NATIONAL MANAGEMENT MEASURES
TO CONTROL NONPOINT SOURCE
POLLUTION FROM MARINAS AND
RECREATIONAL BOATING
DRAFT
Edwin F. Drabkowski
Nonpoint Source Control Branch
Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
EPA
840/
2000.1
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
Mail code 3201
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington DC 20460
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION Us . fp,
The Purpose and Scope of This Guidance ...................... \2Qg p^?!1 .C.QCJQ ggJJ?M>C9/y 1-1
National Water Quality Inventory .............................. Wash frr^"**/^ ri ...... !"3
What is Nonpoint Source Pollution? ................................. . .9fPD. QG-^g® AM 1-4
Watershed Approach to Nonpoint Source Pollution Control ............................. V. ... 1-5
Programs to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution ........................................... 1-7
National Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program ................................... 1-7
Storm Water Permit Program [[[ 1-8
Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program .......................................... 1-8
Clean Vessel Act Pumpout Grant Program ............................................ 1-9
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) ....... ....... 1-9
Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Regulations ............................................ 1-10
Sources of Further Information [[[ 1-11
SECTION 2: SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION FROM MARINAS AND RECREATIONAL
BOATING
Pollutant Types and Impacts [[[ 2-2
Pollutants in the Water Column [[[ 2-2
Pollutants in Aquatic Organisms [[[ 2-4
Pollutants in Sediments [[[ 2-5
Pathogens [[[ 2-5
Debris and Litter [[[ . . 2-6
Sediment and Habitat Alterations [[[ 2-6
Shoaling and Shoreline Alterations .................................................. 2-7
SECTION 3: MANAGEMENT MEASURES AND PRACTICES
Understanding Management Measures and Practices ........................................ 3-1
How Management Practices Work to Prevent Nonpoint Source Pollution ........................ 3-2
Management Practice Systems [[[ 3-4
Site-Specific Design of Management Practices ............................................ 3-5
Important Characteristics of Marina Environments from a Pollution Perspective .................. 3-5
General Factors Common to All Waterbodies .......................................... 3-5
Lakes and Reservoirs [[[ 3-6
Rivers [[[ 3-7
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Table of Contents
4.4. Shoreline Stabilization 4-27
4.5. Storm Water Runoff 4-32
4.6. Fueling Station Design 4-47
4.7. Petroleum Control 4-55
4.8. Liquid Material Management 4-61
4.9. Solid Waste Management 4-69
4.10. Fish Waste Management 4-76
4.11. Sewage Facility Management 4-80
4.12. Maintenance of Sewage Facilities 4-91
4.13. Boat Cleaning 4-95
4.14. Boat Operation 4-100
4.15. Public Education 4-104
Note: A BMP Summary Table follows each Management Measure discussion.
SECTION 5: DETERMINING POLLUTANT LOADS
Example Models for Marina Flushing Assessment 5-2
Selection criteria 5-2
Models selected 5-3
Simple Model .• 5-3
Mid-Range Models 5-5
Tidal prism model 5-5
NCDEM DO model 5-6
Complex Models 5-6
WASP4 5-6
EFDC Hydrodynamic 5-7
Water Quality Monitoring in Marinas (for modeling applications) 5-8
Sampling guidelines for existing marinas 5-8
Spatial coverage 5-8
Constituents sampled 5-9
Sampling locations 5-10
Sampling time and frequency 5-11
BIBLIOGRAPHY
GLOSSARY
APPENDICES
A. Best Management Practices Checklist for Marinas and Recreational Boating
B. Example Oil Spill Response Plan
C. Tables of Cost/Benefits of Marina Best Management Practices
D. Federal Laws Related to Marinas and Recreational Boating
E. Web Sites With Information Related to Marinas and Recreational Boating
Table of Contents ii
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SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION
Section 1 Contents
The Purpose and Scope of This Guidance 1-1
National Water Quality Inventory 1-3
What is Nonpoint Source Pollution? 1-4
Watershed Approach to Nonpoint Source Pollution Control 1*5
Programs to Control Nonpoint Source Pollution 1-7
National Nonpoint Source Pollution Control Program 1-7
Storm Water Permit Program 1-8
Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program 1-8
Clean Vessel Act Pumpout Grant Program 1-9
International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL) . 1-9
Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Regulations 1-10
Sources of Further Information 1-11
The Purpose and Scope of This Guidance
This document provides guidance to States,
Territories, authorized Tribes, and the public
regarding management measures that may be used
to reduce nonpoint source pollution from marinas
and recreational boating activities. This document
refers to statutory and regulatory provisions which
contain legally binding requirements. This
document does not substitute for those provisions
or regulations, nor is it a regulation itself. Thus, it
does not impose legally-binding requirements on
EPA, States. Territories, authorized Tribes, or the
public and may not apply to a particular situation
based upon the circumstances. EPA, State,
Territory, and authorized Tribe decision makers
retain the discretion to adopt approaches on a case-
by-case basis that differ from this guidance where
appropriate. EPA may change this guidance in the
future.
This National Management Measures Guidance for
Marinas and Recreational Boating is intended to
provide technical assistance to state program
managers and others on nonregulatory best
practicable means of reducing nonpoint source
pollution of surface waters from marinas and
recreational boating. The guidance provides
background information about nonpoint source
pollution from marinas and recreational
boating—including where it comes from and how
it enters the nation's waters—and technical
information about how to reduce nonpoint source
pollution from marinas and recreational boating.
This guidance also discusses the relationship of
marinas within watersheds.
The guidance can assist marina owners and
managers in identifying potential sources of
nonpoint source pollution and offers potential
solutions. Finding a solution to nonpoint source
pollution problems at a marina requires taking into
account site-specific factors that together comprise
the setting of a marina. The best management
practices (BMPs) presented in section 4 of this
guidance are recommended based on their
successful application at many marinas nationwide.
Their applicability to any particular marina or
situation, however, must be determined based on
site-specific factors. Marina managers should
make informed decisions, based on the
circumstances at their particular location, as to
whether these BMPs or others would be most
effective for controlling nonpoint source pollution.
National Management Measures Guidance
1-1
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SECTION 1: Introduction
Management Measures for Marinas and
Recreational Boating
Flushing
Water quality assessment
Habitat assessment
Shoreline stabilization
Storm water runoff
Fueling station design
Petroleum control
Liquid material management
Solid waste management
Fish waste management
Sewage facilities
Maintenance of sewage facilities
Boat cleaning
Boat operation
Public education
Which BMP or set of BMPs that is used is not the
critical point. Preventing water pollution is.
The guidance is organized in six pans:
• Section 1: Introduction
• Section 2 discusses the sources of nonpoint
source pollution and the specific pollutants of
concern associated with marinas and
recreational boating.
• Section 3 discusses management measures and
site-specific BMPs generally, the use of
combinations of BMPs (BMP systems), and
the characteristics of surface waters where
marinas are located.
• Section 4 describes the 15 management
measures for marinas and recreational boating
and describes BMPs that can be used to
achieve the management measures.
• Section 5 describes some models used to
estimate pollutant loads and discusses water
quality monitoring.
* Appendices provide additional, related
information.
Management measures are the 15 measures
established by EPA for implementation within the
state coastal (or CZARA section 6217)
management areas (see page 1-8). The
management measures are listed in the box above.
From discussions with marina owners and
operators at facilities on fresh waters nationwide,
these 15 management measures and associated
practices were found to be just as applicable to
fresh water marinas as to coastal water marinas.
Best management practices are individual
activities or structures that can be used alone or in
combination to achieve the management measures.
See Section 4 for a thorough discussion of the 15
management measures for marinas and recreational
boating and some BMPs that can be used to
achieve them.
The scope of this National Management Measures
Guidance is broad, covering diverse nonpoint
source pollutants from marinas and recreational
boating. Because it includes all types of
waterbodies. it cannot provide all practices and
techniques suitable to all regional or local marina
or waterbody conditions. Also, BMPs are
continuously being modified and developed as a
result of experience gained from their
implementation and the innovation of marina
owners and operators across the country.
Readers should note that this guidance is entirely
consistent with the Guidance Specifying
Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint
Pollution in Coastal Waters (USEPA, 1993)
published under section 6217 of the Coastal Zone
Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990
(CZARA). This guidance, however, does not
supplant or replace the 1993 coastal management
measures guidance for the purpose of
Management measures are measures for
the control of the addition of pollutants from
nonpoint sources of pollution. Management
measures are achievable through the
application of BMPs, technologies,
processes, siting criteria, operating
methods, or other alternatives.
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Introduction
implementing programs under section 6217.
Under CZARA, states that participate in the
Coastal Zone Management Program under the
Coastal Zone Management Act are required to
develop coastal nonpoint pollution control
programs that ensure the implementation of EPA's
management measures in their coastal management
area. The 1993 guidance continues to apply to that
program.
This document modifies and expands upon
supplementary technical information contained in
the Coastal Management Measures Guidance both
to reflect circumstances relevant to differing inland
conditions and to provide current technical
information. It does not set new or additional
standards for either section 6217 or section 319
programs. It does, however, provide information
that can be used by government agencies, private
sector groups, and individuals to understand and
apply measures and practices to address nonpoint
source pollution from marinas and recreational
boating.
National Water Quality Inventory
The nation's aquatic resources are among its most
valuable assets. Although environmental protection
programs in the United States like those
implemented under the Clean Water Act have
brought great improvements to water quality
during the past 25 years, many challenges remain.
Significant progress has been made in reducing
pollution to the nation's waters from industrial and
municipal (sewer system) sources, however the
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
reported in its 1998 National Water Quality
Inventory that over 35 percent of inland waters and
estuaries are still too polluted to support their
designated uses (based on survey information
submitted by states, territories, and tribes). The
health of these waters is primarily degraded by
nonpoint source pollution, which is described more
fully on page 1-5.
Every two years. EPA reports to Congress on the
quality of the nation's waters in the National Water
Quality Inventory. States, territories, and tribes
survey the water quality in a sample of the rivers
and streams; lakes, ponds, and reservoirs;
estuaries; ocean shorelines; and/or Great Lakes
shorelines in their jurisdictions and report the
findings to EPA for the Inventory. Since each
state, territory, and tribe surveys its jurisdictional
waters according to individual priorities, the survey
results cannot be generalized as the quality of the
nation's waters overall, but the results do provide
a snapshot of nationwide water quality and water
quality trends.
The most recent National Water Quality Inventory,
published by EPA in June 2000, summarizes the
1998 water quality assessment reports submitted
by states, territories, and tribes. Table 1-1 lists the
overall percentages of each waterbody type
surveyed and the water quality of those waters in
terms of designated use support.
Waters are designated by states, territories, and
tribes as suitable for particular uses, depending on
location, surrounding land use, and other factors.
For instance, a river passing near an urban area
might be designated to be used for noncontact
recreation (such as fishing or boating) while a
stream in a state park might be designated for
aquatic life support. Water quality criteria are set
for each waterbody accordingly.
The types of pollutants that degrade these waters
are:
• Nutrients (excess nitrogen and phosphorus).
• Sediment (from soil and shoreline erosion).
• Disease-causing bacteria (from animal waste
washed into surface waters and inadequately
Designated uses are set by states as water
quality goals for individual waterbodies.
Designated use goals include drinking water
supply, primary contact recreation {such as
swimming), and aquatic life support. Each
designated use has a unique set of water
quality requirements or criteria that must be
met for the use to be realized.
National Management Measures Guidance
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SECTION 1: Introduction
Table 1-1. Percentages of sun/eyed waters supporting designated uses.
Waterbody Type
Rivers &
Streams (miles)
Lakes, Ponds, &
Reservoirs
(acres)
Estuaries
(square miles)
Ocean Shoreline
(miles)
Great Lakes
Shoreline
(miles)
Percent
Surveyed
23
42
32
5
90
Fully
Supporting
All Uses3
65
55
56
88
4
Threatened for
One or More
Uses'
10
9
9
8
2
Impaired for
One or
More Uses"
35
45
44
12
96
Quantity of
Waterbody
Type in US
3.7 million
miles
41.6 million
acres
90,465
square miles
66,645
miles
5,521
miles
a Percent of units of waterbody type surveyed in this category- For example, 9% of the 32% of estuaries surveyed were
threatened for one or more uses at the time of the survey.
Source: USEPA. 2000 (1998 Report to Congress)
treated sewage).
• Toxic metals (from mining runoff, stormwater
runoff from urban and industrial areas, and
industrial processes).
• Toxic organic chemicals (such as dioxins and
polychlorinated biphenyls, or PCBs).
• Oxygen-depleting materials (organic materials
like leaf litter that consume oxygen as they
break down in the water).
• Pesticides (including insecticides and
herbicides).
• Petroleum compounds (such as fuel, oil, and
grease).
• Noxious or invasive aquatic plants (such as
Eurasian watermilfoil and water hyacinth).
The leading sources of these pollutants are
agriculture, municipal point sources, industrial
discharges, nonpoint sources (in general), urban
runoff/storm sewers, atmospheric deposition,
hydrologic modification (dams and shoreline
modification), habitat modification, and mining.
Although they are not one of the major sources of
pollution to our nation's rivers, lakes, or estuaries,
marinas are centers of recreation, and poor or
inadequate pollution prevention practices in them
can result in human health problems and local
water quality degradation. Examples of potential
nonpoint source pollution problems at marinas
include poor water circulation and flushing within
the marina, petroleum spills from storage tanks and
boat fueling, bilge oil discharges, and runoff from
boat hull maintenance and engine repair areas.
Nonpoint source pollution at marinas can also
result from poor housekeeping practices (such as
in-water boat washing with polluting detergents),
a lack of containers for recycling solid and liquid
waste materials, and inadequate sanitary facilities.
What Is Nonpoint Source Pollution?
Nonpoint source pollution results from rainwater
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National Management Measures Guidance
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Introduction
and snow (or snowmelt) carrying pollutants picked
up from the atmosphere or the ground to surface
water and Around water. It is also associated with
iand runoff from irrigation or lawn watering.
ground water drainage from mines and landfills.
seepage from broken or leaking pipes, and
hydrologic modification. Hydrologic modification
is anything that alters natural water currents, such
as dams and levees or changes to natural shorelines
with hard structures or excavation, such as riprap
or cement. These are considered nonpoint sources
of pollution because of the harm that can occur to
the biological and physical integrity of surface and
ground waters as a result of them. Nonpoint
source pollutants that cause the greatest harm to
surface waters are nutrients, sediments, organic
matter, pathogens, and toxic compounds (including
petroleum compounds and toxic metals).
Surface waters include ponds, lakes,
streams, rivers, estuaries, bays, and
oceans. Ground water is the water in soils
and aquifers.
Technically, the term nonpoint source is defined to
mean any source of water pollution that does not
meet the legal definition of point source in section
502( 14) of the Clean Water Act of 1987:
The term "point source" means any
discernible, confined and discrete
conveyance, including but not limited to any
pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel, conduit, well,
discrete fissure, container, rolling stock,
concentrated animal feeding operation, or
vessel or other floating craft, from which
pollutants are or may be discharged. This
term does not include agricultural storm
water discharges and return flows from
irrigated agriculture.
Although diffuse runoff is generally treated as
nonpoint source pollution, runoff that enters and is
discharged from conveyances like those described
above is treated as a point source discharge. Point
sources typically enter receiving water bodies at
some identifiable site, such as the end of a pipe.
and they are usually the result of a discharge from
some industrial process or construction activity,
not rain or snowfall. The distinction between point
and nonpoint sources of pollution is an important
one because point source discharges such as
municipal and industrial wastewaters and storm
sewer outfalls from urbanized areas are regulated
and permitted under the Clean Water Act, whereas
nonpoint sources are not subject to federal permit
requirements.
Watershed Approach to Nonpoint Source
Pollution Control
Marinas, by nature of their business, are positioned
within a watershed where the activities of others
within the watershed have an effect on water
quality in the marina basin. Water quality at any
specific point along a river is influenced by ail
upstream and upgradient locations within the
watershed. Marinas located on rivers and
reservoirs are potential recipients of the runoff
from sources located upstream and along upstream
tributaries, and from all upgradient land-based
activities within the watershed. Lakes are the
natural sinks for runoff from activities within their
basins, and the water quality in marinas on lakes is
potentially influenced by all of the activities within
the watershed and activities that occur on the lake.
The water quality of marinas located in estuaries
and coastal areas is similarly influenced by the
numerous activities that contribute runoff and
pollutants to the water flowing into the marina
basin. The runoff from marinas located in urban
settings is often mixed with runoff from nearby
urban areas, since runoff is directed toward the
surface waters where marinas are located. The
same is true for marinas located in watersheds
where the upland use is primarily agricultural.
Marinas can benefit from cooperative
environmental protection efforts that involve and
Watersheds are areas of land that drain to a
single stream, lake, or other water resource.
Watersheds are defined solely by drainage
areas and not by land ownership or political
boundaries.
National Management Measures Guidance
1-5
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SECTION 1: Introduction
educate those who potentially contribute pollutants
to the surface waters in the watershed where the
marina is located, and seek responsible, shared
solutions to water quality problems.
Since 1991, EPA has promoted the watershed
protection approach as a comprehensive
framework for addressing complex pollution
problems, such as those from nonpoint sources
within a defined geographic area. The watershed
protection approach is not a new centralized
government program. It is a flexible framework
for focusing and integrating curren: environmental
protection efforts and for exploring innovative
methods to achieve maximum efficiency in using
resources and obtaining positive environmental
effects. The framework for the watershed
protection approach developed from experience
Program and the Clean Lakes Program.
The watershed protection approach is
a comprehensive planning process that
considers all natural resources in a
watershed, as well as social, cultural,
and economic factors (Figure 1.1).
The process tailors workable solutions
to ecosystem needs through
participation and leadership of
stakeholders.
Although watershed approaches might
vary in terms of specific objectives,
priorities, elements, timing, and
resources, all should be based on the
following guiding principles:
• Partnerships: People affected by
management decisions are involved
throughout and help shape key
decisions. Cooperative partnerships
among federal, state, and local
agencies; Indian tribes; and
nongovernmental organizations with
interests in the watershed are
formed. This ensures that
environmental objectives are well
integrated with those for economic
stability and other social/cultural
goals of the area. The approach also
builds support for action among those
individuals who are economically dependent on
the natural resources of the area.
Watershed projects typically involve state
environmental, public health, agricultural, and
natural resources agencies; local and/or regional
boards, commissions, and agencies; EPA water
and air programs; other federal agencies; private
wildlife and conservation organizations; industry'
sector representatives; and the academic
community.
Geographic focus: Resource management
activities are coordinated and directed within
specific geographic areas, usually defined by
watershed boundaries, areas overlying or
recharging ground water, or a combination of
both. Watershed projects encompass all or most
=igure 1.1. Schematic of a watershed. Sources of pollutants
rom throughout the watershed are carried downstream in
surface water runoff and ground water flow. The watershed
approach involves examining all pollution problems in the
watershed, setting priorities, and taking an integrated approach
o addressing pollution problems.
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National Management Measures Guidance
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Introduction
of the landscape in a well-defined watershed or
other ecological, physiographic, or hydrologic
unit, such as an embayment. an aquifer, or a lake
and its drainage area.
Sound management techniques based on strong
science and data: Collectively, watershed
stakeholders employ sound scientific data, tools.
and techniques in an iterative decision-making
process. Typically, this process includes:
- Assessment and characterization of the natural
resources in the watershed and the people who
depend on them.
- Goal setting and identification of
environmental objectives based on the
condition or vulnerability of resources and the
needs of the aquatic ecosystem and the people.
Well-defined goals and objectives are
established for the watershed, including
objectives for chemical water quality (e.g.,
reduced toxicity), physical water quality (e.g.,
temperature, flow, circulation), habitat quality
(e.g.. channel morphology, health of biotic
communities), and biodiversity (e.g., species
number, range, replacement of exotic species
with native species).
- Identification of priority problems. Watershed
projects identify the most significant threats to
water quality, based on a comparative risk
analysis of the potential human health,
ecological, and economic impacts. The
resources of the participants in a watershed
project are then targeted in a coordinated
fashion toward the high-risk problems.
- Development of specific management options
and action plans. Based on the priorities that
have been set, integrated action plans that will
achieve the goals and objectives of the
watershed protection project are devised.
- Implementation, evaluation, and revision of
plans as needed. All appropriate authorities
and techniques are employed to achieve the
goals and objectives set forth in the action
plans. Normally, existing programs of local,
state, and federal agencies; private
environmental and civic groups; and industries
and corporations form the basis of the
framework for implementation of the action
plans. These separate efforts are merely
coordinated and redirected to work together
more efficiently to achieve common goals.
Cost savings are often realized by the
participants due to this coordination of efforts.
• Getting Organized: Working as a task force,
stakeholders reach consensus on goals and
approaches for addressing a watershed's
problems, the specific actions to be taken, and
how those actions will be coordinated and
evaluated. Coordinated action can be taken in
areas such as voluntary pollution prevention
(BMP installation) and source reduction (waste
minimization).
Programs to Control Nonpoint Source
Pollution
Several federal laws and programs are in effect that
address nonpoint source pollution in one form or
another. The most important ones are discussed
below.
National Nonpoint Source Pollution Control
Program
During the first 15 years of the federal water
pollution control program to abate and control
water pollution (1972-1987), EPA and the states
focused most of their water pollution control
activities on industrial and municipal wastewater
point source discharges. They regulated point
sources through the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit program
established by section 402 of the 1972 Federal
Water Pollution Control Act (Clean Water Act).
Discharges of dredged and fill materials into
wetlands were also regulated by EPA and the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers under section 404 of the
Clean Water Act.
As a result of the above activities, by the mid-
1980s pollutant loads from point source discharges
had been greatly reduced and considerable
National Management Measures Guidance
1-7
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SECTION 1: Introduction
progress had been made in restoring and
maintaining water quality. However, the gains
made in controlling point sources had not achieved
the desired level of water quality. Recent studies
and surveys by EPA and by stats water quality
agencies indicate that most of the remaining water
quality impairments in rivers, streams, lakes,
estuaries, coastal waters, and wetk.nds result from
nonpoint source pollution and other nontraditional
sources, such as urban storm water discharges and
combined sewer overflows.
In view of the growing national awareness of the
now dominant influence of nonpoint source
pollution on water quality, Congress amended the
Clean Water Act in 1987 to focus pollution control
efforts on nonpoint sources. The amended Clean
Water Act added a fundamental principle to
section 101, "Declaration of Goals and Policy":
It is the national policy that programs for
the control of nonpoint sources of pollution
he developed and implemented in an
expeditious manner so as to enable the
goals of this Act to be met through the
control of both point and nonpoint sources
of pollution.
Supporting the section 101 Declaration, Congress
enacted section 319 in the 1987 Act, which
established a national program to control nonpoint
sources of water pollution. Under section 319,
states, territories, and Indian tribes address
nonpoint source pollution by assessing the
problems and causes of nonpoint source pollution
within the state, territory, or tribal land and
implementing management programs to control
them. Section 319 authorizes EPA to issue grants
to states and tribes to assist them in implementing
management programs or the portions of
management programs that have been approved by
EPA. In 1990-2000. EPA awarded over $1 billion
in section 319 grants to help states, territories, and
tribes implement their nonpoint source programs.
Storm Water Permit Program
The Clean Water Act (CWA) prohibits the
discharge of any pollutant to waters of the United
States from a point source unless the discharge is
under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) permit. The NPDES permitting
program is designed to track classes of point
source discharges, monitor the discharge of
pollutants from specific sources to surface waters.
and require the implementation of the controls
necessary to minimize the discharge of pollutants.
As pollution control measures for industrial and
municipal wastewater sources were implemented
and refined, studies showed that storm water runoff
draining large surface areas, such as agricultural
and urban land, were also significant causes of
water quality impairment.
In 1987, the CWA was amended by Congress to
require implementation of a comprehensive
national program for addressing problematic
non-agricultural sources of storm water discharges.
As required by the amended CWA, the NPDES
Storm Water Program is implemented in two
phases:
Phase I requires permits for separate storm water
systems serving large- and medium-sized
communities (those with over 100,000
inhabitants), and for storm water discharges
associated with industrial and construction activity
involving at least five acres (see 40 CFR Part 122).
Phase n addresses urban areas with populations of
less than 100,000; construction sites of 1 to 5
acres; and retail, commercial, and residential
activities.
Further information is available on the NPDES
Storm Water Program EPA web page
(www.epa.gov/owm/npdes.htm).
Information on the applicability of the Storm
Water Permit Program to marinas is provided in
Section 4.5.
Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program
In November 1990, Congress enacted the Coastal
Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments (CZARA).
Those amendments were intended to address the
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National Management Measures Guidance
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Introduction
impacts of nonpoint source pollution on coastal
water quality. Section 6217, "Protecting Coastal
Waters" (codified as 16 U.S.C. section 1455b).
provides that each state with an approved Coastal
Zone Management Program must develop and
submit a Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control
Program to EPA and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) for
approval. Section 6217 required NOAA to
determine the geographic area in each coastal state
within which land and water uses have a
significant effect on coastal water quality, and
states were to implement control measures within
this 6217 management area, or coastal
management area.
Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs were
not intended to supplant existing coastal zone
management programs and nonpoint source
management programs. Rather, they are intended
to serve as an update and expansion of existing
nonpoint source management programs in the 6217
management area and are to be coordinated closely
with the coastal zone management programs that
states and territories are already implementing.
The legislative history indicates that the central
purpose of section 6217 is to strengthen the links
between federal and state coastal zone
management and water quality programs and to
enhance state and local efforts to manage land use
activities that degrade coastal waters and habitats.
Section 62l7(g) of CZARA required EPA to
publish, in consultation with NOAA, the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service, and other federal agencies,
"guidance for specifying management measures for
sources of nonpoint pollution in coastal waters."
EPA published Guidance Specifying Management
Measures for Sources of Nonpoint Source
Pollution in Coaxial Waters in 1993. In that
document, CZARA management measures and
BMPs were defined and described.
Clean Vessel Act Pumpout Grant Program
The Clean Vessel Act (CVA) Pumpout Grant
Program makes matching grants available, through
a competitive process, to all states and territories
for construction and education efforts, and to
coastal states (excluding Alaska) to conduct
surveys and develop plans for the installation of
pumpouts for onboard sewage holding tanks.
States match grant funds at a 3:1 (federal-to-siate)
ratio. The program benefits boaters, who will have
more numerous and convenient pumpout facilities
to use as a result of the program, and the public
and environment as a whole through reductions of
disease-carrying microorganisms contained in
sewage discharges and improvements in dissolved
oxygen concentrations.
International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships (MARPOL)
The International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, known as MARPOL 73/78
(for Marine Pollution) is an internationally
accepted treaty that, together with U.S. laws and
regulations, sets out operational waste discharge
requirements for ships. MARPOL 73/78 contains
five annexes designed to reduce marine pollution
by controlling or prohibiting discharges of harmful
substances from ships (see listing below). It covers
intentional and accidental discharges of wastes of
all kinds from vessels and applies to ports,
terminals, and marinas as well. The United States
is signatory to MARPOL 73/78 and Annexes I, II,
III, and V. Annex IV is not currently in force
internationally.
In the United States. MARPOL 73/78 is
implemented through the Act to Prevent Pollution
from Ships of 1980, as amended. The U.S. Coast
Guard is responsible for promulgating regulations
and enforcing the treaty. Regulations for ships are
MARPOL 73/78 ANNEXES
Annex I: Oil
Annex II: Noxious liquid substances in
bulk
Annex III: Harmful substances carried in
package form
Annex IV: Sewage
Annex V: Garbage and all other ordinary
ship-generated solid and liquid
waste not covered by Annexes
I, II, III, and IV
National Management Measures Guidance
1-9
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SECTION 1: Introduction
included in 33 CFR 151: those for port reception
facilities are included in 33 CFR 158.
MARPOL 73/78 Annex V is implemented in the
United States by the Marine Plastic Pollution
Research and Control Act (MPP3CA) of 1987,
Title H of Public Law 100-220. Annex V prohibits
disposal of plastics at sea and restricts at-sea
disposal of other vessel-generated trash. It also
requires shore reception facilities for the plastics
and other trash brought to shore for disposal.
Recreational boating facilities, along with other
ports and terminals, are required to have a trash
reception facility that is capable of receiving trash
form those vessels that do business with them (33
CFR 158). Vessels 26 feet or longer must display
a placard that explains MARPOL 73/78 Annex V
ocean disposal regulations (Figure 1.2).
Oil Pollution Act (OPA) and Regulations
The Oil Pollution Act (OPA) is a comprehensive
prevention, response, liability, and compensation
regime for dealing with vessel- and facility-
generated discharges of oil or hazardous
substances. Under the OPA, any hazardous waste
spill from a vessel must be reported by the owner
of the vessel and vessel owners are responsible for
any costs of a resulting environmental cleanup and
any damage claims that might result from the spill.
Marinas are responsible for any oil contamination
resulting from their facilities, including dumping
or spilling of oil or oil-based paint and the use of
chemically treated agents.
The OPA also requires Area Committees to
prepare an Area Contingency Plan for approval by
EPA and the Coast Guard. An Area Contingency
Plan provides details of how to respond to a spill
within a specific geographic area. Marinas are
subject to a broader range of claims and liability
than vessel owners, and marina owners should
consult their Area Contingency Plan for proper
remedial actions.
There are other laws that relate directly and
indirectly to marinas and recreational boating. The
major tenets of these laws are presented in
Appendix D.
A
MARPOL Garbage Dumping Restrictions
Under U.S. federal law, it is illegal to discharge plastic or garbage mixed with plastic into any waters. Regional,
state or local regulations may also apply. All discharge of garbage is prohibited in the Great Lakes and
their connecting or tributary waters.
Violators are subject to a civil penalty of up to $25,000, a fine of up to $500,000, and 6 years imprisonment.
Open Ocean Restrictions
Navigable waters & witnim
, 3 nautical miles offshore , 3-12 nautical miles offshore ,- 12-25 nautical miles offshore ,
^Illegal to dump alt garbage! t
* ' Illegal to dump garbage >1" t
Qlegai to dump floatable packaging, dunnage & lining materials.
Illegal to dump plastics anywhere.
/flBH^V Report marine pollution incidents to the National Response Center at AMW
jg^^f 1-800-424-8802 or to your local Coast Guard office bv phone «^8
jBpflT or VHP radio, channel 16. ' MfS^M
fjjjj^ Keep our nation's waterways clean-it's the law! j^BHr
r
i
1
Figure 1.2. MARPOL placard.
1-W
National Management Measures Guidance
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Introduction
Sources of Further Information
Other intbrmation about nonpoint source pollution
and its control can be accessed at the Office of
Wetlands. Oceans, and Watersheds page of the
U.S. EPA web site,
(keyword link: polluted runoff).
Guidance Specifying Management Measures for
Sources of Nonpoint Pollution in Coastal Waters.
(840-B-92-002) U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Office of Water, Washington, DC.
January.
USEPA and USDOC. 1993. Coastal Nonpoint
Pollution Control Program. Program
Development and Approval Guidance. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Water, Washington. DC., and National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Washington,
DC. January.
Clean Marinas—Clear Value. Environmental and
Business Success Stories. 1996. (EPA 841 -R-96-
003) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Water, Washington, DC. August.
Managing Waste at Recreational Boating
Facilities. 1994. U.S. Coast Guard, Marine
Environmental Protection Division, Environmental
Coordination Branch. Washington, DC. April.
Watershed Resources
EPA's Surf Your Watershed web site offers a web-
based source of information about watersheds
throughout the United States. The site contains
information about watershed size, pollutants,
stressors, and condition. Access information for
any watershed in the nation by clicking on maps at
http://www.epa.gov/surf.
USEPA. 1991. The Watershed Protection
Approach. EPA/503/9-92/002. U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Office of
Water, Washington, DC. December.
USEPA. 1995. Watershed Protection: A Project
Focus. EPA841-R-95-003. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Water. Washington,
DC. August.
USEPA. 1997. Top 10 Watershed Lessons
Learned. EPA840-F-97-001. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Office of Water, Washington,
DC. October. [This document discusses some very
important lessons in ensuring the success of watershed
protection projects, gained from experience with the
watershed approach for addressing environmental
problems. The document contains case studies of
watershed projects that have been implemented
throughout the country and lists of contacts for further
information and technical assistance. It is available on
the World Wide Web at http://www.epa.gov/owow/
lessons.)
Other references and information on organizations
related to pollution prevention in marinas can be
found in the bibliography and Appendix E. Other
information about nonpoint source pollution and
its control can be found at the Office of Wetlands,
Oceans, and Watersheds' World Wide Web page
at http://www.epa.gov/owow (keyword: polluted
runoff).
National Management Measures Guidance
1-11
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SECTION 2:
SOURCES OF WATER POLLUTION FROM MARINAS
AND RECREATIONAL BOATING
Section 2 Contents
Pollutant Types and Impacts 2-2
Pollutants in the Water Column 2-2
Pollutants in Aquatic Organisms 2-4
Pollutants in Sediments 2-5
Pathogens 2-5
Debris and Litter 2-6
Sediment and Habitat Alterations 2-6
Shoaling and Shoreline Alterations 2-7
Compared with the overall contribution of
nonpoint pollutants to the Nation's waters by
sources such as agriculture and urban areas,
marinas represent a minor source. Because of their
position at the water's edge, and because there
might be numerous sources of point and nonpoint
pollutants in the watershed that contribute
pollutants that end up in marina waters, water
quality in a marina is often not a reflection solely
of nonpoint source pollutants generated at the
marina. Marina basin water quality can reflect the
cumulative load of pollutants from several sources
occurring upland in the watershed. Nevertheless,
it is important that marina managers become aware
of the potential pollution sources at marinas and
use management measures and site-specific BMPs
to control (1) the generation of pollutants from
activities that potentially occur at the marina and
(2) the delivery of those pollutants to marina basin
waters.
The construction of a marina can create a condition
of reduced water circulation. Installing structures
such as bulkheads and jetties, which are necessary
to ensure the safety of vessels, docks, and
shoreside structures, can create water circulation in
the basin below what it was at the site prior to the
marina's construction. In an area already protected
from wave action, such as a cove or inlet, marinas
can potentially introduce pollutants to an area with
limited natural circulation or water exchange.
Over time, reduced circulation and increased
pollutant generation can increase pollutant
concentrations in the water column, sediments, and
aquatic organisms.
The pollutants that might be generated at a marina
and enter a marina basin include nutrients and
pathogens (from pet waste and overboard sewage
discharge), sediments (from parking lot runoff and
shoreline erosion), fish waste (from dockside fish
cleaning), petroleum hydrocarbons (from fuel and
oil drippings and spills, and solvents), toxic metals
(from antifoulants and hull and boat maintenance
debris), and liquid and solid wastes (from engine
and hull maintenance and general marina
activities). The effects of these pollutants on
waterways and aquatic plants and animals are
discussed in this section. Marina construction and
reconstruction, in-water modifications at marinas,
and propeller wash and boat wakes can also disturb
aquatic habitats, plants, and animals.
Although nonpoint source pollution is a serious
problem nationally, more is always being learned
about effective ways to prevent and reduce it. The
purpose of this section is to describe the general
causes of nonpoint source pollution, the specific
pollutants and problems of concern, and the
general approaches to reducing the impact of
National Management Measures Guidance
2-1
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SECTION 2: Sources of Pollution
NUTRIENTS
SEDIMENTS
TOXICANTS
AQUATIC PLANT
GROWTH INHIBITED
BIOL.OQICAL
ASSEMBLAGES ALTERED
Figure 2.1. Effects of pollutants in aquatic systems.
pollutants and other problems on aquatic resources
as these relate to marinas and recreational boating.
Figure 2.1 illustrates the general types of problems
that various pollutants can cause in aquatic
systems.
Pollutant Types and Impacts
Marina construction can alter habitats at a site.
Shoreline vegetation might be reduced at some
locations. Bottom sediments might be stirred up
more frequently with boating activitiy and
dredging to maintain channel and basin depth.
These kinds of alterations can have both negative
and positive effects. For example, installation of
marina pilings and bulkheads introduces a hard-
surfaced habitat into a marina that previously
might have been dominated by a soft-bottomed
habitat of mud and silt. Organisms that prefer
rocks and other hard surfaces (fculing organisms)
will colonize this new habitat and in turn might
attract other invertebrates and juvenile fish to the
area.
The fact that a marina is present does not mean that
water quality is poor. Many marinas have good to
excellent water quality. Despite this, their aquatic
habitats might not be healthy enough to support a
natural diversity of aquatic organisms, and they
might still have sediments contaminated by
pollutants from storm water runoff or by
antifoulants that have leached from ship hulls or
piers.
Pollutants in the Water Column
Pollutants from marinas can cause pollution
problems in the water column. These problems
usually take the form of decreased levels of
dissolved oxygen and increased levels of metals
and petroleum hydrocarbons. Pollutants that cause
these problems get into the water through storm
water runoff, discharges from boats, and spills of
fuel or bilge water.
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Sources of Pollution
Low Dissolved Oxygen
The organic matter in materials such as sewage
discharged from recreational boats, trash tossed
into surface waters or on the ground, pet waste
carried to waterbodies in storm water runoff, and
fish waste disposed of into surface waters
consumes dissolved oxygen as it decomposes. The
amount of dissolved oxygen required to
decompose sewage and other organic matter is
measured as the "biological oxygen demand"
(BOD) of a waterbody. Consumption of oxygen
by decomposing organic matter leaves less oxygen
for fish, crabs, clams, and other aquatic organisms.
Very low levels of dissolved oxygen can result
when water temperatures are high (because hotter
water holds less oxygen), which is often the case
during the peak summer boating season.
Decreases in dissolved oxygen in several
northwestern marinas have been noted in the late
summer and early fall, the peak times of marina
use. An intensive study in several North Carolina
marinas showed large differences in dissolved
oxygen concentrations in the marinas compared to
the concentrations in the adjacent waterbodies,
with concentrations in the marinas being much
lower1. These low concentrations of dissolved
oxygen were thought to be due to high biological
oxygen demand within the marina basins (due to
unknown causes) and poor flushing.
