpoint source pollution through teacher involvement
and the media.
107
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SITE INDICATORS
BMP PERFORMANCE MONITORING
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Akan,A.O.
Pollutant removal efficiency of detention basins.
DATE:
1993
BMP performance monitoring
Water Resour Plann Manage Urban Water Resour. Isbn 0872629120 - [S.L.]Asce, New York.
NY, 1993 p. 134-136. (MdBeCS)0056189
Pollution control. Runoff. Storms. Dynamics. Sedimentation. Velocity. Pollutant removal.
Removal efficiency. Detention basins. Reservoir routing. Settling velocities. Urban runoff.
A simple method is presented for quick estimates of pollutant removal efficiency of detention
basins under dynamic conditions. The method is based on the generalized solutions to the
reservoir routing problem and the settling velocities of pollutants in urban runoff.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Aldrich, J.; Walker, M.
Promoting Consistent Stormwater Management
DATE:
1993
BMP performance monitoring; BMP handbooks
Water Environment ft Technology WAETEJ, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 38-39, August 1993.
The California Stormwater Quality Task Force recently released a best management practices
(BMP) handbook to help the regulated community select control measures to reduce Stormwater
pollutant discharges. Tto handbook provides general guidance for municipalities, industries, and
construction shes to develop and implement BMPs in Stormwater management programs. The
handbook consists of three volumes, each directed towards a specific audience: municipal
Stormwater quality management as required under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) municipal permit program; Stormwater quality management for facilities that
currently are covered, that eventually will be covered, or that are simitar to facilities covered by an
NPDES general permit for construction activities; and erosion control and other Stormwater
quality management plans required under an NPDES general permit for construction activities.
Each volume of the handbook includes chapters on: pertinent regulations regarding the NPDES
permit; how to develop a Stormwater management program; guidance on the selection of BMPs
for the plan; details of source control BMPs; details of treatment control BMPs; and guidelines for
measuring BMP performance. The handbook incorporates the following user-friendly concepts:
volumes directed towards a particular audience, standard format, fact sheets, and a three-ring
notebook format to allow for changes and expansion.
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Site InAicaiors
RHP Performance
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Banneman, R.; Baun, K.; Bonn, M.; Hughes, P.; Graczyk, D. DATE: 1983
Performer Wisconsin Dept. of Natural Resources, Madison.
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Evaluation of Urban Nonpoint
Source Pollution Management in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. Volume 2. Feasibility and
Application of Urban Nonpoint Source Pollution
BMP performance monitoring
•Water-quality; 'Urban-areas; Storms-; Water-pollution-control; Sources-; Runoff-; Watersheds-;
Wisconsin-; Streams-; Land-use; Catch-basins; Feasibility-; Cost-analysis.'Water-quality;
•Urban-areas.
This volume evaluates the feasibility, costs, and pollutant removal effectiveness of street
sweeping, stormwater detention and retention basins, and catch basins, and catchbasin cleaning.
The applicability of these measures is demonstrated for three watersheds in southeastern
Wisconsin. The level of pollution loading reduction achieved by street sweeping is relatively
modest. Sweeping is most effective in spring and in fall, and in high density urban developments
Relatively high levels of pollutant removal can be achieved by retention basins or modified
detention basins. The use of these basins was generally found to be more cost effective than
increased street sweeping.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Bautista, M.F.; Geiger, N.S.
Wetlands for Stormwater Treatment
DATE:
1993
BMP performance monitoring
Water Environment & Technology WAETEJ, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 50-55, August 1993. 4 fig, 2 tab.
Developers of a residential site on Lacamas Lake (Washington) used a wetland system to treat
stormwater runoff from the lake watershed, so that the quality and quantity of stormwater runoff
would not exceed predevelopment conditions. Resultant water quality problems in the lakes
include severe dissolved oxygen depletion, poor water clarity, and extensive algal growth,
particularly during the high-use summer recreational months. Phosphorus is the limiting nutrient
controlling the amount of plant growth in the lake. The I aramm Lake wetlands biofilter was
designed to release the collected stormwater to the wetland area at noneroding velocities (O.304
m/sec). French drains, or bubblers, were designed to direct runoff below grade and create a sheet
flow several centimeters deep that enters the upgradient edge of the emergent wetlands. The
monitoring plan was designed to obtain baseline water quality data for surface water and
groundwater entering and exiting the wetlands, determine the effectiveness of the wetland system
as a biofilter for stormwater runoff, and establish criteria for implementing contingency plans if
water quality data indicated unacceptable levels. During monitoring, stormwater was collected and
distributed to the wetland so that the parameters of concern could be monitored at specific points
as the water flowed into and out of the wetlands. Sampling consisted of routine field
measurements for temperature, conductivity, pH and groundwater depths, and analyses of nutrient
concentrations and total suspended solids (TSS). In the third and fourth years, a trend between the
average annual inflow and outflow concentrations was apparent Primary parameters and
secondary TSS measured at outflows were less than inflow concentrations, indicating that the
wetlands were removing nutrients and solids from stormflow runoff. The bubbler systems appear
to be reducing concentrations of phosphorus from the development to levels below site-specific
criteria. Future compliance with water quality criteria may entail alterations of the wetlands to
optimize treatment
UO
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Site logical art
BMP Performance Unnitnrmv
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Chambers, G.M.; Tottle, C.H.
Evaluation of Stormwater Impoundments in Winnipeg.
DATE:
1980
BMP performance monitoring
Canada Mortgage and Housing Corp., Ottawa, Canada Kl A OP7. Mortgage and Housing
Corporation and Environment Canada. Sewage Collectin and Treatment Report SCAT-1,
April 1980. 90p, 6 Fig, 24 Tab, 14 Ref, 3 Append. NHA 5352 80/04.
Storm water management by the use of impoundments (artificial lakes) was investigated in two
urban developments in the Winnipeg, Manitoba, area. Impoundments are an attractive alternative
to conventional storm, sewers because they are economical, easy to maintain, and provide
recreation and aesthetic appeal. The Southdale area with eight interconnected impoundments and
the Fort Richmond area with two interconnected impoundments were studied from 1975 to 1978.
Influent and effluent storm water, plankton, fish, algae, and sediment samples were collected and
analyzed to give an indication of the water quality and treatment efficiencies of the
impoundments. The impoundment systems were found to remove a large amount of pollution
loading from urban storm water runoff. Although the amount of fecal coliform bacteria was high
in the sediments, the impoundments were found suitable for boating and fishing, but not for
swimming. Most of the game fish (pike, perch, and suckers) were in poor condition and there was
an abundance of bullheads and fathead minnows (good for mosquito control). Algae control was a
problem during the summer months. Benthic and fish surveys indicated a less than idea] level of
water quality in both impoundment areas. A system of permanent wet bottom impoundments were
deemed the most economical and attractive land drainage system for Winnipeg.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Chescheir. G.M.; Fipps, G.; Skaggs, R.W. DATE:
Analysis of stormwater infiltration ponds on the North Carolina Outer Banks.
1990
BMP performance monitoring
REP. N.C. UNIV. WATER RESOUR. INST. [S.I. J, [s.n.], (19-J
USA, North Carolina, Outer Banks I. Ponds. Stormwater runoff. Hydrology. Pollution control.
Freshwater.
Increasing development along the North Carolina coast has been linked to the deterioration of
water quality in adjacent sounds and estuaries. Degradation of water quality in sounds and
estuaries threatens the coastal ecology which provides resources for the area's fishing and tourism
industries. The state of N.C. adopted the current Stormwater Runoff Disposal Rules in 1988
requiring stormwater management plans for new development in 20 coastal counties. Stormwater
infiltration pond systems are approved by the State as an option for retaining stormwater on the
developed site; however, the long-term performance of these systems has not been measured or
determined. The study was conducted to monitor the hydrology of stormwater infiltration ponds
on the North Carolina harrier islands and to develop a model that continuously simulates the
performance of these ponds. The hydrology of two operating infiltration ponds systems was
evaluated in an 18-month field study. Rainfall, pond stage, and water table elevations at selected
locations were monitored continuously. Water table elevations at additional locations were
monitored on a biweekly basis. Soil hydraulic conductivities and soil water characteristic
relationships were determined at both field sites. The subsurface geology was described at one site
and an aquifer pump test was performed to determine aquifer transmtssivity and specific yield.
Both of the infiltration ponds, in the field studies effectively served their primary purpose of
retaining on site the stormwater runoff from the first 38 mm (1.5 in) of rainfall. In nearly every
case, the pond seepage rate was sufficient to completely draw down the pond within 5 days. The
hydrology of the infiltration ponds at the two research sites was very different. Greater pond
111
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Site Indicators
Performance
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
drawdown rates were observed at the field site on which there was a shorter distance between the
pond and the river and a greater elevation of the pond bottom above mean sea level.
Duda, A. DATE: 1980
Role of Aquatic Biological Monitoring In Determining Best Management Practice Effectiveness.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: [N: Stormwater Management Alternatives. Water Resources Center, University of Delaware,
Newark, DE. April 1980. p 95-108- I tab, 19 ref. EPA Statewide Wastewater Treatment
Management Planning Grant P004198010.
ABSTRACT: The sources of pollution on the types of water quality problems mat occur in urban waters are
reviewed. Emphasis was placed on the functioning of aquatic biological communities in streams
and rivers and how the maintenance of biological integrity was central to the proper assimilation
of man's wastes. Biological monitoring was advocated as an essential tool for evaluating whether
stormwater management alternatives or other pollutants abatement measures really unproved
water quality in urban waters. Pollution sources included: municipal, industrial, and commercial
wastes routinely discharged to storm sewers and urban streams without treatment, point source
discharges that did not meet their effluent limits, the illicit dumping of wastes, discharging of
toxics mat did not have specified permit limits, combined sewer overflows, and leaking or broken
sanitary sewers. Monitoring of benthic macroinvertebrates provided the most accurate and
reproducible information on the status of water quality. Aquatic communities served as natural
integrators of water quality, while chemical surveys provided information only at the moment of
sampling.
AUTHORS: Ellis, J.B.; Revht, D.M.; Shutes, R.B.E.; Langley, J.M.
TITLE: The performance of vegetated biofilters for highway runoff control.
DATE:
1994
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Hamilton, R-S.;Revitt, D.M.;Harrison, R.M.;Monzon de Caceres, A. (eds.) HIGHWAY
POLLUTION. 1994, p. 543-550.Science of the total environment Amsterdam, ISSN 0048-
9697[S.I.], [s.n.], [19-] vol. 146-147., (MdBeCS)3588102
KEYWORDS: Highways. Runoff. Drainage. Vegetation. Hydrocarbons. Lead Zinc. Macrophytes. Biofiltration.
Wetlands. Typha latifolia. Sparganium. USA, Washington. Urban runoff. Aquatic plants.
Pollution control. Water quality control. Freshwater.
ABSTRACT: The design of highway drainage in the UK traditionally has provided for the rapid removal of
surface runoff from the carriageway. The most commonly used methods are through direct and
positive discharges to the nearest watercourse (perhaps routed through a detention pond) or into a
soakaway system. Such systems pay little attention to the potential toads generated from rainfall-
runoff events or their possible impacts upon receiving waters. This paper reviews the potential use
of vegetative systems as appropriate control measures for highway discharge pollution and
discusses design options. The uptake of total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH). lead and zinc by
five species of emergent macrophyte is discussed for a constructed experimental wetland
receiving runoff from a large transit base and car parking area in Washington State, USA. The
data suggest that Typha iatifolia and Sparganium are the most suitable species for TPH, Pb and Zn
uptake, storage and metabolism.
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Indicators
BMP Performance Monitoring
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
LNDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Esry, D.H.; Cairns, D.J. DATE: 1989
Overview of the Lake Jackson Restoration Project with Artificially Created Wetlands for
Treatment of Urban Runoff.
BMP performance monitoring
IN: Wetlands: Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium held September 17-22,
1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1989. p 247-
257, 3 fig, 9 ref.
The Northwest Florida Water Management District engaged in a federally funded Clean Lakes
Restoration Project for Lake Jackson in Tallahassee, Florida, during the late 1970s. Construction
of this experimental S2.6 million stormwater treatment facility was begun in 1981 with
completion in 1983. The design employed a three step process to remove sediment and nutrients
from urban runoff prior to entering the lake. The first two steps entail the detention of the
stormwater in a twenty acre impoundment followed by passage through a 4 acre filter with an
underdrain collection system. The final step consists of the partially treated stormwater flowing to
a 9 acre artificial marsh for further sediment removal and nutrient assimilation. The entire process
has been monitored to determine the effectiveness of the various steps within the project. A recent
report concludes that while the stormwater facility works well (>90% removal of solids by the
filter; 60-65% removal of nutrients by the marsh) there remain operational deficiencies. One of
the major deficiencies cited was the excedence of the total volume of the impoundment by more
than half of the large storms monitored. These larger storms also bypass treatment by the created
wetlands in the artificial marsh. Several proposed projects address this concern and would
implement measures to help alleviate the current burden on the facility.
Ferrara, R.A.
Role of Detention Basins for Stormwater Quality Control.
DATE:
1983
BMP performance monitoring
IN: Dissolved Loads of Rivers and Surface Water Quantity/Quality Relationships, Proceedings of
a Symposium Held During the XVIII General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy
and Geophysics at Hamburg, West Germany, August 15-27,1983. IAHS
A comprehensive analysis of the effectiveness of detention basins for storm water quality control
is reported. The study consisted of three phases: (a) a field monitoring program identifying
influent and effluent water quality; (b) laboratory storm water pollutant settleability tests, and (c)
mathematical modelling of detention basins. The first phase provided data on time-variable
influent and effluent concentrations, and therefore yielded a measure of the actual pollutant
reduction obtained via detention. Phase two identified the appropriate detention time to achieve
maximum particle removal through sedimentation. Phase three developed a methodology for
design and analysis of storm water detention basins for both quantity and quality control.
AUTHORS: Galli,J. - DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Dept. of Environmental Programs, Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, 777 North
Capitol Street, N.E., Washington, DC 20002
TITLE: Analysis of Urban BMP Performance and Longevity in Prince George's County, Maryland
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
ABSTRACT: Stormwater management plans and BMP sites in Prince George's County were evaluated in order
to assess the overall effectiveness of stormwater management in the county, to provide a forum for
a solid waste management task force, and to make design recommendations. Reliability of the
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Site Indicators
Performance
BMP sites varies considerably. Many were non-functioning due to poor site selection or low
maintenance. Wet ponds and artificial marshes, but not sand filters and infilitration trenches,
functioned for long periods without routine maintenance. The following BMPs do not reliably
reduce pollution in their present designs: infiltration basins, porous pavements, grass
filters/swales, "pocket" wetlands, ED dry ponds, oil/grit separators. The county no longer permits
infiltration basins due to their high failure rate. Water quality is achieved instead by pretreatment
and oversizing volumes of water. More research is required in oil/grit separator performance and
ED control systems. It is recommended that: oil/grit separators be made off-line; existing dry
ponds be converted to marshes, wet ponds, or ED dry ponds; ponds and marshes be made to
withdraw water near the surface; future ponds and marshes feature variable topography to allow
for bom fish and emergent vegetation; ED design be improved to provide 6-12 h detention;
biologists be consulted before ponds are landscaped; warning and informational signs be posted
and safety features built.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Gietz, R.J.
Stormwater Runoff Treatment by Impoundment: Barrhavcn Pilot Study.
DATE:
1981
BMP performance monitoring
Report SCAT-8,1981. Canada Mortage and Housing Corporation, Ottawa, Ontario. 72 p, 21 fig, 7
tab, 2app, 17rcf.
This report presents the findings of a two-year study of stormwater runoff treatment by
impoundment in an open basin. The treatment system was operated as a batch process for one
summer and as a continuously overflowing pond for another. Runoff from 866 ha of agricultural
and residential suburban lands partly under construction entered the treatment system.
Impoundment reduced pollutant loadings by over 90% for suspended solids, 75%-90% for
bacteria (total and fecal coliform and fecal streptococcus) and 25%-50% for organic nitrogen and
total phosphorus compounds when the runoff could be stored for more than 12 hr. At least S mm
of rainfall were required to produce measurable runoff. The ratio of runoff to rainfall was used to
estimated the runoff volumes that would be generated by up to 25-year return frequency storms of
one and two-hour durations. From this, a storage volume of 40,000 to 47,000 cu m was indicated,
on the basis of containment of runoff from a ten-year storm. It was determined that the most
effective method of operating the treatment system was to keep the reservoir drawn down to a
shallow pond. When runoff entered the pond, the drain valve was closed and the treatment system
filled. Where possible, the runoff volume would be contained until its quality was suitable for
discharge. For runoff volumes exceeding the treatment system storage volume, discharge took
place over the spillway with limited pollutant removal. When the effluent quality became
satisfactory, the reservoir was drained to the original shallow pond, and dry weather flow allowed
to pass through. Other factors that govern the choice of treatment system storage volume are the
runoff event frequency and the allowable discharge rate. It was found mat of the approximately
30 events that could be expected from May to September about half took place within four days of
one another. Allowing one day to fill- and one day for storage, the reservoir should require two
days ta empty.
AUTHORS: Green, D.; Grizzard, T.; Randall, C.
TITLE: Monitoring of Wetlands, Wet Ponds, and Grassed Swales
DATE:
1995
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring, monitoring program design
SOURCE: Torno, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12, 1994.
114
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Sue Indicators
Pcrrfnrmarce Unmtnrtnf
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Hampson. P.S. DATE: 1986
Effects of Detention on Water Quajity of Two Stormwater Detention Ponds Receiving Highway
Surface Runoff in Jacksonville, Florida.
BMP performance monitoring
Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, Co 80225.
USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 86-4151. 1986. 69p, 20 fig, 16 tab, 34 ref, 2
append.
Water and sediment samples were analyzed for major chemical constituents, nutrients, and heavy
metals following ten storm events at two stormwater detention ponds that receive highway surface
runoff in the Jacksonville, Florida, metropolitan area. The purpose of the sampling program was
to detect changes in constituent concentration with time of detention within the pond system.
Statistical inference of a relation with total rainfall was found in the initial concentrations of 11
constituents and with antecedent dry period for the initial concentrations of 3 constituents. Based
on graphical examination and factor analysis, constituent behavior with time could be grouped
into five relatively independent processes for one of the ponds. The processes were (I) interaction
with shallow groundwater systems, (2) stabilization of bottom materials, (3) nutrient uptake, (4)
seasonal changes in precipitation, and (5) sedimentation. Most of the observed water-quality
changes in the ponds were virtually complete within 3 days following the storm event. (Author's
abstract).
Hey, D.L.; Schaefer, G.C. DATE: 1983
Performer: Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, Chicago.
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program: An Evaluation of the Water Quality Effects of Detention
Storage and Source Control. Final rept Apr 79-Aug 83.
BMP performance monitoring
•Runoffs 'Water-pollution; *Urban-areas; Monitoring-; Lake-Ellyn; Concentration-Composition;
Chlorine-; Phosphorus-; Copper-; Lead-Metal; Zinc-; Rainfall-; Storm-drains; Rainfall-; Catch-
basins; Soil-properties; Pavements-; Sources-; Traffic-; Roads'Run
This report evaluates the water quality effects of detention storage and source control for six
specific constituents related to urban runoff- TSS, Cl, P, Cu, Pb, and Zn. The study site was a 45
acre-foot lake, Lake Eilyn, which drains a 534 acre urban watershed. While event mean influent to
lake constituent concentrations for P, dissolved P. Cu, Pb, and Cl violated Illinois General Use
Water Quality Standards, effluent event mean concentrations from the take only violated the
standard for P. Substantial reductions in suspended stormwater pollutants wrre noted for all
monitored events as a result of detention in Lake Ellyn.
'AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
Holler, J.D. DATE:
Smith and Gillespie Eng., inc., 7406 Manatee St., Suite I, Sarasota, FL, USA.
Nonpoint source phosphorus control by a combination wet detention/filtration facility in
Kissimmee, Florida.
BMP performance monitoring
Florida scientist. Orlando FL 1990, vol. 53, no. I, p. 28- 37. MdBeCS)3529262
1990
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Indicators
BMP
KEYWORDS: Water pollution. Runoff. Phosphorus. Nonpoint sources. Pollution control. USA, Florida,
Kissimmee. Nonpoint pollution. Stormwater runoff. Statistical analysis. Water filtration.
Drainage water. Freshwater pollution. Freshwater.
ABSTRACT: Water quality investigations were conducted to assess the treatment potential (concentration
reduction) of a dual-component wet detention/filtration-berm stonnwater management system.
located in Kissimmee, Florida. Phosphorus concentrations are indicative of nonpoint source
pollution in urban and commercial stormwater runoff. Therefore, orthophosphorus and total
phosphorus concentrations were monitored at three different sampling stations within the system:
I) surface runoff influent channel; 2) wet detention basin standing poo!; and 3} filtration-berm
effluent collection box. Routine monthly data were collected to characterize prevalent ambient
conditions. In addition, six distinct storm events were monitored with automatic samplers to
characterize episodic phosphorus variations during the period November, 1985 to November,
1986. Statistical analyses (t-test) of routine monthly concentration data showed significant
differences (p less than or equal to O.OS) between the stormwater influent and the wet detention
basin standing pool samples for both orthophosphorus and total phosphorus. However, similar
analyses between detention basin standing pool and filtration-berm effluent samples showed no
significant differences. These results suggest positive treatment potential attained through wet
detention, but significant additional treatment was not realized through berm filtration. Storm
event results reinforced these, conclusions, indicating wet detention treatment potential far
superior to filtration-berm treatment potential. The average storm event treatment potential
realized by wet detention during six events for orthophosphorus and total phosphorus was 77%.
The average treatment potentials realized by filtration for orthopbosphonis and total phosphorus
were -91% and 16%, respectively. The average treatment potentials realized by the overall
combined system for orthophosphorus and total phosphorus were 55% and 85%, respectively.
AUTHORS: Holler, J.D. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: Smith and Gillespie Engineers, Inc., Sarasota, FL 34243, USA.
TITLE: Water quality efficiency of an urban commercial wet detention stonnwater management system at
the Boynton Beach Mall in south Palm Beach County, Florida.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Florida scientist Orlando FL 1989. voi. 52, no I, p. 48- 57. (MdBeCS)2587474
KEYWORDS: Runoff. Florida, Palm Beach County. Environmental management Freshwater. Stormwater
runoff. Urban runoff. Environment management Water management. USA, Florida, Palm Beach
Cry. Water quality. Detention ponds.
ABSTRACT: Urban wet detention system investigations were conducted at a commercial shopping mail in
Boynton Beach, FL. This study site possessed a permitted drainage area of 25.4 ha (62.8 ac),
which was approximately 90 percent impervious. The water management area consisted of three
interconnected ponds, each approximately 1.2 ha (3 ac), totaling 3.5 ha (8.7 ac). This site was
instrumented with automatic water quality samplers to collect storm-generated runoff samples. In
addition, digital stage measurement equipment continually monitored and recorded both surface
and ground water elevation. The results were collated with previous results in the literature and
comparisons indicated superior treatment efficiencies.
AUTHORS: Lynard, W.G.;"Finnemore, E.J.; Loop, J.A.; Finn, R.M.
TITLE: Urban Stormwater Management and Technology. Case Histories.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
DATE:
1980
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Site Indicmon
BMP Performance Monitoring
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PBS 1-
107153, Price codes: A16 in paper copy, AOl in microfiche. Environmental Protection Agency
Report EPA-600/8-80-035, August, 1980. 354 p, 121 Fig, 115 Tab, 161 Re
ABSTRACT: This report is the third in a series on urban stormwater and combined sewer overflow
management. It presents 12 case histories representing most promising approaches to stormwater
control. The case histories were developed by evaluating completed and operational facilities or
ongoing demonstration projects that have significant information value for- future guidance.
Essential elements of the case history evaluations cover approach methodology, design
considerations, costs, effectiveness, and environmental and socioeconomic impacts. Eight of the
case histories assess Best Management Practices (BMPs) and expand the data base on source
control methodology! focusing principally on planning and storage alternatives. Special
considerations are given to flood and erosion control measures also having a dual benefit of
stormwater control. The project sites evaluated are Bellevue, Washington; Montgomery County,
Maryland; Lake Tahoe, California; The Woodlands, Texas; Orange County, Florida; San Jose,
California; Middlesex County, Connecticut; and Boulder, Colorado. The remaining four case
histories evaluate the control of combined sewage overflows and document a systems approach in
applying unit process alternatives. The effectiveness and unit costs of storage and treatment
processes are presented, together with evaluations of areawide and systemwide integration of
these technologies. Storage, the key element of an integrated approach, can involve storage/wet-
weather treatment or storage/dry-weather treatment, or both. The project sites are Seattle,
Washington; Saginaw, Michigan; Mount Clemens, Michigan; and Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
AUTHORS: Maristany, A.E. DATE:
TITLE: Effectiveness of wet detention and retention ponds for improving stormwater quality.
1989
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Ports, M.A. (ed). 1989. Proceedings of Mail. Conf. on Hydraulic Engineering. 14-18 Aug 1989 :
New Orleans, LA. pp. 1047-1053. (MdBeCS)2603125
KEYWORDS: Pollution control. Water quality control. Stormwater runoff. Watersheds. Freshwater pollution.
Ponds. Water quality. Runoff. Hydraulics. Freshwater. Hydraulic engineering.
ABSTRACT: The most commonly used structural measures for stormwater quality management and control are
retention basins, wet detention ponds, and detention with filtration ponds. This paper explores the
different variables which affect the performance of each of these systems for removing nutrients
and pollutants from stormwater runoff. The relative performance of wet detention and retention
ponds are evaluated, and recommendations made regarding the most effective pond system
depending on regional watershed characteristics.
AUTHORS: Maristany, A.E.; Bartel, R.L. DATE:
TITLE: Wetlands and Stormwater Management: A Case Study of Lake Munson. Part I: Long-Term
Treatment Efficiencies.
1989
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: IN: Wetlands: Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium held September 17-22,
1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources Association, Bcthesda, Maryland. 1989. p 215-
229, 7 fig, 6 tab, 8 ref.
ABSTRACT: The use of wetlands or wet detention ponds for stormwater management represents a relatively
new approach that has been successfully applied in recent years to address water quality problems
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in urban areas. Since most systems have been in operation for only a few years, questions have
been raised concerning their long-term performance. It has been speculated that once these
systems reach a state of dynamic equilibrium, nutrient removal may decline due to the reduced
nutrient uptake of a mature ecosystem. A recent study was conducted by the Northwest Florida
Management District of a 255 acre wetland/lake system which has received wastewater effluent
and storm water discharges for over 30 years. Nutrient and pollutant removal rates were estimated
for a wide range of parameters based on concurrent sampling of storrawater inflows, outflows and
lake water quality. Long-term removal rates for Lake Munson, Florida, compared favorably with
rates reported for relatively new facilities. An important conclusion from this study is that wet
detention systems designed for minimum treatment storage capacity and which are not properly
maintained, will experience significant water quality problems due to eutrophication. It would be
advisable to increase storage capacity beyond die point of diminishing returns by either deepening
the pond or expanding its surface area to prevent the pond from being overwhelmed by typical
storm events as is the case with Lake Munson. The average storm event replaces the entire wet
detention volume in the lake. A better design criteria would be to provide twice the volume if the
average storm event in order to reduce the impact of any one storm on pond water quality.
Drawdowns should also be implemented on a periodic basis as part of the over all maintenance
program in order to stabilize bottom sediments and reduce the amount of orthophosphorous
released from the sediments to the water column.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Martin, E.H.
Effectiveness of an Urban Runoff Detention Pond-Wetlands System.
DATE:
1988
BMP performance monitoring
Journal of Environmental Engineering (ASCE) JOEDDU, Vol. 114, No. 4, p 810-827, August
1988. 4 fig, 5 tab, 11 ref.
The effectiveness of a detention pond and wetlands in series in reducing constituent loads carried
in runoff was determined. The detention pond was effective in reducing loads of suspended solids
and suspended metals. Suspended-phase efficiencies for solids, lead, and zinc ranged between 42
and 66%. Nutrient efficiencies were variable, ranging for all species and phases from less man 0
to 72%. The wetlands generally were effective in reducing both suspended and dissolved loads of
solids and metals. Total (dissolved + suspended) solids, lead, and zinc efficiencies ranged between
41 and 73%. Efficiencies for total nitrogen and phosphorus were 21 and 17%. The system, by
combining the treatment of the pond and wetlands, was very effective in reducing loads of most
constituents. Total solids, lead, and zinc efficiencies ranged between 55 and 83%. Total nitrogen
and phosphorus efficiencies were 36 and 43%.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Martin, E.H.; Smoot, J.L.
Assimilative Capabilities of Retention Ponds.
DATE:
1986
BMP performance monitoring
Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA. 22161, as PB88-
180153. Price codes: A04 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Report No. FHWA/DOT/BMR-303-
86, April 1986. 75p, 19 fig, 10 tab, 17 ref.
The efficiency of a detention pond and wetlands temporary storage system to reduce constituents
loads in urban runoff was determined. The reduction efficiencies for 22 constituents, including the
dissolved, suspended and total phases of many of the constituents were investigated. A new
method not previously discussed in technical literature was developed to determine the efficiency
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.tt/g Indicator^
-BMP Performance
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
of a temporary storage system unit such as a detention pond or wetlands. The method provides an
efficiency, called the regression efficiency, determined by a regression made of loads-in against
toads-out of a unit with the intercept of the regression constrained to zero. The regression
efficiency of the treatment unit is defined as unity minus the regression slope. The system (pond
and wetlands) achieved appreciable reductions of loads for most constituents. Significant positive
regression efficiencies for the system were found for all constituents except the nutrients dissolved
nitrate and dissolved orthophosphate. Systems regression efficiencies were 55% for total solids,
83% for total lead, 70% for total zinc, 36% for total nitrogen, and 43% for total phosphorus.
Martin, E.H.; Smoot, J-L. DATE: 1986
Constituent-load changes in urban stormwater runoff routed through a detention pond-wetlands
syste m in central Florida.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Tallahassee, Fla.: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Geological Survey; Denver, Colo.: Open-File
Services Section, Western Distribution Branch, 1986.
KEYWORDS: Urban-runoff-Florida.
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments, DC DATE: 1983
TITLE: Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. Pollutant Removal Capability of Urban Best Management
Practices in the Washington Metropolitan Area. Final rept. 1979-83.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
KEYWORDS: 'Runoff-; • Water-pollution-control; *Urban-areas; Monitoring-; Stream-flow; Rain-fall; Storm-
sewers; Sediment-transport; Evaluation-; Ponds-; Fluid-infiltration; Porosity-; Pavements-
.•Runoff-; 'Water-pollution-control; 'Urban-areas.
ABSTRACT: Seven area best management practices were monitored and evaluated in terms of their overall
pollutant removal performance. The major factors which influenced their effectiveness were
identified, and general design principles which would maximize pollutant removal for each type
of BMP were proposed. The types of BMPs evaluated included: 'Dry1 Stormwater management
Ponds, 'Wet* Ponds, Grassed Roadside Swale, Infiltration Controls, and Porous Pavement.
AUTHORS: Meiorin, E.G. DATE: 1989
TITLE: Urban Runoff Treatment in a Fresh/Brackish Water Marsh in Fremont, California.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: IN: Constructed Wetlands for Wastewattir Treatment: Municipal, Industrial and Agricultural.
Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, Michigan. 1989. p 677-685,3 fig, 2 tab, 8 ref.
ABSTRACT: A temporary stormwater detention system for improvement of water quality was constructed in
Fremont, California, in 1983. The wetland system and its control structures receive water from
approximately, 1200 ha: 66% low-density residential, 28% agricultural open space, 5% high-
density residential, and 1% commercial and urban road. The marsh was monitored during the wet
seasons of 1984-85 and 1985-86 to document marsh development and treatment effectiveness.
The wetland system covers approximately 22 ha and consists of three separate subsystems: (A) a
lagoon flow-through system with 1:4 slope on lagoon margins and depth ranging from 1.8 to 2.4
112.
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BMP Performance
m; (B) an overflow area (0.5% slope, dry between storms), which leads to a pond with underwater
sills vegetated with cattails and (C) a system of braided channels into which the other systems
drain (4.7 ha open water, 4.2 ha vegetated with bulrushes and cattails). Measured stormwater
runoff volumes from 11 storms entering the marsh ranged from 13,400 to 69,200 cu m, with
calculated peak flows of 0.22 to 1.2 cu nVsec. Static capacity of the DUST (Demonstration of
Urban Stormwater Treatment) marsh is 71,700 cu m. Trap efficiency for suspended constituents
was 42-45% for solids, 30-83% for Pb, 40-53% for Cr, 12-34% for Ni, 6-51% for Zn, and 5-32%
for Cu. For total dissolved solids, BOD5, and manganese, trap efficiencies were negative.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals was apparent in both plants and fish. Heavy metal
concentrations in fish (carp, Gambusia) tissues generally were below the ambient, soil and
sediment concentrations for Cr, Pb, Mn, and Ni. The source of the metal contamination appears to
be the sediments, but other factors than stormwater input may be involved. Overall, the DUST
marsh was effective in reducing total suspended solids and inorganic N, P, and Pb, regardless of
the system. Because die degree and significance of bioaccumulation of pollutants in the food
chain is as yet unclear, use of wetlands to treat urban stormwater runoff should be limited to
constructed wetlands.
AUTHORS: Mesuere, K.; Fish, W. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: Oregon Grad. Cent., Dep. Environ. Sci. and Eng., 19600 Von Neumann Dr., Beaverton, OR
97006-1999, USA.
TITLE: Behavior of runoff-derived metals in a detection pond system.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Water, air, and soil pollution. Dordrecht 1989, vol. 47, no. !-2, p. 125-138. (MdBeCS)2427185
KEYWORDS: Pollution effects. Stormwater runoff. Copper. Ponds. Fate. Sedimentation. Runoff. Freshwater.
Freshwater pollution. Detention ponds.
ABSTRACT: The removal and fate of runoff-derived heavy metals in a 1- yr old detention pond system were
investigated during climatic conditions typical of the U.S. maritime Northwest. The catchment
was a medium-sized, suburban parking lot near Portland, Oregon. Water samples from runoff, the
detention pond system, and pond effluent were collected and analyzed for dissolved and
paniculate Cu. Copper was die dominant toxic metal for the study she, while analysis of selected
samples for Pb and Cd showed these metals to be minor pollutants. Total Cu in runoff varied
among different storm events over a wide range of concentrations (< 2 to 33 micrograms/L),
while total Cu levels in pond effluent remained within a fairly narrow range (5 to 12
micrograms/L). Sediment samples collected from the detection pond system were analyzed for Cu
in two size fractions (< 63 microns and < 125 microns).
AUTHORS: Meyer, J.L. DATE: 1985
AFFIL: Wetland Management Specialists Inc., 70 Bam St., Providence, Rhode Island 02908
TITLE: A detention basin/artificial wetland treatment system to renovate stormwater runoff from urban,
highway, and industrial areas
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Wetlands 5(0): 135-146.
KEYWORDS: Typha spp.; Non-point source pollution; Sedimentation removal; Nutrient absorption;
Denitrification; Heavy metal; Toxic refractory organic substance
ABSTRACT: Stormwmter runoff from urban, highway, industrial, residential, and commercial areas has become
recognized as an important non-point source pollutant. Many nutrients and toxic substances
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present in stormwater runoff are strongly associated with paniculate material and are removable
by sedimentation. Design criteria for a detention basin/artificial wetland treatment system
(DBAWTS) to renovate stormwater runoff from urban, highway, and industrial areas have been
developed. A detention basin with an underdrain filter coupled to an artificial wetland consisting
of a shallow marsh planted with Typha spp. is used to filter and absorb nutrients and contaminants
in stormwater runoff. Phosphorus, heavy metals, hydrocarbons, and toxic refractory organic
substances will be removed through sedimentation and absorption within the wetland. Anaerobic
sediments in the Typha marsh will remove nitrates through denitrification. This system will
provide effective, low-cost, low maintenance treatment of stonnwater runoff from urban,
highway, and industrial areas.
AUTHORS: North Carolina Dept. of Natural Resources and Community Development, DATE: 1983
Div. of Environmental Management
TITLE: Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, Winston-Salcm, North Carolina: An Evaluation of Street
Sweeping as a Runoff Pollution Control. Final rept. Sep 79-Oct 83.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
KEYWORDS: 'Runoff-; •Water-pollution; *Urban-areas; Watersheds-; Sampling-; Rainfall-; Snowmelt-;
Sediments-; Panicle-size; Streets-; Cleaning-; Effectiveness-; Maps-; Land-use; Bioassay-;
Worms-; Diptera-; Abundance-; Invertebrates-; Chemical-analysis; Nutri*Run
ABSTRACT: This is the final report of the Winston-Salem urban runoff study, and focused on two small urban
watersheds which together represented 80% of the land use in the Winston-Salem area. One
watershed was a central business district, and the other watershed was a residential area. The study
was designed to establish an urban stormwater data base which could be used in the Nationwide
Urban Runoff Program assessment, and for urban runoff planning in North Carolina. In addition,
the study was designed to evaluate the effectiveness, under real world conditions, of street
sweeping implemented as a best management practice (BMP) for the reduction of urban
stonnwater pollution. The types of samples collected for analysis were street solids accumulation,
street cleaning effectiveness, precipitation, water quality and biological.
AUTHORS: Oberts, G.; Osgood, R. DATE:
AFFIL: Metropolitan Counc., St. Paul, MN, USA
TITLE: The effectiveness of a detention/wetland treatment system and its effect on an urban lake.
1988
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed Management. 1988. p. 29; 198577S
KEYWORDS: Wetlands-; water-quality-control; pollution-monitoring; Minnesota,-Roseville,-McCarrons-L.;
water-quality; USA,-Minnesota,-Roseville,-McCarrons-L.
ABSTRACT: A newly installed combined detention/wetland stormwater treatment facility upstream from Lake
McCarrons, Roseville, Minnesota, was monitored for 21 months to evaluate its effectiveness and
impact on the lake. The treatment facility drains a 250-ha urban water-shed and included a 1.2-ha
detention pond that discharges into a series of six constructed wetland "chambers" totaling 2.4 ha.
Data from snowmelt and rainfall events will be presented for sediments, nutrients, oxygen-
demand, and lead. Continuous flow and precipitation were.also recorded. Results show substantial
reductions for all constituents measured except dissolved phosphorus, which showed very little
removal. Discussion of system operation will be presented, as well as recommendation on
improving the design relative to the response of the lake. Results for the lake show very little
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BMP Performance
change in its water quality throughout the study; the lake's phosphorus and chlorophyll may have
actuallv increased.
AUTHORS: Prych, E.A.; Ebbert, J.C. DATE: 1986
TITLE: Quantity and Quality of Storm Runoff from Three Urban Catchments in Bellevue, Washington.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 86-4000, 1986. 85p, 14 fig, 34 tab, 17 ref, 3 plates
in pocket.
ABSTRACT: Data on the quantity and quality of urban runoff were collected, analyzed, and used to evaluate the
effects of street sweeping and of stormwater detention on quality of runoff. The data included
rainfall, runoff discharge, concentrations of selected constituents in discrete samples of runoff,
and chemical characteristics of wet- and dry atmospheric deposition. Statistical analyses of runoff
loads and of discharge-weighted constituent concentrations in runoff for about 25 different storms
showed that, for most constituents, street sweeping had little effect on water quality. One reason is
that much of the suspended material in runoff consisted of silt- and clay-size particles, the size
classes least affected by street sweeping. That data also show that rainfall is often the source of
one-third of the total nitrogen in stormwater runoff. Comparison of discharge-weighted average
concentrations of the inflow and outflow of a stormwater detention system for four to seven
storms indicated that the detention system did not have a large effect on the average
concentrations of constituents in runoff. Regression equations for predicting runoff volumes and
peak discharges for individual storms were derived separately for each catchment using data from
nearly all storms. Standard errors of estimate for these storms were 21-28% for runoff volume and
22-40% for peak discharge.
AUTHORS: Reuter, J.E.; Djohan, T.; Goldman, C.R. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Div. Environmental Studies, University Calif., Davis, Calif. 95616
TITLE: The use of wetlands for nutrient removal from surface runoff in a cold climate region of
California: Results from a newly constructed wetland at Lake Tahoe.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Journal of Environmental Management. 1992. 36(1): 35-53
KEYWORDS: Algal growth; iron; sediment; pollution; mitigation method; nitrogen; phosphorus; USA
ABSTRACT: Pollutant removal by wetlands represents potential mitigation technique for treating urban runoff
in the cold climates of the Sierra Nevada. This is especially encouraging in the Lake Tahoe Basin
(USA), where research has demonstrated the link between nitrate and phosphorus, and a
precipitous increase of algal growth in the lake. In September 1987 a plastic-lined, gravel-filled
wetland was constructed for experimental purposes and is the first demonstration of its kind in a
subalpine region of the western United States. The primary objective of our research was to
evaluate the effectiveness of this system in removing nitrogen, phosphorus, iron, suspended
sediments and other constituents from runoff. Data collected between August 1987 and March
1989 show that the average per cent removal of total Kjeidahl-N as it passed through the wetland
was low at -3%. In contrast, nitrate concentrations declined by greater than + 85-90%. Changes in
paniculate phosphorus concentrations between inflow and outflow decreased by +47%, however,
the soluble-P component showed a -28% reduction due to a contamination of the gravel during
construction. The reduction of iron was very high at +84% for total reactive iron and +78% for
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soluble reactive iron. Finally, both turbidity and suspended solids was removed by the wetlands at
an efficiency of approximately +85%.
AUTHORS: Ridilla, P.A.; Hoagland, B.T. DATE:
AFFIL: Performer: Air Force Inst. of Tech., Wright-Patterson AFB, OH.
TITLE: Analysis of Best Management Practices for Storm Water Compliance at Air Force Airfields.
Master's thesis.
1993
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Sep 93. 99p.; ADA2708733XSP
KEYWORDS: Air-force-facilities; Communities-; Economics-; Environmental-protection; Pavements-;
Permeability-; Pollutants-; Regulations-; Requirements-; Sites-; Soils-; United-States;
Watersheds-; Theses-.* Landing-fields; * Surface-waters; *Water-polhition-abatemen
ABSTRACT: This research analyzed storm water best management practices (BMPs) mat may a Base Civil
Engineers/Environmental Managers in complying with National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) storm water discharge requirements for Air Force airfield pavements. As a resuit
of recent storm water regulations issued by the Environmental Protection Agency, increased
emphasis has been placed on preventing and controlling the discharge of pollutants into surface
waters of the United States. Based on the- results of an American Association of Airport
Executives' survey of civilian airports, the types and levels of airfield pollutants were identified.
Typical NPDES storm water permit standards were then established based on actual permits from
Air Force bases and civilian airports. A thorough literature search revealed the nonstructurai, low-
structural, and structural BMPs capable of eliminating or reducing storm water pollutants. Finally,
a Decision Support Framework (DSF) was introduced that guides a decision-maker through a
series of tables that narrows the appropriate BMP options for a particular site or installation. The
DSF encompasses factors such as pollutant removal effectiveness, watershed area, soil
permeability, storm water discharge controls, restrictions on BMPs, and community and economic
factors. Best management practices, Storm water, Air Force airfields, Nonpotnt source pollution,
BMP, National pollutant discharge elimination system, NPDES, Decision support framework,
DSF.
AUTHORS: Rushton, B.; Carr, D.
TITLE: Isolated wetland used for stormwater treatment.
DATE:
1993
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Water Resour Plann Manage Urban Water Resour. ISBN 0872629120 - [S.l.JASCE, NEW
YORK, NY, 1993 p. 105-108. (MdBeCS)0056182
KEYWORDS: Storms. Flow control. Drainage. Environmental engineering. Water quality. Wetlands. Stormwater
management Suspended solids. Herbaceous marshes. Treatment efficiency. Pollutant removal.
ABSTRACT: A marsh used for stormwater management showed gradually increasing levels of pH, dissolved
oxygen and conductivity in the flow path. The system was especially effective in removing
suspended solids through somewhat less so for selected metals. Relationships are discussed to
explain significant differences in water quality.
AUTHORS: Scherger, D.; Coleman, J.
AFFIL: Performer: Tri-County Regional Planning Commission, Lansing, Ml.
DATE:
1983
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TITLE: Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency),
Lansing, Michigan. Evaluation of Urban Stormwater Runoff and Management Practices for
Controlling Urban Stormwater Runoff
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
KEYWORDS: 'Runoff-; * Water-pollution-control; 'Urban-areas; Watersheds-; Water-storage; Assessments-;
Storm-sewers; Sewer-pipes; Rainfall-; Sewage-treatment; Capitalized-costs; Operating-costs;
Effectiveness-; Tables-Data.*Runoff-; 'Water-pollution-control; *Urban
ABSTRACT: This volume documents assessment of an on-line retention basin, two in-line up-sized storm drain
pipe reaches, and an off-line detention basin as treatment techniques in mitigating the pollutant
impacts of urban runoff, as well as the operating costs associated with such installations. The on-
line retention basin was found to be very effective in treating, a wide range of rainfall amounts and
pollutant loads. The in-line up-sized stormdrain pipes displayed variable effectiveness depending
on rainfall amount and runoff volume. The off-line detention basin had little or no effect on water
quality.
AUTHORS: Scherger, D.A.; Davis, J.A.; Bniestle, J.L. DATE: 1983
AFFIL: Performer Environmental Control Technology Corp., Ann Arbor, MI.
TITLE: Nationwide Urban Runoff Program USEPA, -Washtenaw County, MI. Evaluation of Urban
Stormwater Runoff and Management Practices for Controlling Urban Stormwater
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
KEYWORDS: 'Runoff-; * Water-pollution; 'Urban-areas; Stream-flow; Rainfall-; Storms-; Snowmelt-; Storm-
drains; Sediments-; Civil-engineering; Swamps-; Marshes-.'Runoff-; 'Water-pollution; 'Urban-
areas.
ABSTRACT: Evaluation of nonpoint source pollution generated by Stormwater runoff in an urban environment,
and best management practices to control it. Those practices studied by this project included (1) a
wet detention basin, (2) a wetland, and (3) an off-line dry detention basin.
AUTHORS: Schueler, T.R. DATE:
TITLE: Pollutant Removal Capability of Urban Best Management Practices in the Washington
Metropolitan Area.
1983
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, Virginia, 22161, as
PB84-245497. Price codes: A04 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Final Report, October 1983. 66
p, 17 fig, 16 tab, 11 ref. EPA Grant P-003208-01.
ABSTRACT: A major component of the Washington area NURP project was an extensive field investigation of
the comparative pollutant removal capability of seven urban best management practices (BMPs)
in suburban Maryland and Virginia. This report details the major findings of mis effort and is
organized in the following manner. The first section provides a general description of each BMP,
and also describes the individual characteristics of each monitoring she. In the second section, the
various methods which were used to monitor BMPs and compute their efficiency are discussed. In
the third section, each of the urban BMPs are evaluated in terms of their overall pollutant removal
performance. Finally, in the last section, the major factors which appeared to influence the
effectiveness of each monitored BMP are identified. Based upon this analysis, general design
principles that maximize pollutant removal are proposed for each BMP type evaluated.
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Moni(QrinS
AUTHORS: Strecker, E.W. DATE: N/A
AFFIL: Director, Water Resources Group, Woodward-Clyde Consultants, 111 S.W. Columbia, Suite 990,
Portland, Oregon 97201
TITLE: Constituents and Methods for Assessing Best Management Practices (BMPs)
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to recommend the utilization of consistent storm water monitoring
techniques so that data collected on the effectiveness of individual best management practices
(BMPs) will not only be useful for a particular site, but will also be useful for comparing studies
of similar BMPs in other locations and other types of BMPs. The data collected may then be
useful for assessing factors (such as settling characteristics of inflow solids and physical features
of the BMP) mat might have led to the performance levels achieved. This paper presents a list of
constituents that are recommended for analysis of samples collected as a part of studies assessing
the effectiveness of urban storm water BMPs. It also discusses other considerations that affect data
transferability, such as effectiveness estimations, statistical testing, etc.
AUTHORS: Strjegl, R.G. • DATE:
TITLE: Suspended Sediment and Metals Removal from Urban Runoff by a Small Lake.
1987
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin WARBAQ, Vol. 23. No. 6, p 985-996, December 1987. 10 fig, 11 tab,
21 ref.
ABSTRACT: A small lake in the Chicago Metropolitan Area was from 91 to 95 percent efficient in removing
suspended solids and from 76 to 94 percent efficient in removing copper, iron, lead and zinc from
urban runoff. Sediments accumulated in the lake in the form of an organic-rich mud at an average
rate of 20 millimeters per year: this reduced lake storage and covered potential habitat for aquatic
organisms. Copper, lead, and zinc concentrations were closely associated with suspended-
sediment concentrations and with silt- and clay-sized fractions of lake sediment. Although
concentrations of mercury and cadmium were near detection limits in runoff, measurable
concentrations of these metals accumulated in the lake sediments.
AUTHORS: Striegl, R.G.; Cowan, E.A. DATE: 1987
TITLE: Relations Between Quality of Urban Runoff and Quality of Lake Ellyn at Glen Ellyn, Illinois.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Available from Books and Opec -File Reports Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water-Supply Paper 2301, 1987:59p. 27 fig, 20 tab, 60 ref.
ABSTRACT: Comparison of flow and chemical data collected at the principal inlet and at the outlets of Lake
Eltyn-an urban lake in the Chicago metropolitan area shows that detention storage alters the
discharge and the quality of urban runoff. Peak water discharge and variation in the concentration
of constituents transported by the runoff are usually reduced. Mass balance relations based on
comparison of measured constituent loads at the inlet and the outlets show that the lake is very
efficient in trapping suspended solids, suspended sediment, and sediment-associated metals.
Calculated trap efficiencies for many dissolved constituents were negative. However, negative
efficiencies appear to be influenced mostly by insufficient sampling in winter. Trap efficiencies
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for nitrogen and phosphorus are intermediate to those determined for other constituents. Solids
accumulate on the lake bottom as organic-rich muds that reduce lake storage and cover potential
habitat for aquatic organisms. Lake sediments, particularly fine-grained sediments, have elevated
concentrations of metals associated with them. Several organic compounds, not detected in inlet
or outlet water samples, were detected in a lake sediment sample collected near the inlet.
Concentrations of many constituents dissolved in lake water are seasonally cyclic, with annual
concentration peaks occurring during the winter. Establishment and maintenance of desirable
benthic invertebrate and fish populations appear to be inhibited by sediment deposition.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Umeda,PJ. . DATE:
California State Dep. of Transportation, Sacramento . Off. of Transportation Lab.
Use of vegetation to reduce the toxicity of stormwater runoff.
1988
BMP performance monitoring
(MdBeCS)2611529 FHWA/CAm,-88/06
Freshwater. Plant utilization. Water purification. Pollution control. Anthropogenic factors. Metals.
Detoxification. Inland water environment. Biofilters. Runoff. Water sampling. Stormwater
runoff.
The research determined if dead or dormant vegetation effectively reduces the toxicity of and
removes pollutants from highway stormwater runoff and determined the amount of metallic
pollution discharged from vegetated ditches via the transport of dead vegetation. The research also
determined the type of maintenance practices that are necessary to maintain the pollutant removal
capacity of vegetated channels. The research project consisted of three phases. The report
presented the findings of Phase I. The tasks included a literature survey, site selection, and
equipment design, fabrication and installation. Two sites were selected for the research project.
The irrigation system was installed, grass seed was sown, and runoff samplers were fabricated and
placed in the channel. (Sponsored by Federal Highway Administration, Sacramento, CA.
California Div.).
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Urbonas, B.
Assessment of stormwater BMPs and their technology.
DATE:
1994
BMP performance monitoring
Manalek, J.C.;Tomo, H.C. (eds.) URBAN STORM DRAINAGE. ISBN 0080424988 1994, p.
347-353.Water science and technology. Oxford etc. ISSN 0273- 1223[SJ.]. [s.n.], [19-] vol. 29,
no. 1-2.
Watershed management. Storm water. Urban runoff. Water pollution prevention. Management
planning. Detention reservoirs. Overflow. Technology. Literature review. Urban areas.
Stormwater runoff.
The use of separate stormwater Best Management Practices (BMPs) has become common in
United States, Europe, Australia and other parts of the world Much of this technology is emerging
and, as a result, it is sometimes used without fully understanding its limitations and without
recognizing its effectiveness under field conditions. This paper presents and evaluates a number of
structural and non- structural BMPs. The evaluations are based on extensive literature review,
field observation and discussions with stormwater professionals in many parts of United States
about their experience with BMP performance.
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Si/e Indicate
Performance
AUTHORS: Urbonas, B.R. DATE: 1995
AFFIL: Master Planning & South Piatte River Programs, Urban Drainage and Flood Control District,
2480 West 26th Avenue, Suite 156B, Denver, CO
TITLE: Parameters to Report with BMP Monitoring Data
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring, standardization of parameters
SOURCE: Torno, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12,1994.
ABSTRACT: This paper presents an argument for standardization of the physical, chemical, climatic,
geological, biological, and meteorological parameters,being reported along with the data acquired
by various investigators on the performance of structural stormwater Best Management Practices
(BMPs) used to enhance stormwater quality. Also, a standard minimum list of such parameters is
suggested. Such a list is needed if we want to have a meaningful exchange of data among the
various studies being conducted throughout the world. Transferabilhy of performance results and
consistency, or lack of it, in the performance of various BMPs has been an ongoing problem. A
mutually agreed upon minimum list of reporting parameters that can be used to relate the
performance of BMPs to some, or all, of these parameters could begin to address this problem.
Over time such standardization will conserve the resources being expended by various field
investigations and may eventually lead to improvements in the selection of and in the design of
various BMPs.
AUTHORS: Wanielista, M.; Charba, J.; Dietz, J.; Russell. B. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: Performer: University of Central Florida, Orlando. Dept. of Civil Engineering and Environmental
Sciences.
TITLE: Evaluation of the Stormwater Treatment Facilities at the Lake Angel Detention Pond, Orange
County, Florida. Final rept. 2 Jan 90-1 Jul 91.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
KEYWORDS: Best-technology; Haiomethanes-; Highways-; Commercial-buildings; Performance-evaluation;
Water-treatment; Potable-water, Aquifers-; Florida-; Bacteria--; Adsorption-; Field-tests;
Experimental-design.*Detention-reservoirs; *Granular-activated-carbon-treat
ABSTRACT: This is the final report on the use of Granulated Active Carbon (GAC) beds of Filtrasorb 400 in
series to reduce the Trihalomethane Formation Potential (THMFP) concentrations at the Lake
Angel detention pond, Orange County, Florida. The detention pond accepts runoff from an
interstate highway and a commercial area. Breakthrough time was estimated from laboratory
analyses and used to design two beds in series at the detention pond. Breakthrough occurred in the
first bed after treating 138,000 liters of water. Exhaustion of the first bed was reached after
treating 1270 bed volumes with a sorption zone length of 1.70 feet The TOC adsorbed per gram
of GAC was 6.3 mg. The liquid flow pate averaged 0.0011 cfs. Similar breakthrough curves for
Total Organic Carbon (TOC)' and color were also reported. The used GAC can be disposed of by
substituting it for sand in concrete mixes. An economic evaluation of the GAC system at Lake
Angel demonstrated an annual cost of $4.39/1000 gallons to treat the stormwater runoff after
detention and before discharge into a drainage well. The cost could be further reduced by using
the stormwater to irrigate right-of-way sections of the watershed. An alternative method of
pumping to another drainage basin was estimated to be more expensive. The underdrain network
for the GAC system initially became clogged with the iron- and sulfur-precipitation bacteria
Leptothnx, Gallionella and Thiothnx. These bacteria were substantially reduced by altering the
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influent GAC system pipeline to take water directly from the lake. An alternate pipe system used a
clay layer to reduce ground water inputs and did not exhibit substantial bacterial growth.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Watt, W.E.; Marsalek, J.