Metals
Metals and metal-containing compounds have
many functions in boat operation, maintenance,
and repair. Arsenic is used in paint pigments,
pesticides, and wood preservatives. Zinc anodes
are used to deter corrosion of metal hulls and
engine parts, and zinc is often a constituent of
motor oil and tires. Copper is used as a biocide in
antifoulant paints. Chromated copper arsenate
(CCA) is used in wood as a preservative. Mercury
is contained in many float switches for bilge
pumps and shower water storage tank pumps and
in air conditioning/heating thermostats. These
switches can contain as much mercury as 100
fluorescent lamps. Nickel is a component of brake
NCDEM, 1990
linings and pavement material, and cadmium is
found in batteries and brake linings. These and
other metals (aluminum, iron, and chromium) are
used in various components used at marinas or by
recreational boaters and can wash from parking
lots, service roads, and launch ramps into surface
waters with rainfall. High levels of zinc.
chromium, and lead have been detected in the
waters of some marinas.
Many of the antifoulants used for barnacle control
in marine waters are used in fresh waters as well.
Copper is the most common metal found at toxic
concentrations in marina waters^. Dissolved
copper has been detected at toxic concentrations at
several marinas within the Chesapeake Bay3.
Copper is leached to surface waters and sediments
from bottom paints and scrapings. Tin in the form
of butyltin, an extremely potent and non-specific
biocide, has been detected at toxic levels in marina
waters nationwide4. The use of butyltins in bottom
paint is now restricted to paints with release rates
of 4.0 micrograms per square centimeter or less
and on vessels larger than 25 meters (82 feet) in
length, or on aluminum-hulled vessels regardless
of size. While no longer used on most boats, the
years of use of butyltins in antifoulants has left
areas of low to high concentrations of these
compounds in sediments. Disturbance of the
sediments can reintroduce the toxic compounds
into the water column, where they can be ingested
by fish or other aquatic organisms and in turn by
people.
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Sources of hydrocarbons at a marina include
fueling stations; operation, maintenance, and repair
of boat engines; and storm water runoff from the
marina property and off-site upland areas.
Petroleum hydrocarbons are contained in fuel, oil,
grease, lubricants, finishes, and cleansers.
Petroleum can be spilled directly into surface
waters when fuel drips from fueling nozzles or a
1 NCDEM, 1990, 1991; METRO, 1992
' Halletal., 1987
4 Grovhoug et al., 1986; Maguire, 1986;
Stephenson et al., 1986: Stallard et al., 1987
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SECTION 2: Sources of Pollution
fuel tank is overfilled at a dock. Old technology,
2-stroke marine engines discharge unbumt fuel and
oil directly to the atmosphere and surface waters
while they are operating. Oil, fuel, paint,
antifreeze, or other liquids dripped from engines or
paint brushes or spilled while draining oil or fuel
from engines enter surface waters indirectly with
storm water runoff or in flows of ground water
after the substances have seeped into the ground.
Rain water washes anything dripped, spilled,
deposited, or disposed from building roofs, parking
areas, boat ramps, and maintenance areas on the
marina property and nearby properties to the
nearest downstream surface water, which is often
the marina basin.
Solvents
Solvents like methylene chloride, tetrachloro-
ethane, trichloroethene, and trichlorethylene are
contained in degreasing agents, varnishes, paint
removers, and lacquers. They are used at marinas
for engine maintenance and repair activities and
vessel painting and cleaning. If not properly
contained, solvents can potentially enter marina
waters through surface water runoff or through
ground water transport from hull maintenance
areas. Solvents are stable compounds and are
insoluble in water, which makes them very mobile
in ground water. They are usually heavy, long-
chain organic compounds, so they sink to an
impermeable bottom layer in the ground (like
bedrock) and accumulate. Many solvents are
known cancer-causing compounds (carcinogens).
Antifreeze
Antifreeze is used at marinas in dry storage of
boats and engine maintenance. It contains either
ethylene glycol or propylene glycol. Propylene
glycol antifreeze is reported to be much less toxic
to aquatic organisms than ethylene glycol and is
therefore preferred for use in boats. Both types of
antifreeze, however, are considered to be toxic and
should be poured, stored, and drained carefully to
avoid spillage. It is preferable to take used
antifreeze to a hazardous waste collection center
and recycle it if possible.
Acids
Batteries contain battery acid, which is very
corrosive and toxic and often contains high levels
of toxic metals like lead. Cleaning compounds and
detergents often contain strong acids or lye. These
materials can be washed into the marina basin with
the next rain along with the petroleum
hydrocarbons, solvents, paint chips, and any other
material spilled on the ground. Many hazardous
waste collection stations accept used batteries.
Surfactants
Surfactants are compounds in detergents and other
cleaning agents that reduce surface tension. Some
are known to be very deadly to aquatic organisms.
Surfactants can also accumulate at the water
surface and create a barrier against the transfer of
dissolved oxygen across the air-water interface,
resulting in lowered dissolved oxygen
concentrations in the water. For these reasons,
surfactants are best not used on boats that are in
the water or on upland areas where runoff washes
into surface waters.
Pollutants in Aquatic Organisms
Many aquatic organisms feed by sifting through
sediments or eating organisms that filter food
particles out of the water. The aquatic organisms
thus ingest any pollutants attached to or mixed in
with the sediments or suspended particles. The
pollutants they ingest accumulate in their tissues
rather than being excreted. When many smaller
organisms, each of which has accumulated some
pollutants in its tissues, are eaten by an organism
higher on the food chain (for instance, a fish), that
organism then accumulates in its tissues all of the
pollutants accumulated by the lower organisms.
This process is called bioaccumulation and is the
reason that very small quantities of pollutants in
the water column can result in dangerous
concentrations of pollutants in fish, oysters, and
other aquatic organisms. Numerous studies
conducted from the late 1970s through early 1990s
have demonstrated this effect and. in particular, the
effect in marinas when proper pollution prevention
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National Management Measures Guidance
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Sources of Pollution
is not practiced*. Copper and zinc have been
found at higher concentrations in oysters from
marinas than in oysters from sites outside marinas:
higher-than-normal concentrations of copper,
cadmium, chromium, lead, tin, zinc, and PCBs
have been found in mussels from marina waters;
after 3 months, concentrations of lead, zinc, and
copper were two to three times higher in oysters
transplanted to marinas than from oysters left
outside marinas; and concentrations of copper in a
green algae and fouling organisms (barnacles, etc.)
were much higher in a marina area than in adjacent
areas.
Pollutants in Sediments
Many contaminants generated from boat
maintenance and general marina use (e.g., oil and
grease drippings from cars) do not dissolve well in
water and accumulate to higher concentrations in
sediments than in the overlying water.
Contaminated sediments might, in turn, act as a
source from which these contaminants can be
released into overlying waters. Benthic
organisms—those organisms that live on the
bottom or in the sediment—are exposed to
pollutants that accumulate in sediments. Pollutants
ingested by these organisms become increasingly
concentrated in animal tissue as the pollutants are
passed up the food chain, and can reach levels
dangerous for human consumption. Many fish
advisories are issued for this reason.
Metals
Copper is the major contaminant of concern
because many common antifouling paint
preparations contain cuprous oxide as the active
biocide component6. In most cases metals tend to
sink and accumulate in sediments and not stay in
the water column, though they will attach to small
suspended particles and be distributed in the water
column with these particles. When attached to
5 CARWQCB. 1989; Marcus and
Stokes. 1985; McMahon. 1989; NCDEM, 1991;
Nixon et a!., 1973; SCDHEC, 1987; Wendt et
aL 1990; Young et aL 1979
" METRO, 1992
suspended particles, metals are often associated
with small particles, so they settle out of the water
column slowly and are mixed upward easily.
Within marinas, higher levels of some metals (such
as copper and lead) have been found near
maintenance area drains and fuel docks than at
other locations, suggesting that maintenance areas
and fueling stations are sources of metals to the
water and good targets for pollution prevention
practices7.
Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Petroleum hydrocarbons, particularly polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), tend to attach to
suspended particles and sediments. Since they can
stay in sediments for years, they can be ingested by
mussels, oysters, or other bottom-dwelling
organisms long after they are spilled or washed
into the water. Studies have found high
concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in
marinas, though the studies have also found that
concentrations of these compounds are much lower
in the sediments of well-flushed marinas8. Such
findings support the supposition that sufficient
flushing within a marina basin is important to
prevent a buildup of pollutants in marina
sediments.
Pathogens
Studies that have attempted to determine whether
there is a correlation between boating density and
pathogen (fecal coliform) concentrations in lakes
and reservoirs are divided in their conclusions.
Pathogens are added to surface waters by wildlife,
dogs and cats, seeping septic tanks, and combined
sewer outfall overflows, and these sources could
have a larger impact than boaters on pathogen
concentrations. Some violations of health
standards for fecal coliform have been related to
periods of high-intensity recreational use, such as
holiday weekends, and this could be due to either
boater discharges or the activities that stir up
7 McMahon, 1989: NCDEM, 1991;
SouleetaL, 1991
8 Marcus et a!., 1988; McMahon. 1989;
NCDEM, 1990; Voudrias and Smith, 1986
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SECTION 2: Sources of Pollution
sediments when pathogens might be concentrated,
or both.
Studies conducted in Puget Sound. Long Island
Sound, Narragansett Bay, North Carolina, and
Chesapeake Bay have shown that boats can be a
source of fecal coliform bacteria (the bacteria
found in human and animal wastes) in areas with
high boat densities and poor flushing''. Human
health problems can result, especially if nearby
waters are used for swimming, surfing, wind
surfing, water skiing, or other recreational
activities that involve a lot of water contact.
Bacterial and viral contamination of waters can
result from improper use of marine sanitation
devices (MSDs). If a vessel has an installed toilet,
the law requires it to be equipped with a MSD.
Incorrect configuration of the toilet and MSD can
lead to direct discharge of waste to surface waters.
Discharge of the contents of portable toilets to
surface waters also results in contariination. Boats
with portable toilets are not required to have
MSDs, and their contents should be disposed of at
a sanitation facility.
Currently a number of states have all, or nearly all
of their surface waters designated us no discharge
zones (NDZs). These states inc'ude Michigan,
Missouri, New Hampshire, New Mexico, Rhode
Island, and Wisconsin. Boats on fresh waters in
New Hampshire, Missouri, and New Mexico must
be configured such that wastes cannot be
discharged directly into the water (i.e., Y-valves
must be disabled), and boats can be inspected to
see that this requirement is met. In addition, other
states have segments of their surface waters
designated as NDZs. These states include
California, Florida, Georgia, Massachusetts,
Minnesota, New Jersey, Nevada, New York, South
Carolina, Texas, and Vermont. NDZs are
approximately evenly divided (in number of areas
designated) between fresh waters and marine or
9 Fisher et aL 1987; Gaines and
Solow, 1990; Milliken and Lee, 1990; NCDEM,
1990; Sawyer and Golding, 1990; Seabloom et
al, 1989
estuarine waters. A no-discharge policy is also in
effect on all Army Corps of Engineers reservoirs.
Debris and Litter
The numerous activities that occur at
marinas—vessel and engine repair and
maintenance, recreation on and off boats, fueling,
dock maintenance, and buildings and grounds
maintenance—are sources of a variety of debris
and litter. Paper towels and cups, plastic bags,
plastic and glass bottles, fish netting, fishing line,
discarded oil filters and engine parts, discarded
rags, debris from sanding or pressure washing, pet
droppings, aluminum cans, and other forms of
trash all find their way into surface waters if not
disposed of properly. Coastal cleanups result in
the collection of millions of pounds of trash and
debris from U.S. coasts annually. The most
common items found along the nation's coasts
include cigarette butts, plastic pieces, foamed
plastic pieces, plastic food bags/wrappers, plastic
caps/lids, paper pieces, glass pieces, plastic straws,
metal beverage cans, glass beverage bottles, plastic
beverage bottles, and foamed plastic cups. These
wastes are dangers to marine animals, which can
die from becoming entangled in items like fishing
nets and lines and from ingesting small pieces of
debris that are mistaken for food. The trash and
debris are dangerous to people visiting the coasts,
who might accidentally step on discarded items,
injure themselves, and risk infection. They are
also unnatural, unsightly additions to the coastal
landscape.
Sediment and Habitat Alterations
Dredging can disturb aquatic habitats; resuspend
bottom sediments (and recirculate toxic metals,
hydrocarbons, pathogens, and nutrients that are
found in sediments into the water column); and
increase turbidity, which reduces sunlight available
to algae and aquatic vegetation. Increased
turbidity lowers the rate of photosynthesis and
decreases the rate at which dissolved oxygen is
added to the water. Because dredging usually
occurs over a short time period and then ceases,
impacts that result from it, such as turbidity and
dissolved oxygen reductions, are usually temporary
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National Management Measures Guidance
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Sources of Pollution
and do not have long-term negative effects. Other
consequences of dredging, such as habitat
disruption and deterioration, can have lasting
impacts.
Boat operation can cause these same problems in
the water column and for aquatic organisms by
disrupting shallow habitats and communities and
mixing nearshore sediments into the water
column10. Propeller-driven boats operated too fast
near the shoreline can cause bank erosion".
Shallow waterways can be affected by propellers
cutting off or uprooting aquatic plants from the
bottom and propwash mixing sediments into the
water':. The latter not only reduces
photosynthesis, but also can interfere with fish and
other sight-feeding animals, clog fish gills, and
smother plants and animals.
The effect that boat traffic and motor operation can
have on water quality and biological communities
in lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and estuaries varies and
depends on the characteristics of the waterbody
and the type of watercraft being operated on it13 .
The effects are most acute in soft-bottomed lakes
and reservoirs, quiet side channels of rivers and
streams where fine sediment accumulates due to
the lack of strong currents, and waterbodies that
have sediments rich in nitrogen and phosphorus.
The impact of boats on rooted plants depends on
the depth of the plants below the surface. Where
submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) occurs in
shallow areas, boats passing through the area can
create troughs where the vegetation is eliminated
or severely reduced. Most direct effects of
motorboats on submerged aquatic vegetation take
place in water less than 5 feet deep, and
motorboats can effectively remove all rooted
vegetation in water less than 3 feet deep, especially
in areas with sandy sediments. Recovery of
submerged aquatic vegetation beds can take years,
and loss of vegetation can lead to increased erosion
in
Chmura and Ross, 1978
" British Waterways Board. 1983
i: USEPA, 1974
" USFWS. 1982
and invasion by other species. Submerged aquatic
vegetation is an important resource for many
aquatic organisms since it provides food and
shelter, and it protects shorelines from erosion.
Larval and juvenile fish can be killed directly by
boat propellers and propeller wash. Spawning or
nesting fish can be disturbed, and propeller wash
can be powerful enough to destroy fish eggs. Fish
populations can be lowered if survival of young-of-
the-year fish is diminished and reproductive
success is lowered. Manatees and other aquatic
animals that swim near the water surface also
suffer from propeller strikes. Many manatees in
Florida bear the scars of propeller cuts.
Shoaling and Shoreline Alterations
Shoaling and shoreline erosion result from the
physical transport of sediment due to waves and
currents. These waves and currents can be natural
(wind-induced, rainfall runoff, etc.) or human-
induced due to boat wakes or in-water structures
that change currents or reflect waves.
When waves caused by passing vessels or reflected
from breakwaters reach the shallow margins of a
waterway, they can erode banks and nearby bottom
sediments. This effect tends to wash away plants
loosely rooted in sediments near the shore and the
associated animal life. A substantial volume of the
sediment that causes shoaling is eroded from
banks, and removing this material by dredging is a
costly recurrent expense. Frequent dredging can
be necessary where boat traffic causes extensive
bank erosion. No wake zones and travel lanes
located away from shorelines can reduce and help
prevent bank erosion and shoaling. There is a
direct relationship between factors such as the
distance of a boat from shore, boat speed, slopes of
the sides of a bank, type of sediment, and depth of
the waterway and the amount of erosion and
subsequent shoaling that results. The location of
travel lanes should be determined for each specific
case with these factors in mind.
The amount of shoreline erosion caused by boat
wakes in lakes and reservoirs depends on the same
factors as in coastal environments—design features
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SECTION 2: Sources of Pollution
of the boat (size, hull shape, and draft), distance of
the boat from the shoreline, water depth, channel
width (if the boat is passing through a channel),
shoreline soil condition, slope of the shoreline
bank, and amount of shoreline vegetative cover. In
contrast to coastal environments, in lakes and
reservoirs vegetation often grcws up to the
shoreline, currents are minimal, and there are no
tides. Therefore, although boat wakes might be a
primary source of erosive energy in lakes with a
large amount of boating activity, vegetated
shorelines reduce the potential for erosion in lakes.
Boat wakes will be most likely to cause lake
shoreline erosion where the shoreline has been
altered and not stabilized and is therefore already
susceptible to erosion.
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SECTION 3: NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION CONTROL
AND WATERBODY CHARACTERISTICS
Section 3 Contents
Understanding Management Measures and Practices
How Management Practices Work to Prevent Nonpoint Source Pollution
Management Practice Systems
Site-Specific Design of Management Practices
Important Characteristics of Marina Environments from a Pollution Perspective
General Factors Common to All Waterbodies
Lakes and Reservoirs
Rivers
Estuaries
Coastal Environments .
Boating on Inland Waters
Boating Access
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3-2
3-4
3-5
3-5
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-7
3-7
3-8
3-9
Understanding Management Measures and
Practices
Management measures and practices are
implemented at marinas primarily to control
nonpoint source pollution, which in turn protects
water resources and terrestrial and aquatic habitat,
enhances the aesthetic appeal of the marina, and
protects the marina and the people at it from toxic
and harmful substances. The focus of this
guidance is on management measures and practices
that mitigate the generation of pollutants (using
pollution prevention practices) and delivery of
runoff, or nonpoint source pollutants (using source
reduction practices) to our nation's coastal and
fresh waters.
Management measures are defined under section
6217ofCZARAas
economically achievable measures for the
control of the addition of pollutants from
existing and new categories and classes of
nonpoint sources of pollution, which reflect
the greatest degree of pollutant reduction
achievable through the application of the
best available nonpoint source control
practices, technologies, processes, siting
criteria, operating methods, and other
alternatives.
Marinas and recreational boating management
measures contain general management guidelines
to prevent or minimize nonpoint source pollution.
The states and territories in the coastal zone
management program are required to implement
these management measures through enforceable
policies and mechanisms. The management
measures and practices in this guidance are
voluntary approaches in states not located within
coastal zone boundaries.
Individual management practices are not included
as part of the statement of the management
measures, and states have considerable flexibility
in determining how they will achieve the
management measures.
Best management practices, or BMPs, are used to
fulfill management measures. There are two basic
types of management practices—pollution
prevention and source reduction. Pollution
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SECTION 3: Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics
prevention are those practices that are implemented
to prevent the creation or release of pollution into
the environment. An example is a vacuum sander
that gathers sanding dust before it even has a
chance to fall to the ground. Using a non-toxic
cleanser in place of a toxic one is another example
of pollution prevention. Source reduction controls
are practices that are implemented to gather
pollutants that have been released, but before they
reach the water. They include practices that filter,
screen, trap, contain, absorb, chemically neutralize,
or divert pollutants before they reach a waterbody
or ground water. An oil/water separator in a storm
drain is an example. A tarp under a boat during
hull maintenance, with follow-up disposal of all
collected debris in a trash receptacle, is another
example of source reduction.
Management measures and practices can also be
either structural (e.g., used oil collection
containers, multiple openings to a marina basin) or
managerial (e.g., pollution control agreements in
slip leases, marina policies regarding where boat
hull maintenance can be done on the marina
property and who is allowed to do it). Individual
management practices are not usually sufficient for
solving water quality problems, but are used in
combination to control the diverse sources of
potential pollution at marinas. For example,
placement of absorbent pads in bilges is a good
means to control the release of petroleum-based
pollutants, but without storm water runoff controls
in parking lots and air/fuel separators to control
spillage during refueling, petroleum hydrocarbon
pollution in the marina basin wil! be likely.
Management practices are best selected, designed,
implemented, and maintained in accordance with
site-specific considerations to ensure that the
practices function together properly to achieve
overall pollution management goals. For example,
a grassed drainage swale designed to handle only
the quantity of water expected to fall on a parking
lot during a design storm will not effectively
control pollution if the grassed drainage swale
receives runoff from non-marina upland areas as
well. When more than one management practice
is used to control a type of pollutant from
individual or multiple sources, the individual
practices will work as a system more effectively if
the design standards and specifications of the
individual practices are compatible. Additional
effectiveness may be achieved if BMPs for a site
are selected within the context of an overall
watershed protection program.
EPA's management measures for marinas and
recreational boating are described in Section 4.
How Management Measures and Practices
Work to Prevent Nonpoint Source
Pollution
Nonpoint source pollution control management
measures and practices are devised to prevent and
reduce the introduction of pollutants generated by
marina-related activities to the marina basin.
Controlling the entry of pollutants into the marina
basin helps protect water quality, control aquatic
weeds, reduce odors that result from decaying
matter, ensure a more attractive and healthier
shoreline, maintain water clarity, and allow for the
natural ecological processes of the marina basin
and surrounding waters to maintain the basin
without the need for expensive chemical or
mechanical treatments.
Management measures are recommended to
control the delivery of nonpoint source pollutants
to receiving waters by
• Minimizing pollutants released to the
environment during an activity (pollution
prevention).
• Preventing the transport and delivery of
pollutants by reducing runoff and thus the
amount of pollutant transported (source
reduction).
• Treating runoff pollution before it is released
into surface or ground waters (source
reduction).
Management practices are used to control
pollutants generated by specific activities. For
example, pumpouts, dump stations, and/or
restrooms are installed to discourage dumping
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Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics
sewage into waterways and thus to reduce the
release of organic materials and pathogens into the
water.
Implementing management measures and practices
also provides secondary benefits. For example, use
of a vacuum-based (often referred to as "dustless")
sanding system prevents paint, wood, and
fiberglass dust from being blown about and
potentially ending up in marina basin waters. It
also improves working conditions for and the
health of employees and reduces post-sanding
clean-up work so workers can be more productive.
Another example of a management practice that
provides environmental benefits beyond those
linked to water quality is a grassed drainage swale
surrounding a marina basin. As a runoff pollution
control practice, it reduces nutrient and sediment
delivery to the basin. It also provides an aesthetic
buffer along the water's edge and natural habitat
for aquatic plants and animals.
Nitrogen and phosphorus, in both dissolved
organic and inorganic forms, are the two principal
nutrients that promote plant and algal growth. In
general, nitrogen is the limiting nutrient for plant
growth (i.e., the nutrient whose abundance
determines rates of plant growth) in marine
ecosystems, and phosphorus is the limiting nutrient
in freshwater ecosystems. Both nitrogen and
phosphorus can limit plant growth in some
estuarine systems, where freshwater and marine
ecosystems converge, and both are necessary for
the production of phytoplankton, free-floating
microscopic algae, and macrophytes—larger
floating and rooted plants. When the limiting
nutrient is overabundant, phytoplankton, algae, and
macrophytes can grow excessively, causing a
decrease in water clarity, production of surface
scum, and clogged waterways. All of these
conditions are detrimental to marina operations for
aesthetic reasons, such as reduced water clarity and
unsightly surface scum, and operational reasons,
such as excessive macrophytes that could hinder
boat passage and entangle propellers and pipelines.
As these plants die, their decomposition in the
marina basin consumes dissolved oxygen and
degrades water quality. In extreme cases,
anaerobic, foul-smelling water might result.
For these reasons, controlling the entry of nutrients
into the marina basin makes good managerial
sense. The marina will be aesthetically more
appealing and operationally more functional, and
maintenance costs will be kept down by not having
to harvest overgrowths of aquatic plants.
Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus at a marina
include detergents that contain phosphorus, sewage
from boat heads or on-site septic systems.
fertilizers used on marina grounds, and waste from
fish cleaning.
The introduction of pathogens into a marina basin
due to inadequate sanitation practices is a
legitimate cause for concern by marina managers.
If the water in a marina basin has an elevated
concentration of levels of fecal coliform or is
contaminated with viruses, marina patrons could
be in danger of contracting illness. Insistence that
marina patrons use pumpout stations or have a
properly operating Type I or II marine sanitation
device (MSD) on their vessel can protect marina
patrons from the dangers of poor sanitation and the
marina owner from law suits that could result from
such incidents. The types of MSDs are described
in Figure 3.1. Recreational boats with MSDs are
required to have their Y-valves shut to control
direct discharge of sewage into surface waters
surrounding the marina. Y-valves should also be
shut on vessels operated within 3 miles of the U.S.
coast.
Untreated sewage, pet waste, discarded fish parts,
and all forms of litter can add polluting organic
matter and debris to a marina basin's water,
creating an aesthetically and biologically
undesirable environment. Excessive organic
matter in a marina basin leads to lowered dissolved
oxygen levels. It also makes water murky. Water
clarity is reduced further from other activities that
stir sediment and particles of decomposing organic
debris up from the bottom. Litter like paper and
styrofoam cups, plastic bags and soda can holders,
fishing lines or nets, and discarded materials from
boat maintenance activities creates an unsightly
marina basin. It is also a threat to fish, waterfowl.
and shorebirds, which can become entangled in
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SECTION 3: Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics
Type I
(Vessel size = <65 ft)
Type II
(Vessel size = >65 ft)
Type III
(All vessel sizes)
MSD TYPES
A flow-through type MSD where sewage is filtered though an orvboard
treatment system and then directly discharged. Required to produce an
effluent with a fecal coliform bacteria count s 1,000/100 ml and no visible
float ng solids. Rely on maceration and disinfection for treatment of sanitary
waste.
A flow-through type device larger than a Type I MSD. Required to produce an
effluent with a fecal coliform bacteria count <, 200/100 ml and suspended
solids s 150 mg/L A Type II MSD provides more advanced treatment than a
Type I MSD.
Designed to prevent overboard discharge of treated or untreated sewage.
Corrmonly called holding tanks because the sewage flushed from the marine
head is deposited into a tank containing deodorizers and other non-treatment
chemicals. Contents of the holding tank are stored until properly disposed of
at a shoreside pumpout facility. Can be equipped with a discharge option,
called a Y-valve, that allows the boater to direct the discharge from the head
either into the holding tank or directly overboard. Overboard discharge is
illegal in U.S. navigable waters.
Figure 3.1. Marine sanitation device descriptions.
plastics or might eat debris that is mistaken for
food and die as a result.
Harmful or toxic compounds in a marina basin
create conditions that not only are dangerous to the
health of people and animals, hut also can be
aesthetically unpleasant and expensive to correct.
Petroleum compounds can be toxic to aquatic
habitat and a nuisance for marina patrons. Oil,
gasoline, and materials that contain these
compounds (such as discarded oily rags, bilge
pads, and dirty bilge water) are: pollutants that
detract from the beauty of the marina setting with
the unsightly surface sheen they leave. In addition,
the discharge of any petroleum product in a
sufficient quantity to cause a surface sheen is a
violation of federal law and is punishable by the
imposition of substantial fines and penalties.
These compounds foul boats, docks, and anything
else that comes into contact with them. Fish gills
and the feathers of waterfowl are fouled by these
substances, jeopardizing the animal's health, and
plant leaves can become coated, preventing or
reducing their ability to photosynthesize.
All of these potential sources of pollution to
marina basins and the undesirable conditions that
they cause for marina patrons and owners point out
the importance of establishing controls on how
wastes are disposed of, the use of pumpouts, where
storm water drains to, and where boat maintenance
is allowed to occur. Properly controlled, there is
no reason why marina basin waters shouldn't be as
healthy an environment for people, fish, aquatic
plants, other aquatic organisms as any other part of
a waterbody.
Management Practice Systems
Water quality problems can't usually be solved
with one management practice because single
practices can't provide the full range and extent of
control needed to limit the entry of pollutants from
numerous sources. Multiple management
measures or practices can be combined to build
management practice systems that address
pollutant control needs associated with pollutant
generation from more than one source. For
example, controlling petroleum hydrocarbon
pollution is an objective of four marina
management measures (storm water runoff, fueling
station design, liquid material, and petroleum
control). A single management practice cannot
adequately control petroleum hydrocarbon
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pollution because one management practice can
usually address pollution from only a single source.
Separate management practices are necessary' to
control pollution from other sources. For instance,
a grassed drainage swale can control petroleum
hydrocarbon pollution from surface runoff, air/fuel
separators can control it from boat fuel tanks,
berms are helpful (and might be required) at liquid
material storage areas, and bilge pads are effective
in boat bilges. If any one of these sources is
overlooked or inadequately addressed, the overall
goal of controlling petroleum hydrocarbon
pollution in the marina basin might not be attained.
Site-Specific Design of Management
Practices
There is no single, ideal management practice for
controlling a pollutant or class of pollutants in all
situations. Rather, management practices should
be chosen and designed based on the types of
pollutants causing problems, sources of the
pollutants, causes of pollution at the marina,
climate, type of waterbody, existing water quality.
habitats in and around the marina basin, pollution
reduction goals, experience of the system
designers, and willingness and ability of the marina
owner to implement and maintain the practices.
The relative importance of these and other factors
varies depending on other considerations such as
whether the implementation is voluntary or
mandatory (e.g.. required under a storm water
permit).
Important Characteristics of Marina
Environments from a Pollution Perspective
Marinas are located on nearly every type of surface
water—lakes, rivers, inland waterways, reservoirs,
embayments, bays, coastal channels, etc. Each of
these waterbody types has different characteristics
that affects hosv pollutants behave in them, that is.
whether they are diluted quickly or not. accumulate
in sediments or remain in the water column, or
concentrate in specific areas or disperse. While
marina operators cannot affect the qualities of or
processes that occur in waterbodies, knowledge of
the qualities and processes particular to the type of
waterbody where a marina is located is useful
when devising a pollution control strategy and in
general for helping understand the larger watershed
context within which every manna is located.
General Factors Common to All Waterbodies
Sediment has the potential to be a concern at any
marina because of the turbid waters it can create.
the dredging that might become necessary if too
much sediment accumulates in the manna basin,
and the pollutants it can carry with it. Sediment
can enter a marina from upland flow (storm water
runoff) and from surrounding waters. The amount
of sediment contained in either of these sources is
very site-specific and needs to be assessed
individually at each marina.
Along with the sediment are nutrients and toxic-
substances attached to sediment particles. The
types and quantities of these pollutants are other
factors that are best assessed on a site-specific
basis. Many chemicals (including nutrients and
chemical pollutants) have different forms with
different tendencies to attach to particles.
biodegrade, and volatilize. Each chemical form
might have a different toxicity to aquatic life. The
chemical form can change when the compound
moves from one environment to another, for
instance from ground water to surface water or
from freshwater to saltwater. Heavy metals are
naturally particle reactive and sorb onto suspended
particulates. This process is particularly
accentuated in estuaries, where the mixing of fresh
and salt water creates turbulent and turbid
conditions. Most metals that are transported down
rivers to estuaries are removed to bottom sediments
in the estuary.
Pollutant resuspension is another potential concern
in marinas, and it is affected by currents, boat
traffic, and dredging. Toxic metals and
hydrocarbons are often mentioned in the context of
pollutant resuspension, but bacteria and viruses,
nutrients, organic matter, and any other pollutants
concentrated in sediments are also resuspended by
water turbulence and can cause water quality
problems.
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The type of waterbody on which a marina is
located plays a role in processes in the marina
basin, like sedimentation: pollutant delivery.
settling, and resuspension; and circulation. The
subsections that follow discuss the general types of
environments where marinas are located and
factors of concern in each of them.
Lakes and Reservoirs
Lakes and reservoirs are strongly affected by the
characteristics of the watersheds iri which they are
located, more so than coastal waters because lakes
and reservoirs are not flushed and mixed with a
larger body of water. Water that enters lakes and
reservoirs carries with it nutrients, sediment.
oxygen, decomposing organic matter, fertilizers
and pesticides used on farms a.nd lawns, and
weathered minerals. In addition, pollutants from
onsite waste disposal systems (septic tanks) that
leak into ground water, industrial and municipal
point sources that discharge into rivers and streams
that then feed into the lake or reservoir, street
runoff, and pollutants from the atmosphere all
enter lakes and reservoirs and affect their ecology.
The water quality and biological effects of
pollutants discharged into the waters of lakes and
reservoirs depend on a combination of lake and
reservoir characteristics.
Depth is one of the characteristics that determines
the effect of marinas and recreational boating in a
lake or reservoir. Lakes and deeper reservoirs are
usually thermally divided during the summer into
distinct upper (epilimnion) and lower
(hypolimnion) portions. Because the density of
water depends on its temperature, the temperature
difference between the upper anc lower portions
creates a difference in density as well. Wind
circulation alone is not enough to overcome the
density difference between the upper and lower
portions, so there is little exchange of dissolved
oxygen between the upper portion and the lower
portion while a lake or reservoir is divided in this
manner.
The epilimnion usually has a depth of from
approximately 10 feet in shallow lakes to 40 feet in
deep lakes. A narrow region where water
temperature changes rapidly with depth (usually
about 1.5°F per 3 feet of depth), the thermocline,
rests between the epilimnion and the hypolimnion.
The hypolimnion is more or less uniform in
temperature and extends from the base of the
thermocline to the bottom of the lake or reservoir.
Stratified lakes and reservoirs have two periods of
overturn or mixing each year, one in the autumn
and another in the spring. The change of season
from a warm summer to a cold winter destratifies
lakes and reservoirs and induces mixing; the
reverse process of warming with the change from
winter to summer induces another mixing period.
Since there is limited exchange of dissolved
oxygen between the epilimnion and the
hypolimnion while a lake or reservoir is stratified,
the oxygen depleted in the hypolimnion during the
summer is not replenished until the autumn
overturn. During the overturn, when a lake or
reservoir is unstratified, dissolved oxygen is
usually uniformly distributed from the surface to
the bottom.
Stratification and mixing of lakes and reservoirs
influence the effect of pollutants on them. When
a lake or reservoir is stratified, the upper
(epilimnetic) volume of the lake or reservoir
determines the volume of water available for
dilution of fuel, oil, and other wastes that are not
mixed into or do not sink into the hypolimnion
while the waterbody is stratified. The total volume
of the lake or reservoir determines the volume of
water available to dilute pollutants over time.
Another important characteristic of lakes and
reservoirs is the hydraulic residence time (HRT).
The HRT of a lake or reservoir is the time it would
theoretically take for all of the water in the lake or
reservoir to be replaced by new water entering it
naturally. For example, if a lake has a volume of
5 million gallons and natural flow into the lake
from streams averages 10,000 gallons per day, the
HRT of the lake would be 500 days (i.e.,
5,000,000/10,000). In a lake with an HRT of 10
years, therefore, even if pollution input were
completely stopped, existing lake water would
predominate for many years while new water
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slowly replaced the polluted water. There would
be a long lag time (perhaps 2 to 3 years) before
improvements in lake water quality would be seen.
Rivers
Water quality at any point along a river is strongly
influenced by upstream water and land uses. If the
conditions that affect upstream water quality
change, downstream water quality will be affected.
Examples of upstream changes in conditions might
be land near the river cleared for construction or
forest harvesting, which might increase sediment
loading, or a land use change from forest to
agriculture, which could increase sediment,
nutrient, and chemical pollution. Water quality
changes at downstream locations can occur in
pulses if inputs of pollutants from upstream
dredging or pesticide and fertilizer applications, for
instance, are shortlived. The duration of changes
in water quality depend on the type of upstream
change. A change in land use from forest to
agriculture over a large area, for instance, could
cause long-term changes in water quality, while an
increase in suspended sediment from dredging
might last no longer than the duration of the
dredging work.
Estuaries
Estuaries are similar to coastal embayments with
the special characteristic of receiving freshwater
from upland areas via rivers and streams. This
characteristic creates special circumstances and
properties. Where freshwater meets saltwater,
there is a change in salinity and alkalinity, a
change in water density (since saltwater is more
dense than freshwater), a loss of water velocity,
and turbulence due to the meeting of fast-moving
river water and quiescent estuarine water. These
factors affect the behavior of sediment and the
pollutants attached to it.
Sedimentation is greater in the upper portions of
estuaries where rivers enter because of the water's
loss of velocity. Sedimentation also occurs where
the freshwater and saltwater meet because the
change in salinity causes suspended particles to
join together into larger particles and settle. The
changes in salinity and pH affect many pollutants.
such as nutrients and toxic metals, in the incoming
freshwater as well. The form of a pollutant might
change because of these changes in the water,
making it less or more toxic or causing it to attach
to or detach from sediment particles. As in coastal
embayments, the force of tides influences estuarine
environments as well.
Coastal Environments
Coastal environments are areas of high energy.
with tides moving in and out. coastal storms.
waves constantly washing against the shore, and
currents moving along the coast. Since marinas
cannot afford to be subject to all of this energy
because of the need to offer protection for boats
and on-land structures, they are usually located on
quieter embayments along the coast or are
protected from coastal energies by artificial means
like breakwaters. However, the energetic
processes of the coast still exert a strong effect on
the water quality and aquatic environment of
marinas.
Coastal embayments have quieter waters than open
coastal areas, and sediments tend to accumulate in
quiet-water areas due to the lack of water
movement that permits the sediment to settle.
Countering this tendency are tides and coastal
storms that mix sediments from the bottom and
transport them to open waters. So, in marinas
located in coastal embayments, pollutants can build
up if tidal action is not strong or the embayment is
well-protected from storm action. As noted above,
metals transported down rivers to estuaries sorb
onto particulates and settle to sediments. In
general, more than 90 percent of paniculate matter
transported by rivers settles in estuarine and coastal
marine areas and does not escape to offshore
waters.
Modification of coastal areas—for example, by
excavating coastal land to create a marina or by
adding breakwaters—can alter coastal currents
near marina entrances. The effect in any particular
area depends on local conditions relating to
currents and the sizes and types of sediments
transported by them. Coastal currents carry
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sediments with them, and these sediments tend to
be transported into channels that lie perpendicular
to the current. Artificial structures and channels
can also alter erosion patterns due to alterations of
wave patterns in the immediate vicinity. Thus,
marinas in altered coastal environrrents might have
to contend with problems of sedimentation and
erosion that were not present before the coastal
alterations,
Boating on Inland Waters
A picture of marinas and recreational boating on
large inland reservoirs, lakes, and rivers would
look very similar to a picture of coastal marinas
and boating. Lakes and reservoirs range in size
from small (an acre or less) to very large.
Reservoirs operated by the Tennessee Valley
Authority range in surface area size from relatively
small (10 to 12 miles long by !/2 mile wide) to large
(180 miles long by 1 mile wide), and their depths
typically range from 100 to 300 feet. The size of
a lake or reservoir dictates the types of boats that
can be used on it, and the boats used on large
inland lakes and reservoirs are usually of the same
types (keeled sailboats, large motorboats, and
yachts) as those used along the coast. Marinas on
large lakes and reservoirs are also very similar to
coastal mannas. They can have as many as 200
slips (some marinas on Lake Winnipesaukee, New
Hampshire, have 150 to 200 slips): they often have
fueling stations, pumpout services, and hull
maintenance areas; and boat use is concentrated on
the weekends, with holiday weekends being
especially busy. Inland marinas can also be
smaller, especially those located on smaller lakes
and rivers. A directory of marinas in Louisiana
lists 51 marinas on freshwater lakes, rivers, and
bayous with capacities of as few as 10 boats in
slips and/or moorings.
Because reservoirs are dendritic (that is, they have
a branching configuration—see Figure 3.2), the
surface area in their main channels is limited.
Marinas or docks extending into the main channel
of a reservoir would impede navigation, and
TYPICAL LAKE
• Smaller watershed area
• Longer hydraulic residence time
• Simpler shape, shoreline
• Surface outlet
TYPICAL RESERVOIR
Larger watershed area
Shorter hydraulic residence time
More complex shape, shoreline
Surface or subsurface outlet
Figure 3.2. Typical features of and differences between lakes and reservoirs.
3-8
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
I
Nonpoint Source Pollution Control and Waterbody Characteristics
therefore they are typically located to the side of
the main channel. Some typical features of lakes
and reservoirs are summarized in Figure 3.2.
Boating Access
In 1984, Congress created the Aquatic Resources
Trust Fund, which made two sources of funding
available tor the acquisition, design, and
construction of recreational boating facilities. The
Boating Safety Account is administered by the
U.S. Coast Guard and primarily provides grants to
states to help finance boating safety programs, one
element of which is access. The Sport Fish
Restoration Account is administered by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service. Ten percent of
revenues to the account from recreational user
taxes and a marine fuel tax must be expended by
states for boating access. States can also use funds
from the account to operate and maintain
recreational boating facilities.
The States Organization for Boating Access
(SOBA) was created in 1987 to promote the
acquisition, development, and administration of
recreational boating facilities. The organization
maintains close ties with the Coast Guard and Fish
and Wildlife Service both to ensure that the
boating access aspects of the grant programs
administered by these agencies receive the funds
and attention that Congress intended and to
provide input from states on program
requirements.
Construction of boat ramps is an aspect of boating
access that can affect shorelines and water quality
in inland waters. Where appropriate, measures that
can help protect the environment and ensure
attractive and safe boating access points are
highlighted throughout this document and are
based on the concepts developed by SOB A. A
thorough treatment of the topic can be found in
SOBA's book. Design Handbook for Recreational
Boating and Fishing Facilities (1996), available
from SOBA at 919-781-0239.
National Management Measures Guidance 3-9
-------
-------
SECTION 4: MANAGEMENT MEASURES
Section 4 Contents
Management Measures 4-1
4.1. Marina Flushing 4-8
4.2. Water Quality Assessment 4-14
4.3. Habitat Assessment 4-20
4.4. Shoreline Stabilization 4-27
4.5. Storm Water Runoff 4-32
4.6. Fueling Station Design 4-47
4.7. Petroleum Control 4-55
4.8. Liquid Material Management 4-61
4.9. Solid Waste Management 4-69
4.10. Fish Waste Management 4-76
4.11. Sewage Facility Management 4-80
4.12. Maintenance of Sewage Facilities 4-91
4.13. Boat Cleaning 4-95
4.14. Boat Operation 4-100
4.15. Public Education 4-104
Management measures are the 15 measures
established by EPA for implementation within the
state coastal (or CZARA section 6217)
management areas. From discussions with marina
owners and operators at facilities on fresh waters
nationwide, these 15 management measures and
associated practices were found to be just as
applicable to fresh water marinas as to coastal
water marinas.
Best management practices (BMPs) are individual
activities or structures that can be used alone or in
combination to achieve the management measures.
This section discusses the 15 management
measures for marinas and recreational boating and
BMPs that can be used to achieve them.
The scope of this guidance is broad, covering
diverse nonpoint source pollutants from marinas
and recreational boating. Because it includes all
types of waterbodies. it cannot provide all practices
and techniques suitable to all regional or local
marina or waterbody conditions. Also, BMPs are
continually being modified and developed as a
result of experience gained from their
implementation and the innovation of marina
owners and operators across the country.
The guidance can assist marina owners and
managers in identifying potential sources of
nonpoint source pollution and offer potential
solutions. Finding the best solution to any
nonpoint source pollution problem at a marina
requires taking into account the many site-specific
factors that together comprise the setting of a
marina. The applicability of BMPs to any
particular marina or situation can be determined
based on site-specific factors unique to the marina
site.
Considering management measures and BMPs
during marina design will help to ensure that the
site has good flushing and water circulation
characteristics; avoid encroachment on vital
aquatic habitats; improve habitat quality in and
around the marina basin; and reduce the potential
for water quality problems within the marina basin.
Considering pollution prevention possibilities
when planning a marina can help ensure that the
design of the marina and activities at the marina do
National Management Measures Guidance
4-1
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
not lead to degraded water quality in the basin
once the marina is operational. Incorporating
pollution prevention and source reduction
measures into an existing marina can help improve
and protect water quality at the marina. Good
water quality can help any marina reduce
operational costs and improve customer
satisfaction.
Marina siting and design play important roles in
determining how good water quality within a
marina basin will be. Marina location
(open—sited directly on a river, lake, bay, or
barrier island, or semi-enclosed—sited on an
embayment, cove, or other protected area) affects
circulation in a marina basin, and. therefore, how
well it flushes. The depth of a marina basin affects
circulation of deep water in the basin and how
often it needs maintenance dredging, if at all.
Dredging stirs contaminants from the bottom and
can disturb bottom habitats. Marina design,
especially the configuration of the basin and its
orientation to prevailing winds, waves, tides, and
currents, affects the retention of pollutants in a
marina basin and the movement of pollutants out
of a basin. Some marinas might be affected by
storm water runoff from upland areas in the
watershed.
Existing marinas can improve water and habitat
quality in the marina basin through application of
these management measures. Circulation and
flushing might be improved in a marina basin by
creating an additional opening in a breakwater.
Shoreline stabilization might reduce the
sedimentation rate and sediment levels in a marina
basin, provide an area for patron activities, and
make shoreline habitats more suitable for a variety
of aquatic and terrestrial plants and animals.
Improvements to storm water runoff patterns,
fueling stations, sewage facilities, hull maintenance
areas, or other areas or aspects of a marina where
pollutants are generated can reduce pollutant
inputs to the marina basin from these sources and
improve water quality.
A marina designed with the important points of the
management measures in mind—including
physical location, flushing and circulation, aquatic
habitat, shoreline stability, and pollution
prevention—will probably have better water
quality and fewer water-pollution-related problems
during its life of operation, and economic benefits
may result from making such improvements.1 This
applies whether the management measures are
applied while the marina is being designed or
incorporated into the marina after it is operational.
Subsections 4.1 through 4.15 of this Section
discuss each of the management measures. It is
best to plan to apply management measures
comprehensively by first evaluating pollution
problems throughout the marina and incorporating
those elements of different management measures
that will most efficiently and effectively address
the pollution issues at the marina, given site-
specific circumstances. With a comprehensive
approach to management measure application, any
marina can achieve or maintain good water quality,
and maintain healthy shorelines and aquatic
habitats.
In addition to the management measures, BMPs
are also described. The BMPs described in this
guidance have been found by EPA to be
representative of the types of BMPs that can be
applied successfully to achieve the management
measures. Site-specific or regional circumstances,
however, should be considered in the selection of
BMPs for a particular marina. Circumstances such
as type of adjacent waterbody, climate, and type of
work performed at the marina affect the design
constraints and pollution control effectiveness of
BMPs. The list of practices for each management
measure is not all-inclusive, and marina operators
are encouraged to use other BMPs where they
would be as or more effective than those discussed
in this guidance.
The management measures for marinas and
recreational boating are applicable to the facilities
and their associated shore-based services that
support recreational boats and boats for hire.
1 See USEPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear
Value: Environmental and Business Success
Stories.
4-2
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Management Measures
Generally, the types of operations and facilities
listed below would be expected to benefit by use of
the management measures and BMPs in this
guidance.
• Any facility that contains 10 or more slips,
piers where 10 or more boats may tie up, or
any facility where a boat for hire is docked.
• Boat maintenance or repair yards that are
adjacent to the water.
• Any federal, state, or local facility where
recreational boat maintenance or repair is done
on or near the water.
• Public or commercial boat ramps.
• Any residential or planned community marina
with 10 or more slips.
• Any mooring field where 10 or more boats are
moored.
Facilities with fewer than 10 slips, where fewer
than 10 boats are moored, or where piers have a
capacity of fewer than 10 boats might also benefit
from the management measures and BMPs
described in this guidance, and operators of such
facilities are encouraged to review the information
presented here and consider its possible application
to their situations.
Some of the management measures (e.g., marina
flushing) are more applicable to the siting and
design phase of marina construction or expansion,
while others (e.g., maintenance of sewage
facilities) concern marina operation and
maintenance and are more applicable to
operational marinas. Still others (e.g., storm water
runoff) are applicable to all marinas, whether in the
design phase, already operational, or in the process
of expanding.
Following the discussion of each management
measure and its associated BMPs is a table that
restates the management measure and summarizes
the environmental concerns that the management
measure addresses, the BMPs applicable to the
management measure, and information pertinent to
the implementation of each BMP. The table that
follows here, Key to BMP Tables, describes the
type of content in each column in the tables. The
tables (beginning with BMP Summary1 Table I, p.
4-11) are organized as follows:
• The first column, Best Management Practice
Examples & Type, lists the BMPs mentioned
in this guidance that can be used to achieve the
management measure. Where appropriate,
BMPs are divided by category, either pollution
prevention or source reduction, as described in
the Key to BMP Tables.
• The second column, Marina Location &
Usage, identifies where in the marina the BMP
would usually be located and the purpose for
its use. The applicability of each BMP is
categorized as universal, general, or
recommended, as described in the Key to BMP
Tables.
• The third column. Benefits to Marina,
describes the benefits that marina owners and
operators, and boat owners at the marina could
expect from using the BMP. The magnitude
of the benefits are categorized as high.
moderate, or low, as described in the Key to
BMP Tables.
• The fourth column, Projected Environmental
Benefits, describes the environmental benefits
that can be expected from using the BMP.
These are also categorized as high, moderate,
or low, as described in the Key to BMP Tables.
• The fifth column. Initial Cost Estimate, is an
estimate of the cost of initially installing the
BMP (e.g., a structural BMP) or establishing
the practice (e.g., a recycling program) at the
marina. A cost range, as described in the Key
to BMP Tables, is provided for each BMP.
• The sixth column. Annual Operation &
Maintenance Cost Estimate, is an estimate of
the ongoing cost, if any, of using and/or
maintaining the BMP at a marina. The cost of
annual operation and maintenance is estimated
National Management Measures Guidance
4-3
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
as for the initial cost estimate. See the Key to
BMP Tables.
4-4
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Management Measures
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4-5
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
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Management Measures
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-7
-------
4.1. MARINA FLUSHING
Management Measure for Marina Flushing:
Site and design marinas such that tides and/or currents will aid in flushing of the site or
renew its water regularly.
Management Measure Description
Water quality within a marina basin depends
largely on how well the basin is flushed, which
depends in turn on how well v.'ater circulates
within the marina. Studies have shown that
adequate flushing improves water quality in marina
basins, reduces or eliminates water stagnation, and
helps maintain biological productivity and
aesthetic appeal (see Bibliography). Flushing can
reduce pollutant concentrations in a marina basin
by anywhere from 70 percent to almost 90 percent
over a 24-hour period.1
When a single number (e.g., 10 days) is given as
the flushing time or residence time of a body of
water (e.g.. marina basin, harbor, or estuary), this
number represents an average and doesn't
accurately reflect what is happening inside the
marina basin. Actually, flushing time in a marina
basin can range from zero days at the boundary
with the adjacent waterbody (i.e., at points of entry
into the marina basin) to as much as several weeks
within the marina basin at secluded locations or
where in-water structures prevent water from
circulating.
In a poorly flushed marina, po'lutants tend to
concentrate in the water ancl/or sediments.
Pollutants and debris can collect in poorly flushed
comers or secluded or protected spots in the same
way that leaves collect in depressions in the ground
where they are protected from v/ind. Stagnant,
polluted water—with little biological activity.
lifeless shorelines, and offensive odors-
consequence.
:an be the
Cardwell and Koons, 1981; TetraTech, 1988.
In tidal waters, flushing is primarily driven by the
ebb and flow of the tide. A large tidal volume
relative to the total volume of a marina basin
provides excellent flushing because each tidal
exchange replaces a large amount of the marina
basin water with "new" water from outside the
marina basin. This condition is common on
coastal waters in northern New England, the
Pacific Northwest, and Alaska, where tidal
circulation should adequately flush marinas.
In nontidal coastal waters, such as the Great Lakes,
wind drives circulation in the water adjacent to a
marina. The circulating water outside a marina
basin can have a flushing effect on water within
the marina if the speed, persistence, and direction
of the wind create a strong enough current. In
many situations wind-driven currents can provide
adequate flushing of marina basins.
In river waters, with current flow, water usually
moves into and out of the marina basin
continuously unless the basin is built into the land
or has only one small entrance channel.
Best Management Practices
• Ensure that the bottom of the marina and
entrance channels are not deeper than
adjacent navigable channels
Flushing rates in marinas can be improved and
maximized by proper design of entrance channels
and the basin. Areas with minimal or no tides or
4-8
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Marina Flushing
poor circulation should have basin and channel
depths designed to gradually increase toward open
water to promote flushing.
Even where good flushing does occur, this alone
does not guarantee that a manna's deepest waters
will be renewed on a regular basis. As mentioned
above, deep canals and depressions much deeper
than adjacent waters might not be adequately
flushed by tidal action or wind-generated forces.
Fine sediment and organic debris will collect in
them, and low dissolved oxygen concentrations can
result. In the warmer months when dissolved
oxygen concentrations are normally low because of
higher water temperatures, the even lower
dissolved oxygen concentrations in these
depressions can deteriorate water quality and
hinder biological activity in the water.
• Consider design alternatives in poorl\ flushed
watfrbodies to enhance flushing. For
example:
* Open design instead of a semienclosed design.
• Wave attenuators instead affixed breakwaters.
When selecting a marina site and developing a
design or when reconfiguring an existing
marina, the need for efficient flushing of marina
waters should be a prime consideration.
Where a poorly flushed location is the only one
available or where a marina is already
operational in such a location, special
arrangements might be necessary to ensure
adequate flushing. Selection of an open marina
design might be considered. Open marina
designs have no natural barriers to restrict the
exchange of water between the larger water
body and the marina basin. To accommodate
both improved flushing and protection from
wave energy, floating wave attenuators can be
useful. Wave attenuators do not impede
flushing because water exchange is not
restricted by an underwater structure, while the
marina is protected from moderate wave action.
There are situations where areas deeper
than the rest of the marina basin might be
required. For example, Cove Haven Marina
(Rhode Island) services large 12-meter
America's Cup sailboats with deep keels
and needs sufficiently deep water in and
adjacent to the boat haul-out facility to do
so. In this case, the state allows the marina
to maintain this site dredged deeper than
the rest of the marina (EPA, 1996: Clean
Marinas—Clear Value).
• Design new marinas with as few enclosed
water sections or separated basins as possible
to promote circulation within the entire basin.
Overall flushing in a marina is a function of the
number of separate basins in the marina. A marina
in open water generally flushes better than a one-
basin marina, a one-section marina generally
flushes better than a two-section marina, and so
forth (Figure 4.1). Curved corners, instead of
square comers, can eliminate stagnate comer water
and can help produce strong circulation within a
marina basin.
§ Amount
(' 'i n rr\ \
Sym*tncal 1 -Segment Wanna
3-Segmanl Marina
5-Sagmaffl Marina
Figure 4.1. Example marina designs.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-9
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
• Consider the value of entrance channels in
promoting flushing when designing or
reconfiguring a marina.
The alignment and number of entrance channels
affect flushing, along with many otier site-specific
factors. The following points generally hold true
and should be considered when designing or
reconfiguring a marina:
• Entrance channels that follow the natural
channel alignment and have only gradual bends
promote flushing.
• Where the tidal range is small, a wider entrance
will promote flushing.
• Where the tidal range is large, a single narrow
entrance channel can improve flushing.
• In tidal and nontidal waters, entrance channels
aligned parallel to the direction of prevailing
winds and/or water flow enhance flushing.
The orientation and location of a solitary entrance
can affect marina flushing rates and should be
considered along with other factors that affect
flushing. Consider the following points:
• In a square or rectangular marina basin, a single
entrance at the center of a marina promotes
flushing better than a single comer-located
asymmetric entrance.
• In a circular marina basin, an off-center entrance
channel promotes better circulation.
• Establish two openings at opposite ends of the
marina to promote flow-through currents.
Where water-level fluctuations are small (e.g.,
nontidal waters), alternatives in addition to the
ones previously discussed can be considered to
ensure adequate water exchange and to increase
flushing rates. An elongated marina situated
parallel to a tidal river might be acequately flushed
by using two entrances to promote a flow-through
current. A small outlet onto an adjacent waterbody
can be opened solely to enhance flushing (Figure
4.2 ). Buried pipelines have been similarly used to
promote flushing.
• Use mechanical aerators to improve flushing
and water quality where basin and entrance
channel configuration cannot provide adequate
flushing.
Where poor water quality throughout a marina
basin or in secluded spots is a problem due to poor
flushing, limited circulation, or other
circumstances, mechanical aerators, such as those
used for ice protection, can be helpful. These
devices can raise the level of dissolved oxygen in
the water and circulate floating debris out of
corners into the rest of the basin, where it can be
flushed out naturally. Underwater air bubblers or
submerged impeller-type motors are very effective
during short-term occurrences that might occur
during the summer. Water clarity improvement is
Figure 4.2. Puerto Del Rey Marina (PR) has an
offshore rubble mound breakwater that protects the
southeastern and eastern exposures of the marina.
Two hundred feet of the southern breakwater was
removed, creating a new south side breachway
exit/entrance that is still well protected but now
allows for greater circulation in the basin. Water
clarity improved after the alteration, and as a result
new customers (a 3 percent increase for the marina)
relocated to Puerto Del Rey Marina (EPA, 1996:
Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
4-10
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Marina flushing
often noted during use of artificial aeration.
Ice suppression systems available for marinas
hinder ice formation by using compressed air
bubblers or in-water agitators. Bubbler systems
force air to entrain wanner bottom water into a
rising plume, which reacts with and melts the
underside of the ice sheet. Water agitators work on
the basis of thermal reserves of basin waters and
surface currents to prevent freezing.
BMP Summary Table 1 summarizes the BMPs for
Marina Flushing mentioned in this guidance.
Both compressed air and agitator systems
work in freshwater, saltwater, and brackish
water. They do not work well in ice-covered
rivers because river currents destroy bubble
or flow patterns and because of the lack of
heat. Thermal mixing of river water is a
natural process, and a river that has formed
an ice cover has already dissipated nearly
ail available heat.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-11
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-13
-------
4.2. WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Management Measure for Water Quality Assessment:
Assess water quality as part of marina siting and design.
Management Measure Description
Water quality assessments are generally done as a
part of marina development or significant
expansion. The widespread use and proven
effectiveness of water quality assessments in
determining the suitability of a location for marina
development, the best marina design for ensuring
good water quality, and the causes and sources of
water quality problems make this management
measure broadly applicable to marina management.
When planning for a new or expanded marina site,
state water quality management agencies can be
contacted for available information. A water
quality assessment consists of taking samples of
water from a waterbody, testing them for
chemical and/or physical characteristics and
the presence of pathogenic organisms, and
comparing the results to accepted standards
of water quality. Historically, state water
quality assessments have focused en testing
the dissolved oxygen concentration of water
and the presence of pathogen indicators,
such as fecal coliform bacteria (Escherichia
coli~} and enterococci. Other tests, such as
measurement of water temperature or Secchi
disk depth (Figure 4.3), are used as well.
The dissolved oxygen concentration in water
is used as an indicator of the general health
of an aquatic ecosystem. A good
concentration of dissolved oxygen (typically
about 6 milligrams/liter, but "good" can vary
from waterbody to waterbody) can indicate
that there's enough oxygen for fish to
breathe and aquatic plants to
photosynthesize, and there's a good
exchange of gases between the waterfaody
and the atmosphere. A low dissolved oxygen
concentration might indicate an unbalanced
ecosystem, with fish mortality, too much decaying
organic matter in the water, a film of oil or other
substance on the surface that is preventing an
exchange of gases with the atmosphere, aquatic
plants that are unable to photosynthesize, or an
absence of aquatic plants.
Pathogenic organisms in the water indicate the
potential for public health problems. Pathogens
are contained in human and animal fecal waste,
and they can cause illness if contaminated water
from the waterbody is swallowed, contaminated
shellfish from the waterbody are eaten, or an open
wound is exposed to the water. Tests for these
Disk raised siowiv to point
"e 11 reappea's
aectM ,-s ""noway
Figure 4.3. The Secchi disk is a simple and useful tool for
monitoring long-term trends in water quality.
$-14
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Water Quality Assessment
water quality criteria can be used to determine
whether a proposed manna design will result in
poor water quality. Water from a site proposed for
marina development should be of good quality.
Federal, state, and municipal agencies routinely
test the water of coastal and estuarine waters, lakes.
and reservoirs, especially if there is a lot of
recreational use of the waterbody and protection of
public health is important. Results of the tests can
be obtained by calling the agency that does the
testing (e.g.. state department of natural resources
or environmental protection).
Best Management Practices
Monitoring can serve many purposes, such as
determining the ambient quality of water.
determining the extent or causes and sources of a
water quality problem, analyzing trends in water
quality, and measuring the effectiveness of
management practices used in the marina.
Modeling is appropriate for comparing the effects
of different ions, such as predicting the water
quality that would result from different marina
designs before actual construction or the effects
of various slip arrangements on water
circulation in a marina basin before a planned
expansion. In areas of known good water
quality, monitoring may not be needed for small
marina developments. The BMPs described
below are useful for major developments or
expansions so that sufficient water quality
measurements are made at a site to ensure that
existing conditions are not significantly altered.
• Use water quality sampling and/or
monitoring to measure water quality
conditions.
Water quality data for the waterbody on which
a marina is located might be available. Many
states or local agencies collect this information.
A state agency of environmental protection, a
local or regional water quality authority, a parks
and recreation department, the U.S. EPA, the
U.S. Geological Survey, the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers, or a local university (such as Sea
Grant colleges) are potential sources of water
quality data.
It will be useful to contact the state agency
responsible for water quality data at the outset of a
project to establish water quality objectives and to
determine whether water quality data is available
for the site. Comparing water quality data from the
marina to water quality data collected by a state
agency, for instance, would be best accomplished
by using the same sampling strategy and analytical
methods used by the state agency so that a
comparison of the two sets of data will be
meaningful (Figure 4.4).
• Use a water quality modeling methodology to
predict postconstruction water quality
conditions.
Not all mannas need to use modeling techniques to
predict water quality characteristics. Numerical
modeling can be useful, however, for studying the
effects of different design alternatives and for
selecting the design that best avoids or minimizes
Figure 4.4. Cedar Island Marina scallop monitoring.
After the State of Connecticut declined a permit for
expansion on the grounds that it would result in
'destroying valuable marina life and habitat," the marina
jegan a program of water quality monitoring to prove the
state wrong. The marina monitors temperature, salinity,
dissolved oxygen, habitat, coastal birds, finfish, and
scallop growth. The figure above shows marina
personnel checking scallop cages suspended below the
docks. The marina has found better dissolved oxygen
evels and lower fecal coliform counts than reported for
the town beach, and heavy metals do not accumulate in
scallops grown at the marina (EPA, 1996: Clean
Marinas—Clear Value).
National Manage nent Measures Guidance
4-15
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
impacts on water quality.
Modeling techniques can be useful for predicting
flushing time and pollutant concentrations in the
absence of site-specific data. A distinct advantage
of numerical models over monitoring studies is the
ability to perform sensitivity analyses. For
instance, dissolved oxygen concentrations and
flushing times can be predicted for a number of
design options once data for the marina project
have been entered into the model. Modeling can
be an expensive undertaking, and this should be
weighed against any anticipated benefits.
A professional marina designer would be the best
person to consult regarding the feasibility and cost
of using models. Some models applicable to
marinas are reviewed in Section 5
• Monitor water quality using indicators.
Water sampling, water quality monitoring, and
numerical modeling are not necessary in many
cases to gather information about the health of a
marina's waters. Simple yet effective forms of
monitoring that provide valuable information about
the conditions in the water can be done by
someone knowledgeable of the marina and the
surrounding waterbody. Visual inspections of the
abundance and appearance of aquatic plants in and
around the marina, use of the marina and
surroundings by ducks and geese, the appearance
of bottom sediments, the general clarity of the
water near docks, and the abundance of fish can
provide all the information necessary to judge the
health of the water (Figure 4.5). All of these
characteristics are indicators of the health of the
waters. These types of inspections can be done
during the course of daily operations by any
member of the marina staff at minimal cost to the
marina (see volunteer monitoring BMP below).
Done every year, these visual inspections lead to a
good knowledge of the "normal" conditions in the
marina and surrounding waterbody, and any
changes will be apparent to the keen observer.
When changes are noted, some limited water
sampling can be done to determine what might
account for them if a local or state environmental
management authority hasn't already done this.
EPA Region 4 completed an in-depth report
on marina water quality. The primary focus
of the study was to provide guidance for
selecting and applying of computer models
for analyzing the potential water quality
impacts (both dissolved oxygen and
pathogen indicators) of a marina. EPA
reviewed a number of available methods
and classified them into three categories—
simple methods, mid-range models, and
complex models.
• Use rapid bioassessment techniques to
monitor water quality.
Rapid bioassessment techniques can provide a
cost-effective assessment of potential sites for
marina development and to assess water quality in
an existing marina basin. This technique is
discussed further under the Habitat Assessment
management measure.
• Establish a volunteer monitoring program.
Marinas can help involve their clientele and local
community in water quality issues and
environmental protection at the marina by
beginning a volunteer monitoring program. Across
the country, private citizens are learning about
water quality issues and helping protect the
Nation's water resources by becoming volunteer
monitors. Volunteers analyze water samples for
dissolved oxygen, nutrients, pH, temperature, and
a host of other water constituents; evaluate the
health of stream habitats and aquatic biological
communities; inventory stream-side conditions and
land uses within a watershed that might affect
water quality; catalog and collect beach debris, and
restore degraded habitats.
EPA's Office of Water encourages citizens to ieam
about their water resources and supports volunteer
monitoring because of its many benefits.
Volunteer monitors build awareness of pollution
problems, become trained it pollution prevention,
help clean up problem sites, provide data for
waters that may otherwise be unassessed. and
increase the amount of water quality information
4-16
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Water Quality Asse
Plankton tc
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Figure 4.5. Biological assemblages used for lake monitoring.
available. Among the uses of volunteer data are
delineating and characterizing watersheds,
screening for water quality problems, and
measuring baseline conditions and trends.
For more information, contact EPA's Office of
Wetlands. Oceans, and Watersheds, Monitoring
Branch, or the monitoring branch of a regional
EPA or state environmental protection office.
EPA's volunteer monitoring Web site is located at
.
BMP Summary Table 2 summarizes the BMPs for
Water Quality Assessment mentioned in this
guidance.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-17
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
4-T8
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Wafer Quality Assessment
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-19
-------
4.3. HABITAT ASSESSMENT
Management Measure for Habitat Assessment:
Site and design marinas to protect against adverse effects on shellfish resources,
wetlands, submerged aquatic vegetation, or other important riparian and aquatic
habitat areas as designated by local, state, or federal governments.
Management Measure Description
The construction of a marina in any waterbody can
disrupt aquatic habitats. This management measure
is important because of the valie of protecting
natural habitats so they continue to provide food
and recreational opportunities for people, and food
and shelter for plants and animals, and so their
roles in the ecological health of waterbodies are
protected. Past waterfront development has
adversely affected many waterbodies, but our
knowledge of ecology has increased. We now
realize the importance of healthy aquatic habitats
to both our health and the overall health of our
waterbodies. Efforts to decrease introductions of
exotic species have increased, and minimizing
pollution in waterbodies is widely accepted as a
sound ecological and economic practice. In many
cases. Federal and state laws require analyses of
the potential impacts on the natural environment
before projects begin. This management measure
focuses on marina siting and design and extends to
assessments of how marinas can incorporate
natural habitats into their siting and design.
Well-designed and cared for, marinas can be a
valuable habitat for plants and animals that prefer
quiet, sheltered waters. Regardless of the type of
waterbody on which a marina is to be constructed,
siting it where its development or operation will
diminish the biological or economic value of the
surrounding habitats should be very carefully
considered, especially if near locations that have
been given special designations by local, state, or
federal governments. Such habitats might be fish
spawning areas, shellfish harvesting areas,
designated wetlands, beds of submerged aquatic
vegetation (SAV), or areas where threatened or
endangered species are known to occur. If a
marina is properly designed and located, aquatic
plants and animals should be able to continue to
use the manna waters for the same activities (e.g.,
reproduction or feeding) that occurred in the
waters before the manna's presence.
Marinas that have been operating for a while can
provide sheltered, quiet waters for plants and
animals that prefer this type of environment, or for
animals that need this type of environment during
specific life stages, such as spawning. Where the
surrounding environment has been developed and
offers little in the way of natural habitat, such as in
an urbanized waterfront district, a marina might
provide a refuge for many species. A pollution
prevention and control program, based on the
management measures presented in this guidance,
can help maintain or improve water and habitat
quality for aquatic species.
The locations of all important aquatic and riparian
habitats in a locality or waterbody might not be
known. A visual survey by a biologist is usually
appropriate before any marina construction or
expansion begins, and a specialist in aquatic
habitat restoration can be contacted if marina
management is considering modifying the marina
to create good aquatic habitat within the marina
basin. Geographic information systems (GIS) are
being used increasingly to map biological
resources in many states, and show promise as a
4-20
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Habitat Assessment
method of conveying important habitat and other
siting information to marina developers and
environmental protection agencies. The state
department of environmental protection or natural
resources can be contacted for this type of
information.
Best Management Practices
* Conduct habitat surveys and characterize the
marina site.
The first step in constructing a marina that will be
compatible with the surrounding natural
environment or expanding or modifying an
existing marina to create a more natural
environment is to characterize the environment of
the proposed site or operational marina. Prior to
marina development or expansion, critical or
unique habitats, such as beds of submerged
vegetation and shellfish beds should be identified.
The importance of the area that will be affected by
development to aquatic organisms for spawning,
feeding, or their overall survival should be
assessed within the context of the entire waterbody
(Figure 4.6). Once the site has been characterized,
marina development or expansion can proceed in
a way that minimizes adverse effects on aquatic
life and habitats.
• Assess habitat function (e.g., spawning area,
nursery area, feeding area) to minimize
indirect effects.
An area proposed for marina development or
expansion could be used seasonally by fish or other
animals. Animals use special areas of many coves,
shorelines, beds of submerged vegetation, rivers,
streams, and estuaries for short periods of
time—from a few nights to weeks—for particular
life functions such as migration, spawning, and
nursery areas. Marinas can accommodate these
special, short-term uses if marina designers and
managers are aware of the need for the areas and
the marina is built with the needs in mind.
• Use rapid bioassessment techniques to assess
effects on biological resources.
Rapid bioassessment techniques, where they have
been developed, provide cost-effective biological
assessments of potential marina development sites.
Rapid bioassessment uses biological criteria
(usually invertebrate and fish populations) as
indicators of the condition of a habitat. To apply
rapid bioassessment to a marina development site
or an operating marina, select biological
communities at the proposed site or the operational
marina are compared to the same biological
communities at an undisturbed site in the same
waterbody or a similar one. The biological health
of the proposed site or marina basin is rated based
on how favorably the invertebrate or fish
communities there compare with those of the
undisturbed site. Scores from rapid
bioassessments are useful for determining whether
a site is stressed by pollution or other factors, such
as habitat alteration. Rapid bioassessment
protocols for macroinvertebrates and fish in
freshwater streams and rivers are being developed
by many states, and a document on them is
available from EPA at their web address.
.
Figure 4.6. Habitat assessment was used at
Elliot Bay Marina (Washington) to design the
marina to work with natural habitat function.
Wide openings between rock groin-type
breakwaters, docks, and beach give easy
access to migrating juvenile salmon leaving
Puget Sound, while providing good water
circulation and tidal changes inside the marina
basin. A man-made 1,500-foot-long sandy
beach has replaced lost habitat, providing a
feeding ground for young salmon. Schools of
young salmon and herring move throughout the
marina basin (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Cleat
Value).
National Management Measures Guidance
4-21
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
• Redevelop waterfront sites that have been
previously disturbed and expand existing
marinas.
Waterfront areas that have been previously used
for industrial or military purposes might make
good locations for new marinas because they have
been developed before, usually have all the
necessary infrastructure, and minimize
disturbances to aquatic habitats. Many sites
suitable for recreational boating facilities might be
located within existing urban harbors where
shorelines have been modified by bulkheading and
filling. The adverse environmental consequences
of redevelopment are usually minimal, and
redevelopment can improve water quality, expand
upland habitats, beautify and expand shorelines,
and provide additional public access.
Waterfronts that are converted from water-
dependent uses, such as marinas and recreational
boating, to non-water-dependent uses, such as
residences, office space, and shopping areas,
reduce the availability of sites for marina
development. To protect against such conversion
in areas that contain important habitat, a state
might purchase the property or the development
rights from existing water-dependent uses. To
preserve an existing marina, for example, a state
government could pay the difference between the
market value for other non-water-dependent
development, such as for condominiums, and the
water-dependent value of the marina to the marina
owner(s) and receive in return a guarantee that the
site would not be converted to a non-water-
dependent use. States can use this method to retain
sites suitable for marinas, maintain access for
boating uses of the waterways, prevent conversion
to other uses, and reduce the base value for
property taxes.
• Consider alternative sites where adverse
environmental effects will be minimized or
positive effects will be maximized.
An analysis of alternative sites (sites other than the
one proposed) can be used to demonstrate that a
chosen site is the most economically and
environmentally suitable one, or that another site
The Hammond Marina (Indiana) was built on
a derelict brownfield industrial site with a
steel mill slag shoreline. The area is now a
pleasant and protected boating facility with
an attractive public access area, and it is
popular as a sportfishing site. The local
economy has benefitted from the
redevelopment, and shorelines, upland
habitats, and aquatic habitat at the site have
been tremendously improved (EPA, 1996:
Clean Mannas—Clear Value).
would actually be better for the marina or the
environment or both. Analysis of alternative sites
and designs has been effectively used to reduce the
effects of development (including effects on
tidelands, stream courses, shorelines, wetlands, and
submerged aquatic vegetation) at many proposed
marinas, and to find sites with flushing
characteristics better than those at the sites initially
proposed.
Many marinas built on freshwater lakes and rivers
over the past two decades are located on what are
known as brownfields, or shoreland that had been
modified and seriously abused by previous
industrial facilities. Usually, these areas support
little to no natural vegetation or habitats when they
are first converted to marinas. The marinas have
turned these areas into recreational sites and public
access points and have provided sheltered areas
with protected shorelines where natural vegetation
has been able to reestablish itself.
• Create new habitat or expand habitat in the
marina basin.
Almost any surface placed in coastal or inland
waters, and especially rough surfaces—including
rocks, piles, piers, and floats—quickly becomes
home to a host of plants, animals, and bacteria.
The submerged parts of breakwaters, piers, and
floating docks are excellent examples of this kind
of "created" habitat. The plants that colonize these
surfaces provide refuge for a variety of
invertebrates and are a good source of food for
juvenile fish, which in turn can attract sport fish
(Figure 4.7).
4-22
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Habitat Assessment
WELCOME TO THE
OAK
HARBOR
MARINA
AN AQUATIC RESOURCE
DEDICATED TO
THE PRESERVATION
OF OUR MARINE
HERITAGE THROUGH
CLEAN BOATING'
Figure 4.7. Oak Harbor Marina sign. Oak
Harbor Marina (Washington) has used its
marina waters to raise salmon for release.
Volunteers built salmon pens and more than
420,000 salmon have been released as a result
of the program. Deep River Marina .
(Connecticut) was the site for a 3-year
federal/state stocking program for Atlantic
salmon. The Puerto Rico Department of Natural
Resources Fisheries Office is located in Puerto
del Rey Marina (Puerto Rico) and uses part of
the facility's clean waters for an injured sea turtle
rescue and recovery program (EPA, 1996:
Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
• Minimize disturbance of riparian areas.
Riparian areas are the narrow areas along the banks
of rivers, streams, lakes, ponds, reservoirs, and
wetlands. They might be vegetated, or might be
beaches or rocky areas. Vegetated riparian areas
extract nutrients from runoff from the land as it
moves toward the waterbody, and from the water
that constantly circulates along the banks of the
waterbody. The nutrients make them very
productive habitats, with biodiversity and biomass
typically higher than those of adjacent uplands.
Many processes important to the health of
waterbodies occur in vegetated riparian areas.
including the following:
• Large quantities of nutrients are absorbed as
waters pass through riparian areas.
• Eroded soils and other pollutants are filtered
out of the water and absorbed by riparian
vegetation.
• Nutrients are modified from forms that can't
be used by aquatic organisms to forms they
can readily use.
• The vegetation in riparian areas serves as a
refuge for species for nesting, hiding from
predators, and foraging.
Beaches and rocky shorelines also provide habitat
variety and are important to many aquatic
organisms. Because of the importance of all types
of riparian areas to the general health of
waterbodies, minimizing disturbances to them
during marina development can be beneficial.
Creating favorable conditions for the presence of
riparian or wetland areas within a marina basin
might be an effective, low-cost means to improve
water quality in the basin or increase habitat
diversity in rhe basin, depending on site conditions
and space limitations.
• Use dry stack storage.