Comprehensive stormwater pond monitoring.
DATE:
1994
BMP performance monitoring
Marsalek, J.C.; Tomo, H.C. (eds.) URBAN STORM DRAINAGE. IBSN 0080424988 1994,
p.337-345. Water science and technology. Oxford etc. ISSN 0273- 1223[S.!.], [s.n.J, (19-J vol.
29, no. 1-2.
Water pollution. Urban runoff. Storage reservoirs. Storm water. Monitoring. Suspended solids.
Sediment transport. Water quality. Model studies. Canada, Ontario, Kingston. Urban areas.
Stormwater runoff. Ponds. Water pollution control.
Stormwater management ponds are widely used to control urban stormwater pollution. An
understanding of the relevant biological, chemical and physical processes in such ponds requires a
comprehensive monitoring program. Such a program is described for a 0.52 ha pond near
Kingston, Ontario. In addition to continuous measurement and discrete sampling of pond inflow,
storage and outflow to define the overall mass balances of water, sediment and chemicals, the
program includes special process-related surveys and investigations. These include analyses of
bottom sediment cores, suspended sediment and subtnergent plants as well as
modelling/measurement of the velocity field and sediment transport This comprehensive
monitoring program is presented as an example of what should be implemented in many climatic
regions before transfer of data on pond performance can be justified.
AUTHORS: Welbom, C.T.; Veenhuis, I.E. DATE: 1987
TITLE: Effects of Runoff Controls on the Quantity and Quality of Urban Runoff at Two Locations in
Austin, Texas.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Available from OFSS, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. USGS Water-Resources
Investigations Report 87-4004,1987. lOlp, 51 fig, 14 tab. 13 ref.
ABSTRACT: Rapid urban development in the Austin metropolitan area, Texas, is causing concern about
increasing peak discharges from stream runoff and the degradation of the quality of water in
receiving streams, lakes, and aquifers. In an attempt to reduce peak discharges and improve water
quality, runoff controls are being required in certain watersheds. This report summarizes the
precipitation, streamflow, and water quality data collected from September 1982 to September
1984 upstream and downstream from runoff controls at two locations, and presents the effects of
these runoff controls on streamflow and the quality of runoff water. The runoff controls at the two
locations are a detention and filtering pond near Barton Creek Square Shopping Center, a large
shopping center located southwest of downtown Austin, and a grass-covered swale control in the
Alta Vista Planned Unit Development, a multiple-family housing area. Data indicate that as a
result of the Barton Creek Square Shopping Center detention and filtering pond, peak discharges
were reduced and peak concentration and loads of most of the analyzed constituents were reduced.
However, the grass-covered swale control had little effect on reducing the peak discharges and
peak concentrations at the Alta Vista Planned Unit Development
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Site
BMP Performance Mor.ttormi?
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Whipple. Jr., W; Hunter, J.V.
Settleability of Urban Runoff Pollution.
DATE:
1981
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
BMP performance monitoring
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol 5 3, No 12,p 1726-1731, December, 1981.
9 Fig, 14Ref.
The possibility of using dual purpose detention basins for the removal of paniculate pollution
from urban runoff is currently under investigation. Tests of urban runoff were conducted to
measure the removal of different types of pollutants by sedimentation. Sampling was conducted in
five intensively developed areas. Analyses were conducted to determine total phosphate, fecai
coliform counts, suspended solids, 5 and 20 day biochemical oxygen demand, nitrates, heavy
metals, hydrocarbons, and ammonia. These studies showed that detention of runoff in an
undisturbed environment with a water depth of 6 feet for 32 hours resulted in removal of
substantial quantities of the common pollutants associated with urban runoff. The settleability data
for pollutants showed more scatter than data for total suspended solids. The data for suspended
solids, hydrocarbons, and lead indicated that most of the sedimentation of these pollutants was
accomplished in 16 hours, but results for other pollutants, particularly copper, were more
irregular. Considerable variation was found in the settleability of runoff from different sites. The
results of this study did not support the common assumption that pollutants will settle out in
amounts proportionate to their respective paniculate concentrations.
Wiide, F. DATE: 1989
Effect of storm runoff on the chemistry of ground water at three storm-water-impoundment sites
in Maryland.
BMP performance monitoring
Ground Water Issues and Solutions in the Potomac River Basin/Chesapeake Bay Region (14-16
Mar 1989 : Washington, DC), p. 43-44. {MdBeCS)J917093
Ground water. Legislation. Stormwater runoff. Ponds. Ions. Pollution effects. Maryland.
Impoundments. Runoff. Nonpoim pollution. Freshwater. USA, Maryland. Chemical composition.
Concern over nonpoint-source pollution of the Chesapeake Bay has resulted in the enactment of
legislation in Maryland requiring the discharge of urban storm runoff to impoundment structures,
where storm water is allowed to infiltrate into and percolate through the unsaturated zone of
native sediments. However, the effect of storm water on ground- water quality has not been
evaluated. Two types of impoundment structures are being monitored: infiltration basins and
porous-asphalt pavement. A sampling program has been implemented to (1) determine the
chemical composition of native precipitation, storm water, and ground water, and (2) monitor
changes in the chemical composition of soil water and ground water that are caused by percolating
storm water.
AUTHORS: Woodard, S.E.
AFFIL: Univ. Maine, Orono, ME 04473, US A
TITLE: The effectiveness of buffer strips to protect water quality.
DATE:
1988
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: 8. Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed Management. 1988. p. 26; 198S76S
KEYWORDS: Buffers-; vegetatton-cover; phosphorus-; suspended-load; suspended-solids; vegetation-;
neutralization-; water-quality
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Performance
ABSTRACT: This project examines suspended solids and phosphorus loading from residential developments
into natural buffer strips and the resultant impact on both sediment and phosphorus retention.
Concentration is being monitored as a function of slope and distance, providing a baseline to
establish the ability of buffer strips to limit sediment and phosphorus inputs to lakes. This data
base will enable future buffer strips to be designed with increased assurance that they will be
effective. Six experimental plots and one control plot have been installed and are being
monitored. Preliminary results indicate that residential runoff is relatively high in phosphorus and
suspended solids, especially during the construction phase of the housing development. Natural
buffer strips do appear to be effective in reducing these loads, with up to 99% effectiveness
overall distance of 57 meters.
AUTHORS: Wu, J.S.
TITLE: Modeling and Field Evaluations of Urban Wet Detention Ponds
DATE:
1988
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: IN: Proceedings of Stormwater and Water Quality Model Users Group Meeting. October 3-4,
1988, Denver, CO. EPA Report No. EPA/600/9-89/001, January 1989. p 129-141, 1 fig, 8 tab,
Href.
ABSTRACT: An extensive stormwater sampling program* was conducted on three existing urban wet detention
ponds in the Piedmont region of North Carolina, and an EPA model was examined and verified
for its usefulness in analyzing the water-quality improvement performance of urban wet detention
ponds. By analyzing the pollutant removal data collected from eleven runoff events, a
performance relationship was observed, permitting the incorporation of water quality
improvement requirements into the proper sizing of wet detention ponds. To achieve a minimum
level of urban runoff pollution control, the surface area ratio of detention ponds must be greater
than 0.5%. Approximately 1% to 2% of the watershed area is needed for developing detention
ponds to control 70% or more of the sediment load.
AUTHORS: Wu, J.S.; Holman, B.; Domey, J.
AFFIL: Dep. Civ. Eng., UNCC, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
TITLE: Performance of urban wet detention ponds.
DATE:
1988
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Lyke, W.K.; Hoban, T.J., eds. 1988. Proceedings of the Symposium on Coastal Water Resources.
Wilmington, NC, 1988. pp. 333-350. TPS-88-1 (TPS881)
KEYWORDS: Stonnwater-runoff; freshwater-pollution; ponds-; Norm-Carolina; water-quality; USA,-North-
Carolina,-Charlotte
ABSTRACT: The secondary use of detention ponds for water quality improvement has been promoted. This
paper summarizes results of a monitoring program conducted on three urban wet detention ponds
in the city of Charlotte, North Carolina, USA. Data collected from five storm events were
employed to develop a relationship between detention pond performance and pond
surface/watershed area ratios. Runoff quality of the study area is generally better and runoff
sediment can be characterized by a finer panicle size distribution. The attenuation of peak
discharge appears unsatisfactory due to short circuiting of local drainage entering the detention
ponds from surrounding areas. The observed improvement in water quality justifies the promising
use of wet ponds for urban runoff pollution abatement.
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AUTHORS: Yu, S.L.; Barnes, S.L.; Gerde, V.W. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Performer Virginia Transportation Research Council, Charlottesville.
TITLE: Testing of Best Management Practices for Controlling Highway Runoff. Final Report. Rept for
Nov9 1-Dec 92.
INDICATOR: BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: VTRC93R16, FHWAVA93R16
KEYWORDS: Design-criteria; Reservoirs-; Sampling-; Pollution-control; Suspended-sediments; Field-tests;
Weirs-; Drainage-.*Highways-; 'Storm-water-run-off.
ABSTRACT: In order to obtain the necessary detailed design guidelines for stormwater best management
practices (BMPs) included in die Virginia Department of Transportation's stormwater manual, a
field program was initiated in 1991 for testing the pollutant removal efficiency of selected
practices. A dry detention pond with a small, highly impervious drainage area and a vegetated
swale draining runoff from an urban highway were selected for the study. Manual as well as
automatic sampling methods were used to monitor stormwater runoff into and out of the two
facilities. Pollutant removal efficiencies were calculated by a mass balance method. Pollutants
examined included total suspended solids, total phosphorus, and total zinc. Preliminary data
showed that, if properly designed, these types of facilities can be an effective tool for removing
stormwater pollution from highway runoff.
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INDUSTRIAL/COMMERCIAL POLLUTION PREVENTION EFFORTS
AUTHORS: Beck, PC DATE:
AFFIL: Environmental Engineering, Coors Brewing Company, CE200, Golden, Colorada 80401
TITLE: Stormwater Permit Program: An Industrial Experience
1995
INDICATOR: Industrial/commercial prevention efforts
SOURCE: Tomo, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12, 1994.
KEYWORDS: Industrial, Stormwater, outfalls, sampling, metals, regulation, costs, nutrients
ABSTRACT: The impact of the NPDES Stormwater permit program on a Fortune 500 company located in the
semi-arid west is discussed. The results of a Stormwater outfall sampling program are presented.
Modifications to the facility were made as a result of the sampling and site inspection program.
The problems and successes of the Stormwater permit program from an industrial environmental
manager's perspective are presented. Concerns about the future direction of the program and
economic impact on industry are raised. A balanced cost-versus-benefit analysis of the program
before the enactment of additional regulatory requirements within the Stormwater program is
needed. An understanding of the basin-wide impacts of non-point discharges is needed, industry
must be an active participant in the development of future Stormwater regulations.
AUTHORS: Settine, R.L.; Burchfield, K. DATE: 1983
AFFIL: Alabama Univ. in Birmingham.
TITLE: Sampling and Analysis of Industrial Benthic Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Industrialized Ur ban Watersheds. Completion rept. 1 Oct 82-3 1 Mar 83.
INDICATOR: Industrial site compliance monitoring
SOURCE: W8303726,,OWRTA087ALA1
KEYWORDS: *Aromatic polycyclic hydrocarbons: 'Watersheds; 'Industrial wastes; *Water analysis;
•Sampling; Opossum Creek; Urban area; Gas chromatography; Mass spcctroscopy; Chemical
analysis; Grids Coordinates; Water pollution control; Mathematical models.
ABSTRACT: A method is reported for the sampling and analysis that accurately describes the contour and
distribution of benthic polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons of Opossum Creek. The analytical
methodology consisted of using fused silica capillary chromatography coupled with selected ion
mass spectrometry to identify and quantify areas of high concentration of specific benthic
compounds. It is apparent from the 'grid technique' herein reported that this model can be applied
for future stream system analysis and would be an extremely reliable aid for engineering decisions
with regard to cleanup.
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SOCIAL INDICATORS
PUBLIC ATTITUDE SURVEYS
AUTHORS: Carlisle, T.; Mulamoottil, G.; Mitchell, B. DATE: 1991
TITLE: Attitudes Towards Artificial Wetlands in Ontario for Stormwater Control and Waterfowl Habitat.
INDICATOR: Public attitude surveys
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin WARBAQ, Vol. 27, No. 3, p 419-427, June 1991. 2 fig, 3 tab, 22 ref.
ABSTRACT: Individuals from several interest groups in Ontario were surveyed to ascertain attitudes towards
the use of artificial wetlands for stonnwatcr" management and to provide waterfowl habitat. In
total, 166 questionnaires were distributed and 124 completed returns were received. The results of
the survey show that the provision of wetlands as waterfowl habitats in the context of stormwater
impoundments is severely limited and is not considered an important management option. The
overwhelming rejection of this integrated approach seems to be due to a lack of understanding and
its comparative newness. Some of the perceived problems and concerns could be addressed by
improvements in the design of the artificial wetlands. The design and implementation of an
artificial wetland prototype as part of an educational program in Ontario is recommended.
AUTHORS: CastaldL FJ. DATE: 1983
AFFIL: Performer Texas Dept of Water Resources, Austin.
TITLE: Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, Austin, Texas. Executive Summary of the Final Report.
July 1979-January 1983.
INDICATOR: Public attitude surveys
KEYWORDS: *Runoff-; 'Urban-areas; 'Water-pollution; 'Lake-Austin; Watersheds-; Land-use; Stream-flow;
Regional-planning; Storm-sewers; Rainfall-; Snowmelt-; Sediment-transport; History-; Public-
opinion; Surveys-; Town-Lake; Texas-.'Runoff-; 'Urban-areas
ABSTRACT: This Executive Summary briefly describes the study objectives and scope, the study area and
historical conditions, data analysis of the stormwater and receiving water quality, the results of a
public opinion survey, conclusions, observations and recommendations. Problems limiting the
total evaluation are also discussed.
AUTHORS: Desvousges, W.H.; Smith, V.K.; McGivney, M.P. DATE:
TITLE: Comparison of alternative approaches for estimating recreation and related benefits of water
quality Improvements.
INDICATOR: Public attitude surveys
1983
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public. Attitude
SOURCE: MISC.-REP.-SER.-U.S.-ENVIRON.-PROT.-AGENCY. 1983. 283 pp; 1781601,
EPA/230/05-83/001
KEYWORDS: Water-quality; water-reclamation; economic-analysis; recreational-waters; recreation-;
evaluation-; USA,-Pennsylvania,-Monongahela-R.
ABSTRACT: The study compares three methods for measuring the overall recreation and related benefits of
improved water quality. These methods are travel cost, contingent valuation, and contingent
ranking. The comparison is based on detailed interview data for 305 user and nonuser households
in the Pennsylvania portion of the Monongaheia River watershed. The benefits measurement
approaches show consistent results for comparable changes in water quality. (Contract EPA-68-
01-5838. Prepared in cooperation with North Carolina Univ. at Chapel Hiil. Sponsored by E.P.A.,
Washington, DC. Off. Policy Analysis.)
AUTHORS: Hampton Roads Municipal Communicators DATE: 1992
TITLE: Environmental Attitudes Surveyed in Hampton Roads
INDICATOR: Public attitude surveys
SOURCE: Hampton Roads Municipal Communicators
ABSTRACT: The Hampton Roads Municipal Communicators (an organization of municipal public information
professionals representing nine Hampton Roads localities) conducted an environmental attitudes
survey in the Hampton Roads area, Virginia. The survey was designed to measure environmental
attitudes and behavior as part of a comprehensive stormwater management public information
program. The survey covered environmental issues such as curbside recycling, recycling of used
motor oil, other common household wastes and disposal of yard wastes. The survey demonstrated
the need for additional public education regarding stormwater management. 64% of those
surveyed were not familiar with the term "stormwater management", of the 25% who indicated
that they were familiar with the term, only a handful were able to provide an accurate definition.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Hoffman, R.K.
The Public's Perspective on Nonpoint Sources.
DATE:
1981
Public attitude surveys
In: Nonpoint Pollution Control - Tools and Techniques for the Future, Proceedings of a Technical
Symposium, p 35-38,1981. 2 Tab.
Pennsylvania's 208 planning effort, the Comprehensive Water Quality Management Plan
(COWAMP) has ranked the five major nonpoint sources of water pollution as: (1) agricultural
runoff, (2) urban runoff, (3) construction-site runoff, (4) contamination from malfunctioning on-
lot disposal systems, and (5) acid mine drainage. COWAMP uses three public information
devices, advisory committee meetings, public workshops on the county level, and a bimonthly
water quality newsletter. Input from the workshops and from the advisory councils shows that the
public's perspective on nonpoint sources depends upon where they live. To fanners, the
preservation of prime farmland in a time of increasing development is a major concern. Those in
urban areas feel that better planning and enforcement of the Stormwater Management and
Floodplains Management Acts will help to control urban and construction-site runoff. The
advisory committees recommend an intensive public education program coupled with more
stringent enforcement of existing regulations on nonpoint source pollution.
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Public Afjftude
AUTHORS: Smith. J.; Paul S.; Collins, C.; Cavacas, A.; Lahlou, M.
AFFIL: Prince George's County, Landover, MD
TITLE: Public Survey and Pollutant Model for Prince George's County
DATE:
1994
INDICATOR: Public attitude surveys
SOURCE: Pawlukiewicz, J.; Monroe, P.; Robertson, A.; Warren, J. (eds.). 1994. Watershed '93: A National
Conference on Watershed Management. USEPA 840-R-94-002. Held in Alexandria, VA., Mar.
21 -24, 1993., EPA 840-R-94-002
ABSTRACT: Prince George's County's nonpoint source public outreach program is intended to give residents
an awareness of water quality throughout their neighborhood. Education about how residents can
make minor changes in their daily behavior to reduce pollutants in their local streams is the main
focus of this program. Recently, a pilot program was implemented in the Kettering Watershed.
Here, as part of the public education program, a public survey was conducted to asses how
effective citizen involvement may be in the reduction of nonpoint source pollution. Along with a
water quality model, this survey was used to measure the success of the outreach program.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Steeves, M.; Chapman, C.
Public Accepts Stormwater Control Plan.
DATE:
1988
Public attitude surveys
Water Engineering and Management WENDMD2, Vol. 135, No. 4, p 22-24, April 1988. 3 fig.
After four decades of putting up with the flooding problems that plagued the area, Mobile,
Alabama, one of the wettest, most flood-prone cities in the U. S., is about to get them under
control. To determine what kinds of long-term improvements were needed public works
department records dating back to 1946 were analyzed by a consulting firm. To finance the effort,
a user-fee system was proposed, whereby fees would be collected from all property owners based
on the stormwater runoff generated by each property. By presenting its plans for a new
stormwater-management plan to the public before the formal hearing required for the program's
adoption, city managers were able to gage and respond to public concerns. The implementation
phase now underway involves setting up a data base containing the addresses of approximately
75,000 owners and properties; calculating user's fees based on an aerial survey of the properties;
setting up a mechanism to collect fees; and drafting a stormwater master plan and management
code. Mobile was behind the times when it came to stormwater control; now it's in the forefront as
a result of a carefully-thought-out flood-management program.
AUTHORS: Survey Research Center, University of Maryland
TITLE: Chesapeake Bay Attitudes Survey
INDICATOR: Public attitude surveys
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
DATE:
1994
AUTHORS: Tsitika Follow-Up Committee {B.C., Canada)
TITLE: Results of a siirvty conducted in November, 1990.
INDICATOR: Public attitude surveys
DATE:
1991
137
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Social Indicators public Attitude ffrff-"frv«
SOURCE: 1991. I53p.. MIC9I05108XSP
KEYWORDS: 'Watersheds
ABSTRACT: In the last week of November 1990, a series of 5 information sessions were presented to the
general public on the planning and progress in the Tsitika Watershed. At die sessions, a public
response survey was conducted to capture opinions on a number of issues related to the Tsitika
and to obtain suggestions for improvements to the plan and planning process. Vol. I presents a
summary of the report, vol. II presents the results of the survey with more detail of the comments
and suggestions made by survey respondents, and vol. Ill contains the comments made in the
comment books at the information sessions and the prepared submissions of the visitors handed in
at the sessions.
138
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WATER QUALITY INDICATORS
POLLUTANT CONSTITUENT MONITORING
AUTHORS: Albrecht, D.R. DATE: 1988
TITLE: Results of Fifteen Years of Continuous Monitoring of Water Quality in the Ruhr River Heavily
Affected by Residual Point and Nonpoint Pollution.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constitutent monitoring
SOURCE: IN: Nonpoint Pollution: 1988-Policy, Economy, Management, and Appropriate Technology.
Proceedings of a Symposium. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland. 1988.
p 271-281, 14 fig, lOref.
ABSTRACT: A large fish kill in the impoundment Lake Baldeney on the Ruhr River in 1963 was an incentive
to create a system for instream aeration in the lower Ruhr River. The river presently receives
treated secondary sewage and urban and rural runoff from heavily populated areas of Germany.
Industrial wastewater contribution in the Ruhr basin amounts to 47% of the total wastewater flow.
Instream aeration has been used for mitigation of the remaining pollution and problems of
eutrophication. Operation of the aeration devices requires continuous dissolved oxygen (DO)
monitoring at selected key cross-sections of the river. Statistical evaluation of the results provides
detailed information on water quality and eutrophication trends of the river. The results showed
that in the period from 1972 to 1987 the winter averages of dissolved oxygen in the river were
increased form 62 to 95% of saturation. During summer half-years frequently oversaturation due
to algal photosynthesis occurs. It has been found that secondary pollution due to algal productivity
is becoming a major factor in the DO-regime. As phosphorus concentrations have been
diminished in the Ruhr after 1976, mass algal developments are now reduced. New targets for the
Ruhr water quality and recent legal requirements demand further reduction of phosphorus and
ammonia in wastewater treatment plants. Future strategies are further focused on the reduction of
organic halogens which can be adsorbed by activated carbon and on nonpoint pollution abatement
by improved storm water treatment in combined sewage systems.
AUTHORS: Arnold, J.A., ed.; Line, D.E.; Coffey, S.W.; Spooner, J. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: . NC Cooperative Extension Service and NC Div. of Env. Mgt.
TITLE: Stormwater Management Guidance Manual
INDICATOR: Pollutant constitutent monitoring
ABSTRACT: The manual assist industrial managers, developers, government officials and engineers in
understanding stormwater pollution management. However, specific paroblems and complex
design considerations are not addressed. Basic information needed to develop site, or industry
specific management plans are presented. These include: (L) legal requirements for stormwater
management, (2) identification and control of pollutants commonly found in stormwater, (3)
139
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Water
Indicator?
Pollutant Constituent
engineering and design principals such as runoff volume determination, stormwater conveyance
and control practices and land use effects, and (4) detailed management practices at source and
site. Appendices include: NC State offices and rules, industries affected by rules, pollutant source
lists, how to delineate drainage areas, sample stormwater volume and peak flow calculations,
pollution prevention strategies and various BMP practices.
AUTHORS: Bartel, R.L.; Maristany, A.E. DATE: 1989
TITLE: Wetlands and Stormwater Management: A Case Study of Lake Munson. Part II: Impacts on
Sediment and Water Quality
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: IN: Wetlands: Concerns and Successes. Proceedings of a Symposium held September 17-22,
1989, Tampa, Florida. American Water Resources Association, Betfaesda, Maryland. 1989.
p 231-246,9 fig, 4 tab, Href.
ABSTRACT: In early 19SO, a 255 acre tract of cypress and gum swamp in southern Leon County, Florida was
converted from wetland into Lake Munson. The purpose for this shallow impoundment was to
alleviate downstream flooding problems. Unfortunately the area never reached its full potential as
a recreational water body or aquatic habitat due to severe water quality impacts on the lake. The
inadvertent discharge of wastewater effluents and stormwater have been the major cause for the
degradation of this water body. In 1982, the lake was ranked on the trophic state index as the
seventh most degraded lake in Florida. In 1984, the wastewater effluents were diverted to a land
application system and lake water quality has improved. However, the lake continues to suffer
algal blooms, fish kills, depressed oxygen levels, and high nutrient and bacterial levels. Restoring
ecologically sound conditions to the take and developing its potential use as a recreation area will
require upstream treatment of storm water and possibly the removal of bottom sediment. Results
show that upstream treatment may require a wetlands area at least the size of Lake Munson. The
trophic status of Lake Munson has shown remarkable improvement since the majority of the
nutrient loads were eliminated in 1984 by diverting wastewater treatment plant effluent to spray
irrigation fields. However, stormwater discharges continue to adversely impact water and
sediment quality by introducing nutrients and toxic substances which are detrimental to aquatic
life.
AUTHORS: Beak Consultants Ltd., Toronto (Ontario) DATE: 1991
TITLE: Strategy for improvement of Don River water quality: Supporting document no. 5: Analysis of
water quality data for the Don River.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: MIC9200259XSP
KEYWORDS: Water-; Analysis-.*Water-quality.
ABSTRACT: In 1981, a study of water quality in the Don River, Humber River, and Mimico Creek was begun
to provide baseline data to guide future studies. In 1982, the Toronto Area Watershed
Management Strategy Study (TAWMS) was initiated as a comprehensive and cooperative multi-
agency undertaking towards the attainment of water quality improvements. In the spring of 1988,
the TAWMS Don River water quality improvement study was initiated to summarize water
quality problems, to relate these problems to sources and to provide a range of improvement
actions leading to various levels of control for water quality improvements. The study on the
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Water Quality Indicators
Pollu^ant
strategy for water quality management in the Don River evaluates the costs and effectiveness of
different source control strategies in the Don River watershed. This supporting document provides
a summary of the water quality characteristics of the Don River based mainly on the time series
analysis of monitoring station data for the Don River made by Bodo (1987). The results of
application of these techniques are summarized for a variety of parameters.
AUTHORS: Blumberg, M.S.; Bell, J.M. DATE: 1984
AFFIL: Performer: Purdue Uniy., Lafayette, FN. Water Resources Research Center.
TITLE: Effect of Various Hydrologic Parameters on the Quality of Stormwater Runoff from a* West
Lafayette, Indiana Urban Watershed. Technical rept.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituted monitoring
SOURCE: TR162, OWRTC00090UIND2
KEYWORDS: 'Hydrology-; 'Runoff-; •Urban-areas; * Water-pollution; Sewage-treatment; Rainfall-intensity;
Flow-rate; Sampling-; Bacteria-; Land-use; Regression-analysis; Indiana-.'Hydrology-; 'Runoff-;
'Urban-areas; 'Water-pollution.
ABSTRACT: Increasingly stringent quality standards for wastewater effluents, and increased efficiency of
wastewater treatment plant operations, have made the pollution due to stormwater runoff more
obvious. This study investigated the quality of stormwater runoff from a 29 acre, fully developed,
residential watershed. The importance of various hydrologic activities (average intensity of
rainfall, peak intensity of rainfall, total rainfall, peak rate of runoff, total runoff, and duration of
precipitation event) on stormwater pollutant concentrations, total mass (or number), and peak rates
was evaluated by multiple regression analyses.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Bomboi, M.T.; Hernandez, A.
Hydrocarbons in urban runoff: Their contribution to the wastewaters.
DATE:
1991
Pollutant constituent monitoring
Water research. Oxford, Elmsford NY 1991, vol. 25, no. 5, p. 557-565. (MdBeCS)2564091
Runoff. Hydrocarbons. Easte water. Pollution control. Water pollution. Vehicles. Gas
chromatography. Meteorology. Seasonal variations. Spain, Madrid. Urban runoff. Urban areas.
A hydrocarbon characterization analysis has been applied to extractable organic matter from
Madrid runoff. The effects of traffic densities as well as seasonal and meteorological influences
have been considered. The main contribution is the exhausts from vehicles, which are
distinguished by the presence of petroleum residues in the form of aliphatic and aromatic
hydrocarbons. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with carcinogenic potency have been also
determined from incomplete combustion products in automobile exhausts. Natural hydrocarbons
derived from higher vascular plants are present in residential and landscaped areas in high levels.
AUTHORS: Boom, A.; Marsalek, J. DATE:
TITLE: Accumulation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an Urban Snowpack.
1988
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Science of the Total Environment STENDL, Vol. 74, p 133-148, August 1, 1988. 3 fig. 8 tab,
24 ref.
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Constituent
ABSTRACT: Accumulations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a snowpack were studied in an industrial
urban area with numerous anthropogenic sources of ?AHs. Average PAH loadings stored in the
snowpack were determined, plotted on a map of the study area, and a real distribution
approximated by isoloading contours. The loading contours exhibited a marked elongation in the
direction of prevailing winds. The unit-area deposition rates observed in the study area exceeded
the typical rates reported for other urban areas, and were the highest immediately downwind of a
steel plant. PAH levels in snowmelt were well below the freshwater aquatic life toxicity criteria,
but exceeded both the WHO drinking water standard and the U.S. EPA carcinogenic criteria at the
0.00001 risk level. .
AUTHORS: Brosnan. T.M.; O'Shea, ML. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Performer: New York City Dept. of Environmental Protection, Wards bland. Marine Sciences
Section.
TITLE: New York Harbor Water Quality Survey, 1991 -1992. Final rept.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
KEYWORDS: Summer-; Tables-Data; Dissolved-oxygen; Concentration-Composition; Site-surveys;
Chlorophylls-; New-York; Trends-; Long-term-effects; Standards-; Compliance-; Biochemical-
oxygen-demand; Coliform-bacteria.'Water-quality-data; 'Environmental-surveys
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the report is to describe recent patterns of summer (June through September) water
quality, to determine compliance with New York State standards, to assess long-term trends, and
to provide data for calibration of water quality and hydrodynamic mathematical models.
Monitoring the quality of New York Harbor's waterways has been ongoing since 1909, with 52
stations presently monitored at least bimonthly year-round for a variety of water quality
indicators, including: dissolved oxygen (DO); biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); coliform
bacteria (June through September only); nutrients; chlorophyll 'a'; phytoplankton; pH; Secchi
transparency; light tnuumittance; total suspended solids (TSS); salinity; and temperature. Some of
these data are summarized. Several special studies were also performed during 1991 and 1992.
AUTHORS: Chesapeake Bay Program DATE: 1994
TITLE: Trends in Phosphorus, Nitrogen, Secchi Depth and Dissolved Oxygen in Chesapeake Bay,
1984 to 1992
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the Chesapeake Bay Program, Cooperative
AgreeementNo. TCRD-93-08-01-000
KEYWORDS: Trends; Chesapeake Bay; Phosphorus; Nitrogten; Secchi depth; Dissolved oxygen; Nutrient
enrichment
ABSTRACT: The Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) is a Federal-State partnership working to restore Chesapeake
Bay. One of its primary goals is to improve water quality and habitat conditions for living
resources. The CBP began monitoring water and habitat quality in 1984 and continues to sample
the main stem and tributaries for their physical and chemical makeup. Nutrient enrichment is a
major water quality problem in Chesapeake Bay. Nutrients fuel phytoplankton growth, which has
an adverse (reduction) effect on dissolved oxygen (DO) levels. Low DO levels threaten the
existence of Chesapeake Bay's aquatic animals. DO levels should increase if nutrient levels are
reduced. A computer model predicted that a 40% reduction in nitrogen and phosphorus would
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Qualm Indicators
Pollutant Cgn/stituent
reduce nutrient levels and cause an increase in DO levels in the main stem to Chesapeake Bay.
Nitrogen and phosphorus control programs have been initiated. Trend analyses, involving various
criteria, were performed over an 8-year period (from October 1984 through September 1992) to
see how these programs affected water and habitat quality conditions in Chesapeake Bay. Results
of seasonal Kendall test analysis indicate that phosphorus levels decreased significantly baywide,
especially in one upper Chesapeake Bay segment and two lower Chesapeake Bay segments. There
were also marginally significant improvements in phosphorus levels in two upper Chesapeake Bay
segments and one lower Chesapeake Baly segment Nitrogen levels were somewhat increased
(marginally significant) in one segment of Chesapeake Bay. Secchi depths showed no significant
trends baywide; however there were marginally significant trends (improvements) in upper
Chesapeake Bay. DO trends were not statistically significant baywide; however, segments at the
mouth of Chesapeake Bay showed marginally significant degradation.
AUTHORS: Driscoll, E.D.; Shelley, P.E.; Strecker, E.W. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: Performer: Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Oakland, CA.
TITLE: Pollutant Loadings and Impacts from Highway Stormwater Runoff. Volume 4. Research Report
Data Appendix. Final rept. Sep 84-Dec 87.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: FHWARD88009
KEYWORDS: States-United-States; Sites-; Urban-areas; Rainfall-intensity; Traffic-; Periodic-variations;
Concentration-Composition; Phosphorus-; Nitrogen-.'Highways; 'Water-pollution; 'Streams;
•Lakes.
ABSTRACT: This is one of four final documents of an investigation dealing with the characterization of
stormwater runoff pollutant loads from highways, and the prediction of water quality impacts they
cause. The study results are based on monitoring data from 993 individual storm events at 31
highway runoff sites in 11 states. Impact prediction is based on a methodology previously
developed and applied to urban runoff and adapted for highway runoff applications. The
document provides a tabulated summary of all of the monitored data on storm rainfall, runoff
volume, and pollutant concentrations. Data were recorded in spreadsheet format on
microcomputer disks. Master copies of these disks have been provided to FHWA in both 'Lotus 1-
2-3' and 'Excel' spreadsheet documents. The publications which collectively represent a final
report are: Volume 4: Research Report Data Appendix.
AUTHORS: Driscoll, E.D.; Shelley. P.E.; Strecker, E.W. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: Woodward-Clyde Consultants, Oakland, CA.
TITLE: • Pollutant Loadings and Impacts from Highway Stormwater Runoff. Volume 2. Users Guide for
Interactive Computer Implementation of Design Procedure. Final rept Sep 84-Dec 87.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: FHWARD88007
KEYWORDS: States-United States; Computer programming; Rainfall; Stream flow; Sites; Concentration
Composition; Environmental impact; Programming manuals.'Highways; "Water-pollution;
* Streams; * Lakes.
ABSTRACT: The report is one of four final documents of an investigation dealing with the characterization of
stormwater runoff pollutant loads from highways and the prediction of water quality impacts they
143
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Water Qualm- Indicators
Pollutant Constituent Mary
cause. The study results are based on monitoring data from 993 individual storm events at 31
highway runoff sites in 11 States. Impact prediction is based on a methodology previously
developed and applied to urban runoff and adapted for highway runoff applications. The
document is a users guide for an interactive computer procedure for computing the estimated
impacts on water quality of a stream or lake that receives highway runoff. The program provides
guidance for evaluating whether or not a water quality problem will result, and the degree of
pollution control required to mitigate predicted impacts to acceptable levels. The computer
program is based on the methodology presented in the Design Procedures report of the study.
AUTHORS: Dupuis, T.; Raster, J.; Bertram, P.; Meyer, J.; Smith, M. DATE: 1985
AFFIL: Rexnord, Inc., Milwaukee, WI. EnviroEnergy Technology Center.
TITLE: Effects of Highway Runoff on Receiving Waters. Volume 2. Research Report. Final rept.
Oct 79-Aug 85.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: FHWARD84063
KEYWORDS: Environmental impacts; Monitoring; Wisconsin; North Carolina; Bioassay; Tests; Traffic;
Topography; Urban areas; Rural areas; Invertebrates; Tables-Data; Graphs-Charts; Computer
programming.'Runoff; 'Highway; * Stream pollution.
ABSTRACT: Results of comprehensive field monitoring programs at three sites for highway runoff are reported
in the volume. One stream site (WI Hwy 15/Sugar Creek) and one lake site (I-94/Lower
Nemahbin Lake) were located in Southeastern Wisconsin. The third site (I-83/Sevenmile Creek)
was located in the Piedmont region of North Carolina. Monitoring at each site was conducted for
one year. The scope of these programs included meteorological and hydrological monitoring. The
results of extensive bioassay testing are also included in the volume. Runoff samples from both
urban and rural highways were used with a variety of test organisms.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Ebbert, J.C.; Poole, J.E.; Payne, K.L. DATE:
Data Collected by Che U.S. Geological Survey During a Study of Urban Runoff in Bellevue,
Washington, 1979-82.
1985
Pollutant constituent monitoring
Available from OFSS, USGS, Box 25425, Lakewood, CO 80225. USGS Open-File Report 84-
064, 1985. 255 p, 8 fig, 3 pi, 33 tab, 9 ref.
From October 1979 through January 1982 the U.S. Geological Survey conducted an urban-runoff
study in Bellevue, Washington. The study, done in cooperation with the City of Bellevue, was part
of the U.S. Environmental Protection'Agencys National Urban Runoff program. The objectives
of the study were to (I) establish a consistent and accessible data base for typical urban
watersheds; (2) determine the magnitude and frequency of storm-runoff loads of water-quality
constituents from three catchments in the city; (3) develop methods for estimating storm and
annual loads of water-quality constituents from unsampled catchments in die study area; and (4)
test the effectiveness of storm-water-quality management alternatives, such as street sweeping and
detention storage, for the attenuation of constituent loads carried in storm runoff. This report
presents data collected during the study period. Data include rainfall and runoff amounts, physical
characteristics of the catchments, the chemical quality of storm runoff and in wet- and dry-
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Water Qua/in Indicators
EaUutant Constituent \fr>mt
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Water Quality- Indicators
Constituent -
objectives, it was necessary to obtain detailed data pertaining to land use, rainfall, dryfall, stream
discharge, and storm runoff. This report describes the rationale behind the data collection
program, describes the methods used to collect and analyze the data, and presents the data
collected and summarized during the study. Six watersheds were investigated, ranging in size
from 1,610 to 20,990 acres. Water quality data from 5 sites for about 30 rainstorms that occurred
between June 1980 and July 1982 are presented.
AUTHORS: Fusiilo, T.V. . DATE:
TITLE: Impact of Suburban Residential Development on Water Resources in the Area of Winslow
Township, Camden County, New Jersey.
1981
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring; Increased flooding in streams
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB82-
124850, Price codes: A03 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Geological Survey Water-Resources
Investigations 81-27, 1981. 38 p, 16 Fig, 7 Tab, 19 Ref.
ABSTRACT: Changes in land use as a result of large-scale residential development can have significant impact
on water resources. Data on the quality and quantity of surface water and ground water in the
vicinity of the Winslow Crossing residential development, in Winslow Township, New Jersey,
were collected from 1972 to 1979. Pumpage for water supply from the Cohansey Sand averaged
0.48 million gallons per day during 1978 and Had little effect on water levels in the aquifer. Water
quality was variable in the observation wells sampled. High levels of dissolved solids, nitrate-
nitrogen, and phosphorus were found in the shallow ground water surrounding the effluent
infiltration ponds of a wastewater treatment plant. A treatment process change in 1974 reduced
nitrate-nitrogen levels. The development of 14 percent of a 1.64-square-mile drainage area
resulted in an increase in the peak discharge of a 60-minute unit hydrograph from approximately
! 50 cubic feet per second to 270 cubic feet per second. Installation of a stormwater retention basin
reduced this peak discharge to 220 cubic feet per second. Streams draining two highly developed
drainage areas had significantly higher levels of calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate, and pH than
streams draining less developed areas. Winslow Crossing's development had only a slight effect
on Great Egg Harbor River in comparison with sources of contamination upstream from the study
area.
AUTHORS: Golladay, S.W.; Webster, J.R.; Benfield, E.F.; Swank, W.T. , DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Univ. Oklahoma Biol. Stn., HC-71 Box 205, Kingston, OK 73439, USA. Bibligor: 80 ref.
Referred to also as Monographische Beitraege.
TITLE: Changes in stream stability following forest clearing as indicated by storm nutrient budgets.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Arcbiv fur Hydrobiologie. Suppiementband. Stuttgart ISSN 0341-2881 1992, vol. 90, no. 1, p. 1-
33., (MdBeCS)2738042
KEYWORDS: Nutrient cycles. Ecosystem disturbance. Stonnwater runoff. USA, North Carolina, Macon Cry..
Forest industry. Freshwater.
ABSTRACT: This study was designed to examine changes in stream stability following forest disturbance. Two
components of stability have been identified in ecological systems. Mechanisms of resistance tend
to minimize the effects of disturbance, while mechanisms of resilience tend to promote rapid
recovery. The authors index of stability was input/output nutrient budgets, constructed for
146
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Water Quaitn- Indicators
Pollutant Constituent
disturbed and reference streams during storms. Thus, a frequently occurring natural phenomenon
(storms) was used to evaluate the effects of a large scale disturbance (forest clearing). Nutrient
budgets indicated that disturbed streams were less retentive of nitrogen and phosphorus than
reference sites. Nitrogen loss averaged 57 mg/m super(2) streambed/storm from disturbed and 16
mg/sq. m streambed/storm from reference sites. Phosphorus losses were 34 and 9 mg/sq. m
streambed/storm from disturbed and reference streams respectively. Nitrogen and phosphorus loss
was largely accounted for by export of nutrients associated with organic particles.
AUTHORS: Harrison, D. DATE: 1995
AFFIL: Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control District 5469 E. Olive Avenue Fresno, CA 93726
TITLE: Policy and Institutional Issues of NPDES Monitoring: Local Municipal Perspectives of
Stormwater M onitoring
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring; chemical monitoring
SOURCE: Torno, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12,1994.
ABSTRACT: This presentation reviews the Stormwater program mandate imposed on local agencies, the role of
monitoring in the mandate, deficiencies which can be expected in the monitoring results and the
impact of these deficiencies on the administration of local Stormwater NPDES permit programs.
AUTHORS: Heaney, J.P.; Huber, W.C.; Lehman, M.E. DATE: 1981
TITLE: Nationwide Assessment of Receiving Water Impacts from Urban Stormwater Pollution; Volume
1, Summary
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PBS 1 -
161812, Price codes: A08 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Environmental Protection Agency
Project Summary EPA-600/S2-8! -025, March, 1981.4 p.
ABSTRACT: A search through published and unpublished literature on urban wet-weather impacts on receiving
waters yielded information for each of the 248 urbanized areas in the United States. The
information was analyzed in terms of: characteristics of the urban area as it related to types and
quantities of pollutants; characteristics and types of receiving waters; uses of receiving waters and
water quality standards; kind of impact and its characteristics; and key pollutant or pollutants.
Impacts on receiving waters were not clearly defined, since they are a composite of the
perspectives of many professionals, and the waters themselves are not well defined. Almost 85%
of the receiving waters are rivers, with lakes - 5%, and estuaries and oceans - 10%. Very few fish
kills identify urban runoff as the direct-cause, but it could be a cause in up to 50% of the beach
closings'. Reduced dissolved oxygen levels may be due to combined sewer overflows, urban
runoff, and sediment resuspension. but also to failures in treatment plants and even accidental or
deliberate discharges from point sources. Of the 19 cities having more man four urban runoff
problem citations, over half are the older cities of the northeast.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
Heiskary, S.A.
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, St. Paul, MN, USA
Lake assessment program: A cooperative lake study program.
DATE:
1988
147
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Water Qualm Indicators
Pollutant Constituent
INDICATOR: Pollution constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed Management. 1988. p. 28; 1985732
KEYWORDS: Watersheds-; water-quality; pollution-monitoring; Minnesota-; pollutant-detection; USA,-
Minnesota
ABSTRACT: The Lake Assessment Program (LAP) is a cooperative lake study program involving Minnesota
Pollution Control Agency (MPCA) staff and local citizens. It was initiated in 1985 as a pilot
program intended to fill the gap between the Citizen's Lake Monitoring Program (Secchi disk
monitoring) and intensive Agency studies. Citizen involvement is the principal focus of LAP, with
active participation in sampling and watershed and lake review. Fifteen LAP studies have been
completed, providing valuable information for the local unit, MPCA, and others interested in
protecting or improving the quality of a lake. LAP studies will be an integral part of Minnesota's
Clean Water Partnership Program and U.S. EPA Clean Lakes Program in Minnesota, providing
information necessary for selecting projects and communicating ideas regarding lake protection
and restoration. Program design, examples of completed studies, and use of the ecoregion
framework in the goal-setting process will be presented.
AUTHORS: Homer, R.R.; Welch, E.B.; Butkus, S.FL; Spyridakis, D.E.
TITLE: Management significance of bioavailable phosphorus in urban runoff.
DATE:
1987
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring; Trends in NFS loads
SOURCE: Rep. US. Geol. Surv. Water Resour. Div.. 1987. 91 pp, USGS/G-1259-04 (USGSG125904)
KEYWORDS: phosphorus-; urban-runoff; water-quality; eutrophication-; freshwater-lakes; USA,-Washington
ABSTRACT: Biologically available phosphorus (BAP) was determined monthly in Lake Sammamish at two
depths and in its main tributary, Issaquah Creek, by an algal growth potential bioassay technique.
BAP was more closely related to soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) than to total phosphorus.
Relationships between BAP and SRP plus sodium hydroxide-extractabte phosphorus were derived
to permit BAP estimation from chemical measurement in the future. A previously developed
nonsteady-state, mass balance model for Lake Sammamish was reformulated in terms of BAP,
calibrated, and verified. A linear relationship was also derived to predict phytoplankton biomass
as chlorophyll a and Secchi depth transparency for future cases of watershed development and
storm runoff pollution control. The analysis led to the generation of a series of management
strategies to protect Lake Sammamish water quality. (Grant D1-14-08-OOOI-G-1259. Sponsored
by Geological Survey, Reston, VA (USA). Water Resources Div., and Washington State Water
Research Center, Pullman, (USA).
AUTHORS: Illinois State Environmental Protection Agency, Springfield. Div. of DATE: 1990 Water
Pollution Control
TITLE: Clean Lakes Program Phase 2 Project. Report for Lake Le-Aqua-Na Stephenson County, Illinois.
Final rept.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Oct 90. 113p.; PB91123323XSP
KEYWORDS: Nutrients-; Plankton-blooms; Aquatic-plants; Oxygen-; Depletions Turbidity-; Sedimentation-;
Cultivation-; Bank-protection-Waterways; Soil-conservation.*Recreation; *Water-pollution-
controi; * Le-Aqua-Na-Lake.
148
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Waier Out.itit\- Indicators
Pollutant Constituent \ionitoru
ABSTRACT: Lake Le-Aqua-Na is a 39.5 acre (16.0 ha) recreational impoundment located in Le-Aqua-Na State
Park, Stephenson County, Illinois. The lake is owned and managed by the Illinois Department of
Conservation (IDOC). A Phase I diagnostic/feasibility study, conducted in 1981 under the Federal
Clean Lakes Program identified the following major problems in the lake: high nutrient levels,
nuisance algal blooms, excessive aquatic macrophytes, hypolimnetic oxygen depletion, and high
turbidity and sedimentation. A management plan was recommended which included
aeration/destratification, macrophyte harvesting, periodic algal treatment, and watershed
treatment. The plan was implemented and intensive monitoring of the lake and tributaries was
conducted by the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency with funding provided by a National
Agricultural Conservation Program Special, a State ACP Special, and a Clean Lakes Phase II
grant from the United States Environmental Protection Agency.
AUTHORS: Klein, H. DATE: 1982
TITLE: Quality of Stormwater Runoff from Motorways (Diebeschaffenheit der Niederschlagsabflusse von
Autob ahnen).
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Wasserwirtschaft, Vol 72, No 2, p 37-43, February. 1982. 6 Fig, 6 Tab, 12 Ref English Summary.
ABSTRACT: The quality of Stormwater runoff from road surfaces was examined along three stretches of
heavily-trafficked highway in West Germany. Routes A 81 and A 6 are flanked by high rims so
that runoff is collected exclusively in storm drains, whereas Route A 8/B 10 has a grass verge
over which runoff flows before entering a drain containing a sump. While median monthly rainfall
was similar for all three roads, mean monthly runoff varied (599,358, and 178 cu m/hectare for A
81, A 6, and A 8/B 10, respectively). This was attributed mainly to the difference in drainage
systems. Annual mean concentration of chloride was 50-500 times greater in runoff than in
rainwater collected at the same sites. Of all filterable material collected, only 4-7% originated in
rain. Compared with discharge from a mechanical/biological sewage treatment plant, runoff
contained significantly higher concentrations of most pollutants: a maximum of twice as much
COD and cadmium, up to five times as much lead, copper, and zinc, up to 17 times as much
filterable material, and 50-60 times as much polycyctic hydrocarbons. Smaller amounts of
ammonium nitride and total phosphorus were present in runoff. Almost all runoff samples
exceeded the maximal permissible limits for filterable material, iron, COD, mineral oil. and
chloride. With the exception of chloride, pollutants were found in lesser amounts in runoff from
Route A 8/B 10 than in that from the other two roads due to runoff permeating the grass verge.
AUTHORS: Ku, H.F.H.; Simmons, D.L. DATE: 1986
TITLE- ' Effect of Urban Stormwater Runoff on Ground Water Beneath Recharge Basins on Long Island,
New York.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Available from Books and Opea File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, Co 80225.
USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 85-4088, 1986. 67p, 10 fig, 20 tab, 35 ref, 4
append.
ABSTRACT: Urban Stormwater runoff was monitored during 1980-82 to investigate the source, type, quantity,
and fate of contaminants routed to the more than 3,000 recharge basins on Long Island and to
determine whether this runoff might be a significant source of contamination to the groundwater
149
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Qualin, Indicators
Pollutant Constituent
reservoir. Forty-six storms were monitored at five recharge basins in representative land use areas
(strip commercial, shopping-mall parking lot, major highway, low-density residential, and
medium-density residential). Runoffrprecipitation ratios indicate that all storm runoff is derived
from precipitation on impervious surfaces in the drainage area, except during storms of high
intensity or long duration, when additional runoff can be derived from precipitation on permeable
surfaces. Lead was present in highway runoff in concentrations up to 3300 micrograms/L, and
chloride was found in parking lot runoff concentrations up to 1,100 mg/L during winter, when salt
is used for deicing. In the five composite stormwater samples and nine groundwater grab samples
that were analyzed for 113 EPA-designated 'priority pollutants,' four constituents were detected in
concentrations exceeding New York State guidelines of SO micrograms/L for an individual
organic compound in drinking water: p-chloro-m-cresol (79 micrograms/L); 2,4-dimethylphenol
(96 micrograms/L); 4-nitrophenol (58 micrograms/L); and methylene chloride (230 micrograms/L
in either groundwater or stormwater at the highway basin). One stormwater sample and two
groundwater samples exceeded New York State guidelines for total organic compounds in
drinking water (100 micrograms/L). The presence of these constituents is attributed to
contamination from point sources rather than to the quality of runoff from urban areas. The
median number of indicator bacteria in stormwater ranged from 0.1 to 10 billion MPN/tOO ml.
Fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci increased by 1 to 2 orders of magnitude during the warm
season. The use of recharge basins to dispose of storm runoff does not appear to have significant
adverse effects on groundwater quality in terms of the chemical and microbiological stormwater
constituents studied.
AUTHORS: Martin, J.D.; Craig, ItA. DATE:
TITLE: Effects of Storm Runoff on Water Quality in the White River and Fall Creek, Indianapolis,
Indiana, June Through October 1986 and 1987.
1990
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 2S425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 89-4185. 1990. 1 Up, 42 fig, 38 tab, 44 ref, append.
ABSTRACT: Four continuous, flow-through water-quality monitors were installed upstream from, in, and
downstream from Indianapolis on the White River and near the mouth of Fall Creek in
Indianapolis to monitor water quality, especially dissolved oxygen, during periods of base flow
and storm runoff. Streamflow, dissolved-oxygen concentration, specific conductance, pH, and
water temperature were measured at 15-minute intervals from June through October 1986 at die
four sites and from June through October 1987 at two sites. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen
ranged from 1.0 to 20.4 mg/L, specific conductance ranged from 161 to 1,400
microsiemens/centimeter at 25 C, pH ranged from 6.6 8.9, and temperature ranged from 9.8 to
30.4 C during the study period. Supersaturan'on of dissolved oxygen greater than 200% commonly
occurred in the White River, but rarely exceeded 150% in Fall Creek. Photosynthesis caused the
large fluctuations and supersaturation of dissolved oxygen, and indicates that the White River is
more productive than Fall Creek. Water quality during base flow is the typical condition against
which water quality during storm runoff is compared. A rapid increase in streamflow indicates the
beginning of a period of storm runoff and is associated with a decrease in specific conductance
and pH and, dissolved oxygen or temperature. Concentrations of dissolved oxygen often
decreased during storm runoff, especially during the initial rise in the hydrograph. Storm runoff
consistently diminished or eliminated daily cycles of dissolved oxygen. Minimum concentrations
during 12 low dissolved-oxygen periods of storm runoff. Minimum concentrations during twelve
low dissolved-oxygen periods ranged from 1.0 to 3.9 irtg/L and had a median concentration of 2.8
Hfl
-------
itahr
Pollutant Cansntuenr
mg L. Durations of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations ranged from .75 to 83.75 hours and had
median durations of five hrs. Minimum concentrations during five low dissoived-oxygen periods
at Fall Creek ranged from 2.0 to 3.4 mg/L and had a median concentration of 2.7 mg/L. Duration
of low dissolved-oxygen concentrations ranged from 1.75 to 33.75 hrs and had a median duration
of 7 hrs.
AUTHORS: McConneH, J.B.
TITLE: Impact of Urban Storm Runoff on Stream Quality Near Atlanta, Georgia.
DATE:
1980
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB81-
142473, Price codes: A04 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Environmental Protection Agency
Report EPA-600/2-80-094, August 1980. 64 p, 11 Fig, 15 Tab, 13 Ref EP
ABSTRACT: The objective of mis study was to assess the impact of stormwater runoff from point and nonpoint
sources on the water quality of receiving streams in the Atlanta area. Emphasis was placed on the
collection of water-quality data in the summer and autumn to determine die impact on streams
from runoff produced by thunderstorms during the dry-weather seasons. Compared to dry-weather
flow, stormwater runoff significantly increased the average concentration of suspended sediment,
BOD 5, total organic carbon, total ammonia nitrogen, total phosphorus, fecal coliform bacteria,
and trace metals in most receiving streams in the Atlanta Metropolitan Area. Stormwater runoff
increased the mean concentration of most constituents 2- to 5-fold. In most streams, the dissolved-
oxygen concentrations generally increased to near saturation during periods of stormwater runoff.
The dissolved-oxygen concentration in the Chattahoochee River near Fairbum during a period of
low flow reached a low of 1.5 milligrams per liter (a 4-milligram per liter decrease) as a result of
runoff from a July thunderstorm. However, low flow during the summer and autumn occurs only
about 21% of the time due to flow regulation of the river. The flushing and dilution effect of water
released for power generation caused a significant improvement in Chattahoochee River quality
most of the time.
AUTHORS: Moyland, R.L., Jr. DATE: 1980
TITLE: City Examines Effects of Road Salting on its Water Supply.
INDICATOR: Pollution constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Public Works, Vol 111, No 8, p 59-60, August, 1980.