An alternative to building new docks for
expanding boating access and marina capacity is to
build dry stack storage facilities, in which many
boats are stored vertically on very little land. Boats
stored in dry stack storage do not leak antifoulants
to the water and can be more easily maintained on
land in protected hull maintenance areas, providing
less opportunity for spillage directly to surface
waters. Dry stack storage has minimal
environmental effects, and where zoning
restrictions permit it, it is an appropriate means to
increase public access to waterways.
BMP Summary Table 3 summarizes the BMPs for
Habitat Assessment mentioned in this guidance.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-23
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
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4-25
-------
SECTION 4: Management Meas-jres
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4-26
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
4.4. SHORELINE AND STREAMBANK STABILIZATION
Management Measure for Shoreline and Streambank Stabilization:
Where shoreline or streambank erosion is a nonpoint source pollution problem,
shorelines and streambanks should be stabilized. Vegetative methods are
strongly preferred unless structural methods are more cost-effective, considering
the severity of wave and wind erosion, offshore bathymetry, and the potential
adverse impact on other shorelines, streambanks, and offshore areas.
Protect shorelines and streambanks from erosion due to uses of either the
shorelands or adjacent surface waters.
Management Measure Description
Streambank erosion is used in this guidance to
refer to erosion along nontidal streams and rivers.
Shoreline erosion is used here to refer to erosion in
tidal portions of coastal bays and estuaries.
Erosion is a natural process that results from water
acting on streambanks and shorelines. Beaches are
constantly and naturally eroded and resupplied
with sediment from other areas of a coast, and
erosion along a river or stream deposits sediment
along the channel and provides instream habitat for
fish and invertebrates. Where natural erosion is
occurring, streambank and shoreline stabilization
might be needed only where buildings or other
important resources are threatened by the process,
such as a marina's boat storage facility or a boat
ramp.
Unnatural erosion often occurs where soil,
streambanks, or shorelines have been disturbed.
Elimination of vegetation from any streambank or
shoreline exposes soil to the erosive energy of
waves and currents. Altering a watercourse, such
as placing a breakwater in a coastal bay or a dam
on a river, or artificially affecting the course of
water, perhaps by channelizing a river, can cause
significant erosion because the manner in which
energy is transmitted through a waterbody is
affected. In the latter case, erosion sometimes
occurs far from the location of the alteration.
In a marina, structural elements are often necessary
to protect boats and the marina perimeter from
waves or water current energy. Hence, the marina
basin is often a fairly calm, nonerosive
environment. Erosion can still occur along the
perimeter, however, and wave energy reflected off
a structure, such as a breakwater, or from boat
wakes might be a contributing factor. Bank
erosion might result where it is desirable to hold a
given slope. Scour along the bottom of a structure
such as a breakwater or at the abrupt junction of
two unlike materials, such as river bottom
sediments and a cement boat ramp, can also be a
problem. Bank erosion and scour can result in
sediment filling in a marina basin (and the need for
maintenance dredging) or erosion at the edges of a
boat ramp. Minimizing shoreline erosion benefits
marinas because it reduces the need for
maintenance dredging.
A vegetated shoreline can minimize the
transmission of wave energy to other locations.
Vegetation is also a relatively low-cost means to
stabilize a shoreline, and it can add a natural,
attractive element to an otherwise engineered
environment. Used by itself, vegetation is most
National Management Measures Guidance
4-27
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
effective where waves or currents are low in
energy and the soil is stable enough for plant
growth. Where wave or current energy is too
strong for vegetation to gain a footnold, temporary
structures are called for to protect vegetation until
it can establish itself.
Permanent streambank or shoreline protection
structures might be needed where wave or current
energy is too great for the establishment and
maintenance of vegetation. Some structural
methods to stabilize shorelines and navigation
channels are gabions, riprap, sloping revetments,
bulkheads, jetties, and breakwaters. The first three
dissipate incoming wave energy more effectively
than the rest and usually result .n less scouring
than the last three. Bulkheads are appropriate in
some circumstances, but where alternatives to them
are appropriate, they should be used first.
Vegetation can often be added at the edges of these
structural elements to control erosion from storm
water runoff and to serve as a landscaping element.
The type of perimeter stabilization might be
dictated in both inland and coastal marinas by local
variations in water level, due to dam drawdown in
a reservoir, natural fluctuation in a lake, or tides
along the coast. In some of these instances,
shoreline stabilization might not be practical.
Because rivers are hydrographies lly complex and
many factors need to be taken into account when
Herrington Harbour Marina South
(Maryland) retained and enhanced much of
the natural shoreline during a recent
rebuilding, modernization, and expansion
program. An old, failing bulkheading was
removed, and rock riprap and filter cloth
were placed on the regraded shoreline.
Native shore species were planted along the
shore, and nearby wetlands were cleaned
and restored to native marsh grasses. Over
a few years, the shoreline vegetation filled in
and created a very attractive and effective
buffer that helps control erosion and storm
water runoff. Wildlife diversity also
increased in the surrounding shoreline area,
including several blue herons that have
taken up year-round residence.
determining how to correct erosive problems,
shoreline stabilization might not be sufficient to
eliminate an erosion problem. Streambank and
river restoration projects, of which erosion is
usually only a small part, can encompass anywhere
from a small section of a river or stream to the
entire watershed.
Some specialized locations along the banks of
rivers, reservoirs, and lakes, however, might be
ideal candidates for shoreline stabilization. Such
locations might be severely eroded soils around a
storm sewer discharge point, disturbed soils where
a boat ramp has been installed or is in need of
maintenance, or overused shoreline areas in or next
to established recreational areas.
Examples of vegetative and structural methods are
presented below. Before selecting any of them for
a particular erosion problem, it is important to
identify the cause of the erosion, which, especially
in rivers and coastal environments, can be
extremely complex. Selecting the appropriate
technique to remedy any erosion problem might
require analysis by a professional.
Best Management Practices
• Use vegetative plantings, wetlands, beaches,
and natural shorelines where space allows.
Vegetative plantings, wetland enhancements,
beaches, and preservation of natural shorelines,
where feasible, can be the most effective means of
shoreline stabilization. Plantings can be in the
form of a grassed buffer strip that serves the triple
purpose of shoreline stabilization, establishing a
visually aesthetic area, and controlling polluted
runoff. If natural wetlands are found or were
found within the boundaries of a marina before its
development, their preservation or re-creation can
protect shorelines, dissipate wave energy, provide
wildlife habitat, and filter pollutants out of the
water and storm water runoff. A sloping beach is
the best surface for attenuating wave action,
though such beaches can occupy more space than
other perimeter stabilization methods.
4-28
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Shoreline Stabilization
• Where shorelines need structural stabilisation
and where space and use allow, riprap
revetment is preferable to a solid vertical
bulkhead.
In some cases, primarily because of either space
limitations or elevation differences between the
land and water surface, steep slopes are necessary
within mannas. Riprap is a common and
economical revetment that can withstand
substantial wave energy. Its irregular surface also
reduces wave energy transmission better than a
solid vertical bulkhead does. Natural rock is the
best material. Concrete rubble can be used, though
its many flat surfaces transmit more wave energy
than do irregular natural rocks. Gabions (rock in
heavy-duty wire mesh baskets) can be used where
a steep slope is needed. The irregular surface of
riprap revetment also provides excellent habitat for
shore and nearshore plants and animals.
• Where reflected waves will not endanger
shorelines or habitats and where space is
limited, protect shorelines with vertical
bulkheads.
Vertical bulkheads reflect waves and are not a
good choice for shoreline stabilization where
waves or surge occur in the marina basin. They are
usually more costly to install than other forms of
shoreline protection but might be necessary where
boats are hauled and launched or where valuable
real estate needs protection. They can be
constructed of concrete, treated timbers, steel,
aluminum, or vinyl. Vertical bulkheads can be
combined with riprap by placing the former at the
upper portion of a bank and riprap along the lower
edge.
• At boat ramps, retain natural shoreline
features to the extent possible and protect
disturbed areas from erosion.
Near boat ramps, shorelines can be damaged
during ramp construction, and shorelines are
susceptible to erosion from runoff that is channeled
alongside the side of the ramp (especially if the site
has been sloped for the ramp), boat wakes, waves,
and currents after initial installation. During boat
ramp construction, therefore, retention, to the
extent possible, of natural shoreline features will
generally save maintenance or corrective costs
later. Natural appearing shorelines are also more
aesthetically appealing, and they can minimize the
likelihood of invasion by unwanted or exotic plant
species later.
BMP Summary Table 4 summarizes the BMPs for
Shoreline Stabilization mentioned in this guidance.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-29
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
i
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National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Shoreline Stabilization
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-31
-------
4.5. STORM WATER RUNOFF MANAGEMENT
Management Measure for Storm Water'Runoff:
Implement effective runoff control strategies that include the use of pollution
prevention activities and the proper design of hull maintenance areas.
Reduce the average annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS) in runoff from
hull maintenance areas by 80 percent For the purposes of this measure, an 80
percent reduction of TSS is to be determined on an average annual basis.
Management Measure Description
Any debris that is on the ground and light enough
to be swept away by flowing rainwater or
snowmelt can end up in lakes, reservoirs, ponds,
rivers, streams, canals, bays, estuaries, or oceans.
Sanding dust, paint chips, metal filings, and other
such solids that might be carelessly or
inadvertently allowed to drop to Ue ground while
maintaining or repairing a boat can be swept up by
the runoff of the next rainstorm. Oils, grease,
solvents, paint drippings, and fuel spilled or
dripped onto the ground can also be carried away
in the runoff. Unless the runoff is controlled or
treated in some manner, all of these pollutants will
end up in the marina basin, where: they will create
unsightly surface films or float until they adhere to
surfaces like boat hulls or docks Some of these
pollutants flow dissolved in runoff or attached to
soil carried by the runoff. Whei they reach the
marina basin, they sink with the soil to the bottom,
are eaten by bottom-feeding fish or by filter-
feeding shellfish, or settle onto the leaves of
aquatic vegetation and clog the:r pores. Storm
water that is treated in some way to remove these
pollutants before they can reach the marina basin
will not result in these problems.
The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (NPDES) was created to control pollutant
discharges to the nation's waters, including those
from storm water runoff. The 1987 amendments to
the Clean Water Act mandated EPA to develop a
tiered implementation strategy for the NPDES
Storm Water Program. In response to the 1987
Amendments, EPA developed Phase I of the
NPDES Storm Water Program in 1990. Phase I
requires NPDES permits for storm water
discharges from:
• "Medium" and "large" municipal separate storm
sewer systems (MS4s) that serve or are located
in incorporated places or counties with
populations of 100,000 or more people; and
• Eleven categories of industrial activity, one of
which is construction activity that disturbs five
acres or greater of land.
The eleven categories of industrial activities for
which storm water discharge permits are required
are defined at 40 CFR 122.26(b)( 14). A permit is
required for Standard Industrial Classification
(SIC) code 4493 (marinas) and SIC 3732
(boatyards and boat builders that repair, clean,
and/or fuel boats). Note that the North American
Industry Classification System (NAICS) is
replacing the U.S. Standard Industrial
Classification (SIC) system, and is scheduled to be
completed by 2002 (Table 4-1). NAICS was
developed jointly by the United States, Canada,
and Mexico to provide new comparability in
statistics about business activity across North
America. NAICS numbers corresponding to the
4-32
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Storm Water Runoff
previous SIC numbers are provided in Table 4-1.
The second phase, known as Storm Water Phase II.
was signed by EPA in October 1999 and published
in the Federal Register on Decembers, 1999. The
Phase II Rule will bring municipal separate storm
sewer systems serving fewer than 100,000 people,
census districts within counties with population
densities greater than 1,000 per square mile, and
small construction sites of between one and five
acres into the NPDES permitting program by
March 2003. Construction sites where more than
one acre is disturbed will need to obtain a permit
and implement management practices (BMPs) to
mnimize erosion and pollutant runoff. The rule
exempts form regulation facilities that have
industrial materials or activities that are not
exposed to rain or snow. The Storm Water Rule
and further information on Phases I and II of the
Storm Water Program can be obtained from the
EPA web site at http://www.epa.gov/owm/
npdes.htm.
Removal of TSS at the 80-percent level is
practicable, and the management practices
mentioned here, or combinations of them, can
achieve this degree of pollutant removal if they are
designed properly and the site is suitable for their
installation and use. The 80-percent level also
provides a high degree of protection for surface
waters. Used properly, source controls can also
reduce final TSS concentrations in runoff very
effectively. Table 4-2 reviews the pollutant
removal efficiencies of many storm water control
practices.
The 80 percent removal of TSS is applicable to
hull and engine maintenance areas only, the runoff
from which often contains higher levels of toxic
pollutants than runoff from other parts of a manna
property. Pollutants in runoff from the remaining
marina property should be considered when
designing an effective runoff pollution prevention
system. If sufficient land area is not available
onsite to install runoff systems, management
practices that increase vegetative cover, reduce
impervious services, and include infiltration
devices are practical solutions.
The principal pollutants in runoff from marina
parking areas and hull maintenance areas are
suspended solids (paint chips, sanding dust, etc.)
and organics (predominately oil and grease).
Toxic metals (in antifoulant paints) from boat hull
scraping and sanding tend to attach themselves to
suspended soil particles, and are carried to the
marina basin with the particles.
Designing and operating a hull maintenance work
area with a focus on pollution prevention is an
excellent way of preventing dangerous pollutants
from reaching the marina basin. Particularly
effective practices are designating a specified area
that has an impervious surface (cement, for
example) for hull maintenance work; doing all hull
maintenance work under a roof to prevent the area
from getting wet; and channeling and draining
runoff from other areas of the marina property
away from hull maintenance areas so it won't pick
up the pollutants associated with hull maintenance.
Devices with controls that collect pollutants as they
are produced, such as vacuum-based (or dustless)
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
(VT
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Table 4-1. Conversion of SIC to NAICS.
SIC
3732 Boat Building and Repairing
Boat Repair
Boat Building
4493 Marinas
NAICS
Washington DC 20460
81149 Other Personal and Household Goods
Repair and Maintenance (part)
336612 Boat Building
71393 Marinas
National Management Measures Guidance
4-33
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
Table 4-2. Storm Water Management Practice Summary Information.
Practice -
Characteristics
Sand Filler
Infiltration
Basin/Trench
Porous
Pavement
Vegetated
Filler Strip
Grassed Swale
Swirl
Concentrator
Catch Basins
Pollutants
Controlled
TSS
TP
TN
Fecal Col
Metals
TSS
TP
TN
BOD
Bacteria
Metals
TSS
TP
TN
COD
Pb
Zn
TSS
TP
TN
COD
Metals
TSS
TP
TN
Pb
Zn
Cu
Cd
TSS
BOD
TSS
COD
Remo\al
Efficiencies
(%)
60-90
0-80
20-4(1
40
40-8(1
50-99
50-100
50-100
70-90
75-9*1
50-100
60-90
60-90
60-90
60-90
60-90
60-90
40-90
30-80
20-60
0-80
20-80
20-40
20-40
10-30
10-20
10-20
50-60
50
60-97
10-53
Use with
Other
Practices Cost
Yes $1-11 per ft3
of runoff
Yes Of capital
costs:
Basins =
3-13
Trenches =
5-15
No Incremental
cost:
$40,051-
78,288
per acre
Combine Seed:
with $200-1000
practices per acre;
for Seed & mulch:
MM $800-3500
per acre;
Sod:
$4500-48,000
per acre
Combine Seed:
with $4.50-8.50 per
practices linear ft;
for Sod:
MM $8-50 per
linear ft
Yes
Yes $1100-3000
Pretreatment of
Retrofit Runoff
Suitability References Recommended
Medium City of Austin,
1990;
Schueleretal.,
1991;
lull 1990
Medium Schueler, 1987,
1991
Low Schueler, 1987;
SWRPC. 1991;
Cahill Associates,
1991
High Schueler et al.,
1992
High SWRPC, 1991;
Schueler, 1987;
Schueler et al..
1991;
Horner, 1988;
Wanielistra and
Yousef, 1986
High WPCF, 1989;
Pisano. 1989:
USEPA, 1982
High WPCF, 1989;
Richards et al..
1981;
SWRPC. 1991
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
4-34
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Storm Wafer Runoff
Table 4-2. (cont.)
Practice -
Characteristics
Catch Basin with
Sand Filter
Swirl
Concentrator
Catch Basins
Catch Basin with
Sand Filter
Adsorbents in
Drain Inlets
Holding Tank
Boat
Maintenance
Area Design
Oil-grit
Separators
Pollutants
Controlled
TSS
TN
COD
Pb
Zn
TSS
BOD
TSS
COD
TSS
TN
COD
Pb
Zn
Oil
All
All
TSS
Removal Use with
Efficiencies Other
(%) Practices Cost
70-90 High $10,000
30-40 per
40-70 drainage
70-90 acre
50-80
Yes
60-97 Yes $1100-
10-56 3000
70-90 High $10,000
30-40 per
40-70 drainage
70-90 acre
50-80
High Yes S85-93
for 10
pillows
1 00 for Yes
first flush
Minimizes area Yes Low
of pollutant
dispersal
10-25 No
Pretreatmentof
Retrofit Runoff
Suitability References Recommended
Shaver, 1991
High WPCF, 1989;
Pisano, 1989;
USEPA, 1982
High WPCF, 1989;
Richards etal.,
1981;
SWRPC, 1991
Shaver, 1991
Silverman and
Stenstrom, 1989;
Industrial Pro-
ducts and Lab
Safety, 1991
WPCF, 1989
High IEP, 1992
High Romano, 1990;
Schueler, 1987;
WPCF, 1989
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
No
sanders, are also effective for preventing pollutants
from entering runoff.
Pollutants can also be trapped, collected, or filtered
after they are on the ground but before it rains.
This can be accomplished by using street sweepers
and vacuums that collect debris from the ground,
placing tarps under boats while they are being
sanded or painted, and planting grass buffers
around hull maintenance areas, parking lots,
sidewalks, and other impervious surfaces where
pollutants tend to accumulate. Grass buffers
effectively filter runoff water before it reaches
surface waters, and they are attractive landscape
elements.
Covering areas that are not used for boat
maintenance with a porous surface allows
rainwater to filter into the ground and reduces the
amount of runoff created on the marina property.
Crushed gravel or concrete and low grassy areas
interspersed around and within otherwise
impervious areas (parking lots, for example) are
National Management Measures Guidance
4-35
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
surfaces that allow rainwater to infiltrate into the
ground. Directing storm water to a grassed area
instead of to drains, pipes, or cement channels is an
effective way to prevent the pollutants in runoff
from reaching the marina basin, whether the runoff
originates from parking lots, hull maintenance
areas, rooftops, or any other impervious surface.
Some marinas may need to pretreat storm water
runoff before it is discharged to a local sewer
system. Pretreating wastewater from hull cleaning
(pressure washing) might also be needed. The
state or local environmental agency should be
contacted to determine any specific legal
requirements for treatment before discharge.
The goal of 80 percent reduction in the load of
total suspended solids (TSS) in storm water runoff
recommended in this management measure is
achieved by eliminating (by pollution prevention
or source reduction) 80 percent of the total annual
load of suspended materials produced in an
average year of work. Most marinas use some
management practices, and are already collecting
some or all of this 80 percent. Note that 80 percent
of the TSS load cannot usually be eliminated
during each storm, since the efficiency of any
means chosen to remove pollutants from storm
water fluctuates above and below 80 percent for
individual storms. The goal of the management
measure is to control an average of 80 percent of
the amount of TSS produced at z. marina during
any given year. Since no two marinas are the
same, the storm water control management
practices used to achieve this goal have to be
chosen site-specifically for each marina.
The annual TSS load baseline can be calculated as
follows:
• Assume that marina operations are being
conducted as usual, except that no management
practices are used to collect pollutants from hull
maintenance areas. All of the sanding dust, paint
chips, etc. produced fall to the ground.
• Given this scenario, add together the total
amount of solid pollutants, sucn as paint chips
and sanding dust, that would be swept away in
runoff during storms that occur over a 1 -year
period and that are less than or equal to the 2-
year/24-hour storm for the area. Solids carried
away in snowmelt runoff should also be
included.
• Multiply this quantity by 80 percent (0.80) to
obtain the target minimum quantity of solid
pollutants to be removed from storm water
runoff and prevented from reaching the marina
basin or storm drain.
This calculation can be complicated, primarily
because of the difficulty in measuring the quantity
of pollutants produced at a marina. The state or
local environmental agency can be contacted for
additional storm water guidance and for
information pertaining to storm water regulation.
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Perform as much boat repair and maintenance
work as possible inside work buildings.
Sandblasting is best performed in a place where
the debris produced is prevented from drifting to
surrounding areas and being swept away in storm
water runoff. One of the simplest and most
effective ways to prevent pollutants from boat
repairs from entering storm water runoff is to
perform as much work as possible under roofs.
Performing maintenance work in a fully enclosed
building protects the work area from wind and
contains the dust and debris produced during the
work, so it is much easier to clean up afterward.
• Where an inside work space is not available.
perform abrasive blasting and sanding within
spray booths or tarp enclosures.
The inside of a building provides the most
protected space, but if a large enough interior
space is not available, a suitably sized area can be
protected with tarps. Tarps will help prevent
residue from drifting to nonwork areas of the
marina and into surface waters. Scheduling work
on calm days will help ensure that wind won't
4-36
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Storm Water Runoff
carry debris and pollutants to other areas of the
marina property and the marina basin.
• Where buildings or enclosed areas are not
available, provide clearly designated land
areas for boat repair and maintenance.
If a facility is large enough, one section of the yard,
well away from the shore, can be designated for
boat repairs and maintenance (Figure 4.8). Mark
the area well with signs, post a list of boat owner
responsibilities, indicate the rules for use of the
work area, and do not permit work outside of the
designated areas. This should help the marina
property stay relatively clean. Where possible, an
inland area, away from surface waters, can be used
for boat repair work.
• Design hull maintenance areas to minimize
contaminated runoff.
Hull maintenance areas can be designed so that all
activities that produce a large amount of polluting
debris can be accomplished over a dry, impervious
surface like a cement pad. Such a surface makes it
easy to collect and properly dispose of debris,
residues, solvents, and spills before they enter
Figure 4.8. Conanicut Marine Service (Rhode
Island) found that purchasing land almost a mile
from the shore and using a hydraulic boat trailer
was significantly less expensive than purchasing
waterfront property, and doing so allowed
expansion of its service work to an inland boatyard.
No coastal permits were needed for the inland yard,
and the risk of water pollution from runoff from the
yard was significantly reduced (EPA, 1996: Clean
Marinas—Clear Value).
storm water runoff.
• Use vacuum sanders both to remove paint
from hulls and to collect paint dust.
Vacuum sanders have proven very effective at
capturing paint dust during boat hull and bottom
sanding. Immediate capture prevents paint dust
from entering the marina basin, makes cleaning up
the work area easier, and increases the speed at
which a boat bottom can be completely sanded.
Such sanders capture over 98 percent of the dust
generated. Workers do not have to wear full suits
with respirators. They use fewer disk pads and
have less clean-up in surrounding areas. Vacuum-
based sanders are increasingly being used in
boatyards and marinas, and might be available for
renting by boat owners who want to sand their own
hulls. Many marinas have converted exclusively to
dustless sanders and require that they be used by
customers and outside contractors. In addition to
preventing pollution, using vacuum sanders can
dramatically increase the efficiency of sanding
operations.
The results of a BMP demonstration project at five
Rhode Island marinas showed that several
techniques can make the use of vacuum sanders
more effective. First, the availability of the
machinery needs to be publicized with flyers or
signs in hull maintenance areas. Second, staff
should be well trained and ready to inform
customers that a professional vacuum sander is
available for use, and how to use it properly. Users
need to be given operating instructions and clearly
understand them before using the machine.
Finally, use of the sanders should be monitored
(how often they are used and the percentage of hull
maintenance work done with vacuum sanders) and
the information provided to the regulatory agency,
or used for making decisions about future use of
the sanders at the marina.
• Restrict the types and/or amount of do-it-
yourself work done at the marina.
Largely for environmental liability reasons, an
increasing number of marinas owners are
National Management Measures Guidance
4-37
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
restricting do-it-yourself boat repair work of the
"dirty" kind, such as exterior sandir g and painting.
A small but increasing percent of marinas are
prohibiting such repairs on site unless done by a
professional who is trained in. understands, and
follows state-approved environmental management
practices.
Source Reduction Practices
• Clean hull maintenance areas immediately
after any maintenance to remove debris, and
dispose of collected material properly.
Cleaning hull maintenance areas immediately after
maintenance or repair work is done removes trash,
visible paint chips, and other debris before they
can be blown or washed into the marina basin.
Spent sandblasting grit, boat repair debris, and
solid waste should be stored under cover and in a
manner that minimizes contact with process or
storm water. Vacuuming or sweeping is an
excellent method of collecting these wastes,
especially over paved surfaces. Hosing a
maintenance area for cleanup can result in the
same pollution that storm water would cause.
• Capture and filter pollutants out of runoff
water with permeable tarps, screens, and filter
cloths.
Tarpaulins can be placed on the ground, before a
boat is placed in a cradle or stand for sanding and
painting. The common plastic tarpaulins collect
paint chips, sanding dust, and paint drippings,
which then can be collected and disposed of into
dumpsters with other solid trash, £is permitted by
local or state ordinances. Impermeable plastic
tarps, however, have their drawbacks. Wind easily
blows dust and chips off the tarps, and rainwater
washes debris from the tarps. Semi|3ermeable filter
cloths can be more effective than solid cloth or
plastic tarps for collecting debris where wind is a
problem, where tarps are not always cleaned each
day after work is completed, or where work is
continued during light rains. The filter cloths hold
onto debris better and allow water to pass through
while retaining debris for later disposal.
• Sweep and/or vacuum around hull
maintenance areas, roads, and drivewavs
frequently.
Frequent vacuuming impervious areas can
effectively prevent pollutants from reaching the
marina basin and non-maintenance areas of the
marina property. Scheduling vacuuming (e.g.,
once a day or every other day during the boating
season) and adhering to the schedule helps make
this a particularly effective management practice.
The practice is most effective in hull maintenance
areas if the surface under any boat being worked
on is swept at the end of each work day.
• Sweep parking lots regularly.
Cars, trucks, commercial vehicles, and foot traffic
carry a lot of sand, grit, and dirt to parking lots.
Gum wrappers, paper and styrofoam cups,
cigarette butts, and cellophane wrappings tend to
end up on parking lot pavement as well. Storm
water carries these pollutants to the marina basin or
to drain inlets, catch basins, and oil/grit separators.
Regular parking lot sweeping will help reduce the
amount of sand, grit, and trash that reached the
marina basin and storm water controls. Since catch
basins and oil/grit separators require periodic
cleaning for efficient operation, sweeping the
parking lot will extend the time between cleanings.
• Plant grass between impervious areas and the
marina basin.
Grass retains and filters pollutants from runoff. A
well-maintained lawn located between impervious
surfaces (e.g., parking lots) and the marina basin
and to which runoff from the impervious surface is
directed increases rainwater infiltration and creates
an attractive marina environment
(Figure 4.9).
The technical term for a channel or ditch planted
with grass and used for storm water treatment is
"grassed swale." Grassed swales are low-gradient
channels that can be used in place of buried storm
drain pipes (Figure 4.10). To effectively remove
pollutants, grassed swales need to have only a
slight slope and should be long enough to allow all
4-38
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Storm Water Runoff
Figure 4.9. Stormwater runoff is controlled at
Deep River Marina (Connecticut) by 50-foot-
wide grass buffers and a parking lot that is
covered with crushed rock and has sediment
traps in the storm drains. Picnic tables and
flowers in the lawn areas make the marina
visually attractive and useful to families.
Summerfield Boat Works (Florida) added an
unpaved parking lot across the street from the
main marina property and basin and
landscaped its perimeter to blend in with the
neighborhood. Harbour Towne Marina (Florida)
reduced runoff contamination by planting a
grass buffer around the perimeter of the facility.
The facility's parking is largely paved and drains
to the buffer strip, and the grass adds a cooling
and visually pleasing element to the marina
property (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear
\Value).
of the pollutants in storm water to be filtered out.
Because storm water is directed to them and storms
are occasionally very strong, erosion-resistant
vegetation such as deep-rooted grasses works best.
The vegetation filters out pollutants and absorbs
nutrients from the storm water, and runoff
infiltrates into the ground as it is slowed by (he
grass in the swale. Grassed swales are best used in
conjunction with other practices listed under this
management measure.
• Construct new or restore former wetlands
where feasible and practical.
If space and economy permit, consider restoring
wetland vegetation that might have formerly
existed at the edge of the marina basin or altering
a portion of the basin perimeter to support wetland
vegetation. Wetlands are extremely efficient at
removing pollutants from water.
• Use porous pavement where feasible.
Porous pavement has a coarse, permeable top layer
covering an additional layer of gravel (Figure
4.11). Runoff infiltrates through the porous layer
and into the ground. As storm water passes
through the pavement, the gravel, and perhaps
through a perforated underground pipe system and
then into the underlying soil, pollutants are
naturally filtered out. Porous pavement helps
recharge ground water and provides excellent
pollutant removal (up to 80 percent of sediment,
trace metals, and organic matter).
• Install oil/grit separators to capture petroleum
spills and coarse sediment.
Oil/grit separators are useful where petroleum is
spilled or could be spilled (Figure 4.12). Oil/grit
separators can be used to treat water from small
areas where other measures are infeasible. They
are particularly applicable where the work
performed contributes large loads of grease, oil.
mud, or sand to runoff. The chambers in oil/grit
separators should be cleaned out periodically or
their efficiency decreases. Inspection and
maintenance twice a year is usually sufficient.
With proper maintenance, oil/grit separators can
last 50 years.
• Use catch hasins where storm water flows to
the marina basin in large pulses.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-39
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
Figure 4.10. Grassed filter strip surrounding an infiltration trench
(adapted from Schueler, 1987)..
Catch basins with flow restrictions are used to
prevent large pulses of storm water from entering
the marina basin at one time. Participates and soil
settle to the bottom of a catch basin, in which the
bottom of the basin is typically 2 1:0 4 feet below
the outlet pipe (the pipe through which the trapped
water is allowed to escape). The traps in a catch
basin require periodic cleaning and maintenance,
but if properly maintained, a catch basin should
have a life span similar to that of oil/grit separators
(50 years).
Catch basins can have a separate chamber filled
with sand. With this design, runoff first enters an
open chamber where coarse particles that could
clog the sand filter out. The runoff then flows into
a second chamber where other pollutants are
filtered out by infiltrating through the sand. Catch
basins with sand filters are effective in highly
impervious areas, where other practices have
limited usefulness. They need to be inspected at
least annually, and the top layer of sand should be
removed periodically and replaced with fresh,
Harbour Towne Marina (Florida) nodified its
yard storm drains to hold an ordinary air
conditioner filter, which effectively stops
suspended solids from passing through
(EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
clean sand.
• Add filters to storm drains that
are located near work areas.
Some storm drain designs will permit
a filter to be inserted in them to
screen solid materials out of runoff.
If oil is typically contained in runoff,
an oil absorption pad can be inserted
into the water pool or trap beneath
the filter as well.
• Place absorbents in drain inlets.
Oil and grease are not ordinarily
captured by catch basins. An
absorbent material placed in a drain
where it will intercept storm water
can remove much of the oil and grease contained
in runoff. Absorbent material products can remove
10 to 25 times their weight in oil.
• Use chemical and filtration treatment systems
only where necessary.
Wastewater can be chemically treated by the
addition of certain chemicals that cause small solid
Figure 4.11. Lockwood Boat Works (New
Jersey) regraded and surfaced its combined
parking and boat maintenance yard with 6
nches of crushed concrete to successfully
control runoff. Using recycled concrete crushed
linto stone-sized pieces, the cost was $18,000
per acre installed, whereas crushed rock would
have cost $27,000 per acre and asphalt paving
would have cost $54,000 per acre (EPA, 1996:
C/ean Marinas—Clear Value).
4-40
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Storm Water Runoff
Top View Maahole,for
clean-out Overflow
access x pipe
Wef^J £ J £> \
1 ii
n
Perforated pipe inlet
Three-chamber water quality inlet Underground trench
Side View _ „
Test well
Overflow pipe Impermeable filter cloth ^>
urn
to i
r i,
l
15^-mm / Inverted elbow
orifices
i O."
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
!
1
UNOFF MANAGEMENT
at
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average annual loadings of total
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MANAGEMENT MEASURE - Implement
design of hull maintenance areas. Reduce t
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ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERNS:
Sanding dust, paint chips, metal filings, and ol
the next rainstorm's runoff. Oils, grease, solve
Unless runoff is treated in some manner, all ol
they adhere to a surface, like a boat hull. Som<
filter-feeding shellfish, or settle onto the leave
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3
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buildings
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Where buildings or enclosed
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4-42
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Storm Water Runoff
MAGEMENT
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-43
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
t
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4-44
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
S/orm i/Vafer Runoff
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-45
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
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4-46
National Management Measures Guidance
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4.6. FUELING STATION DESIGN
Management Measure for Fueling Station Design:
Design fueling stations to allow for ease in cleanup of spills.
Management Measure Description
The possibility of spills during fueling operations
always exists, and spills of gasoline and diesel fuel
during boat fueling are a common source of
pollution in marina waters. Most fuel dock spills
are small and result from overfilling boat fuel
tanks, so that fuel splashes back at the nozzle onto
the deck, squirts out of the boat's air vent line, or
drips from the nozzle as it is removed from the
boat and returned to the fuel dock. Therefore,
installation of equipment that can minimize the
occurrence of spills and taking precautions to
contain, absorb, and minimize the spread of
petroleum products spilled during fueling
operations in navigable waters are prudent
environmental practices at all marinas.
A form of fuel loss that occurs rarely but that is
particularly damaging is when fuel leaks from fuel
pipes and hoses between the fuel storage tank and
the pump. This can result from dock damage
caused by a major storm or a collision involving a
large boat. Since boat fuels are lighter than water,
they float on the water's surface and are easy to
capture if spill containment and absorption
equipment is readily available and used quickly.
The most effective way to minimize fuel spills and
petroleum hydrocarbon pollution at a marina is to
locate, design, build, and operate a boat fuel dock
or station so that most spills are prevented and
those that do occur are quickly contained and
cleaned up. An essential step in spill prevention
for both new and existing fuel docks is to identify
and locate possible sources of leaks or spills, such
as at joints in piping systems, or between pipes and
storage tanks, and address each one in the facility's
Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures (or
SPCC) Plan. Not all marinas are required to
prepare and submit an SPCC plan, but if fuel is
stored or transferred at a marina, even if only from
a portable gasoline container filled at a distant gas
station, being prepared to handle a spill is good
environmental practice.
"Oil" is defined to include gasoline, diesel fuel,
crude and refined oils, and petroleum-derived
products like turpentine. Among the marine
transportation-related facilities considered to have
the potential to cause "substantial harm" to the
environment are "onshore facilities capable of
transferring oil to or from a vessel with a capacity
of 250 barrels or more and deepwater ports." A
barrel of petroleum contains 42 gallons, so 250
barrels translates to 10,500 gallons.
Rules for underground storage tanks (USTs) and
UST systems (40 CFR 280) apply to all owners
and operators of UST systems except as noted in
the rule. Marinas with one or more stationary fuel
storage tanks, above or below ground, with a
combined storage capacity of 1,100 gallons or
more of petroleum products are subject to federal
and state bulk storage regulations for registration.
testing, monitoring, replacement, reconditioning,
closure, and/or removal. Underground tanks with
a capacity of 110 gallons or more are subject to
federal underground storage tank (UST)
regulations. UST regulations can be viewed on the
EPA web site at
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Use automatic shutoffs on fuel lines and at
hose nozzles to reduce fuel lots.
A commercial fuel line shutoff can be located
between the fuel storage tank and the dockside fuel
pump. The shutoffs automatically stop fuel
movement when the system senses passage of a
high volume of fuel through the line. The shutoffs
can also be manually closed when the fuel dock is
not in operation or during emergencies.
Similarly, automatic shutoff fuel nozzles guard
against overfilling boat fuel tanks by automatically
stopping the flow of fuel from the pump. They are
an excellent way to guard against spillage where
marina patrons fill their own tanks. Fume return
lines can also be used on auiomatic shutoff
nozzles.
• Remove old style fuel nozzle triggers that are
used to hold the nozzle open without being
held.
Old fuel nozzle triggers that hold the line open are
illegal in some states because they can result in
overfilling of fuel tanks and fuel loss out of air
vents. Most new fuel nozzles automatically shut
off when the tank fills.
• Install personal watercraft (PWC) floats at
fuel docks to help drivers refuel without
spilling.
Special docking facilities for PWCs can be
installed to stabilized them while they are at a fuel
dock (Figure 4.13). Docking PWCs while fueling
reduces fuel loss caused by the craft rocking on the
water while fueling. These docks have proven
popular with PWC operators and do reduce
spillage.
• Regularly inspect, maintain, and replace fuel
hoses, pipes, and tanks.
Regularly scheduled preventive miintenance is the
best source control for fuel loss from the fuel
storage and delivery system, and it is often less
costly than cleanup costs and fines levied for spills.
Many marinas are changing from underground
storage tanks (UST) to aboveground, lined tanks.
For free EPA publications about USTs, call EPA's
RCRA/Superfund Hotline at 1-800-424-9346 or
visit the EPA web site at .
Education Practices
• Train fuel dock staff in spill prevention,
containment, and cleanup procedures.
When possible, have at least one key staff member
fully trained and certified in spill management, and
designate this person to be responsible for
inspection, training, and control for any spill. All
staff members should know the location of
absorbent materials and how to use them to remove
the fuel immediately from the water or ground.
:igure 4.13. Two PWC floating docks were
[installed at Winter Yacht Basin, Inc. (New
Jersey). The floats are 4 feet by 10.5 feet and
ire connected to PVC pipes to allow them to
jride up and down with the tide. Operators of
*WCs can drive up onto the platform, step off,
ind fill the tank from the dock. The platform is
stable enough to limit spilling during fueling.
This practice has also decreased conflict
Between PWCs and larger boats at the fuel dock
ind has increased fuel sales at the marina
(EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
4-48
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Fueling Station Design
Regular practice drills ensure that staff are familiar
with the proper use of these materials.
• Install easy-to-read signs on the fuel dock that
explain proper fueling, spill prevention, and
spill reporting procedures.