ABSTRACT: The effect of winter salting on the water quality of Worcester, Massachusetts, and the locations
where salt could te entering the water supply were investigated. Worcester's water supply is made
up often surface reservoirs and two gravel packed wells located outside of or on the edge of the
city. No runoff from within the city runs into the surface water supply. Roads near the reservoirs
are salted and sanded, but sodium readings on the reservoirs indicate no salt contamination. Urban
runoff does flow into the Lake Quinsigamond basin, where the one well in use is located. Sodium
levels in the well are 26 mg/liter, a moderate level for groundwater. Runoff which flows into the
Blackstone River does not enter Worcester's or any other city's drinking supply. The Worcester
Department of Public Works has limited the use of salt to streets which are critical to moving
traffic through the city. Residential streets are excluded. Uniform application is achieved through
the use of automatic spreaders, and salt supplies are kept covered and secured. The department
recommends the continued use of road salt.
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Quaiin
pailutara Constituent
AUTHORS: Mustard, M.H.; Driver, N.E.; Chry, J.; Hansen, B.C. DATE: 1987
TITLE: U.S. Geological Survey Urban-Stormwater Data Base of Constituent Storm Loads; Characteristics
of Rainfall, Runoff, and Antecedent Conditions; and Basin Characteristics.'
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Available from OFSS, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. USGS Water Resources
Investigations Report 87-4036, 1987. 328p, 4 fig, 293 tab, 17 ref.
ABSTRACT: A data base which consists of constituent storm loads, characteristics of rainfall, runoff, and
antecedent conditions, and basin characteristics measured at most of the stations in the U.S.
Geological Survey urban-stormwater data-collection network in metropolitan areas throughout the
United States has been compiled. Tables of these constituents storm loads and characteristics are
presented in mis report. The data base also is available on magnetic tape. The data represent 1,144
storms at 97 stations in 21 metropolitan areas. Storm loads for 18 constituents and 15
characteristics of rainfall, runoff, and antecedent conditions are reported. Twenty-eight selected
basin characteristics also are reported, including 11 categories of land use.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Myers, D.N. • DATE: 1992
Performer: Geological Survey, Columbus, OH. Water Resources Div.
Distribution and Variability of Fecal-Indicator Bacteria in Scioto and Olentangy Rivers in the Col
umbus, Ohio Area. Water resources investigation.
Pollutant constituent monitoring
USGS WRI924130
Municipal-wastes; Measurement-; Aquatic-microbiology; Water-pollution-control; Scioto-River;
Olentangy-River, Feces-; Escherichia-coli; Quality-assurance; Stream-flow; Water-
runoff. •Stream-pollution; •Bacteria-; •Microorganism-control-Water, 'Hydrology-;
The report presents die results of a study by the U.S. Geological Survey, in cooperation with the
City of Columbus, Ohio, to determine the distribution and variability of fecal-indicator bacteria in
Scioto and Olentngy Rivers. Fecal-indicator bacteria are among the contaminants of concern to
recreational users of these rivers in die Columbus area. Samples were collected to be analyzed for
fecal-colifonn and Escherichia coli (£. coli) bacteria and selected water-quality constituents and
physical properties at 10 sites, 4 on the Olentangy River and 6 on the Scioto River, during the
recreational seasons in 1987, 1988, and 1989. Measurements of streamflow also were made at
these sites at various frequencies during base flow and runoff. Controlling nonpoint, unregulated,
and intermittent sources of fecal-indicator bacteria and associated contaminants in the Columbus
area could lead to unproved recreational water quality in the Scioto and Olentangy Rivers.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Norman, C.G.
Urban Runoff Effects on Ohio River Water Quality.
DATE:
1991
Pollutant constituent monitoring
Water Environment & Technology WAETEJ, Vol. 3, No,6, p 44-46, June 1991.4 tab.
Water quality assessments conducted by the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission
(ORSANCO) show that nonpoint sources contribute pollutants to the Ohio River main stem and
have, in some cases, impaired the designated uses of the river. A comparison of the pollution
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Water Quaiir.
Pollutaril Constituent
contribution from point sources and flowing sources revealed that concentrations from the latter
are greater. ORSANCO found further that urban runoff is a significant nonpoint source. In 1983,
the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) studied the quality of urban runoff and the
extent of its impact on surface waters. A manual monitoring system was established to assess
ambient water quality conditions and evaluate trends. Fish tissue samples were collected to
determine the presence of compounds mat bioaccumulate, such as pesticides, but that cannot be
detected in the water column because concentrations are usually too tow. Relationships between
pollution concentrations and flow were established and EPA found that urban runoff containing
metals such as lead, zinc, copper, chromium, arsenic, cadmium, nickel, antimony, and selenium
and heavy organics flows into the Ohio River. Results of fish tissue analyses indicated that urban
runoff contributed polychlorinated biphenyls and chlordane in amounts exceeding fish tissue
criteria used to regulate interstate commerce. Based on these data, five states (Pennsylvania, Ohio.
West Virginia, Kentucky, and Indiana) issued advisories against consumption of certain fish taken
from the Ohio River.
AUTHORS: Oltmann, R.N., Guay, R.; Shay, J.M. DATE: 1987
TITLE: Rainfall and Runoff Quantity and Quality Data Collected at Four Urban Land-Use Catchments in
Fresno Caiifomia: October 198! - April 1983..
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Open-File Report 84-718, 1987. 139p, 8 fig, 16 tab, 8 ref.
ABSTRACT: Data were collected as part of the National Urban Runoff Program to characterize urban runoff in
Fresno, California. Rainfall-runoff quantity and quality data are included along with atmospheric
dry-deposition and street-surface paniculate quality data. The data are presented in figures and
tables mat reflect four land uses: industrial, single-dwelling residential, multiple-dwelling
residential, and commercial. A total of 255 storms were monitored for rainfall and runoff
quantity. Runoff samples from 112 of these storms were analyzed for physical, organic, inorganic,
and biological constituents. The majority of the remaining storms have pH and specific
conductance data only. Ninety-two composite rain samples were collected. Of these, 63 were
analyzed for physical, inorganic, and (or) organic constituents. The remaining rainfall samples
have pH and specific conductance data only. Nineteen atmospheric deposition and 21 street-
particulate samples were collected and analyzed for inorganic and organic constituents. The report
also details equipment utilization and operation, and discusses data collection methods.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Paulson, C.; Amy, G.
Regulating Metal Toxicity in Stormwatcr.
DATE:
1993
Pollutant constituent monitoring
Water Environment & Technology WAETEJ, Vol. 5, No. 7, p 44-49, August 1993. 4 fig, 2 tab.
New EPA guidance on metals allows for the regulation of bioavailable metals, which make up a
fraction of the total concentration. EPA collaborated with the US Geological Survey and local
agencies to study stormwater in 28 cities as part of the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program
(NURP). Results showed that total metal concentrations frequently exceeded acute instream
criteria for aquatic life. In the absence of sufficient data on metal form and toxicity, total
concentrations provide a conservative measure. EPA criteria were based on laboratory toxicity
153
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Water Quaiin Indicators
Poilutgpi Constituent
tests performed in relatively paniculate-free waters;. Metals in the environment, particularly in
stormwater runoff, are usually present in paniculate and strongly complexed (organic) forms, with
only a small fraction of the total metal concentration being bioavailable. The possibility of metals
becoming bioavailable over the long term is crucial to consider in water quality planning. NURP
data from Fresno, California and Salt Lake City, Utah, along with summary NURP data, were
reevaluated through statistical analysis and geochemicai modeling to: characterize stormwater
quality matrices; define key processes and factors that control the partitioning and speciation of
metals in stormwater, and compare metal concentrations in stormwater runoff to acute instream
criteria. Measured dissolved fractions at the Fresno and Salt Lake City sites constituted 25% or
less of the total metal concentrations for copper and lead, and were 20% to 40% for zinc. The
bioavailable fraction constituted 6% or less of total copper and lead concentrations and about 10%
to 35% of total zinc concentrations at the Fresno and Salt Lake City sites, based on model
predictions. The four most important factors controlling the distribution of metals among
dissolved and bioavailable fractions include: suspended solid types and concentrations, pH, total
metal concentrations, and dissolved organic carbon concentration and character. The NURP
summary data on metal concentrations, along with a range of acute criteria based on the range of
hardness values in the NURP data, provide a national framework.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Payne, J.A.; Hedges, P.O.; Aalderink, R.H.; Ljiklema, L; Ellis, S.B.
An evaluation of the impacts of discharges from surface water sewer outfalls.
DATE:
1990
Pollutant constituent monitoring
Water science and technology. Oxford etc. 1990, vol. 22, no. 10-11, p. 127-135.,
(MdB«CS)2412369
Rivers. Metals. Pollution monitoring. Runoff. British Isles, England. Freshwater. Algae.
Cladophora. Invertebrata. Indicator species. Pollution indicators. Outfalls. Bioacct ition.
Sediment pollution. Abundance. Environmental impact.
A broad-based approach has been used to assess the impacts of discharges to rivers from 47
surface water sewers, with the objective of determining whether such discharges are damaging to
stream quality. In order to study as many sites as possible, sampling, laboratory and data analysis
techniques were designed to be as simple and rapid as possible. This broad approach was
deliberately chosen to contrast with other UK studies in which a small number of sites have been
investigated in detail. Three parameters were studied, all of which could reflect the effects of
intermittent pollution on stream quality during dry weather. These were the numbers and types of
benthic macroinvertebrates upstream and downstream of the outfalls, the concentrations of metals
in algae upstream and downstream of the outfalls, and the concentrations of metals in sediments
upstream and downstream of the outfalls. Methods used for site selection, sampling, analysis and
data interpretation are described. Results show that there is a small but significant fall in
biological water quality downstream of outfalls, but no consistent detectable impact on the
concentrations of metals in sediments or algae.
AUTHORS: Pilon. P.E.i Howard, K.W.F. DATE: 1987
AFFIL: Groundwater Res. Group, Scarborough Camp., Univ. Toronto, Scarborough, Ont. MIC 1 A4,
Canada. Special issue: Groundwater pollution and remediation.
TITLE: Contamination of subsurface waters by road de-icing chemicals.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
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Water Qualtn Indicators
.Pollutant Constituent Momtormy
SOURCE: Water pollution research journal of Canada. Burlington ON Jackson, R.E.;Lapcevic, P.A.;Priddle,
M.W.;Schmidt, J. (eds.) 1987, vol. 22, no. I, p. 157-172., (MdBeCS)1545379
KEYWORDS: Chemical pollutants. Surface water. Runoff. Groundwater. Pollution detection. Pollutant
identification. Groundwater pollution. Urban runoff. Freshwater. Canada, Ontario. De-icing.
ABSTRACT: Recent work has investigated the extent to which the inorganic constituents of road de-icing
chemicals constitute a threat to groundwater in the shallow subsurface environment. This study
has focused on a) determining the extent to which road de-icing chemicals are accumulating in the
shallow subsurface; b) identifying diagnostic chemical parameters which will enable conclusive
contaminant source identification; and c) assessing rates of road de-icing contaminant migration.
AUTHORS: Pin, R. DATE: 1995
AFFIL: Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Alabama at Birmingham,
1150-10th Ave. So., Birmingham, AL 35294-4461
TITLE: Detecting Water Quality Trends from Storm water Discharge Reductions
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Tomo, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12,1994.
ABSTRACT: The detection of changes in pollution levels over time is an important objective of many
environmental monitoring programs. This is especially true in stormwater pollution control In
some areas, a great deal of money has been spent to reduce stormwater discharges of pollutants
(both urban and rural) and there is much pressure to demonstrate improvements in water quality.
Trend analyses can be an important and powerful tool in demonstrating benefits of stormwater
pollution control. Unfortunately, lack of data, or poorly designed data gathering efforts, greatly
hinder the use of this technique. This paper will describe several trend analyses tools and the types
of data needed for their implementation. It will also present a case study showing water quality
benefits in a lake associated with the implementation of an innovative stormwater control
program. A full-scale plant, using the Karl Dunkers' system for treatment of separate stormwater
and lake water, has been operating since 1981. The treatment facility is located in the northern
part of Lake Ronningesjon, near Stockholm. Sweden. Excess flows are temporarily stored before
treatment. Stormwater is pumped to the treatment facility during rains, with excess flows stored
inside in-lake flow balancing tanks (the Flow Balancing Method, or FBM). The treatment system
consists of a chemical treatment system designed- for the removal of phosphorus and uses ferric
chloride precipitation and crossflow lamella clarifiers. The stormwater is pumped from the flow
balancing storage tanks to the treatment facility. Lake water is also pumped to the treatment
facility during dry periods, after any excess stormwater is treated. The FBM and the associated
treatment system significantly improved lake water quality through direct treatment of stormwater
and by pumping lake water through the treatment system during dry weather. The annual average
removals of phosphorus from stormwater and lake water by the ferric chloride precipitation and
clarification treatment system were 66 percent, while the annual average total lake phosphorus
concentration reductions averaged about 36 percent.
AUTHORS: Pitt, R.; Bozeman, M. . DATE: 1980
TITLE: Water Quality and Biological Effects of Urban Runoff on Coyote Creek; Phase I - Preliminary
Survey .
155
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Water
Indicator-.
Pollutant Constituent
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22561 as PB81-
144487, Price codes: A05 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Environmental Protection Agency
Report EPA-600/2-80-104, August 1980. 81 p, 9 Fig, 35 Tab, 20 Ref, 1 A
ABSTRACT: An evaluation of the receiving water effects of urban runoff is necessary before urban runoff
control goals and practices can be established and selected. Coyote Creek, near San Jose,
California, receives minimal pollutant discharges, upstream and in the study area, except for urban
runoff. The parameters generally analyzed at each sampling station include: fish; benthic
organisms; attached algae; rooted aquatic vegetation; sediment size distribution; sediment
chemistry; biological tissue analyses for lead and zinc. Receiving water chemistry, runoff water
chemistry and yields, and hydrology were also studied for Coyote Creek. Sources of urban runoff
pollutants are being investigated and include sampling from source areas such as street surfaces,
parking areas, landscaped areas and rooftops. A marked increase in nitrites, ammonia, turbidity,
chlorides and specific conductance was found as the creek passed through the urbanized area of
the watershed. Sediment samples from urban areas contained higher concentrations of many of the
parameters as compared to the non-urban samples. Sulfates, lead, and orthophosphates were
notable examples. Much more silt was also found in the urban samples, signifying a greater
discharge of finer sediments from the urban, area. Lead concentrations in urban samples of algae,
crayfish and cattails were 2 to 3 times greater than in non-urban samples, while zinc
concentrations were 3 times the non-urban sample concentrations. The non-urbanized section of
the creek supports a comparatively diverse assemblage of aquatic organisms including at least 12
species of fish and various benthic macroinvertebrate taxa. The urbanized portion of the stream
supports an aquatic community that is generally lacking in diversity and is dominated by pollution
tolerant fish and benthic invertebrates.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Polls, I.; Lanyon, R.
Pollutant Concentrations From Homogenous Land Uses.
DATE:
1980
Pollutant constituent monitoring
Journal of the Environmental Engineering Division, American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol
106, No EE1, Proceedings Paper 15169, p 69-80, February 1980.1 Fig, 4 Tab, 4 Ref, I Append.
A stormwater-runoff sampling program was developed for a 208 areawide water quality study in
northeastern Illinois. Analysis of the data collected with automatic sampling equipment from the
16 homogenous land-use watersheds during April through July, 1976, permitted generalized
comparisons of runoff characteristics from the seven land-use categories. The quality data
indicated that the mean concentration of most constituents measured in stormwater did not vary
significantly, except for total, suspended, and volatile solids. Commercial land use had the greatest
concentration of pollutants in stormwater and the forest the least When compared to sewage, the
mean .concentration for BOD(5), COD, and solids from nonpoint runoff were equal to or higher
than concentrations found in wastewater receiving secondary treatment By contrast, the mean
concentrations for ammonium nitrogen, nitrite-nitrate nitrogen, and soluble phosphorus from
stormwater were lower than in a secondary-treated effluent.
AUTHORS: Pope, L.M.; Bevans, H.E. DATE: 1987
TITLE: Relation of Urban Land-Use and Dry-Weather, Storm, and Snowmclt Flow Characteristics to
Stream-Water Quality, Shunganunga Creek Basin, Topeka, Kansas.
156
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Water Qualm Indicators
Constituent
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open-File Reports Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water-Supply Paper 2283, 1987. 39p, 17 fig, 11 tab, 21 ref.
ABSTRACT: An investigation was conducted to provide the data and interpretation necessary to determine the
effects of runoff from urban areas on the water quality characteristics of receiving streams. Water
quality characteristics for three streamflow conditions were determined: (1) dry weather
streamflow-a combination of base flow and point source contributions, (2) storm streamflow—
mainly provided by overland runoff from storms, and (3) snowmelt streamflow—mainly provided
by overland runoff from snowmelt. Median concentrations of trace metals and nutrients were
larger in storm streamflow than in dry weather streamflow. Median concentrations of total lead
and zinc were largest in storm streamflow from the more urban basins. Median concentrations of
dissolved sodium, chloride, and solids in snowmelt streamflow at all study sites averaged 218%
larger for dissolved sodium, 296% larger for dissolved chloride, and 71% larger for dissolved
solids relative to median concentrations in dry weather streamflow. Multiple correlation and
regression analysis relating storm runoff volumes and average constituent concentrations to land
use and storm characteristics produced significant relations for storm runoff volume, total lead,
total zinc, and suspended sediment.
AUTHORS: Provincial Water Quality Monitoring Network DATE: 1992
TITLE: Provincial water quality monitoring network in northwestern Ontario: Data summary 1968 to
1990
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
KEYWORDS: water-quality; pollution-monitoring; long-term-records; rivers-; station-lists; Canada,-Ontario
ABSTRACT: The Provincial Water Quality Monitoring Network in northwestern Ontario consists of 51 stations
established since 1968 to monitor surface water quality in rivers and creeks throughout the region.
Stations were selected to represent background conditions and impacts of industrial or urban
sources. The information summarized in this report is organized by major watershed, moving
from east to west across the region. The characteristics of each station are described, including
location, activities that affect water quality, and trends observed in key parameters. Water quality
is determined through conventional parameters, bacteria, and metals, with as many as 40 tests per
station. Chlorinated organic compounds are not part of this data set
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Rich, P.H.; Murray, T.E.
De-icing Salts in an Urban Drainage Basin.
DATE:
1990
Pollutant constituent monitoring
Internationale Vereinigung fuer Theoretische und Angewandte Limnologie. Verhandlungen
1VTLAP, Vol. 24, No. 1, p 162-165, September 1990.4 tab, 5 ref.
De-icing salts in stream discharge from seven urban stream and suburban sub-basins were
examined in a study of water quality in wetlands in central Connecticut. The proportions of
sodium and potassium ions in runoff remained constant despite changes in concentrations during
the snow-free season. In the snow season, concentrations of sodium ion increase by a factor of 3
or more, and a linear correlation remains, although more weakly. Why the proportions of sodium
*
157
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Water Quality Indicatory
Pollutant Constituent V,n»»fff,rf
and potassium ion concentrations should tend to remain constant is not demonstrated. Linear
correlations in urban runoff may require large de-icing salt inputs of sodium ions and small
biological outputs of potassium ions, i.e. the ascendancy of pavement over the processes of nature.
The linear regression of sodium and potassium may be the method of the future for estimating the
levels of road salt in runoff. Sodium is also more important in soil, vegetation, and human health
than the chloride anion traditionally studied.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Schiilinger, I.E.; Gannon, J.J.
Bacterial Adsorption and Suspended Particles in Urban Stormwater.
DATE:
1985
Pollutant constituent monitoring
Journal of the Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. 57, No. 5, p 384-389, May. 1985. 4 Fig, 3
Tab, 28 Ref.
Fecal coliforms collected from a Stormwater drain showed significantly lower mean retention on
screens (15.9%) and less sedimentation (16.8%) than did the opportunistic pathogen Klebsiella
(25.7% and 33.0%, respectively) or the large group measured as Gram-negative bacteria (37.3%
and 46.7%, respectively), tn every case, however, more than 50% of the Stormwater bacteria were
not settled or filtered (< 5 micrometer), which showed that sufficient numbers of bacteria may
remain suspended in water under similar treatment conditions to pose a health hazard. These
stormwater results suggest that adsorption (retention and settling) was of sufficient magnitude
(average 16-47%) to warrant study of bacterial attachment and sedimentation when modeling
bacterial disappearance in natural waters or treatment processes. Samples used in this study were
all collected at the time of peak flow during storm events at Allen Drain, near Ann Arbor,
Michigan. Most bacteria that were retained on screens were associated with particles retained on
52 micrometer or 30 micrometer screens. Nutrient agar-grown pure cultures were much less
effectively adsorbed on added sediment than were broth-grown cells. The presence of fimbriae
(pili) on broth-grown Escherichia coli, as shown by electron microscopy, and polysaccharide
slime layers produced by Klebsiella and Pseudomonas may have affected bacterial attachment, in
the first case positively, and in the second case negatively.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Schiilinger, J.E.; Gannon, J.J.
Coliform Attachment to Suspended Particles in Stormwater.
DATE:
1982
Pollutant constituent monitoring
Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB83-
108324, Price codes: A05 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Completion Report, January, 1982.
84 p, 16 Fig, 28 Tab, 131 Ref, 3 Append. OWRT A-l I l-MICH(l).
Fractional filtration and settling tests showed significant numbers of fecal coliforms (FC),
Klebsiella sp. (KS) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (PA) (15-30% of cells), to be associated with
stormwater suspended panicles. Most of these were associated with the 30-52 and greater-than 52
micron fractions. The percentages of total filtered microorganisms retained on the 30 and 52
micron screens were for FC, KS, PA, and gram negative bacteria (GNB) were 80, 75, 68, and
87%, respectively. White large particles, settled rapidly, sufficient numbers of single bacteria or
aggregates less than 5 microns remain (above 50% of cells) to contribute to waterbome pollution,
even after a 4-hour settling time. Significant differences were noted between adsorption of FC
(16%) and pathogens KS and PA (26%), and between those groups and total GNB (37%) by
158
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Water Quajm Indicators
Pollutant Constiturn,
retention on -greater than 5 micron screens. Clay floccuiation tests confirmed the lower
adsorption/attachment rate of FC (E. coli used in lab tests), as observed in filtration and settling
experiments; FC may not be ideal indicators of adsorption/settleability, but should be viewed as
conservation indicators since other bacteria/pathogens may be more associated with suspended
particles.
AUTHORS: Sieber, P. DATE: 1995
AFFIL: Water Quality Engineer, Staff Design - Hydraulics, Colorado Department of Transportation, 4201
E. Arkansas, Denver, CO 80222
TITLE: CDOT Highway Stormwater Runoff Monitoring Results
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Torno, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12, 1994.
ABSTRACT: Extensive Stormwater monitoring efforts have been undertaken by municipalities and
transportation agencies. The Federal Highway Administration (FHWA) and the Colorado
Department of Transportation (CDOT) have been involved in such monitoring. Findings and
conclusions from die FHWA and CDOT monitoring efforts, and comparisons between the two are
presented in this document.
AUTHORS: Smith, R.A.; Alexander, R.B.; Lanfear, K.J. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: U.S. Geological Survey, 410 National Center, Reston, VA 22092
TITLE: Stream Water Quality in the Conterminous United States-Status and Trends of Selected
Indicators D uring the 1980's
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring, trends in NFS loads
SOURCE: IN: National Water Summary 1990-1991-Stream Water Quality: Hydrologic Perspectives on
Water Issues
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Sollars, C.J.; Peters, C.J.; Perry, R.
TITLE: Bromide in Urban Runoff - Water Quality Considerations.
DATE:
1982
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: IN: Effects of Water Disposal on Groundwater and Surface Water, IAHS Publication No. 139,
1982. Proceedings of a Symposium held during the First Scientific General Assembly of the IAHS
at Exeter, England, July 19-30, 1982. p 101-112,2 fig, 2 tab, 19
ABSTRACT: The significance of bromide present in urban runoff and its impact on water quality with respect
to trihalomethanes (THM) in water supplies is discussed. A well-defined road catchment has been
used to examine the occurrence and sources of bromide in runoff, precipitation and air. In urban
areas, traffic density will generally be lower than on a major motorway and the rate of initial lead
paniculate emission and deposition therefore lower, except on the busiest routes. On motorways,
however, traffic generated turbulence and generally more exposed conditions will serve to
significantly disperse deposited dust and paniculate matter away from the road surface, while in
159
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Water Quaim Indicator's
PrrllU«lnt Constituent
more congested urban areas these effects will be greatly reduced. Roadside dust in urban areas
has. in addition, been shown to contain lead contents in a range very similar to those found in this
work and others. Moreover, the general range of lead :oncentrations found in urban runoff is at
least as high as those encountered in this work. Very few data exist concerning bromide levels in
urban runoff, but in view of the relationship between lead and bromide it is to be expected that
runoff from urban areas will contain similar levels to those found in motorway runoff. Thus urban
runoff must be seen as a potentially major source of bromide in surface waters, especially during
summer after periods of prolonged dry weather when a reasonably intense rainstorm over a large
urban area may contribute a very significant increase in flow and bromide load to a receiving
water under conditions of dry weather flow. This has clear implications for water quality and
THM formation during water treatment
AUTHORS: Stenstrom, M.K.; Fam, S.; Silverman, G.S. DATE:
TITLE: Analysis of Oil and Grease Components to Assess the Quality of Urban Runoff.
1987
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: -*fN: Oil in Freshwater Chemistry, Biology, Countermeasure Technology. Pergamon Press, New
York, NY, 1987. Edited by John H. Vandermeulen and Steve E. Hrudey. p 138-148, 6 fig, 3 tab,
19ref.
ABSTRACT: A technique modified from standard oil and grease testing procedures was used to examine runoff
entering San Francisco Bay. This technique was developed to identify oil and grease fractions to
provide a better understanding of environmental significance than indicated by oil and grease
measurements. Samples were taken from fifteen different watersheds representing a variety of
land uses. Collections were made during dry and wet weather conditions to represent the yearly
diversity of water quality conditions. Organics were extracted with methylene chloride, virtually
an identical approach to standard technique. Additional procedures were used to separate and
quantify four fractions: non-aromatic, aromatic, polar, and very polar. The aromatic and aliphatic
fractions were examined using high resolution capillary gas chromatography. Oil and grease
concentrations ranged from a low of 1.0 mg/L to as much as 20 mg/L. Dry weather oil and grease
discharge was considerably less than wet weather discharge. Oil and grease from land associated
with commercial and industrial activity had as much as 60% hydrocarbon fraction, while oil and
grease from residential and undeveloped areas were composed primarily of polar, non-
hydrocarbon compounds. Correlations between land use and water quality parameters were
examined. Aliphatics were associated with commercial land use. The percent of the aliphatic
fraction composed of n-alkanes of C25 and larger was inversely related to commercial land use.
The aromatic fraction was more variable, with samples from non-commercial stations sometimes
having very high aromatic fractions.
AUTHORS: Stevens, A.A.; Dressman, R.C.; Sorrell, R.K.; Brass, H.J.; Hughes, DATE:
AFFIL: Performer: Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. Water Engineering Research
Lab.Performer. NS1 Technology Services Corp., Corvallis, OR.
TITLE: Organic Halogen Measurement: Current Uses and Future Prospects
INDICATOR: Pollution constituent monitoring
SOURCE: EPA600J85054
1989
160
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Water Qupitty- Indicators
.Pollutant Constituent Unnitnriny
KEYWORDS: Halides-, Byproducts-; Design-criteria; Assessments-; Potable-water; Adsorption-; Forecasting-;
Activated-carbon-treatment; Ground-water; Surface-water; Sampling-; Industrial-wastes;
Reprints- * Halogen-organic-compounds; 'Disinfection-; 'Water-treatment;
ABSTRACT: For the purposes of the paper, biocriteria are defined as numerical values that describe the
biological health of aquatic communities for a designated aquatic life use. Regardless of whether
they are implemented regionally or site specifically, biocriteria (ambient, community-based) have
the following advantages compared to chemical and lexicological criteria: biocriteria facilitate
direct assessment of designated aquatic life uses, are applicable to a wide range of stressors
(physical, chemical, biological, point, nonpoinl, toxic, nontoxic), and provide a firm basis for
regulating nonchemical degradation and antidegradation. They offer a mechanism for evaluating
long-term effects of spills, process changes, and illegal dumping; for assessing cumulative effects
of multiple dischargers and stressors; and for estimating bioaccumulation and indirect effects
(food chain, competition, predation, migration, life history).
AUTHORS: Stiefel, R.C.
TITLE: Dissolved Oxygen Measurements in Ohio Streams Following Urban Runoff.
DATE:
1980
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB80-
222045, Price codes: ACS in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Environmental Protection Agency
Report EPA-600/2-80-092, July, 1980. 84 p, 13 Fig, 1 Tab. R805201-OI.
ABSTRACT: Thirteen towns and cities in Ohio, situated on streams and rivers having different mean daily flow
rates, were investigated during the summer and spring of 1977 to determine their suitability as
sites for more extensive field studies on the impacts of urban runoff on dissolved oxygen (D. O.)
levels in the streams. The towns included Akron, Bucyrus, Dclphos, Findlay, Lancaster, Lima,
Newark, Norwalk, Tiffin, Upper Sandusky, Wapakoneta, Washington Court House and Wooster.
Among factors considered in the selection process were a demonstrable impact of the urban runoff
• on D. O. levels, accessibility to stream sampling locations, and the availability of stream and
precipitation gages. Sites were rejected because (I) poor quality effluents from municipal and
industrial treatment plants masked the impacts of combined sewer overflows (CSOs); (2) stream
drainage pattern was too complex to monitor; or (3) impacts of the CSOs did not decrease the D.
O. to less man 5 mg/1. Only the towns of Lancaster, Newark and Wapakoneta satisfactorily met
the criteria established to qualify them as locations for more extensive field studies.
A UTHORS: Tampa (FL) Department of Public Works
TITLE: Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, Tampa, Florida: Phase 2 Final Report
DATE:
1983
INDICATOR: Pollution constituent monitoring
KEYWORDS: 'Runoff-; 'Water-pollution; 'Urban-areas; Monitoring-; Volume-; Rainfall-; Ditches-; Drainage-;
Flow-rate; Mathematical-models; Fluid-infiltration; Biochemical-oxygen-demand; Water-storage;
Ponds-; Tables-Data; Graphs-Charts; Florida-.'Runoff
ABSTRACT: The Nationwide Urban Runoff Program (NURP) project tasks reported in this document include:
(I) Runoff Characterization - Data Analysis, (2) Control Testing - Data Analysis, (3) Projection of
Study Area-wide Loadings, and (4) Monitoring Other NURP Projects. These analyses are of
stormwater runoff quantity and quality data collected in 5 monitoring basins, and analysis of the
161
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Water Qualm-
j>p/lutaru Constituent
effectiveness of 4 types of stormwater controls, including open bottom inlets, drain trenches, ditch
systems, and retention/detention ponds.
AUTHORS: Thomas, P.M.; McClelland, S.I. DATE: 1995
AFFIL: Atlanta Regional Commission, 3715 Northside Parkway, 200 Northcreek, Suite 300,
Atlanta, Georgia 30327
TITLE: NPDES Monitoring - Atlanta, Georgia Region
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring, NPDES monitoring
SOURCE: Tomo, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12, 1994.
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Veenhuis, J.E.; Slade, R.M. DATE: 1990
TITLE: Relation Between Urbanization and Water Quality of Streams in the Austin Area, Texas.
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 2S425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4107,1990.64p, 29 fig, 8 tab, 45 ref, 1 pi.
ABSTRACT: Selected water quality properties and constituents of stormflow and base flow at 18 sites on 11
streams in the Austin area, Texas, were compared to determine the relation between degree of
urbanization and water quality. Sample sites were grouped into four development classifications
based on percentage of impervious cover of the drainage basin. For each site and development
classification, concentrations and densities of water quality properties and constituents in samples
collected during rising and falling stages of stormflow and during base flow were compared.
Except for dissolved solids, concentrations during the rising stage of stormflow generally were
• larger than during the foiling stage. The concentrations in stormflow were larger than in base
flow. For the five sites that had sufficient samples from each flow category for statistical
comparisons, median concentrations in stormflow were significantly larger man in base flow.
Concentrations in the rising stage were more variable and significantly larger than in the falling
stage. Except for dissolved solids, median concentrations in samples collected during stormflow
increased with increasing urbanization. Medians for base flow also were larger for more urban
classifications. The ratio of the number of samples with detectable concentrations to total samples
analyzed of 18 minor inorganic constituents and the concentrations of many of mese constituents
increased with increasing urbanization. Twenty-two of 42 synthetic organic compounds
investigated were detected in one or more samples and were detected more frequently and in
larger concentrations at sites with more urban classifications.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
Wigington, P.J.; Randall, C.W.; Grizzard, T.J. DATE:
Accumulation of Selected Trace Metals in Soils of Urban Runoff Swale Drains.
1986
Pollutant constituent monitoring; BMP performance monitoring
Water Resources Bulletin WARBAQ, Vol. 22, No. 1, p 73-79, February 1986.4 fig, 6 tab, 19 ref.
162
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Water.Qualgy Indicators
Pollutant Constituent Monitortnf
ABSTRACT: Field investigations were conducted at three sites in the Washington, D.C. area to detect the
accumulation patterns of the trace metals, cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc in the soils of roadside
grassed swale drains that had been receiving urban stormwater runoff. Two sites were residential
areas and one site was an intensively used highway. The research results indicate that the use of
swale drains to control urban stormwater runoff had few harmful effects to fine textured soils with
respect to the study metals. With the exception of zinc, typical roadside patterns of decreasing
metal concentrations with increasing distance from roads were observed for the upper 5 cm of
study soils. Zinc accumulated in residential grassed swales due to leachate from galvanized
culverts. Sampling to a depth of 60 cm revealed no evidence of subsurface trace metal enrichment
in the study swales. Although the percentage of soil zinc in leachable form was as high as 20
percent of total zinc concentrations, the other study metals had small leachable components.
Leachable lead was always less than 1 percent of the total lead.
AUTHORS: Wright, R.M.; Roy Chaudhury, R.; Makam, S. DATE: 1995
AFF1L: Professor, Dept of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Rhode Island, Kingston,
RI 028*1
TITLE: Experiences from the Blackstone River Wet Weather Initiative
INDICATOR: Pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Tomo, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Ml. Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12, 1994.
ABSTRACT: A program, initiated by the U.S. EPA, to study the Blackstone River under dry and wet weather
conditions was conducted to pinpoint and rank major sources degrading water quality. The river
was monitored at 13 locations along 48 miles, in addition to, six tributaries and five point sources.
Three storms were monitored for 23 constituents with at least ten samples at each of the stations.
Methods of interpreting the water quality data and isolating the sources into dry and wet weather
sources are presented. The wet weather component is studied to establish loadings from point
sources, new materials (runoff related) and old materials (bottom sediment resuspension). A
procedure to estimate annual loading rates is presented.
163
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EXCEEDANCE FREQUENCIES OF WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
AUTHORS: Cooke, T.; Drury, D.; Katznelson, R.; Lee, C.; MangarelJa, P.; DATE: 1995
Whitman, K.
AFFIL: Woodward Clyde Consultants, 500 12th St., Oakland, CA 94607
TITLE: Storm Water NPDES Monitoring in Santa Clara Valley
INDICATOR: Frequency exceedenccs. Pollutant trends, toxicity testing
SOURCE: Torno, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stormwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. ML Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12, 1994.
ABSTRACT: Results from Stormwater monitoring conducted in Santa Clara Valley from 1987 through 1994 are
presented. During this period, hydrologic, water quality, and toxicity data have been obtained
from a variety of small and large catchments and within storm drams and in streams and rivers.
Approximately 200 station-events have been monitored for water quality, primarily focused on
heavy metals. Both flow composite and manual grab samples have been obtained. Data presented
address water quality characterization, effects of land use on water quality, compliance with water
quality objectives, urban versus natural erosional sources of metals, water quality correlations
with flow, equilibrium partitioning between dissolved and paniculate forms of metals, spatial and
temporal differences based on analysis of variance (ANOVA) and analysis of covariance
(ANACOVA), power analysis for designing monitoring programs to measure long term trends,
and toxicity testing.
AUTHORS: Lopez, M.A.; Giovannelli, R.F. DATE: 1984
TITLE: Water-Quality Characteristics of Urban Runoff and Estimates of Annual Loads in the Tampa Bay
Area, Florida, 1975-80.
*
INDICATOR: Frequency exceedences; pollutant trends
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 2542S, Denver, Co 80225.
USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 83-4181,1984. 76p, 13 fig, 23 tab, 21 ref.
ABSTRACT: Rainfall, runoff, and water quality data were collected at nine urban watersheds in the Tampa Bay
area from 1975 to 1980. Watershed drainage area ranged from OJ4 to 0.45 sq mi. Land use was
mixed. Development ranged from a mostly residential watershed with a 19% impervious surface,
to a commercial-residential watershed with a 61% impervious surface. Average biochemical
oxygen demand concentrations of base flow at two sites and of Stormwater runoff at five sites
exceeded treated sewage effluent standards. Average colifonn concentrations of Stormwater
runoff at all sites wete several orders of magnitude greater than standards for Florida Class III
receiving water (for recreation or propagation and management of fish and wildlife). Average
concentrations of lead and zinc in Stormwater runoff were consistently higher man Class ni
standards. Stonnwater-runoff loads and base-flow concentrations of biochemical oxygen demand,
chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen, total organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and lead were
related to runoff volume, land use, urban development, and antecedent daily rainfall by multiple
linear regression. Storm water-runoff volume was related to pervious area, hydrtulically connected
impervious surfaces, storm rainfall, and soil-infiltration index. Base-flow daily discharge was
related to drainage area and antecedent daily rainfall. The flow regression equations of this report
were used to compute 1979 water-year loads of biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen
165
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Water Qualm
f>g?i«>nnn of Water Quality
demand, total nitrogen, total organic nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total lead for the nine Tampa
Bay area urban watersheds.
AUTHORS: Taylor, G.F. DATE: 1990
TITLE: Quantity and Quality of Stormwater Runoff from Western Daytona Beach, Florida, and Adjacent
Areas.
INDICATOR: Frequency exceedences
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 90-4002,1990. 88p, 20 fig, 4 tab, 22 ref, 7 append.
Project No. FL407.
ABSTRACT: The quantity and quality of runoff from western Daytona Beach, Florida was monitored from
November 1982 through September 1985. Data from 12 surface water sites and 8 rainfall sites
were used in the analysis of the Tomoka River and B-19 Canal basins. Runoff, as a percentage of
rainfall, for selected storm periods ranged from 1% to 77% for the Tomoka River basin, and 6% to
17% for the B-19 Canal basin. Ranges of concentrations and characteristics were found to be: total
phosphorus from 0.01 to 0.52 mg/L, total nitrogen from 0.09 to 2.4 mg/L, dissolved solids from
46 to 458 mg/L, specific conductance values from 49 to 865 microsiemens/cm, and chloride from
3.4 to 57 mg/L. Eighty-seven percent of all samples analyzed for color exceeded the 45 Platinum-
Cobalt units suggested criterion by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. The pH values for
both streams were within the limits recommended by the Honda Department of Environmental
Regulation, except for low pH values in two tributaries of the Tomoka River basin that drain
swampy lands. Dissolved oxygen concentrations in me 4 to 6 mg/L range were common. No
significant amounts of pesticides were detected in bottom sediments. Mercury concentrations
exceeded the 0.2 micrograms/L criterion for potable water supplies in five samples from bom
basins. No samples from the B-19 Canal basin and 25% of the samples from the Tomoka River
basin had concentrations of zinc that exceeded recommended limits for a potable water supply.
166
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r
SEDIMENT CONTAMINATION
AUTHORS: Barrick, R.C.; Prahl, F.G. DATE: 1987
TITLE: Hydrocarbon Geochemistry of the Puget Sound Region: III. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in
Sediments.
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science ECSSD3, Vol. 25, No. 2, p 175-191, August 1987. 4 fig, 3
tab, 35 ref. EPA/Department of Energy Contract DE-AT06-76-EV-70040, EPA Contract R-
811249-01 -0, and EPA Interagency Agreement EPA-79-D-X0533.
ABSTRACT: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) distributions and sources were characterized in 96
sediment samples from 24 lead-210-dated cores collected at locations in greater Puget Sound. The
highest PAH concentrations are found within a few kilometers of several sources including
industrial facilities in northern Puget Sound, urban areas in central Puget Sound, and river systems
draining coal-bearing strata. Regional patterns of combustion-derived PAH in surficial sediments
indicate little atmospheric or waterbome exchange of PAH between different regions of the
Sound. Significant subsurface maxima in combustion-derived PAH concentrations (Pb-210 dated
at the 1950s) occur only in sediment cores collected near urban centers. Perylene apparently
derives from erosion of a terrestrial source with little or no evidence of in situ production at depth
in sediment cores. Coal fragments are carriers of a characteristic suite of alkylated pbenanthrene,
chrysene, and picene derivatives concentrated near river mouths in central and southern Puget
Sound. (Author's abstract)
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Beckwith, P.R.; Ellis, J.B.; Revitt, D.M. DATE: 1990
Applications of Magnetic Measurements to Sediment Tracing in Urban Highway Environments.
Sediment contamini
The Science of the Total Environment STENDL, Vol. 93, p 449-463, April 1990.3 fig, 4 tab, 29
ref.
Mineral magnetic techniques are used to follow the transport and sequencing of surface sediments
through a separate stormwater system within a small, well-defined urban catchment The
contributions of these sediments to subsurface deposits and stormwater particulates have been
assessed by consideration of magnetic parameter values, by comparison of graphical
representations and by derivation of discriminatory equations. A realistic balance is achieved by
consideration of each of these. For example, the discrimination procedure predicts that in-pipe
deposits collected from below the confluence of the road and roof drainage systems are
predominantly categorized as highway associated sediments whereas direct comparison of the
appropriate magnetic parameters suggests contributions from bom highways and roof areas
depending on specific flow characteristics and source sediment loadings. Substantial proportions
of the total magnetic mineral loading can occur in the initial stages of the storm events, with as
much as 80% of the overall IRM sub 300mT (Isothermal Remanent Magnetization induced by
generating a uniform field of 300 mT) loading being discharged in the first 20 minutes, and
therefore, these early stages can be important in determining the dominant sediment sources for
the overall event Stormwater quality is shown to be strongly influenced by contributions from
167
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Qualm
atmospheric participates and the scouring of in-pipe deposits with the latter being dependent upon
the dominant sources of stormwater sediment at the end of the preceding storm.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
Bedard, D.; Hayton, A.; Persaud, D.
Performer Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto.
DATE:
1992
Ontario Ministry of the Environment laboratory sediment biological testing protocol: Report.
Sediment contamination
SOURCE: ISBN0772999244
KEYWORDS: * Sediments-Geology.
ABSTRACT: This document provides a background and rationale for sediment bioassessment, detailed
methodology for conducting sediment bioassays and for the rearing and maintenance of
burrowing mayflies, midges, and fathead minnows.
AUTHORS: Butler. D.; Thedchanamoorthy, S.; Payne, J.A. DATE:
TITLE: Aspects of Surface Sediment Characteristics on an Urban Catchment in London.
1992
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination; Surface sediment characteristics; BMP performance monitoring
SOURCE: Water Science and Technology WSTED4, Vol. 25, No. 8, p 13-19,1992.1 fig, 6 tab, 10 ref.
Research project RP416, funded by the British Department of Transport and several water
utilities.
ABSTRACT: A study of the characteristics and buildup of surface sediments, the field portion of a project
concerned with the exclusion and removal of sediments from drainage systems, was conducted in
the London (England) Borough of Lambeth. At 6 sites, representing a variety of environmental
types (residential, industrial, main commercial artery), a 2.5 by 10 m strip of road was identified
for observation. Collection of surface samples was carried out using a combination of manual
brushing and mechanical vacuuming. Measured total solids loading on the trial sites ranged from
0.84 kg to 9.35 kg during the period studied. Some sites showed remarkably consistent solids
loads whereas others showed distinct variations. The influence of a local sediment source was
apparent at one site. Linear loading rates were comparable with data from the United States. Non-
particulate matter was found to form only 3% of the total mass of each surface sample even in
commercial areas subject to littering. The variability was tow. The volatile component of the
samples, as measured by loss on ignition, was approximately 6% of the total mass and showed
little variation. Consistent gradings for samples were found with less than 10% of the mass of the
sample consisting of <63-micron particles. Some 10% of the volatile (organic) content of me
whole sample was also associated with this size. Larger paniculate matter (>€ mm) was also found
to amount to 10% of the samples by mass but to contain 20% of the volatile content Specific
gravities generally exceeded 2.0 but with values below that of sand, possibly reflecting the content
of lighter organic material.
AUTHORS: Byrne, CJ.
TITLE: The Ceochemical Cycling of Hydrocarbons in Lake Jackson, Florida.
DATE:
1980
168
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Water Ouaim Indicators
Sediment C, mtnmtnation
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination; pollutant trends
SOURCE: PhD Thesis, December, 1980. 184 p 22 Fig, 29 Tab, 115 Ref, 4 Append. University Microfilms
International, Ann Arbor, MI; Order No. GAX81-06262.
ABSTRACT: Lake Jackson is a freshwater lake in northwestern Florida that is experiencing changes in the
quality of water discharge into it from the surrounding watershed. Increasing urban encroachment
is resulting in greater concentrations of urban pollutants, especially petroleum hydrocarbons. The
principal source of the petroleum hydrocarbons is stormwater runoff from the surrounding
urbanized areas of the watershed Of the 4380 kg of total hydrocarbons transported to the lake in
the stormwater runoff during 1978-79, over 90% were of petroleum origin. Another large source
of petroleum hydrocarbons was that associated with dustfall of the area. Gas chromatographic
analyses of the stormwater runoff and dustfall suggests that the petroleum hydrocarbons present in
these samples resemble the types of hydrocarbons present in automotive activities (i.e., gasoline
exhaust, used crankcase motor oil). Examination of the sediments in the Lake Jackson Basin
reveals that marked increases in petroleum hydrocarbon concentrations occurred after 1963. This
agrees with the known urban expansion of the area of the lake. At present the Florida Department
of Environmental Regulations and the United States Environmental Protection Agency are
constructing a pollution abatement system which is designed to decrease the flow of hydrocarbons
and other potentially toxic chemicals from entering the lake via stormwater runoff.
AUTHORS: Byrne, C.J.; DeLeon, I.R. DATE: 1987
TITLE: Contributions of Heavy Metals from Municipal Runoff to the Sediments of Lake Pontchartrain,
Louisiana.
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Chemosphere CMSHAF, Vol. 16, Nos. 10-12, p 2579-2583,1987. 1 fig, 1 tab, 10 ref.
ABSTRACT: The distribution and sources of heavy metal pollutants found in the sediments of Lake
Pontchartrain was studied at eight locations. Concentrations of the metals of interest (barium,
copper, nickel, lead, and zinc) indicated that the principal sources of heavy metal pollution were
associated with urban stormwater runoff and municipal and industrial discharges. The Tchefuncta
River mouth, reflecting a rural area, had the lowest metals concentrations. The Bayous
Liberty/Bonfouca station, draining residential areas, had high zinc and nickel levels, indicative of
the ship repair facilities in the upper reaches of the bayou. At the Inner Harbor Navigation Canal
inlet metals levels were high; these were associated with ship repair/building and manufacturing
and municipal and industrial discharges. The 17th Street Canal, a major stormwater runoff canal
for New Orleans, had the highest concentrations of lead, copper, and zinc. Metals concentrations
at other stations were consistent with population density.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Colman, J.A.; Sanzolone, R.F. DATE:
Geochemical Characterization of Streambed Sediment in the Upper Illinois River Basin.
1992
Sediment contamination
Water Resources Bulletin WARBAQ, Vol. 28, No. 5, p 933-950, September/October 1992.6 fig,
9tab,3lref.
Geochemistry of fine-fraction Streambed sediments collected from the upper Illinois River basin
was surveyed in the fall of 1987 as part of me U.S. Geological Survey National Water-Quality
169
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iiK Indicators
Assessment pilot projects. The survey included 567 samples analyzed for 46 elements. Three
distinctive distribution patterns were found for seven U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
priority pollutants surveyed, as well as for boron and phosphorus: (1) enrichment of elements in
the Chicago urban area and in streams draining the urban area relative to rural areas, (2)
enrichment in main stems relative to tributaries, and (3) enrichment in low-order streams at high-
population-density sites relative to low-population-density sites. Significant differences in
background concentrations, as measured by samples from low-order streams, were observed
among five sub-basins in the study area. Uncertain geochemical correspondence between low-
order, background sites and high-order, generally metal-enriched sites prevented determination of
background levels that would be appropriate for high-order sites. The within-sample ratio of
enriched elements was variable within the Chicago area but was constant in the Illinois River
downstream from Chicago. Element ratios imply a composite fine-fraction sediment in the Illinois
River of 35-40% Des Plaines River origin and 60*65% Kankakee River origin. (Author's abstract)
AUTHORS: Faust, S.D.; Clement, W.H.; Blades-Filmore, L.A. DATE:
TITLE: An Investigation into Hazardous Phenolic Compounds From Petroleum Sources and Urban
Runoff.
1980
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB81-
240558, Price codes: A08 in paper copy, AOI in microfiche. Water Resources Research Institute,
Rutgers Univ., Final Technical Completion Report, May, 1980,154p
ABSTRACT: An investigation was directed toward me recovery, separation, and identification of hazardous
phenolic compounds in the Delaware Estuary with emphasis on urban runoff. Biodegradation,
adsorption, and transport studies were conducted also. Di-. tri-, tetra-, and penta-chlorophenols
were found in nearly all water and bottom and sediments. 2, 4, 6-Trichlorophenol was the
predominant phenol. Urban runoff was a significant input of chlorophenols in general and
pentachlorophenol specifically. Biodegradation of 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol was fairly rapid - 2.6
days for degradation of 12.5 ug/1 at 20 degrees C. The chlorophenols were adsorbed onto bottom
sediments. Extent of adsorption to a sediment by a given chlorophenol correlated positively with
its organic matter content Suspended sediments represent a major role in the transport and
distribution of chlorophenols in the Delaware Estuary
AUTHORS: Gearing, J.N.; Buckley, D.E.; Smith, J.N. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: Ministere Peches et Oceans, Inst Maurice-Lamontagne, Moat-Joli, Quebec G5H 3Z4, Canada
TITLE: Hydrocarbon and metal contents in a sediment core from Halifax Harbour A chronology of
contaminat ion.
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 48(12): 2344-2354
KEYWORDS: Sewage; urban runoff; aromatic hydrocarbon combustion product; copper, zinc; lead; mercury;
heavy metals; coastal marine; squalene; perylene; Nova Scotia; Canada
ABSTRACT: In a dated core from the Northwest Arm of Halifax Harbour, (Nova Scotia, Canada) pollutant
hydrocarbon concentrations have increase 100-fold since about 1900 (15-20 cm depth). Aliphatic
contaminants characteristic of sewage and urban runoff have had a steady, exponential growth
over time, while aromatic hydrocarbon combustion products are currently declining slightly from
170
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Water Qua/in
Sediment Contamination
a subsurface maximum around 1950 (5-10 cm depth). Present levels of these compounds are
among the highest reported in the literature. Similarly, contamination of sediments by the metals
Cu, Zn, Pb, and Hg has also increased from 1890 to 1970, with maximum levels among the
highest reported from other urban and industrialized coastal marine areas in the world. In contrast,
the concentrations of natural product hydrocarbons such as squalene and peryiene have not
changed significantly in this century.
AUTHORS: Listen, P.; Maher, W.
TITLE: Trace Metal Export in Urban Runoff and Its Biological Significance.
DATE:
1986
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology BECTA6, Vol. 36, No. 6, p 900-905,
June 1986. I fig, 2 tab, 19ref.
ABSTRACT: Selected trace metals were measured in sediments of a stream draining an urban catchment to
determine the relationship of trace metal concentrations in the sediment fractions to concentrations
available for uptake by resident detritovores (tubifkids). The trace metal concentrations in all
interstitial waters were below detection limits (O.I microgram per gram Zn, 0.5 microgram per
gram Pb, and 0.2 microgram per gram Cu). Concentrations in sediments increased downstream in
the urban catchment; levels were low in rural catchments. Trace metal concentrations at sites with
more urban runoff were higher than those found in the sediments of some waterbodies with
recognized point-source pollution, indicating mat urban catchments may be significant non-point
sources of trace metals to aquatic ecosystems. No relation could be established between trace
metal concentrations in sediment fractions and accumulation by resident detritovores.
AUTHORS: Livingston, E.H.; McCarron, E.; Seal, T.; Sloane, G DATE: 1995
AFFIL: Stormwater/NPS Management Section, Florida Dept of Environmental Protection, 2600 Blair
Stone Rd., Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400
TITLE: ' Use of Sediment and Biological Monitoring to Evaluate Stonnwater Discharges
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination, biological monitoring
SOURCE: Torno, H.C. (ed). 1995. Stonnwater NPDES-related monitoring needs. Conference proceedings.
American Society of Civil Engineers. Mt Crested Butte, CO. Aug. 7-12,1994.
ABSTRACT: Assessing the environmental effects of stormwater discharges presents many new and complex
challenges. Unlike traditional point sources of pollution, these discharges are intermittent, creating
temporally and spatially variable shock loadings to receiving waters. Consequently, traditional
assessment techniques which rely solely upon sampling and characterization of the water column
are ineffective in determining the environmental effects of stormwater discharges. This paper will
discuss the need and rationale for altemsteive sampling and assessment procedures that provide a
more ecologically-based manner of derermining the environmental effects of Stonnwater
discharges. Activities undertaken by the Florida Department of Environmental Protection in the
past few years to develop biological community assessment and coastal sediment monitoring tools
to evaluate stormwater discharges wil be summarized. The development and use of a coastal and
estuarine sediment assessment tool, based on the relationship between sediment aluminum and
metal concentrations, 'will be reviewed. Similarly, the steps taken to develop and implement a
riverine biological community assessment tool, based on comparisons between impacted sites and
ecoregion reference sites, are reviewed.
171
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Water Qualsr^ Indicators
Sediment
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Morse, J. W.; Presley, B.J.; Taylor, R.J.; Benoit, G.; Santschi, P.
Dep. Oceanogr., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, TX 77843, USA
Trace metal chemistry of Galveston Bay: Water, sediments and biota.
DATE:
1993
Sediment contamination
Mar. Environ. Res. 1993. vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 1-37
Heavy-metals; copper-; zinc-; lead-; silver-; pollution-monitoring; sediment-pollution; ASW,-
USA,-Texas,-Galveston-Bay; marine-molluscs
Galveston Bay is the second largest estuary in Texas. It receives major urban runoff from the
Houston area, its major river drains the Daiias-Ft Worth Metroplex, and the area surrounding the
Bay is intensely industrialized, with chemical and petroleum production being especially
prominent Consequently, there are serious concerns about the possible contamination of the Bay
and previously studies have indicated toxic metals at elevated concentrations. An extensive
investigation of Galveston Bay trace metals in the water column and oyster analyses indicate that
metal levels in open areas of Galveston Bay are currently similar to those in more pristine bays
elsewhere. Industrial metal inputs to the Bay have not led to greatly increased concentrations in
water, sediments and biota. However, the sediment analyses indicated that such inputs may have
been significant in the past
AUTHORS: Nightingale, H.I. DATE: 1987
AFFIL: USDA, Agric. Res. Serv., Water Manage. Res. Lab., 2021 S. Peach Ave., Fresno, CA 93727, USA
TITLE: Accumulation of As, Ni, Cu, and Pb in retention and recharge basins soils from urban runoff
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Water Resour. Bull. 1987. vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 663-672
KEYWORDS: urban-runoff; catchment-area; arsenic-; nickel-; copper-; lead-; heavy-metals; sediments-; runoff-;
California-Fresno; urban-areas; USA,-Califomia,-Fresno
ABSTRACT: * The accumulation of arsenic, nickel, copper, and lead in the soil profile was determined beneath
five urban storm-water retention/recharge basins used by the Fresno Metropolitan Flood Control
District, California. Soils were sampled from the surface to the first zone of saturation and
compared with soils from an adjacent uncontaminated control she. These elements were found to
be accumulating in the first few centimeters of basin soil and are important to the effectiveness of
a specific best management practice. The practice of removing excess flood runoff water from two
basins by pumping apparently is a factor in reducing the accumulation rate of these elements in
the surface soils of the basins.
AUTHORS: Pruell, R.J.; Norwood, CB.; Bowen, R.D.; Boomman, W.S.; Rogenon, DATE: 1990
P.F.; Hackett, M.; Butterworth, B.C.
AFFIL: U.S. EPA, Environ. Res. Lab., South Ferry RA, Narragamett, RI02882, USA.
TITLE: Geochemical study of sediment contamination in New Bedford Harbor, Massachusetts.
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Marine environmental research. London, ISSN 0141-1136 1990, voi. 29, no. 2, p. 77-101.
(MdBeCS)2229616
172
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-Qntaminatian
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Aromatic hydrocarbons. Trace metals. Chlorinated hydrocarbons. Industrial wastes. Sewage
disposal. Urban runoff. Marine. ANW, USA, Massachusetts, New Bedford Harbor. Sediment
pollution.
Chemical analyses of sediment samples collected along a transect in New Bedford Harbor
revealed a gradient of increasing concentrations of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs),
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzonirans (PCDFs), polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and several trace metals from the southern to die northern areas
of the estuary. Although the concentrations of contaminants generally increased with distance
north in the estuary for all classes of compounds, differences were observed between the trends
for many of the compounds. The primary sources of PCBs, PCBFs and trace metals appear to be
industrial discharges. The major inputs of PAHs and PCDDs are probably from urban runoff.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
Puckett, L.J.; Woodside, M.D.; Libby, B.; Schening, M.R. DATE:
U.S. Geol. Surv., 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr., MS413, Reston, VA 22092, USA
Sinks for trace metals, nutrients, and sediments in wetlands of the Chickahominy River near
Richmond, Virginia.
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Wetlands. 1993. vol. 13, no. 2, spec, iss., pp. 105-114
KEYWORDS: USA,-Virginia,-Chickahominy-R,; wetlands-; flood-plains; sediments-; trace-metals; nutrients-
mineral; nutrient-cycles
1993
ABSTRACT:
The Chickahominy River drains 790 sq. km in southeastern Virginia, including approximately 155
sq. km of dense commercial, industrial, and urban development in the upper basin near Richmond,
Virginia; Previous studies have shown that total stream concentrations of trace metals and
nutrients increased during storms, suggesting resuspension of contaminated sediments and (or)
storm water influxes of pollutants. The possible role of wetlands in m*»n«iqitig water quality is of
concern because the river furnishes about 46 percent of die water supply for the City of Newport
News. Particle sizes of sediments and their corresponding total concentrations of carbon, nitrogen,
copper, nickel, lead, and zinc were determined to assess their distribution within wetlands adjacent
to the river. Except for Zn, concentrations of all measured constituents in the <63- micron-particle
fraction were lower downstream of Richmond, suggesting that most contaminants are retained in
the upper basin. Zinc concentrations increased along downstream reaches, peaking at 510 mg/kg
approximately 8 km below the confluence of Upham Brook with the Chickahominy River. Lead
concentrations up to 192 mg/kg were measured in sediments along Upham Brook near Richmond.
Concentrations of Zn and Cu were highest in streambed sediments and lowest in elevated forested
wetlands. The results suggest that the developing regions of the basin have a significant effect on
sediment chemistry within the basin and that wetlands play a role in retaining mese sediment-
borne contaminants in upper reaches of the basin. Studies are underway to assess the stability of
these sediments and me capacity of these contaminated wetlands to continue to assimilate them.
AUTHORS: Schmoyer, B.; Jacoby, J.; Virgin, J. DATE:
TITLE: Elliott Bay action program: Storm drain monitoring approach. Puget Sound Estuary Program.
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Misc. Rep. Ser. U.S. Environ. Prot Agency. 1988. 158 pp (EPA91098820?
1988
173
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Water Qualify Indicator-;
Sediment Contamin,
KEYWORDS: industrial-wastes; runoff-; domestic-wastes; drainage-water, pollution-monitoring; pollution-
control; INE,-Puget-Sound,-Elliott-Bay
ABSTRACT: The Puget Sound Urban Bay Action Program for Elliott Bay has developed a fourphased
monitoring approach for tracing contaminants and identifying sources of toxic contaminants in
storm drain systems: compilation of available information to define the storm drain system,
drainage basin characteristics and conditions in the receiving environment; collection of in-line
sediment samples near the mouths of storm drams to identify contaminated drainage systems;
selection of problem drains for further intensive inspection and conducting sampling activities to
trace contaminants. (Contract EPA-68-02-4341. Sponsored by Environmental Protection Agency,
Seattle, WA. Region X.)
AUTHORS: Spies, R.B.; Andresen, B.D.; Rice, D.W.Jr. DATE: 1987
AFFIL: Environ. Sci. Div., Lawrence Livermore Nad. Lab., Univ. California, P.O. Box 5507, Livermore,
CA 94550, USA.
TITLE: Benzthiazoles in estuarine sediments as indicators of street runoff.
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination; biological indicators
SOURCE: Nature 1987, vol. 327, no. 6124, p. 697-699.
KEYWORDS: Runoff.azoles. Urban environments. Pollution indicators. Sediments. Estuaries. Sediment
pollution. Urban runoff. Industrial wastes. Urban areas. Brackish. Bioindicators.
ABSTRACT: Street runoff can be a major source of potentially toxic aromatic compounds that enter estuaries,
embayments and ocean inlets. While investigating contaminated sediments in San Francisco Bay
the authors discovered several benzthiazoles, which appear to be derived from the use of anti-
oxidants in the manufacture of rubber tyres. Their investigations confirm that two of these
compounds, benzthiazole and 2-<4-morpholinyl)-oenzmiazole, occur in street runoff and that they
can result from the weathering of a commercially used anti-oxidant in rubber manufacture. These
compounds are proposed as potential indicators of the contribution of street runoff to the
contaminants in sediments of urban coastal areas.
AUTHORS: Tolosa, I.; Bayona, J.M.; Albaiges, J. DATE:
TITLE: Identification and Occurrence of Brominated and Nitrated Phenols in Estuarine Sediments.
1991
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Marine Pollution Bulletin MPNBAZ, Vol. 22, No. 12, p 603-607, December 1991. 3 fig, 2 tab, 20
ref. EEC Contract No. EV4VO111F.
ABSTRACT: Brominated and nitrated phenols were positively identified for the first time in estuarine sediments
in samples obtained from the Rhone estuary. 2,4-Dioromopbenol, 2,4,6-tribromophenol, and 2-
nitrophenol were the major components present, exhibiting concentrations in the range of 7-5850
ng/g. The analysis of sediment extracts by capillary gu chromatogranhy/mass spectrometry
(CGC/MS) in the negative km chemical knization mode also allowed the identification of a series
of bromochloro-, dibromochloro-, and bromodkhloro-nitrophenols and their atkylated derivatives.
The observed negative seaward concentration gradients suggest a land-based discharge as the
principal source, probably originating in automobile emissions which are washed out to the
riverine streams by urban runoff.
L
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Water Qualih.- Indicatory
Sediment Contamination
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Contaminant Transport from Elliott and Commencement Bays.
DATE:
1987
Sediment contamination
Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, as PB89-
143267. Price codes: A10 in paper copy, AOi in microfiche. Report No. EPA 910/9-87-177,
August 1987. 268p, 61 fig, 11 tab, 34 ref, 17 append.
Major sources of contamination to Puget Sound are concentrated in the urban embayments. Most
of these contaminants are particulates or adhere to particles. If these particulates are dense, they
tend to fall out of the water column near the sources; thus analysis of the sediment within urban
embayments can provide an indication of the level of contamination, and by proximity, of the
probable source of that contamination. During spring and summer 1985, and again in January
1986, a series of observations were made designed to determine to what degree contaminants in
Elliott and Commencement Bays could leave the bays and enter the main basin of Puget Sound.
The distribution of water properties (salinity, suspended paniculate matter or SPM, and toxic trace
metals and organics) were mapped during a period of high river runoff and during combined
sewer overflow events after heavy rainfall. The dissolved contaminants, from whatever sources,
remained in the very thin, fresh water plume and were transported through the bays and into the
main basin quite rapidly; roughly five days in Elliott Bay and two days in Commencement Bay.
The West Waterway is a source of high concentrations of dissolved trace metals, but not as high
as from the Denny Way combined sewer overflow (CSO) and Harbor Island during periods of
heavy rainfall. Directly beyond the sources, most of the suspended particulate matter remained in
suspension in the fresh water plume. The high source strengths of the West Waterway and the
Denny Way CSO were not unexpected. However, the runoff from the north end of Harbor Island
during high rainfall was unanticipated but, in retrospect, not surprising. It should be determined if
the concentrations are a function of ship-building activity. Polychlorioated biphenyls (PCB) and
DDT isomers were undetectable in Elliott Bay and Commencement Bay water. Extremely high
concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) were measured near the Denny Way
CSO and the Duwamish West Waterway, which is substantiated by findings of high PAH
concentrations in the sediments at these locations. This study strongly suggests that, just beyond
the sources, most of the contaminants entering these two bays enter the main basin quite rapidly.
There is virtually no resuspension of sediments in Elliott Bay and relatively little in
Commencement Bay, especially in water less than 100 m deep.
AUTHORS: Wakeham, S.G.; Schafmer, C; Giger, W. DATE: 1980
TITLE: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Recent Lake Sediments -1. Compounds Having
Anthropogenic Origins.
INDICATOR: Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol 44, No 3, p 403-413m 1980.6 Fig, 2 Tab, 49 Ref.
ABSTRACT: The occurrence of anthropogenically generated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was
examined in four lakes: Lake Lucerne, Lake Zurich, and Lake Greifensee, in Switzerland, and
Lake Washington in the northwestern section of the United States. A rich collection of PAH was
found in the recent sediment samples from these lakes. Major components are unsubstituted
species. However, many alkylated derivatives were also found at lower concentrations. Similar
qualitative patterns of PAH were noted in the surface sediment layers from each lake, regardless
175
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Water Qualm Indicators
Sediment Contaminntinn
of the location or level of anthropogenic activity in its catchment basin. Surface sediments were
enriched to higher degrees than deeper layers, where few PAH could be detected. Urban runoff
containing street dust particles was listed as a possible major present-day source for the PAH in
the lakes studied. This street dust is washed from roads during Heavy rain storms and transported
by rivers and streams, to eventually accumulate in lake sediments. Asphalt particles in the street
dusts may be an extremely important contributor to th« PAH content of lake sediments.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Wei, C.; Morrison, G.M. . DATE:
Inhibition of bacterial enzyme activity and luminescence by urban river sediments.
1994
Sediment contamination
Hamilton, R.S.;Revitt, D.M.;Harrison, HM.;Monzon de Caceres, A. (eds.) HIGHWAY
POLLUTION. 1994, p. 141-147.Science of the total environment Amsterdam, ISSN 0048*
9697(5.1.], [s.n.], [19-] vol. 146-147.
Rivers. Sediment pollution. Urban areas. Enzymes. Toxicity testing. Water pollution. Bacteria.
Luminescence. Sweden, Goteborg. Metals. Runoff. Aquatic bacteria. Sediments. Urban
environments. Urban runoff. Freshwater.
The lexicological and ecological effects of pollutants in urban river sediments were studied. The
sediments were chemically or physically fractionated, using selective extractants to separate the
effects of metal and organic contaminants, and subsequently tested for the inhibition of bacterial
enzyme activity and luminescence. In many cases the enzyme activity of the sediment-dwelling
bacteria was inhibited by metals. The variations in inhibition were attributed to differences in
sediment complexation of, rather than bacterial community tolerance to, metals. Non- polar
organic compounds significantly increased the toxicity of urban river sediments, and it is
proposed that polyaromatic hydrocarbons from storm-water are an important source of sediment
toxicity.
176
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SHELLFISH BED CLOSURES
AUTHORS: Barber, R.; Ohrel, R.; Fowler, P.; Gilbert, G. DATE: 1994
AFFIL: Duke Univ. Sch. of the Environment, Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, North Carolina
TITLE: Why We Are Convinced That Traditional Strategies for Wastewater Management Are Not
Working
INDICATOR: Shellfish bed closures
SOURCE: Ohrel, R. (ed). 1994. Symposium Proceedings: Integrated Coastal Wastewater Management in
North Carolina. North Carolina Coastal Federation, Swamboro, NC. Held in Wilmington, NC,
Dec. 2-3, 1993.
ABSTRACT: In the North Carolina coastal region from Cedar Island to the South Carolina boarder, there have
been increases and decreases in the acreage of shellfish closed to harvesting during the period of
1980-1992. A large net annual decrease in prohibited area occured once (1983/1984) in the Cape
Fear River and the New River. This decrease in prohibited area resulted from both improvements
in and elimination of point source discharges. When Cape Fear River and New River areas are
excluded from the analysis, the remaining coastal region is shown to have increases in prohibited
areas which have been steady and small, but numerous and widespread. The pattern of steady
widespread and small annual increases in prohibited area suggests that expanding coastal
development, with its associated increase in land disturbance, drainage and "urban" runoff, is
responsible for the observed pattern of degradation.
AUTHORS: Broutman, M.A.; Leonard, D.L. DATE:
AFFIL: Performer National Ocean Service, Rockville, MD. Strategic Assessment Branch.
TITLE: National Estuarine Inventory: Classified Shellfish Growing Waters by Estuary. Final rept.
1986
INDICATOR: Shellfish bed closures
KEYWORDS: Coastal-waters; Public-health; Tables-Data; United-States; Fisheries-; Classifications-. * Water-
quality; * Shellfish-; 'Estuaries-; *Aquaculture-; *Water-pollution-erTects-Animals.
ABSTRACT: The report is the first in a series of reports that compile information on classified shellfish waters
as an indicator of coliform bacteria pollution in the Nation's estuaries. Data for the report have
been derived from the 1985 National Shellfish Register. Although the Register has provided
consistent data on acreage of classified shellfish waters by state, use of it as a national water-
quality indicator has been hindered because of the influence of factors other than water quality on
classification. The report improves the 1985 Register data by: (I) reorganizing data into 92
estuaries on the East, West, and Gulf coasts that comprise the National Estuarine Inventory, and
(2) correcting data for areas that were classified for reasons other than water quality.
AUTHORS: Broutman, M.A.; Leonard, D.L.
AFFIL: NOAA Strategic Assess. Branch, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
TITLE: The quality of shellfish growing waters in me Gulf of Mexico.
INDICATOR: Shellfish bed closures
SOURCE: J.-SHELLFISHrRES. 1988. vol. 7, no. 1, p. !97
DATE:
1988
177
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Water Qu_aht\- Indicator':
Shellfish
KEYWORDS: Shellfish-culture; water-quality; pollution-monitoring; pollution-effects; seafood-; harvesting-;
ASW,-USA,-Gulf-States; public-health; food-poisoning; feces-; sewage-
ABSTRACT: The majority of shellfish growing waters in the Gulf of Mexico do not meet the fecal coiiform
standards for approved harvest; 29% of waters are classified as prohibited, and 27% of waters are
managed as conditionally approved and are affected by freshwater inflows from heavy rainfall or
high river stages. The most productive oyster reefs are found in these conditionally approved
waters. The predominant sources of fecal coiiform are sewage treatment and collection systems,
septic systems that do not function properly in coastal areas because of poor soils and high
groundwater tables, and stormwater runoff from urban areas. Overall, upstream sources affect
57% of harvest-limited areas. Contributions from wildlife are significant in rural estuaries. Runoff
from pasturelands affects estuaries in Louisiana and Texas. Straight pipes are a problem in coastal
Louisiana. Actual effects from industry and boating and shipping activities are minimal compared
to other sources.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Jensen, P.; Su, Y.C. DATE:
Performer Galveston Bay National Estuary Program,, Austin, TX.
Characterization of Selected Public Health Issues in Galveston Bay. Final rept.
1992
Shellfish bed closures
GBNEP21
Coastal-zone-management; Gulf-coast; Texas-; Estuaries-; Shellfish-; Bacteria-; Coliforms-;
Pathogenic-bacteria; Water-quality; Contamination-. *Galveston-Bay; •Public-health;
* Environmental-health.
The purpose of the project is to characterize public health issues associated with bay use activities
such as shellfish consumption and contact and non-contact recreation. The major objectives of the
characterization study are: (1) Review and summarize activities associated with shellfish bed
closures, (2) Identify and characterize sources of bacterial contamination, (3) Review and
characterize areas of Galveston Bay which have exceeded water quality standards for contact and
non-contact recreation, and (4) Assess the incidence of known pathogenic organisms such as
Vibrio Vulnificus. The characterization includes consideration of indicator organisms and known
pathogenic organisms and covers all identified water quality segments of Galveston Bay.
AUTHORS: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean DATE:
Service
TITLE: The 1990 National Shellfish Register of Classified Estuarine Waters Data Supplement
INDICATOR: Shellfish bed closures
SOURCE: 1992; 199 pp.
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
1992
AUTHORS: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Ocean
Service
TITLE: The 1990 National Shellfish Register of Classified Estuarine Waters
DATE:
1991
178
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Water Quality indicator!
Closures
INDICATOR: Shellfish bed closures
SOURCE: 1991; 100 pp.
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Nelson, W.H.
Shellfish water quality protection program on the west coast of Canada.
DATE:
1992
Shellfish bed closures
Aquaculture '92: Growing Toward the 21st Century. 21-25 May 1992 : Orlando, FL. pp. 167-168.,
(MdBeCS)2785690
Shellfish culture. Water quality control. Public health. Pollution monitoring. Pollution surveys.
Microbiological analysis. Sewage. Agricultural runoff. Urban runoff. INE, Canada, British
Columbia. Marine. Brackish.
Environment Canada has conducted monitoring programs to assess the sanitary quality of bivalve
molluscan shellfish growing waters on a regular basis since the early I970's. In British Columbia
(B.C.), shellfish growing water quality is assessed using a network of 2,400 marine and 1,000
freshwater sampling sites, from which 8,000 bacteriological samples are collected and analyzed
annually. The data are used to assess the adequacy of shellfish closure boundaries, to evaluate
water quality at new aquaculture and harvest sites and to quantify pollution levels at point and
non- point sources. Approximately 2,200 km of the 13,750 km of coastline on Vancouver Island
and the southern mainland have been surveyed. There are currently similar to 160 sanitary
shellfish closures in B.C. encompassing 71,000 hectares and 760 km of coastline. Multiple
pollution sources account for the largest area closures, followed by sewage outfalls,
agriculture/hinterland drainage, boat sewage discharges and urban runoff.
AUTHORS: North Carolina Division of Health Services, Shellfish Sanitation DATE: 1985
Branch
TITLE: Coastal Development and Shellfish Waters.
INDICATOR: Shellfish bed closures
SOURCE: Water Quality Section Report No. 85-05, April 1985.38 p, 13 tab, 55 ref.
ABSTRACT: Collected stormwater runoff from medium and high density development in North Carolina
contains indicator bacteria and pathogens, as well as a number of toxic pollutants. Several studies
have demonstrated that if this runoff is collected and discharged into estuarine waters, standards
for shellfish vaten will be violated. New development practices are necessary in areas adjacent to
estuarine waters if these waters are to remain open for shellfishing. Available information
indicates that the construction and operation of marinas can adversely affect water quality. Data
collected by the Division of Health Services (Shellfish Sanitation Branch) demonstrate that large
marinas contribute to the loss of the best intended use of SA waters—shellfish harvesting. Unless
siting and operational practices now in effect are modified, continued pollution of coastal waters
can be expected. While guidelines for marina operation which have the potential to reduce water
quality impacts can be included as conditions in permits, field studies documenting the
effectiveness of these restrictions are lacking. Water quality problems associated with on-site
sewage systems result from systems located on poor sites or from systems where there is
inadequate separation between drain fields and the ground water table. Viruses and bacteria are
179
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Water Quaiin Indicators Shelf fish Bed r>lT7frgiT
not readily adsorbed in sandy coastal soils, and therefore use of on-site sewage systems under
these conditions in proximity to SA waters may not adequately protect shellfish resources.
Management options are discussed.
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TOXICITY TESTING
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Adams-Kszos, L.; Winter, J.D.; Storch, T.A. DATE:
Toxicity of Chautauqua Lake Bridge Runoff to Young-of-the-Year Sunfish (Lepomis
macrochirus)
1990
Toxicity testing
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology BECTA6, Vol. 45, No. 6, p 923-930,
December 1990. 2 fig, 2 tab, 22 ref.
Runoff from roadways is a common nonpoint source of water pollution. Ice-control chemicals
contribute significantly to nonpoint water pollution in the snow belt region of the United States.
The annual use of highway deicers, for example is about 8*9 million metric tons of NaCl, 0.3
million metric tons of CaCl2, and 7 million metric tons of abrasives. Several studies suggest that
deicing salts contribute to increased concentrations of chloride in receiving waters. In addition,
many studies have shown that NaCl and metals can be toxic to fish. A study of Chautauqua Lake
Bridge, in western New York, runoff toxicity on sunfish further illustrates mis toxicity. NaCl
appeared to be the major contributor to the toxicity of runoff from the Cbautauqua Lake bridge in
laboratory bioassays. However, concentrations of Zn and Cd present in the 50% winter runoff
were in the range reported to be toxic to fish, and may have been additive or synergistic with the
NaCl toxicity in the laboratory bioassays. Because runoff from the Chautauqua Lake bridge will
be greatly diluted when it enters the lake, it is unlikely mat the bridge runoff will be toxic to fish
in the lake. However, if runoff comparable to that which enters Chautauqua Lake during the
winter were to enter a much smaller body of water, the NaCl would probably cause significant
harm to freshwater organisms.
AUTHORS: Addison, R.F.; Hansen, P.O.; Wright, E.C. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: Performer Bedford Inst of Oceanography, Dartmouth (Nova Scotia).
TITLE: Hepatic mono-oxygenase activities in American plaice Hippoglossoides platessoides from the
Miramic hi estuary, N.B.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Canadian technical report of fisheries and aquatic sciences no. 1800., SSCFS9761800E
KEYWORDS: Composition-;*Fish; •Water-quality.
ABSTRACT: The lower part of the Miramichi River and its estuary are moderately populated and industrialised,
leading many local residents to believe that the water is polluted, contributing to declines in the
Miramichi salmon population. Measurements offish hepatic mono-oxygenase activity in resident
flatfish are a good indicator of the presence and effects of certain organic chemicals, including
polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), some PCBs and some chlorinated dibenzofurans and
dibenzodioxins. As these chemicals are among those expected to contaminate the Miramichi
estuary, local fish were examined for hepatic mono-oxygenase to define the impact zone of any
contamination by the chemicals. American plaice were trawled at 4 sites between Newcastle and
Burnt Church in August 1990 and liver samples were analyzed immediately for indices of mono-
oxygenase induction. This report presents the results of that examination.
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roxicitv Testing
AUTHORS: Bascombe, A.D.; Ellis, J.B.; Rcvitt, D.M.; Shutes, R.B.E.
AFFIL: Urban Pollution Research Centre, Middlesex Pllytechnic, Queensway, UK
TITLE: The Development of Ecotoxicological Criteria in Urban Catchments
DATE:
1990
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Water Sch. Tech., Vol. 22, No. 10/11, pp. 173-179
KEYWORDS: Urban receiving waters; Metal bioaccumulation; In-situ bioassays; Laboratory toxicity testing;
Ecotoxicological criteria.
ABSTRACT: Metal uptake and mortality rates are determined for selected body areas of Gammarus puiex under
both in-situ stream and laboratory test conditions. Metal equilibrium concentration levels are
achieved in soft tissue within 5 to 6 weeks exposure in the field with four- to five-fold increases
over background control levels noted for saturation levels in caged organisms at sites subject to
sewer discharges. Laboratory bioassays yield short-term LC20 values in the order Pb>Cu>Zn,
although there is little difference in metal toxicities over exposure periods of about one week. The
controlled toxicity tests demonstrate a substantial short-term toxic enhancement over the in-situ
field bioassays.
AUTHORS: Bascombe, A.D.; House, M.A.; Ellis, J.B. DATE: 1989
TITLE: Utility of Chemical and Biological Monitoring Techniques for the Assessment of Urban Pollution.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: IN: River Basin Management-V. Advances in Water Pollution Control: A Series of Conferences
Sponsored by the LAWPRC. Pergamon Press
KEYWORDS: Classification systems. Water quality. Environmental monitoring. Water pollution. Toxicology.
Heavy metals. Water sampling. United Kingdom, London. Inland water. Urban areas. Runoff.
Freshwater. Methodology. UK, London. Urban runoff.
ABSTRACT: Chemical classifications of water quality, such as that employed in the United Kingdom in the
National Water Council Classification, provide a 'broad brush' approach to the identification of
long-term changes in river water quality. The utility of biomonrtoring methods and physico-
chemical and hydrobiological indices of water quality for the detection of receiving stream
impacts of urban runoff discharges was assessed. Advantages and disadvantages of specific
indices in .urban water quality assessment were highlighted. Also, caged organisms were placed at
certain locations along the length of a North London stream (Salmon's Brook) to detect heavy
metal uptake during dry and wet weather conditions as a basis for development of
ecotoxicological indices. The results from application of these indices to Salmon's Brook indicate
the importance of reporting tools that can provide a continuous scale rather than a discrete
classification. Also, they demonstrate the inadequacy of such rigid systems to deal with aquatic
environments subject to intermittent and toxic discharges. The use of ecotoxicological field tests
also can enhance this information, especially with regard to the assessment of the impacts and
recovery times of specific locations subject to intermittent toxic events. Continuous in situ
monitoring procedures will assess the effects of pollution sources that are likely to be missed
completely by periodic surveys.
AUTHORS: Beak Consultants Ltd., Toronto (Ontario). DATE: 1991
TITLE: Strategy for improvement of Don River water quality: Supporting document no. 2: Framework for
evaluating response of aquatic toxicity and fish habitat to water quality control in the Don River.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
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Hater Qua/in- Indicators
Toxicitv Testing
SOURCE: MIC9200160XSP, ISBN0772979049
KEYWORDS: Fish-.'Water-quality.
ABSTRACT: In 1981, a study of water quality in the Don River, Humber River, and Mimico Creek was begun
to provide baseline data to guide future studies. In 1982, the Toronto Area watershed management
strategy study (TAWMS) was initiated as a comprehensive and cooperative multi-agency
undertaking towards the attainment of water quality improvements. In the spring of 1988, the
TAWMS Don River water quality improvement study was initiated to summarize water quality
problems, relate these problems to sources and provide a range of improvement actions leading to
various levels of control for water quality improvements. The study on the strategy for water
quality management in the Don River evaluates the costs and effectiveness of different source
control strategies in the Don River watershed. This supporting document presents a framework for
evaluating the potential response of the Don River fishery and of toxicity to water quality
management, using an ecosystem-based set of goals for management of the watershed. The
framework is the basis for developing a level of protection approach to establishing targets for
auditing water quality improvements.
AUTHORS: Brungs, W.A.; Holderman, T.S.; Southerland, M.T. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Performer: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of the Assistant
Administrator for Water.
TITLE: Synopsis of Water-Effect Ratios for Heavy Metals as Derived for Site-Specific Water Quality
Criteria.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
KEYWORDS: Toxicity-; Biological-effects; Tables-Data; Site-surveys; Physical-properties; Chemical-properties;
Water-chemistry; Sources-; Aquatic-animals; Biological-indicators.*Water-poiIution-effects;
* Heavy-metals; ' Water-quality-standards; 'Toxic-substances.
ABSTRACT: The report studies die indicator species procedure which results in a water-effect ratio that
accounts for the differences in the biological availability and/or toxicity of a material caused by
physical and/or chemical characteristics of a site water.
AUTHORS: Busacker, G.; Anderson, D.; Gibson, A.; Dillon, T. DATE: 1990
TITLE: Bioassessment methodologies for the regulatory testing of freshwater dredged material. Phase 2.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing; Sediment contamination
SOURCE: MISC.-PAP.-U.S.-ARMY-ENG.-WATERWAYS-EXP.-STN. 1990.61 pp, WES/MP/EL-90-7
(WESMPEL907)
KEYWORDS: Dredge-spoil; pollution-control; sediment-analysis; environmental-tmract; dredging*; sediment-
pollution; USA.-Wisconsin
ABSTRACT: This report represents the second phase of a 3-year (three-phase) project that the Wisconsin
Department of Natural Resources (WDNR) requested from the St Paul District as planning
assistance under Section 22 of the Water Resources Development Act of 1974 (Public Law 93-
251). The State of Wisconsin is interested in identifying appreciate bioassessment testing
methodologies for the regulatory testing of freshwater sediments scheduled for dredging and
open-water disposal. The report includes discussions and recommendations for specific
approaches to bioassessment methods in the tiered testing protocol The methods described in this
183
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Water Quality
Toxicitv
report have the potential to be the most frequently used testing techniques, and represent the
backbone of the tiered testing evaluation for regulatory testing of freshwater sediments.
AUTHORS: Carlson, A.R.; Nelson, H.; Hammermeister, D. DATE:
AFFIL: Performer Environmental Research lab.-Duluth, M!N.
TITLE: Development and Validation of Site-Specific Water Quality Criteria for Copper.
1986
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: EPA600J86481
KEYWORDS: Tests-; Toxictty-; Water-analysis; Aquatic-biology; Water-quality-data; Naugatuck-Riven
Bioaccumulation-; Heavy-metals; Water-chemistry; TabIes-Data.*Water-pollution; 'Copper.
ABSTRACT: Comparative acute toxicity values for Ceriodaphnia dubia, Scapholeberis sp. and Pimephales
promelas exposed to copper were used to calculate water effect ratios (e.g., site water LCSO
value/reference water LC50 value), which reflect the difference in the biological availability
and/or toxicity of copper between water from the Naugatuck River, Connecticut and Lake
Superior reference water. These ratios were-used to modify EPA ambient aquatic life criteria for
copper to site- and station-specific criteria, using the indicator procedure of the EPA guidelines
for deriving site-specific water quality criteria. It was concluded that the national and site-specific
criteria derived for copper would be protective of the river's aquatic life because a relatively
healthy aquatic community existed where these criteria were exceeded slightly. Generally, C.
dubia survival and young production data from receiving water tests and copper addition tests,
conducted just prior to the acute toxicity tests, were also indicative of reduced copper biological
availability and/or toxicity in the Naugatuck River at downstream stations.
AUTHORS: Cashman, J.R.; Maltby, D.A.; Nishioka, R.S.; Bern, H.A.; Gee, SJ. DATE: 1992
TITLE: Chemical Contamination and the Annual Summer Die-Off of Striped Bass (Morone saxatilis) in
the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Chemical Research in Toxicology CRTOEC, Vol. 5, No. 1, p 100-105. January/February 1992.4
tab, 29 ref. NIEHS Superfiind Program Grant ESO4699, U.S. EPA Grant CR-814709-03-0, and
U.S. Dept. of Commerce Grant NA89AA-D-SG138, Project R/F 117.
ABSTRACT: The San Francisco Bay and the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta together comprise the largest
estuary in the Western United States. At present, the striped bass (Morone saxatilis) population in
the estuary is at an all-time low. The striped bass die-off largely occurs during the summer months
when hundreds to thousands of dead adult striped bass are found. The most obvious pathological
aspect of nearly dead striped bass is liver dysfunction, although various endocrine glands as well
as the kidney and intestine are damaged. In 1987, striped bass that were nearly dead (moribund)
were captured by hand net, and apparently healthy striped bass were caught by hook and line from
adjacent waters in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, or alternatively, caught by hook and line
from me Pacific Ocean. The livers of these three groups of striped bass were examined from
chemical contamination by gas chromatography (GC), by GC-mass spectrometry, and by
immunoassay. Moribund striped bass liven were greatly contaminated by chemicals compared to
healthy fish caught in the Delta and the Pacific Ocean. The types of contaminant encountered
suggested mat industrial (e.g., aliphatic hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing hydrocarbons, aliphatic
esters), agricultural (e.g., herbicide-like materials, stabilizers), and urban pollutants (e.g.,
benzothiazole, petroleum-based constituents, and dialkyl phthaiates) were present in the livers of
184
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Water Quality
Testing
moribund fish. Although the variability in the amount of hepatic contaminants observed among
the groups of fish does not provide direct proof of causation, the large amount of pollutants
suggests that chemical contamination (possibly acting as multiple stressors) contributes to the
hepatotoxic condition of the moribund striped bass and may lead to an explanation of the die-off
in the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta region. (Agostine-PTT)
AUTHORS: Center for Environmental Research Information DATE:
AFFIL: Environmental Research Laboratory (Narragansett, R.I.)
TITLE: Biomonitoring for control of toxicity in effluent discharges to the marine environment
1989
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing .
SOURCE: Information, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency;
Narragansett, RJ: Environmental Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development,
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,; 1989; EP 7.2 :B 52/2. vii, 58 p. i
KEYWORDS: Water quality bioassay; Water quality management; Effluent quality
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Chapman, D.V. DATE: 1992
TITLE: Water quality assessments a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environmental
monitoring., Isted.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Unesco, World Health Organization, United Nations Environment Programme London ; New
York : Chapman & Hall,, 1992.
KEYWORDS: Water quality management; Water quality monitoring stations; Environmental monitoring
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Chesapeake Bay Program DATE: 1994
TITLE: Chesapeake Bay Basinwide Toxics Reduction Strategy Revaluation Report
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: CBP/TRS 117/94
ABSTRACT: This report documents the findings of a two-year information gathering of the Chesepeake Bay
Basinwide Toxics Reduction Strategy Revaluation and recommends an approach for undertaking
future toxics reduction and prevention actions in the Bay watershed The report discusses
chemical contaminant sources, their presence in Bay habitats, and their effects on Bay resources.
In addition. Bay regulatory and management programs in the Bay region an described and overall
progress toward meeting the strategy's goals is discussed.
AUTHORS: Chu, F.E.; Hale, R.C. DATE: 1994
AFFIL: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary
TITLE: Relationship of Pollutants to the Onset of Disease in the Eastern Oyster, Crassostrea virginica
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
1SS
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Water Quality
Toxtcirv
SOURCE: • Jacobs, J.M. (ed). 1994. Chesapeake Bay Environmental Effects Studies: Toxics Research
Program 1993 Workshop Report. NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office, Annapolis, MD. Held in
Solomons, MD., VSG- 94-14; UM-SG-TS-94-03
ABSTRACT: This research examines the relationship of stress, in the form of exposure to environmental
contaminants, and susceptibility to disease in the eastern oyster. The contaminants examined are
chemicals present in aqueous deserted or water soluble fractions (WSFs). The distribution of
contaminants within the oyster were similar to mat of sediment Experiments with oysters
exhibited a dose-response relationship between pollutant concentration and prevalence of the
disease caused by PeHtinsus marinus (Denno). Generally, no significant differences in cellular and
humoral components between WSF exposed and unexposed oysters were observed.
«
AUTHORS: Daniels, S.A.; Munawar, M.; Mayfield, C.I. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: Res. and Appl. Branch, Natl. Water Res. Inst, CCIW, P.O. Box 5050,867 Lakeshore Rd.,
Burlington, Ont L7R 4A6, Canada
TITLE: An improved elutriation technique for the bioassessment of sediment contaminants.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing; Sediment contamination
SOURCE: Environmental Bioassay Techniques and Their Application. Munawar, M.; Dixon, G.; Mayfield,
C.I.; Reynoldson, T.; Sadar, M.H., eds. 1989. vol. 188-189 pp. 619-631.
KEYWORDS: Bioassays-; sediment-pollution; toxicants-; phytoplankton-; sediments-; water-pollution;
Chlorella-vulgaris; separation-processes
ABSTRACT: An improved method is proposed for the preparation of sediment elutriates which permits
relatively realistic determination of bioavailable contaminants. It suggests the use of rotary
tumbling in a cycle of 3-4 rpm to achieve sediment-water mixing. Experiments were undertaken
to evaluate the mixing efficiency of the rotary tumbler as compared to that of the compressed air,
wrist-action shaker, and reciprocal shaker methods. Sediment to water ratios of 0:1, 1:20, 1:10,
and 1:4 were tested over 0.5, 1.0, 24, and 48-h eiution periods. Elutriate evaluations were based
on chemical, physico-chemical and gravimetric determinations; and also on super(14)C-
phytoplankton bioassays using Cblorella vulgaris (Beyerinck). Results indicated that rotary
tumbling produced the most consistent bioassay-supportable data. It was also the most efficient
procedure when used for 1 h with 1:4 sediment-water mixtures.
AUTHORS: Day, K.E.; Metcalfe, J.L.; Batchelor, S.P. DATE: 1990
AFFIL: Rivers Res. Branch, NatL Water Res. Inst, Canada Cent Inland Waters, Burlington, Ont L7R
4A6, Canada
TITLE: Changes in intracelhilar free amino acids in tissues of the caged mussel, Elliptic complanata,
exposed to contaminated environments.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Arch. Environ. Contain. ToxicoL 1990. voL 19, no. 6, pp. 816-827
KEYWORDS: domestic-wastes; agricultural-ruhoff; animal-physiology; ammo-acids; biological-stress; runoff-;
toxicity-testing; wastes-; Elliptio-compianata; Canada,-Quebec,-Yamaska-R.
ABSTRACT: Intracellular tissue concentrations of free amino acids (FAA) were monitored in caged mussels
(Elliptic complanata) exposed in situ for 27-29 days and 77-79 days in the Yamaska River
watershed (Quebec, Canada). Total concentrations of FAA (nmol/mg wet weight) increased in
186
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Water Qua<:r,
Ta
stine
both mantle and adductor muscle tissue at several sites impacted by agricultural runoff and urban
effluent from municipal sewage and light industries when compared to levels in mussels located at
a site with little anthropogenic impact The results suggest that increases and/or decreases in total
FA A in some tissues of freshwater bivalves may be indicative of generalized stress induced by a
variety of environmental factors and may be useful as an in situ biochemical index of toxicity.
AUTHORS: Dermott, R.; Munawar, M. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Great Lakes Lab. Fish, and Aquatic Sci., Fish, and Oceans Canada, Canada Cent Inland Waters,
Burlington, Ont L7R 4A6, Canada
TITLE: A simple and sensitive assay for evaluation of sediment toxicity using Lumbriculus variegatus
(Mueller).
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing; Sediment contamination
SOURCE: SEDIMENT-WATER-INTERACTIONS. Hart,-B.T.;Sly,-P.G.-eds. 1992. vol. 235-236 pp. 407-
414
KEYWORDS: bioassays-; toxicity-tests; Lumbriculus-variegatus; sediment-pollution; North-America,-Great-
Lakes; burrowing-organisms; Oligochaeta-; Great-Lakes; freshwater-pollution; sediments-;
toxicity-
ABSTRACT: The burrowing oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus was evaluated as a test organism for sediment
bioassessment As pan of a battery of assays, the survival, growth, reproduction and burrowing
behaviour of Lumbriculus in sediments from several areas of the North American Great Lakes
were examined. Although not abundant this species can be found in oligotrophic and mesotrophic
environments. They are readily cultured and can be commercially purchased. Chronic tests
indicated that Lumbriculus was as sensitive to contaminated sediments as Hyalella azteca, but less
sensitive than the Holarctic amphipod Pontoporeia (Diporeia) hoyi. The growth of individuals or
their reproduction by cloning can be measured after a two-week exposure at 20 degree C.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Dolan, R.
President, Water Environment Federation, Martinez, California
Life After Toxics: What Direction Now?
DATE:
1992
Toxicity testing
Swetlow, K. (ed). 1992. Water Quality Standards for the 21st Century: Proceedings of the Third
National Conference. USEPA Office of Science and Technology (WH-551), Washington, DC.
Held in Las Vegas, NV, Aug. 31-Sept 3., 823-R-92-009
The* topic covers national consistency versus geographical flexibility and the role of risk in
priority setting. Comments address these two topic areas as they are impacted by policy on
toxicity, biological monitoring, and watershed management In mis context ideas on pollution
prevention, nonpoint pollution, and CSO's are shared.
AUTHORS: Duba, G.A.
TITLE: Storm-Sewer Input of Heavy Metals Into an Urban Lake Environment
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
DATE:
1981
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Water Quality Indicators
SOURCE: PhD Thesis, April, 1981. 135 p, 32 Fig, 27 Tab, 105 Ref. University Microfilms International,
Ann Arbor, MI; Order No. GAX81-17698.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to measure the concentration of lead, cadmium, zinc and copper in
runoff entering an urban lake ecosystem and to measure the distribution of these metals in selected
trophic levels of the lake. Fisk Lake was chosen as the study site and is located in East Grand
Rapids, Michigan. Samples were collected to stormwater, rainwater and lakewater together with
substrate, aquatic macrophytes Peltandra virginica, chironomid larvae, Chironomidae, snails
Physa, and eight species of fish, Ictalurus nebulosus, Esox lucius, Lepomis gibbosus, L.
macrochirus, Pomoxis nigromaculatus, Micropterus salmoides, Catostomus commersoni, and
Perca flavescens. All samples were collected on the basis of being close to, or distant from, a
storm sewer contaminated portion of the lake. Samples were prepared and analyzed using atomic
absorption spectrophotometry (AA) and particle induced X-ray analysis (PIXE). The results of the
study suggested that: (1) the metals did not show highest concentrations at highest trophic levels;
(2) lead, zinc and copper were detected in stormwater, (3) Although some substrate was highly
contaminated, the other trophic levels need not show similar contamination; (4) the benthic
organisms, although shown to contain elevated metal levels, do not seem to be passing these
concentrations along the food chain; (5) the two processes of analysis, PIXE and AA, give similar
values; and (6) interms of metal contamination, the fish of Fisk Lake appear to present little toxic
danger.
AUTHORS: Elder, J.F. DATE:
TITLE: Applicability of ambient toxkity testing to national or regional water-quality assessment.
1990
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: U.S. Geological Survey; Denver, CO: Books and Open-File Reports Section [distributor],; 1990.
iv, 49 p.: ill.; 28 cm. (U.S. Geological Survey circular; 1049). Includes bibliographical
references (p. 30-42).
KEYWORDS: Water quality bioassay; Toxicity testing
AUTHORS: Faisal, M. DATE: 1994
AFFIL: Virginia Institute of Marine Science, College of William and Mary
TITLE: Use of Fish and Oyster Cell Cultures in the Study of Toxic Effects of Chemical Pollution in the
Chesapeake Bay
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Jacobs, J.M. (ed). 1994. Chesapeake Bay Environmental Effects Studies: Toxics Research
Program 1993 Workshop Report NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office, Annapolis, MD. Held in
Solomons, MD., VSG-94-14; UM-SG-TS-94-03
ABSTRACT: The need for assesment of the toxicity of xenobioties released into the aquatic environment of the
Chesapeake Bay has stimulated the search for bioassays from which reliable information can be
obtained quickly. In the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in the use of in vitro cell
assays as alternatives to the classical 96hr-LC (sub) 50 determination using living fish. The aim of
this study is to examine me feasibility of using cultured cells of fish and oysters in a short term
assay to assess the cyto- and gentoxic effects of poynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH)
compounds and PAH polluted sediments.
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Water Qualm-
Ttoxicitv
AUTHORS: Gammeter, S.; Fnitiger, A.; Aalderink, R.H.; Ljiklema, L.; Ellis, DATE: 1990
S.B. (eds.). -
TITLE: Short-term toxicity of ammonia and low oxygen to bentbic macroinvertebrates of running waters
and conclusions for wet weather water pollution control measures.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Water science and technology. Oxford etc. 1990, vol. 22, no. 10-1 1, p. 291-296.
(MdBeCS)2413538
KEYWORDS: Toxicity tests. Ammonia. Overflow. Insect larvae. Pollution effects. Biocenoses. Runoff.
Toxicity. Macrofauna. Freshwater. Oxygen. Toxicity tolerance. Stormwater runoff. Baetis
fuscatus. Ecdyonurus dispar. Ephemerella ignita. Leuctra.
ABSTRACT: The short-term toxicity of ammonia and iow oxygen was determined for different species of
aquatic insects (mayflies and stoneflies). The experiments were carried out in laboratory channels.
Compared with fish species, the investigated macroinvertebrates were much less sensitive. Hence,
if ccotoxicoiogical criteria for the wet weather situation are developed for ammonia and oxygen,
the requirements of sensitive fish species should be considered first In Switzerland, exceedances
of the ammonia short- term threshold concentration caused by combined sewer overflow occur
mostly in (too) small receiving waters during summer thunderstorms.
AUTHORS: Giesy, J.P.; Hoke, RJ^. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: Michigan State Univ., East Lansing.
TITLE: Freshwater Sediment Toxicity Bioassessment: Rationale for Species Selection and Test Design.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: PA600J89429
KEYWORDS: Bacteria-; Bioassay-; Algae-; Mollusca-; Protozoa-; Daphnia-; Reprints-. 'Aquatic-biology;
•Sediments; 'Toxicfty.
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Hall, Jr., L.W.; Ziegenfuss, M.C.; Fischer, S A.; Anderson, R.D.; DATE: 1992
Killen, W.D.; Alden, III, R.W.; Deaver, E.; Gooch, J.W.; Shaw, N.
AFFIL: U of MD System, MD fast for Agr. and Nat Res., Agr. Experiment Station, Wye Research and
Education Center
TITLE: Year 2 Report: A Pilot Study for Ambient Toxicity Testing in Chesapeake Bay
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: 145pp., CBP/TRS 82/92
ABSTRACT: In 1990 we initiated a pilot study to broadly assess ambient toxicity of living resource habitats in
the Chesapeake Bay for the purpose of identifying defined regions where ambient toxicity levels
warrant further investigations. In 1991 toxic areas were identified by organismai tests (mainly
invertebrate) of the water column, and sediment and suborganismal toxicity tests conducted twice
at: Potomac River - Morgantown, Potomac River - Dahlgren, Patapsco River, and Wye River.
Inorganic and organic contaminants and water quality were evaluated. Biological effects were
found in the water column tests of all stations except Patapsco and in the ediment of most stations.
The same species was not always the most sensitive, demonstrating the importance of multispecies
tests. Comparison of biological effects data with contamination data demonstrated both good and
189
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Water Quality Indicators
Toziary
poor linkages. Data collected from Patapsco River indicate a strong link between biological
effects in sediment and potentially toxic levels of chromium, lead, and zinc. Biological effects
were also reported in sediment at Morgantown concurrently with potentially toxic levels of 4,4' -
DDT. The Dahlgren and Wye River stations showed biological effects without the detection of
potentially toxic contaminant conditions in sediment.
AUTHORS: Hall, K.J.; Anderson, B.C.
TITLE: Toxicity and Chemical Composition of Urban Stormwater Runoff.
DATE:
1988
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering C1CEB8, Vol. I5, No. 1, p 98-106,1988. 5 fig»3 tab,
39 ref.
ABSTRACT: The effects of land use on the chemical composition of urban stormwater runoff and its
subsequent acute toxicity to the aquatic invertebrate Daphnia pulex were examined in the Brunette
drainage basin of Burnaby, British Columbia. Both land use and interval between rainfall events
influenced the chemical composition and toxicity of the stormwater. The industrial and
commercial land use sites were the major source of those trace metals most often considered toxic
to aquatic invertebrates, with runoff from the commercial sites proving most frequently toxic to
the test organism. Toxicity followed the sequence commercial > industrial > residential > open
space. A detailed study of a single storm event indicated that while the 'first-flush' of the storm
contributed to toxicity - through the physical scouring of insoluble pollutants - some soluble
pollutants, which were washed out of the watershed later in the storm event, also proved to be
toxic. This finding has implications for the collection and treatment of stormwater runoff.
Laboratory bioassays with synthetic stormwater composed of the trace metals Cu, Fe, Pb, and Zn
at concentrations observed in field samples demonstrated that pH and suspended solids helped to
regulate the toxicity of trace metals, and implicated the importance of these factors in natural
stormwater toxicity.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
Hare. L. DATE:
Aquatic insects and trace metals: bioavailabilrty, bioaccumulation, and toxicity.
1992
Toxicity testing
Critical reviews in toxicology v. 22 (5/6): p. 327-369; 1992. Literature review.
Aquatic insects; Trace elements; Contaminants; Uptake; Bioavailabilrty; Toxicity; Binding
proteins; Temporal variation; Biological indicators; Fresh water, Aquatic environment; Literature
reviews
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Herricks, E.E.; Milne, L; Johnson, L DATE: N/A
AFFIL: Professor of Environmental Biology, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Illinois at
Urbanna-Champaign, 3215 NCEL, MC-250,205 N. Mathews, Urbana, IL 61801
TITLE: Time-Scale Toxic Effects in Aquatic Ecosystems
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
190
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Qualty Indicators
Toxicitv Testing
ABSTRACT: Although the general effects of stormwater on receiving systems are well described, the
relationship between loading/concentration changes during stormwater runoff events and time*
scale toxicity, which would support improved modeling and prediction of stormwater effects, is
poorly defined. In fact, there are few studies that clearly assess the effects of episodic change in
contaminant concentration on individuals, populations, or communities of organisms. To
effectively assess these time-scale effects, it is necessary to connect multiple factors, including
physical, chemical, and biological/ecological characteristics of receiving systems and their
watersheds conditions, which affect receiving system biota. The interactions between flow and
toxic contaminant concentration in storm water runoff events, and the measurement of toxic effect
is the focus of this paper.
AUTHORS: Hohreiter, D.W. DATE: 1980
AFFIL: Cornell, Univ., Ithaca, NY. Participant in the Summer 1977 Undergraduate Research Participant
Program, June 6-August 12, 1977, coordinated by the Argonne Center for Educational Affairs
TITLE: Toxicitics of Selected Substances to Freshwater Biota
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: May 1980; 70 pp., ANL/ES-94
ABSTRACT: The amount of data available concerning the toxicity of various substances to freshwater biota is
so large that it is difficult to use in a practical situation, such as environmental impact assessment
In this document, summary tables are presented showing acute and/or chronic toxicity of selected
substances for various groups of aquatic biota. Each entry is referenced to its original source so
that details concerning experimental conditions may be consulted. In addition, general information
concerning factors modifying toxicity, synergisms, evidence of bioaccumulation, and water
quality standards and criteria for the selected substances is given. The final table is a general
toxicity table designed to provide an easily accessible and general indication of toxicity of
selected substances in aquatic systems.
AUTHORS: Landis, W.G.; Hughes, J.S.; Lewis, M.A. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: ' Western Washington Univ; Malcolm Pirnie, Inc; Battelle Columbus Laboratories
TITLE: Environmental Toxicology Risk Assessment
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: ASTM Publication Code Number (PNC) 04-011790-16
ABSTRACT: The First Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk Assessment was held 14-16 April
1991 in Atlantic City, New Jersey. ASTM Committee E-47 on Biological Effects and
Environmental Fate sponsored the symposium. A major theme in mis volume is on ecological risk
assessment Biomarkers or physiological indicators of stress has been an enduring topic in the
field of environmental toxicology. Morphological and molecular methodologies are reviewed.
Because ASTM is a standards writing organization, amont the most important aspects of the
annual ASTM environmental toxicology meeting is the presentation and evaluation of new
methods. An entire secton is devoted to Marine Toxicity Test Methods.
AUTHORS: Laperriere, J.D.; Rea, C.L.
AFFIL: Alaska Coop. Fish. Res. Unit, Univ. Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99701, USA
TITLE: Calcium acetate as a road de-icer - what a BOD.
DATE:
1988
191
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Water Qualm Indicators
Toxicitv
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing; pollutant trends
SOURCE: 8. Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed Management 1988. p. 13, 1985784
KEYWORDS: Calcium-compounds; acetate-; water-quality; dissolved-oxygen; USA,-Alaska; DO-; Alaska-;
ponds-
ABSTRACT: Field experiments in Alaska have shown calcium magnesium acetate (CMA), a proposed
alternative road de-icer, reduced dissolved oxygen in test ponds to low concentrations for
extended time periods. CMA is a noncorrosive and promising alternative to the common chloride
salts. California laboratory bioassay studies had identified SO mg/L CMA as the highest
concentration that would not harm aquatic life. This study evaluated the effects of CMA on the
biota of small ponds. CMA was added directly to three ponds with three additional ponds
(matched on initial calcium concentration) acting as experimental controls. The test ponds were
dosed at about 22, 60, and 63 mg/L. Planktonic bacterial numbers increased significantly in
treated ponds compared to controls. Planktonic algae and cladocerans were also stimulated.
However, dissolved oxygen depletion in the two highest dosed ponds was sufficient to cause stress
to coldwater fishes.
AUTHORS: Marsh, J.M. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Biol. Dep., Univ. Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA.
TITLE: Assessment of nonpoint source pollution in stormwater runoff in Louisville,
(Jefferson County) Kentucky, USA.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing; pollutant constituent monitoring
SOURCE: Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. New York NY etc. ISSN 0090-4341
1993, vol. 25, no. 4, p. 446- 455., (MdBcCS)3553721
KEYWORDS: Nonpoint pollution. Stormwater runoff. Water sampling. Toxicity testing. Bioassays. Pimephales
promelas. USA, Kentucky, Louisville. Mortality. Freshwater pollution. Water analysis. Pollution
detection. Freshwater fish. Freshwater.
ABSTRACT: First flush (first 20 min) and composite (first 3 b) samples of stormwater runoff were collected
• during a 1-year period (1991-1992) from six sites in the Louisville, Kentucky (USA),
metropolitan area. Each collection was analyzed for organk and inorganic compounds, pesticides,
nutrients, dissolved solids, dissolved oxygen, turbidity, alkalinity, conductivity, hardness, pH,
and temperature. The toxicity of the water was determined by bioassay of fathead minnows
(Pimephales promelas Rafinesque). Mortality in the bioassay was most affected by low DO
concentrations in the runoff. High concentrations of chlorides, methoxychlor, and endrin were
measured at all die sites throughout the course of the study. Season and rainfall amount and
frequency were also important factors affecting mortality. Dilution of toxins and nutrients
occurred between the first flush runoff and the runoff at the end of storms, sometimes to below
U.S. Federal criteria.
AUTHORS: Mastereon, J.P.; Bannennan, R.T. DATE: 1994
AFFIL: Environmental Specialists, Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources, 101 S. Webster St,
Madison, WI53707
TITLE: Impacts of Stormwater Runoff on Urban Streams in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin
INDICATOR: Toxicology testing; Macro-invertebrate diversity
192
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Water Qua/in-
Testing
SOURCE: American Water Resources Association. 1994. National Symposium on Water Quality.
November, pp.-123-133.
KEYWORDS: Urban runoff; Impacts on Water Quality; Bioaccumulation; Biological Integrity; Heavy Metals;
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the water quality problems for several urban streams in
Milwaukee County, Wisconsin. Urban runoff is responsible for a large portion of the pollutant
load to each stream. Bottom sediment, fish and crayfish tissue, and water samples were collected
for chemical analysis. Semipermeabie polymeric membrane devices (SPMD's) were placed in situ
for studying the bioconcentration pomtiaJ of pollutants. Biological monitoring included benthic
macroinvertebrate and habitat analysis. Samples for chemical analysis were compared to end-of-
pipe water chemistry data from ten storm sewn, monitored by hte City of Milwaukee. Water,
sediment and fish and crayfish tissue analysis indicated elevatd levels of certian pollutants.