Signs with easy-to-follow instructions, perhaps
using pictures, located on or near fuel pumps and
fuel delivery locations can help expedite a clean up
if a spill occurs. It is helpful to have signs that
state the following information:
* Slep-by-step way to fuel a boat
• Requirements of the law and spill reporting
numbers
* Procedures to follow in the event of a spill
• Locations of absorbent materials
• Proper use and disposal of fuel absorbent
materials
* Warnings against the use of detergents or
emulsifiers.
Spills should be immediately reported to either the
U.S. Coast Guard or EPA. The U.S. Coast Guard
is the lead response agency for spills in coastal
waters and deepwater ports, and EPA is the lead
response agency for spills that occur in inland
waters. Oil spills can be reported 24 hours a day at
1-800-424-8802. On navigable waters, any oily
slick or sheen must be reported. More information
on laws and regulations related to spills can be
obtained at the U.S. Coast Guard web site:
.
Source Reduction Practices
• Locate and design boat fueling stations so that
spills can be contained, such as with a floating
boom, and cleaned up easily.
A well-positioned and designed fueling station
allows for spill containment equipment, such as
booms, to be easily deployed to surround a spill
and any boats that might be tied to the fuel dock if
a spill occurs. Fuel storage tanks, the fuel truck
delivery area, and pipelines that deliver fuel to the
pump are also sites of potential spills. Facilities
that can be set back from the water should be so
placed, and spill prevention equipment located at
all likely places where spills could occur {such as
at pipe junctions). Many marinas are switching
from underground fuel storage tanks to
aboveground tanks because they make spill
detection and control easier and the capital costs
are lower.
When a spill occurs at the boat fueling station.
there are three basic steps to take, which need to be
considered when planning or rebuilding a fuel
dock:
• Report the spill to the proper authorities (U.S.
Coast Guard, EPA. or the appropriate state
agency). Any spill can be reported by calling the
U.S. Coast Guard's National Spill Response
Hotline. 1-800-424-8802. Any petroleum spill
onto the navigable waters of the United States
sufficient to cause a slick or sheen on the water
is a violation of section 311 of the Clean Water
Act and must be reported to the hotline.
• Contain the petroleum spill to prevent it from
spreading. Put a boom around and confine
diesel and other nonvolatile oils. The U.S. Coast
Guard recognizes that gasoline spills pose an
extreme explosion and fire threat and
recommends that small gasoline spills might be
allowed to evaporate as quickly as possible
without a boom placed around them.
Cap Sante Boat Haven (Washington) uses
oil absorption booms anchored cross-
current to capture floating oil. The booms
are changed twice a year. The marina also
uses about 800 oil absorption pads a year at
a cost of $200. Battery Park Marina (Ohio)
also uses an oil boom where the fuel line
joins the floating dock, in case the
connection leaks. These booms are
replaced every 6 months at a cost of $25
each. Cedar Island Marina (Connecticut)
keeps a pole with a small floating absorption
boom attached at one end on its fuel dock to
be used quickly and effectively by staff to
sweep and mop the water surface if any
small spills occur during boat fueling (EPA,
1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
National Management Measures Guidance
4-49
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
• Place materials on the water within the contained
spill area to absorb the petroleum. If the spill is
large, a commercial spill clean-up contractor
might be needed.
• Write and implement a fuel spill recovery
plan,
A Spill Prevention, Control, and Countermeasures
(SPCC) plan is a first line of defense against
petroleum pollution and should be developed by all
marinas, whether required by regulations or not.
An example plan is appended to the Petroleum
Control Management Measure. An SPCC plan
should be written to apply to all locations in the
marina where fuel or oil is stored or transferred,
and it should clearly explain ipill emergency
procedures, including health and safety,
notification, and spill containment and control
measures. Marina personnel should be trained in
spill containment and control practices. The plan
should address the following:
• Who: Clearly identify who is responsible for
taking what action. Action items will include
deploying the equipment and contacting the
emergency agencies and additional clean-up
services. The plan should contain a list, updated
periodically, of emergency phone numbers to be
used if a spill occurs. One person on the marina
staff should be designated the official
spokesperson for the facility.
• What: Define what actions should be taken if a
fuel spill occurs and, based on likely threats,
what equipment should be deployed. Include
information on the type of spill equipment
available on site and its characteristics and
capabilities. List emergency phone numbers to
be called, including the U.S. Coast Guard and
local fire department, when a spill is discovered.
Make sure dispersants are not used on any spill.
• When: Clearly state when additional resources,
such as spill control services, should be called
for assistance. Plan when the marina's spill
control equipment will be inspected and
replaced, if necessary. A maintenance schedule
for the equipment and a training schedule for
staff should be established.
• Where: Show where the spill control material is
located in the facility. Make sure storage lockers
are clearly marked and easy to access. Identify
sources where additional spill response
equipment can be obtained quickly if necessary.
Sources may include commercial spill response
companies, fire departments, or neighboring
marinas that have fuel spill response equipment.
If a commercial fuel spill response firm is going
to be used, establish a prearranged agreement
and cost estimates with them.
• How: Explain how the spill control equipment
should be used and disposed of. To be sure that
the crew understands the response plan, regularly
conduct drills that simulate a fuel spill. Evaluate
the drill and share observations with all
employees.
State and local regulations might have broader
applicability than federal regulations and might
even require an SPCC plan of any facility where
fuel is stored or transferred. Contact the
appropriate state and local authorities to determine
if the facility needs to have one and for assistance
in preparing one.
An example of an oil spill response plan is
contained in the Appendices. In order that it is
clear what type of information is to be entered for
the plan, the example is filled out with
explanations of the information to be filled in or as
if it were for an actual marina. Information
specific to this fictitious marina is printed in Arial
font. Where this font occurs, the entries should be
replaced with information specific to the marina
for which the plan is being written, and the plan
should be updated as changes in procedure,
regulations, or the marina occur.
• Have spill containment equipment storage,
such as a locker attached to the fuel dock,
easily accessible and clearly marked.
Store appropriate fuel spill containment and
control materials in a clearly marked cabinet or
locker that is easily and quickly accessible at the
4-50
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Fueling Station Design
fuel dock. Place absorbent pads and booms, a
copy of the SPCC plan, and other important
petroleum spill equipment in the locker. Effective
fuel spill containment equipment is readily
available from commercial suppliers. Booms can
absorb up to 25 times their weight in petroleum
products and float even when they are saturated.
It's best to have enough length of boom to encircle
the dock and the largest boat serviced, or a length
of boom about three times as long as the longest
boat serviced.
The following are examples of fuel/oil spill control
products currently available:
Booms: Usually 10-foot floating sections
that interconnect to encircle the
spill.
Pads: Flat absorbent sheets that float;
also called diapers.
Pillows: Short booms often used in bilge
of larger boats.
Bilge sock: Small pillow for most boat bilges.
Filter: Separates fuel from water.
Bilge switch: Replaces float switch and shuts
off when floating fuel layer is
reached.
BMP Summary Table 6 summarizes the BMPs for
Fueling Station Design mentioned in this guidance.
National Management Measures Guidance 4-51
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
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Fueling Station Design
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4-53
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SECTION 4: Management Measjres
1
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4.7. PETROLEUM CONTROL
Management Measure for Petroleum Control:
Reduce the amount of fuel and oil from boat bilges and fuel tank air vents entering
marina and surface waters.
Management Measure Description
Fuel is easily spilled into surface waters from the
fuel tank air vent while fueling a boat, and oil is
easily discharged during bilge pumping. A small
fuel sheen on the water surface near docked boats
is not an uncommon sight and can be caused by a
spill of only a few drops or a slow leak from a gas
tank. Because of the properties of oil, a cup of oil
can spread as a very thin oil sheen over more than
an acre of calm water. Small amounts of oil spilled
from numerous boats can accumulate to create
large oil sheens. Gasoline spills are also a safety
problem because of gasoline's flammability.
Hydrocarbons are dangerous to aquatic plants and
animals both at and below the water surface. Less
than half of spilled oil stays in the water (the rest
evaporates). Spread over the surface, oil creates a
barrier to oxygen movement across the water
surface and to animals (for instance, insect larvae)
that must breathe at the surface. At and below the
surface, oil attaches to plant leaves, decreasing
their respiration, and bottom sediments. It can also
be ingested by animals directly, or indirectly by
feeding on other organisms such as filter feeders
(mussels, sponges) that have ingested the oil. The
hydrocarbons in oil harm juvenile fish, upset fish
reproduction, and interfere with the growth and
reproduction of bottom-dwelling organisms. Some
oil remains as sediment contamination.
Petroleum spills can also cause structural damage
at marinas, such as discoloration on boat hulls,
woodwork, and paint, and deterioration of white
styrofoam in floats and docks, since petroleum
dissolves this material.
The practices discussed here are used in many
marinas, and their use can minimize the entry of
petroleum from fueling and bilge pumping into
surface waters. Technologies such as air/fuel
separators, oil-absorbing pads, and bioremedial
pads and socks have been developed in response to
a growing recognition of the ecological and
cumulative damage that can be done by even small
spills of petroleum products into surface waters.
These small spills escape the attention of many
people, and marina owners and operators can play
an important role in bringing the importance of
controlling this form of pollution to the attention of
their patrons.
Some issues relevant to the Petroleum Control
management measure are discussed below.
Engine Comparison
The wastes produced by 2- and 4-stroke engines
are similar in quality, but not in quantity. Two-
stroke engines cause no visible environmental
damage, but they are a significant source of toxic
pollution discharged into U.S. waterways.
Approximately 25 percent of fuel and lubricating
oil used by a 2-stroke engine is discharged
unburned directly into the air and water. In
comparison, 4-stroke engines consume fuel more
efficiently and pollute much less. Newly designed
4-stroke outboard engines have reduced smoke.
fumes, and noise output, and their fuel economy is
better than that of 2-stroke outboards.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-55
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
New 2-stroke outboards incorporate technology
such as direct fuel injection to improve
performance and decrease polluting emissions,
These new engines are approximately 75 percent
cleaner than older 2-stroke engines. However, 4-
stroke engines are 10 times cleaner than direct
fuel-injection engines and 40 times cleaner than
conventional 2-stroke engines. Because of their
design, 4-stroke engines do not burn any oil and,
therefore, release only approximately 20 percent of
the exhaust emissions that 2-stroks engines emit.
Four-stroke outboard engines that meet the EPA
emissions criteria will take effect in the year 2006
are currently available to the public.
EPA has issued an Advance Notice of Proposed
Rulemaking for emissions from new diesel marine
engines at or above 50 horsepower. According to
the rule, the pollution emitted by these engines
must be reduced by 50 percent by the year 2020
and by 75 percent by the year 2023. Flexibility is
built into compliance in that manufacturers will be
able to comply with the new regulations by
meeting an average pollution emission level for a
class of products rather than meet ng the specific
criteria for each applicable product. The
manufacturers are also free to choos,e how they will
meet the new regulation levels. They can convert
2-stroke engines to 4-stroke engines or typical 2-
stroke engines to direct-injection 2-stroke engines,
add catalytic converters, or invent new designs.
Further information on emissions and EPA rules
regarding them can be found at
.
Personal Watercraft (PWC)
Personal watercraft, such as jet skis, are considered
to be Class A motorboats and are bound by many
of the same regulations as other mctorboats. They
are propelled by waterjet drives, have shallow draft
designs, and are able to quickly reach speeds over
65 mph. In recent years, approximately one-third
of ail boat sales have been PWCs.
PWCs, however, are causing concerns. The 2-
stroke engines in most PWCs discharge up to one-
third of their oil/gasoline fuel mixture unburned
into the water in the same wav that 2-stroke
outboard engines do (although new generation
PWCs are equipped with more efficient 4-stroke
engines or vastly improved 2-stroke engines). The
Personal Watercraft Industry Association is aware
of the potential environmental problems associated
with use of PWCs and recommends that users
follow simple guidelines to reduce the impacts of
PWC use. Many of the recommended guidelines
are similar to EPA-recommended management
practices:
• Refuel on land to reduce the chance of fuel spills
into the water.
• Do not overfill fuel tanks.
• Perform all engine maintenance away from
surface water.
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Promote the installation and use of fuel/air
separators on air vents or tank stems of
inboard fuel tanks to reduce the amount of fuel
spilled into surface waters during fueling.
Often during fueling operations fuel overflows
from the air vent from the built-in fuel tank on a
boat. Attachments for vent lines on fuel tanks,
which act as fuel/air separators, are available
commercially and are easily installed on most
boats. These devices release air and vapor but
contain fuel before it can overflow. Marinas can
make these units available in their retail stores and
post notices describing their spill prevention
benefits and availability.
• A void o verfilling fuel tanks.
Fuel expands as it warms, and the temperature in
a boat fuel tank usually is much higher than that in
the storage tank—especially if stored in
underground tanks. While fueling, a distinctive
change in sound occurs when a tank is almost full,
and filling can be stopped at this time. This leaves
a small amount of space in the tank to allow for
expansion of the fuel with temperature changes.
Without this space, fuel in a completely filled tank
can spill out when the fuel expands. Automatic
4-56
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Petroleum Control
shutoff nozzles might not stop fuel flow prior to
some fuel spillage through the air vent, and
listening for the sound of the almost-full tank is the
best way to know when to stop filling. Having an
oil absorbent pad ready to wipe up any drops is
also a good fueling practice.
• Provide doughnuts or small petroleum
absorption pads to patrons to use while
fueling to catch splashback and the last drops
when the no"le is transferred back from the
boat to the fuel dock.
Although few of us might be concerned about
drops of fuel spilled onto the ground while we fill
our car at the gas station, at the marina those drops
can go directly into surface waters. There is no
oil/water separator or catch basin to prevent drops
at the marina fuel dock from entering the water, so
taking a little extra caution, and precautions to
prevent spills, is good practice at the fueling dock.
A doughnut placed over the fuel nozzle or a small
absorbent pad in hand to catch any backsplash
when the fuel tank is full and any drops that fall
while the handle is replaced to the pump is an
excellent and easy way to prevent the small spills
that can add up to big problems.
A small absorbent pad temporarily attached to the
hull below the fuel tank air vent during fueling
provides an added precaution against fuel spilling
directly into surface waters. Pads that attach on
vertical or horizontal surfaces with suction cups are
commercially available.
* Keep engines properly maintained for efficient
fuel consumption, clean exhaust, and fuel
economy. Follow the manufacturer's
specifications.
At Battery Park Marina on Lake Erie, staff
cut absorption pads into squares, then cut
an X-shaped hole in the center for the fuel
nozzle to pass through. Any splashes while
fueling are absorbed by the pad (EPA, 1996:
Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
Well-tuned and maintained engines burn fuel more
efficiently, improve mileage, and lower exhaust
emissions. Mixing fuel for 2-cycle outboard
engines according to the manufacturer's
specifications (usually 50:1 fuel to oil) can help
prevent inefficient burning.
• Routinely check for engine fuel leaks and use
a drip pan under engines.
The best way to keep fuel and oil out of bilge water
is to check for and fix small leaks, including
making sure fuel lines are secure and inspecting
them for wear.
• ,4 void pumping any bilge water that is oily or
has a sheen. Promote the use of materials that
either capture or digest oil in bilges. Examine
these materials frequentlv and replace as
necessary-.
Marina operators can advertise the availability of
oil-absorbing materials or can include the cost of
installation of such material in yearly dock fees. A
clause can be inserted in leasing agreements that
requires boaters to use oil-absorbing materials in
their bilges. Bioremediadon pads and biosocks
with natural oil-eating bacteria are available.
• Extract used oil from absorption pads if
possible, or dispose of it in accordance with
petroleum disposal guidelines.
If a container for recycling oil is available, place
extracted oil into it. Recycled oil should be
handled by a commercial waste oil hauler. If
recycling is not an option, boat owners can place
used pads in a sealed plastic bag and dispose of
them with other oily wastes. All fuel- or oil-
soaked materials should be stored together and
removed by a certified waste hauler. Nonabsorbing
booms can be cleaned and reused. Some materials
can be either recycled or burned as a heat source.
If a marina doesn't have a used oil collection
receptacle or program, a local department of
environmental protection can be contacted for the
location of the nearest used oil recycling station or
collection point.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-57
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
Source Reduction Practices
• Prohibit [he use of detergents and emulsifiers
on fuel spills.
Soaps, detergents, and emulsifying products will
hide a spill and seemingly make it disappear, but
they actually cause petroleum products to sink into
the water where the combination of fuel and
detergent can harm aquatic life and make the
pollutants difficult to collect. Use of detergent
bilge cleaners is illegal and subject to a high fine
from the U.S. Coast Guard. Many bilge cleaners
are actually detergents and their use should be
discouraged as well, since environmentally friendly
alternatives exist.
BMP Summary Table 7 summarizes the BMPs for
Petroleum Control mentioned in this guidance
4-58 National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Petroleum Control
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-59
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
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4-60
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
4.8. LIQUID MATERIAL MANAGEMENT
Management Measure for Liquid Material Management:
Provide and maintain appropriate storage, transfer, containment, and disposal
facilities for liquid material, such as oil, harmful solvents, antifreeze, and paints,
and encourage recycling of these materials.
Management Measure Description
Marinas store a variety of liquid materials for boat
and facility operation and generate a variety of
liquid wastes through the activities that occur on
marina property. Adequate storage and disposal
facilities are important if these materials are to be
kept out of the environment. Proper storage is also
important to ensure that liquid materials do not
become contaminated while in storage and have to
be prematurely disposed of. Marina patrons and
employees are more likely to properly dispose of
liquid wastes if adequate and safe disposal
facilities are provided. Many states have
mandatory or voluntary programs that address this
management measure.
Proper storage and disposal of potentially harmful
liquid materials can eliminate their entering marina
waters and harming the aquatic environment,
aquatic organisms, and marina or customer
property. Liquid materials for sale or use at the
marina, such as fuels, oils, solvents, and paints,
should be stored in a manner that minimizes the
chance of a spill and contains a spill should one
occur. Liquid wastes, such as waste fuel, used oil,
spent solvents, and spent antifreeze, should be
similarly stored until they can be recycled or
disposed of properly.
Small quantities of many liquid wastes, including
antifreeze, waste oil, pesticides, cleaners, solvents,
and paints, can be harmful or deadly to people.
wildlife, pets, fish, and other aquatic organisms.
Discharge of these materials into marina waters is
not only environmentally damaging, but also
destroys the overall clean, healthy environment
that a marina can provide to its patrons. Dirty
marinas affect boater satisfaction and present a
poor image to prospective patrons. A clean marina
reinforces the public image that boating is clean
and that marinas are beneficial for the
environment.
Regulations also play a role in proper liquid
material and waste management. Approved spill
protection materials and methods might be
required by the local fire department and are
necessary for marine environmental and liability
insurance coverage. Regardless of whether a
liquid waste material is eventually recycled or
disposed of, careful documentation of how much
material is collected, how it is removed from the
facility, and where it is ultimately going is
extremely important. These records are invaluable
if there is ever any question from state or federal
authorities about the marina's hazardous waste
collection and disposal practices.
Marina staff and boaters should be informed about
safe storage and disposal of liquid wastes. If a
marina collects waste oil for recycling or disposal,
precautions need to be taken to prevent
contamination of one waste type with an
incompatible type. Contaminated or mixed liquid
wastes are very expensive to dispose of because
commercial removal companies charge their
highest rates for unknown mixtures. Some marinas
have received costly fines by not controlling what
is dumped into waste oil containers, or who dumps
National Management Measures Guidance
4-61
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
materials into them. Holding tanks for liquid
wastes should be kept locked, and a staff person
should be responsible for moving waste from a
collection site to the storage facility.
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Build curbs, berms, or other barriers around
areas used for liquid material storage to
contain spills.
To contain spills, curbs or berms should be
installed around areas where liquid material is
stored. A general guide is to build berms or curbs
to be capable of containing 10 percent of the total
volume of liquid material stored or 110 percent of
the volume of the largest container in storage,
whichever is greater. Drains in the floor would
defeat the purpose of the curbs cr berms, so any
drains present should be permanently closed.
• Store liquid materials under cover on a
surface that is impervious to the type of
material stored.
Containers of hazardous liquid materials are best
stored in a protected place where min will not lead
to the containers' rusting and rupturing. It is
equally important that the surface on which the
containers are stored and of which the berms or
curbs are made be impervious to the contents of
the containers. If they aren't, a spill could quickly
destroy the spill containment material and spread.
• Storage and disposal artas for liquid
materials should be located in or near repair
and maintenance areas, undercover, protected
from runoff with berms or secondary
containment, and away from flood areas and
fire hazards.
Elliot Bay Marina (Washington) has its staff pick
up almost any hazardous waste directly from the
boat owner. This saves the poten-tial high cost
for disposing of hazardous ma-terials that have
been accidentally mixed by customers, thrown
into dumpsters, or left on the dock where they
could fall or leak into the water. This practice
has worked well and has resulted in lower
disposal costs, a spill-free marina, and happier
customers who do not have to handle the waste
pro-duct (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear
Value).
• Store minimal quantities of hazardous
materials.
A good idea is to conduct a regular review of the
facility's hazardous materials inventory to identify
any materials that can be stored in smaller
amounts, or that are no longer needed or that have
expired on the shelf. Buying only as much
material as will be used within a year, or on a
project basis, can save money and reduce waste.
• Provide clearly labeled, separate containers
for the disposal of waste oils, fuels, and other
liquid wastes.
Waste oils include waste engine oil, transmission
fluid, hydraulic fluid, and gear oil. Waste fuels
include gasoline, diesel, gasolines/oil blends, and
water contaminated by these fuels. Other liquid
materials of concern include used
antifreeze/coolant, solvents, acetone, paints, and, if
a restaurant is present, edible cooking oils and fats.
Each of these liquids needs a separate container
that is clearly marked to prevent mixing with other
liquids and to assist in its identification for proper
disposal. The containers should be covered in a
manner that prevents rainwater from entering them.
Used oil filters are best drained before disposal by
placing the filter in a funnel over the appropriate
waste collection container. Waste should be
Deep River Marina (Connecticut), Conanicut Marine Services (Rhode Island), and many other
marinas use portable oil-changing units that use a vacuum tank to suction oil out of an engine through
the dip-stick tube. The unit is rented to boaters for do-it-yourself oil changing (EPA, 1996: Clean
Marinas—Clear Value).
4-62
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Liquid Material Management
removed from the marina site by someone
permitted to handle such waste, such as a
hazardous material contractor, and receipts and
records of all materials disposed of and hauled
away should be retained for inspection.
Paint cans with unused paint should be opened in
well ventilated areas and left to dry until solid, then
disposed of with normal trash. For information on
how to handle particular types of hazardous wastes
and which wastes are hazardous and which are not,
contact a local extension service, waste hauler, or
fire department.
• Recycle liquid materials where possible.
The decision to recycle is usually based on the type
of waste and the availability of recycling facilities.
Where a recycling program is available, consider
participating and encouraging the participation of
all marina patrons.
• Change engine oil using nonspill vacuum-type
systems for spill-proof oil changes, or to
suction oily water from bilges.
• Use antifreeze and coolants that are less toxic
to the environment.
Care should be taken to avoid combining different
types of antifreeze/coolants. Propylene-glycol-
based antifreeze (with a PINK color) should be
used because it is less toxic to the environment.
Ethylene-glycol-based antifreeze (identifiable by
its BLUE-GREEN color) is very toxic to animals
and should be recycled when it is used.
• Use alternative liquid materials where
practical.
When possible, use low-toxicity or nontoxic
materials, such as water-based paints and solvents
and propylene-glycol antifreeze, in place of more
toxic products. The use of nontoxic, high-bonding,
easily cleaned coatings can be encouraged among
marina patrons. Solvents with low volatility and
coatings with low volatile organic compound
(VOC) content are available, as are long-lasting
and nontoxic antifouling paints.
• Follow manufacturer's directions and use
nonloxic or low-toxicity pesticides.
At both marinas and boat launch sites, all
pesticides (herbicide or insecticide) should be
applied according to the directions provided on the
container, and should be applied by someone
trained in pesticides application. All precautions
should be taken to avoid allowing any pesticide to
enter surface waters. Herbicides that are not toxic
to aquatic life are safest to use. A local extension
service is a good source of information on the
relative safety of pesticides and where and when
they can be safely applied. Use of mulches in
gardens and under shrubs can be as effective a
method for controlling weeds and is more
environmentally friendly than herbicides.
• Burn used oil used as a heating fuel.
EPA permits burning used oil as a heating fuel
(though some states might not permit it) if special
high-temperature furnaces are used. This
eliminates disposing of the used oil as a hazardous
waste (Figure 4.14). Normally, the only oil that
can be used as a fuel for high-temperature furnaces
is that collected as part of normal maintenance and
boat service work, but check with the local
environmental authority or the furnace
manufacturer.
Source Reduction Practices
• Prepare a hazardous materials spill recovery
plan and update it as necessary.
If large amounts of hazardous materials and/or
wastes are stored even for short periods of time on
marina property, a spill prevention and recovery
plan should be adopted. The plan should list the
types and volumes of materials that could
potentially be spilled. This information is
important because spill response action is
dependent on the type of material spilled. A spill
response plan for hazardous material can be
integrated into an oil spill response plan and
should include the same components:
National Management Measures Guidance
4-63
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
Figure 4.14. West Access Marina (Illinois)
installed a high-temperature furnace in 1993,
which extended the marina's boat maintenance
.ctivities into and through the winter. The
arina's engine maintenance service collects
etween 1,000 and 2,000 gallons of waste oil a
•ar. It is collected in small containers and
lored in a 1,000-gallon drum. The furnace
urns very cleanly at 3,000 °F. The furnace
[saves the marina thousands of dollars each year
in waste oil removal costs (EPA, 1996: Clean
Marinas—Clear Value),
water surface it' they do enter surface waters, so
absorbent materials should be used as soon as
possible after a spill to contain them. These
materials should then be disposed of properly.
BMP Summary Table 8 summarizes the BMPs for
Liquid Material management mentioned in this
guidance.
• Who: Clearly identify who is responsible for
taking what action.
• What: Explain what action should be taken
during a spill event and, based on multiple
scenarios, what equipment should be deployed.
• When: Specify when additional resources
should be called for assistance.
• Where: Tell where the material is located in the
facility.
• How: Explain how the equipment should be
used and disposed of.
• Keep adequate spill response equipment
where liquid materials are stored.
Equipment that is suitable for the variety of
materials stored and can contain spilled material
and prevent it from entering surface waters should
be readily available near where spills are likely.
Many hazardous materials do not remain on the
4-64
National Management Measures Guidance
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Liquid Material Management
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4-65
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
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Liquid Material Management
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-67
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
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4-68
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
4.9. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Management Measure for Solid Waste:
Properly dispose of solid wastes produced by the operation, cleaning,
maintenance, and repair of boats to limit entry of solid wastes to surface waters.
Management Measure Description
This management measure is focused on
controlling the solid waste that can collect at
marinas and boat ramp sites if waste receptacles
are not provided and conveniently located, or
sufficient attention is not given to controlling waste
produced during boat cleaning, maintenance, and
repair activities. Many of the management
practices that are useful for reducing solid waste
production during boat maintenance activities are
discussed under the Storm Water Runoff
management measure, since much of the solid
waste produced during boat maintenance activities
could potentially be carried to surface waters in
storm water runoff. Please refer to the discussions
of those management practices under the Storm
Water Runoff management measure.
The purpose of the management measure is to
prevent solid waste from polluting surface waters.
Solid waste from boat cleaning, maintenance, and
repair might contain harmful substances such as
antitbulant paint chips or solvents used to clean or
polish metal or wood parts. Solid waste from
general activities and marina use, such as plastic
bags, cups, cigarette butts, and food containers also
pollutes surface waters and degrades the habitats of
aquatic animals and plants. The simple act of
picking up and properly disposing of trash goes a
long way toward preventing this form of nonpoint
source pollution.
Marinas that appear clean because litter is not a
visual problem are also more attractive to
customers when they are shopping for a place to
dock their boat or when it comes time to sign a
new slip rental lease. Cleanliness at a marina can
also lead to public recognition and to fewer
complaints about flat tires or floating trash in slips.
Substantial clean-up costs can be replaced by small
initial investments in trash collection and
preventive practices (Figure 4.15). The investment
in some clean marina practices can be recovered by
renting equipment such as dustless sanders. or
selling items such as filter cloth to boat owners.
|Figure 4.15. Filter cloths to capture debris. Port
nnapolis Marina (Maryland) uses geotextile
.creening cloths to capture the normal sanding
nd scraping debris, as well as screws, nails,
nd other solid materials. This reduces cleanup
ime and improves appearance (EPA, 1996:
Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
Providing sufficient waste receptacles, separating
wastes into classes of recyclables, and preventing
litter are all accepted practices today, and are pan
of customer service and environmentally friendly
management at any public establishment. Marinas
generate solid waste through boat maintenance.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-69
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
parties and small social gatherings on boats,
restaurants, and commercial activity at the marina,
and the day-to-day operation of the facility (Figure
4.16). If adequate trash and solid waste disposal
facilities are not available, solid waste is more
likely to end up in surface waters or scattered on
the marina grounds, from which it might be blown
or washed into surface waters. Ma-ina patrons and
employees are more likely to properly dispose of
solid wastes if given adequate opportunity and
disposal facilities, and under federal law, marinas
and port facilities must supply adequate and
convenient waste disposal facilities for their
customers.
:igure4.16. Vacuum sanders. Employees at
The Lodge of Four Seasons Marina (Missouri)
use vacuum or "dustless" sanders for preparing
hulls for painting, reducing waste in the
environment and cleanup time (EPA, 1996:
\Clean Marinas— Clear Value).
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Encourage marina patrons to avoid doing any
debris-producing hull maintenance while their
boats are in the water. When maintenance is
done with the boat in the water (for small
projects and where necessary), prevent debris
from falling into the water.
The quantity of debris discarded into the marina
basin from boat maintenance activities can be
minimized by limiting in-the-water boat
maintenance to tasks that do not produce solid
debris, such as propeller work and hull inspection.
Dustless sanders can be used for topside work in
slips, and tarps can be laid out between a boat and
the dock to catch any debris.
It can be very difficult to do any hull maintenance
while the boat is in the water without some debris
falling into the water, and some marina managers
require that all work be done on land. If feasible,
limit in-the-water hull maintenance to boat
cleaning, and even then, use environmentally
friendly cleaners. (See the Boat Cleaning
management measure).
• Place trash receptacles in convenient
locations for marina patrons. Covered
dumpsters and trash cans are ideal.
Many people don't want to put their trash
anywhere except in a trash receptacle. For these
people, and to encourage those who might
otherwise consider dropping trash on the ground to
use trash receptacles, waste disposal facilities
should be conveniently located near repair and
maintenance areas, in parking lots, on docks, and
in heavy-use areas, such as near grassy areas where
people picnic and in parking lots. Covered trash
receptacles do not fill up with water when it rains,
do not lose their contents to strong winds, and are
less likely to be invaded by scavenging mammals
and birds. A loose cover also acts as an indicator
when a receptacle is full. The best overfill
prevention is frequent emptying by marina staff.
• Provide trash receptacles at boat launch sites.
Trash disposal can be a big problem at boat launch
ramps. Boat launch sites are often the most
convenient access point to waterbodtes, and people
from nearby areas, the non-boating public, or those
not using the launch ramp for boat launching (e.g.,
those who use the site for picnicking, swimming,
or shore fishing) deposit their trash in the
receptacles provided for boaters at the site. If trash
receptacles are provided at the launch site, this use
may be expected, and a pick-up schedule arranged
accordingly. Some states (e.g., Maine and
Minnesota) have experimented with removing
trash receptacles from boat launch sites, because
overflowing trash receptacles and litter strewn on
4-70
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
So//d Waste Management
the ground can result from providing trash
receptacles that are insufficient to accommodate
the trash from all users. Some people will leave
their trash atop an overflowing trash receptacle or
beside one rather than take it with them, thinking
it will be picked up by someone whose job is to do
so. Maine and Minnesota have found that, when
this is the case, the boating public generally does
not complain and complies by taking their trash
with them. Litter can actually cease to be a
problem after trash receptacles are removed in
these instances. If it is decided not to provide trash
receptacles, posting signs that ask people to "Pack
it out!" can reduce the quantity of trash left at the
site.
• Provide facilities for collecting recyclable
materials.
Recycling of nonhazardous solid waste such as
scrap metal, aluminum, glass, wood pallets,
batteries, paper, and cardboard is recommended
wherever feasible. Used lead-acid batteries should
be stored on an impervious surface, under cover,
and sent to or picked up by an approved recyclable
materials handler. Often a recycling rebate,
perhaps $5, is paid to the marina for each battery.
Where recycling is available through the
municipality, it can be a cost-effective way to
decrease trash disposal costs. Public education is
necessary if a recycling program is to be effective,
though today many people recycle at their homes
and already have a "recycle" consciousness.
Although recycling is a preferred disposal method
for reusable materials, not all municipalities
provide the service free of charge. Recycling can
be performed in-house, but private service
providers are often costly. In such a case, the
quantity of waste produced can be lessened by
reusing materials and sharing leftover cleaning and
maintenance supplies (e.g., excess varnish and
paint) among customers. A marina can place a
bulletin board up for notices from patrons about
extra supplies that are available or might provide
some sort of materials exchange program.
The All Seasons Marina (New Jersey) cut its
trash bill in half by taking advantage of the
local solid waste recycling program. The
Cap Sante Boat Haven (Washington) partic-
ipates in a municipal recycling program and
saves 10 to 20 percent on its annual trash
removal bill. The marina rents 28 recycling
bins from the town and places them at dock
• Provide boaters with trash bags.
Boaters can be encouraged to bring all of the trash
they generate while boating back to an onshore
trash receptacle by providing them with a plastic
bag or other suitable trash container. Imprinted
with a manna's logo, the bag will carry the clear
message that the marina cares about the
environment.
• Use a reusable blasting medium.
New technologies are available that make use of a
plastic blast medium that can be reused several
times until it wears out. The plastic blast medium
is used to remove antifoulant paint and is
vacuumed into a hopper with the debris for
recovery, cleaning, and reclaiming (Figure 4.17).
The much smaller volume of debris is collected
and sent to a landfill.
Source Reduction Practices
• Require patrons to clean up pet wastes and
provide a specific dog walking area at the
marina.
Where floating piers extend far from the grassy
areas of a marina, dog waste can become a
problem, leading to many complaints from staff
and boat owners. In many cities, dog owners are
required to clean up after their pets when they walk
them on public streets and parks. A similar policy
can take care of this problem at marinas.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-71
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
Figure 4.17. Associated Marine Technologies
^Florida) took pollution prevention of hull sand-
blasting debris a step further by switching from a
silica wet/dry sandblasting medium to a closed
system that employs a reusable plastic material.
The facility uses a high-capacity plastic-medium-
>lasting dry stripper and a media reclaimer that
recovers the plastic material and separates it
from the paint dust. This process significantly
reduces the cost of cleanup and disposal, gives
a higher-quality surface, and is much less ag-
gressive on the new gelcoats of f berglass hulls
EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value).
BMP Summary Table 9 summarizes the BMPs for
Solid Waste Management mentioned in this
guidance.
4-72
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
So//d kVaste Management
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4-73
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
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So//d Waste Management
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-75
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4.10. FISH WASTE MANAGEMENT
Management Measure for Fish Waste Management:
Promote sound fish waste management through a combination of fish-cleaning
restrictions, public education, and proper disposal of fish waste.
Management Measure Description
Fish waste can create water qua ity problems at
marinas where a lot of fish are landed. This might
be the case where long piers or breakwaters
provide access to deep water or accommodation for
many fishers, where fishing tournaments are held,
or at any marina during the local high fishing
season. The waste from fish cleaning shouldn't be
disposed of into a marina basin because of the
chance of overwhelming the natural ability of the
waterbody to assimilate and decompose it. The
dissolved oxygen consumed by the decomposing
fish parts can cause anaerobic, foul-smelling
conditions. Unconsumed or floating fish parts are
also an unattractive addition to the marina
property. Fish waste is better disposed of in
offshore waters (if the state allows) where the fish
are caught, or treated as waste like any other and
deposited in trash containers.
Proper disposal of fish waste by marina patrons
helps keep marinas clean and free of waste.
Although only a few marinas deal with large
amounts of fish waste or fishing within the basin,
sport fishers can be found at most marinas, and it
is a good idea for marinas to promote proper fish
waste disposal. Fish cleaning stations provide
convenient places for marina patrons to clean fish
and dispose of their waste material, and help to
keep the rest of the marina clean. Marina
managers often find that once a good fish cleaning
station is available to fishing patrons, the patrons
gladly use it because gutting ;i fish at a fish
cleaning station avoids the mess created on a boat
or dock, and non-fishing marina patrons are likely
to appreciate not having fish waste on docks or
floating near their boats.
Some states prohibit fish waste from being
discarded in nearshore waters and require that
marinas prohibit the practice. Without a
designated place to clean fish, docks, piers, and
bulkheads can become dirty quickly.
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Clean fish offshore where the fish are caught
and discard of the fish waste at sea (if allowed
by the state).
Fish waste can be disposed of in the offshore
ecosystems from which the fish are caught. The
quantity of fish waste produced from recreational
fishing generally should not cause any water
quality problems in open waters. Some states
(such as Florida) require that all game fish be
brought ashore intact for measurement by fisheries
officials, and this management practice does not
apply.
• Install fish cleaning stations at the marina.
and at boat launch sites.
A fish cleaning station is a particular area set aside
for cleaning fish that have been caught. They
typically have a cutting table large enough to
accommodate a few to many people, a fresh water
hose or other form of running water, and
receptacles for the waste. Boaters and fishers can
4-76
National Management Measures Guidance
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Fish Waste Management
be informed of the presence of the station and
encouraged to use it. To keep the stations
attractive and sanitary, they should be cleaned
frequently, even as often as after each use. Making
the station convenient to use and clean will
encourage people to keep it clean themselves. Fish
waste is placed in covered containers, and the
collected waste is disposed of with other solid
waste or by some other environmentally friendly
means (refer to the next management practice). If
nutrient enrichment is not a problem in regional
waters, fish cleaning stations can use garbage
disposal units to grind the waste, and then send the
ground waste to a municipal sewer line for waste
disposal.
Where extensive fishing is done from a boat
launch site, fish cleaning stations can be helpful.
Fish waste disposal is a problem at boat launch
sites because boaters return from fishing and
usually want to clean their catch before they leave.