SPMD's supported the fact that many constituents have the potential to bioconcentrate in the tissue
of certain aquatic organisms. Macroinvertebrate biotic index values indicated poor water quality
overall. Low abundance and diversity of invertebrates can also be attributed to poor habitat found
in the targeted watersheds. The survey showed that most of the urban streams were highly
degraded.
AUTHORS: Morrison,G.M.; Wei,C; Engdahl, M. DATE:. 1993
TITLE: Variations of Environmental Parameters and Ecological Response in an Urban River.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Water Science and Technology WSTED4, Vol. 27, No. 12, p 191-194,1993. 1 fig, 11 ref.
ABSTRACT: Water and sediment-quality deterioration in an urban river was assessed during and after
stormwater runoff and sewer overflow. Stormwater runoff had a noticeable effect on continuous
measurements of water quality in the urban river; oxygen sag and increased conductivity was a
typical response. Sediment toxicity as assessed by the Microtox test was found at sites directly
exposed to urban runoff, white concentrations of copper and lead exceeded sediment quality
criteria. The enzyme activity (dehydrogenase) of the sediment-dwelling bacteria was found to be
more sensitive with inhibition downstream and upstream of urban discharge. Enzyme inhibition
provided a more sensitive test than Microtox for sediment toxicity.
AUTHORS: Mulliss, R.; Ellis, J.B:; Revra, D.M.; Shutes, R.B.E. DATE: 1994
TITLE: An evaluation of the toxic influences on Asellus aquaticus (L) in an urban stream environment
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Marsalek, J.C.;Torar, H.C. (eds.) URBAN STORM DRAINAGE ISBN 0080424988 1994, p.
199*207. Water, science and technology. Oxford etc. ISSN 0273- 1223(5.1.], [s.n.], [19-] vol. 29,
no. 1-2., (MdBeCS)3S80600
KEYWORDS: Water pollution effects. Toxins. Trace metals. Combined sewer overflows. Storm water.
Bioindicators. Urban drainage. Statistical analysis. Principal component analysis. Benthic fauna.
Bioaccumulation. Streams. Invertebrata. Urban areas.
ABSTRACT: Individually caged asellids placed in urban receiving waters were subjected to discharges from
stormwater and combined sewer overflow outfalls. In each field trial the volume of precipitation
and the number of dry days were recorded on a weekly basis and the metal (copper, zinc,
193
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Water Qyaiin
Toxicitv Tf
cadmium, lead) body concentrations of caged organisms were measured. Using Principal
Component Analysis (PCA), combinations of the measured parameters which explained much of
the variation in organism mortality or changes in the weight of caged asellids were isolated. Three
different sets of variable combinations were identified, two of which explained significant
independent sources of variation responsible for changes in organism weight and one which
explained a significant source of the variation in asellid mortality. Organism mortality and weight
change were selected as dependent variables and regressed against the principal components of
the independent variable predictors to produce empirical first order regression equations. Changes
in the weight of caged organisms were found to result from the joint interaction of a number of
identified variables. Copper was identified as being the most important metal toxicant with respect
to mortality. Meteorological variables were found to have a greater influence on organism
mortality than upon changes in organism weight
AUTHORS: Munawar, M.; Severn, S.T.; Mayfield,-C.I. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: Fish, and Oceans Canada, Canada Cent. Inland Waters, P.O. Box 5050, Burlington, Ont. L7R
4A6, Canada
TITLE: Application of a microcomputer-based algal fluorescence technique for assessing toxicity: Lake
St. Clair and St. Clair River examples.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Munawar, M.; Edsall, T. (eds). 1991. Environmental Assessment and Habitat Evaluation in the
Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels. (Hydrobiologia). vol. 219 pp. 317-324.
KEYWORDS: Computers-; toxicity-tests; bioassays-; analytical-techniques; aquatic-organisms; algae-;
computer-applications; toxicity-; computer-aided-analysis; microcomputers-; North-America,-St.-
Clair-R.; North-America,-St.-Clair-L.
ABSTRACT: The use of a multi-trophic assay strategy is now being encouraged in toxicologicai investigations
which provides for rapid and sensitive tests. Such a strategy, a microcomputer-based algal
fluorescence technique, was applied for the bioassessment of Lake St Clair and St Clair River
(North America) ecosystems. The technique was found to be rapid, sensitive, and relatively
inexpensive. In addition, it permitted microscopic examination of the impact of contaminants on
individual cells/organisms, a feature which is not possible by other tests using radioisotopes and
enzymes. The algal fluorescence technique appears to have a considerable potential for; fast
screening of large numbers of environmental samples.
AUTHORS: Nalewajko,C. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: Performer: Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto.
TITLE: Bioassessment of contaminated sediments with special reference to impact on the microorganisms
of the receiving water Final report
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing; Sediment contamination
SOURCE: ISBN077294363X
KEYWORDS: 'Sediments; •Water-pollution.
ABSTRACT: Bioassays at the primary producer level can detect subtle changes in the normal functioning of
aquatic systems in response to contaminant load. This project developed simple but sensitive
bioassays for the effect of the sediment on phosphorus availability to the open water
microorganisms (phytoplankton plus bacteria); bacterial growth rates as assessed by DNA
synthesis; and phytoplankton growth rates as assessed by the Pmax (light-saturated
194
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Water Quality
Testmf
photosynthesis) to chlorophyll A ratio (assimilation number). Sediment was collected from a site
in Toronto Harbour which is known to be heavily contaminated with a range of metals and
organic toxins. Lakewatcr samples for the phytoplankton bioassay were collected about 2 km
offshore, from a station southwest of Toronto Islands. Sampling was carried out on June 8 and
November 6-7, 1986 and July 28, 1987. Samples were analyzed for chlorophyll, phosphorus,
extractable phosphate, total phosphorus, trace metals, and PCBs.
AUTHORS: National Research Council Canada DATE;
TITLE: Biochemical indicators in the assessment of aquatic ecosystem health their development and
validation
1985
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing •
SOURCE: National Research Council Canada, Associate Committee on Scientific Criteria for Environmental
Quality, Environmental Secretariat, No. NRCC - 24371.
KEYWORDS: Water quality bioassay; Aquatic organisms; Effect of water pollution on; Pesticides;
Environmental aspects; Biotic communities
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: Pagenkoph, G.K. DATE: 1983
AFFIL: Department of Chemistry, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana 597! 7
TITLE: Gill Surface Interaction Mode! for Trace-Metal Toxicity to Fishes; Role of Complexation, pH, and
Water Hardness
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Environ. Sci. Technol. 1983. vol. 17, no. 6, pp. 342-347.
ABSTRACT: A model has been developed to account for the variability in trace-metal toxicity to fishes at
different values of alkalinity, hardness, and pH. The model utilizes trace-metal speciation, gill
surface interaction, and competitive inhibition to predict effective toxicant concentration (ETC).
Copper, cadmium, lead, and zinc bioassay data have been utilized.
AUTHORS: Peterson, S.A.; Miller, W.E.; Greene^.C; Callahan, C.A. DATE: 1985
AFFIL: Performer Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR.
TITLE: Use of Bioassays to Determine Potential Toxicity Effects of Environmental Pollutants.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: EPA600D85264
KEYWORDS: Sampling-.*Bioassay-; 'Toxicology-.
ABSTRACT: Nonpoint source (NPS) runoff from mining, landfills, roads, croplands, grazing lands, and forests
can contain chemicals harmful to aquatic organisms. Full scale biological surveys to determine
their effects are difficult and costly. Bioassays of environmental samples integrate the effects of
all toxicants contained in a sample. Biological organisms are being used more frequently to
identify toxicant problems and to rank-order their severity. The Corvallis Environmental Research
Lab has developed a multi-media bioassessment protocol to assist in the identification of toxicity
potentials associated with waste disposal. Similar techniques can be used to identify NPS
195
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Water Ovaiitv Indicators
Toxicit\'
pollutants. The bioassay response indicators are particularly useful in identification of field-site
problems where complex mixtures of pollutants might be present. Use of the bioassessment
protocol reduces the initial need for extensive chemical analyses, and produces data in a form
more readily understood by the public than bulk chemical concentrations.
AUTHORS: PicketU.R. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Performer South Carolina State Dept. of Health and Environmental Control, Columbia.
TITLE: Sources and Accumulation of Trace Metals in Sediments and the Asiatic Clam, 'Corbicula
fluminea1 in Two South Carolina Watersheds. Final rept
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: USGSGI735
KEYWORDS: Clams-; South-Carolina; Trace-amounts; Bioindicators-; Biological-effects; Nonpoint-sources;
Santee-Cooper-River-Basin; Water-quality; Physicochemical-properties; Concentration-
Composition; Aquatic-animals.'Pollution-sources; *Bioaccumulation
ABSTRACT: A survey of trace element concentrations in the benthic bivalve, Corbicula fluminea, was
conducted on the Santee-Cooper River Basin, S.C. from 1989-1991 as part of a nonpoint source
water quality assessment. Trace metal concentrations in clam tissues were examined in relation to
temporal and spatial variations in river water and sediment It was found that C. 'fluminea was a
suitable bio-indicator for monitoring trace metal inputs within the basin. Solute concentrations of
Cd, Cu and Zn underwent appreciable accumulation as demonstrated by strong solute vs. tissue
correlations and high bioconcentration factors. Conversely, the bioavailability of trace elements to
C. fluminea was not necessarily related to sediment concentrations, as correlations were not
observed between trace elements in sediment and clam tissue. The differences in the
bioavailability of metals observed between the watersheds was likely a function of
physicochemical factors affecting the partitioning of metals between the water and sediment
compartments.
AUTHORS: Rhett, G.; Aderat, D.M.; Roza, P.; Henzen, R. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: Performer Hoofdgroep Maatschappelijke Technologic TNO, Delft (Netherlands).
TITLE: Application and Interpretation of Bioassay and Biomonitoring. Final rept 30 May-30 Sep 89.
INDICATOR: Toxkity testing
SOURCE: TNOR89339, RD5906EN01F
KEYWORDS: Bioassay-; Biological-absorption; Chlorides-; Soils-; Test-methods;*Aitificial-soils;
•Contamination; 'Dredged-materials; 'Toxicity.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of this final report is to supplement earlier toxicity tests exposing Eisenia foetida to
Aroclor 1254 PCB. The data provided in this report are from three related studies: relationship of
PCB exposure to reproductive success, rate of PCB bioaccumulation by Eisenia in artificial soil
and rate of PCB bioaccumulation by Eisenia placed in naturaliy-occuring PCB contaminated soils.
Conclusions reached from the results of these experiments will be used to enhance the predictive
capabilities of bioassay and field bioassessment procedures that are currently being applied, to
dredged material and contaminated soils. Keywords: Porybiphenyl chloride; Biological
absorption; Netherlands; Reports.
196
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iQ Indicators
Toxiciry Testing
AUTHORS: Russell, R.W.; Gobas, DATE: 1989
TITLE: Calibration of the freshwater mussel. Elliptic complanata, for quantitative biomonitoring of hexac
hlorobenzene and octachlorostyrene in aquatic systems
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Bulletin of environmentaJ contamination and toxicology v. 43 (4): p. 576-582; 1989 Oct.
KEYWORDS: Mollusca; Hexachlorobenzene; Quantitative analysis; Uptake; Excretion; Concentrations
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
AUTHORS: S.R. Hansen & Associates DATE: 1994
AFFTL: 4085 Nelson Avenue, Suite I, Concord, CA 94520
TITLE: Identification and Control of Toxicity in Storm Water Discharges to Urban Areas: Final Report
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
ABSTRACT: The study consisted of five elements. First, two drainages were selected as study sites. Second, an
evaluation was made as to whether toxicity in stormwater could be tracted using grab sample
rather than the composite samples. Third, an evaluation was made as to whether currently
available toxicity identification evaluation (TIE) procedures could be successfully applied to
stormwater samples and whether any major modification were necessary. Fourth, if toxicants were
identified, and attempt would be made to identify control measures. Fifth, since pesticides were
identified as toxic agents in the study, an evaluation was made of the effectiveness of using rapid
analysis methods from their quantification in stormwater samples.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Sayre, P.G.; Spoon, D.M.; Loveland, D.G. DATE:
Use of Heliophrya sp., a Sessile Suctorian Protozoan, as a Biomonitor of Urban Runoff.
1986
Toxicity testing
IN: Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate: Ninth Volume. A Symposium Sponsored by
ASTM Committee E-47 on Biological Effects and Environmental Fate, Philadelphia, PA, April
14-16,1985. ASTM Special Technical Publication 921, 1986. p 135-153,5 ft
Heliophrya sp. readily attaches to artificial substrates, is convenient for manipulation in the lab or
field, and survives on a monthly feeding of ciliates. Plastic petri dishes with 20 Heliophrya in
replicates were placed at three stations along a tributary (Hickey Run) of the Anacostia River that
received chronic oil pollution. One station in a tributary of Hickey Run with minimal pollution
was considered the control. Oil concentrations in field and laboratory water samples were
determined using gas chromatognphy and gas chromatography/mass spectronetry. The dominant
aromatic hydrocarbons were ethyl and methyl benzenes, ethyl and methyl napthalenes, indents,
biphenyls, and phenanthrenes. The dominant n-alkanes fell in the C7 to C22 range. In a 48-b field
study, death of Heliophrya at the polluted stations in Hickey Run was not significantly greater
than at the control station in the tributary. Daphnia pulex was eliminated at all three polluted
stations, but had a mean survival of 80% (s - 14.1) at the control station. A 48-h lab study using
dilutions from the most polluted station produced « similar mortality response for Heliophrya. In
the 48-h lab study, the Daphnia LC sub 50 was 786 ppb of total hydrocarbons. Following
anhydrobiosis, Heliophrya were more susceptible to hydrocarbons, suggesting two levels of
sensitivity for the same organism. Heliophrya exposed for seven days in the field had estimated
LC sub 50s of 1.0 ppm for aromatic and 28.9 ppm for total hydrocarbon concentrations.
197
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Water Qualm
Toxicirv
Heliophrya provides a companion biomonitor for Daphnia in field and laboratory studies, with
Daphnia the-acute time span biomonitor and Heiiophrya the biomonitor for chronic studies. The
ability of Heliophrya to permanently attach to a substratum, starve for up to a month, and resist
physical damage supports its use as a companion biomonitor to the more sensitive Daphnia. (See
also W89-01892)
AUTHORS: Schimmel, S.C.; Melzian, B.D.; Campbell, D.; Strobel, C.J.; Benyi, DATE: 1994
S.J.
AFFIL: Performer Science Applications International Corp., Narragansett, Rl.
TITLE: Statistical Summary: EMAP-Estuaries. Virginian Province, 1991.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing; sediment contamination
SOURCE: EPA620A94005..ERLN1455
KEYWORDS: Chesapeake-Bay; Cape-Cod; Btoindicators-; Toxicity-; Environmental-effects; Risk-assessment;
Bioaccumulation-; Benthos-; Regional-analysis; Sediments-; Dissolved-oxygen.*Estuaries-;
•Water-polhition-effects.
ABSTRACT: Annual monitoring of indicators of the ecological condition of bays and estuaries within the
Virginian Province (Cape Code, MA to Cape Henry, VA) was conducted by the U.S. EPA's
Environmental Monitoring and Assessment Program (EMAP) during July, August, and
September, 1991. Data were collected at 154 stations within the Province. Indicators monitored
included water quality (temperature, salinity, water clarity, and dissolved oxygen concentration),
sediment contamination, sediment toxicity, benthic community structure, fish community
structure, fish gross external pathology, and fish tissue contamination. Data are used to estimate
the current status of the ecological condition of Virginian Province estuarine resources, and
provide a baseline for identifying future trends. Cumulative distribution functions (CDFs) and bar
charts are utilized to graphically display data. Estimates, with 95% confidence intervals, are
provided of the anal extent of degraded resources within the Province for those indicators where
'degradation' can be defined. Data are also presented by estuarine class: Large estuaries, small
estuarine systems, and large tidal rivers. Included, as an appendix, are sub-population estimates
for Chesapeake Bay and Long Island Sound.
AUTHORS: Simon, T.P.; Davis, W.S. DATE: 1992
TITLE: Proceedings of the Midwest Pollution Control Biologists Meeting, 1991. Environmental
indicators: M easurement and Assessment Endpoints. Held in Lincolnwood, Illinois on
March 19-22,1991
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: 1992 121 pp., EPA/905/R-92/003 (EPA905R92003)
KEYWORDS: Runoff-; pollution-control; conferences-; freshwater-pollution; USA,-Midwest; pollution-
indicators; indicator-species; toxicity-tests
ABSTRACT: The report consists of 10 papers representing a portion of the 1991 presentations delivered at the
Midwest Pollution Control Biologists Meeting, Lincomwood, Illinois, March 19-22, 1991. Papers
include technical research findings concerning biocriteria, noopomt sources, comparisons of
methods, and behavioral toxicity observations.
198
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Water Quaiin Indicators.
Toxicitv Testing
AUTHORS: Spehar, R.L.; Carlson, A.R. DATE: 1984
AFFIL: Performer: Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN.
TITLE: Derivation of Site-Specific Water Quality Criteria for Cadmium and the St Louis River Basin,
Duluth, Minnesota,
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: EPA600384029
KEYWORDS: •Cadmium-; 'Toxicity-; "Aquatic-animals; 'Water-pollution; 'Saint-Louis-River, Larvae-;
Fresh-water-fishes; Exposure-; Tests-; Indicator-species; Trout-; Minnows-; Turbidity-; Color-;
Temperature-; Nitrogen-; Phosphorus-; Metals-; Tables-Data
ABSTRACT: Several freshwater aquatic species were exposed to cadmium in site and laboratory water to
evaluate an 'organism testing' protocol proposed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for
deriving site-specific, water quality criteria. The procedures of recalculation, indicator species,
and resident species were used in this protocol to modify the national maximum and 30-day
average cadmium criteria. The site-specific, maximum concentration derived from the
recalculation procedure was slightly lower than the national criterion value. The maximum
concentration derived from the indicator species procedures was 7.0 micrograms/1 and was
calculated by using a water effect ratio from tests conducted in both site and laboratory water.
Acute tests with several species demonstrated that cadmium was less toxic in site water than in
laboratory water. Acute tests conducted monthly in site water showed that cadmium toxicity
varied by more than a factor of three over die year.
AUTHORS: Suns, K.R.; Hitchin, G.G. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Watershed Management Section, Water Resources Branch, Ontario Ministry Environment,
Box 213, Rexdale, Ontario M9W 5LI
TITLE: Species-specific differences in organochlorine accumulation in young-of-the-year spottail shiners,
emerald shiners, and yellow perch.
INDICATOR: Toxicity testing
SOURCE: Journal of Great Lakes Research. 1992. 18(2): 280-285.
KEYWORDS: Notropis hudsonius; Notropis atherinoides; Perca flavescens; hextchlorobenzene; polychlorinated
biphcnyls; DDT; octachlorostyrene; Ontario; Canada; New York; Michigan; USA
ABSTRACT: To assess the feasibility of using alternate species as bionumhon, total PCB, DDT,
hexachlorobenzene (HCB), and octachlorostyrene (OCS) concentrations in young-of-the-year
spottail shiners (Notropis hudsonius) were compared with concentrations in emerald shiners
(Notropis atherinoides) and yellow perh (Perca flavescens). Contaminant concentrations in spottail
and emerald shiners were compared at six different collection sites in Ontario (Canada), New
York, and Michigan waters. Total DDT concentrations in spottail shiners were significantly
different (p h O.OS) from those of emerald shiners at two of the six sites compared. PCBs were
significantly different (p It 0.05) at three of six sites, octachlorostyrene at two of six sites, and
hexachlorobenzene at four of six sites. Fish size and lipid contents were not significantly (p gt
O.OS) correlated with contaminant concentrations. Contaminant concentrations were also different
at various collection sites when comparing spottail shiner and yellow perch samples. Significantly
different (p It 0.05) concentrations between spottail shiners and perch wen found at one out of
three sizes for PCBs and one out of three for DDT. HCB and OCS concentrations were similar (p
gt 0.05) in the three samples compared.
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NONPOINT SOURCE LOADING
AUTHORS: Ahmed, R.; Schiller, R.W. DATE: 1981
TITLE: A Methodology for Estimating the Loads and Impacts of Nonpoint Sources on Lake and Stream
Water Quality
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: In: Nonpoint Pollution Control — Tools and Techniques for the Future, Proceedings of a Technical
Symposium, p 154-162,1981. 1 Fig, 3 Tab, 19 Ref.
ABSTRACT: A model for computing loading estimates from nonpoint sources in a watershed (CLENS) was
used to quantify the phosphorus in 16 lakes in Connecticut and Massachusetts as part of die
development of preliminary management plans. The model is simple and can be used to develop
quantitative estimates of nonpoint sources of pollution and their impact on water bodies. It can
also be used to develop cost-effective management planning. CLENS is not computer-based
although it is amenable to the use of computers. CLENS considers the following nonpoint
sources: washoff from urban areas, erosion from other areas, washofF from barnyards and
feedlots, leachate from landfills, washoff from roads, leachate from septic systems, and wet and
dry fallout. CLENS was recently applied to Lake Waramaug, the second largest lake in
Connecticut. Data from this application are given. CLENS has several advantages over a sampling
program, it provides long-term estimates and it locates the specific sources and details the primary
causes of the pollution.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Akan, A.O.
Derived Frequency Distribution for Storm Runoff Pollution.
DATE:
1988
Nonpoint source loading
Journal of Environmental Engineering JOEDDU, Vol. i 14, No. 6, p 1344-1351, December 1988.
3 fig, 6 ref.
An analytically derived frequency distribution is reported to determine the probability of
occurrence of solids washoff in different amounts from impervious urban areas. Also an
expression is derived for the expectation of annual solids washoff. The resulting expressions
contain several basin parameters related to land-use practices. These parameters can be obtained
from local data on storm runoff quality associated with only a few storms. Detailed historical
rainfall data is needed since the joint probability density function of rainfall depth and time period
between two storms should be known to apply the proposed approach. The use of the derived
frequency is illustrated by a sample application. (Author's abstract)
AUTHORS:- Ayers, M.A.; Brown, R.G.; Oberts, G.L. DATE: 1985
TITLE: Runoff and Chemical Loading in Small Watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area,
Minnesota.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Available from: OFSS, USGS Box 25425 Lakewood, CO 80225. USGS Water-Resources
Investigations Report 85-4122, 1985. 35 p, 1 fig, 6 tab, 15 ref.
ABSTRACT: Flow, rainfall, and water-quality data were collected during 1980 for 15 to 30 rainfall and
snowmelt events on 6 rural and 11 urban watersheds in the Twin Cities Metropolitan Area. Event
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QualiK Indicators
Source
or daily flow and load models (for seven constituent,) were developed and used with runoff and
rainfall data-for 1963-80 to compute 2-year frequency annual and seasonal flows and loads for
each watershed. In models of storm-sewered watersheds, total storm rainfall proved to be the most
significant factor controlling runoff and loads. Depending on the watershed type, antecedent soil-
moisture indices and rainfall intensity also were important factors in estimating runoff. Annual
runoff from storm-sewered watersheds averaged about 27 percent of annual precipitation, ranging
from 13 to 57 percent Runoff in urban main-stem streams ranged from 13 to 20 percent and was
related to the percent of urbanization in the watershed. Annual runoff in rural watersheds ranged
from 6 to 20 percent of annual'precipitation. Runoff responses were highest in the snowmelt
season for all watersheds and declined through the rest of the year. Rural watersheds showed a
considerable decrease in runoff response during late summer and fall. Urban-watershed response
from season to season was more consistent than rural watersheds because of the impervious area
and storm sewers in urban watersheds.
AUTHORS: Beak Consultants Ltd., Toronto (Ontario) DATE: 1991
TITLE: Strategy for improvement of Don River water quality: Supporting document no. 1: Quantitative
methodology for estimating response of Don River water quality control.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: c!991.95p.; MIC9200131XSP, ISBN0772979030
KEYWORDS: * Water-quality.
ABSTRACT: As part of the strategy for improvement of Don River water quality study, a quantitative
methodology was developed to estimate the effectiveness of control options. A variety of control
options are evaluated and their impact upon water quality considered. This supporting document
presents the methods used, and the response of water quality at four locations. A spreadsheet
analysis was used to establish instream concentrations for suspended solids, total phosphorus,
ammonia, copper, lead, and fecal coliforms at the Upper Don, the Middle Don (meeting of East
and West Don), the Lower Don (at Lakeshore Road), and at the mouth of Massey Creek, and
estimate the effectiveness of various mitigative options in reducing concentrations and loadings of
. the above parameters. A loading-dilution model was used to evaluate the effectiveness of
remediation. The methodology was used to evaluate seasonal conditions as well as for dry weather
and specific-sized rainfall events.
AUTHORS: Brabets,T.P. DATE: 1987
TITLE: Quantity and Quality of Urban Runoff from the Chester Creek Basin, Anchorage, Alaska.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, U SGS, Box 2S425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 86-4312,1987.58p, 35 fig, 38 tab, 13 ref.
ABSTRACT: Urbanization has affected both the flow characteristics and water quality of streams in the Chester
Creek basin, of Anchorage, Alaska. Peak flows are higher in the urban rather than rural parts of
the basin, and the percent of effective impervious area has a significant effect on storm runoff
volumes and peaks. Water quality in the Chester Creek basin varies according to season and flow
conditions. During low or base-flow conditions, concentrations of most water quality constituents
measured an within State of Alaska drinking water standards, except for fecal conform bacteria.
During periods of high flow due to snowmelt or rainfall, concentrations of trace metal lead
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ll'<2t*r Quality Indicators
Sonpoim Source Loadiny
usually exceed recommended maximum levels. The primary sources of trace metal lead and
suspended sediments are commercial areas, while the primary source of nutrients and fecal
coliform bacteria is residential areas. Streamflow and water quality data collected at five sites
representing different land-use categories were used to calibrate and verify three U.S. Geological
Survey computer-based models: the Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model-Version II
(DRJM-II), the Multi-Event Urban Runoff Quality Model (DR3M-QUAL), and the Precipitation
Runoff Modeling Systems (PRMS). The PRMS can be used to simulate the effects of increased
urbanization on daily flows. The DRJM-II can be used to simulate storm effects on small basins
of < 40 acres. The DR3M-QUAL can be used to estimate seasonal loads of suspended sediment
from basins of < 40 acres.
AUTHORS: Chang, G.C.; Parrish, J.H.; Soeur, C.
TITLE: Modeling Studies for the City of Austin Stormwater Monitoring Programs
DATE:
1988
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading (simulation model)
SOURCE: IN: Proceedings of Stormwater and Water Quality Model Users Group Meeting. October 3-4,
1988, Denver, CO. EPA Report No. EPA/600/9-89/001, January 1989. p 52-61, 7 tab, 13 ref.
ABSTRACT: Statistical modeling studies are presented for the City of Austin's two Stormwater quality
monitoring programs. One program monitors creeks of various large multiple-land use urban
watersheds. The other program monitors flow and water quality of small single-land use urban
watersheds and control structures. The Stormwater quality and rainfall runoff data generally
follow log-normal probability distributions. Based on the assumptions of normality or log-
transformed normality, the data were analyzed using SAS computer programs. Regression
equations relating runoff and rainfall variables were successfully developed for each watershed.
Total and incremental pollutant loads for storms were regressed on runoff variables and
antecedent rainfall conditions. Validation of the regression equation was dependent on statistical
tests and specific precision standards. The amount of impervious cover in a watershed was chosen
to represent the degree of urbanization for the watershed; the pollutant load per storm was found
to linearly increase with the increase of watershed impervious cover. The pollutant concentration
depended on various factors, many of which also relate to the amount of impervious cover. For
the large watersheds, the concentration of many of those parameters was found to increase with.
impervious cover. For small urban watersheds these relationships do not exist; the concentration
was dependent on die land use and maintenance. Results from two filtration basins and one wet
pond support die City of Austin's watershed ordinance which specifies impervious cover
limitations, and requires sedimentation and/or filtration basins for controlling Stormwater quality
for developing areas. (See also W91-01188) (Lantz-PTT)
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
.INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
Chesapeake Bay Program DATE:
Chesapeake Bay Basin Toxics Loading and Release Inventory: Basinwide Toxics Reduction
Strategy Com mitment Report
1994
Nonpoint source loading
CBP/TRS102/94
Inventories-; Environmental-impacts; Toxic-substances; Discharge-; Point-sources; Nonpoint-
sources; Industrial-wastes; Municipalities-; Government-policies; Facilities-; Storm-water-runoff;
Urban-areas; Atmospheric-deposition; Surface-waters
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Water Quality !ndicat,~r<;
Nonpoint.
ABSTRACT:
The Chesapeake Bay Basin Toxic Loading and Release Inventory was developed in response to
the 1988 Basinwide Toxics Reduction Strategy commitment to establish a baseline on point and
nonpoint source loadings of toxic substances to the Bay basin. The inventory is divided into three
broad but distinct categories: loadings, fall line loadings, and releases. The Loadings category
includes point sources (industrial; municipal, and federal), urban stormwater, atmospheric
deposition, and shipping. The category represents actual discharges to tidal and non-tidal surface
waters.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Decker, T.J.; Siewert, H.F.; Oodish, T.G. DATE:
Assessment of Water Quality on Little and Big Duck Creeks Near Elwood, Indiana.
1988
Nonpoint source loading
Proceedings of the Indiana Academy of Science PIACAP, Vol. 97, p 333-338, 1988. 1 fig, 2 tab, 6
ref.
Water quality on Little and Big Duck Creeks was examined in 1978-1979 to determine the effects
of discharges and surface runoff from Elwood, Indiana. A decrease in dissolved oxygen and an
increase in biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were observed in the downstream station, relative
to the upstream area. Agricultural and urban runoff, together with untreated sewage, significantly
increased the level of suspended solids within the inner city region. Relatively high ammonia
concentrations were observed in the both the upstream and downstream regions of the creeks.
Total coliform bacteria increased in the region of a sewer bypass in the center of town. Below
Elwood die concentration of bacteria decreased due to dilution with disinfected effluents from a
sewage treatment plant Except for noticeable increases in BOD and ammonia, the Elwood sewage
treatment plant effluent together with water front Little Duck Creek appeared to improve the
condition of Big Duck Creek as it left the city to join the White River. Results of the study
indicate a significant improvement in water quality of Big Duck Creek since 1937, including
significant decreases in BOD, suspended solids, and total coliform bacteria and increases in
dissolved oxygen. However, degradation of creek water quality within the city due to untreated
wastewater discharges was observed.
AUTHORS: Delleur, J.W.; Bell, J.M.; Blumberg, M.S.; Houck, M.H , Lemmer, H.R. DATE: 1984
AFFIL: Performer Purdue Univ., Lafayette, IN. Water Resources Research Center.
TITLE: Problem Oriented Evaluation of Institutional Decision Making and Improvement of Models Used
in Regional Urban Runoff Management Application to Indiana.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: PWRRCTR164, OWRTC00090U5
KEYWORDS: 'Runoff-; 'Water-quality-management; *Urban-areas; Mathematical-models; Droughts-;
Monitoring-; Rainfall-; Estimating-; Data-storage; Indiana-.*Runoff-; * Water-quality-
management; 'Urban-areas.
ABSTRACT: The principal objective of the research is to evaluate, in a multidisciplinary framework, problems
of regional runoff management, with special attention to Indiana. One focus of the research is on
institutional issues affecting management It was found that although 208 planning was never a
smooth process in the two study regions, it may in fact have laid the foundation for future water
quality management programs within the regions. The other focus of the research is on models
that may be used to improve runoff management To support this work, a small watershed in West
Lafayette, Indiana, was monitored with an automated data collection, data processing, and data
204
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W-iter Quaiir.- Indtc.
\orjDomi
Loading
storage system. An investigation of the effects of hydrologic conditions on the quality of urban
runoff from this water-shed concluded that: the watershed generally exhibits a first flush in
concentration for all pollutants monitored; and there is no apparent relationship between the
quantity of previous rainfall or the length of the antecedent dry period or the time elapsed since
street sweeping and the quality of stormwater runoff.
AUTHORS: Delleur, J.W.; Gyasi-Agyei, Y.
TITLE: Prediction of suspended solids in urban sewers by transfer function model.
DATE:
1994
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Marsalek, J.C.; Tomo, H.C. (eds.) URBAN STORM DRAINAGE. ISBN 0080424988 1994, p.
171-179. Water science and technology. Oxford etc. ISSN 0273- 1223[S.i.], [s.n.J, [19-] vol. 29,
no. I-2., (MdBeCS)3580563
KEYWORDS: Sedimentation. Sediment transport. Storm sewers. Suspended paniculate matter. Urban runoff.
Water pollution. Flow rates. Water temperature. Mathematical models. Belgium, Brussels.
Telemetry. Sewers. Suspended paniculate matter. Stormwater
ABSTRACT: There is increasing concern about the sediments transported in urban storm sewers. Progress has
been made on the measurement of suspended solids, and telemetry systems have been installed
that permit remote access to flow, temperature and suspended solids concentration data. Using
observations obtained in the main trunk sewer in Brussels, Belgium, a transfer function model for
the prediction of suspended load concentration from temperature and discharge measurements
was developed. This model is based on the transfer function methodology developed by Box and
Jenkins. It is shown that the transfer function model correctly tracks the suspended solids
observations and makes reasonable forecasts. It provides a valid alternative for the determination
of suspended solids in urban sewers from discharge and water temperature observations which are
more easily measurable on line than suspended solids.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Dendrou, S.A.
Overview of Urban Stormwater Models.
DATE:
1982
Nonpoint source loading
FN: Urban Stormwater Hydrology, American Geophysical Union, Washington, DC. Water
Resources Monograph 1, 1982. p 219-247, 8 fig, 45 ref.
It is useful to classify storm drainage problems and models into three levels of analysis; namely,
the planning level, the analysis/design level, and the operations/control level. Prominent among
the planning models is the STORM model developed forme U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers. It is
intended to aid in the selection of storage and treatment facilities to control the quantity of
stormwater runoff and land surface erosion. The new version of STORM called SEMSTORM
which can be used for separate storm drain areas, combined sewer areas, and nonurban or
unsewered areas is described. The Illinois Urban Drainage Area Simulator tfLLUDAS) is a design
and analysis model capable of routing runoff flows through a sewer network. The EPA storm
water management model (SWWM) is capable of simulating the effect of internal and external
storage and treatment devices and the quality of the receiving waters. As a design and analysis
model, SWMM can simulate diffusion, dispersion, and decay of various pollutant constituents in
the network of collectors. Other design and analysis models are RUNQUAL, MITCAT and me
USGS computer models for urban flood routing. The Urban Wastewater Management Model
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Qw.r, figtc3! i
\onpotnf {Source Lnadinc
developed by Battelle Memorial Institute is discussed as an example of an operation and control
model. Other models are available form the U. S. Army, Corps of Engineers and the Soil
Conservation Service. The Hydrological Simulation Program (HSPF) is a complete water balance
model that performs deterministic simulations of a variety of aquatic processes which occur on or
under land surfaces, channels, and reservoirs. Hydraulically based models such as the CAREDAS
and the HVM-QQS models developed by DORSCH CONSULT are discussed. Input data for
large-scale hydrotogic simulation models can be grouped into the following categories:
physiographic characteristics, and specifications of the man-made drainage system itself. Model
calibration, validation, and verification methods are discussed. (See also W87-09096)
AUTHORS: Dinicola, R.S. . DATE: 1990
TITLE: Characterization and Simulation of Rainfall-Runoff Relations for Headwater Basins in Western
King and Snohomish Counties, Washington State
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: 1990.52pp.
ABSTRACT: The characteristic of rainfall-runoff relations were hypothesized for the study area as a whole by
using existing information. In undisturbed areas, shallow-subsurface flow from hillslopes mantled
with glacial till, ground-water flow from glacial outwash deposits, and saturation overland flow
from depressions, stream bottoms, and nil-capped hilltops are the important runoff mechanisms.
In disturbed, primarily urban areas, Horton overland flow, which is runoff generated from rain
falling at a greater rate than the infiltration rate of the soil, is a significant mechanism, along with
the overland flow from impervious surfaces. These hypothesized characteristics were
incorporated into the Hydrologic Simulation Program-FORTRAN (HSPF) simulation model, and
the model was calibrated concurrently at 21 stream-gage sites in the study area with hydrologic
data from the 1985-86 water years. The calibration resulted in 12 sets of generalized HSPF
parameters, one set for each land-segment type with a unique hydrologic response. The
generalized parameters can be used with HSPF to simulate runoff from most headwater basins
within the study area. The average standard errors of estimate for calibrated streamflow simulation
at all 21 sites were 7.9% for annual runoff 112% for winter runoff 13.1% far spring runoff,
40.1% for summer runoff, 21.7% for storm peak discharge, 21.4% for storm runoof volume, and
42.3% for all daily mean discharges. High flows were simulated more accurately than were low
flows. The simulation errors were not large enough to reject the hypothesized rainfall-runoff
relations.
AUTHORS: DiToro, D.M.; FitzpatrickJ J.; Thomann, R.V. DATE: 1983
AFFIL: Performer Hydroscience, Inc., Westwood, NJ.
TITLE: Documentation for Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program (WASP) and Model Verification
Program (MVP). User's manual.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: EPA600381044
KEYWORDS: * Water-quality; • Mathematical-models; Water-resources; Computer-programming; Computer-
programs; Eutrophication-; Limnology-; Transport-properties.*Water-qualtty; •Mathematical-
models.
ABSTRACT: A generalized water quality modeling program and a model verification analysis program have
been developed that have application to a wide variety of water resource management problems.
206
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\onpotnt Source
The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program, WASP, may be applied to one, two, and three-
dimensional water bodies, and models may be structured to include linear and non-linear kinetics.
Depending upon the modeling framework the user formulates, the user may choose, via input
options, to input constant or time-variable transport and kinetic processes, as well as point and
non-point waste discharges. The Model Verification Program, MVP, may be used as an indicator
of'goodness of fit' or adequacy of the model as a representation of the real world. A user's manual
and program listings have been prepared. The user's manual was oriented toward the system
analyst, whose reponsibility it would be to design, develop and debug new kinetic models for end
users, as well as the end user who must prepare the data input to the program.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Donigian, A.S.; Huber, W.C.
Modeling of nonpoint source water quality in urban and non- urban areas.
DATE:
1991
Nonpoint source loading
Ecol. Res. Ser. U.S. Environ. Prot. Agency{S.l.], [s.n.], [19-], (MdBeCS)3556386. EPA/600/3-
91/039.
Pollution monitoring. Urban runoff. Modelling. Water quality. Freshwater.
Nonpoint source assessment procedures and modeling techniques are reviewed and discussed for
both urban and non-urban land areas. Detailed reviews of specific methodologies and models are
presented, along with overview discussions focusing on urban methods and models, and on non-
urban (primarily agricultural) methods and models. Simple procedures, such as constant
concentration, regression, statistical, and loading function approaches are described, along with
complex models such as SWMM, HSPF, STORM, CREAMS, SWRRB, and others. Brief case
studies of ongoing and recently completed modeling efforts are described. Recommendations
for nonpoint runoff quality modeling are presented to elucidate expected directions of future
modeling efforts.
AUTHORS: Ellis, S.R.; Doerfer, J.T.; Mustard, M.H.; Blakely, S.R.; Gibbs, J.W. DATE: 1984
TITLE: Analysis of Urban Runoff Data and Effects on the South Plane River, Denver Metropolitan Area,
Colorado.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Available from OFSS, USGS, Box 25425, Lakewood, CO 80225. USGS Water Resources
Investigations Report 84-4159, 1984.66 p. 8 fig, 32 tab, 13 ref.
ABSTRACT: Denver was selected for inclusion in the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, sponsored by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the U.S. Geological Survey. This report, prepared in
cooperation with the Denver Regional council of governments, contains a synopsis of previous
urban runoff studies in the Denver metropolitan area. The report includes a description of the
monitored basins, a summary of storm runoff-to-rainfall ratios and estimates of impervious
retention, and constituent loads and concentrations from seven small basins. The data from six
small and five tributary basins to the South Platte River are analyzed using regression analysis,
resulting in two sets of regression equations to predict storm runoff volume and selected
constituent loads. The regression equations may be used to estimate storm-runoff volume and
constituent loads from unmonitored basins from 15 to 16,000 acres with effective impervious
areas of 15 to 90 percent. The effects of urban runoff on the South Platte River in the Denver area
are described in three ways. The three methods indicated that storm runoff was a significant
207
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Witer Qualify
Nnnpoint Source
contributor of total suspended solids, total organic carbon, total lead, and total zinc to the South
Plane River.-
AUTHORS: Quay. J.R.; Smith, P.E. DATE: 1988
TITLE: Simulation of Quantity and Quality of Storm Runoff for Urban Catchments in Fresno, California.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 88-4125,1988. 76p, 28 fig, 18 tab, 26 ref.
ABSTRACT: Rainfall-runoff models were developed for a multiple-dwelling residential catchment (2
applications), a single-dwelling residential catchment, and a commercial catchment in Fresno,
California, using the U.S. Geological Survey Distributed Routing Rainfall-Runoff Model (DR3M-
II). A runoff-quality model also was developed at the commercial catchment using the Survey's
Multiple-Event Urban Runoff Quality model (DR3M-qual). The purpose of this study was: (1) to
demonstrate the capabilites of the two models for use in designing storm drains, estimating the
frequency of storm runoff loads, and evaluating the effectiveness of street sweeping on an urban
drainage catchment; and (2) to determine the simulation accuracies of these models. Simulation
errors of the two models were summarized as the median absolute deviation in percent (mad)
between measured and simulated values. Calibration and verification mad errors for runoff
volumes and peak discharges ranged from 14 to 20%. The estimated annual storm-runoff loads, in
pounds/acre of effective impervious area, that could occur once every hundred years at the
commercial catchment was 95 for dissolved solids, 1.6 for the dissolved nitrite plus nitrate, 0.31
for total recoverable lead, and 120 for suspended sediment Calibration and verification mad
errors for the above constituents ranged from 11 to 54%.
AUTHORS: Han, J.; Rao, A.R. DATE: 1980
TITLE: Optimal Parameter Estimation and Investigation of Objective Functions of Urban Runoff Models.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PBS 1 -
131096. Price codes: A08 in paper copy, AO1 in microfiche. Technical Report No. 135,
September 1980. 153 p, 25 Fig, 54 Tab, 75 Rei OWRT A-056-INDO).
ABSTRACT: This report deals with improvements of urban hydrologic models. Two areas are considered,
namely; the optimal estimation of parameters, and the selection of an objective function to
produce the best results. Three urban runoff models, ILLUDAS, SWMM and MINNOUR were
studied and results showed that the optimal parameter estimates gave better regeneration and
prediction performances than cases where the parameters were arbitrarily specified. Another result
was that the complexity of the model structure did not guarantee better performance. Two sets of
the objective functions were tested by using the data from the Upper Ross-Ade (West Lafayette,
Ind.) and the Oakdale Avenue (Chicago) watersheds. The sum of the squared deviations between
the observed and the calculated hydrograph ordinates has been the most frequently used objective
function in the past and the results of the present study show that this gives the best overall
performance.
AUTHORS: Hartigan, J.P.; Biggers, D.J.; Bonuccelli, H.A.; Wentink,B.E.
TITLE: Cost-Effectiveness Factors for Urban Best Management Practices.
DATE:
1981
208
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celt
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: In: Nonpoint Pollution Control -- Tools and Techniques for the Future, Proceedings of a Technical
Symposium, p 199-212, $981. 2 Fig, 18 Ref
ABSTRACT: Continuous simulation studies of urban nonpoint pollution control measures were conducted for
the Occoquan River basin, a major tributary of the Potomac estuary. The basin encompasses 580
sq mi and is located in the southern periphery of the Washington, DC, metropolitan area. An
intensive monitoring study was used to develop nonpoint pollution loading factors. Twenty-one
watersheds with homogeneous land use patterns were monitored for twenty-nine pollutants. The
Nonpoint Pollution Sources model was used to derive 'land use-nonpoint pollution' relationships
from the monitoring study data base. Using this base, best management practices (BMP)
efficiency estimates were made for four categories of controls: source controls, detention basin
controls, volume controls, and physical-chemical treatment controls. Results show that
multipurpose stormwater management BMP can achieve substantial reductions in pollutants at a
lower cost than other control measures such as sweeping and physical-chemical treatment.
Multipurpose stormwater management BMP should be capable of minimizing additional
deterioration of receiving water quality in urban development areas.
AUTHORS: Hoffman, EJ. DATE: 1987
TITLE: Estimating non-point source pollution loading rates to coastal waters: Difficulties in interfacin g
land use loading factors with land use data.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Lynch, M.P.;McDonald, K.L. (eds.) Proceedings Tenth National Conference: Estuarine and
Coastal Management, Tools of the Trade. New Orleans, Louisiana, 12-15 Oct. 1986. Vol. I. 1987,
p. 307-313., (MdBeCS) 1670059
KEYWORDS: Urban runoff. Land use. Water pollution. Pollution data. Research programs. Nonpoint pollution.
Coastal water. Data collection. Nonpoint sources. Pollution sources. Pollution detection.
Measuring techniques. Coastal waters. USA.
ABSTRACT: The determination of runoff loading factors as a function of land use is a time-consuming and
expensive proposition since it involves collecting runoff samples during adverse weather
conditions, monitoring water flow rates, and expensive chemical analyses. Fortunately, these data
are becoming available recently through the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program funded by the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and augmented by runoff projects funded by the National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The parameters examined in these two programs are
compared.
AUTHORS? Hoos, A.B.; Sisolak, J.K. DATE: 1993
TITLE: Procedures for Adjusting Regional Regression Models of Urban-Runoff Quality Using Local
Data.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading (simulation model)
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Open-File Report 93-39, 1993. 39p, 2 fig, 9 tab, 13 ref, 4 append.
209
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Water Qualm Indicator*
Manpoint Source
ABSTRACT: Water quality management in urban areas requires the estimation of loads and mean
concentrations of constituents in storm runoff. This report presents four statistical procedures by
which the predictions of urban runoff quality from existing regional regression models can be
combined with or weighted on the basis of local data. Each procedure is a form of regression
analysis in which the local data base is used as a calibration data set. Regression coefficients are
determined from local data, and the resulting models can then be used to predict storm-runoff
quality at unmonitored sites. The response variable in the regression analyses is the observed load
or mean concentration of a constituent in storm runoff for a single storm. The set of explanatory
variables used in the regression analyses varies with each procedure, but always includes the
predicted value of load or mean concentration from existing regional models. The procedures
were tested by means of split-sample- analysis, using data from three cities included in the
Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. The procedure that provided the greatest predictive accuracy
for the verification data set differed among the three test databases and, in many cases, was not
clearly indicated by the values of standard error of estimate for the calibration data sets. In the
absence of sufficient data for split-sample testing, statistical tests of the calibration data set can
provide the information needed to guide selection among the four procedures.
AUTHORS: Howarth, R.W.; Fruci, J.R.; Sherman, D. DATE: 1991
TITLE: Inputs of Sediment and Carbon to an Estuarine Ecosystem: Influence of Land Use.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Ecological Applications, Vol. 1, No. I, p 27-39, February I99i. 5 fig. 5 tab, 47 ref.
ABSTRACT: Estuaries and coastal marine ecosystems receive large inputs of nutrients, organic carbon, and
sediments from non-point-source runoff from terrestrial ecosystems. In the tidal, freshwater
Hudson River estuary, such inputs are the major sources of organic carbon, driving ecosystem
metabolism, and thus strongly influencing dissolved oxygen concentrations. A generalized
watershed loading model (simulation model) was used to examine the controls on inputs of
organic carbon and sediment to this estuary. The model provided estimates of water discharge,
sediment inputs, and organic carbon inputs that agreed reasonably well with independent
estimates of these fluxes. Although the watershed for the Hudson River estuary is dominated by
forests, die model predicted that both sediment and organic carbon inputs come overwhelmingly
from urban and suburban areas and from agricultural fields. Thus changes in land use within the
Hudson River basin may be expected to alter inputs to the estuary, thereby altering its metabolism.
Precipitation is important in controlling carbon fluxes to the estuary, and so climate change can be
expected to alter estuarine metabolism. However, the day-to-day and seasonal patterns of
precipitation appeared more important than annual mean precipitation in controlling organic
carbon fluxes. (Author's abstract)
AUTHORS: Kobriger, N.P.; Meinholz, T.L.; Gupta, M.K.; Agnew. R.W. DATE: 1981
TITLE: Constituents of Highway Runoff; Volume III, Predictive Procedure for Determining Pollution
Charact eristics in Highway Runoff.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB81-
i 24911, Price codes: A10 in paper copy,. AO1 in microfiche. Federal Highway Administration
Report No FHWA/RD-81/044, February, 1981. 205 p, 25Fig, 36 Tab, 16 Ref.
210
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Water QualiK Indicators
Monpotnt
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the predictive procedure is to provide highway designers with a simplified tool to
estimate the quantity and quality of storm generated highway runoff. The predictive procedure is
comprised of a series of equations which can be computerized to form a mathematical model. The
procedure is made up of four components correspondng to the following functions: rainfall runoff;
pollutant buildup; pollutant wash-off; and constituent loadings. The predictive procedure can be
used for Environmental Impact Statements or to determine the loadings for analysis of the
pollutant discharge effect of various design storms at a particular site. The procedure can also be
used to evaluate existing highway systems. Equations were developed relating runoff volume to
rainfall volume for three highway site types: urban elevated bridge decks with 100% paved areas;
urban paved and nonpaved drainage areas; and rural flush shouldered highways. Total solids
showed the highest correlation with other monitored parameters and is therefore used as the
carrier pollutant in the predictive procedure to estimate 16 other parameters. The wash-off
coefficients developed for the three highway site types used in this study are: 5.0 for urban
elevated bridge decks; 6.5 for urban paved and nonpaved drainage areas; and 12.0 for rural flush
shouldered highways.
AUTHORS: Krahn, P.K.; Shrimpton, J.A. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: Environ. Prot. - Environ. Canada, Kapilano 100, Park Royal South, West Vancouver, B.C. V7T
1A2, Canada.
TITLE: Modelling stormwater related chlorophenol releases to the Fraser River using the Motz-Benedict
(Moben) Model.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Water pollution research journal of Canada. Burlington ON 1988, vol. 23, no. 1, p. 114-121.,
(MdBeCS) 1874093
KEYWORDS: Chemical pollution. Chlorine compounds. Phenols. Stormwater runoff. Leaching. Pulp wastes.
Chemical plumes. Pollution dispersion. Canada, British Columbia, Fraser R.. Chemical pollutants.
Aromatic compounds. Runoff. Freshwater. Canada, B
ABSTRACT: Stormwater runoff from surface treated lumber storage areas on the lower Fraser River estimated
' to range from 489,092 m super(3)/yr to 775,794 m super(3)/yr. The loading of total
chlorophenols was estimated to range from 226 kg/yr to 916 kg/yr. The fate of chlorophenol
contaminated stormwater released from treated lumber storage yards to the Fraser River is
predicted by application of the Motz-Benedict (MOBEN) Model for effluent discharge to a river.
The simulation predicted that a plume at 100 ug/L total chlorophenols could extend up to 12
metres from shore and 60 metres downstream of discharge.
AUTHORS: Kuo, C.Y.; Loganathan, G.V.; Cox, W.E.; Shrestha, S.P.; Ying, K.J. DATE: 1988
TITLE: Effectiveness of BMPs (best management practices) for stormwater management in urbanized
watersheds.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Bull. VA Water Resour. Res. Cent. 1988. 115 pp, VPI-VWRRC-BULL-159
(VPIVWRRCBULL159)
KEYWORDS: Water-quality; stormwater-runoff; urban-runoff; water-pollution; models-; simulation-
ABSTRACT: The Illinois Urban Drainage Area Simulator (ILLUDAS) has been modified for continuous
simulation and a water quality module has been added to it. The continuous simulation model
211
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Water QuaLi£- Indicates
\-anpotnt Source [
updates the Antecedent Moisture Condition (AMC) based on the rainfall information up to 120
hours prior to the beginning of a storm and the information on the number of dry days between
storms is utilized to compute the pollutant build-up which also depends on the street sweeping
interval. The water quality module utilizes the dust and dirt method of STORM to compute
pollutant accumulated on the watershed surface. Pollutant washoff is then computed based on the
assumption of first-order kinetics. (Prepared in cooperation with Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and
State Univ., Blacksburg, Dept. of Civil Engineering. Sponsored by Geological Survey, Reston,
VA, USA.)
AUTHORS: Lipscomb, S.W, DATE: 1991
TITLE: Streamflow and Sediment Transport Characteristics of the Lower Campbell Creek Basin,
Anchorage Ala ska, 1986-88.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225.
USGS Water-Resources Investigations Report 91-40''4, 1991. 38p, 15 fig, 5 tab, 7 ref.
ABSTRACT: Streamflow and sediment data were collected at three sites in the lower Campbell Creek basin,
Alaska between 1986 and 1988. A comparison of the mean stream discharge volumes for each of
the 3 years with the mean volume for the 21 year period of record indicates that 1986 and 1987
were drier than average years and 1988 was wetter than average. Storms are the most significant
factor in the production and subsequent transport of suspended sediment in the lower Campbell
Creek. A large storm on October 10-14, 1986 produced 643 tons of suspended sediment, which
was 27% of the total suspended sediment transported between May and October 1986. A storm in
June 1988 produced 593 tons of suspended sediment, equaling 39V* of the total May-through-
September production for that year.. No trends in increased sediment discharge were apparent in
Campbell Creek near Dimond Boulevard between 1986 and 1988. However, a longer term trend
toward increased sediment discharge, indicated by comparison of recent data with data collected
intermittently since 1967, is likely the result of general urbanization fo the basin. (USGS)
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Marsalek, J.
Evaluation of Pollutant Loads from Urban Nonpoint Sources.
DATE:
1990
Nonpoint source loading
Water Science and Technology WSTED4, Vol. 22, No. 10/11, p 23-30, 1990. 1 fig, 2 tab, 23 ref.
In preparation of remedial action plans for areas of environmental concern in the Great Lakes
Basin, the magnitude of pollutant contributions from point as well as nonpoint sources needs to be
assessed. For screening evaluations of urban nonpoint source pollution, a statistically-based
method was applied in one of the areas of concern. This method computes the annual pollutant
load as a product of the annual runoff and the mean pollutant concentration derived from a
lognormal distribution of concentrations. Approximate confidence intervals can be determined for
the mean concentration and used to compute confidence intervals of the loads. For common
constituents, this methodology yields results consistent with those obtained from general storm
water quality databases. For uncommon constituents (e.g., toxic trace substances), the utility of
general databases diminishes, as strong local sources may control the loads. Application of this
screening procedure in the Upper Great Lakes Connecting Channels area showed that, for most
constituents, the point sources controlled the overall loads discharged to the receiving waters. The
attainment of water quality objectives in the receiving waters required pollution control orders for
212
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Qua/in
Nonoomt
Loadiny
seven constituents. For most constituents with significant runoff loads, storm water may require
dilutions up to 50 times to meet the ambient water quality objectives and such dilutions are
generally available.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Marsalek, J. DATE:
Pollutant loads in urban stormwater: Review of methods for planning-level estimates.
1991
Nonpoint source loading
Water resources bulletin. Urbana IL 1991, vol. 27, no. 2, p. 283-292., (MdBeCS)2553969
Stormwater runoff. Water quality. Water pollution. Pollution monitoring. Methodology.
Simulators. Models. Statistical analysis. Runoff. Pollutant detection. Urbanization. Freshwater.
Urban runoff.
A review of methods for planning-level estimates of pollutant loads in urban stormwater focuses
on transfer of characteristic runoff quality data to unmonitored sites, runoff monitoring, and
simulation models. Load estimation by transfer of runoff quality data is the least expensive, but
the accuracy of estimates is unknown. Runoff monitoring methods provide best estimates of
existing loads, but cannot be used to predict load changes resulting from runoff controls, or other
changes of the urban system. Simulation models require extensive calibration for reliable
application. Models with optional formulations of pollutant build up, washoff, and transport can
be better calibrated and the selection of options should be based on a statistical analysis of
calibration data. Calibrated simulation models can be used for evaluation of control alternatives.
AUTHORS: Newell. C.J.; Rifai, H.S.; Bedient, P.B. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Performer: Galveston Bay National Estuary Program,, Austin, TX.
TITLE: Characterization of Non-Point Sources and Loadings to Galveston Bay. Volume 1. Technical
Report. Final rept.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Mar 92. 230p.; PB93203722XSP, GBNEP15
KEYWORDS: Watersheds-; Runoff-; Suspended-sediments; Nitrogen-; Phosphorous-; Biochemical-oxygen-
demand; Estuaries-; Copper-; Coliform-bacteria; Feces-; Oil-pollution; Maps-; Nonpoint-
sources.*Coastal-zone-management; *Gulf-coast; 'Texas-; *Galveston-Bay.
ABSTRACT: The objective of the work was to conduct a geographic analysis and priority ranking of possible
non-point sources and loads to Galveston Bay. The study area was defined by GBNEP to include
the entire Galveston Bay drainage area with the exception of the Lake Houston and Lake
Livingson watersheds; loadings from these upper watersheds were not mapped but were subjected
to a separate pollutant loading analysis. The primary elements for the non-point analysis included
watershed hydrology, load estimates, ranking of subwatersheds, upper watershed influences, and
mapping.
AUTHORS: Oberts, G.L.
TITLE: Pollutants Associated with Sand and Salt Applied to Roads in Minnesota.
DATE:
1986
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin WARBAQ, Vol. 22, No. 3 p 479-484, June 1986. 2 tab, 13 ref.
213
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Waier Quality Indicator*;
.Vonpoint Source Loading
ABSTRACT: The component of snowtnelt pollutant washoff due to sand and salt application to roadways in
Minnesota is simulated. Laboratory methods are used to extract various pollutants from sand-salt
mixtures commonly used in the Minneapolis*St. Paul Metropolitan Area of Minnesota for keeping
winter road conditions safe. Values derived in the laboratory are compared with actual snowmeit
runoff values to estimate the contribution of materials application. High concentrations of solids,
phosphorus, lead and zinc in snowmelt from road surfaces are due in part to sand and salt spread
to improve winter driving conditions. The source of sand and salt appears to be influential in
determining the pollutant levels. Judicious use and careful application of materials can reduce the
increment of pollution due to anti-skid sand and salt applied to road surfaces. The amount of salt
in the mixture is positively correlated with the total Pb in the extracted sample solutes. (Author's
abstract)
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Padmanabhan, G.; Erdrich, Louis P.
Characterizing urban runoff quantity and quality.
DATE:
1993
Nonpomt source loading (simulation model)
Water Resour. Plann. Manage. Urban Water Resour. ISBN 0872629120 - [S.I.]ASCE, NEW
YORK, NY, 1993 p. 789-792., (MdBeCS)0056343
Flow measurement. Water pollution control. Water quality. Storm sewer. Toxic pollutants.
National urban runoff program.
A method using simulated flows and measured pollutant concentrations was successfully applied
to estimate pollutant loadings resulting from runoff during storm events from an urban area. The
method was applied to a storm sewer outfall draining an area with a predominantly commercial
land use into a natural water course. The method involves collection of runoff samples during the
event, observation of rainfall amount and the use of a rainfall-runoff computer model. Runoff
samples were analyzed for conventional as well as priority toxic pollutants. Delivered load and
mean concentrations of pollutants were estimated for several rain events. The study indicated that
the mean concentrations for oxygen-consuming and nutrient type of pollutants were higher than
that of comparable sites studied in the National Urban Runoff Program (NURP). The quality of
the runoff from the selected basin routinely exceeded point source discharge and surface water
quality standards. Also discussed are some issues pertaining to comprehensive assessment of the
pollution potential of storm water discharging from several outfalls into receiving waters.
AUTHORS: Payne, J.A.; Moys, G.D.; Hutchings, C.J.; Henderson, R.J. DATE: 1990
TITLE: Development, Calibration and Further Data Requirements of the Sewer Flow Quality Model
MOSQITO.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading (simulation models)
SOURCE: Water Science and Technology WSTED4, Vol. 22, No 10/11, p 103-109,1990. 5 fig, 6 ref.
ABSTRACT: MOSQITO (Modeling of Storm Quality Including Tank Overflows) is the initial version of a
sewer flow quality model being developed as part of the U.K. River Basin Management program.
MOSQITO I simulates the time-varying behavior of suspended solids, biochemical oxygen
demand, chemical oxygen demand, ammoniacal nitrogen, and hydrogen sulfide on catchment
surfaces and in sewer systems. The model produces discharge poliutographs for these
determinands which can be used as input to a river water quality model. MOSQITO consists of
214
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Water Quality Indicators.
flonpaint Source L
four submodels which represent washoff from catchment surfaces, foul water inflow, pollutant
behavior in.pipes and channels, and pollutant behavior in ancillary structures within drainage
systems. Calibration and verification of the model are being carried our using data from a variety
of experimental catchments in the U.K. Initial results indicate that suspended solids are
underpredicted, possibly because the estimates of the calibration parameters are low, or sediment
deposits were present in the system at the start of the monitored events and were eroded by the
storm flows, thus increasing the mass of sediment discharged at the outfall. Dispersion was
significant in sewers and therefore should be included in MOSQITO. The model wilt probably
find most frequent practical application in sewerage rehabilitation studies and must therefore be
capable of producing, acceptable simulations of pollutant loading without extensive site-specific
calibration. Work to date, on both separate and combined systems, indicates that MOSQITO will
provide an effective tool fpr modeling a number of crucial water quality determinands in sewer
systems.
AUTHORS: Shelley, P.E.; Driscoll, E.D,; Sartor, J.D. DATE:
TITLE: Probabilistic characterization of pollutant discharges from highway stormwater runoff.
1987
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading (simulation model)
SOURCE: Hamilton, R.S.; Harrison, R.M. (eds). 1987. Special Issue: Highway Pollution. Proceedings of the
Second International Symposium. London, UK, 7-11 JULY 1986. Science of the total
environment Amsterdam vol. 59., (MdBeCS) 1545779
KEYWORDS: Highways. Runoff. Data bases. Pollutant dispersion. Water quality. Pollution dispersion. Urban
runoff. Models.ion. Freshwater.
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the preliminary results of a project aimed at developing models mat can be
used by planners and highway engineers for predicting pollutant runoff from highways. A brief
review of different approaches to predicting pollutant runoff loads from highways is followed by a
description of the data base being assembled as a part of this project The probabilistic data
analysts methodology that is being used to characterize highway stormwater runoff is then
described in some detail. Preliminary analytical results are presented in two main areas-rainfall
and runoff data and water quality data.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Simmons, B.L.; Trengove, S.L.
Impact of catchment urbanisation on Lake Macquarie (Australia).
DATE:
1989
Nonpoint source loading
Water science and technology. Oxford etc. 1989, vol. 21, no. 2, p. 205-210., (MdBeCS)215289I
Urbanization. Catchment area. Pollution effects. Eutrophication. Water quality. Urban areas.
Runoff. Algae. Benthos. Freshwater. Australia, New South Wales, Macquarie L. Stormwater
runoff. Freshwater pollution.
The catchment of Lake Macquarie, New South Wales, Australia, a marine coastal lake, has been
progressively urbanised since 1945. Urbanisation, through increased stormwater runoff and point
source discharges, has caused a major impact on the lake in terms of sedimentation and nutrient
enrichment Losses of lake area and navigable waters have occurred. Accompanying problems
include changes in the distribution of seagrass beds and nuisance growths of benthic algae. Since
the 1950's, dry weather nutrient concentrations have increased and mean water clarity has
—
2!5
-------
Water Quality Indicator*
Jfnnpoint Sour,-*
enrichment. Losses of lake area and navigable water; have occurred Accompanying problems
include changes in the distribution of seagrass beds and nuisance growths of benthic algae. Since
the 1950's, dry weather nutrient concentrations have increased and mean water clarity has
decreased. Trends should be identified and policies developed now so as to avoid nutrient buildup
and development of sustained problems.
AUTHORS: Simpson, D.E.; Stone, V.C. DATE: 1988
TITLE: Case Study of Urban Runoff Pollution: 1. Data Collection, Runoff Quality, and Loads.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Water SA WASADV, Vol. 14, No. 4, p 229-237, October 1988. 7 fig, 3 tab, 17 ref.
ABSTRACT: A 91.5 ha urban catchment in Pinetown, Natal, South Africa was equipped to measure flow and
sample runoff automatically from rainfall at the catchment outfall. The purpose was to measure
water quality and determine annual export coefficients for the nutrients which promote
eutrophkation, viz. nitrogen compounds and phosphates, and a number of toxic heavy metals.
Design and operation of the monitoring system is described. High variability in runoff quality and
annual pollutant loads was found between years due to different climatic regimes experienced. In
wet years washoff from pervious areas of the catchment became increasingly important The
possible harmful effect of runoff to the environment through washoff of toxic metals and the
potential of urban development in catchments to promote eutrophication in receiving water is *
illustrated with results and discussed. (Author's abstract)
AUTHORS: Singer, S.N.; So, S.K. DATE: 1980
TITLE: Characterization, Magnitude and Impact of Urban Runoff in the Grand River Basin.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB81-
173858, Price codes: AH in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. In: Proceedings, Stormwater
Management Model (SWMM) Users Group Meeting, 19-20 June, 1980, Toronto, On
ABSTRACT: Urban Stormwater runoff has been recognized as a potential contributor of pollution to the Grand
River in Ontario, Canada, and investigation of pollution from urban sources is an integral part of
the basins water quality assessment program. The characteristics of urban runoff and the
magnitude of the associated pollution loads from the cities of Brantford, Cambridge, Guelph,
Kitchener and Waterloo are similar to those reported for other cities in Ontario. The impact of
urban runoff from the five cities on the dissolved oxygen regime in the Grand River is minor.
Parts of the Speed River below Guelph and certain reaches on the main Grand between Kitchener
and Brantford suffer from profuse algae and plant growth during the summer and early fall period.
This results in extremely low dissolved oxygen concentrations during the night due to the
respiration process. High dissolved oxygen levels are observed during the day as a result of the
photosynthesis process. Improvement of the dissolved oxygen regime would require the control of
nutrient input, mainly phosphorus, from point and non-point sources. The nutrient input from
urban runoff is small relative to agricultural diffuse sources and sewage treatment plants.
Therefore priority for pollution control measures should be given to those two sources.
AUTHORS: Stenstrom, M.K.; Silverman, G.; Bursztynsky, T.A.; Zanana, A.L.; DATE: 1982
Salarz, S.E.
TITLE: Oil and Grease in Stormwater Runoff.
-------
Water Qyq(i(v
Nonnoint Source
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Report, February 1982. Association of Bay Area Governments, Berkeley, California. 241 p, 41
Fig, 44 Tab, 158 Ref, 3 Append
ABSTRACT: The objective of this project was to determine the environmental effects of oil and grease in urban
stormwater on marine environments in San Francisco Bay and to recommend suitable control
measures. Studies show that there are significant effects of low level oil/grease pollution and that
continuous pollution from urban stormwater can change the ecology of a marine environment
Five field sampling stations were selected in a stormwater basis in Richmond, CA to determine
oil/grease pollution by land-use type. Samples were taken from the mouth of the watershed, a
parking- lot, a commercial street, a residential area, and from a light industrial facility. Land-use
strongly affects oil/grease in stormwater. The major contributing factor is motor vehicles. Areas
with the most auto traffic had the highest concentration of oil/grease in stormwater and the highest
hydrocarbon load factor. Mean oil/grease concentration in runoff flow ranged from 4.13 mg/1 in
an upstream residential area to 15.25 mg/1 in a parking lot A strong correlation exists between
total rainfall and total mass of oil/grease pollution—contamination is higher at the beginning of a
storm than at the end. Nine control techniques showed promise. Three non-structural techniques
were to recycle used crankcase oil, reduce auto emissions through better inspections, and improve
standards. Six structural techniques were to improve street/parking lot cleaning, sorption systems
for manhole and gutter intakes, porous pavement, greenbetts around parking lots, dispersion
devices, and wetlands or marshes to trap pollutants. These are site-specific techniques but it was
recommended they be developed further.
AUTHORS: Suzuki, M.; Chihara, K.; Okada, M.; Kawashima, H.; Hoshino, S. DATE: 1989
AFFEL: InsL Ind Sci., Univ. Tokyo, Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo 106, Japan
TITLE: Development of dialog system model for eutrophication control between discharging river basin
and receiving water body — Case study of Lake Sagami (Japan).
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading (simulation model)
SOURCE: Lijklema, L., et aL, eda. 19S9. Water Pollution Research and Control, Brighton, Part 5. vol. 21, no.
12 pp. 1821-1824., 2530751
KEYWORDS: River-discharge; river-basin-management; freshwater-pollution; water-quality; computer-
programmes; artificial-intelligence; expert-systems; mathematical-models; Japan,-Honshu,-
Kanagawa-Prefect,-Sagami-L.; Japan,-Honshu,-Katsura-R.
ABSTRACT: A computer program based on expert system software was developed and proposed as a prototype
model for water management to control eutrophication problems in receiving water bodies. The
system has several expert functions: 1. data input and estimation of pollution load generated and
discharged in the river watershed; 2. estimation of pollution load run-off entering rivers; 3.
estimation of water quality of receiving water bodies, such as lakes; and 4. assisting man-machine
dialog operation. In this study, the expert system thus developed was used to estimate the present
state of one typical polluted river basin. The river was the Katsura, which flows into Lake Sagami,
Japan, a lake dammed for water supply. Data which had been actually measured were compared
with the simulated water quality data, and good agreement was found This type of expert system
is expected to be useful for water management of a closed water body.
AUTHORS: Terstriep, M.L.; Bender, G.M.; Benoit D.J.
TITLE: Buildup, Strength, and Washoff of Urban Pollutants.
DATE:
1980
217
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1
Water Quality Indicators
J&npoint Source f,
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading (simulation model)
SOURCE: Journal of the Technical Councils of the American Society of Civil Engineers, Vol 106, No TCI,
Proceedings Paper 15620, p 73-91, August 1980. 8 Fig, 6 Tab, 5 Ref, 2 Append,
ABSTRACT: A study performed to satisfy the requirements of Section 208 of Public law 92-500 for the
nondesignated urban area of Illinois was described The data collection program involving up to
34 constituents on both water samples and dry accumulation samples was summarized. The data
were used to calibrate an urban runoff, quantity-quality model known as QUAL-ILLUDAS. The
accumulation rates and composition of street surface pollutants needed in the model were
determined. Model results were related to land use and other basin parameters by means of
regression equations. It was concluded that water quality modeling is a useful tool and that urban
runoff contains heavy metals and other constituents in excess of Illinois Water Quality Standards.
AUTHORS: Thomann, R.V.; Collier, J.R.; Butt, A.; Gasman, E.; Linker, L.C. DATE: 1994
AFFTL: Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY
TITLE: Response of the Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Model to Loading Scenarios
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading (simulation model)
SOURCE: CBP/TRS 101/94
ABSTRACT: To confirm earlier estimates of anoxia reduction, and to refine estimates of the improvements in
Chesapeake Bay water quality in response to nutrient load reductions, work began on an
integrated set of Chesapeake Bay models in 1987. The integration linked watershed,
hydrodynamic, water quality, and sediment models. This report dcuments the findings from the
application of these integrated models to evaluating the technical aspects of various load reduction
scenarios.
AUTHORS: Tim, U.S.; Mostaghimi, S.; Shanholtz, V.O. DATE: 1992
AFFTL: Dept of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, 215 Davidson Hall, Iowa State University,
Ames, Iowa 50011
TITLE: Identification of Critical Nonpoint Pollution Source Areas Using Geographic Information Systems
an d Water Quality Modeling
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading; GIS
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin. 1992. vol. 28, no. 5, pp. 877-887.
KEYWORDS: nonpoint source pollution; water quality modeling; geographic information system.
ABSTRACT: An integrated approach coupling water quality computer simulation modeling with a geographic
information system (GIS) was used to delineate critical areas of nonpoint source (NFS) pollution
at the watershed level. Two simplified pollutant export models were integrated with the Virginia
Geographic Information system (VirGIS) to estimate soil erosion, sediment yield, and phosphorus
(P) loading from the Nomini Creek watershed located in Westmoreland County, Virginia. On the
basis of selected criteria for soil erosion rate, sediment yield, and P loading, model outputs were
used to identify watershed areas which exhibit three categories (low, medium, high) of nonpoint
source pollution potentials. The percentage of the watershed area in each category, and the land
area with critical pollution problems were also identified. For the 1505-ha Nomini Creek
watershed, about 15, 16, and 21 percent of the watershed area were delineated as sources of
critical soil erosion, sediment, and phosphorus pollution problems, respectively. In general, the
study demonstrated the useulness of integrating GIS with simulation modeling for nonpoint source
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Water Qug/uy Indicators
Source
pollution control and planning. Such techniques can facilitate making priorities and targeting
nonpoint source pollution control programs.
AUTHORS: Ventura, S.J; Kim, K. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Environ. Remote Sensing Cent., Univ. Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 W. Dayton St., Madison, WT
53706. USA.
TITLE: Modeling urban nonpoint source pollution with a geographic information system.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading (G1S simulation model)
SOURCE: Water resources bulletin. Urbana IL, ISSN 0043-1370 1993, vol. 29, no. 2, p. 189-198.,
(MdBeCS)3020230
KEYWORDS: Pollution control. Land use. Models. Urban runoff. Geographical reference systems. USA,
Wisconsin. Beaver Dam. Nonpoint pollution. Urban areas. Geographic information systems.
Runoff. Freshwater. Nonpoint source pollution. Geographical in
ABSTRACT: A geographic information system (GIS) was a useful aid in the assessment of urban nonpoint
source pollution and the development of a pollution control strategy. The GIS was used for data
integration and display, and to provide data for a nonpoint source mode!. An empirical nonpoint
source loading model driven by land use was used to estimate pollutant loadings of priority
pollutants. Pollutant loadings were estimated at fine spatial resolution and aggregated to storm
sewer drainage basins (sewersheds). Eleven sewersheds were generated from digital versions of
sewer maps. The pollutant loadings of individual land use polygons, derived as the units of
analysis from street blocks, were aggregated to get total pollutant loadings within each sewershed.
Based on the model output, a critical sewershed was located. Pollutant loadings at major sewer
junctions within the critical sewershed were estimated to develop a mitigation strategy. Two
approaches based on the installation of wet ponds were investigated - a regional approach using
one large wet pond at the major sewer outfall and a multisite approach using a number of smaller
sites for each major sewer junction. Cost analyses showed that the regional approach would be
more cost effective, though it would provide less pollution control.
AUTHORS: Watt, M.H.; Karikari, TJ. DATE: 1986
TITLE: Assessment of the Impact of Non-Point Source Pollution on the Urban Portion of the Anacostia
River
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading
SOURCE: Available from National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, as PB86-246725.
Price codes: A08 in paper copy, AOI in microfiche. DC WRRC Report No. 76, July 1986. 163 p,
5 fig, 13 tab, 151 ref, 9 append. Contract 14-08-0001 -G-898. USG
ABSTRACT: Pollutant loads originating from non-point sources, in the estuarine portion of the Anacostia River
located in the District of Columbia were evaluated. The non-point sources were identified
according to the dominant form land usage in a given area. For the urban setting under
consideration, these included residential areas with detached and semi-detached dwellings, fiats,
garden apartment complexes, commercial establishments, parks and open spaces, parking and
vacant lots, and construction sites. The Council of Government Desk Top Model was applied to
determine the relative contribution of pollutant load from each land use type. The AMUWQ
simulation model was then used for analysis of the different pollutant constituents as well as their
stream impacts. The uncontrolled annual pollutant constituent loads for sediment, lead, zinc,
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Wjt$r_ QualiK Indicators
*Iappoint Source
phosphorus, nitrogen as well as the BOD were evaluated for each type of land usage. A functional
relationship terween land usage and the various fractions constituting the pollutant was
determined. From the projected future land use, an estimate of the rate of change of each fraction
of pollutant with time was obtained. It is estimated that by year 2000 sediment and nitrogen will
decrease by 10% and 1.6% respectively, while the BOD increases by 21%, phosphorus by 0.63%,
lead by 4.5% and zinc by 3.3%. It was determined that the present level of pollution in the area of
study has generally had an adverse effect on the environment.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Wei, C.; Morrison, G.M.
Platinum in road dusts and urban river sediments.
DATE:
1994
Nonpoint source loading; Sediment contamination
Hamilton, R.S.;Revitt, D.M.;Harrison, R.M.;Monzon de Caceres, A. (eds.) HIGHWAY
POLLUTION. 1994, p. 169-174. Science of the total environment. Amsterdam, ISSN 0048-
9697(5.1.], [s.n.J, [19--] vol. 146-147., (MdBeCS)3588042
Platinum. Dust. Land pollution. Urban areas. Rivers. Sediment pollution. Transportation. Motor
vehicles. Voltammetry. Exhaust emissions. Runoff. Urban runoff. Highways. Highway effects.
Fluvial sediments. Water pollution. Dusts.
Platinum concentrations in road dusts and urban river sediments were analysed by dry-ash
digestion followed by adsorptive stripping voltammetry. The analysis gave a detection limit of 0.5
ng/g, with up to 85% recovery of added platinum and a standard deviation of plus or minus 2.2%.
A comparison of platinum concentrations in size- fractionated road dusts collected in 1984 and
1991 showed average increases in ail fractions: < 63 microns, 3.0-8.9 ng/g; 63-125 microns. 1.5-
3.6 ng/g; and 125-1000 microns, < 0.5- 2.8 ng/g. Present-day surface loadings of platinum were
calculated for a car park (26 ng/sq. m) and a kerbside (1.28 micrograms/sq. m), and mean event
platinum concentrations in highway run-off were calculated to be 0.1- 0.7 ng/1. Concentrations of
platinum in urban river sediments varied from < 0.5 to 2.2 ng/g.
AUTHORS: Wilson, C.B.; Walker, Jr., W.W. DATE: 1989
AFFIL: Minnesota Pollut Control Agency, 520 Lafayette Rd., St. Paul, MN 55155, USA
TITLE: Development of lake assessment methods based upon the aquatic ecoregion concept
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading (simulation model)
SOURCE: Lake Reservoir Manage. 1989. vol. 5, no. 2, pp. 11-22, 2214743
KEYWORDS: Water-management; water-quality; nutrients-; eutrophication-; nutrients-mineral; models-;
computer-programmes; prediction-; USA,-Minnesota; freshwater-lakes; watersheds-; runoff-;
concepts-; lakes-
ABSTRACT: This paper focuses upon the use of ecoregion data modeling purposes. The Minnesota Lake
Eutrophication Analysis Procedure (MINLEAP) is a computer program designed to predict
eutrophication indices in Minnesota lakes based upon area watershed, depth, and ecoregion.
Ecoregion is used to predict runoff and average stream phosphorus concentration. The program
formulates water and P-balances and uses a network of empirical models to predict lake P,
chlorophyll a, and transparency values. The program is a screening tool for estimating lake
conditions with minimal input data and for identifying "problem" lakes. Included in the program
output are: (I) statistical comparisons of observed and predicted, chlorophyll a, and transparency
values; (2) uncertainty estimates; and (3) estimates of chlorophyll a interval frequencies (nuisance
220
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Waier Qualm- Indicatory
Nonooint Source Loading
frequencies), for observed and predicted conditions. These expression of lake condition may be
calibrated to citizen preferences using observer surveys to define swimmable and nonswimmable
conditions in a locally meaningful manner. The model should be used to approximate lake water
quality expectations.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Wood. D.M.; Wycoff, R.L.
Development of a Watershed Management Model.
DATE:
1990
Nonpoint source loading (simulation model)
IN: Transferring Models to Users. American Water Resources Association, Bethesda, Maryland.
1990. p 281-291. 1 fig, 3 tab, 5 ref.
The Mountain Island Lake watershed in Mecklenburg County is the sole water source for the
Charlotte, North Carolina metropolitan area, the watershed, largely undeveloped, is being
pressured by development interests. A project was undertaken to aid County personnel in
developing a lake watershed protection plan. A model to predict watershed yield and associated
pollutant concentrations of development alternatives was developed and transferred to the County
for use by its personnel. The procedure involved the use of yield curves derived from continuous
hydrologic simulation to predict flow yield based on future Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
curve number (CN) values. In addition, regression equations, available through the National
Urban Runoff Program (NURP), were used to predict pollution concentrations. The resulting flow
yields and concentrations were then used to estimate pollutant loadings to the Lake as a result of
increasing development. A simple receiving water model was used to predict resulting ambient
concentrations. With this procedure, County personnel could quickly and efficiently assess the
impacts of different development scenarios. As a result, Mecklenburg County could protect the
future of its water supply by issuing zoning mandates founded on sound information. (See also
W91-09570)
AUTHORS: Wycoff, R.L.; Singh, U.P. DATE: 1980
TITLE: Application of the Continuous Stormwater Pollution Simulation System (CSPSS): Philadelphia
• Case Study.
INDICATOR: Nonpoint source loading (simulation model)
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin, Vol 16, No 3, p 463-470, June 1980. 7 Fig, 6 Tab, 7 Ref. EPA 68-01-
3993.
ABSTRACT: This paper described the Continuous Stormwater Pollution Simulation System (CSPSS) as well as
a site-specific application of CSPSS to the Philadelphia urban area and its receiving water, the
Delaware Estuary. Conceptually, CSPSS simulates the quantity and quality of urban Stormwater
runoff, combined sewer overflow, municipal and industrial wastewater effluent, and upstream
flow on a continuous basis for each time step in the simulation period. In addition, receiving water
dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, and lead concentrations resulting from these pollutant sources
may be simulated. However, only receiving water dissolved oxygen (DO) response is considered
in this paper. The continuous DO receiving water response model was calibrated to existing
conditions using observed data at Chester, Pennsylvania, located on the Delaware Estuary
approximately 10 miles downstream from the study area. Average annual pollutant loads to the
receiving water were estimated for all major sources, and receiving water quality improvements
resulting from removal of various portions of these pollutant loads were estimated by application
of the calibrated simulation model. It was found that the removal of oxygen-demanding pollutants
221
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Water Qualm !ndwainrt
\tanpomt
from combined sewer overflow and urban storrawater runoff would result in relatively minor
improvements in the overall dissolved oxygen resources of the Delaware Estuary; whereas
removal of oxygen-demanding pollutants from wastewater treatment plant effluent would result in
greater improvements. The results of this investigation can be used along with appropriate
economic techniques to identify the most cost-effective mix of point and nonpoint source
pollution control measures.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Yamane, C.M.; Lum, M.G.
Quality of Storm-Water Runoff, Mililani Town, Oahu, Hawaii, 1980-84.
DATE:
1985
Nonpoint source loading; Frequency exceedences
Available from Books and Open File Report Section, USGS, Box 25425, Denver. CO 80225,
USGS Water Resources Investigations Report 85-4265, December 1985. 64p, 10 fig. 7 tab, 28 ref.
Storm water runoff and rainfall data were collected at two urban sites in Mililani Town, Oahu,
Hawaii between September 1980 and August 1984. The data included results from analyses of
300 samples of storm water runoff. Turbidity, suspended solids, Kjeldahl nitrogen, and
phosphorus concentrations exceeded the State of Hawaii Department of Health's streamwater
standards in more than 50% of the samples. Mercury, lead, and fecal coliform bacteria levels
exceeded the U.S. EPA's recommended criteria for either freshwater aquatic life or shellfish
harvesting waters in more than half the samples. Other constituents exceeding State or federal
standards in at least one sample included pH, cadmium, nitrate plus nitrite, iron, alkalinity,
manganese, chromium, copper, zinc, and the pesticides heptachlor, lindane, and melathion.
Runoff correlated well with rainfall in both basins. Antecedent rainfall conditions and rainfall
intensity had little effect on the quality of runoff. No statistically significant relationships were
found between quantity of runoff and concentration of water quality constituents. A 'first flush'
effect was observed for chemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, lead, nitrate plus nitrite, fecal
coliform bacteria, dissolved solids, and mercury. There were significant (alpha - 0.05) differences
between the two basins for values of discharge, turbidity, specific conductance, chemical oxygen
demand, suspended solids, nitrate plus nitrite, phosphorus, lead, dissolved solids, and mercury.
The larger basin had higher median and maximum values, and wider ranges of values. (Author's
abstract)
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Young, O.K.; Neal, E. DATE:
Application of Non-Point Source Response Functions to General Urban Land Uses.
1986
Nonpoint source loading
Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161, as PB87-
I726I5/AS. Price codes: A08 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. D.C. Water Resources Research
Center, Washington, DC. Report No. 74, June 1986. 162 p. 23 fig, 16
A microcomputer based daily accounting model of runoff and pollutant emission from urban
catchments was developed, calibrated, and verified by application to District of Columbia area
watershed data. The results from the investigation indicate that the model is accurate and reliable.
The model is easily implemented on a microcomputer and thus avoids the extensive time and
costs associated with modeling urban water quality on mainframe computers, using existing
complex simulation models. The model can be used to generate pollutant emission frequency
functions for small urban watersheds that possess a range of different rainfall inputs and cultural
factors. The developed simulation model was utilized in a Monte Carlo context to generate a large
222
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Qualm- Indict an .
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WHOLE WATERSHED INDICATORS
WATERSHED IMPERVIOUS STUDIES
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Blodgett, I.C.; Nasseri, I.; Elliot, A.L.
Urban Hydrology in the Desert, Antelope Valley, California.
DATE:
1990
Impervious studies
IN: Hydraulics/Hydrology of Arid Lands (H2AL). American Society of Civil Engineers, New
York. 1990. p 96-101. 5 fig, 5 ref.
Storm runoff in drainage basins undergoing urbanization is a major environmental concern. The
initial phase of an analysis of the hydrology in Antelope Valley, California, in the Mojave Desert,
is the selection and instrumentation of nine representative drainage basins, measuring soil
infiltration, and assembling historical rainfall and runoff data. Much of the western and southern
part of Antelope Valley, particularly along the foothills and on the alluvial fans, is being
urbanized. The inevitable consequences of urbanization include significant changes in runoff
magnitude, timing and duration compared with historical events. Soil infiltration measurements
were made in nine basins in autumn of 1989. Soil samples from each measurement site were
analyzed for particle size distribution. Infiltration was measured with a portable double-cap
infiltrometer. Beginning in 1988, basin and stream channel characteristics of Antelope Valley
were documented annually using aerial photographs, to identify land use, quantify areas of
impermeable surfaces, and document significant landfbrra and drainage channel changes with
time. Mean precipitation, based on records from 1933 to date, is 7.5 in, with a standard deviation
of the annual means of 4.23 inches. Large floods occurred in Antelope Valley in 1938, 1943,
1969, and 1978. Development of relations between precipitation and runoff and their
corresponding frequency as a part of the effort to evaluate various rainfall-runoff models will be
an important part of further study.
AUTHORS: Booth, D.B. DATE: 1991
AFFIL: King County Surface Water Management, Suite 400,400 Yesler Way, Seattle, WA 98104 and
Department of Geological Sciences, Univ. of WA (AJ-20), Seattle, WA 98195
TITLE: Urbanization and the Natural Drainage System - Impacts, Solutions, and Prognoses
INDICATOR: Impervious studies
SOURCE:' The Northwest Environmental Journal, 7( 1 ):93 -118, 1991 University of Washington, Seattle,
Washington, 98195
ABSTRACT: No abstract available
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Whole Watershed Indicators
Watershed Impervious
AUTHORS: Booth, D.B.; Reinelt, L.E. DATE: 1994
AFFLL: King County Surface Water Management Division, Seattle, WA
TITLE: Consequeases of Urbanization on Aquatic Systems-Measured Effects, Degradation Thresholds,
and Corrective Strategies
INDICATOR: Impervious studies
SOURCE: Pawlukiewicz, J.; Monroe, P.; Robertson, A.; Warren, J. (eds.). 1994. Watershed '93: A National
Conference on Watershed Management USEPA 840-R-94-002. Held in Alexandria, VA., Mar.
21-24, 1993., EPA 840-R-94-002
ABSTRACT: Landscape alteration affects aquatic system function, primarily by the physical processes of
reduced soil-moisture storage by compaction and paving, direct human intrusion into streams and
wetlands, and import of pollutants. In recognition of these dominant processes we have collected
sets of physical, chemical, and biological data from a wide variety of lowland streams and
wetlands in Kng County, western Washington State. We seek both a threshold of significant
aquatic system degradation, which appears from our data to occur at a rather well defined level of
urbanization, and insight to the processes by which that degradation occurs. We have elected to
cast all data in terms of the percentage impervious area in a watershed, using typical impervious-
area ratios for individual land uses; this parameter can be unequivocally measured and is
particularly well correlated with the runoff processes that we judge are most significant
AUTHORS: Booth, D.B.; Reinelt, L.E. DATE: N/A
AFFTL: King County (WA) Surface Water Management Division
TITLE: Consequences of Urbanization on Aquatic Systems-Measured Effects, Degradation Thresholds,
and Corrective Strategies
INDICATOR: Impervious studies
ABSTRACT: Urban development changes both the form and the Function of the downstream drainage system.
Although many of these changes have been long-recognized qualitatively, we have sought a
more quantitative understanding of them, and of the aquatic-system degradation that typically
results. A variety of physical, chemical, and biological data from a wide range of lowland streams
in lowland streams and wetlands in King County, western Washington, suggests remarkably clear
and consistant thresholds of aquatic-system degradation. In this region, approximately 10 percent
impervious area in a watershed typically yields demonstrable loss of aquatic-system function,
measured by changes in channel morphology, fish and amphibian populations, vegetation
succession, and water chemistry. Even lower levels of urban development can cause significant,
but less well quantified, loss throughout the system as a whole. These findings suggest that
successful corrective measures must not simply protect the structure of individual stream or
wetland elements, such as fixed-width buffers, unless watershed-level disturbances to the drainage
system are addressed as well. Because these disturbances are pervasive and so very difficult to
correct, downstream damage is probably inevitable without limiting the extent if urban
development itself, a strategy that is being used with increasing frequency in this region's
remaining resource-rich watersheds.
AUTHORS: Huang, S.L.; Huang, M.C. DATE:
TITLE: Applied Carrying Capacity Concept for Integrating Stormwater Management and Land Use
Planning, A Case Study: The Kuantu Plain of Taipei, Taiwan.
1986
-------
Whole
Watershed
INDICATOR: Watershed impervious studies
SOURCE: Ecological Modelling ECMODT, Vol. 33, No. 1, p 35-58, September 1986. 10 fig, 1 tab, 18 ref.
ABSTRACT: The carrying capacity of land resources in terms of hydrologic consequences of land development
is the basis of a proposed method for integrating the land planning process with stormwater
management. Concepts of natural drainage such as soil moisture storage capacity for rainwater
infiltration, and vegetated depressed surface for collecting storm runoff are used as criteria of
performance control for ensuring balance between land development and hydrologic processes. A
stormwater management model is developed which includes a land program, hydrologic process,
and stormwater management techniques to simulate the hydrologic effects of various land
development programs, and to estimate their land use performance standards. The model uses the
Soil Cover Complex Method developed by the U.S. Soil Conservation Service to compute the
hydrologic effects! The land use performance standards incorporated in this research include:
pervious areas required, swale area required, and average depth of retention pond. The land
characteristics of Kuantu Plain, Taipei, Taiwan are used as a case study to estimate land use
performance standards of natural drainage. The model outputs provide useful guidance to help
land use planners utilize land resources more efficiently.
AUTHORS: Klein, R.D. DATE: 1979
AFFIL: Save Our Streams Program, Maryland Dept. of Natural Resources and Conservation Association
IV, Maryland Water Resources Administration. Tawes State Office Building, Annapolis,
Maryland 21401
• TITLE: Urbanization and Stream Quality Impairment
INDICATOR: Impervious studies
SOURCE: Water Resources Bulletin. 1979. vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 948-963.
KEYWORDS: Urbanization; impervious surfacings; benthos; fish; toxic substances; stream quality impairment;
sediment; migration barriers; baseftow; storm water, temperature.
ABSTRACT: A study was conducted in the Piedmont province of Maryland to determine if a relationship exists
between stream quality and the extent of watershed urbanization. During the first phase of the
study 27 small watersheds, having simitar characteristics but varied according to land use, were
investigated. Using these controlled conditions, eliminating as many interferences as possible, the
first phase was intended to determine if a definite relationship did exist between the two factors.
Finding that the first phase was successful the second was initiated which consisted of a
comparison of biological sampling data, from other studies, with a degree of watershed
urbanization. The purpose of this second phase was to ascertain if the relationship between
degrees of urbanization and decline in stream quality was linear as watershed area increased and
in streams spreas throughout the Maryland Piedmont. The principal finding of this study was that
stream quality impairment is first evidenced when watershed imperviousness reaches 12%, but
does not become severe until imperviousness reaches 30%.
AUTHORS: Richards, C; Johnson, L.; Host, G. DATE:
AFFIL: Center for Water and the Environment, Natural Resources Research Institute, University of
Minnesota, 5013 Milier Trunk Hwy, Duluth, MN 5581!
TITLE: Landscape Influences on Habitat, Water Chemistry, and Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in
Midwestern Stream Ecosystems
1993
227
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Whole Watershed
INDICATOR: Watershed impervious studies
SOURCE: August 20, W93; 26 pp.; 11 fig.; 25 tab.
ABSTRACT: Landscape characteristics of 65 subwatersheds within the Saginaw Bay Watershed of central
Michigan were examined to identify relationships to stream habitat, water quality, and
macroinvertebrate communities. A Geographic Information System was used to compile and
analyze a series of landscape data including land use, elevation, slope, and hydrology of each
watershed. Land use and landcover were quantified in 65 watersheds for both entire watersheds
and 200m stream buffers. Both watershed and buffer data were then empirically related to
instream habitat and surface water chemistry using multivariate analysis. Macroinvertebrates
community data from each watershed were related to stream physical and chemical data to
identify which reach-scale environmental factors that most strongly influenced observed patterns.
From these analyses, the relative influences of landscape features on macroinvertebrate
communities could be inferred. Results showed that stream habitat, particularly channel
morphology and substrate, were most strongly influenced by the presence of non forested
wetlands. All permanant vegetative landcovers were associated with decreased values for most
chemical parameters. Land use heterogeneity and average watershed slope were important
predictors of total suspended solids. Landscape data accounted for over 75% of the variance in
total nitrogen. In general, relationships between landscape data and stream chemistry were
stronger in summer than fall. Surprisingly, the use of stream buffer data did not improve the
predictions of habitat and chemistry characteristics compared with use of whole watershed data.
Finer scale information may be required to depict the influence of riparian zones on midwestem
streams. Macroinvertebrates were most strongly related to channel morphology, substrate
characteristics, and nutrient concentrations. At the largest scale, geomorphic differences among
watersheds and the extremes of land use (extensive row crop agriculture) had the strongest
influence on macroinvertebrate communities, through their influence on stream habitat. At smaller
scales, land use patterns (type, heterogeneity) exhibited more influence through their association
with water chemistry and habitat alterations.
AUTHORS: Roseboom, D.; Evans, R.L.; Erickson, J.; Brooks, L.G. DATE: 1983
AFFIL: Illinois State Water Survey Div., Peoria. Water Quality Section.
TITLE: Inventory of Court Creek Watershed Characteristics That May Relate to Water Quality in the
Watershed.
INDICATOR: Watershed impervious studies
SOURCE: SWSCR322, ILENRDOC8323A
KEYWORDS: *Land use; * Water pollution; *Court Creek Watershed; Surveys; Farm crops; Forest land;
Embankments; Erosion; Topography; Maps; Aerial photographs; Channel improvements;
Streams; Width; Height; Tables Data; Illinois.
ABSTRACT: This report details the land use changes in a 98 square mile watershed on the basis of aerial
photographs from 1940 to 1979. The photographic analysis for 1979 was checked with ground
surveys of the watershed. The major land use changes in agricultural watersheds were the
conversion of pastures to row crops or wooded areas. One large tributary. Sugar Creek, was
altered from agriculture to strip mining and real estate development Major bank erosion sites
were apparent in the aerial photographs in the channelized areas. The activities during the first
year (beginning in August 1980) dealt mainly with performing an inventory of the watershed,
selecting stream sampling stations, installing measuring devices, and reconnoitering streams and
terrain. This report summarizes the information and the results obtained during the first year of the
study.
t
228
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Watershed Impervi/iy*
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Schueler, T.R-.
Center for Watershed Protection, Silver Spring, MD 20910
The Importance of Imperviousness
DATE:
1995
Impervious studies
Schueler, T.R. 1995., Watershed Protection Techniques
Imperviousness; impervious; rooftops; transport; cluster, habitat; erosion; urban runoff
Studies relating imperviousness to changes in hydrology, habitat, water quality and biodiversity of
aquatic systems have found that stream degradation occurs at levels of imperviousness as low as
10%, but also, encouragingly, imperviousness is readily quantified and controlled. A reduction in
imperviousness ( and consequently runoff volume) is desired for several reasons: (1) Prevention
of streambank erosion caused by frequent or severe flooding (2) reduction of urban non-point
source pollutants beyond BMP treatment capability, (3) avoidance of over-heating in urban
waterways and (4) maintenance of diverse fauna sensitive to these physical conditions. Of the two
main components of imperviousness- rooftops and transport (road and parking lot surfaces) - the
transport component has been the least regulated even though it is proportionally greater in
suburban development. Because the percentage of cover made impervious in a development is so
variable, there is great opportunity to reduce the degree of imperviousness at a site. Limiting
watershed development to
-------
Whole Watershed Indicators . Worthed Imoervinu, ifftffflf ,T
pesticides and base-neutral compounds were detected in small concentrations. Concentrations of
chloride as'high as 2,100 milligrams per liter were found in a well at a former highway-salt-
storage site. Weils downgradient from the Pennsylvania Turnpike in carbonate rock had elevated
chloride concentrations. The growth of public water and sewer system has resulted in a significant
interbasin transfer of water; estimates for 1984 range from a net loss of 630 million gallons in the
Valley Creek basin to a net gain of 783 million gallons in the Chester Creek basin. Groundwater
seepage to sewers is substantial and can be as much as 4.5 million gallons per day. Land use
changes in 10 selected subbasins were quantified and related to benthic-invertebrate diversity
index. Subbasins that had a greater change in land use had a greater increase in diversity index.
Subbasins that had a greater change in land use had a greater increase in diversity index. The
increase may result from the banning of persistent pesticides such as DDT, to a decreasing use of
pesticides in urban subbasins, and/or the flushing or burial of older, pesticide-contaminated
sediment.
. 230
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COMPARISON TO REFERENCE WATERSHEDS
AUTHORS: Pitt, R.; Bissonnette, P. DATE: 1984
AFFIL: Performer: Believue Storm and Surface Utility, WA.
TITLE: Nationwide Urban Runoff Program, Bellevue Urban Runoff Program, Washington: Summary
Report. Final rept. Jul 77-Jul 84.
INDICATOR: Comparison to reference watersheds; Paired subwatershed monitoring
KEYWORDS: 'Runoff-; 'Urban-areas; 'Water-pollution; Monitoring-; Stream-flow; Rainfall-; Metals-; Dirt-;
Streets-; Snowmelt-; Sediment-transport; Catch-basins; Soil-erosion; Chemical-analysis;
Nutrients-; Bacteria-; Rural-areas; Comparison-; Washington-State.*Runo
ABSTRACT: This summary report consolidates the major findings and conclusions of several individual
studies, which included: Tests conducted to contrast the biological and chemical conditions in an
urban creek with a rural creek; Monitoring urban runoff quality and quantity from 3 urban areas;
Analysis of many source area, urban runoff, and creek samples for metallic and organic priority
pollutants; Sampling of urban stormwater and base flows from 2 residential areas. Collection of
street dirt samples and evaluation of effects of street cleaning and catchbasin cleaning on
improvement of urban runoff quality.
AUTHORS: Rohm, C.M.; Giese, J.W.; Bennett, C.C.
AFFIL: Northrop Services, Inc., Corvallis, OR.
TITLE: Evaluation of an Aquatic Ecoregion Classification of Streams in Arkansas
DATE:
1987
INDICATOR: Comparison to reference watersheds
SOURCE: Jnl. of Freshwater Ecology, v4 nl p 127-140 Jun 87.
KEYWORDS: Classifications; Evaluation; Water quality; Management; Sites; Monitoring; Environmental
impacts; Regional planning; Reprints.'Ecology; 'Aquatic biology; 'Stream pollution.
ABSTRACT: The efficacy of a regional stream classification system, based on the principle that streams reflect
the character of the lands they drain, was evaluated in Arkansas. The classification consisted of six
> aquatic ecoregions defined by relatively homogeneous types of land-surface form, soil, potential
natural vegetation and land use. Fish, physical habitat and water quality were sampled in 22
streams throughout the state. Data subjected to ordination analysis generally showed greater
similarity in streams within the same ecoregion than in streams in different ecoregions.
231
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PAIRED SUBWATERSHED MONITORING
AUTHORS: Brown, R.G. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: U.S. Geoi. Surv.. Water Resour. Div., 6520 Mercantile Way, Suite 5, Lansing, MI 48911, USA
TITLE: Effects of precipitation and land use on storm runoff.
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring
SOURCE: WATER-RESOUR.-BULL. 1988. vol. 24, no. 2, pp. 42M26, 1728339
KEYWORDS: stormwater-runoff; atmospheric-precipitations; land-use; water-quality; stream-flow-rate; runoff-;
flow-rates; Minnesota,-St.-PauJ; streams-; precipitation-; USA,-Minnesota,-St.-Paul
ABSTRACT: Storm-runoff quantity and quality were studied in three watersheds located near St. Paul, MN. In
respect to precipitation effects, differences in storm-runoff quantity between years in an urban
watershed mat lacks wetlands appear to be related to the average storm size. In respect to land use,
the differences in storm-runoff quantity appear to be related to the amounts of impervious and
wetland area. The watershed that contains the largest amount of impervious area and smaiiest
amount of wetland area has the largest amount of storm runoff. Differences in storm-runoff
quality* appear to be related to the amounts of wetland and lake area. The watershed that contains
the largest amounts of wetland and lake area has the smallest storm-runoff loading of suspended
solids, phosphorus, and nitrogen.
AUTHORS: Clausen, J.C.; Spooner, J. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Performer: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Wetlands, Oceans and
Watersheds.
TITLE: Paired Watershed Study Design.
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring
SOURCE: Sep 93. 10p.; PB94I54820XSP, EPA841F93009
KEYWORDS: Calibration-; Regression-analysis; Statistical-analysis; Mathematical-models; Regional-analysis;
Comparison-.'Watersheds-; 'Water-pollution-monitoring; 'Nonpoint-sources.
ABSTRACT: The purpose of the fact sheet is to describe the paired watershed approach for conducting nonpoint
source (NPS) water quality studies. The basic approach requires a minimum of two watersheds -
control and treatment - and two periods of study - calibration and treatment. The basis of the
paired watershed approach is that there is a quantifiable relationship between paired water quality
data for the two watersheds, and that this relationship is valid until a major change is made in one
of the watersheds.
AUTHORS: Edyvane, K. DATE:
TITLE: Stormwatei discharge. Its role in heavy metals and eutrophication of mangrove tidal creeks.
1991
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring
SOURCE: SAFISH. 1991. vol. 15, no. 4, pp. 4-8, 2737868
KEYWORDS: Mangrove-swamps; stormwater-runoff; eutrophication-; pollution-effects; heavy-metals; ISW,-
Australia,-South-Austra!ia,-St.-Vincent-Gulf
ABSTRACT: Details are given of project activities conducted by the Aquatic Ecology Research Section of the
South Australia Department of Fisheries regarding the input of nutrients, heavy metals and
suspended solids into the tidal creeks from urban stormwater. In the studies, chronically polluted.
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watershed
moderately .polluted and relatively unpolluted mangrove tidal creeks are compared to provide
quantitative information on the degree of heavy metal contamination and eutrophication of these
habitats and its possible impact on their role as important fishery nursery areas. The project is
currently examining 6 creeks in Gulf St. Vincent; in addition to water quality and seston study, the
effects of pollutants on the mangrove and seagrass biota of tidal creeks is also being examined.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Fulton, M.H.; Scott, G.I.; Former, A.; Bidleman, T.F.; Ngabe, B. DATE:
NMFS, Southeast Fish. Sci. Cent., Charleston, SC 29412, USA.
The effects of urbanization on small high salinity estuaries of the southeastern United States.
1993
Paired subwatershed monitoring
Archives of environmental contamination and toxicology. New York NY etc. FSSN 0090-4341
1993, vol. 25, no. 4, p. 476- 484., (MdBeCS)3547S09
Urbanization. Environmental impact Estuaries. Coastal zones. Salinity. USA, South Carolina.
Bioassays. Palaemonetes pugio. Funduius heteroclitus. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Crassostrea virginica. Nonpoint pollution. Runoff. Ecolo
Future development in coastal areas of the southeastern United States (US) will likely result from
urbanization (housing and tourist/service related activities) rather than industrialization. In an
effort to identify potential impacts associated with urbanization, field studies were conducted in
two small, high salinity estuaries of coastal South Carolina. The sites selected for study were
Murreils Inlet, an estuary with a history of significant urbanization and North Inlet, a relatively
pristine, undisturbed estuary. During field studies conducted in the fall of 1990, a series of 96-h in
situ bioassays were undertaken at each of the sites. The species used were the grass shrimp,
Palaemonetes pugio, and the mummichog, Funduius heteroclitus. Water samples were collected at
the site during these bioassays and analyzed for polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) residues. Adult
oysters, Crassostrea virginica, were also deployed at each of the sites during the in situ bioassays
and analyzed for tissue PAH residues. Physicochemical water quality and rainfall were also
monitored. Mean waterbome PAH levels were significantly higher at the urbanized Murreils Inlet
site than at the more pristine North Inlet. Additionally, oysters deployed at the Murreils Inlet site
showed increased PAH levels in comparison to baseline values while those deployed at the North
Inlet had PAH levels well below baseline concentrations. No she-related mortality was observed
in the two species used in the bioassays. Fluctuations in salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH were
much less extreme at the urbanized Murreils Inlet site than at North Inlet The less dynamic
physicochemical environment at the Murreils Inlet site may be due in part to urban influences
(i.e., jetty construction and bulkheading). Additional work is needed to better define the
significance of these observations.
AUTHORS: Fushiwaki, Y.; Urano, K. DATE: 1988
TITLE: Biodegradation Test of Herbicide CNP in River Water and Sediment Using the Modified River
Die-Away Method.
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring
SOURCE: Water Research WATRAG, Vol. 22, No. 9, p 1137-1141, September 1988. 8 fig, 1 tab, 6 ref.
ABSTRACT: The biodegradation of the herbicide CNP (2,4,6-trichlorophenyl 4'-nitrophenyl ether) in river
waters and sediments was evaluated using a modified river die-away method. Under the test
conditions of this method, the biodegradabiltty of CNP in water was different in each region. That
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is, the biodegradation was rapid in polluted rivers in agricultural and urban areas, but it was slow
in clean rivers on the sides of mountains. In addition, seasonal variation in the CNP
biodegradation in these test samples was little, though the biodegradation of CNP had a tendency
to be slightly higher in June and July, after spraying CNP, in rivers in agricultural areas. It was
also suggested that the potential activity of the CNP biodegradable microbes in sediment was
almost similar to that in water because of the easy movement of microbes between water and
sediment.
AUTHORS: Kappei, W.M.; Yager, R.M.; Zarriello, PJ. DATE: 1986
TITLE: Quantity and Quality of Urban Storm Runoff in the Irondequoit Creek Basin Near Rochester, New
York, Part 2.
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring
SOURCE: Available from USGS, OFSS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. USGS Water-Resources
Investigations Report 85-4113, 1986. 93 p, 22 fig, 20 tab, 60 ref.
ABSTRACT: Water quality data collected at 17 sites in urbanized and rural parts of the 438 sq km Irondequoit
Creek basin from July 1980 through August 1981 were used to compute annual loads of eight
selected constituents. Of the total annual loads of these constituents, 50 to 70% was transported to
Irondequoit Bay during a 3.5-month period from late January to early May. Of six mixed-land-use
subbasins, the two most highly urbanized had the highest loads of all constituents. Of the four
sites representing single land uses, the high density residential site and the housing construction
site had the highest loads of all constituents except cadmium. A rainfall-runoff model was used to
predict quantity and quality of storm runoff leaving one commercial site, two residential sites, and
a large mixed-land-use subbasin. Predicted volume and peak discharges were within 10 to 30% of
the measured values; predicted runoff loads of most constituents were within 40 to 60% of
measured values. Stomnflow modification in the Irondequoit Creek wetlands by two hypothetical
control structures was simulated. Results indicate that outflow from the upper wetland could be
decreased and stormflows dispersed to a greater part of the upper wetland to increase retention of
suspended solids and associated chemical constituents. (USGS)
AUTHORS: Mustard, M.H.; Ellis, S.R.; Gibbs, J.W. DATE: 1985
TITLE: Runoff Characteristics and Washoff Loads From Rainfall-Simulation Experiments on a Street
Surface and a Native Pasture in the Denver Metropolitan Area, Colorado.
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring
SOURCE: Available from USGS, OFSS, Box 25425, Lakewood, CO 80225. USGS Open-File Report 84-
820,1985.44 p, 21 fig, 10 tab, 10 ref.
ABSTRACT: Rainfall-runoff simulation studies were conducted in conjunction with the Denver Regional Urban
Runoff Program to: (1) Compare runoff characteristics from two different intensities of simulated
rainfall on street-surface plots, (2) document a first flush of constituent washoff toads in runoff
from l,000-sq-ft street-surface plots, (3) compare runoff characteristics from the street surface
plots with those from a 69-acre urban mixed land use subjected to natural rainfall, (4) perform
statistical analysis of washoff loads, and (5) compare quantity and quality of runoff from 400-sq-ft
plots of native pasture subjected to simulated rainfall and from a 405-acre basin of native pasture
subjected to natural rainfall. Experiments on the street surface showed that higher intensity
simulated rainfall produced a higher percentage of runoff than lower intensity rainfall, and a first
flush of constituent loads occurred for most constituents. The event mean constituent
235
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Paired S^watershed
concentrations in the street-surface runoff from simulated storms were generally much smaller
than those in the runoff from an adjacent urban basin. Simulated rainfall in small native pasture
plots produced runoff-to-rainfall ratios similar to runoff-to-rainfall ratios from a larger native
pasture subject to natural rainfall.
AUTHORS: Pedersen, E.R.; Perkins, M.A. DATE: 1986
AFFIL: Gaia northwest, Inc., 10522 Lake City Way N.E. C-201 Seattle, WA 98125
TITLE: The use of benthic invertebrate data for evaluating impacts of urban runoff
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring: Macro-invertebrate diversity
SOURCE: Hydrobiologia." 1986. vol. 139, pp. 13-22.