Fish cleaning stations provide the ideal facility
where fishers can gather to discuss their catch and
clean it before heading home. As with a marina
fish cleaning station, fish waste can be collected in
covered containers and disposed of like regular
trash or ground and emptied into a local sewage
disposal system (where local regulations permit).
An alternative approach would be to install an
onsite disposal system with a holding tank, though
this is not recommended where waterbodies have
nutrient enrichment problems.
* Compost fish waste where appropriate.
A law passed in 1989 in New York forbids
discarding fish waste, with exceptions, into
freshwater or within 100 feet of shore.
Contaminants in some fish leave few alternatives
for disposing of fish waste, so Cornell University
and the New York Sea Grant Extension Program
conducted a fish composting project to deal with
the more than 2 million pounds of fish waste
generated by the salmonid fishery each year. In the
demonstration project, fish parts were mixed with
peat moss and the mixture quickly turned into an
excellent compost suitable for gardens. The study
found that even with this quantity of waste, if
composting was done properly, the problems of
odor, rodents, and insects were minimal and the
process was effective. Another method of fish
waste composting, described by the University of
Wisconsin Sea Grant Institute, is suitable for
amounts of compost ranging from a bucketful to
the quantities produced by a fish-processing plant.
A local extension service can be contacted for
information on locally applicable composting
procedures and equipment and where supplies can
be purchased.
• Freeze fish parts and reuse them as bait or
chum on the next fishing trip.
Fishers might consider recycling their own fish
waste into bait for their next fishing trip. The fish
parts from one fishing trip can be placed in a
plastic bag, frozen, and then used on the next
excursion as either bait or offshore chum to attract
game fish.
• Encourage catch and release fishing, which
does not kill the fish and produces no fish
waxte.
The increasingly popular practice of "catch and
release" by recreational and competitive fishermen
is reducing the fish waste problem at many
marinas.
BMP Summary Table 10 summarizes the BMPs
for Fish Waste Management mentioned in this
guidance.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-77
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CHAPTER 4: Management Measures
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4-78
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Fish Waste Management
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-79
-------
4.11. SEWAGE FACILITY MANAGEMENT
Management Measure for Sewage Facilities:
Install pumpout, dump station, and restroom facilities where needed at new and
expanding marinas to reduce the release of sewage to surface waters. Design
these facilities to allow ease of access and post signage to promote use by the
boating public.
Management Measure Description
Boat sewage can be a problem when discharged
into surface waters without pretreatment. It is
similar to situations when discharges of municipal
sewage close beaches when heavy rainstorms
overburden sewer systems and rainwater mixed
with raw sewage is discharged directly to surface
waters through combined sev/er overflows.
Sewage from boats is more concentrated than that
from either combined sewer overflows or sewage
treatment plants because marine heads use little
water for flushing and the sewage i.n marine heads
is not diluted by water from bathing, dishwashing,
or rain. Boat sewage contains nutrients that can
stimulate aquatic plant growth (algae and large
aquatic plants) and pathogens (fecal coliform
bacteria and viruses) that can cause human health
problems either directly through contact in the
water or indirectly through the consumption of
contaminated seafood.
Progress has been made toward eliminating
discharges of sanitary waste from boats with the
designation of no discharge zones, installation of
pumpouts nationwide, and growing number of
boater education programs. Efforts to reduce
sewage discharges and to educate boaters about the
damage they cause needs to continue, and marinas
can play a direct and important role in these
matters.
Pumpout facilities and restrocms should be
installed at new marinas and, where feasible, at
existing marinas. Most states encourage the
installation and use of pumpouts through the
federal Clean Vessel Act (CVA) Grant Program
and boater education.
Boaters and marinas are usually not considered to
be primary sources of pathogen contamination in
surface waters. Measurements of fecal coliform
(or "E. coli") bacteria are used as an indicator of
sewage contamination in surface waters. It is often
hard to attnbute high coliform levels directly to
any particular source, and within an area numerous
potential sources are often present. Background
coliform levels from runoff polluted with pet waste
and droppings of waterfowl can be high, septic
systems in an area might be poorly maintained or
operating improperly, municipal sewage systems
might have leaks, and boaters in marinas might be
discharging untreated or insufficiently treated
waste into surface waters. This management
measure addresses all potential sources of sewage
pollution to our surface waters. Boaters and
marinas, in particular, have a vested interest in
clean waters, since the livelihood of marinas and
the recreational benefits boaters derive from use of
the waters are clearly linked to clean water.
Type I and II marine sanitation devices (MSDs) are
used to pretreat boat sewage before being
discharged overboard (except in a no discharge
zone) if not prohibited by local ordinances. In an
area designated as a no discharge zone, MSDs of
all types must be configured to prevent discharge
to surface waters and all sewage must be pumped
4-80
National Management Measures Guidance
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Sewage Facility Management
out. Type III MSDs are holding tanks, must be
emptied into sewage treatment systems, and cannot
he discharged overboard. It is strongly
recommended that holding tanks equipped with Y-
valves have the valves in the closed position to
prevent accidental discharge into boating waters.
Pumpout use and no discharge zone designations
have improved water quality in many areas, so that
shellt'ishing and aquaculture, once prohibited due
to high bacterial concentrations, are allowed again.
A description of the types of MSDs is provided in
Section .V
Chemicals are used in holding tanks to retard the
normal aerobic digestion of sewage and release of
noxious odors. Some concern has been expressed
about the effect that these chemicals might have on
municipal sewage treatment systems (that is. the
possibility of interfering with bacterial digestion in
the first stages of sewage treatment) when boater
sewage is transferred to a municipal sewage
system. Studies of this effect have found that
neither the chemicals nor the concentration of
marine wastes is a problem for any properly
operating public sewage treatment plant.
Two of the most important factors in successfully
preventing sewage discharge from boats are
providing adequate and reasonably available
pumpout facilities and conducting a
comprehensive boater education program.
Congress passed the Clean Vessel Act (CVA) in
1992 to help reduce pollution from vessel sewage
discharges by providing funding to states for the
installation of adequate pumpout facilities (Figure
4.18). The Act established a 5-year (1992-1997)
federal grant program administered by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service that authorized funding
from the Sport Fish Restoration Account of the
Aquatic Resources Trust Fund for use by states.
Grants are available from the CVA grant program
to both private and public marinas for the
construction, renovation, operation, and
maintenance of pumpout stations and waste
reception facilities. The Act was renewed for a
second 5-year period in 1998. Further information
about CVA grants and the grant program is
available at the U.S. Fish and Wildlife web site at
.
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Insiall pumpout facilities where needed. Use
a system compatible with the marina's needs.
Three types of onshore sewage collection systems
to handle sewage from boat holding tanks and
portable toilets are available—fixed point systems.
portable/mobile systems, and dedicated slipside
systems (Figure 4.19).
• Fixed-point systems
Fixed-point collection systems include one or more
centrally located sewage pumpout stations. The
stations are usually located at the end of a pier.
often on a fueling dock, so that fueling and
pumpout operations can be done at the same time.
A boat that needs pumpout service moves to the
pumpout station; a flexible hose is connected to the
wastewater fitting in the hull of the boat: and
pumps or a vacuum system move the wastewater to
an onshore holding tank, a public sewer system, a
private treatment facility, or another approved
disposal facility.
• Dump stations for portable toilets
Where boats in a marina use only small portable
(removable) toilets, a satisfactory disposal facility
Figure 4.18. Pumpout station {Clean Vessel Act)
logo.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-81
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
Portable/mobile system.
contents emptied onshore
Figure 4.19. Examples of pumpojt systems.
is a dump station, which are also fundable with a
CVA grant.
• Portable systems
Portable/mobile systems are similar to fixed-point
systems and in some situations can be used in their
place at a fueling dock. A portable unit includes a
pump and a small storage tank. The unit is moved
to a boat where it is docked. The unit is connected
to the deck fitting on the vessel, and wastewater is
pumped from the vessel's holding tank to the
pumping unit's storage tank. When the storage
tank is full, the portable unit is taken to a location
where its contents can be discharged into a
municipal sewage system or a holding tank for
removal by a septic tank pumpout service.
Some marinas use a smaller mobile pumpout unit
that does not have a holding tank attached, but
instead pumps directly from the boat through a
pump hose, into a hose fitting in each slip that is
connected to a below-dock.
gravity-drained sewer pipe
system.
Because boaters do not have to
move their boats to a special
location to use the systems and
marinas do not have to install
extensive dockside piping and
pumping systems to provide
pumpout service, portable
pumpout facilities might be the
most feasible, convenient,
accessible, regularly used, and
affordable way to ensure
proper disposal of boat
sewage.
Mobile systems have to be
moved about a marina, and this
factor should be considered
when determining the correct
type of system for a marina.
One type of portable/mobile
type of pumpout unit that is
popular in the Great Salt Pond
in Block Island, Rhode Island,
is the radio-dispatched pumpout boat. The
pumpout boat goes to a vessel in response to a
radio-transmitted request, pumps the holding tank,
and moves on to the next vessel requesting a
pumpout. This approach eliminates the
inconvenience of lines, docking, and maneuvering
vessels in high-traffic areas. Pumpout boats and
mobile systems are also fundable with a CVA
grant.
• Dedicated slipside systems
Dedicated slipside systems provide continuous
wastewater collection at select slips in a marina.
Slipside pumpouts are particularly suited to
liveaboard vessels, and dedicated slipside pumpout
points could be provided to slips designated for
liveaboards, while the remainder of the marina
could still be served by either a fixed point or
mobile pumpout system.
In a dedicated system, direct connections are made
4-82
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Sewage Facility Management
between the bout and a below-dock gravity-drained
sewer pipe system (Figure 4.20). This requires use
of a vacuum-type pumpout system, which
evacuates the entire line and the boat holding tank.
The landside vacuum pumpout, which has its own
holding tank, can discharge directly into a large
inground holding tank or to a municipal sewer
system.
• Provide pumpout sen'ice at convenient times
and a! a reasonable cost.
Use of pumpout stations increases if they are made
available at times of day when customers want to
use them. Pumpout availability during regular
marina hours or when the fuel dock is also open (if
the pumpout station is located next to the fuel
station) has been found to work well. Pumpout
stations should be available to all boats that are
able to access them and cannot be restricted to
marina members. Fees of up to $5 are federally
allowed under the CVA grant program, and high
fees often decrease pumpout use.
• Keep pumpout stations dean and easily
accessible, and consider having marina staff
do pumpouts.
Free pumpouts are certainly an attraction for
customers, but cleanliness and ease of use are
popular features as well. Customers are more
likely to use pumpouts if they are kept clean and
neat, and directions for their use are clearly posted.
Having a marina employee do pumpouts for
patrons, is a real service that patrons appreciate,
especially if the staff person is skilled in use of the
pumpout and is knowledgeable of the rules
pertaining to marine sanitation devices (Figure
4.21). The ability of a pumpout station to attract
new customers is magnified when pumpouts are
free and done by marina staff!
• Provide portable toilet dump stations near
small slips and launch ramps.
The vast majority of boats used in the United
States are under 26 feet in length, and over half are
under 18 feet in length. Of those boats that have
toilets onboard, most use portable units designed to
Figure 4.20. Pumpout system at Hall of Fame
Marina, California. Accommodating dozens of
yachts over 100 feet LOA, the marine's pumpout
system includes below-dock sewer pipes and
connectors at each slip (EPA, 1996: Clean
Marinas—Clear Value).
be carried ashore for dumping into toilets. Boaters
on these boats can be encouraged to dispose of
their waste properly by providing portable toilet
dump stations. The stations can be placed on
docks or land where they are convenient to use and
can be kept clean. Marinas should consider
making at least one dump station available, even if
the marina caters primarily to large boats. Public
launch ramps should offer dump stations where
feasible.
• Provide restrooms at all marinas and boat
ramps.
Clean, dry, brightly lit restrooms in marinas will
generally be used in preference to boat toilets,
especially if easy to get to. Restrooms are the best
National Management Measures Guidance
4-83
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
Figure 4.21. Management at Eatery Park
Marina (Ohio) found that most customers are
willing to pump fuel but not their sewage. Dock
staff at the marina, therefore, punp out the
boats. Customers also often prefer to make a
single stop for both fuel and a pumpout, and
marinas that have made it convenient for
boaters to do this (such as Battery Park Marina
and Kean's Detroit Yacht Harbor in Michigan)
have found that the arrangement leads to an
ncrease in the volume of fuel sales as well as
customer satisfaction (EPA, 1996: Clean
Marinas—Clear Value).
This is a NO DISCHARGE marina.
Please use our clean restrooms.
Pumpout service is free to customers.
Do your part to keep our water clean.
way to reduce boat toilet use and thus decrease the
potential for overboard discharge of untreated
sewage. Where feasible, restrcoms should be
provided for those who use boat launch ramps.
Restrooms are an amenity that can increase user
satisfaction and decrease direct sewage discharges
to waterbodies.
• Consider declaring marina waters to be a "no
discharge" area.
Federal law prohibits discharge of any untreated
sewage into all territorial waters, including coastal
waters to the 3-mile territorial limit, and inland
waters of the Nation, but does allow use of Coast
Guard-approved marine sanitation devices (MSD
Types I and II). A private marina that is not in a
federal or state designated no discharge zone may
prohibit sewage discharges within the marina
basin, if desired, with the addition of a clause to
the slip rental contract stating that sewage
discharge is not permitted (Figure 4.22). An
attorney can add the appropriate language.
Marina-specific no discharge policies will work if
conditions similar to those necessary to make
federal or state designated NDZs effective:
Figure 4.22. An example of a sign declaring a
"no discharge" marina.
• Provision of adequate restroom facilities for
marina patrons.
• Convenient and low-cost or free pumpout service
at the marina.
• Adequate boater education.
• Signs that declare the marina policy of no
discharge.
• Contract language that is legally sufficient and
easy to understand.
• Visible enforcement.
• Establish practices and post signs to control
pet waste problems.
Many boats have dogs aboard and the animals need
an area to relieve themselves. The best way to
control pet sewage is to provide a special area
away from the shore for dogs to be taken and ask
owners to clean up after their pets (Figure 4.23).
A grassy area that is away from where people walk
or children play is ideal.
• Avoid feeding of wild birds in the marina.
The popular practice of feeding wild ducks, geese,
swans, and seagulls around the docks attracts more
birds and encourages all of them to become long-
term residents at the marina. Such residential
flocks can contaminate water, foul docks, and
create a mess on boats. The best way to reduce
this water pollution source is to prohibit people
from feeding the birds.
The largest marina in the world, Marina Del Rey
(California), is owned and operated by the County
of Los Angeles. The county was forced to close
one of its popular family bathing beaches for over
a year due to high fecal contamination in the water.
Extensive tests proved that the source of the
pollution problem was seagulls overnighting on the
4-84
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Sewage Facility Management
Figure 4.23. Elliott Bay Marina (Washington)
solved the problem of dog droppings on its
docks by providing free disposable plastic bags
for owners to use to clean up after their pets.
This inexpensive solution freed staff from having
to clean the grounds of dog droppings period-
ically and virtually eliminated complaints from
other boaters (EPA, 1996: Clean
Marinas—Clear Value).
beach, not from boat sewage. Within days of
stringing monofilament lines over the beach to
discourage bird visits, water quality improved
dramatically and the beach was eventually
reopened.
• Establish no discharge zones to prevent any
sewage from entering boating waters.
Every state has some no discharge boating waters
that prohibit release of any treated or untreated
sewage From all boats and vessels. EPA
regulations define two types of no discharge zones
(NDZs)—those that are NDZs by nature of their
geography, and those that can be designated by
EPA and states. Waterbodies of the first type
include freshwater lakes and reservoirs, and other
freshwater impoundments whose entrance and exit
points do not support traffic by the regulated
vessels, i.e., by vessels with installed toilets.
Rivers that do not support interstate vessel traffic
are also NDZs by this rule. Waterbodies of the
second type (i.e., that can be designated as NDZs
by EPA or states) include coastal waters and
estuaries, the Great Lakes and their interconnected
waterways, and other flowing interstate waters that
are navigable by vessels with installed toilets.
Since I975. when EPA approved the first state
application for a no discharge zone, many states
have established NDZs. Some states, including
Michigan, Missouri, New Mexico, and Rhode
Island, have designated all their waters as no
discharge zones (Table 4-3). All of Lake Michigan
and most of Lake Superior have been declared to
be NDZs.
A no discharge designation is particularly
applicable to inland lakes and reservoirs where
flushing might be limited, primary contact
recreational activities (e.g., swimming,
windsurfing) are popular, and surrounding homes
might use septic systems for sewage treatment.
The Clean Vessel Act provides grants to coastal
and inland states for pumpout stations and waste
reception facilities to dispose of recreational boater
sewage. A listing of existing no discharge zones is
presented in at the end of this management
measure discussion.
For a no discharge designation to be successful.
three key elements are necessary:
• Pumpout services in the area declared to be an
NDZ should be reasonably available when
customers need them and adequate for the
number of boaters in the area.
• Boaters should be educated about the purpose
and importance of the NDZ designation, how to
properly comply with the designation, and the
locations of pumpout services.
• The NDZ designation should be strictly enforced
to ensure compliance. Enforcement can include
boat inspection to ensure that through-hull
valves from boat toilets or holding tanks are
sealed shut, and that Y-valves direct toilet waste
into holding tanks. NDZ designations usually
National Management Measures Guidance
4-85
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
Table 4-3. EPA-designated no-discharge zones in the United States (as of1999).
Waters in which flushing of vessel sewage, treated or untreated, is prohibited
Boundary Waters Canoe Area: Border of 100 miles of Minnesota and Canada
California: 11 coastal harbors - Avalon Bay Harbor, Channel Islands Harbor at Oxnard, Dana Point
Harbor, Huntington Harbor, Mission Bay, Newport Bay, Oceanside Harbor, Richardson Bay, San
Diego Bay, Santa Catalina Issland, Sunset Bay
Florida: Destin Harbor
Rhode Island: Great Salt Pond, Block Island, and all Rhode Island Coastal Waters up to 3 miles out
Lake Champlain: New York, Vermont
Lake George: New York
Hudson River: New York, 65 miles from Roseton (above Newburgh) to southern tip of Houghtaling
Island (at Coeymans) and from the Troy-Waterford Bridge to Lock #2.
Vermont: Lake Menphremagog
Lake Tahoe: Both California and Nevada sides of the lake
Michigan: All waters
Minneapolis-St. Paul: Confluence of the Mississippi and Minnesota Rivers
Missouri: All waters except the Mississippi and Missouri rivers and western portion of Bull Shoals
Lake
Massachusetts: Nantucket Ha-tor, Wareham Harbor, Waquoit Harbor, Westport Harbor,
Chatham-Stage Harbor Complex (Pending: town of Harwich)
New Hampshire: All waters except tidal waters
New Jersey: Manasquan River and Shark River
New Mexico: All waters
Texas: 24 man-made lakes
Wisconsin: All waters except the Mississippi and St. Croix rivers and Wisconsin portion of Lake
Superior
Georgia/South Carolina: Lake Hartwell
•NOTES: Under federal law, completely enclosed freshwater lakes are by definition "no discharge" zones. If they
carry interstate traffic or allow access by canals, or locks, they are not.
•"No discharge" refers to vessel sewage, treated or untreated, and does not apply to gray water, i.e., galley or
shower water.
•Source: Boat Owners Association of the United States, .
are not effective without vigorous enforcement.
» Establish equipment requirem ent policies that
prohibit the use of Y-valves on boats on inland
waters.
The U.S. Coast Guard has established equipment
requirements for vessels with onboard toilets.
Federal law prohibits the discharge of any
untreated sewage within the continental waters of
the nation, including all rivers and lakes as well as
coastal waters out to 3 nautical miles into the
ocean. These policies typically require that these
vessels be configured so that the direct discharge
of sewage, treated or untreated, to a waterbody is
not possible. Only those relatively few boats that
do travel out beyond the 3-mile limit may use a Y-
valve to discharge overboard. Yet the reality is
that many boats that never enter the ocean have Y-
valves, seacocks, and thru-hulls installed. Most of
these are boats built before there were sufficient
numbers of pumpouts available. Y-valves (also
called "cheater valves") have no purpose other
than to bypass the holding tank to avoid using a
pumpout. This is clearly illegal and not good for
water quality.
As with no-discharge policies, in order for laws
that require specific equipment or configurations
on boats to work, sufficient and suitable facilities
for disposing of any waste (pumpout services or
dump stations) should be available.
4-86
National Management Measures Guidance
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Sewage Facility Management
Dramatic improvements in water quality
have been recorded where pumpouts have
been installed and their use enforced.
Water testing in Avalon Harbor (California)
and Block Island (Rhode Island) following
implementation of no discharge designa-
tions revealed significant decreases in fecal
coliform bacteria concentrations during the
boating season. In Rhode Island, the de-
crease permitted the opening of a major
shellfish bed on Block Island after 13 years
of summer closure.
Another essential factor that promotes boater
compliance is enforcement of regulations. On
Lake Winnepeasaukee (New Hampshire), every
boat is inspected for having a holding tank and no
Y-valve or thru-hull discharge fitting. When a
thru-hull fitting is discovered, it must be plugged
solid before being allowed to be used on the lake.
This enforcement has been done successfully for
over 30 years by state inspectors at all public
launch ramps and by staff in private marinas
around the lake.
BMP Summary Table 11 summarizes the BMPs
for Sewage Facility Management mentioned in this
guidance.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-87
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
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4-88
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Sewage Facility Management
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-89
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
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4-90
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
4.12. MAINTENANCE OF SEWAGE FACILITIES
Management Measure for Maintenance of Sewage Facilities:
Ensure that sewage pumpout facilities are maintained in operational condition and
encourage their use.
Management Measure Description
Boaters are becoming increasingly aware of the
need to protect the environment and of their role in
maintaining healthy waters. Boaters today want to
do what is proper for the environment, and
maintaining sewage facilities in good operating
condition at all times so that they are always
accessible to boaters helps boaters achieve their
environmental goals. This measure is important
because it is the simplest and most effective way to
prevent the failure of sewage facilities, and to
ensure their availability to boaters.
Sewage collection facilities, including sewage
pumpout stations and portable toilet dump stations,
help reduce the release of untreated sewage into
marina and surface waters. Boaters can only use
the facilities, however, when they operate properly.
Nonfunctioning sewage collection and disposal
facilities present a serious obstacle to boaters
whose holding tanks are full, and in such
circumstances boaters are left with few choices for
sewage disposal—travel elsewhere to find an
operable pumpout or dump station, discharge
sewage directly overboard, or cease using their
boat toilets. The first of these options is very
inconvenient; the second is illegal in no discharge
zones, and legal otherwise only through an
approved marine sanitation device in appropriate
waters; and the third would mean "stop using your
boat" to many boaters. Also, an inoperable
pumpout or dump station at one manna can create
an excessive demand at stations in the same area
that are operable. Long lines at the pumpouts can
result, and these can be discouraging and tempt
people to discharge illegally. Finally, if pumpouts
are free to those with slips at a marina and the
pumpout at that marina is inoperable, patrons will
not likely be pleased with having to pay for a
pumpout elsewhere.
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Maintain a dedicated fund and issue a
contract for pumpout and dump station repair
and maintenance (applies to government-
operated marinas, pumpout stations, and
dump stations only).
Government-owned and operated marinas and
launch ramps can establish dedicated funds
specifically to maintain pumpouts and dump
stations in continuous operational condition. If a
Clean Vessel Act grant was used to purchase and
install the sewage station, the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service requires that pumpout equipment
be maintained in operational condition for boater
use.
• Regularly inspect and maintain sewage
facilities.
Sewage disposal facilities can be kept operating
properly with regular inspection and maintenance.
Routine maintenance, performed according to
instructions that come with the unit, can be done
by marina staff, with major problems referred to
qualified service personnel. Routine inspections of
marina waste holding tanks and secondary
National Management Measures Guidance
4-91
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CHAPTER 4: Management Measures
containment areas will ensure their integrity. If
septic tanks and leach fields are used for final
disposal, the tanks will function most efficiently
and at least cost if they are pumped out regularly to
prevent overflows and clogging.
Boatyards and marina facilities capable of
servicing and repairing boat toilet and holding tank
systems can promote annual marine sanitation
device inspections and maintenance by offering
this service to boat owners. During the off season
or winter storage months, this service can generate
additional income for a marina, and is one way that
marinas can play proactive roles in boater
education and the promotion of environmental
awareness.
• Disinfect the suction connection of a pumpout
station (stationary or portable) by dipping or
spraying it with disinfectant.
While not a practice to protect water quality, part
of pumpout station maintenance is protecting
pumpout operators, whether marina staff or
boaters, against infection and illness. Risk of
contact with bacteria or viruses while handling the
pumpout nozzle can be minimized by providing a
pail that contains water and a nontoxic
disinfectant, such as common bleach, next to the
pumpout station for dipping the nozzle end into
immediately following each use. Care should be
taken to ensure that the disinfectant solution does
not spill into marina waters. The mildest, least
harmful disinfectant that will do the job is the best
choice for this purpose. Use of the disinfectant
solution can be added to instructions provided on
how to use the pumpout,
• Maintain convenient, clean, dry, and pleasant
restroom facilities in the manna.
An effective way to encourage beaters to dispose
of their sewage properly and not to discharge it
overboard is to have good shoreside restroom
facilities available for customers and guests.
Surveys have shown that a factor important to
boaters when selecting a marina is the cleanliness,
condition, and convenience of its restrooms. These
surveys show that boaters prefer to use restrooms
that are:
• Clean and dry
• Close to docks and accessible at all hours
• Well maintained and brightly lit
• Free of insects
• Amply supplied with toilet paper and hand
towels
• Equipped with private showers and dressing
rooms
• Safe
BMP Summary Table 12 summarizes the BMPs
for Sewage Facility Maintenance mentioned in this
guidance.
4-92
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Maintenance of Sewage Facilities
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-93
-------
CHAPTER 4: Management Measures
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4-94
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
4.13. BOAT CLEANING
Management Measure for Boat Cleaning:
For boats that are in the water, perform cleaning operations to minimize, to the
extent practicable, the release to surface waters of (a) harmful cleaners and
solvents and (b) paint from in-water hull cleaning.
Management Measure Description
Preventing the entry of chemicals from boat
cleaners, cleaning solvents, and antifoulant paint
into marina waters is the most direct way to
prevent harm to the aquatic environment from
these products. The management practices
associated with this management measure are
easily implemented, practiced by boat owners and
marinas alike, and they do not interfere with the
need to keep boats clean.
Marina employees and boat owners use a variety of
boat cleaners, such as teak cleaners, fiberglass
polishers, and detergents, and boats are usually
cleaned while in the water or onshore adjacent to
the water. Some of the cleaner used ultimately
ends up in the water. Additionally, when boat
bottoms are cleaned aggressively while boats are in
the water, antifouling paint can be abraded off and
deposited into marina waters and sediments. This
management measure is aimed at minimizing the
release of harmful ingredients in cleaners and
bottom paints to marina basins.
Many cleaners contain harsh chlorine, ammonia,
phosphates, and other caustic chemicals that can
harm fish and other aquatic life. If a product's
label warns about potential harm to people's skin or
eyes, the product is most likely harmful to aquatic
life. Some chemicals in these cleaners
bioaccumulate in aquatic organisms (that is. they
become more concentrated as they are ingested
successively by animals higher on the food chain).
and they could eventually bioaccumulate in fish or
shellfish that are be eaten by people.
Under the Clean Water Act, the NPDES Storm
Water Permit Program defines boat wash water as
"processed water." Discharge of any processed
water by a marina or boatyard is illegal nationwide
without a formal permit from EPA or a state
government. This permit requirement does not
apply to boat owners who are cleaning their own
boats, but does apply to anyone who professionally
cleans boats in a marina. See the Storm Water
Runoff Management Measure (Subsection 4.5) for
EPA's web site address.
If work is done sensibly, chemicals and debris
from washing boat topsides, decks, and wetted hull
surfaces while boats are in the water can be kept
out of the water. Cleaning trailerable boats and
boats cruising between one waterbody and another
is also important in preventing the spread of exotic
species and is a highly recommended practice.
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Wash boat hulls above the waterline by hand.
Where feasible, remove boats from the water
and clean them where debris can be captured
and properly disposed of.
Washing the boat hull by hand (that is. not by
pressure washing) reduces the amount of abrasion
to the hull, which results in less paint chipped off
National Management Measures Guidance
4-95
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
and less debris lost to the marina basin. Where
feasible, remove boats from the water and clean
them where debris can be captured and properly
disposed of.
• Buy and use detergents and cleaning
compounds that will have minimal impact on
the aquatic environment.
"Nontoxic" and "phosphate-free" cleaners are
available and friendlier to the environment than
products with toxic components. Products that
carry safety warnings about the harm they can
cause to people (Figure 4.24) can harm the
environment as well.
Although "biodegradable" sounds good, it does not
mean that a product is nontoxic. Biodegradable
products are those which can be broken down by
bacteria, other organisms, or natural processes.
The degradation of "biodegradable" products in
water uses dissolved oxygen, and therefore these
products can lower dissolved oxygen levels, Also,
some products might not biodeg"ade in aquatic
environments—freshwater or marine.
• Avoid in-the-water hull scraping or any
abrasive process that is done underwater that
could remove paint from the boat hull.
Any hull cleaning performed in the water will
remove the least amount of paint if done with
something soft. Mechanical underwater scrubbing
machines can scrape and chip off antifou ling paint
and encourage fouling growth on the hull.
Frequent hand washing of hulls should not cause
any paint to abrade or chip off, but can adequately
remove scum and fouling organisms.
• Switch to long-lasting and low-toxicity or
nontoxic antifouling paints.
Considerable progress has been made in
antifouling puint technology in recent years, and
more improvements are expected that will reduce
and effectively eliminate the toxicity of hull paints,
and increase their ability to keep hulls free of
fouling growth for longer periods. Silicone-based
and hard-surfaced, nonablative copper metal-based
paints are such recent innovations. In general,
harder paints last longer and some reduce the need
to repaint boat bottoms to once every 10 years.
More information on antifoulant paints and
specifications is available on the Internet (search
on "antifoulants"), or can be provided by a marine
paint supplier.
Source Reduction Practices
• Minimize the impacts of wastewater from
pressure washing.
There are several ways to treat the wastewater from
pressure washing to remove the paint chips or
particles that might be present:
• Settling: Trap the water in a container and allow
it to sit long enough after washing to permit any
particles to settle out of the water. This method
will remove only the particles large enough to
settle out of solution.
• Filtration: Wastewater can be passed through
one or more filters that screen out particles. A
filter cloth used at the wash site can be effective
for straining out visible particles. Additional
filtration is achieved by using a series of filters
with smaller and smaller mesh sizes.
• Treatment: Chemical or biological cleaning
technologies can be used to treat the wastewater
and remove contaminants. Treatment can
remove oil and grease, metals, or other
contaminants. Once wastewater has been
WARNING: EYE IRRITANT. Avoid contact with eyes. May cause skin irritation. For sensitive
skin or prolonged use wear gloves. Use with adequate ventilation. FIRST AID: EYES—rinse eyes
with water for 15 minutes, call a physician. SKIN—rinse with water. IF SWALLOWED—drink a
glassful of water. Call a physician. KEEP OUT OF REACH OF CHILDREN
Figure 4.24. Warning sign that indicates toxicity to both people and the environment.
4-96
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Boat Cleaning
• Associated Marine Technologies (Florida) installed a closed-loop pressure washing system for boat
bottoms.
• Green Cove Marina (New Jersey) designed its own sump drain system and lift pump under the boat
lift. The system pushes dirty water into a filter and recycling system consisting of three 55-gallon
filtering drums and a 225-gallon holding tank. The debris is dried and sent to a landfill.
• Harbour Towne Marina (Florida) installed a wastewater filtration system to clean the power wash
water to meet the county's gray water standards for discharge into the municipal sewer system. A
concrete washing pad slopes down to a central drain, where the washwater is filtered and treated
with three different chemicals. The marina hauled and washed 650 boats in the 1994-95 season, at
a significant profit.
• Summerfield Boat Works (Florida) installed a water filtration system that includes an ultraviolet light
ozone generator to oxidize all dissolved pollutants and erase odor. The waatewater is then recycled
within the marina. The boatyard pays for its wastewater treatment program by charging an
Environmental Cost Obligation for each boat hauled for pressure washing.
(EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas—Clear Value)
treated, it can be discharged into marina waters
or a sanitary sewer (check local regulations), or
can be reused at the marina for more boat
washing or grounds watering.
BMP Summary Table 13 summarizes the BMPs
for Boat Cleaning mentioned in this guidance.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-97
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
kGEMENT
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Many boat cleaners contain harsh chlorine
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-99
-------
4.14. BOAT OPERATION
Management Measure for Boat Operation:
Manage boating activities where necessary to decrease turbidity and physical
destruction of shallow-water habitat.
Management Measure Description
No wake zones, motorized craft restrictions, and
sign and buoy placement are proven, widely used
practices for protecting shallow-water habitats.
Important aquatic vegetation be protected from
damage due to boat and personal watercraft
propellers, because of its ecological importance
and value in preventing shoreline erosion. This
management measure presents effective, easily
implemented practices for protecting aquatic
vegetation and shorelines.
Boat traffic (including personal wai:ercraft) through
shallow-water areas and in nearshore areas at
wake-producing speeds can resuspend bottom
sediment, uproot submerged aquatic vegetation,
erode shorelines, and harm some animals,
including manatees. Resuspended sediment and
erosion along shorelines increases turbidity in the
water column. Turbid waters can't support
submerged aquatic vegetation to the same depths
as clear waters, because sunlight can't penetrate to
as great a depth, and with photosynthesis limited to
the upper foot or so of water, less dissolved oxygen
is produced.
Fish that locate prey primarily by sight have a
harder time finding prey in turbid waters, plant
leaves can become coated with fire sediment, and
bottom-dwelling organisms are continually covered
by resettling sediment.
Resuspended sediment can also contain harmful
chemicals that were discharged at the marina or
elsewhere in the watershed and had been trapped
in the sediment. Once in the water column, these
chemicals are more likely to be ingested by fish
and shellfish, and work their way up the food
chain, possibly to someone's dinner table.
Uprooted submerged aquatic vegetation can no
longer provide habitat for fish and shellfish or food
for waterfowl. Instead of recycling nutrients
released from matter decomposing in the
waterbody, the vegetation adds more nutrients as it
decomposes. It also cannot reduce wave energy at
shorelines, so the shorelines become more exposed
to the erosive forces of storm waves and the boat
wakes that contributed to their initial loss.
Replacing submerged aquatic vegetation once it
has been uprooted or eliminated from an area is
difficult, and the science of replacing it once it is
lost is not well developed.
Many manatee mortalities are human-related,
occurring from collisions with watercraft, and
restrictions on boating activity in shallow water
habitats favored by the animals could reduce the
number of animals injured by propellers.. West
Indian manatees (Trichechus manatus) are found
in shallow, slow-moving rivers, estuaries, saltwater
bays, canals, and coastal areas. They are a
migratory species and in the United States they are
concentrated in Florida in the winter, but can be
found in summer months as far west as Alabama
and as far north as Virginia and the Carolinas.
There are approximately 2,600 West Indian
manatees left in the United States.
Manatees States are protected under federal law by
the Marine Mammal Protection Act of 1972, and
4-100
National Management Measures Guidance
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Boat Operation
Guidelines for Responsible Personal Watercraft Operation
Personal watercraft, include jet skis and waterbikes, are propelled by waterjet drives, have shallow
draft designs, and are able to achieve planing speeds (65+ mph). Approximately one-third of all new
boat sales in recent years have been personal watercraft. They are defined as Class A inboard boats
by the U.S. Coast Guard and are required to follow most boating regulations. The personal watercraft
industry encourages users of personal watercraft to adopt the following simple guidelines to preserve
natural resources.
• Ride in main channels to avoid stirring bottom sediments; limit riding in shallow water.
In coastal areas, be aware of low tide when seagrass beds, other delicate vegetation, and
bottom organisms are more exposed.
• Operate away from shore as much as possible to avoid disturbing wildlife with wakes and
noise and to avoid interfering with their feeding, nesting, and resting.
Ride at controlled speeds in waters where sea otters, sea lions, manatees, whales, and sea
turtles live and swim, so you can avoid hitting and injuring them.
• Avoid mangrove communities, kelp forests, seagrass beds, and coral reefs, since these are
delicate ecosystems that are easily damaged.
• Avoid high speeds near the shore to minimize or eliminate your contribution to shoreline
erosion.
• Wash your personal watercraft off after use and before trailering it to other waters to avoid
spreading exotic, non-native species to uninfected waters.
(PWIA. 1999)
the Endangered Species Act of 1973, which make
it illegal to harass, hunt, capture, or kill any marine
mammal. They are also protected by the Florida
Manatee Sanctuary Act of 1978 which states: "It is
unlawful for any person, at any time, intentionally
or negligently, to annoy, molest, harass, or disturb
any manatee." Anyone convicted of violating
Florida's state law faces a possible maximum fine
of S1,000 and/or imprisonment for up to 60 days.
Conviction on the federal level is punishable by a
fine of up to 550,000 and/or one year in prison.
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Restrict boater traffic in shallow-water areas.
Where shallow areas that normally have
submerged aquatic vegetation instead are found to
have trenches (usually between 10 to 24 inches
wide) without vegetation running through them,
boat propellers or personal watercraft are probably
the reason. Seagrass beds usually grow in patches,
where the center of the patch is protected from
erosive currents by vegetation at the edge of the
patch. Trenches cut by boat propellers act like
roads cut through a forest, exposing the center of
the patch to currents and making the entire patch
less stable. The sediment in the trench is also
newly exposed to currents, making it difficult for
new vegetation to establish itself. Further loss of
submerged aquatic vegetation and sediment next to
the trenches is likely after the initial loss.
To protect seagrass beds and bottom habitats,
shallow-water areas can be established as "off
limits" to boat traffic of any type, including
personal watercraft (PWCs). Signs or buoys in the
water around the edges of these areas can help the
public comply with shallow habitat protection
efforts. Distribution of flyers with maps that show
shallow areas and indicate permanent landmarks,
so boaters can easily determine whether they are
near shallow areas, is another effective tool.