KEYWORDS: Benthos, urbanization, runoff, cluster analysis
ABSTRACT: The benthic macroinvertebrate population of a stream in an urbanized watershed was compared to
the benthos in a rural stream. Using buried samplers, no significant difference between streams
was found in total numbers of invertebrates, indicating no long term loss of colonization potential
in the urban stream. Classifying the benthos in functional family groupings (based on Cummins,
1973) showed the rural stream to have nearly twice the functional diversity of the urban stream.
The benthos of the urban stream was dominated by a few groups of invertebrates which could
adapt to the erostonal/depositional nature of the substrate and could utilize transient, low quality
food sources. The density of invertebrates was adequate to support a coho salmon and cutthroat
trout population in the urban stream. Apparently, the salmonids feed on available benthos and do
not select specific benthic trophic groups. An evaluation of six similarity coefficients using cluster
analysis showed that only the Canberra Metric index was able to represent the raw data according
to known data associations.
AUTHORS: Stenstrom, R.C.; Witmer, A. DATE:
TITLE: Comparison of Behavior of Two Sub-Basins in the Turtle Creek Drainage System.
1981
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring
SOURCE: Available from the National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA 22161 as PB82-
157819, Price codes: A03 in paper copy, A01 in microfiche. Water Resources Center, University
of Wisconsin, Madison, Technical Report WIS-WRC-81 -04, 1981.29 p,
ABSTRACT: During the summer and fall of 1980 the Little Turtle and Spring Brook Sub-basins of the Turtle
Creek Drainage in southern Wisconsin were studied for the response to rainfall events. Surface
and subsurface characteristics of the two basins were similar, however, the shape and drainage
features differed markedly. Each basin was monitored by 10 rain gauges and two recording rain
gauges placed at the ends of a line running approximately east-west through the basin.
Observations of three events show that in urbanized areas of Spring Brook the reduced tag time
for storm runoff leads to multiple peaks from a single rainfall. Preliminary calculations indicate a
larger discharge from the storm-sewered area than from the unurbanized segment of the basin,
even though it represents only about 25% of the area. The response of the unurbanized segment is
not as complex. However, the Little Turtle Basin, with its many tributaries, produces a multiple
peaked flow from three various lag times for 'tributary arrivals. Because of the complexity
involved, the behavior of the basins in a number of storms must be examined before a valid model
can be attempted.
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Paired Suhwatershed
AUTHORS: Tong, SIT. DATE:
AFFIL: Geogr. Dep., Univ. Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0131, USA
TITLE: The hydrologic effects of urban land use: A case study of the Little Miami River basin.
1990
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring
SOURCE: Landscape Urban Plann. 1990. vol. 19, no. 1, pp. 99-105
KEYWORDS: Urbanization-; vegetation-patterns; land-use; watersheds-; environmental-impact; Ohio.-Little-
Miami-R.; basins-; USA,-Ohio,-Little-Miami-R.-basin; floods-; water-quality
ABSTRACT: This paper examines, the impacts of urbanization on the Little Miami River basin. Flood
frequencies of an urbanizing town (Miiford) and a rural area (Perintown) were analyzed based on
the historical discharge data. Water samples were collected for chemical analyses and bioassays
were conducted to determine the effects of runoff on seed germination and root development. The
results of this study indicate that watershed urbanization has caused more frequent floods, poorer
water quality and vegetation growth.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Vemberg, F.J.; Vemberg, W.B.; Blood, E.; Former, A.; Fulton, M.; DATE:
H. Mckellar, Michener, W. et ai.
Impact of urbanization on high-salinity estuaries in the southeastern United States.
1992
Paired subwatershed monitoring
Heip, C.H.R.; Nienhuis, P.H. (eds.) Proceedings of the 26th European Marine Biology
Symposium. Biological Effects. Netherlands journal of sea research. Texel, ISSN 0077-7579 vol.
30., (MdBeCS)2944I22
Ecosystem disturbance. Urban runoff, Brackishwater pollution. Nutrients (mineral). Copper.
Aromatic hydrocarbons. Microbiai contamination. Chlorophylls. Biological production.
Bioaccumulation. ANW, USA, South Carolina-. Estuaries. Land use.
To assess the impact of urbanization on small high-salinity estuaries, studies were initiated
utilizing a geographic information system, global positioning system technology, and data
collection and analytical techniques to characterize the relationship between land-use patterns,
nutrient loading, water quality, chemical contaminants, bacteriology, toxicology, hydrodynamics,
and primary and secondary production. Thirty monitoring stations at both an urbanized estuary
(Murrells Inlet, South Carolina, U.S.A.) and a nearby, similarsized, relatively pristine estuary
(North Inlet, SC) were established. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) levels in seawater and
oyster tissue were higher in Murrells Inlet, and are similar to the PAH composition in urban air.
Copper concentrations were higher, with the highest concentrations found in oysters located near
human habitation. Total coltform levels in surface waters at both estuaries were not different,
faecal colifonn levels in Murrells Inlet were generally higher, particularly in oysters. Nitrate and
phosphate concentrations were higher in Murrells Inlet, but, ammonium concentrations were
usually higher at North Inlet landward stations. The variability in dissolved oxygen was much
greater in North Inlet and may be due to the greater marsh/creek drainage. Chlorophyll a values
tended to be higher and more variable for North Inlet water samples but no significant differences
were, observed between the two estuaries during the peak of the growing season. Lower fish
biomass was observed in Murrells Inlet.
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Whole Watershed Indicators
flared Sub-Watershed Monitorirjg
AUTHORS: Wimberley, F.R.; Coleraan, T.J. DATE: 1993
AFFIL: Univ of the Witwatersrand, S Afr.
TITLE: Effect of different urban development types on storm-water runoff quality. A comparison between
two Johannesburg catchments.
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring
SOURCE: Water Sa., ISSN 0378-4738 1993, vol. 19, no. 4, p. 325-330., (MdBeCS)OI 18008
KEYWORDS: Runoff. Storm sewers. Monitoring. Sewage. Water pollution. Urban stonnwater runoff.
Catchments. Pollutants.
ABSTRACT: The quality of urban stonnwater runoff can be greatly affected by the type development within the
catchment and the level of management of the engineering services. This was investigated using
water quality data from 2 areas near Johannesburg, namely Alexandra and Sunninghill Park.
Alexandra township supports a mixture of formal and informal (squatter type) developments,
while Sunninghill Park comprise only a formal development The level of maintenance of the
services is considerably different between the 2 areas. The results of the monitoring period have
shown that the stormflow off Alexandra is similar to raw sewage, for a number of pollutant
concentrations, and the dry weather flow is comparable to settled sewage. The concentrations in
the storm- and dry-weather flow off Sunninghill Park are considerably lower. Pollutant loads are
greater from the Alexandra catchment by factors of between 20 and 130.
AUTHORS: Yusoff, F.M.; Sharr, H.A. DATE:
AFFIL: Fac. Fish, and Mar. Sci., Univ. Pertanian Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor 43400, Malaysia
TITLE: Physico-chemical limnology of Zoo Negra Lake, Malaysia.
1987
INDICATOR: Paired subwatershed monitoring
SOURCE: Lim, R.P.; Viner, (eds). Sustainable Clean Water. Proceedings of the Regional Workshop on
Limnology and Water Resource Management in the Developing Countries of Asia and the Pacific.
29 Nov.-S Dee., 1992. University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., 1724651
KEYWORDS: Limnological-surveys; physicochemical-properties; inflow-; freshwater-lakes; Malaysia,-Zoo-
Negan-L.
ABSTRACT: A physico-chemical limnological survey on Zoo Negara Lake and its incoming water from the
upstream of Kemansah River was carried out from May to October 1981. Generally the water in
bom the stream and lake is weakly acidic with low alkalinity and low nutrient concentrations. The
physical and chemical parameters in the lake are higher than that observed in the upstream reaches
of Kemansah River especially in turbidity and total residues. The high turbidity and residues were
due to the high loading of erosion particles resulting from the housing development in the
watershed. The lake is threatened by erosion and siltation problems, but it is free from biogenic
pollution.
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WATERSHED SIMULATION MODELS
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Arnold, J.G.; Allen, P.M.; Bemhardt, G,
USDA-ARS, West Lafayette, IN 76502, USA
A comprehensive surface-groundwater flow model.
DATE:
1993
Watershed simulation modeling
J.-HYDROL.-AMST.. 1993. vol. 142, no. 1-4, pp. 47-49, 2880884
Ground-water; inland-waters; hydrology-; models-; fluid-flow; watersheds-; USA,-Texas,-Waco;
water-resources; resource-management
i
In this study, a simple groundwater flow and height model was added to an existing basin-scale
surface water model. The linked model is: (I) watershed scale, allowing the basin to be
subdivided; (2) designed to accept readily available inputs to allow general use over large regions;
(3) continuous in time to allow simulation of land management, including such factors as climate
and vegetation changes, pond and reservoir management, groundwater withdrawals, and stream
and reservoir withdrawals. The model is described, and is validated on a 471-sq. km watershed
near Waco. Texas. This linked model should provide a comprehensive tool for water resource
managers in development and planning.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
Baffaut, C; Chameau, J.L.
Estimation of Pollutant Loads with Fuzzy Sets.
DATE:
1990
Watershed simulation modeling
Civil Engineering Systems CESYEE, Vol. 7, No. 1, p 51-61, March 1990. 13 fig, 2 tab, 18 ref.
ABSTRACT: Interest in runoff water quality models has increased with the concern about pollution caused by
runoff from urban areas or critical sites such as construction or mining sites. Regression and build-
up-wash-off models are commonly used procedures to estimate pollutant loads. These models are
not accurate and predict loads which are often as much as 300% in error. An approach is
presented to estimate pollutant loads and concentrations in runoff using fuzzy sets. The fuzzy sets
method helps to estimate storm load values that reflect some of the modeling and physical
uncertainties. These uncertainties include those caused by the discrete data, as well as the
limitations concerning the processes implemented in Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)
and the initial values of the parameters. The technique relies on the selection of parameters based
upon past data and experience, followed by a calibration of the parameter considered most
important, the build-up limit. When the model is calibrated, predictions for future events can be
made efficiently and at low cost with the Left-Right (L-R) set technique. The method helps
identify anomalies of the model as it points out differences in the build-up limit determined for the
various calibration events. Anomalies can be caused by an incorrect estimation of the wash-oiT
parameters and build-up exponent. In this case, additional calculations can be made to refine the
estimates of these parameters. If this fails, there is a strong indication that the build-up-wash-off
model is not applicable or sufficient for the watershed. Final membership functions of the
calibrated values of the build-up limits have large L-R spreads for the commercial watershed in
Florida which was studied. Calibration of the impervious case study area in Denver resulted in
smaller spreads. This result is consistent with the difficulties encountered during previous
calibrations and confirms that the build-up and wash-off processes included in the SWMM are
limited for some watersheds.
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Watershed Si
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Bennett, D.B.; Heaney, J.P.
Retrofitting for Watershed Drainage.
DATE:
1991
Watershed simulation modeling
Water Environment & Technology WAETEJ, Vol. 3, No. 9, p 63-68, September 1991. 6 fig, 3
tab.
Over the past 8 years, degradation in Florida's Indian River Lagoon has taken the form of fish
kills, reduced viable recreational and commercial fisheries, and loss of seagrass beds. Storm-water
drainage practices in the watershed have been identified as the primary culprit in the slow demise
of the lagoon. A project was implemented'to create a watershed control system for the Indian
River Lagoon and to develop pragmatic management strategies to relieve stresses resulting from
runoff to the lagoon. Using site-specific hydrologic data, the cause and effect relationships of the
catchment hydrology, channel hydraulics, and pollutant loads were documented and summarized
using the Storm Water Management Model. The calibrated model was used to evaluate the
effectiveness of the proposed watershed control system under existing land use and under
maximum buildout. The simulation clearly illustrated that the system would have great difficulty
meeting the groundwater discharge and water level fluctuation criteria for all development
scenarios. Without periodic drawdown, water levels in the system would be nearly static.
Groundwater discharge was estimated to be reduced by only 9%. Under maximum buildout,
sedimentation in the wetland may be a problem. It is concluded that stormwater management on
the watershed must take a muttiobjective analysis approach. Not all criteria may be optimally
achieved, raising interesting tradeoff questions.
AUTHORS: Kemp, W.M.; Baker, J.E. DATE: 1994
AFFIL: Horn Point Environmental Laboratory and Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, respectively,
University of Maryland, CEES
TITLE: Ecosystem Processes Related to Transport. Partitioning and Effects of Organic Contaminants in
Chesapeake Bay: A Simulation Study
INDICATOR: Watershed simulation modeling
SOURCE: Jacobs, J.M. (ed). 1994. Chesapeake Bay Environmental Effects Studies: Toxics Research
Program 1993 Workshop Report. NOAA Chesapeake Bay Office, Annapolis, MD. Held in
Solomons, MD., VSG-94-14; UM-SG-TS-94-03
ABSTRACT: A simulation model was developed to provide researchers with a mechanism for integrating
current and future scientific results into a rigorous analysis of risk assessment in the Chesapeake
Bay ecosystem. From the model, it appears that bay ecosystem processes* are relatively resilient
to acute toxic stresses; however, key populations of interest may be vastly more sensitive, and
some unknown mechanisms not includedd in the models could increaese the sensitivity to certain
processess. Model simulations of hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) behavior showed
remarkably consistency with field data based on assumptions about size-relations for functional
groups. Model studies revealed that HOC concentrations increase along food chains as expected
and that differences among congeners were generally predictable from K9(sub)ow values. HOC
concentrations associated with plankton and benthic communities are clearly dynamic properties
far from chemical equiibrium. With the aid of model simulations, however, concentrations,
measured in limited field surveys could be related to mean and maximum expected values over an
. 240
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. Watershed Indicators.
Watershed Simulation
annual cycle. The studies have also identified several critical information needs for further
integrated understanding of contaminant behavior.
AUTHORS: Lindner-Lunsford, J.B.; Ellis, S.R. DATE: 1987
TITLE: Comparison of Conceptually Based and Regression Rainfall-Runoff Models, Denver Metropolitan
Area, Colorado, and Potential Applications in Urban Areas.
INDICATOR: Watershed simulation modeling
SOURCE: Available from OFSS, USGS, Box 25425, Denver, CO 80225. USGS Water Resources
Investigations Report 87-4104, 1987. 39p, 8 fig, 15 tab, 12 ref.
ABSTRACT: Multievent, conceptually based models and a single-event, multiple linear-regression model for
estimating storm-runoff quantity and quality from urban areas were calibrated and verified for
four small (57 to 167 acres) basins in the Denver metropolitan area, Colorado. The basins
represented different land-use types - light commercial, single-family housing, and multi-family
housing. Both types of models were calibrated using the same data set for each basin. A
comparison was made between the storm-runoff volume, peak flow, and storm-runoff loads of
seven water quality constituents simulated by each of the models by use of identical verification
data sets. The models studied were the U.S. Geological Survey's Distributed Routing Rainfall-
Runoff Model-Version II (DR3M-II) (a runoff-quantity model designed for urban areas), and a
multievent urban runoff quality model (DR3M-QUAL). Water quality constituents modeled were
chemical oxygen demand, total suspended solids, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, total lead, total
manganese, and total zinc.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Medina, M.A., Jr; Buzun, J.
Continuous Simulation of Receiving Water Quality Transients.
DATE:
1981
Watershed simulation modeling
Water Resources Bulletin, VoJ 17, No 4, p 549-557, August, 1981. 10 Fig, 2 Tab, 19 Ref.
A continuous simulation model was derived which solves the one-dimensional transient
conservation of mass equations for coupled biochemical oxygen demand-dissolved oxygen
reactions for urban stormwater runoff. The solution is based on the principle of superposition for
continuously discharging plane sources. The model permits the derivation of water quality
frequency curves and frequency histograms of consecutive hourly dissolved oxygen violations at
any set standard. The scheme is applied to the Des Moines River to determine the urban storm
impacts of Des Moines, Iowa. Urban stormwater impacts can be masked by the cumulative
frequency curve representation, but the frequency histograms clearly showed the duration of
consecutive water quality standard violations. The application also revealed the inadequacy of
fixed magnitude water quality standards. Most waste allocation studies are based on arbitrary (7-
day, 10-year low flow) conditions, and the probability of occurrence cannot be established.
241
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WATERSHED GIS
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Gilbrook, M.J. DATE:
East Central Florida Reg. Planning Counc,, Winter Park FL.
Impact of proposed future land uses on the Indian River Lagoon, Brevard County.
1991
Watershed GIS
(MdBeCS)3021952
Environmental impact. Development projects. Natural resources. Ecosystem disturbance.
Regional planning. Water pollution. Stormwater runoff. Vegetation cover. AS W, USA, Florida,
Indian R. Lagoon. Land use. Marine. Brackish. Freshwater.
The Growth Management and Land Development Regulation Act of 1985 (Chapter 163, F.S.)
required that all local governments in Florida prepare comprehensive plans which outline then-
intended growth pattern over a ten year period. Central to the comprehensive plan is the Future
Land Use Map, which pictoriaily represents the local government's growth strategy.
Unfortunately, although each comprehensive plan undergoes review by the Regional Planning
Council and the Florida Department of Community Affairs, no mechanism exists to examine the
combined effect of all local plans in a county on natural resources. The study used PC
ARC/INFO, a Geographic Information System (GIS), to examine the impact of the proposed
future land use scenarios in Brevard County on vegetative cover, floodplains and stormwater
pollution loadings in the Indian River Lagoon watershed. The analysis revealed that the Indian
River Lagoon watershed within Brevard County will experience significant losses in natural
vegetative cover and floodplains if then area builds out as proposed. Despite the imposition of
stormwater pollution treatment standards by many local governments, the increased development
within most sub-basins will cause pollutant loadings to the Indian River to increase. (Contract
NA89AA- D-CZ-228. Sponsored by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Washington, DC. Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, and Florida State. Dept. of
Environmental Regulation, Tallahassee. Office of Coastal Management).
AUTHORS: Joao, E.M.; Walsh, SJ. DATE: 1992
AFFIL: Dep. Geogr., Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3220, USA
TITLE: GIS implications for hydrologic modeling: Simulation of nonpoint pollution generated as a
conseque nee of watershed development scenarios.
INDICATOR: Watershed GIS
SOURCE: Comp. Environ. Urban Syst. 1992. vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 43-63
KEYWORDS: Nonpoint-poUution; hydrology-; watersheds-; water-pollution; simulation-; land-use; geography-;
USA.-North-CaroIina; computer-programmes; models-
ABSTRACT: Two different land development scenarios and separate trials for each were compared in terms of
the nonpoint pollution (NPP) generated as a consequence of the location and condition of urban
land within a drainage basin in central North Carolina, USA. The ANSWERS NPP model was
used to estimate erosion, deposition, and related hydrologic parameters at the basin outlet
occurring at individual 0.1 ha cells throughout the basin. The NPP model was interfaced to a
vector (ARC/INFO) and a raster (ERDAS) GIS to generate and spatially organize the data to
support each of the scenarios. The interface between the GIS and the hydrological model was
established through the development of the ERDANS program. The primary objective of the
research was to explore the capability for GIS simulation of realistic watershed development
scenarios, organization of disparate information within a spatial domain to support the simulation
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Whole Watershed Indicators
studies, and the linkage of a hydrologic model to tie GIS for the evaluation of scenario impacts
on the hydrologic system.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Johnson, C.A.; Deterbeck, N.E.; Bonde, J.P.; Niemi, G.J.
Minnesota Univ.-Duluth. Natural Resources Research Inst.
Geographic Information Systems for Cumulative Impact Assessment
DATE:
1988
Watershed CIS
EPA600J88480
Aerial photography; Natural resources; Photointerpretation; Watersheds; Water pollution;
Statistical analysis; Urban areas.'Geography; 'Information systems; 'Environmental imp
impacts;
Geographic Information Systems (CIS) are a valuable tool for assessing cumulative
environmental impact, the incremental impact of an action when added to other past, present, and
reasonable foreseeable future actions. GIS can be used to quantify rates of regional resource loss
by comparing data layers representing different years. GIS can also be used to develop empirical
relationships between resource loss and environmental degradation. A cumulative impact
evaluation method involving aerial photointerprctation, multivariate statistical analysis, and GIS
techniques was developed and used to relate past and present wetland abundance with stream
water quality in the Minneapolis-St. Paul metropolitan area. The results demonstrate the
importance of wetland position in the watershed to water quality, a relationship which would have
been difficult to detect without the benefit of GIS assisted analysis.
AUTHORS: Levine, DA.; Jones, W.W. DATE: 1988
AFFIL: Sch. Publ. and Environ. Aff., Indiana Univ, Bloomington, IN 47401, USA
TITLE: Water quality modeling using a geographic information system (GIS) for an Indiana reservoir.
INDICATOR: Watershed GIS
SOURCE: 8. Annual International Symposium on Lake and Watershed Management 1988. p. 9; 1985799
KEYWORDS: digital-records; geographical-reference-systems; Indiana,-Shakamak-L.; information-systems;
geography-; USA,-lndiana,-Shakamak-L.
ABSTRACT: An inexpensive, PC-based Geographic Information System (GIS) was used for water quality •
modeling of Lake Shakamak, Indiana. Topographic, soil type, land-cover, and hydrologic
information was digitized for an area slightly larger than the watershed and stored in 10 by 10 m.
cells to accommodate the raster format of the GIS. The GIS database was used to calculate
phosphorus loading and soil loss from each cell. Watershed maps were generated that highlighted
areas contributing significantly to the phosphorus and sediment load to the lake. The database was
then adjusted to reflect various management alternatives, and resulting phosphorus and sediment
values were obtained. The GIS provided a graphic and numeric representation of me effect of
each management strategy in minutes, allowing a quick and easily understandable method of
alternative selection.
AUTHORS: Meyer, S.P.; Salem, T.H.; Labadie, J.W.
TITLE: Geographic Information Systems in Urban Storm-Water Management.
INDICATOR: Watershed GIS
DATE:
1993
244
-------
Whose
Watershed CIS
SOURCE: Joumafof Water Resources Planning and Management (ASCE) JWRMD5, Vol. 119, No. 2, p
206-228, March/April 1993. 11 fig, 1 tab, 23 ref.
ABSTRACT: Increasing use of distributed, physically-based urban storm water management models requires
urban water managers to acquire, maintain, and utilize the extensive, spatially-referenced
databases necessary to support these efforts. Geographic information systems (GIS) are ideally
suited to preparing, storing, updating, analyzing, and displaying these data in conjunction with
urban storm water modeling. A physically-based urban storm water runoff model was linked to a
low-cost, personal-computer-based raster GIS package to facilitate preparation, examination, and
analysis of spatially-distributed model inputs and parameters. Impacts of urban storm water
management strategies were analyzed through preprocessing by GIS, calculation of discharge by
the urban runoff model, and postprocessing and display of spatial output in the GIS. Three
methods of encoding urban features in a raster GIS system were utilized: single-value-attributed
data, edge-probability-attributed data, and central-attributed raster line. The viability of the raster
GIS/urban storm water model linkage in a microcomputing environment was demonstrated oh a
study area in the Greenbriar subdivision in Fort Collins, Colorado. Results from the model linkage
compared favorably with previous studies. The GIS/storm water runoff mode! linkage developed
in this study can be extended to coordinate and facilitate other emerging data-driven models
applied to urban water management.
AUTHORS:
AFFIL:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
KEYWORDS:
ABSTRACT:
Pearson, M.; Wheaton, S.
Anchorage Water & Wastewater Utility's Engineering & Planning Division.
GIS and storm-water management
DATE:
1993
Watershed GIS
Civ Eng (New York). ISSN 0885-7024 1993, vol. 63, no. 9, p. 72-73., (MdBeCS)0067646
Rain. Storms. Laws and legislation. Project management. Quality control. Database systems.
Computer aided design. Computer applications. Costs. Geographic Information System (GIS)
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Anc
A Geographic Information System (GIS) essentially allows the user to link tabular (database)
information with spatial (CAD) information. The result is a powerful synthesis that allows the
user to analyze, manipulate, map and present information in virtually unlimited ways. The
municipality of Anchorage, Alaska has employed a GIS throughout most of its ongoing
application process for a conditional discharge permit in their effort to meet compliance with the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) storm-water rule. Using the GIS
enabled the municipality to submit part one of the NPDES application three months after work
began. It is estimated mat without a GIS, the permit process would have taken another year and
cost about 100,000 dollars more.
AUTHORS:
TITLE:
INDICATOR:
SOURCE:
ABSTRACT:
Rifai, H.S.; Newell, C.J.; Bedient, P.B.
Getting to the Nonpoint Source with GIS.
DATE:
1993
Watershed GIS
Civil Engineering (ASCE) CEWRA9, Vol. 63, No. 6, p 44-46, June 1993. 3 fig.
As part of the Galveston Bay National Estuary Program in Texas, engineers have characterized the
nonpoint pollution sources that are poisoning the bay. A geographic information system (GIS) has
helped them with extensive mapping-based calculations. The GIS database, designed specifically
245
-------
H'hole Watershed Indicators _ Watershed qfi
for this study, helped to map the area's geographic characteristics, analyze the land-use data,
complete the nonpoint-source calculations and graphically present the project results. This
database allows identification of the areas within the watershed that contribute the highest load
concentrations of a given pollutant entering Galveston Bay, so that they may be targeted in action
plans aimed at attenuating or managing these pollutants. ARC/INFO CIS software was the basic
tool for the entire nonpoint-source assessment, incorporating hydrologic and nonpoint load
models so that the flow and water-quality calculations could be attributed to different geographic
regions. The eight water-quality parameters which were quantified were: total suspended solids
(TSS), total nitrogen (IN), total phosphorus (TP), biochemical oxygen demand (BOO), fecal
coliforms, heavy metals, oil and grease, and synthetic organic chemicals. The GIS database
consisted of six elements: U.S. Geological Survey 1:100,000 and 1:24,000 scale maps, hydrologic
soil types, land-use patterns (LANDSAT images), a runoff calculation model, and a nonpoint-
source load calculation model. The nonpoint-source calculations indicated that high-density urban
land-use areas were the main contributor of nonpoint-source loads from the study area for all the
parameters.
246
-------
Index by Keyword
Algae
Chambers, G.M.( 1980)
Del Giorgio, P.A( 1991)
Dixit,S.S. (1991)
Falter, CM. ( 1988)
Giesy, J.P. (1989)
Laperriere, J.D. (1988)
Munawar.M. (1991)
Ney,J.J.(1988)
Payne, J. A. (1990)
Pitt, R_( 1980)
PorteIe,G.J.(1982)
Porter, S.D. ( 1993)
Roos, C. (1987)
Simmons, B.L. ( 1989)
Singer, S.N. ( 1980)
Sweeney, B.W. (1992)
Wann, D. (1986)
Anadromous-species
Aldrich, J. (1993)
Arnold, J. A., ed.( 1993)
Galli,J.(1990)
Galli, J. (1992)
Hariigan. J.P. (1981)
Kuo,C.Y. (1988)
Limburg, K.E.(1990)
Lindsey,G.(1992)
Lynard, W.G. (1980)
MWCOG, DC (1983)
NCDept.NRC(1983)
Ridi!la,P.A.(1993)
Rosenthal, A. (1989)
Schueler,T.R.(1983)
Schueier,T.R.(1995)
Strecker, E.W. (N/A)
Urbonas, B.(1994)
Urbonas, B.R. (1995)
Yu, S.L. (1993)
Bacteria
Bartel, R.L. (1989)
Blumberg, M.S.(I984)
Brabets, T.P.(1987)
Brosnan.T.M. (1993)
Broutman, M.A. (1986)
Chambers, G.M.( 1980)
111
46
46
48
189
191
194
5
214
231
18
53
18
75
216
81
21
109
139
89
113
209
211
39
97
116
119
121
123
71
124
229
125
126
127
13-1
140
141
202
142
177
111
Decker, T.J. (1988)
Dufour.A.P. (1984)
Gannon, J.J. (1989)
Giesy, J.P. (1989)
Gietz,RJ. (1981)
Jensen, P. (1992)
Karr.J.R. (1984)
Ku,H.F.H. (1986)
Laperriere, J.D. (1988)
LeMay.J.A. (1989)
McConnell,J.B.(1980)
Morrison, G.M. (1993)
Myers, D.N. (1992)
Nalewajko,C(1988)
NCDHS(1985)
Newell, CJ.( 1992)
O'Shea,M.L.(1992)
Pitt, R. (1984)
Prych,E.A. (1983)
PWQMN(1992)
SchiHinger,J.E.(1982)
Schillinger,J.E.(1985)
Wanielista, M. (1991)
Wet, C.( 1994)
Yamane,C.M. (1985)
Best Management
Practices
Aldrich,J. (1993)
Duda,A. (1980)
Galli, J.( 1990)
Haitigan, J.P. (1981)
Kuo,C.Y. (1988)
Lindsey,G.(l992)-
Lynard, W.G. (1980)
MWCOG, DC (1983)
NCDeptNRC(1983)
Nightingale, H.I. (1987)
Nowak,P.J. (1988)
Park, W.(I981)
Paterson,R.G (1993)
Ridilla,P.A. (1993)
Rosenthal, A. (1989)
Scherger, D.A. (1983)
Schueler, T.R. (1983)
Strecker, E.W. (N/A)
Urbonas, B.( 1994)
Urbonas, B.R. (1995)
204
47
48
189
114
178
3
149
191
50
151
193
152
194
179
213
52
231
74
157
. 158
158
127
176
222
109
112
89
209
211
99
116
119
121
172
106
70
70
123
71
124
124
125
126
127
Yu, S.L. (1 993)
Bioaccumulation
Bascombe, A.D. (1990)
Carlson, A.R. (1986)
Hare, L. (1992)
Hohreiter,D.W.(1980)
Madigosky,S.R.(1991)
Masterson, J.P. (1994)
Meiorin, E.G. (1989)
Mulliss, R. (1994)
Payne, J.A. (1990)
PickettJ.R,(1992)
Rhett, G. (1989)
Schimmel, S.C. (1994)
Stevens, A.A. ( 1989)
Veraberg,FJ.(1992)
Bioassays
Adams-Kszos, L. (1990)
Bascombe, A.D. (1990)
Bedard, D. (1992)
Daniels, S^.( 1989)
Dennott,R.(1992)
Faisal, M. (1994)
Fuiton, M.H.(1993)
Gaunt, G.A.( 1993)
Hall, KJ. (1988)
Manh, J.M. (1993)
Moran,T.(1993)
Munawar.M. (1991)
Nalewajko,C.(1988)
Petereon,S.A.(!985)
Portele,G.J.(1982)
S«ager,J.(1990)
Simon, T.P. (1988)
Tong, STY. (1990)
WMS, Toronto(1992)
Biodegradation
Faust, S.D. (1980)
Fushiwaki,Y. (1988)
Karr,J.R.(1986)
Biological diversity
Karr.J.R.(1993)
131
182
184
190
191
51
192
119
193
214
196
196
198
160
237
181
182
168
186
187
188
234
29
190
192
15
194
194
195
18
19
20
237
65
170
234
3.
14
A-l
-------
Biological monitoring
Bascombe, A.D. (1988) 25
Bascombe, A.D. (1988) 25
Bascombe, A.D. (1989) 182
Brooks, R.P. (1991) 12
Dilley,M.A.(1992) 103
Dolan, R.(1992) 187
Duda,A.(1980) 112
Haysiip, G.A. (1993) 78
Hughes, R.M.( 1989) 14
Karr, J.R. (1992) 3!
Karr, J.R. (1993) 14
LeMay, J.A. (1989) 50
Livingston, E.H. (1995) 171
Masterson,J.P.(1994) 192
Miller, D.L.( 1988) 5
Pratt, J.M. (1981) 36
StroudWRC(1994) 107
Biotic integrity
Bennett, D.H. (1989) 12
Dilley, M.A. (1992) 103
Fausch,K.D.(1984) I
Hughes. R.M. (1990) 2
Jacobson,P.(1992) 2
Karr, J.R. (1984) 3
Kerens, B.L. (1994) 32
Lyons,J. (1992) 4
Miller, D.L. (1988) 5
Oberdorff,T.(!992) 6
Ohio EPA (1987) 17
Saylor,C. (1987) 6
Steedman, RJ.(1988) 7
TVA(1993) 8
Calcium acetate
Laperriere,J.D.(1988) 191
Chemical pollution
Faisal, M.( 1994) 188
Krahn, P.K. (1988) 211
Coastal zone
Farrow, D.( 1992) 69
Fulton, M.H.( 1993) 234
Concentration
Adams-Kszos, L (1990) 181
Albrecht,D.R.(1988) 139
Baffaut,C.(I990) 239
Barrick,R.C.(1987) 167
Bascombe, A.D. (1990) 182
Bautista, M.F. (1993) 110
Beak Consultants (1991) 182
Bissonnette, P. (1985) 61
Blumberg, M.S. (1984) 141
Brabets,T.P. (1987) 202
Brosnan,T.M.(1993) 142
Byrne, C.J.( 1980) 168
Byme,CJ.(l987) 169
Campbell, E.E.( 1991) 45
Chang, G.C.( 1988) 203
Chu,F.E.(1994) 185
Colman, J.A. (1992) 169
Day, K.E.( 1990) 186
Decker, T.J. (1988) 204
Delleur,J.W.(1984) • 204
Ddleur,J.W.(1994) 205
Donigian,A.S. (1991) 207
Driscoll, E.D.(1990) 143
Driscoll,E.D.(1990) 143
Duba,G.A. (1981) 187
Ehrenfeld,J.G.(1983) 77
Ellis, S.R.( 1984) 207
Fam, S. (1987) 145
Ferrara,R.A.(1983) 113
Fulton, M.H.( 1993) 234
Gammeter, S. (1990) 189
Garie,H.L. (1986) 29
Gearing, J.R (1991) • 170
HaJLKJ. (1988) 189
Hampson,P.S.(1986) 115
Heiskary,S.A.(1988) 69
Herricks, E.E. (N/A) 190
Hey, D.L. (1983) 115
Hogg,l.D.(199l) 30
Holler, J.D.( 1990) 116
Hoos,A.B.(1993) 209
Howarth, R.W.(1991) 210
Kemp, W.M.( 1994) 240
Klein, H.( 1982) 149
Ku, H.FH.(1986) 149
Laperriere,J.D.(1988) 191
Listen, P. (1986) 171
Livingston, E.J.I. (1995) 171
Lopez, M.A. (1984) 165
Madigosky,S.R,(1991) 51
Marsalek,J.(1990) 212
Marsh, J.M. (1993) 192
Martin, J.D. (1990) 150
Masterson, J.P. (1994) 192
McConnelLJ.B.(1980) 151
Meiorin,E.C. (1989) 119
Mesuere, K. (1989) 120
Metcalfe-Smitfa JL (1992) 40
Minor, J.D.( 1995) 99
Morgan, M.D. (1987) 52
Morrison, G.M.( 1993) 193
Morse, J.W.( 1993) 172
Mulliss, R. (1994) 193
Mustard, M.H. (1985) 235
Ney,J.J.(1988) 5
Norman, C.G.( 1991) 152
Oberts,G.L.(1986) 213
Padmanabhan,G.(1993) 214
Pagenkopfa,G.K.(1983) 195
Paulson, C. (1993) 153
Payne, J.A. (1990) 154
Peterson, S.A. (1985) 195
Pitt, R. (1980) 155
Pitt, R.( 1995) 155
Polls, I. (1980) 156
Pope, L.M. (1987) 156
Pruell, R.J. (1990) 172
Prych,E.A.(1983) 74
Prych, E.A. (1986) 122
Puckett,L.J.(1993) 173
Reuter, J.E. (1992) 122
Rich, P.H. (1990) 157
Richards, C. (1993) 227
Rifai,H.S.(1993) 245
Rosenthal,A.(1989) 71
Russell, R.W.( 1989) 196
Sayre, P.O. (1986) 197
Schimrnei, S.C. (1994) 198
Schmidt S.D. (1986) 104
Scott, J.B. (1986) 7
Sellner,-K.G. (1987) 54
Settine, R.L. (1983) 133
Simmons, B.L. (1989) 215
Singer, S.N. (1980) 216
A-2
-------
1
Sloto. R.A. ( 1987)
Soeur, C. (N7A)
Sollars,C.J. (1982)
Spehar, R.L. ( 1984)
Stenstrom, M.K. (1982)
Stenstrom, M.K. (1987)
StriegI,R.G.(1987)
Suns, K.R.( 1992)
Taylor, G.F. (1990)
Tolosa,I.(1991)
U.S. EPA (1987)
Veenhuis, J.E. (1990)
Vemberg,F.J.(1992)
Wakeham,S.G.(l980)
Wanielista, M. (1991)
Wei, C. (1994)
WelbonuC.T. (1987)
Whipple,Jr.,W(1981)
Wigington,P.J.(1986)
Wilson, C.B. (1989)
Wimberley,F.R.(1993)
Wood, D.M.( 1990)
Woodard,S.E.(1988)
>Wycoff, R.L. (1980)
Yamane,C.M.(l985)
Yusoff,F.M.(1987)
Detention
Akan, A.O. (1993)
Bannerman, R.( 1983)
EbberU-C.(1985)
Ellis, J.B. (1994)
Esry, D.H. (1989)
Ferrara,R_A, (1983)
Galli, J. (1990)
Galli, J. (1992)
HampsotuP.S. (1986)
Hartigan,J.P. (1981)
Hey, D.L.( 1983)
Holler, J.D. (1989)
Holler, J.D.( 1990)
Lindsey,G. (1992)
Maristany, A.E.<1989)
Martin, E.H.( 1986)
Martin, E.H. ( 1 986)
Martin, E.H. (1988)
Meiorin, E.G. (1989)
229
229
159
199
216
160
125
199
166
174
175
162
237
175
127
176
128
129
162
220
238
221
129
221
222
238
109
110
144
112
113
122
89
122
123
209
123
124
123
97
U7
128
122
118
119
Mesuere, K. (1989)
Meyer, J.L. ( 1985)
Oberts,G. (1988)
Prych,E.A.(1986)
Rosenthal, A. (1989)
Scherger, D.( 1 983)
Scherger, D.A. (1983)
Striegl, R.G.(1987)
Tampa DPW( 1983)
Urbonas,B. (1994)
Wanielista, M. (1991)
Welbom,C.T.(1987)
Whipple,Jr., W(I981)
Wu,J.S.(1988)
Yu, S.L. (1993)
Diatoms
Del Giorgio, P. A (1991)
Dhdt,S.S.(l99l)
Dixit,S.S. (1992)
Guzkowska, M.A.J. (1990)
Hughes, R.M.( 1991) .
Maples, R.S.( 1987)
Roos,C.(1987)
Stevenson, RJ. (1984)
Willemsen,G.D.(1990)
Zolan,W.J.(l981)
Environmental
Assessment
Ohio EPA (1990)
Environmental
monitoring
Bascombe, A.D. (1989)
Chapman^ D.V.( 1992)
Harris, M.A. (1991)
Hughes, R.M.( 1 991)
Pitt, R. 0995)
Rosenberg, D.M.( 1993)
Schimme!,S.C.(1994)
Sloane-Richey, J. (1984)
TX NRCC (N/A)
Wiederholm,T.(l992)
Erosion
Pedersen, E.R. (1986)
120
120
121
125
71
123
124
125
16!
126
127
128
129
130
131
46
46
47
49
72
51
18
54
37
55
17
182
185
30
72
155
36
198
41
107
60
35
TVA(1993)
Paterson,R.G.(I993)
MacRae,C.R.(1992)
NelIer,RJ.(1988)
Neller,RJ.(1989)
Whipple,Jr.,W.(l981)
Whitlow, J.R.( 1 989)
Bissonnette, P. (1985)
Lindsey,G.(1992)
Aldrich,J.(!993)
Lynard,W.G.(1980)
Ahmed, R. (1981)
Barrick, R.C. (1987)
Cooke, T. (1995)
Dendrou,S.A.(1982)
Tim, U.S. (1992)
Joao, E.M, (1992)
Pedersen, E.R.( 1986)
Pitt, R.( 1984)
Roseboom, D. (1983)
Schueier,T.R.(1995)
Yusoff, F.M. (1987)
Estuaries
Bronfman, M^. (1986)
Broutroan, M.A. (1988)
Campbell,- E.E.( 1991)
Cnescheir,G.M.(1990)
Fulton, M.H. (1993)
Heaney,J.P.(1981)
Howartn,R.W.(1991) .
Jensen, P. (1992)
Lewis, P.A. (1992)
Miller, D.L.( 1988)
Newell, CJ. (1992)
Plafkin,J.L.(1989)
SchimmeLS.C.(1994)
Spies, R.B.( 1987)
Veraberg, F.J. (1992)
Eutrophication
Albrecht,D.R.(1988)
Davic,R.D.(1988)
DiToro,D.M.(1983)
Eagan,L.L.(199l)
Edyvane,K.(1991)
Falter, C.M. ( 1988)
8
70
93
94
94
94
95
61
97
109
116
201
167
165
205
218
243
236
231
228
229
238
177
177
45
111
234
147
210
178
34
5
213
17
198
174
237
139
46
206
68
233
98
A-3
-------
Heiskary, S.A. H988) 69
Homer, R.R. (1987) 148
Maples, R.S.( 1987) 51
Maristany, A.E. (1989) 117
Savior, C.F. (1988) 19
Simmons, B.L. (1989) 215
Simpson, D.E. (1988) 216
Suzuki, M.( 1989) 217
Wilson, C.B. (1989) 220
Fish
Adams-Kszos, L. (1990) 181
Addison, R.F. (1991) 181
AIbrecht,D.R.(1988) 139
Bain, M.B.( 1990) H
Barber, R.( 1994) 177
Bartel,R.L.(1989) 140
Beak Consultants (1991) 140
Bennett, D.B.( 1991) 240
Bennett, D.H. (1989) 12
BirtweU,LK.(1988) 77
Booth, D.B. (N/A) 91
Brooks, R.P. (1991) 12
Broutman, M.A. (1986) 177
Broutman, MA. (1988) 177
Browder,J.A(1993) 1
Cashman,J.R.(1992) 184
Chambers, G.M.( 1980) 111
Ches. Bay Program (1993) 63
Chescheir, G.M. (1990) 111
Collins, P.S.( 1993) 67
Davic, R.D.(!988) 46
Duba,G.A.(1981) 187
Edyvane,K.(l991) 233
Egan,J.T.(1994) 57
Faisal, M. (1994) 188
Fast, D.( 1991) 39
Fausch,K.D.(1984) 2
Galli, J.( 1992) 113
Gammeter, S. (1990) 189
Goddard,K.E.(1989) 145
Hayslip,G.A.(l-993) 78
Heaney,J.P.(1981) 147
Hughes, R.M. (1990) I
Hughes, R.M. (1991) 72
Illinois State EPA (1987) 63
Jacknow.J. (1986) 3
Jacobson, P, (1992) 2
Jensen, P. (1992) 178
Karr, J.R. (1984) 3
Karr, J.R. (1992) 31
Kenans, B.L. (1994) 32
Klein, R.D. (1979) 227
Laperriere, J.D. (1988) 191
Lewis, P.A. (1992) 34
Limburg,K.E.(1990) 39
Lindsey,G.(1992) 97
Lopez, M.A. (1984) 165
Lubinski, K. (1993) 15
LyonsJ. (1992) 4
Madigosky, S.R. (1991) 51
Marsalek, J. (1990) 212
Marsh, J.M.( 1993) 192
Masterson,J.P.(1994) 192
Meador, M.R.0993) 5
Meiorin, E.G. (1989) 119
Miller, D.L.( 1988) 5
Moran, T. (1993) - 15
NCDHS(1985) 179
Nelson, W.H.( 1992) 179
Ney,J.J.(1988) 5
NOAA(1991) 178
NOAA(1992) 178
Norman, C.G. (1991) 152
Oberdorff,T.(1992) 6
Ohio EPA (1987) 16
Ohio EPA (1990) 16
Pagenkoph,G.K.(1983) 195
Park, W. (1981) 70
Payne, J. A. (1990) 154
Pitt, R.( 1980) 155
Pla£kin,J.L.(1989) 17
Poe,T.P.(t983) 41
Portele,G.J.(1982) 18
Rankin,E.T.(1992) 80
Rifai,H.S.(1993) 245
Rohm, C.M. (1987) 231
Say lor, C. (1987) 6
Saylor, C.F. (1988) 19
Schimmel,S.C.(1994) 198
Scott, J.B.( 1986) 7
Seager,J.(1990) 19
Sloane-Richey, J. (1984) 41
Spehar, R.L. (1984) 199
Steedman, R.J. (1988) 7
StriegLR.G.(I987) 125
Sullivan, K.J.( 1991) 20
Suns, K.R.( 1992) 199
TVA(I993) 21
Vemberg,F.J.(1992) 237
White, R.J. (1983) 81
Wiederholm,T.(1992) 60
Yamane,C.M.(l985) 222
Yoder,C.O.(199I) 22
Fisheries
Bennett, D.B. (1991) 240
BirtweH, LK..(1988) 77
Broutman, M.A. (1986) 177
Ches. Bay Program (1993) 63
Edyvane,K.(I99i) 233
Fast, D. (1991) 39
Fausch,K.D.(l984) 2
Karr, J.R, (1984) 3
Miller, D.L. (1988) 5
Ney, J.J. (1988) 5
White, RJ. (1983) 81
Wiedernolm,T.(1992) 60
Flood frequency
Bailey, J.F.( 1989) 83
Kibler,p.F.(l98l) 85
MacRae',C.R,(1992) 93
Sauer,V.B.(1986) 86
Floodplain
Bain, M.B.( 1990) 11
Gi1brook,M.J.(1991) 243
Hoffinan,R.K.(l981) 136
Georgraphic
Information Systems
Adams-Kszos,L.(!990) 181
Broutman, M.A.( 1986) 177
Davic, R.D.( 1988) 46
Fausch,K.D.(1984) 2
Ferguson, B.K. (1990) 73
Galli, J.( 1992) IIS
Gilbrook,M.J.(l991) 243
Hohreiter,D.W,(I980) 191
Hughes, R.M.( 1990) 1
Joao,E.M.(1992) 243
A-4
-------
'If
'Johnson, C.A. (1988) 244
Kerans, B.L. (1994) 32
Klein, H.( 1982) 149
Levuie. D.A. (1988) 244
Medor. MR. (1993) 79
Meyer, S.P. (1993) 244
NOAA(1991) 178
NCAA (1992) 178
Nowak, P.J. (1988) 106
Pawiukiewicz, J. (1994) 57
Pearson, J.G.( 1992) 35
Pearson, M. ( 1993) 245
Rankin, E.T. (1989) 80
Richards, C. (1993) 227
Richter, K.G. (1988) 86
Rifai,H.S.(1993) 245
Shaver, E.( 1994) 64
Simon, T.P. (1992) 198
Sullivan, K. J. (1991) 20
Tim, U.S. (1992) 218
Ventura, S.J.( 1993) 219
Vemberg,F.J.(1992) 237
Wiegand,C.(l994) 59
Wilde, F.( 1989) 129
Habitat
Bain, M.B. (1990) II
Bartel, R.L.(I989) 140
Beak Consultants (1991) 140
BirtwelU.K. (1988) 77
Bissonnette, P. (1985) 61
Bovee, K.D. (1982) 77
Brooks, R.P. (1991) 12
Carlisle, T.( 1991) 135
Ches. Bay Program (1993) 63
Ches. Bay Program (1994) 142
Cuffiiey.T.F. (1993) 27
Dixit, S.S, (1992) 46
Edyvane, K. (1991) 233
EganJ.T. (1994) 57
Galli, J. (N/A) 78
Gast,H.F. (1990) 48
Hall, Jr., L.W. (1992) 189
Hayslip, G.A. (1993) 78
Hughes, R.M. (1989) 14
Hughes, R.M.( 1991) 72
Illinois State EPA (1987) 63
Jacobson, P. (1992) 2
Karr,J.R.(I984) 31
Kerans, B.L. (1994) 32
Klemm,D.J.(1992) 33
Larsen,D.P.(l993) 50
Lewis, P.A. (1992) 34
Lubinski,K.(l993) 15
Masterson,J.P.(l994) 192
Maxted,J.R.(1994) 78
Medor, M.R. (1993) 79
Ohio EPA (1990) 16
Peterson, R.C.( 1992) 70
Platts,W.S.(1989) 40
Poe,T.P.(l983) 41
Porter, S.D.( 1993) 18
Ranasinghe, J.A. (1994) 36
Rankin, E.T. (1989) 80
Rankin, E.T. (N/A) 80
Richards, C.(1993) 227
Robertson, A. (1993) 72
Rohm, CM. (1987) 231
Saylor,C(1987) . 6
SchueIer,T.R.(1995) 229
Scott, J.B.( 1986) 7
S«ager,J.(i990) 19
Shaver, E.( 1994) 64
StriegLR.G.(1987) 125
Sullivan, K.J. (1991) 20
Sweeney, B.W.( 1992) 8!
Taylor, W.J. (N/A) 42
TVA(1993) 21
US EPA, Office- Wtr (1983) 59
Vemberg,F.J.(1992) 237
White, RJ. (1983) 81
Yoder,C.O.(199l) . 22
Zolan,W.J.(1981) 55
•
Hydraulics
Bennett, D.B. (1991) 240
Maristany, A.E. (1989) 117
Hydrocarbon
Addison,R.F. (1991) 181
Barrick,R.C.(1987) 167
Bomboi^M.T. (1991) 141
Boom, A. (1988) 141
Byrne, C.J. (1980) 168
Cashman,J.R.(1992) 186
Ellis, J.B.( 1994) U2
Faisal, M. (1994) igg
Fam, S.(1987) 145
Fulton, M.H.( 1993) 234
Gearing, J.N.( 1991) 170
Klein, H.( 1982) 149
Masterson, J.P. (1994) 192
Meyer, J.L. (1985) 120
Moran, T.( 1993) 15
Prueli, RJ. (1990) 172
Sayre,P.G.(1986) 197
Settine,R.L.(1983) 133
Stenstrora, M.K. (1982) 216
Stenstrom,M.K.(l987) 160
U.S. EPA (1987) 175
Vemberg,F.J.(1992) 237
Wakeham, S.G. (1980) 175
Wei, C.( 1994) 176
WhJppleJr.,W(1981) 129
Hydrological
Dendrou, S.A. (1982) 205
DeVilliers, G.T. (1988) 84
Dupuis,T.(1985) 144
Farrow, D.( 1992) 69
Giesy, J.P. (1989) 189
Joao,E.M.(1992) 243
Hydrology
Lubinski, K. (1993) 15
Siokou-Frangou, I. (1991) 54
Farrow, D.( 1992) 69
Gadbois, L.E. (1989) 58
Buttle, J.M.( 1988) 83
DeVilliers, G.T. (1988) 84
Evett,-J.B.(I994) 73
Kibler,D.F.(1981) 85
Kmg, W.R. (1986) 93
NeUer.RJ. (1989) 94
Chescheir, G.M. (1990) 111
Blumberg, M.S. (1984) 141
Myers, D.N.( 1992) !52
Newell, C.J.( 1992) 213.
Pitt, R.( 1980) 155
Arnold, J.G. (1993) 239
Bennett, D.B. (1991) 240
A-5
-------
Blodgett J.C. (1990) 225
Joao, E.M. (1992) 248
Richards, C.( 1993) 227
Schueler, T.R, (1995) 229
Impervious
Akan,A.O. (1988) 201
Ayers, M.A. (1985) 201
Baffaut,C.(1990) 239
Bailey, J.F. (1989) 83
Bissonnette, P. (1985) 61
Booth, D.B.( 1994) 226
Booth, D.B. (N/A) 91
Brabets,T.P. (1987) 202
Brown, R.G. (1988) 233
Chang, G.C. (1988) 203
Dinicola, R.S. (1990) 206
Ellis, S.R.( 1984) 207
Env Res MgmtDiv( 1990) 145
Ferguson, B.K.( 1990) 73
GaHi,J.(1990) 78
Guay,J.R_(1988) 208
Hammer, T.R. (1972) 92
Hargett,C.W.(1992) 61
Holler, J.D.( 1989) 116
Kibler, D.F.(1981) 85
Klein, R.D.( 1979) 227
Ku,H.F.H.(1986) 149
Lopez, M. A. (1984) 165
Pawlukiewicz, J. (1994) 57
Schueler, t.R.( 1995) 229
Simmons, D.L. (1982) 75
Veenhuis,J.E.(1990) 162
Yetman,K.(1991) 90
Yu,S.L.(1993) 131
Industrial
Addison, R.F. (1991) 181
Aibrecht, D.R. (1988) 139
Arnold, J.A.,ed.( 1993) 239
Barrick, R.C. (1987) 167
Barton, D.R. (1992) 25
Beck, P.C.( 1995) 133
Birtwell, I.K.(1988) 77
Boom, A, (1988) 141
Browder,J.A(!993) 1
Butler, D.( 1992) 168
Byrne, CJ.( 1987) 169
Cashman, J.R. (1,992) 184
Ches. Bay Program (1994) 185
Clarice, G.M. (1993) 26
Desrosiers, G. (1990) 28
Duda,A.(1980) 112
Fam, S. (1987) 145
Field, R. (1995) 99
Fulton, M.H.( 1993) 234
Gadbois, L.E. (1989) 58
Cast, H.F.{ 1990) 48
Gearing, J.N.( 1991) 170
Hall, K.J. (1988) 189
Kerens, B.L.( 1994) 32
Meyer, J.L. (1985) 118
Minor, J.D.( 1995) 99
Moran,T.(1993) 15
Morse, J.W.( 1993) 172
Oltraann, R.N. (1987) 153
Pitt, R. (1993) 100
Poe,T.P.(1983) . 41
Pridmore,R.D.(1990) 41
Provincial WQMN( 1992) 157
PruelLRJ.(l990) 172
Puckett,L.J.(1993) 173
Rjchter. K.G. (1988) 86
Schraoyer,B.(1988) 173
Settine, R.L.(1983) 133
Shaver, E.( 1994) 64
Siokou-Frangou,!. (1991) 54
Spies, R.B.( 1987) . 174
Stenstrom,M.K. (1982) 216
Stenstrom, M.K. (1987) 160
Stevens, A j\.( 1989) 54
StiefeLR.C.(1980) 161
Sullivan, K.J. (1991) 20
Will«nsen,G.D.(1990) 37
Wycoff,R.L.(I980) 221
Yetman, K.(1991) 90
Insect
Gammeter, S. (1990) 189
Gaunt, G.A. (1993) ' 29
Hare, L.( 1992) 190
Jones, R.C.( 1987) 31
Kohlhepp, G.W. (1992) 33
TVA(1993) 42
Lake
Adams-Kszos, L. (1990) 181
Ahmed, R.( 1981) 201
Albrecht, D.R. (1988) 139
Bartel,R.L.(l989) 140
Bautista, M.F. (1993) 110
Beak Consultants (1991) 182
Bissonnette, P. (1985). 61
Brown, R.G.( 1988) 233
Byrne, C.J. (1980) 168
Byrne, C.J.( 1987) 169
Carlson, A.R. (1986) 184
Castaldi, F.J. (1983) 135
Chambers, G.M. (1980) 111
Cooper, C.M.( 1984) 45
Custer,C.(1988) 103
Davic, R.D. (1988) 46
Dermott,R.(l992) 187
Dixit,S.S.(l991) 46
Driscoll, E.D. (1990) 143
Driscoll, E.D. (1990)' 143
Duba,G.A. (1981) 187
Dupuis, T. (1985) 144
Eagan, L.L. (1991) 68
Esry, D.H. (1989) 113
Falter, CM. (1988) 48
Flock, G.H. (1989) 63
Guzkowska, M.A.J. (1990) 49
Hawes, J. (1986) 105
Hawes,J.(1987) 104
Heaney,J.P.(I981) 147
Heiskary, S.A. (1988) .
Heiskary,S.A.(1988) 69
Hey, D.L. (1983) 115
Homer, R.R.( 1987) 148
Hughes, R.M. (1991) 72
Illinois State EPA (1990) 14S
Klemm, D.J. (1992) 33
Larsen,D.P.(1993) 50
Levine,D.A.(1988) 244
Lewis, P. A. (1992) 34
Lynard, W.G. (1980) 116.
Maas,RJ». (1991) 105
Maples, R.S. (1987) 51
Maristany,A.E.(1989) 117
Marsalek,J.(1990) 212
A-6
-------
Metcalfe-Smith, J.L. (1992) 40
Minor, J.D. (1995) 99
Moran, T. (1993) 15
Moyland, R.L.. Jr. (1980) 151
Muir, D.B. (1987) 106
Munawar, M. (1991) 186
Nalewajko, C. (1988) 194
Newell, CJ,( 1992) 213
Ney.JJ. (1988) 5
Oberts,G.(1988) 121
Paulson, C. (1993) 153
Pitt, R.( 1995) 155
Plafltin, J.L. (1989) 17
Reuter, I.E. (1992) 122
Shaver, E.( 1994) 64
Simmons, B.L. (1989) 215
Striegl,R.G.(1987) 125
Suzuki, M.( 1989) 217
Van Urk,G.( 1992) 37
Wakeham, S.G. (1980) 175
Wanielista, M. (1991) 127
Welbom, C.T. (1987) 128
Wiederholm,T.(1992) 60
Wilson, C.B. (1989) 220
| Wood, D.M.(1990) 221
Woodard, S.E. (1988) 129
Yusoff, P.M. (1987) 238
Land use
Arnold, J.A.,ed. (1993) 139
Benke, A.C (1981) 26
Bennett, D.B. (1991) 240
Blodgett,J.C.(1990) 225
Booth, D.B. (1994) 226
Brown, R.G. (1988) 233
Buttle, J.M (1988) 84
Chang, G.C. (1988) 203
Cooke.T. (1995) 165
Fam,S.(1987) 145
Folen, D.A. (1990) 70
Fusillo,T.V.(!981) 146
Gilbrook, M.J. (1991) 243
Goddard, K.E. (1989) 145
Hall. K.J. (1988)' 189
Hammer, T.R. (1972) 92
Hargett,C.W.(1992) 61
Hartigan, J P. (1981) 209
Hoffinan, E.J. (1987) 209
Howarth, R.W. (1991) 210
Huang, S.L. (1986) 226
Jacobson, P. (1992) 2
Kappel, W.M. (1986) 235
Klein, R.D. (1979) 227
Knjg, W.R.0986) 92
Ku,H.F.H.(l986) 149
Lopez, M.A. (1984) 165
Ludwa, K.A. 0-994) 34
Maas, R.P. (1991) 105
Mustard, M.H. (1985) 235
Mustard, M.H. (1987) 152
NCDNR(1983) 121
Nowak, P.J. (1988) 106
Oltmann,R.N. (1987) 153
Padmanabhan, G. (1993) 214
Polls, I. (1980) 156
Pope, L.M. (1987) 156
Prych, E.A.(1983) 74
Rankin, E.T. (1989) 80
Richards, C.( 1993) . 227
Richter, K.G.(1988) 86
Rohm, C.M.( 1987) 231
Roseboom, D. (1983) 228
Rushton, B. (1993) 123
Say lor, C.F. (1988) 19
Shaver, £.(1994) 64
Sloto,R.A. (1987) ' 229
Steedman, R.J. (1988) 7
Stenstrom,M.K.(1987) 160
Terstriep, M.L. (1980) 218
long, STY. (1990) 237
TVA(1993) 21
Ventura,SJ. (1993) 219
Vemberg, F.J. (1992) 237
Watt, M.H. (1986) 219
Whipple, Jr., W.(1981) 94
Yetman, K. (1991) 90
Young, G.K.( 1986) 222
Low flow
Dinico!a,R.S.(1990) 206
Ebisemiju, F.S. (1989) 51
EvetU.B. (1994) 73
Ferguson, B.K. (1990) 73
McConnell, J.B.(I980) 151
Medina, M.A., Jr( 1981) 241
Pratt, J.M. (1981) 35
Simmons, D.L. (1982) 75
Maeroinvertebrate
Barbour, M.T. (1992) 1!
Barton, D.R. (1992) 25
Bascombe, A.D. (1988) 25
Benke, A.C.( 1981) 26
Bennett, D.H. (1989) 12
Brooks, R.P.( 1991) 12
Crunkilton, R.L. (1991) 27
Davis,W.S.(l992) 28
Duda,A.(1980) 112
Gammeter, S.(I990) 189
Garie, H.L. (1986) 29
Hams, M.A. (1991) 30
Hays!ip,G.A. (1993) 78
Hogg, ID. (1991) 30
Hughes, R.M.( 1989) 14
Illinois State EPA (1987) 63
Jones, R.C. (1987) 31
Klemm, D.J. (1992) 33
Kohlhepp,G.W.(1992) 33
Lewis, P.A.( 1992) 34
Ludwa,K.A.(1994) 34
Masterson, J.P. (1994) 192
Ohio EPA (1987) 16
Ohio EPA (1990) 16
Payne, J.A.( 1990) 154
Pedersen,E.R.(1986) 236
Pedersen,E.R.(1986) 35
Petersen, R.C.(1992) 80
Pitt, R. (1980) 155
Plafkin,J.L.(1989) 17
Pratt, J.M.( 1981) 36
Ranasinghe, J.A. (1994) 36
Richards, C.( 1993) 237
Roos,C.(l987) 18
Rosenberg, D.M. (1993) 36
Saylor,C.F.(1988) 19
Seager,J.(I990) 19
Sweeney, B.W. (1992) 81
TVA(1993) 21
Yoder,C.O.(199i) 22
Marine pollution
A-7
-------
LeMay, J.A. (1989)
50
Metals
Adams-Kszos, L. (1990) !81
Bascombe, A.D. (1988) 26
Bascombe, A.D. (1989). 182
Beck, P.C( 1995) 133
Bissonnette, P. (1985) 231
Brungs,W.A.(I992) 183
Byrne, C.J.( 1987) . 169
Carlson, A.R. (1986) 184
Cooke, T.(1995) 165
Duba,G.A. (1981) 187
Edyvane, K, (1991) 233
Egan,J.T.(1994) 57
Ehrenfeld, J.G.(I983) 77
Garie, H.L.(1986) 29
Gearing, IN. (1991) 170
Hall, K.J.( 1988) 189
Hampson, P.S.(1986) 115
Hare, L. (1992) 190
Listen, P. (1986. 171
Madigosky,S.R.(1991) 51
Martin, E.H.{ 1988) 118
Masterson, J.P. (1994. 192
McConnell, J.B. (1980) 151
Meiorin, E.G. (1989) 119
Mesuere, K. (1989) 120
Metcalfe-Smith, JX. (1992) 40
Meyer, J.L. (1985) -120
Morse, J.W. (1993) 172
Mulliss, R.0994) 193
Nalewajko,C. (1988) 194
Nightingale, H.I. (1987) 172
Norman, C.G. (1991) 152
Paulson, C. (1993) 153
Payne, J.A. (1990) 154
Pickett,J.R.(1992) 196
Pitt, R.( 1984) 231
Pope, L.M.( 1987) 156
Provincial WQMN (1992) 157
Pniell,R.J.(1990) 172
Puckett,L.J.(l993) 173
Rifai, H.S. (1993) 245-
Rushton, B. (1993) 123
Simpson, D.E. (1988) 216
Sioane-Richey, J. (1984) 41
Spehar. R.L. (1984) 199
Striegl,R.G.(l987) 125
Terstriep, M.L (1980) 217
U.S. EPA (1987) 175
Umeda,P.J.(1988) 126
Wei, C. (1994) 176
Whipple,Jr.,W(1981) 129
Wigington, P.J. (1986) 162
Mussels
Day, K.E.( 1990) 186
Kerans, B.L.(1994) 32
Lubinski, K.(t993) 15
Metcalfe-Smith, J.L. (1992) 40
Taylor, W.J. (N/A) 42
Nitrogen
Brown, R.G. (1988) 233
Ches. Bay Program (1994) 142
Driscoll,E.D. (1990) 143
Fusillo,T.V.(198l) • 146
Gietz,RJ. (1981) 114
Golladay,S.W.(1992) 146
Lindner-Lunsford. (L987) 241
Lopez, M.A.( 1984) 165
Martin, E.H.( 1986) 118
Martin, E.H.( 1988) 118
McConnell, J.B. (1980) 151
Newell, CJ.( 1992) 253
Payne, J.A. (1990) 154
Polls, I. (1980) 156
Prych,E.A.(1983) 74
Prych,E.A.(1986) 122
Puckett,L.J. (1993) 173
Reuter,J.E.(1992) 122
Richards, C. (1993) 227
Rifei,H.S.(1993) - 245
Simpson, D.E. (1988) 216
Sioane-Richey ,J.( 1984) 41
Spehar, R.L.( 1984) 199
Striegl,R.G. (1987) 125
Taylor, G.F. (1990) 166
Watt,M.H.(l986) ' 219
Yamane,C.M. (1985) 222
Non-point source
EhrenfeldJ.G.(!983)
77
Hoffinan,E.J.(1987) 136
Listen, P. (1986) 171
Meyer, J.L.( 1985) 118
NewelLC.J.(1992) 213
Petersen, R.C. (1992) 80
Schueler, T.R. (1995) 229
Singer, S.N.( 1980) 216
Watt, M.H.( 1986) 219
Yetman,K.(1991) 90
Young, G.K.(1986) 222
Nutrient
Bartel,R.L.(l989) 140
Barth, E.(et. al) (1989) 57
Bautista, M.F. (1993) 110
Beck, P.C. (1995) 133
Brabets,T.P.(1987) 202
Brosnan,T.M.(I993) 142
Campbell, E.E.( 1991) 45
Ches. Bay Program (1994) 142
Edyvane, K.( 1991) 233
Esry,D.H.(t989) 113
Golladay, S.W. (1992) 146
Guzkowska,M.A.J.(1990) 49
Hampson, P.S. (1986) 12!
Heiskary,S.A.(l988) 69
Howarth,R-W.(1991) 210
Illinois State EPA (1990) 148
Lindsey,G.(1990) 62
Maristany, A.E. (1989) 115
Maristany,A.E.(l989) 115
Marsh, J.M. (1993) 192
Martin, E.H,( 1986) 116
Martin, E.H.{ 1988) 116
Meyer,J.L.(I985) 118
Morgan, M.D. (1987) 52
Ney,J.J.(1988) 5
Oberts,G.{1988) 123
Ohio EPA (1990) 16
Padmanabhan,G.(1993) 214
Pitt, R. (1984) 231
Pope, L.M. (1987) 156
Prych,E.A.(I983) 74
Puckett,L.J. (1993) 173
Reuter,J.E.(1992) 124
Richards, C. (1993) 227
SchiUinger,J.E.(1985) 158
A-8
-------
Scott, J.B. (1986) 7
Sharp, J. H. (1990) 58
Simmons, B.L.i 1989) 215
Simpson, D.E. (1988) 216
Singer, S.N. (1980) 216
Sloane-Richey, J. (1984) 41
Sweeney, 8.W. (1992) 81
Thomann, R.V. (1994) 218
Vemberg, F.J. (1992) 237
Wiederholm, T. (1992) 60
Wilson, C.B.( 1989) 220
Yusoff, P.M. (1987) 238
Zolan, WJ.(198l) 55
Outfall
Beck, P.C. (1995) 133
Field, R.( 1995) 99
LeMay, J.A. (1989) 50
Lindsey,G. (1992) 97
Maples, R.S. (1987) 51
Minor, J.D. (1995) 99
Mulliss, R.(1994) 193
Nelson, W.H. (1992) 179
, Padmanabhan, G. (1993) 214
FPayne, J.A. (1990) 154
Pitt, R. (1993) 100
Schmidt, S.D. (1986) 100
Simpson, D.E. (1988) 216
Ventura, S.J. (1993) 219
Pesticide
Birtwell.I.K.(1988) 77
JacknowJ. (1986) 3
Marsh, J.M. (1993) 192
Natl Res. Council (1985) 195
Norman, C.G. (1991) 152
Sloto, R.A. (1987) 229
SR Hansen & Assoc (1994) 197
Taylor, G.F. (1990) 166
TVA(1993) 8
Yamane, C.M. (1985) 222
Phosphorus
Ahmed, R.( 1981) 201
Albrecht. D.R. (1988) 139
Bautista, M.F. (1993) 110
Beak Consultants (1991) 182
Brown, R-G. (1988) 233
Ches. Bay Program (1994) 142
CoIman,J.A.(1992) 169
Driscoll,E.D.(1990) 143
Ehrcnfeld,J.G.(l983) 77
Ely, E.(ed).( 1994) 104
Fusillo,T.V.(1981) 146
Gietz,RJ.(198I) 113
Golladay,S.W.(1992) 146
Heiskary, S.A. (1988) 69
Hey, D.L.( 1983) 115
Holier, J.D.( 1990) 121
Homer, R,R.( 1987) 148
Klein, H.( 1982) 149
Levine,D.A.(1988) 244
Lindner-Lunsford, (1987) 241
Lopez, M.A.( 1984) 165
Martin, E.H. (1986) 116
Martin, E.H. (1988) 116
McConnell, J.B. (1980) 151
Meyer, J.L.( 1985) 118
Nalewajko,C.(1988) 194
Ney,J.J.(1988) ' 5
Oberts,G.(I988) 123
Oberts,G.L(1986) 213
Pitt, R.( 1995) 155
Polk, I. (1980) 156
Prych, E.A. (1983) 74
Reuter,J.E.(1992) 124
Rifat,H.S.(1993) 245
Singer, S.N.( 1980) 216
Spehar,R.L.(1984) 199
Striegi,R.G.(1987) 126
Taylor, G.F. (1990) 166
Tim, U.S. (1992) 190
Watt, M.H.( 1986) 219
Wilson, C.B.( 1989) 220
Woodard, S.E. (1988) 129
Yamane, C.M. (1985) 222
Yu,S.L.{1993) 131
Physical properties
Myers, D.N. (1992) 152
Pollution prevention
Arnold, J.A.,ed. (1993) 139
Dolan,R.(1992) 187
Minor, J.D. (1995) 99
Urbonas,B.(1994) 127
Public outreach
Smith, 1(1994) 137
Regression analysis
Bailey, J.F.( 1989) 83
Ellis, S.R,( 1984) 207
Hoos,A.B.(1993) 209
Ney,JJ.(1988) 5
Pope, L.M.( 1987) 156
Retention
Bannerraan, R. (1983) 110
Ellis, S.R.( 1984) 207
Fusillo,T.V.(1981) 146
Huang, S.L. (1986) 226
Kappel, W.M. (1986) 186
Maristany,A.E.(1989) 115
Martin, E.H. (1986) 116
Nightingale, H.I. (1987) 172
Rosenthal, A. (1989) 71
Scberger,D.(1983) 119
Schillinger,J.E.(1982) 158
Schillinger,J.E.(1985) 158
Tampa Dept. of Public Wks 161
Whipple,Jr.,W.(1981) 94
Woodard, S.E. (1988) 129
Sediment
Akan,A.O.(1993) 109
Barrick,R.C.(1987) 167
Bartel,R.L.(1989) 140
Bascombe,A.D.(1988) 25
Beckwith, P.R. (1990) 167
Bedard,D.(1992) 168
Bennett, D.B. (1991) 240
Bissonnette, P. (1985) 61
Booth, D.B. (1990) 91
Brabets,T.P.(1987) 202
Busacker,G.(1990) 183
Butler, D.( 1992) 168
Byme,C.J.(I980) 168.
Byrne, C.J.( 1987) 169
Castaldi, F.J. (1983) 135
Chambers,G.M. (1980) 111
A-9
-------
Chang, G.C. (1988) 203
Chapman. D.V. (1992) 185
Chu, F.E. (1994) 185
Colman. J.A. (1992) 169
Daniels, S.A. (1989) 136
Deiieur, J.W. (1994) 205
Demon, R.( 1992) 187
DeVilliers,G.T.(1988) 84
Dixit,S.S.(1991) 46
Ebisemiju,F.S.(1989) 91
Env Res MgmtDiv( 1990) 145
Esry, D.H.(1989) 113
Faisal, M.( 1994) 188
Fast, D. (1991) 39
Faust, S.D. (1980) 170
Ferrara,R.A. (1983) 120
Flock, G.H. (1989) 63
Fushiwaki,Y.(1988) 234
Gearing, J.N. (1991) 170
Giesy, J.P. (1989) 189
Gore, J.A.( 1988) 30
Guay,J.R.(1988) 208
Hall,Jr.,L.W.(1992) 189
Hampson,P.S.(1986) 121
Heaney, J.P. (1981) 147
Hogg, l.D.( 1991) 30
Howarth,R.W.(1991) 210
Illinois State EPA (1987) 63
Illinois State EPA (1990) 148
Kerens, B.L. (1994) 32
Klein, R.D.(1979) 227
Kohlhepp,G.W.(1992) 33
Knig, W.R. (1986) 92
Levine,D.A.(l988) 244
Lewis, P.A. (1992) 34
Lindsey,G.(1992) 62
Lipscomb,S.W.(l991) 212
Liston, P. (1986) 17!
Livingston, E.H. (1995) 171
Lubinski, K.(1993) 15
MacRae,C.R.(1992) 93
Manstany, A.E.(1989) US
Masterson, J.P. (1994) 192
Maxted,J.R. (1994) 78
McConnelU.B. (1980) 151
Meiorin, E.G. (1989) 116
Mesuere, K.( 1989) 117
Meyer, J.L. (1985) 118
Morrison, G.M. (1993) 193
Morse, J.W. (1993) 172
MWCOG(1983) 123
Nalewajko,C.(1988) 194
NCDNR(1983) 118
Newell, C.J.( 1992) 213
Nightingale, H.I.( 1987) 172
Oberts, G. (1988) 123
Ohio EPA (1987) 16
Paterson,R.G.(1993) 70
Payne, J.A.( 1990) 154
Payne, J.A. (1990) 154
Pitt, R.( 1980) 155
Pitt, R.( 1984) 231
Platts, W.S.(1989) 40
Pope, L.M. (1987) 156
Pruell, R.J. (1990) 172
Prych,E.A.(1983) 74
Puckett, L.J. (1993) 173
Ranasinghe, J.A. (1994) 35
Reuter,J.E.(1992) 124
Scherger,D.A.(1983) '119
Schillings, J.E. (1985) 158
SchimmeLS.C.(1994) 198
Schmoyer, B. (1988) 173
Sharp, J. H. (1990) 58
Shaver, E.(l 994) 64
Simmons, B.L. (1989) 215
Sloane-Richey,J.(1984) 41
Sloto, R.A. (1987) 229
Spies, R.B. (1987) 174
StriegLR.G.(!987) 126
StriegL R.G. (1987) 126
Sweeney, B.W. (1992) 81
Taylor, G.F.( 1990) 166
Thomann, R.V. (1994) 218
Tun, U.S. (1992) 190
Tolosa,I.(1991) 174
TVA(1993) 21
TVA(1993) 8
U.S. EPA (1987) 175
US EPA, Office Wtr (1983) 59
Van Urk,G.( 1992) 37
Wakeham,S.G. (1980) 175
Watt, M.H. (1986) 219
Watt, W.E.( 1994) 128
Wei, C.( 1994) 176
Wei, C. (1994) 220
Whipplejr., W(1981) 129
Wilde, F. (1989) 120
Woodard,S.E.(l988) 129
Wright, R.M.( 1995) 163
Wtrshed Mgmt Sec (1992) 65
Wu,J.S. (1988) 130
Wu,J.S.(l988) 130
Yoder, C.O. (N/A) 22
Yu,S.L.(I993) 131
Zolan,WJ.(1981) 55
Sedimentation
Akan, A.O. (1993) 109
Bennett, D.B. (1991) 240
Bissonnette, P. (1985) 61
Chang, G.C.(1988) 203
Delieur, J.W. (1994) 205
Ebisemiju,F.S.(I989) 91
Env Res Mgmt Div( 1990) 145
Ferrara, RJ«I. (1983) 120
Hampson,P.S.(1986) 121
Illinois State EPA (1990) 148
Lubinski, K. (1993) 15
Mesuere, K. (1989) 117
Meyer, J.L. (1985) 118
Platts, W.S. (1989) 40
Schillinger,J.E.(1985) 185
Simmons, B.L. (1989) 215
TVA (1993) 42
US EPA, Office Wtr (1983) 59
Whipplejr., W (1981) 129
Shellfish
Barber, R. (1994) 177
Broutman,M.A.(1986) 177
Broutman,M.A.(I988) 177
Jensen, P. (1992) 178
NCDHS(1985) 779
Nelson, W.H.( 1992) 179
NOAA(1991) 178
NOAA(1992) 178
Sullivan, K.J. (1991) 20
Yamane,C.M.(1985) 222
Simulation
Arnold, J.G. (1993) 239
Bennett, D.B. (1991) 240
A-10
-------
Dendrou, S.A. (1982) 205
Dinicoia, R.S. (1990) 206
DiToro, D.M. (1983) 206
Giesy, J.P. (1989) 189
Quay, J.R. (1988) 208
Hartigan, J.P. (1981) 209
Howarth, R.W. (1991) 210
Joao, E.M.(1992) 243
Kemp, W.M.( 1994) 240
Kibler,D.F.(1981) 85
Krahn, P.K. (1988) 211
Kuo,C.Y.(1988) 211
MacRae,C.R.(1992) 93
Marsalek, J. (1991) 193
Medina, M.A., Jr (1981) 241
Mustard, M.H. (1985) 235
Pawlukiewicz, J. (1994) 57
Payne, J.A. (1990) 154
Shaver, E. (1994) 64
Tim, U.S. (1992) 190
Watt, M.H.( 1986) 219
Wood, D.M. (1990) 221
Wycoff,R.L.(1980) 221
Young, G.K. (1986) 165
Species richness
Fausch, K.D. (1984) 2
Miller, D.L. (1988) 5
Morgan, M.D.( 1987) 52
Statistical analysis
Holler, J.D.( 1990) 121
Johnson, C.A. (1988) 244
Marsalek, J.( 1991) 213
Mulliss, R.(1994) 193
Mustard, M.H. (1985) 235
Paulson, C.( 1993) 153
Stormwater runoff
Bautista, M.F. (1993) 110
Blumberg, M.S. (1984) 141
Broutman, M.A. (1988) 177
Byrne, C.J. (1980) 168
Byrne, C.J.( 1987) 169
Chescheir, G.M. (1990) HI
Delleur, J.W. (1984) 205
Dendrou, S.A. (1982) 204
Driscoll, E.D. (1990) 143
Env Res MgmtDiv( 1990) 145
Field, R.( 1995) 99
Gadbois, L.E. (1989) 58
Gammeter, S. (1990) 189
Gietz,RJ. (1981) 113
GiIbrook,M.J.(199!) 243
Golladay, S.W. (1992) 146
Hall, KJ.( 1988) 190
Hargett,C.W.{1992) 61
Herricks, E.E. (N/A) 190
Hogg, LD.( 1991) 30
Holler, J.D.( 1989) 122
Holler, J.D.( 1990) 121
Klein, H.( 1982) 149
Krahn, P.K. (198 8) 211
Ku,H.F.H. (1986) 149
Lindsey.G. (1990) 62
Lopez, M.A. (1984) !65
Maristany, A.E. (1989) 115
Marsalek, J. (1991) 193
Marsh, J.M. (1993) . 192
Martin, E.H.( 1986) 116
Masterson, J.P. (1994) 192
McConnelU-B. (1980) 151
Medina, M.A.,Jr( 1981) 241
Meiorin, E.G. (1989) 116
Mesuere,K.(1989) 117
Meyer, J.L. (1985) 118
Morrison, G.M. (1993) 193
NCDHS(1985) 179
NeUer,RJ.(1989) 94
Paulson, C.( 1993) 153
Pitt, R. (1993) 100
Portele,G.J.(l982) 18
Pratt, J.M. (1981) 36
Prych,E.A.(1986) 123
Roos,C.(1987) 18
Scherger.D. (1983) 119
Scherger, D.A. (1983) 125
Seager,J.(I990) 19
Shelley, P.E. (1987) 215
Sieber,P.(1995) 159
Simmons, B.L. (1989) 215
Singer, S.N. (1980) 216
Sloane-Richey, j.(1984) 41
Steeves, M. (1988) 137
Stenstrom, M.K.(1982) 216
TampaDPW(I983) 161
TayIor,G.F.(1990) 166
Umeda, P.J. (1988) 119
Urbonas, B.(1994) 127
Wanielista, M. (1991) 128
Watt, W.E. (1994) 128
Wigington,P.J.(1986) 162
Wilde, F. (1989) 120
Wimbedey,F.R.(1993) 238
Wycoff,R.L.(I980) 221
Yu, S.L.(t993) 131
Stream
Ahmed, R. (1981) 201
Albrecht,D.R.(1988) 139
Arnold, J.G. (1993) 239
Ayers, M.A.(1985) 201
Bahls, L.L. (1993) 45
Bailey, J.F. (1989) 83
Bain, M.B.( 1990) 11
Bannerraan, R.(1983) 110
Barbour,M.T.(1992) II
Bartel, R.L. (1989) 140
Barton, D.R. (1992) 25
Bascombe,A.D.(1988) 25
Bascombe, A.D. (1989) 182
Bascombe, A.D. (1990) 182
Baumgartner,R.(1992) 12
Beak Consultants (1991) 140
Benke,A.C.(l981) 26
Bennett, D.H.( 1989) 12
Bissonnette, P. (1985) 61
Blodgett, J.C (1990) 225
Booth, D. (N/A) 91
Booth, D.B. (1990) 91
Booth, D.B. (1994) 225
Booth, D.B. (N/A) 91
Bovee,K.D.(1982) 77
Brabets,T.P.(1987) 202
Brooks, R.P.( 1991) 12
Broutman, M.A. (1988) 177
Brown, R.G. (1988) 233
Buttle, J.M. (1988) 84
Buttle, J.M. (1990) 83
Carlson, A.R. (1986) 184
Castaldi,F.J.(1983) 135
Ores. Bay Program (1993) 67
A-1!
-------
•f
Colman, J.A. (1992) 169
Cooke.T. (1995) 165
Cnmkilton, R.L. (1991) 27
Cuffiiey, T.F. (1993) 27
Decker, T.J. (1988) 204
DeVilliers, G.T. (1988) 84
Diiley,M.A.(I992) 103
Dinicola, R.S. (1990) 206
Driscoll, E.D. (1990) 143
Duda,A.(l980) 112
Dupuis, T. (1985) 144
Ebisemiju, F.S.(I989) 91
Even, J.B. (1994) 73
Fausch, K.D. (1984) 2
Fusillo,T.V.(198l) 146
GallU. (1990) 89
Galli, J. (N/A) 78
Gannon, J.J. (1989) 48
Garie,H.L.(1986) 29
Goddard,K.E.(1989) 145
Golladay, S.W. (1992) 146
Gore, J.A. (1988) 30
Hail, Jr., L.W.( 1992) 189
Hammer, T.R. (1972) 92
Harris, M.A.( 1991) 30
HaysIip,G.A.(1993) 78
Hilsenhoff, W.L.(1987) 30
Hogg, I.D. (199!) 30
Hughes, R.M.( 1991) 72
Illinois State EPA (1987) 63
Jacobson, P. (1992) 2
Johnson, C.A. (1988) 244
Jones, R.C.( 1987) 31
Karr,J.R.(I984) 3
Kair, J.R.( 1984) 4
Kerens, B.L. (-1994) 32
KohIhepp,G.W.(1992) 33
Krahn,P.K. (1988) 211
Knig,W.R. (1986) 92
Larsen,D.P. (1993) 14
Larsen, D.P. (1993) 50
Lipscomb,S.W..(I99I) 212
Listen, P. (1986) 171
Ludwa,K.A. (1994) 34
Lyons, J. (1992) 4
MacRae,C.R.(1992) 93
Martin, J.D.( 1990) 150
Mastenson, J.P. (1994) 192
Maxted,J.R. (1994) 78
McConnell, J.B. (1980) 151
Medor,M.R.(l993) 79
Miller, D.L (1988) 5
Morgan, M.D. (1987) 52
Mormon, G.M. (1993) 193
Mulliss,R.(1994) 193
MWCOG(1983) 123
Myers, D.N. (1992) 152
Neller,RJ.(1989) 94
Qberdorff,T.(1992) 6
6berts,G.(1988) 123
Ohio EPA (1987) 16
Ohio EPA (1992) 79
Paulson, C. (1993) 153
Payne, J.A. (1990) 154
Pedersen, E.R.(1986) 236
Pedersen, E.R. (1986) 35
Petersen, R.C.(1992) 80
Pitt, R. (1980) 155
Pitt, R. (1984) . 231
Pitt, R.E.( 1994) 53
Plaflcin,J.L.(1989) 17
Pluhowski, EJ. (1970) 89
Poe,T.P.(l983) 41
Pope, LM.( 1987) 156
Porter, S.D. (1993) 53
Pratt, J.M.( 1981) 36
Prince, K.R.( 1981) 74
Prych, E.A. (1983) 74
Puckett,L.J.(l993) 173
Rankin, E.T. (1989) 80
Rankin, E.T.( 1992) 81
Rankin, E.T. (N/A) • 80
Rich, P.H.( 1990) 157
Richards, C.( 1993) 227
Rohm, CM. (1987) 231
Roseboom, D. (1983) 228
Sadlon,N.P.(1992) 106
Saylor.C. (1987) 6
Saylor,C.F.(1988) 19
Scherger,D.A.(1983) 119
SchueIer,T.R.(l995) 229
Scott, J.B. (1986) 7
Settine, R.L. (1983) 133
Shaver, E.( 1994) 64
Simmons, D.L. (1982) 75
Sloane-Richey, J. (1984) 41
Smith, J. (1994) 137
Smith. R.A. (1990) 159
Spinello, A.G. (1992) 75
Steedman,RJ.(l988) 7
Stenstrom,M.K.(1982) 160
Stevenson, RJ. (1984) 54
Stiefel,R.C.(1980) 161
Stroud Wtr Res Ctr( 1994) 107
Sweeney, B.W.( 1992) 81
Taylor, G.F. (1990) 166
Tolosa, I. (1991) 174
TVA(1993) 21
TVA(I993) 42
TVA(1993) 8
Van Ness, K.( 1994) 21
Veenhuis. J.E. (1990) 162
Wakeham, S.G. (1980) 175
Watt, MR (1986) 219
Weiss, L.A.( 1990) 87
Welbom, C.T. (1987) 129
Whipple,Jr.,W.(1981) 94
White, RJ. (1983) 81
Whitlow, J.R. (1989) 95
Wiegand,C.(1994) 59
Wilson, C.B. (1989) 220
Wycoff, R.L. (1980) 221
Yamane,C.M.(1985) 222
Yetman,K.(199l) 90
Yusoff, F.M. (1987) 236
Street
Bannerman, R. (1983) 110
Bissonnette, P. (1985) 61
Byme,C.J.(1987) 169
DelIeur,J.W.(1984) 205
Ebbert,J.C.(t985) 144
Quay, J.R.( 1988) 208
Hammer, T.R. (1972) 92
Hargett,C.W.(I992) 61
Kuo,C.Y.(1988) 211
Moyland, R.L., Jr. (1980) 151
Mustard, M.H. (1985) 235
NCDNR(1983) 11.8
Oltmann,R.N.(I987) 153
Pitt, R. (1980) 155
Pitt, R. (1984) 231
Prych, E.A. (1986) 123
A-12
-------
ipies, R.B. (1987) 174
Stenstrom, M.K. (1982) 216
Terstriep, M.L. (1980) 162
Ventura, S.J. (1993) 219
Wakeham, S.G. (1980) 175
Temperature
Bautista, M.F. (1993) 110
Brosnan, T.M.(1993) 142
Delleur, J.W. (1994). 205
Galli, J.( 1990) 89
Guzkowska, M.A.J. (1990) 49
Hall, Jr., L.W.(1992) 189
Klein, R.D. (1979) 227
Marsh, J.M. (1993) 192
Martin, J.D. (1990) 150
Maxted,J.R.(1994) 78
Pluhowski, EJ. (1970) 89
Schimmei, S.C. (1994) 198
Spehar, R.L. (1984) 199
Sweeney, B.W.( 1992) 81
US EPA, Office Wtr( 1983) 59
Yetman, K.( 1991) 90
'oxiciiy testing
Bascombe, A.D. (1990) 182
Cooke,T. (1995) 165
Elder, J.F. (1990) 188
Hall, Jr., L.W.( 1992) 189
Karr,J.R.(1993) 14
Marsh, J.M. (1993) 192
Wei, C,( 1994) 176
Toxicology
Bascombe, A.D. (1989) 182
Hughes, R.M. (1989) 14
Landis, W.G.(1993) 191
Peterson, S.A. (1985) 195
Vemberg, FJ.(1992) 237
Urban runoff
Akan.A.O. (1993) 109
Bannerman, R. (1983) 110
Bascombe, A.D. (1988) 25
Bascombe, A.D. (1988) 25.
Bascombe, A.D. (1989) 182
Bissonnette, P. (1985) 61
Bomboi, M.T. (1991) 141
Brabets, T.P. (1987) 202
Campbell, E.E. (1991) 45
Castaldi, F.J, (1983) 135
Cunningham, P.A. (1988) 13
Decker, T.J.( 1988) 204
Delieur,J.W.(l984) 204
Delleur, J.W. (1994) 205
Desrosiers, G. (1990) 28
Donigian, A.S. (1991) 204
Driscoll, E.D. (1990) 143
Ebbert,J.C.(1985) 144
EUis,J.B.(1994) 112
Ellis, S.R. 0984) 207
Esry,D.H.(1989) 113
Fam, S.(1987) 145
Faust, S.D.( 1980) 170
Garie,H.L.(1986) 29
Gearing, J.N.( 1991) 170
Goddard,K.E.(1989) 145
Guay,J.R.(1988) 208
Guzkowska, M.A.J. (1990) 49
Han, J.( 1980) 208
Heaney,J.P.(198l) ' 147
Hey, D.L.( 1983) 114
Hoffinan,EJ.(1987) 209
Hoffinan,R.K.(198l) 136
Holler, J.D.( 1989) 122
Hoos,A.B.(1993) 209
Homer, R,R.( 1987) 148
KitaLK.(1988) 86
Lindner-Lunsford (1987) 241
Lindsey,G.(1990) 62
Listen, P. (1986) 171
Lopez, M.A. (1984) 165
Madigosky, SR.0991) 51
Maples, R.S. (1987) 51
Marsalek,;. (1991) 193
Martin, E.H.( 1986) 116
Martin, E.H. (1988) 116
Masterson,J.P.(1994) 192
Meiorin, E.G. (1989) 116
Meyer, S.P.( 1993) 244
Morrison, G.M.( 1993) 193
Morse, J.W. (1993) . 172
Moyland, R.L., Jr. (1980) 151
Mustard, M.H.( 1985) 235
MWCOG(1983) 123
NCDNR(1983) 118
Nelson, W.H. (1992) 179
Nightingale, H.I. (1987) 172
Norman, C.G. (1991) 152
O'Shea, M.L. (1992) 52
Oltmann, R.N. (1987) 153
Padmanabhan, G. (1993) 214
Paulson, C. (1993) 153
Pedersen,E.R.(!986) 236
Pedersen, E.R.(}986) 35
Pilon,P.E. (1987) 154
Pitt, R.( 1980) 155
Pitt, R.( 1984) 231
Pitt, R. (1993) 100
Pitt, RJ£.( 1994) 53
Pratt, J.M. (1981) 36
Pridmore,R.D.(1990) 41
Pruell R.J. (1990) 172
Prych,E.A.(1986) 123
Reuter, J.E. (1992) 124
Rich, P.H. (1990) 157
Sayre, P.O. (1985) 197
Scherger, D. (1983) 119
Schetger, D.A. (1983) 125
SchueJer,T.R.(1995) 229
Seager, J. (1990) 19
Shelley, P.E. (1987) 215
Simpson, D.E.( 1988) 216
Singer, S.N. (1980) 216
Siokou-Frangou,l.(1991) 54
Sollars,CJ.(1982) 159
Spies, R.B.( 1987) 174
Stenstrom, M.K.( 1987) 160
Stiefel,R.C.(1980) 161
Striegl,R.G.(1987) 126
Tampa DPW (1983) 161
Teistriep, M.L. (1980) 162
Tolosa, I. (1991) 174
Urbonas, B. (1994) 127
Ventura, SJ. (1993) 219
Vernberg,F.J.(1992) 237
Wakeham, S.G. (1980) 175
Watt, W.E. (1994) 128
Wei, C.( 1994) 176
Welbom,C.T.(1987) 129
Whipple,Jr.,W(l981) . 129'
Wigington,P.J.(1986) 162
Wood, D.M.( 1990) 165
Wu,J.S.(1988) 130
A-13
-------
Zolan, W.j, (1981) '55
Urbanization
Ayers, M.A. (1985) 201
Bailey, J.F.( 1989) 83
Benke, A.C. (1981) 26
Birtweil,I.K.(1988) 77
Blodgett,J.C.(1990) 225
Booth, D.B.(I990) 91
Booth, D.B. (1991) 225
Booth, D.B.( 1994) 226
Booth, D.B. (N/A) 91
Brabets,T.P.(1987) 202
Buttle, J.M. (1988) 84
Buttle, J.M. (1990) 83
Chang, G.C. (1988) 146
DeVilIiers,G.T.(I988) 84
Ebisemiju, F.S. (1989) 91
Ehrenfeid,J-G.(19S3) 77
Even, J.B.( 1994) 73
Ferguson, B.K. (1990) 73
Fulton, M.H. (1993) 234
GaHi,J.(1990) 89
HalUr., L.W. (1992) 189
Hammer, T.R. (1972) 92
Hollis,G.E.(1975) 85
Jones, R.C( 1987) 31
Kibler,D.F.(198l) 85
Kitai,K.(1988) 86
Klein, R.D.( 1979) 227
Krug, W.R.(1986) 92
Limburg,K.E. (1990) 39
Lipscomb, S.W.(1991) 212
Ludwa, K.A. (1994) 34
MacRae,C.R.(l992) 93
Marsalek,J.(1991) 193
Maxted,J.R.(1994) 78
Neller, RJ. (1989) 94
Pawlukiewicz, J. (1994) 57
Pedersen,E.R.(1986) 236
Pluhowski,E.J.(1970) 89
Prince, K.R.( 1980 74
Richter, K.G.(1988) 86
Shaver, E.( 1994) ' 64
Simmons, B.L. (1989) 215
Simmons, D.L.( 1982) 75
Sloane-Richey, J. (1984) 41
Sloto, R.A.(1987) 229
Soeur, C. (N/A) 229
Spinello, A.G. (1992) 75
Steedman,R.J.(1988) 7
long, STY. (1990) 237
Veenhuis,J.E.(1990) 162
Vemberg,F.J.(1992) 237
Weiss, L.A.( 1990) 87
Whipple,Jr.,W.(l981) 94
White, RJ.(I983) 81
Volunteer monitoring
Dilley,M.A.(1992) 103
Ely, E.(ed).( 1994) 104
Maas,R.P. (1991) 105
Water pollution
Adams-Kszos, L. (1990) 181
Arnold, J.A.,ed. (1993) 139
Bascombe,A.D.(1989) 182
Bomboi,M.T.(199l) 141
Clarice, G.M.( 1993) 26
Delleur,/.W.(1994) 205
Gadbois, L.E. (1989) 56
Gammeter,S.(1990) 189
GiIbrook,M.J.(l991) 243
Guzkowska, M.AJ. (1990) 49
Heaney.J.P. (1981) 147
HellawelU.M.(N/A) 13
Hoffinan,E.J.(1987) 209
Hoffinan,R_K. (1981) 136
Holler, J.D.( 1990) 121
Johnson, C,A. (1988) 244
Klemm,D.J. (1992) 33
Maristany.A.E. (1989) 115
Marsaiek,J-(1991) 193
Marsh, J.M. (1993) 192
Mesuere, K. (1989) 117
Mulliss,R.(1994) 193
Natl Res Council (1985) 195
NCDNR(1983) 118
Padmanabhan, G. (1993) 214
Pilon,P.E.(l987) ' 154
Pitt, R. (1993) 100
Pitt, R. (1995) 155
Roseboom, D.(1983) 228
Rosenthal,A. (1989) 70
Settine,R.L.(1983) 133
Simmons, B.L. (1989) 215
Soeur, C. (N/A) 229
Stevenson, R.J. (1984) 54
Urbonas, B.(1994) 127
Vemberg, F.J.(1992) 237
Wann,D.(1986) 21
Washington, H.G. (1984) 55
Watt, W.E.( 1994) 128
Wei, C.( 1994) 176
Wimberiey,F.R.(1993) 237
Wycoff,R.L.(l980) 221
Yu, S.L. (1993) 131
Water quality
Ahmed, R. (1981)
Albrecht,D.R.(I988) 139
A!drich,J.(1993) 109
Baffaut,C.(1990) 239
Bartcl, R.L.(1989) 140
Barton, D.R. (1992) 25
Bascombe, A.D. (1988) 25
Bascombe, A.D. (1989) 189
Baumgartner, R. (1992) 12
Bautista,M.F.(1993) 110
Beak Consultants (1991) 140
Beak Consultants (1991) 182
Beckwith,P.R.(1990) 167
Benke, A.C. (1981) 26
Bissonnette, P. (1985) 61
Brabets,T.P.(1987) 202
Brosnan, T.M. (1993) 142
Broutman,M.A.(1986) 177
Brungs, W.A. (1992) 183
Carlson, A. R.( 1986) 184
Castaldi,F.J.(1983) 135
Chambers, G.M.( 1980) 111
Chang, G.C. (1988) 146
Chapman, D.V. (1992) 185
Ches. Bay Program (1994) 142
Chescheir, G.M. (1990) 111
Clarke, S.E.( 1991) 67
Clausen, J.C. (1993) 233
Cooke,T.(1995) 165
Cowie,G.M.(l991) 27
Crunkilton,R.L.(l991) 27
Ctr for Env Res Info (1989) 185
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Cuffiiey, T.F.(1993) 27
Custer, C, (1988) 103
Davic, R.D. (!988) 45
Decker, T.J. (1988) 204
Del Giorgio, P.A(199l) 46
Delleur.J.W. (1984) 204
Desvousges, W.H. (1983) 135
DeVilliers,G.T.(1988) 84
DiToro, D.M.(1983) 206
Dixit,S.S. (1991) 46
Dixh, S.S. (1992) 47
Donigian, A.S.(1991) 207
Driscoli, E.D. (1990) 143
Duda,A. (1980) 112
Dufour, A.P. (1984) 47
Eagan, L.L. (1991) 68
Edyvane,K.(1991) 233
Elder, J.F.( 1990) 188
Ellis, J.B. (1994) 112
Ely, E.(ed).( 1994) 104
Env Res MgmtDiv( 1990) 145
Falter, C.M (1988) 48
Farrow, D. (1992) 69
Ferrara,R.A.(1983) 120
.Flock, G.H.( 1989) 63
Fulton, M,H.( 1993) 234
Fusillo.T.V. (1981) 146
Galli,J.(1990) 89
Galli,J.(1992) 120
Gannon, J.J.( 1989) 48
Gaunt, G.A. (1993) 29
Goddard,K.E.(1989) 145
Gore, J. A. (1988) 30
Guzkowska, M. A.J. (1990) 49
Hampson, P.S.(1986) 121
Harris, M.A. (1991) 30
Hartigan, J.P. (1981) 209
Heaney, J.P. (1981) 147
Hey, D.L.( 1983) 114
Hoffinan, R.K.(198I) 136
Hohreiter, D.W. (1980) 191
Holler, J.D. (1989) 122
Holler, J.D. (1990) 121
HOOS.A.B. (1993)' 209
Homer, R.R. (1987) 148'
Illinois State EPA (1987) 63
Jacobson, P. (1992) 2
Jensen, P. (1992) 178
Johnson, C.A. (1988) 244
Kappe!,W.M.(1986) 235
Karr,J.R.(1984) 3
Karr,J.R.(1984) 3J
Karr,J.R.(1986) 3
Karr,J.R.(1993) 14
Kerans, B.L.(1994) 32
KIemm,D.J.(1992) 33
Kohlhepp,G.W.(l992) 33
Ku,H.F.H.(I986) 149
Kuo,CY.(1988) 211
LeMay,J.A. (1989) 50
Levine,D.A.(1988) 244
Lewis, P.A. (1992) 34
Lindner-Lunsford (1987) 241
Lopez, M.A. (1984) 165
Lubinski, K.(1993) 15
Ludwa,K.A.(1994) 34
Maas,R.P.(1991) 105
Maples, R.S.( 1987) 51
Maristany,A.E.(1989) 115
Marsalek,J.(l990) -212,
Marsalek,;. (199!) 193
Martin, J.D. (1990) 150
Masterson, J.P. (1994) 192
McConnelU-B. (1980) 15!
McCoy, J.L. (1994) 58
Meador,M.R,(1993) 5
Medina, M. A., Jr( 1981) 241
Medor,M.R.(l993) 79
Meiorin, E.G. (1989) 116
Minor, J.D. (1995) 99
Morrison, G.M. (1993) 193
Moyland, R.L., Jr. (1980) 151
Myers, D.N. (1992) .152
Natl Res Council (1985) 195
NCDHS(1985) 179
NCDNR(1983) 118
Nelson, W.H. (1992) 179
Norman, C.G.( 1991) 152
Oberdorff,T. (1992) 6
Oberts,G. (1988) 123
Ohio EPA (1987) 16
Ohio EPA (1990) • 16
Padmanabhan, G. (1993) 214
Park, W. (1981) 70
Paulson, C. (1993) 153
Pawlukiewicz, J. (1994) 57
Payne, J.A.( 1990) !54
Pickett,J.R.(1992) 196
Pitt, R. (1980) 155
Pitt, R, (1993) 100
Pitt, R. (1995) 155
Poe,T.P.(I983) 41
Polls, I. (1980) 156.
Pope, L.M. (1987) 156
Porter, S.D. (1993) 53
Pridmore, R.D. (1990) 41
Provincial WQMN( 1992) 157
Prych, E.A.(1983) 74
Prych,E.A.(1986) 123
Puckett,LJ.(1993) 173
Ranasinghe,J.A.(1994) 36
Rankin,E.T. (1989) 80
Rankin,E.T.(l992) 81
Rich, P.H. (1990) 157
Richards, C.( 1993) 227
Robertson, A. (1993) 72
Rohm, CM. (1987) 231
Roseboom, D. (1983) 228
Rosenberg, D.M. (1993) 36
Rosenthal, A. (1989) 71
Rushton, B. (1993) 118
Sadlon, N.P. (1992) 106
Saylor,C.(1987) 6
Saylor, C.F. (1988) 19
Scherger,D.(1983) 119
Schimmel,S.C.(l994) 198
Schmidt, S.D.( 1986) 100
Schueler,T.R.(1995) 229
Seager, J. (1990) 19
Shaver, £.(1994) 64
Shelley, P.E.( 1987) 215
Simmons, B.L.( 1989) 215
Simpson, D.E. (1988) 216
Singer, S.N. (1980) 216
Stoane-Richey,J.(1984) 41
Smith, J.( 1994) 137
Smith, R.A. (1990) 159
Sollars,C.J.(1982) 159
Spehar,R.L.(1984) 199
Stenstrom,M.K.(1987) 160.
Stevenson, RJ.( 1984) 54
Suzuki, M.( 1989) 217
Sweeney, B.W. (1992) 81
Terstriep, M.L.(1980) 162
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Thomann, R.V. (1994) 218
Tim, U.S.( 1992) 218
long, STY. (1990) 237
TVA(1993) 8
TX NRCC (N/A) 107
Urbonas,B.R.(1995) 127
US EPA, Office Wtr( 1983) 59
Van Ness, K.( 1994) 21
Veenhuis,J.E.(I990) 162
Vemberg,F.J.(1992) 237
Washington, H.G.( 1984) 55
Watt, W.E.( 1994) 128
Welbom,CT.(1987) 129
Wiegand,C.(1994) 59
Wilde, F.( 1989) 120
Wilson, C.B.( 1989) 220
Wimberley, F.R. (1993) 23 8
Woodard,S.E.(1988) 129
Wright, R.M.( 1995) 163
Wu,J.S.(l988) 130
Wycoflf,R.L.(1980) 221
Yamane,CM (1985) 222
Yoder,C.O.(l991) 22
Yoder, C.O. (N/A) 22
Young, G.K. (1986) 222
ZoIan,W.j.(1981) 55
Watershed
Benke,A.C.(l981) 26
Booth, D.B. (N/A) 91
Brooks, R.P.( 1991) 12
Cooper, CM. (1984) 45
Fast, D. (1991) 39
Fausch,K.D.(1984) 2
Jones, R.C.(1 987) 31
Klein, R.D. (1979) 227
Limburg,K.E.(1990) 39
Ludwa, K.A. (1994) 34
Metcalfe-Smith, J.L. (1992) 40
Morgan, M.D. (1987) 52
O'Shea,M.L.(I992) 52
Pedersen, E.R. (198,6) 35
Pickett,J.R.(1992) 196
Pitt, R.E.( 1994) 53
Platts,W.S.(!989) 40
Ranasinghe, J.A. (1994) 36
Saylor.C.F. (1988) 19
Sellner.-K.G. (1987) 54
Steedman, R.J. (1988) 7
TVA(1993) ' 8
TVA(1993) 21
TVA(1993) 42
Yoder, C.O. (1991) 22
Yoder, C.O. (N/A) 22
Beak Consultants (1991) 140
Collins, P.S. (1993) 67
Egan,J.T. (1994) 57
Farrow, D.( 1992) 69
Folen,D.A.(1990) 70
Heiskary,S.A.(1988) 69
McCoy, J.L. (1994) 58
Pawlukiewicz,J.(1994) 57
Robertson, A. (1993) 72
Wiegand,C.(I994) 59
Booth, D. (N/A) 91
Buttle, J.M.( 1988) 83
Ehrenfeld,J.G.(1983) 77
Ferguson, B.K.( 1990) 73
GaJH,J.(l990) ' 89
Hammer, T.R.( 1972) 92
Kibler,D.F.(198I) 85
MacRae,C.R.(1992) 93
Ohio EPA (1992) 79
Sweeney, B.W.f 1992) 81
Yetman,K.(199I) 90
Ches. Bay Program (1993) 67
Eagan,L.L.(l991) 68
Hawes,J.(1986) 105
Hawes, J. (1987) 104
HeJskary,S.A.(l988) 147
Lukowsky, A.M. (1994) 105
Maaa,R.P. (1991) 105
Muir, D.B. (1987) 106
Bannerman, R. (1983) 110
Bautista,M.F.(1993) 110
Blumberg, M.S. (1984) 141
Hey, D.L. (1983) 114
Maristany, A.E. (1989) 115
NCDNR(1983) 118
Ridilla,P.A. (1993) . 124
Scherger,D.(1983) 119
Settine, R.L.(1983) 133
Urbonas, B.(1994) 127
Wanielista,M. (1991) 128
Welbom.CT. (1987) 129
Wu,J.S. (1988) 130
Desvousges, W.H. (1983) 135
Smith, J.( 1994) 137
Tsitika Committee (1991) 137
Ahmed, R-( 1981) 201
Ayers, M.A. (1985) 201
Beak Consultants (1991) 140
Byme,C.J.(I980) 168
Castaldi, F.J. (1983) 135
Chang,G.C.(I988) 146
Ches. Bay Program (1994) 142
Day,K.E.(l990) 186
DeHeur,J.W.(1984) 204
Dolan,R.(1992) 187
Ebbert,J.C.(1985) 144
Env Res MgmtDiv( 1990) 145
Fam,S.(1987) 145
Goddard, K.E. (1989) 145
Hall, K.J. (1988) 190
Han, J. (1980) 208
Hartigan,I.P.(1981) 209
Herricks, E.E. (N/A)' 190
Homer, RJt( 1987) 148
Howarth,R.W.(1991) 2!0
Illinois State EPA (1990) 148
Kuo, C.Y. (1988) 211
Lopez, M.A. (1984) !65
Masterson, J.P. (1994) 192
Newell, CJ.( 1992) 213
Pitt, R. (1980) 155
Polls, I. (1980) 156
Provincial WQMN( 1992) 157
Stenstrom, M.K. (1987) 160
Stenstrom, M.K. (1982) 216
Suzuki, M. (1989) 217
Thomann, R.V. (1994) 218
Tim, US. (1992) 218
Wilson, C.B.( 1989) 220
Wood, DM (1990) 165
Arnold, J.G.( 1993) 239
Baffaut, C. (1990) 239
Bennett, D.B. (1991) 240
Booth, D.B. (1994) 225
Brown, R,G.( 1988) 225
Clausen, J.C. >3) , 233
Gilbcook,M. '91)' 243
Joao,E.M.(l-:i ;:,,;:,243
Johnson, C.A. (1988)?o f > ; 244
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Levine. D.A. (1988)
Pedersen, E.R. (1986)
Richards, C. (1993)
Rifai,H.S.(1993)
Roseboom, D. (!9S3)
Schueler,T.R.(1995)
Shaver, £.(1994)
Soeur, C. (N/A)
long, STY. (1990)
Young, O.K. (1986)
Yusoff, F.M.(1987)
244
236
227
245
228
229
64
229
237
222
238
,
Zooplankton
Gast,H.F. (1990)
Hughes, R.M. (1991)
Portele,G.J. (1982)
Sellner,-K.G. (1987)
Siokou-Frangou, I. (1991)
48
72
18
54
54
Wetland
Barte!,R.L.(1989) 140
Bautista,M.F.(1993) 110
Bennett, D.B. (1991) 240
Booth, D.B.( 1994) 225
Booth, D.B. (N/A) 91
Brooks, R.P. (1991) 12
Brown, R.G. (1988) 233
Carlisle, T. (1991) 135
Ellis, J.B.( 1994) 112
Esry, D.H. (1989) 113
Flock, G.H.( 1989) 63
Galli,J.(1990) 89
Galli, J. (1992) 120
Green, D. (1995) 114
Johnson, C.A. (1988) 244
Kappel,W.M.(1986) 235
Ludwa,K.A.(1994) 34
Lukowsky, A.M. (1994) 105
Madigosky,S.R.(1991) 51
Maristany, A.E. (1989) 115
Martin, E.H.( 1986) 116
Martin, E.H. (1986) 116
Martin, E.H.( 1988) 116
Meiorin, E.C. (1989) 116
Meyer, J.L.( 1985) 118
Oberts,G.(1988) 123
Puckett,LJ.(1993) 173
Reuter,J.E.( 1-992) 124
Rich, P.H. (1990) .157
Richards, C. (1993) 227
,Rushton,B.(l993) 118
Scherger, D.A. (1983) 125
Stenstrom, M.K. (1982) 216
<~J. (1990 20
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*
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
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