Boaters usually try to protect these habitats once
they understand their ecological importance and
are aware of their presence. Shallow-water habitat
destruction is due more to a lack of knowledge
than to negligence.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-101
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
• Establish and enforce no wake zones to
decrease turbidity, shore erosion, and damage
in marinas.
No wake zones are more effective than speed limits
in shallow surface waters for reducing turbidity
and erosion caused by boat passage. Hull shape
strongly influences wake formation, allowing some
boats to go fast with little wake while other boats
throw a large wake at slow, nonplaning speeds. In
shallow areas, larger waves from the wakes of
"speed-limited" watercraft are more likely to
resuspend bottom sediments and create turbid
waters.
Although the prime responsibility for creating,
enforcing, and posting signs for no wake zones
rests with government, marinas can (and many
do!) post NO WAKE signs within their marina
waters.
BMP Summary Table 14 summarizes the BMPs
for Boat Operation mentioned in this guidance.
4-102
National Management Measures Guidance
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Boat Operation
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-103
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4.15. PUBLIC EDUCATION
Management Measure for Public Education:
Public education, outreach, and training programs should be instituted for
boaters, as well as marina owners and operators, to prevent improper disposal of
polluting material.
Management Measure Description
Public education is one of the most effective ways
to reduce pollution in and around marinas and
from recreational boating. A boating public that
understands the causes and effect* of pollution is
more likely to want clean waters and healthy
aquatic environments. If the public is told about
the simple and effective ways that they can reduce
their impacts on the environment, they will usually
be more than happy to do their part. One of the
primary factors in the success of any pollution
prevention program is widespread support for the
program by an educated public.
Public education is a low-cost, effective, proven
method to improve and reinforce environmentally
conscious behavior in all segments of the public,
including the boating public. The availability of a
variety of public education materials on virtually
all environmental issues and tor all segments of the
public makes this management measure easy to
implement, and creating an education program
with a message that is consistent from the state
level through the local level to the level of the
private or public marina is an excellent way to
ensure that the right message is reaching as wide a
public as possible:
Many states, localities, public and private agencies
and organizations, and marina owners are using
public education as a tool for combating pollution.
This management measure supports efforts already
being made and encourages others to join the
educational campaign with public education
programs of their own. A state might target
registered boat owners, an organization might
target its membership, and a marina might focus on
its patrons Numerous examples of public
education materials are available from national
organizations like the National Marine
Manufacturers Association, the National Clean
Boating Campaign organized by the Marine
Environmental Education Foundation, Inc.
(www.cleanboating.org), the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration's Sea Grant program
(www.nsgo.seagrant.org), and EPA's Office of
Water (www.epa.gov/OW). There is no reason to
begin from scratch and reinvent the wheel!
Instead, time and effort can be saved by using
available materials to create a program that focuses
on a particular situation.
The EPA web site offers a couple of ways to find
out who is involved in environmental activities in
your watershed. One is from the home page of the
Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
(OWOW) (www.epa.gov/owow). A listing of
specific groups involved in watershed actions for
watersheds throughout the United States can be
found by following the following route:
• At the OWOW home page. Select Features
• Choose Watershed Information Neftvork
• Click on Watershed Information
• Under "Watershed Information," select What is
m\ watershed address?
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National Management Measures Guidance
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Public Education
• Click on Locate your watershed
• Click on Search by Map
• Select your state from the map
• Within the state map, click on the watershed
that you're interested in.
The subsequent web page will tell you the name of
the watershed you've chosen and the U.S.
Geological Survey's cataloging unit number for it.
Near the bottom of the page will be a section titled
People that provides links to groups involved with
watershed activities in that watershed.
Another way to find out who is involved in
activities in your watershed from the EPA's home
page (www.epa.gov) is by clicking on the
Concerned Citizens option. One of the options at
the "Concerned Citizens" page is Acting Locally.
This will provide links to national organizations
active at the local and watershed level.
If you find that there are no groups listed as
working in your watershed, then try following the
first three steps above, and at the Watershed
Information page, under Working in Your
Watershed, click on either How can I get involved
in mv watershed? or How do I start a watershed
team? to find out how you can get yourself and
others involved.
EPA publishes many documents and fact sheets on
topics of interest to boaters. A listing of
publications related to a specific topic can be
obtained from the EPA home page (www.epa.gov).
At the home page, select Publications and then
browse and search the National Publications
Catalog using keywords (for example, "boat,"
"storm water," or "discharge") to find what you are
interested in. Some of the documents are available
on the Internet, or they can be ordered online from
the Publications web site. Most are free of charge.
The National Sea Grant Program encourages the
wise stewardship of marine resources through
research, education, outreach and technology
transfer. Sea Grant is a partnership between the
nation's universities and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Congress
passed the National Sea Grant College Program
Act to create Sea Grant in 1966. Today, 29 Sea
Grant Colleges are focused on making the United
States the world leader in marine research and the
sustainable development of marine resources. Sea
Grant produces and makes available a wealth of
information on marine topics - from public school
curriculum materials to the most advanced
scientific research. Visit the Sea Grant home page
at www.nsgo.seagrant.org to see what publications
are available, where the Sea Grant programs are
located, and what kinds of research and activities
they are involved in.
The U.S. Coast Guard (USCG) home page
(http://www.uscg.mil) offers a link to the USCG
Marine Safety and Environmental Protection page.
Links to other programs from the USCG can be
found most easily by clicking on the link to
Services We Provide and then choosing what is of
interest on the subsequent page. For example, the
Sea Partners Campaign is an environmental
education and outreach program focused on
communities at large to develop community
awareness of maritime pollution issues and to
improve compliance with marine environmental
protection laws and regulations. A link to listings
of publications of the USCG can also be found at
this web page.
Searching from an Internet search engine, such as
Infoseek or Altavista, on clean boating should
produce a number of links to sites with information
on campaigns and organizations involved with
clean boating issues. Some pages that are likely to
appear as a result of the search include:
• California Clean Boating Network (CCBN)
home page (http://ceres.ca.gov/coastalcomm/
ccbn/ccbndx.html).
• Marine Environmental Education Foundation
National Clean Boating Campaign
(www.cleanboating.org).
• California Department of Boating and
Waterways (www.dbw.ca.gov).
National Management Measures Guidance
4-105
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SECTION 4; Management Measures
• Sea Grant Extension (San Diego) Boating
Pollution Prevention Section
(http://commserv.ucdavis.edu/CESanDiego/
Seagrant/boating.htm).
• Save Our Shores dockwalkers
(http://www.saveourshores.org/dockwalkers.
html).
and many more.
A portion of funding from the Clean Vessel Act
can be used for educational outreac h regarding the
effects of boater sewage and what boaters can do to
avoid improper sewage disposal. Public awareness
campaigns occur annually and marinas are
encouraged to participate in the National Clean
Boating Campaign (Figure 4.25). See the
campaign's web site at www.cleanboating.org.
Major national CVA educational products
produced by the joint effort included a poster for
distribution to more than 22,000 marinas, press
and training packets, and various; public service
announcements for radio, television, and print
media. States also held similar events and are
producing their own educational products.
NATIONAL
CLEAN BOATING
CAMPAIGN
Figure 4.25. National Clean Boating
Campaign logo.
These efforts are also geared toward informing
boaters and marina operators of sewage disposal
problems, educating them about the use and
advantages of pumpout and dump stations, and
where it is best to locate such stations. Boaters and
anglers can call 1-800-ASK-FISH, a toll-free
number established by the Sportfishing Promotion
Council, to find the location of pumpout and dump
stations near them and to report malfunctioning
facilities.
Signage is an important element in any public
education campaign, both to remind the educated
to practice what they know and to educate the
unaware of what they can do to reduce their impact
on the environment. Short, simple, positive
messages should be prominently posted wherever
they will be helpful.
Best Management Practices
Pollution Prevention Practices
• Use signs to inform marina patrons of
appropriate clean boating practices.
Interpretive and instructional signs placed at
marinas and boat-launching sites are a key method
of providing information to the boating public.
Boater cooperation can be substantially increased
at modest expense by using signs.
In a Rhode Island best management practice
demonstration project, the use of signs was ranked
by boaters as the best method to inform them about
best management practices in the marina. It ranked
second in terms of its effectiveness for getting
boaters to use best management practices. Signs
can be more cost-effective than other methods of
education since they need be installed only once,
and once in place they are effective for a long time.
Inexpensive yet effective signs can be produced by
a marina employee with a little artistic talent.
Common topics for marina signage include solid
waste disposal, liquid waste disposal, pumpout
locations and instructions, and spill response
instructions. Figure 4.26 shows an example of
wording on a sign in Ponaug Marina (Rhode
Island).
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National Management Measures Guidance
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Public Education
HARMFUL MATERIALS COLLECTION SITE. To ensure proper disposal, deposit harmful
materials below. Liquids such as solvents, fuels, engine oils, and toxic antifreeze should be
bottled and capped to prevent spillage. Keep incompatible liquids such as oil and antifreeze
separate. Label all containers noting their content and origin. Oil filters and other absorbent
materials should be packaged so as to prevent leakage. Thank you for helping to keep our
marina and the boating environment clean.
Figure 4.26. Warning sign that indicates toxicity to both people and the environment.
• Establish bulletin boards for environmental
messages and idea sharing.
Bulletin boards are a form of signage, and they
allow marinas to post recent or new information for
the benefit of their patrons. They are convenient
places to post notices about the availability of
dustless sanders for rent, environmentally friendly
cleaners and antifouling paints, new practices and
programs at the marina for reducing pollution,
water quality monitoring results, how to maintain
an engine to keep emission output low, or any
other positive clean boating message. Marina
patrons can be invited to post notices about
leftover products (for example, varnish or paint)
they have for sale, or tips on practices they've
found to be easy and effective for protecting the
boating environment.
The Cap Sante Boat Yard (Washington)
uses a materials exchange sheet in the
harbor master's office that encourages
sharing leftover varnishes, paints, and
other boat maintenance products instead
of discarding them. People with mater-
ials left over after a project list what they
have on a sheet, and anyone who needs
them can contact the person on the
sheet (EPA, 1996: Clean Marinas-
Clear Value).
Bulletin boards are noticed more often if their
contents are moved around or changed often, and
if the location of the bulletin board can be changed
occasionally as well.
• Promote recycling and trash reduction
programs.
A New Jersey marina encouraged recycling by
giving its patrons reusable tote bags with the
marina's name printed on the side. The patrons
used the bags to temporarily store recyclable glass,
cans, and plastics from their boats for proper
disposal later at a recycling collection point, and
occasionally for grocery shopping. Promoting
recycling is an effective way to reduce the quantity
of solid and liquid waste placed in marina and
surface waters.
• Hand out pamphlets or flyers, send newsletters,
and add inserts to bill mailings with
information about how recreational boaters
can protect the environment and have clean
boating waters.
The Washington State Parks and Recreation
Commission designed a multifaceted public
education program that encourages the use of
marine sanitation devices and pumpout facilities.
discourages impacts on shellfish areas, and
provides information to boaters and marina
operators about environmentally sound boat
operation and maintenance. The commission
prepared written materials, gave talks to boating
groups, participated in events such as boat shows,
and developed signs for placement at marinas and
boat launches. Printed materials included maps of
pumpout facility locations, booklets explaining
how boats pollute, pamphlets on the dangers of
plastic debris in the water, and articles on the
environmental effects of improper boat operation.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-107
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
Marina owners can do the same on a smaller scale.
Written materials can be made available at a
marina's office, its supply store, or other places
frequently visited by boaters, or included with bills
mailed to patrons.
Fact sheets ranked second among boaters for
informing them about best management practices
in a University of Rhode Island demonstration
project. Fact sheets had the highest effectiveness
rating and ranked first in getting boaters to actually
use best management practices, but boaters
generally didn't pick up educational flyers where
they saw them. An important lesson from this
demonstration project was that boaters cannot be
expected to voluntarily take ths information:
brochures should be placed directly into their
hands. Inserting fact sheets and information in
newsletters or monthly mailings or handing them
out with slip lease agreements are effective ways to
do this.
• Organize and present fun environmental
education meetings, presentations, and
demonstrations.
Presentations at local marinas or other locations are
a good way to discuss issues with boaters and
marina owners and operators. Boater workshops
can also be a useful tool for introducing new
environmental practices at marinas, but this
method was ranked last among methods for
informing boaters about best management
practices. Conducting successful formal
workshops requires a considerable investment of
time and resources. One of the best methods to
inform marina patrons about best management
practices is a walking tour of the facility with
demonstrations of products and procedures, so that
participants see first-hand the benefits of
management practices and gain hands-on
experience in using the practices. Incentives for
participation like door prizes, coupons for free
pumpouts, or discounts at the marina store help
bolster attendance.
• Educate and train marina staff to do their jobs
in an environmentally conscious manner and to
be good role models for marina patrons.
Marina staff who are fully educated and trained on
all of the environmental management practices
used at a marina, from how to use a pumpout
station, where the recycling bins are located, and
what can and can't be recycled, to how storm water
is treated and where it goes, can set an excellent
example for patrons. Marina staff are the first
people boaters will ask about a marina's
environmental practices. An informed staff
presents the image of an environmentally proactive
marina, whereas an uninformed staff could make
patrons think a marina is not concerned about
environmental matters.
• Insert language into facility contracts that
ensures that tenants use certain areas and
clean boating techniques when maintaining
iheir boats. Use an environmental agreement
that ensures that tenants will comply with the
marina's best management practices.
When a marina has established procedures for
keeping the grounds and waters clean, cooperation
from patrons is absolutely essential. The time and
money spent to establish a clean marina can be
negated by patrons who either don't share an
enthusiasm for clean boating or mistakenly don't
think it is their responsibility to keep the grounds
and water clean. Language in slip contracts or
other documents, such as dustless sander rental
agreements, make them take notice and realize that
the marina is serious about maintaining a clean
marina, and clean boating in general. Some
patrons might elect to dock their boats at other
marinas, but most boaters are glad to cooperate
with a good cause.
• Have a clearly written environmental best
management practices agreement for outside
contractors to sign as a precondition to
working on any boat in the marina.
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National Management Measures Guidance
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Public Education
A facility is often legally responsible for pollution
problems created by negligent outside contractors.
Because of this significant liability, outside
contractors need to be provided with information
that clearly explains the facility's pollution
prevention policies and best management practices,
and clearly states the contractor's responsibilities
to operate in accord with the manna's policies.
Participate with an organization
promotes clean hooting practices.
that
Public and private organizations are available to
assist in developing or providing educational
materials. These materials can be tailored to suit
an individual marina or yacht club, or used as
public service announcements. Some marina-
oriented organizations that might be able to
provide assistance with environmental education
efforts are listed in Table 4-4.
Public Education Practices Applicable to
Specific Management Measures
Some public education strategies specifically
geared toward individual management measures
are suggested below.
Solid and Liquid Waste Management:
• Provide MARPOL placards.
International MARPOL Law requires all boats of
25 feet or more in length to have a visible sign
about trash disposal regulations posted where
garbage is stored. Most boat retail stores and
marinas have standard MARPOL signs available
for sale to customers who need to comply with this
legal requirement.
• Paint signs on storm drains.
Painted storm drains grab people's attention at a
marina and help control disposal of solid and
liquid wastes in inappropriate places. Cap Sante
Boat Haven (Washington) stencils its storm drains
with pictures of crabs and fish and the words
"DUMP NO WASTE - DRAINS TO BAY/LAKE/RIVER."
Fish Waste Management:
• Establish and educate marina patrons about
rules governing fish-cleaning.
Marinas can issue rules regarding the cleaning of
fish at the marina, depending on the type of
services offered by the marina and its clientele.
Marinas not equipped to handle fish wastes can
prohibit fish cleaning at the marina; those that host
fishing competitions or that have a large fishing
clientele can establish fish cleaning areas with
specific, enforceable rules for their use. Signs
attract fishers to fish cleaning stations and can
explain the rules for their use.
• Educate boaters about good fish cleaning
practices.
Some boaters need to be educated about the
problems created by discarding fish waste into
marina waters, proper disposal practices, the
ecological advantages of cleaning fish at sea. and
discarding wastes into the water where the fish
were caught. Signs posted on docks (especially if
fish cleaning has usually been done there) and talks
with boaters during the course of other marina
operations help educate boaters about marina rules
governing fish cleaning, waste disposal, and clean
up.
Petroleum Control:
• Provide information on local waste collection
and recycling programs.
Information on used oil recycling and collection
programs for used products that are contaminated
with oil or other petroleum products can be
inserted with monthly newsletters, monthly bills,
or provided with slip leasing contracts. A clause
requiring the use of fuel/air vent spill preventers
and bilge absorption pads on all boats can be
added to contracts.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-109
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
Table 4-4. Selected Marina-oriented Organizations with Boater Education Components.
Organization Focus Contact Information
U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Clean Vessel
Act Pumpout Program
The Clean Vessel Act provides a portion of its
total funding for educational outreach regarding
the effects of boater sewage and the means by
which boaters can avoid improper sewage
disposal,
703-358-2156 (Robert Pacific)
fa.r9.fws.gov/cva/cva.html
Marine Environmental
Education Foundation
(MEEF)
A natiDnal, nonprofit, tax exempt, charitable 312-944-0220
foundation in 1994 to bring together national www.meef.org
specialists to develop education programs and
resea'ch on marine environmental issues.
National Marine
Manufacturers
Association (NMMA)
Provides technical expertise, standards
monitoring, government relations advocation,
industry statistics and more. Stages the world's
largest marine trade show, the International
Marine Trades Exhibit & Convention (IMTEC)
each autumn. Active internationally with world
marine trade organizations to promote and
protect the sport of recreational boating.
312-946-6200
www.nmma.org
Marine Retailers
Association of America
(MRAA)
National trade association representing marine 312-944-5080
dealers, marina operators, and other marine- www.mraa.com
related businesses.
Boat Owners
Association of The
United States (BoatU.S.
The largest organization of recreational boaters
in the USA—with over 500,000 Members.
Publishes boater publications, educates about
marine safety and environmental issues, and
tests and reports on boating safety equipment
and other products.
800-395-2628
www.boatus.com
Clean Water Trust
(affiliated with Boat U.S.)
Clean Water Trust is a national nonprofit
501(c)(3) organization that promotes
environmentally smart recreational boating and
anglirg through public awareness and
education. Creates and distributes practical
information and serves as a liaison among the
recreational boating community, environmental
organizations and government agencies.
800-395-2628
www.boatus.com/cleanwater
Marina Operators
Association of America
(MOAA)
MOAA works for the enhancement of the
recreational marina industry through: stimulating
the exchange of ideas; providing marina
operators with new information; maintaining a
strong national voice; encouraging the use of
best management practices; establishing a
clean marina program; and encouraging marina
operators to be proactive in their customer's
boating experience.
202-721-1630
www.nmma.org/affiliates/moaa
4-110
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
Public Education
• Hold clinics on safe fueling and bilge
maintenance.
During either special clinics on environmental
practices or general clinics of interest to boaters,
demonstrate the proper use and disposal of bilge
oil pads and other petroleum control devices.
• Teach boaters how to fuel boats to minimize
fuel spills.
Boaters need to understand that whenever they
spill even a few drops of oil or fuel, the
environment is harmed. There are simple steps
boaters can take to prevent fuel loss: use an oil
absorption pad to catch drops when the fueling
nozzle is removed from the boat; install a fuel/air
separator on the air vent Jine; and place an oil-
absorbing pad in the bilge. Teach boaters that
when they top off a fuel tank from an underground
storage tank, the cool fuel expands as it heats up,
and will overflow through the air vent onto the
water if there is not enough expansion space in the
fuel tank. Spills of this type are even more
dangerous when boats are placed in dry rack
storage in buildings, where the fuel is a fire hazard.
Antisiphoning valves can be installed on the
engines of larger boats on the fuel line near the fuel
tank to prevent fuel draining if the fuel line breaks
during an accident or fire.
Boat Cleaning:
• Stock phosphate-free, nontoxic cleaners and
other environmentally friendly products.
Marinas can stock, advertise, and promote the use
of phosphate-free, nontoxic cleaners and other
environmentally safe products.
Boat Operation:
• Place signs in the water and label charts to
alert boaters about sensitive habitat areas.
Many harbors establish and mark no wake zones
near marinas or in narrow channels using floating
marker buoys. Signs and buoys could also be used
to designate sensitive environmental areas where
boaters should exercise particular caution.
BMP Summary Table 15 summarizes the BMPs
for Public Education mentioned in this guidance.
National Management Measures Guidance
4-111
-------
SECTION 4: Management Measures
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4-113
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
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4-114 National Management Measures Guidance
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Public Education
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4-115
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SECTION 4: Management Measures
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National Management Measures Guidance
4-117
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SECTION 5: DETERMINING POLLUTANT LOADS
Section 5 Contents
Example Models for Marina Flushing Assessment 5-2
Selection Criteria 5-2
Models Selected 5-3
Simple Model 5-3
Mid-Range Models 5-5
Tidal Prism Model 5-5
NCDEM DO Model 5-6
Complex Models 5-6
WASP4 5-6
EFDC Hydrodynamic Model 5-7
Water Quality Monitoring in Marinas (for modeling applications) 5-8
Sampling Guidelines for Existing Marinas 5-8
Spatial Coverage 5-8
Constituents Sampled 5-9
Sampling Locations 5-10
Sampling Time and Frequency 5-11
This section is included for those interested in
technical information used to determine dynamics
of water flow and water quality variations. While
numerical models provide an effective approach
to evaluate design parameters, marina developers
can use their own discretion in employing
modeling techniques.
The use of an area for a marina may infringe on or
preclude other uses of the resources, and it is this
potential conflict that can be evaluated through
the use of water quality modeling. Marina basins
can contain pollutants ranging from sanitary
wastes to toxic metals leached from hulls and
petroleum products discharged in engine exhaust.
These wastes pose a variety of potential problems
for water quality, including microbiological
contamination of adjacent shellfish and swimming
areas, depletion of dissolved oxygen in the water
column or sediments, and toxic effects on
estuarine biological resources. Water quality
monitoring can be used prior to marina
construction or expansion to determine a design
(including basin shape and entrance locations and
runoff controls) that will be the least disturbing to
the surrounding aquatic environment, and after
marina construction to determine compliance with
water quality criteria and what, if any, changes in
design are necessary to meet any water quality
criteria that are violated.
Water quality criteria are based on pollutant
concentrations. Concentrations of water quality
constituents (such as dissolved oxygen or
petroleum hydrocarbons) can be used to assess
instantaneous conditions (water quality when the
sample is taken) and conditions over time
(samples taken daily for a week or a month).
Concentrations of pollutants in water can be
measured in storm water runoff before the runoff
reaches a waterbody or in the waterbody of
interest. If measured in runoff, the timing is
important. Pollutant concentrations usually vary
widely during a rainstorm, generally being higher
during the first wave or "first flush" of storm
water when pollutants accumulated since the
previous storm are washed away and lower later
in the storm.
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SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads
Concentrations also vary from s;orm to storm.
Longer periods between storms allow more
pollutants to accumulate on surfaces, whereas a
storm that occurs shortly after a previous storm
might carry very few pollutants in its runoff.
Time of year is also important. A storm that
occurs during a week of peak boat maintenance
activity is likely to carry more pollutants than a
storm that occurs in the spring before the boating
season begins. If nothing else, the pollutants
carried by the storm runoff will be different. A
storm in spring might carry more sediment and
salt from winter road treatments, while one in
summer might have more oil and debris from hull
maintenance activities.
Pollutant loads in a marina basin can be measured
by collecting samples at various times, depths, and
places in the basin. For a simple assessment of
water quality, samples of dissolved oxygen, fecal
coliform, and perhaps water clarity (using a
Secchi disk) might be performed, [f sampling for
assessment of meeting state water quality
standards, samples for the constituents required by
the state will have to be taken and the samples
might have to be analyzed by a state-approved
laboratory.
Samples can be taken once for an indication of
instantaneous water quality or over a period of
time to assess average water quality conditions or
trends in water quality (for example, whether
water quality is worse over busy boating
weekends or in particular seasons, or just after a
storm and for how long after a storm has
occurred). Comparison of samples of storm water
runoff and samples of marina basin water quality
might be used to determine if degraded water
quality during and shortly after storms is due to
runoff from the marina property or from
surrounding properties.
General water quality monitoring is discussed
under the Water Quality Assessment management
measure in Section 4. A discussion of models and
monitoring, which supports their use for in-depth
analyses of water quality and water quality
changes that might occur from changes in marina
configuration or marina construction, is provided
below. The discussion below is somewhat
technical, since it is anticipated that if these
models are applied, they will be applied by
persons trained in their use and familiar with their
implementation. Those without a background in
modeling can still benefit from reading the
discussion to gain a general understanding of what
modeling involves and to help decide whether
modeling is appropriate for a particular marina
and situation.
Example Models for Marina Flushing
Assessment
Selection Criteria
To understand what is needed to apply a model, it
is essential to focus on the physical, chemical, and
biological processes that move water into and out
of the marina area, control mixing with adjacent
waters, regulate chemical reactions in the water
and sediments, and facilitate biological growth
and decay (die-off)- A variable combination of
winds, tides, currents, and density differences is
responsible for the physical movement of water
volumes and pollutants. The geometry of a site
can also have a major effect on flushing and
dispersion and is an important issue in selecting
the model, collecting the data, and attaining the
required water quality standards.
Biodegradation of organic material, growth and
decay of bacteria and other organisms, nutrient
uptake, and chemical transformations of various
kinds are typical of the biochemical processes that
affect contaminants. Physical, chemical, and
biological processes should be combined to form
a conceptual model of the site and its consequent
contaminant assimilation potential. After the site
in question has been conceptualized, the next step
is to choose a model that incorporates the
appropriate physical processes and biochemistry
to predict water quality. Depending on the level
of sophistication at which the assessment is taking
place, the model selected may be a simple
screening calculation (e.g.. Tidal Prism Analysis)
5-2
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Determining Pollutant Loads
or a multidimensional numerical model (e.g..
VVASP4. DEM, WQM2D, or EFDC
Hydrodynamic Model).
The models discussed here have been selected for
the following reasons:
• They are in the public domain.
• They are available at a minimal cost from
various public agencies.
• They are supported to a varying extent by
federal and/or state agencies. The form of
support is usually telephone contact with a
staff of engineers and programmers who have
experience with the model and who can
provide guidance (usually free of charge).
• They have been used extensively for various
purposes and are generally accepted within
the modeling profession.
• Togetherthey forma sequence of increasingly
more technically complex models; that is,
each model takes additional phenomena into
account in a more detailed manner than the
preceding model.
Selection from among these models should be
made on the basis of the model capabilities
needed.
In addition to model capabilities, the two most
important factors in the selection of a model are
the adequacy of the documentation and the
adequacy of the support available. The
documentation should state the theory and
assumptions in adequate detail, describe the
program organization, and clearly present the
input data requirements and format. A well-
organized data scheme is essential. The support
provided should include user access via telephone
to programmers and engineers familiar with the
model. Special support (including short courses
or informational or personnel exchanges) might be
available under existing intra-agency or
interagency agreements or can be made available
to the potential user. The support agency might
also be able to provide the potential user with a
list of local users who could be contacted for
information regarding their past or current
experience with the computer program. Table 5-1
presents documentation and user's support
available for some of the models discussed in this
section.
In addition to having adequate documentation and
user's support, the selected model should address
all marina water quality problems of concern.
The following section provides an overview of the
best-qualified marina water quality model in each
of the selected categories. These models are listed
in Table 5-1, which provides information related
to the operational features of the models. This
information is provided to help in evaluating the
estimated cost associated with and the ease of
acquiring the model, getting the model running on
the user's system, calibrating the model, and
finally applying the model. Table 5-2 lists the
level of effort involved in applying the models.
Models Selected
The most rigorous tools that can be used for
assessing marina impacts on water quality are
numerical models. Models range in complexity
from simple desktop calculations to full three-
dimensional models that simulate physical and
chemical processes by solving equations of
motion and rate equations for chemical processes.
The complexity of the model used and the quality
of the input data determine the degree of
resolution in the results. For example, in an early
part of a study the Tidal Prism Analysis strategy
is used to obtain a general understanding of
potential impacts caused by pollutant discharged
from a proposed marina. It is likely that the
simplified strategy will predict substantial impacts
on the environment. Therefore, an advanced
model is needed to conduct further detailed
analyses. A mid-range model is used in situations
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SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads
Table 5-1. Ease of application: Sources, support, and documentation.
Model
Tidal Prism
Analysis
Flushing
Characteristics
Diagram
NCDEM DO
Model
Tidal Prism
Model
WASP4
EFDC
Hydrodynamic
Model
Source(s) of Model
USEPA, Reg on 4, Atlanta,
GA. 1 985. Chapter 4 of
Coastal Marinas
Assessment Handbook.
Christensen, B.A. 1 989.
Canal and marina flushing
characteristics. The
Environmental Professional
11:241-255.
North Carolina Dept. of
Environmental Health and
Natural Resources,
Division of Environmental
Management
(919)733-6510
Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Gloucester Point,
VA 23062
(804)642-7212
Center for Exposure
Assessment Modeling,
U.S. Environmental
Protection Aciency, Athens,
GA30613
(404) 546-3585
Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, Gloucester Point,
VA 23062
(804)642-7212
Nature of
Support
N/A
N/A
Telephone
contact
Telephone
contact
Software
maintenance
, workshop
technical
assistance
through EPA
channels
Telephone
contact
Adequacy of
Documentation
Excellent
documentation with
example application
Good illustrations with
numerical example
application
Good documentation
with several applications
Excellent
documentation of theory
and assumptions;
excellent user's guide
with input and output
information
Excellent
documentation of theory
and assumptions;
excellent user's guide
with input and output
information
Excellent
documentation of
theoretical and
computational aspects;
excellent user's manual
with input and output
information; numerous
papers written
describing capabilities
of the model
Cost
Low
Low
Medium
Medium
High
High
where steady-state conditions may be assumed
and tidal flushing is the predominant mode of
flushing. A complex model is used in dynamic
environments subject to complex circulation
patterns and full biochemical kinetics, with
sources and sinks for all dissolved constituents
and for proposed marinas.
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Table 5-2. Level of effort for best models.
Complexity
Simple
Mid-range
Model
Tidal Prism Analysis
Tidal Prism Model
Water Quality Problem
DO, fecal coliform
DO, BOD, nutrients,
Approximate
Level of Effort
1 -2 Days
3-7 Days
Mid-range
NCDEM DO
phytoplankton, fecal
coliform
DO
1 -2 Days
Complex
Complex
WASP4
EFDC Hydrodynamic
DO, BOD, nutrients, 3-4 Weeks
phytoplankton, toxics, fecal
coliform
DO, BOD, temperature, 4-6 weeks
salinity, nutrients,
sediment, finfish,
phytoplankton, shellfish,
toxics, fecal coliform,
eutrophication
Simple Model
The methods listed here include desktop screening
methodologies that calculate seasonal or annual
mean pollutant concentrations based on steady-
state conditions and simplified flushing time
estimates. These models are designed to examine
and isolate trouble spots for more detailed
analyses. They should be used to highlight major
water quality issues and important data gaps in the
early stage of a study.
Methods presented in this section, particularly
some of the mathematical descriptions, are
simplifications of more sophisticated techniques.
These techniques, as presented, can provide
reasonable approximations for screening potential
impact problems when site-specific data are not
available. The Tidal Prism Analysis was selected
as the method of choice in this category. This
method is capable of addressing all marina water
quality issues of concern (e.g., dissolved oxygen
and fecal coliform) and comes with excellent
documentation. The primary strengths and
advantages of she screening procedures are as
follows:
• Excellent user documentation and guidance.
• No computer is necessary since the
procedures can be performed on hand
calculators.
• Relatively simple procedures with minimal
data requirements that can be satisfied from
the user's manual when site-specific data are
lacking.
The Tidal Prism Analysis procedures can be
easily implemented in a computer program. This
allows the user to test model sensitivity and
determine the range of potential water quality
impacts from a proposed marina quickly and
efficiently.
Mid-Range Models
The recommended marina mid-range models are
the Tidal Prism Mode! and the NCDEM DO
Model. Both models are in the public domain, are
easy to apply, and are supported with good
documentation.
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SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads
Tidal Prism Model
The Tidal Prism Model is a steady-state model
capable of simulating up to 10 water quality
variables, including dissolved oxygen and fecal
coliform. The user's manual is well written and
includes input/output examples as well as
guidance on how to calibrate and apply the model.
Based on constituents modeled, the Tidal Prism
Model is recommended as the best-qualified
marina mid-range model. The primary strengths
and advantages of the Tidal Prism Model are as
follows:
• Excellent user documentation and guidance.
• Minimal computer storage requirements.
• Relatively simple procedures with data
requirements that can be satisfied from
existing data when site-specific time series
data are lacking.
The Tidal Prism Model is applicable only to
marinas where tidal forces are predominant with
oscillating flow (e.g.. an estuary cr a tidal river).
Therefore, the Tidal Prism Model can't be applied
to marinas located on a sound, an open sea, or a
lake or reservoir. Since the Tidal ?rism Model is
not applicable to the majority of marina situations,
the NCDEM DO model is recommended as an
alternative best-qualified model for mid-range
applications where the Tidal Prism Model isn't
applicable.
NCDEM DO Model
The NCDEM DO model is a steady-state program
that is only capable of predicting DO
concentrations. The NCDEM DO model is
applicable to one-, two-, and three-segment
marinas. Model theory, assumptions, and input
parameters are presented in adequate detail.
Model documentation includes input and output
examples of several applications as well as a
listing of the model code. The model code is
written in BASIC.
The NCDEM DO model incrementally mixes the
ambient and marina waters as a function of the
average lunar tides. The tidal variation is
assumed to follow a sinusoidal distribution. For
simplicity, a 12-hour tidal cycle is used. If this
time-variable model is run through a sufficient
number of tidal cycles, the average marina basin
DO value will approach a steady-state value.
Complex Models
Complex models consist of two
components—hydrodynamics and water quality.
In this model category, hydrodynamics may be
represented by numerical solution of the one-
dimensional or the full two-dimensional equations
of motion and continuity. Water quality
conservation-of-mass equations are executed
using the hydrodynamic output of water volumes
and flows. The water quality component of the
models calculates pollutant dispersion and
transformation or decay, giving resultant
concentrations over time. These models are very
complex and require an extensive effort for
specific applications.
Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program
(WASP4)
The Water Quality Analysis Simulation Program.
WASP4, is a dynamic compartment modeling
system that can be used to analyze a variety of
water quality problems in one, two, or three
dimensions. WASP4 simulates the transport and
transformation of conventional and toxic
pollutants in the water column and benthos of
ponds, streams, lakes, reservoirs, rivers, estuaries.
and coastal waters. The WASP4 modeling system
covers four major subjects—hydrodynamics,
conservative mass transport, eutrophication-
dissolved oxygen kinetics, and toxic chemical-
sediment dynamics. The modeling system also
includes a stand-alone hydrodynamic program
called DYNHYD4, which simulates the
movement of water. DYNHYD4 is a link-node
model that can be driven by either constantly
repetitive or variable tides. Unsteady inflows can
be specified, as well as wind that varies in speed
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Determining Pollutant Loads
and direction. DYNHYD4 produces an output file
of flows and volumes that can be read by WASP4
during the water quality simulation. WASP4
contains two separate kinetic submodels,
EUTRO4 and TOXI4. EUTRO4 is a simplified
version of the Potomac Eutrophication Model
(PEM) and is designed to simulate most
conventional pollutant problems. EUTRO4 can
simulate up to eight state variables, including
dissolved oxygen and fecal coliform. TOXI4
simulates organic chemicals, metals, and sediment
in the water column and underlying bed.
The WASP4 model system is supported by the
U.S. EPA Center for Exposure Assessment
Modeling (CEAM) in Athens. Georgia, and has
been applied to many aquatic environments. The
WASP4 model can be obtained over the CEAM
electronic bulletin board system, or by mailing the
appropriate number of diskettes to CEAM. The
water quality component is set up for a wide range
of pollutants, and the model is the most versatile
and most widely applicable of all models
considered in this study. For these reasons
WASP4 is the model of choice in this category.
The primary strengths and advantages of the
WASP4 model are as follows:
• Documentation: WASP4 has excellent user
documentation and guidance. Theory and
assumptions are presented in adequate detail;
program organization and input data
requirements and format are clearly
presented.
• Support: User access is available via
telephone to programmers and engineers
familiar with the model. Occasional
workshops, sponsored by EPA's Center for
Exposure Assessment Modeling, are
available. The support agency can provide
the potential user with a list of local users
who could be contacted for information
regarding their past orcurrent experience with
the computer program.
• Flexibility: Model users can add their own
subroutines to model other constituents that
might be more important to the specific
application with minimum or virtually no
programming effort required. WASP4 can be
operated by the user at various levels of
complexity to simulate some or all of these
variables and interactions.
The Center for Exposure Assessment Modeling
maintains and updates software for WASP4 and
the associated programs. Continuing model
development and testing within the CEAM
community will likely lead to further
enhancements and developments of the WASP4
modeling system. In fact, CEAM is currently
supporting the development of a 3-dimensional (3-
D) hydrodynamic model that will be linked to the
WASP4 model.
EFDC Hydrodynamic Model
The EFDC model was originally developed at the
Virginia Institute of Marine Science for estuarine
and coastal applications and is considered public
domain software. The environmental fluid
dynamics code is a general purpose modeling
package for simulating three-dimensional flow.
transport and biogeochemical processes in surface
water systems including: rivers, lakes, estuaries,
reservoirs, wetlands, and coastal regions. In
addition to hydrodynamic and salinity and
temperature transport simulation capabilities,
EFDC is capable of simulating cohesive and
noncohesive sediment transport, near field and far
field discharge dilution from multiple sources.
eutrophication processes, the transport and fate of
toxic contaminants in the water and sediment
phases, and the transport and fate of various life
stages of finfish and shellfish. Special
enhancements to the hydrodynamic portion of the
code, including: vegetation resistance, drying and
wetting, hydraulic structure representation.
wave-current boundary layer interaction and wave
induced currents, allowing refined modeling of
wetland marsh systems, controlled flow systems.
and nearshore wave induced currents and
sediment transport. The EFDC model has been
extensively tested and documented and for more
than twenty modeling studies. The model is
National Management Measures Guidance
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SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads
EFDC Model
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Determining Pollutant Loads
evaluation of Level 2 data also indicates that the
marina is affecting water quality, marina design
changes may be recommended and eventually
implemented. Level 3 sampling would be
initiated to evaluate the performance of any
implemented marina design changes. Examples of
potential marina design changes include removal
of sills, which tend to trap water in the lower
depths of a marina, and improvement of flushing
by altering sharp corners within the marina or by
enlarging the marina entrance.
Spatial Coverage
An intensive spatial coverage of the marina and
the adjacent waterbody for some indicator or
surrogate water quality parameter, such as salinity
or turbidity, is generally needed to estimate spatial
variability and to determine the model type and
the segmentation required.
Generally, the spatial coverage of the modeled
marina should extend away from the marina site
to the extent that normal background levels for
DO are encountered. At this location, model
boundary conditions (i.e., surface elevations or
current velocities) can be established. In this
manner the total effect of the marina can be
measured.
The preceding approach is appropriate when using
complex models. Sampling stations for complex
models should be spaced throughout the model
grid system, with the spatial coverage being
governed by the gradients in velocities and water
quality constituents. For existing marinas,
adjacent waterbodies are divided into a series of
reaches for complex model application, with each
reach described by a specific set of channel
geometry dimensions (cross-sectional dimensions)
and flow characteristics (flow rates, tidal range,
velocities, and biochemical processes). The
models assume that these conditions are uniform
within each reach. Each reach is in turn divided
into a series of model segments or computational
elements to provide spatial variation for the water
quality analysis. Each segment is represented by
a grid point in the model where all water quality
variables are computed. For the WASP4 model.
the segment length is dependent on the degree of
resolution desired and the natural variability in the
system. Enough detail should be provided to
characterize anticipated spatial variation in water
quality.
The hydrodynamics of the Tidal Prism Model are
based on the tidal prism volume at each segment.
Therefore, the spatial coverage of a marina, using
the Tidal Prism Model, includes the entire
estuary/river where the marina is located. The
length of each segment is defined by the tidal
excursion, the average distance traveled by a
water particle on the flood tide, since this is the
maximum length over which complete mixing can
be assumed.
A sampling station for each model segment is the
minimum requirement to calibrate the returning
ratios of the Tidal Prism Model. Sampling
stations should generally be located along the
length of the estuary and in the main channel.
The returning ratio is defined as the percentage of
tidal prism that was previously flushed from the
marina on the outgoing tide.
Constituents Sampled
The specific constituents that must be sampled, as
well as the sampling frequency, depend to some
extent on the particular modeling framework to be
used in the analysis. The selected model should
include all of the processes that are significant in
the area under investigation without the
unnecessary complexity of processes that are
insignificant. A few preliminary measurements
might be useful to define which processes are
important.
The minimum sampling requirements for all
dissolved oxygen studies should include dissolved
oxygen, temperature, chemical biological oxygen
demand (CBOD), and total Kjeldahl nitrogen
(TKN), since these parameters are fundamental to
any dissolved oxygen analysis. Biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD) is typically measured as 5-
day BOD, but a few measurements of long-term
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SECTION 5. Determining Pollutant Loads
BOD are also necessary. The Tidal Prism Model
considers only the CBOD component, and
therefore the model should be used only in
situations where the nitrogenous components are
known to be unimportant.
In addition to TKN, ammonia (NH3) and nitrate
(NO3-) (or nitrite (NOr) plus nitrate) should be
measured for dissolved oxygen investigations for
both the Tidal Prism and WASP4 models. Even
if they are not modeled, ammonia, nitrate, and
nitrite data are useful for estimating the
nitrogenous BOD decay rate or ammonia
oxidation rate.
Concentrations of algal dry weight biomass or
chlorophyll a should be measured because both
the complex models and the Tidal Prism Model
simulate algae growth for dissolved oxygen
analysis. Light extinction coefficients (or Secchi
depths) will also be needed for the algal growth
computations in dissolved oxyger analysis if the
complex models are used.
In situ sediment oxygen demand (SOD) should be
measured in situations where it is expected to be
a significant component of the oxygen budget.
This is most likely to occur in shallow areas
where the organic content of the sediments is high
or in deep marina basins where flushing is
minimal. In developing a strategy for SOD
measurement, it is logical to assjme that those
factors important in establishing model reaches or
segments are also relevant to selecting SOD
measurement sites. The more important of these
factors are:
• Geometric: depth and width.
• Hydraulic: velocity, slope, flow, and bottom
roughness.
• Water quality: location of point sources,
nonpoint source runoff, and abrupt changes in
DO/SOD concentrations.
The most important factor for SOD is likely to be
the location of abrupt change;; in DO/BOD
concentrations, such as areas surrounding the
entrance channels of marinas and in the marina
basin proper. The final point to consider is that
SOD can vary with season. This observation is
particularly relevant to marinas and adjacent areas
dominated by algal activity and/or oxidation of
organic and inorganic nutrients by benthic
microorganisms, both of which can occur
seasonally. The modeler should thus be aware of
this potential concern and structure the SOD
measurement times accordingly.
In addition to sampling for the constituents to be
simulated, measurements are also necessary to
help quantify the various coefficients and
parameters included in the model equations.
Coefficient values can be obtained in four ways:
(1) direct measurement, (2) estimation from field
data, (3) literature values, and (4) model
calibration. Model calibration is usually required
regardless of the selected approach. However,
coefficients that tend to be site-specific or that can
take on a wide range of values should either be
measured directly or estimated from field samples.
These could include the following parameters:
• Carbonaceous BOD (CBOD) decay rate
• CBOD settling rate
• Ammonia oxidation rate (nitrogenous BOD
decay rate)
• Sediment oxygen demand
In addition to the above model parameters, which
are determined primarily from the results of field
sampling surveys, several other rate coefficients
can be measured in the field. For example, stream
reaeration rates for the WASP4 model and
returning ratios for the Tidal Prism Model can be
measured using tracer techniques. WASP4
provides several options for the reaeration rate
equation, since many of the equations are
applicable only over certain ranges of depth and
velocity.
Sampling Locations
Water quality data should be collected at the
downstream boundary of the study area for model
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Determining Pollutant Loads
calibration. Adjacent waters both upstream and
downstream should also be sampled to determine
background concentrations of water quality
constituents. Although a single downstream
station is the minimum requirement for short
channel sections, additional sampling stations are
desirable to provide more spatial data for
calibrating the model. Logical locations for
additional stations are sharp corners and dead end
segments in the marina basin proper. If the
marina is segmented for a complex model
application, each segment should be sampled.
However, water quality variations might be
negligible at stations located upstream and
downstream immediately outside marinas.
In the Tidal Prism Model, water quality is
assumed to be well mixed and uniform over each
segment of the stream. Therefore, samples taken
immediately downstream of the marina would
probably not match conditions in the model unless
they were taken far enough downstream for
complete cross-sectional mixing to occur. In
general, increased sampling should be allocated to
those areas of the marina and the adjacent water
that have the most impact (along the shoreline).
In general, all of the major water quality
parameters of interest (DO, CBOD, TKN, NH3,
NO3, fecal coliform, temperature, etc.) should be
measured at each station in the sampling network.
Rate coefficients and model parameters can be
estimated from literature values before site-
specific measurements are available. For
important parameters such as the BOD decay rate,
sensitivity analyses can be performed to evaluate
the effects of different coefficient values in
formulating DO concentrations. These analyses
should provide enough information so that
sampling stations can be located in critical areas.
Sampling Time and Frequency
The duration and frequency of water quality
sampling depend to a large extent on whether the
Tidal Prism Model or a complex model will be
used. The Tidal Prism Model computes water
quality conditions only at slack before ebb; thus.
sampling at a higher rate is not necessary. The
complex models have a user-specified time step,
which means that sampling should be more
frequent for shorter time steps.
Since the Tidal Prism Model assumes that
conditions remain constant with time, it is
important to conduct the sampling program during
a period when this assumption is valid. Synoptic
surveys (e.g., sampling all stations over 2 to 3
days) should be conducted to the extent possible
so that water quality conditions at different
locations are not affected significantly by changes
in the weather or variations in the marina
discharge that are not accounted for in the model.
However, since temperature varies diurnally and
temperature influences the process rates of most
biological and chemical reactions, some
variability will be inevitable in the sampling
results. It should be noted that the Tidal Prism
Model uses the first day of field data as initial and
boundary condition input to the model. Field data
from succeeding cycles are then used to compare
the output simulations at the same cycle.
Complex models compute continuous changes
that occur over time due to variations in stream
flow, temperature, nonpoint and point source
loadings, meteorology, and processes occurring
within a marina and its adjacent waters. All of the
factors that are assumed constant for a Tidal
Prism analysis are free to vary continuously with
time in a complex model. This allows an analysis
of diurnal variations in temperature and water
quality, as well as continuous prediction of daily
variations or even seasonal variations in water
quality.
Application of a complex model requires a much
more detailed sampling program than that
required by a mid-range model. Enough data
should be collected to define the temporal
variations in water quality throughout the
simulation period at the model boundary
conditions. Therefore, more frequent data
collection should be conducted at the model
boundary condition. Complex models investigate
the temporal variations in dissolved oxygen and
National Management Measures Guidance
5-11
-------
SECTION 5: Determining Pollutant Loads
fecal coliform bacteria much better than mid-
range models. To achieve this resolution.
intensive surveys should be mixed with long-term
trend monitoring. The significance of the
temporal variations depends on the context of the
problem. For example, if the daily average
dissolved oxygen concentration is around 5 mg/L
or less, a diurnal variation of less than 1 mg/L
could be very important with respect to meeting
water quality standards; if the average dissolved
oxygen concentration is around 10 mg/L, diurnal
variations are important and the sampling program
should include 2 or 3 days of intensive sampling
for dissolved oxygen and temperature at all of the
key stations. As a minimum, these stations would
include the stations designated as the model
boundary, as well as the stations surrounding the
marina and adjacent waters and stations within the
marina. These locations satisfy the minimum
requirements of defining the boundary and
loading conditions, plus a few calibration stations
in the critical areas for DO, SOD, and fecal
coliform.
Long-term dynamic simulations; of seasonal
variations in stream water quality may be
impractical. Where seasonal variation is of
interest, the typical practice is to run the Tidal
Prism Model or a complex model (with short-term
simulations) several times for different sets of
conditions that represent the full spectrum of
conditions expected over the period of interest.
Enough data should be collected to characterize
the seasonal variations and to provide adequate
data for calibrating and applying the model. If
possible, enough data should be collected to cover
the full range of conditions of the model analysis.
As a minimum, these should include conditions
during the critical season for the water quality
variable of interest. For dissolved oxygen, for
example, the critical season occur:; during the hot
summer months (July through September).
Two general types of studies can be
defined—those used to identify short-term
variations in water quality (intensive surveys) and
those used to estimate trends or mean values
(trend monitoring). Intensive surveys are intended
to identify intertidal variations or variations that
occur due to a particular event in order to make
short-term forecasts. Intensive surveys should
encompass at least four full tidal cycles. These
should usually be conducted regardless of the type
of modeling study being conducted. Boundary
conditions should be measured concurrently with
the monitoring of the marina basin and the
adjacent water. A record of all point source waste
loads located near the marina site, during the
week prior to the survey, is recommended.
Variables that should be sampled during the
intensive surveys include tide, current velocity,
salinity, DO, fecal coliform, nitrogen, and
phosphorus measured hourly.
Trend monitoring is conducted to establish
seasonal and long-term trends in water quality.
Trend sampling may take place on a biweekly or
monthly basis for a year at a time. Stations should
be sampled at a consistent phase of the tide and
time of day to minimize tidal and diurnal
influences on water quality variations. Some
stations may be selected for more detailed
evaluation during the intensive survey. Long-term
trend monitoring should also be considered as a
way to track changes in water quality between the
intensive surveys.
Most states have water quality standards for the
24-hour average concentration and the
instantaneous minimum concentration of
dissolved oxygen. Therefore, it is important to
collect dissolved oxygen data throughout a
complete cycle, i.e., from the high value, which
normally occurs at mid-afternoon, to the low
value, which usually occurs at dawn. This will
allow the DO range in the model to be calibrated
to specific field conditions. If the waterbody is
stratified, samples should be collected at the
surface, mid-depth (above and below the
thermocline and pycnocline, if possible), and
bottom. In general, it is necessary to collect
samples at a 2-hour frequency over a 24-hour
period in order to adequately define the daily
average and the minimum DO concentrations.
5-12
National Management Measures Guidance
-------
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GLOSSARY
Bathymetric: Pertaining to the depth of a waterbody.
Bed load transport: Sediment transport along the bottom of a waterbody due to currents.
Benthic: Associated with the sea bottom.
Biocriteria: Biological measures of the health of an environment, such as the incidence of cancer in benthic fish species.
BOD: Biochemical oxygen demand; the quantity of dissolved oxygen used by microorganisms in the biochemical
oxidation of organic matter and oxidizable inorganic matter by aerobic biological action.
Circulation cell: See gyre.
Conservative pollutant: A pollutant that remains chemically unchanged in the water.
Critical habitat: A habitat determined to be important to the survival of a threatened or endangered species, to general
environmental quality, or for other reasons as designated by the State or Federal government.
CWA: Clean Water Act. Popular name for the Federal Water Pollution Control Act (33 U.S.C. 1251 - 1376), amended
in 1972 by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (P.L. 92-500).
CZARA: Coastal Zone Act Reauthorization Amendments of 1990. Amended the Coastal Zone Management Act of
1972 (16 U.S.C. 1451-1464, Chapter 33; Public Law 92-583).
DO: Dissolved oxygen; the concentration of free molecular oxygen in the water column.
Drogue-release study: A study of currents and circulation patterns using objects, or drogues, placed in the water at the
surface or at specified depths.
Dye-release studv: A study of dispersion using nontoxic dyes.
EPA: The United States Environmental Protection Agency, the federal agency charged with ensuring that federal laws
protecting human health and the environment are enforced fairly and effectively.
Exchange boundary: The boundary between one waterbody, e.g., a marina, and its parent waterbody; usually the marina
entrance(s).
Fecal coliform: Bacteria present in mammalian feces, used as an indicator of the presence of human feces, bacteria,
viruses, and pathogens in the water column.
Fixed breakwater: A breakwater constructed of solid, stationary materials.
Floating breakwater: A breakwater constructed to possess a limited range of movement.
Flushing lime: Time required for a walerbody, e.g., a marina, to exchange its water with water from the parent
waterbody.
Gyre: A mass of water circulating as a unit and separated from other circulating water masses by a boundary of
relatively stationary water.
Hvdrographic: Pertaining to ground or surface water.
Glossary
-------
Glossary
Iclttliyofauna: Fish.
Macrophytes: Plants visible to the naked eye.
Mathematical modeling: Predicting the performance of a design based on mathematical equations.
Micron: Micrometer; one-one millionth (0.000001) of a meter.
NCDEM DO model: A mathematical model for calculating dissolved oxygen concentrations developed by the North
Carolina Division of Environmental Management (NCDEM).
No-discharge zone: An area where the discharge of polluting materials is not permitted.
NPDES: National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System. A permitting system for point source polluters regulated
under section 402 of the Clean Water Act.
Numerical modeling: See mathematical modeling.
Nutrient transformers: Biological organisms, usually plants, that remove nutrients from water and incorporate them into
tissue matter.
Organic*: Carbon-containing substances such as oil, gasoline, and plant matter.
PAH: Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbon; multiringed carbon molecules resulting from the burning of fossil fuels, wood.
etc.
Physical modeling: Using a small-scale physical structure to simulate and predict the performance of a full-scale
structural design.
Rapid biaassessment: An assessment of the environmental degradation of a waterbody based on a comparison between
a typical species assemblage in a pristine waterbody and that found in the waterbody of interest.
Removal efficiency: The capacity of a pollution control device to remove pollutants from wastewater or runoff.
Residence time: The length of time water remains in a waterbody. Generally the same as flushing time.
Riparian: For the purposes of this report, riparian refers to areas adjoining coastal waterbodies, including rivers, streams.
bays, estuaries, coves, etc.
Sensitivity analysis: Modifying a numerical model's parameters to investigate the relationship between alternative
(marina] designs and water quality.
Shoaling: Deposition of sediment causing a waterbody or location within a waterbody to become more shallow.
Significant: A quantity, amount, or degree of importance determined by a State or local government.
SOD: Sediment oxygen demand: biochemical oxygen demand of microorganisms living in sediments.
Suspended solids: Solid materials that remain suspended in the water column.
Tidal prism: The difference in the volume of water in a waterbody between low and high tides.
Glossary
-------
Tidal range: The difference in height between mean low tide and mean high tide.
irv shear: Friction created by two masses of water moving in different directions or at different speeds in the same
direction.
WASP4 model: A generalized modeling system for contaminant fate and transport in surface waters; can be applied to
BOD, DO, nutrients, bacteria, and toxic chemicals.
Glossary
-------
-------
Appendix A
Best Management Practices Checklist for
Marinas and Recreational Boating
-------
Appendices
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES CHECKLIST FOR
MARINAS AND RECREATIONAL BOATING
Name of Manna:
Marina address:
Name of person doing assessment:
Date of assessment:
This best management practices checklist is designed to help marina owners and operators review the
general activities associated with the development or expansion of recreational marinas and boat ramps
and the operation of existing marinas. Several BMPs and combinations of BMPs might be necessary at
marinas to prevent or reduce runoff pollutants. This checklist can also be used by professionals to review
new marina development or expansion.
The BMP tables in this guidance provide detailed descriptions and applicability of management measures
and practices. The lists provided here can be used to assemble information on the BMP's installed or
used at the marina. If other BMP's are used, they may be identified in the space provided.
The scope of this guidance is broad, covering diverse nonpoint source pollutants from marinas and
recreational boating. Because it includes all types of waterbodies, it does not provide all practices and
techniques suitable to all regional or local marina or waterbody conditions. Also, BMPs are continually
being modified and developed as a result of experience gained from their implementation and the
innovation of marina owners and operators across the country.
The guidance can assist marina owners and managers in identifying potential sources of nonpoint source
pollution and offer potential solutions. Finding the best solution to any nonpoint source pollution
problem at a marina requires taking into account the many site-specific factors that together comprise the
setting of a marina. The applicability of BMPs to any particular marina or situation can be determined
based on site-specific factors unique to the marina site.
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
1. MARINA FLUSHING
Site and design marinas such that tides and/or currents will aid in flushing of the
site or renew its water regularly.
Good marina water quality depends on water circulation within the boat basin and the level of pollutants
existing and new amounts entering the water. In a poorly flushed marina, pollutants tend to concentrate in
the water and/or sediments. In a basin with poorly flushed corners or secluded or protected spots,
pollutants and debris can tend to collect in these locations. Stagnant, polluted water—with little
biological activity, lifeless shorelines, and offensive odors—can be the consequence. The flushing rate is
the time required to replace the water within a basin. In tidal waters, flushing is primarily driven by the
ebb and flow of the tide, while inland lake and river flushing depends on wind driven circulation and
current speed. Pollutants tend to concentrate in water and/or sediments in poorly flushed coves and
marinas. Fine sediment and organic debris can collect in uncirculated water, which can deplete the
amount of oxygen in the water. Reduced dissolved oxygen in stagnant water hinders biological activity
and can result in lifeless shores and offensive odors. Adequate marina flushing greatly reduces or
eliminates the potential for water stagnation in a marina and helps maintain the biological productivity
and aesthetic value of a marina basin. Good flushing can reduce pollutant concentrations in a marina
basin from 70% to almost 90% over a 24 hour period.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
D Ensure that the bottom of the marina and entrance channels are not deeper than
adjacent navigable channels
D Design new marinas with as few enclosed water sections or separated basins as
possible to promote circulation within the entire basin.
n Consider design alternatives in poorly flushed waterbodies to enhance flushing
(open design instead of a semienclosed design, wave attenuators instead of fixed
breakwaters).
D Consider the value of entrance channels in promoting flushing when designing or
reconfiguring a marina.
D Establish two openings at opposite ends of the marina to promote flow-through
currents.
n Use mechanical aerators to improve flushing and water quality where basin and
entrance channel configuration cannot provide adequate flushing.
D Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
2. WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Assess water quality as part of marina siting and design.
Water quality is assessed during the marina design phase to predict the effect of marina development on
the chemical and physical health of the water and aquatic environment. Marina development can cause
changes in flushing and circulation; and boat maintenance, boat operation, and the human activities in
and around boats can be sources of solid and liquid wastes, pathogenic organisms, and petroleum
compounds. The results of water quality predictions or sampling are compared to state or federal water
quality standards. Water quality assessments for dissolved oxygen concentration and pathogenic
organisms can be used as indicators of the general health of an aquatic environment. Water quality
assessments can be useful in deternining the suitability of a location for marina development, the best
marina design for ensuring good water quality, and the causes and sources of water quality problems.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
n Use water quality sampling and/or monitoring to measure water quality conditions.
D Use a water quality modeling methodology to predict postconstruction water quality
conditions.
D Monitor water quality using indicators.
n Use rapid bioassessmen! techniques to monitor water quality.
D Establish a volunteer monitoring program.
n Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
3. HABITAT ASSESSMENT
Site and design marinas to protect against adverse effects on shellfish
resources, wetlands, submerged aquatic vegetation, or other important
riparian and aquatic habitat areas as designated by local, state, or federal
governments.
The construction of a new marina in any waterbody type has the potential to disrupt aquatic habitats;
these habitats include fish spawning areas, shellfish harvesting areas, designated wetlands, beds of
submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), or the habitats of threatened or endangered species; design and
locate marinas to help support aquatic plants and animals occurring in the waters prior to the marina's
construction; operate marinas as a valuable habitat for plants and animals that do well in quiet, sheltered
waters.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
a Survey habitats to characterize the marina site.
a Assess habitat function (e.g., spawning area, nursery area, feeding area) to
minimize indirect effects.
a Consider redevelopment of waterfront sites that have been previously disturbed and
expansion of existing marinas.
n Consider alternative sites where adverse environmental effects will be minimized or
positive effects will be maximized.
a Use rapid bioassessment techniques to assess effects on biological resources.
D Create new habitat or expand habitat in the marina basin.
n Minimize disturbance of riparian areas.
D Use dry stack storage.
a Other (describe):
U.S. EPA Headquarters Library
Mail code 3201
1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
Washington DC 20460
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
4. SHORELINE AND STREAMBANK STABILIZATION
Where shoreline or streambank erosion is a nonpoint source pollution
problem, shorelines and streambanks should be stabilized. Vegetative
methods are strongly preferred unless structural methods are more cost-
effective, considering the severity of wave and wind erosion, offshore
bathymetry, and the potential adverse impact on other shorelines,
streambanks, and offshore areas.
Protect shorelines and streambanks from erosion due to uses of either the
shorelands or adjacent surface waters.
Erosion in any waterbody is a natural process resulting when moving water and waves undermine,
collapse and wash out banks and shorelines. Banks erode along nontidal lakes, rivers and streams;
shorelines erode along intertidal portions of coastal bays and estuaries. Eroding shorelines and
streambanks do not protect the land and structures during storm events. Such erosion contributes to
nonpoint source pollution problems, turbidity, shoaling, and increases the need for maintenance dredging
in marina basins and channels. Vegetation and structural methods have been shown to be effective for
mitigating shoreline erosion and for filtering pollutants from overland and stormwater runoff. All
shoreline protection practices are listed as source control practices because they act to prevent erosion
and sedimentation from occurring.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
D Use vegetative plantings, wetlands, beaches, and natural shorelines where space
allows,
n Use riprap revetment insiead of a solid vertical bulkhead where shorelines need
structural stabilization and where space and use allow.
n Protect shorelines with vertical bulkheads where reflected waves will not endanger
shorelines or habitats and where space is limited.
n Retain natural shoreline features to the extent possible at boat ramps and protect
disturbed areas from erosion.
D Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
5. STORM WATER RUNOFF MANAGEMENT
Implement effective runoff control strategies that include the use of
pollution prevention activities and the proper design of hull maintenance
areas.
Reduce the average annual loadings of total suspended solids (TSS) in
runoff from hull maintenance areas by 80 percent. For the purposes of this
measure, an 80 percent reduction of TSS is to be determined on an average
annual basis.
Sanding dust, paint chips, metal filings, and other such solids that drop on the ground during boat repair
and maintenance can all be swept into the water by the next rainstorm's runoff. Oils, grease, solvents,
paint drippings, and fuel spilled or dripped onto the ground will also be carried away in the runoff.
Unless runoff is treated in some manner, all of these pollutants will end up in the marina basin, where
they will create unsightly surface films or float until they adhere to a surface, like a boat hull. Some of
these pollutants can sink with the the bottom soil, where they can be eaten by bottom-feeding fish or
filter-feeding shellfish, or settle onto the leaves of aquatic vegetation and clog their pores.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
n Provide inside work space for boat repair and maintenance work.
D Where an inside work space is not available, provide spray booths or tarp
enclosures for abrasive blasting and sanding.
a Where buildings or enclosed areas are not available, provide clearly designated
land areas for boat repair and maintenance.
D Design hull maintenance areas to minimize contaminated runoff.
n Restrict the types and/or amount of do-it-yourself work done at the marina.
n Require that hull maintenance areas be cleaned immediately after any maintenance
to remove debris, and that the collected material be disposed of property.
D Capture and filter pollutants out of runoff water with permeable tarps, screens, and
filter cloths.
a Sweep and/or vacuum around hull maintenance areas, roads, parking lots, and
driveways frequently.
a Plant grass between impervious areas and the marina basin.
a Construct new or restore former wetlands where feasible and practical.
a Use porous pavement where feasible.
a Install oil/grit separators to capture petroleum spills and coarse sediment.
a Use catch basins where storm water flows to the marina basin in large pulses.
a Add filters to storm drains that are located near work areas.
a Place absorbents in drain inlets.
a Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
6. FUELING STATION DESIG N
Design fueling stations to allow for ease in cleanup of spills.
Spills of gasoline and diesel oil during boat fueling is a common source of pollution in marina waters.
Usually these are very small spills which occur from overfilling boat fuel tanks. These small spills may
accumulate to create a larger pollution problem. The hydrocarbons in oil harm juvenile fish, upset fish
reproduction, and interfere with growth and reproduction of bottom dwelling organisms. Oil and gas that
is ingested by one animal can be passed to the next animal that eats it. In a marina, petroleum will also
deteriorate the white Styrofoam in floats and docks, and discolor boat hulls, woodwork and paint.
Gasoline spills are also a safety problem because of the flammability of this product. The most effective
way to minimize fuel spills and petroleum hydrocarbon pollution at a marina is to locate, design, build,
and operate a boat fuel dock or station in a manner that most spills are prevented and those that do occur
are quickly contained and cleaned up.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
G Locate and design boat fueling stations so that spills can be contained, such as with
a floating boom, and cleaned up easily.
n Write and implement a fuel spill recovery plan.
a Have spill containment equipment storage, such as a locker attached to the fuel
dock, easily accessible and clearly marked.
a Use automatic shutoffs on fuel lines and at hose nozzles to reduce fuel loss.
a Remove old style fuel nozzle triggers that are used to hold the nozzle open without
being held.
D Install personal watercraft (PWC) floats at fuel docks to help drivers refuel without
spilling.
n Regularly inspect, maintain, and replace fuel hoses, pipes, and tanks.
a Train fuel dock staff in spill prevention, containment, and cleanup procedures.
n Install easy-to-read signs on the fuel dock that explain proper fueling, spill
prevention, and spill reporting procedures.
a Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
1. PETROLEUM CONTROL
Reduce the amount of fuel and oil from boat bilges and fuel tank air vents
entering marina and surface waters.
While more than half of the oil that spills into the water evaporates, less than a cup of oil can create a
very thin sheen over more than an acre of calm water. Small amounts of oil spilled from numerous boats
can accumulate to create large oil shine, which block oxygen from moving through the surface of the
water and be harmful to animals and larvae that must break the surface to breathe. The hydrocarbons in
oil harm juvenile fish, upset fish reproduction, and interfere with growth and reproduction of bottom
dwelling organisms. Oil and gas that is ingested by one animal can be passed to the next animal that eats
it. In a marina, petroleum spills will also dissolve the white Styrofoam in floats and docks, and discolor
boat hulls, woodwork and paint. Gasoline spills, which evaporate quickly, are also a safety problem
because of the flammability of this fumes.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
n Promote the installation and use of fuel/air separators on air vents or tank stems of
inboard fuel tanks to reduce the amount of fuel spilled into surface waters during
fueling
n Avoid overfilling fuel tanks
n Provide small petroleum absorption pads to patrons to use while fueling to catch
splash back and the last drops when the nozzle is transferred back from the boat to
the fuel dock.
n Keep engines properly maintained for efficient fuel consumption, clean exhaust, and
fuel economy. Follow the manufacturer's specifications.
D Routinely check for engine fuel leaks and use a drip pan under engines.
n Avoid pumping any bilge water that is oily or has a sheen. Promote the use of
materials that either capture or digest oil in bilges. Examine these materials
frequently and replace as necessary.
n Recycle used absorption pads if possible, or dispose of them in accordance with
petroleum disposal guidelines.
n Prohibit the use of detergents and emulsifiers on fuel spills.
a Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
8. LIQUID MATERIALS MANAGEMENT
Provide and maintain appropriate storage, transfer, containment, and
disposal facilities for liquid material, such as oil, harmful solvents,
antifreeze, and paints, and encourage recycling of these materials.
Liquid material such as fuels, oils, solvents, paints, pesticides, acetone, cleaners and antifreeze are
potentially harmful or deadly to wildlife, pets, and humans, and are toxic to fish and other aquatic
organisms when they enter a waterbody. This is true for other types of liquid wastes such as waste fuel,
used oil, spent solvents, battery acid, and used antifreeze. Waste oils include waste engine oil,
transmission fluid, hydraulic fluid, and gear oil. Waste fuels include gasoline, diesel, gasoline/oil blends,
and water contaminated by these fuels.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
n Build curbs, berms, or otner barriers around areas used for liquid material storage to
contain spills.
n Store liquid materials under cover on a surface that is impervious to the type of
material stored.
D Provide clearly labeled, separate containers for the disposal of waste oils, fuels, and
other liquid wastes.
n Recycle liquid materials where possible.
n Change engine oil using nonspill vacuum-type systems for spill-proof oil changes, or
to suction oily water from bilges.
n Burn used oil used as a heating fuel where permitted by law.
n Use antifreeze and coolants that are less toxic to the environment.
D Store minimal quantities of hazardous materials
n Use alternative liquid materials where practical.
n Follow manufacturer's directions and use nontoxic or low-toxicity pesticides.
n Locate storage and disposal areas for liquid materials in or near repair and
maintenance areas, undercover, protected from runoff with berms or secondary
containment, and away from flood areas and fire hazards.
n Prepare a hazardous materials spill recovery plan and update it as necessary.
n Provide adequate spill response equipment where liquid materials are stored.
n Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
9. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Properly dispose of solid wastes produced by the operation, cleaning,
maintenance, and repair of boats to limit entry of solid wastes to surface
waters.
Boat maintenance, painting and repair may result in a range of waste materials, such as sanding debris.
antifoulant paint chips, scrap metal, fiberglass pieces, sweepings, battery lead and acid. Other solid waste
such as bottles, plastic bags, aluminum cans, coffee cups, six-pack rings, disposable diapers, wrapping
paper, glass bottles, cigarette filters, and fishing line can come from general boating activities and marina
use. Living organisms and the habitats of aquatic animals and plants will be harmed by this type of debris
after it enters the water. A litter-free marina is more attractive to present and potential customers.
Reducing a marina's solid wastes also reduces overall disposal costs.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
n Avoid doing any debris-producing hull maintenance while their boats are in the
water.
n Provide trash receptacles.
n Provide facilities for collecting recyclable materials.
n Provide boaters with trash bags.
n Use a reusable blasting medium.
n Clean up pet wastes and provide a specific dog walking area.
a Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
10. FISH WASTE MANAGEMENT
Promote sound fish waste management through a combination of fish-
cleaning restrictions, public education, and proper disposal offish waste.
Sportfishing is very popular, but f sh cleaning produces waste which can create water quality problems in
marinas with poor circulation. Too much fish waste in a confined area can lower oxygen levels in the
water, which leads to foul odor and fish kills. Floating fish parts are also an unsightly addition to marina
waters.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
D Clean fish catches offshore.
n Install fish cleaning stations.
D Compost fish waste where appropriate.
n Freeze fish parts and reuse them as bait or chum.
n Encourage catch and release fishing.
D Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
11. SEWAGE FACILITY MANAGEMENT
Install pumpout, dump station, and restroom facilities where needed at new
and expanding marinas to reduce the release of sewage to surface waters.
Design these facilities to allow ease of access and post signage to promote
use by the boating public.
Boat sewage can be a problem when dumped overboard without any treatment. Although the volume of
sewage discharged from boats is not as massive as a typical sewage treatment plant outfall, boat sewage
is very concentrated and can add to the overall problem of fecal coliform loading to the water body. Boat
sewage also adds extra nutrients that use dissolved oxygen and can stimulate algae growth, which in
worst cases can grow so fast that it uses oxygen needed by fish and other organisms to eat. When
untreated sewage goes overboard, it can contaminate shellfish, leading to potentially serious human
health problems.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
n Install pumpout facilities. Use a system compatible with the manna's needs (fixed-
point systems, dump stations for portable toilets, portable systems, Dedicated
slipside systems).
a Provide pumpout service at convenient times and at a reasonable cost
a Keep pumpout stations clean and easily accessible, and consider having marina
staff do pumpouts.
a Provide portable toilet dump stations near small slips and launch ramps.
D Provide restrooms at all marinas and boat ramps.
a Consider declaring a private marina to be a "no discharge" marina.
a Establish practices and post signs to control pet waste problems.
D Prohibit feeding of wild birds in the marina.
p Establish no discharge zones to prevent any sewage from entering boating waters.
a Establish equipment requirement policies that prohibit the use of Y-valves on boats
on inland waters.
a Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
12. MAINTENANCE OF SEWAGE FACILITIES
Ensure that sewage pumpout facilities are maintained in operational
condition and encourage their use.
When faced with nonfunctioning sewage collection and disposal facilities, boaters whose holding tanks
are full have three choices: 1) go elsewhere to find an operable pumpout or dump station which is
inconvenient; 2) discharge sewage directly overboard which is illegal in no discharge zones and
otherwise only through an approved marine sanitation device in nearshore waters; or 3) cease using their
boat toilets, which to some would mean "stop using your boat"; also, one inoperable pumpout might
overload another one nearby, and tempt boaters to discharge illegally, particularly if the other one is not
free or charges a higher fee.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
D Maintain a dedicated fund and issue a contract for pumpout and dump station repair
and maintenance (applies to government-operated marinas, pumpout stations, and
dump stations only).
a Regularly inspect and maintain sewage facilities.
a Disinfect the suction connection of a pumpout station (stationary or portable) by
dipping or spraying it with disinfectant.
a Maintain convenient, clean, dry, and pleasant restroom facilities in the marina.
n Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
13. BOAT CLEANING
For boats that are in the water, perform cleaning operations to minimize, to
the extent practicable, the release to surface waters of (a) harmful cleaners
and solvents and (b) paint from in-water hull cleaning.
Many boat cleaners contain harsh chlorine, ammonia, phosphates and other chemicals that can harm fish
and other aquatic life. Some chemicals in these cleaners become more concentrated in aquatic organisms
as they are ingested by other animals and may eventually find their way into fish and shellfish which may
be eaten by people. Chemicals and debris from washing boat topsides, decks and hull surfaces can be
kept out of the water with some common sense boating practices.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
n Encourage patrons to wash boat hulls above the waterline by hand. Where
feasible, encourage patrons to remove boats from the water and clean them where
debris can be captured and properly disposed of.
D Encourage patrons to buy and use detergents and cleaning compounds that will
have minimal impact on the aquatic environment.
D Discourage patrons from performing in-the-water hull scraping or any abrasive
process that is done underwater that could remove paint from the boat hull.
n Encourage patrons to switch to long-lasting and low-toxicity or nontoxic antifouling
paints.
n Capture and treat wastewater from pressure washing to the extent feasible.
a Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
14. BOAT OPERATION
Manage boating activities where necessary to decrease turbidity and
physical destruction of shallow-water habitat.
Boat and personal watercraft traffic through very shallow water and nearshore areas at wake producing
speeds can resuspend bottom sediments and erode shorelines, all of which can increase turbidity in the
water column; turbid waters block the penetration of sunlight to underwater plants that need light for
survival, and reduces visibility for fish who rely on sight to catch their prey; vessel traffic can also uproot
submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) which is habitat for fish and shellfish and food for waterfowl,
recycles nutrients released from matter decomposing in the waterbody, and reduces wave energy at
shorelines thus protects them from erosion; vessel traffic might also chum up harmful chemicals which
had been trapped in the sediments and may contaminate fish and shellfish that people eat; propellers or
jet drives when in contact with the bottom will dig visible furrows across the soil and vegetation which
can take years to recover.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
D Clearly mark shallow-water areas and encourage patrons to avoid boating in them.
D Ask government authorities to establish and enforce no wake zones to decrease
turbidity, shore erosion, and damage in marinas.
n Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
Appendices
15. PUBLIC EDUCATION
Public education, outreach, and training programs should be instituted for
boaters, as well as marina owners and operators, to prevent improper
disposal of polluting material.
A boating public that understands the causes and effects of pollution is more likely to want clean waters
and healthy aquatic environments, and if they are told about the simple and effective ways that they can
reduce their impact on the environment, they will generally be more than happy to do their part. Public
education is one of the most effective ways to reduce pollution in and around marinas and from
recreational boating.
BMPs that should be considered and used where appropriate:
n Use signs to inform marina patrons of appropriate clean boating practices.
a Use bulletin boards for environmental messages and idea sharing.
a Promote recycling and trash reduction programs.
D Hand out pamphlets or flyers, send newsletters, and add inserts to bill mailings with
information about how recreational boaters can protect the environment and have
clean boating waters.
n Organize and present fun environmental education meetings, presentations, and
demonstrations.
a Educate and train marina staff to do their jobs in an environmentally conscious
manner and to be good role models for marina patrons.
D Insert language into facility contracts that requires tenants to use certain areas and
clean boating techniques when maintaining their boats. Use an environmental
agreement that tenants must sign that states that they will comply with the manna's
best management practices.
D Have a clearly written environmental best management practices agreement for
outside contractors to sign as a precondition to working on any boat in the marina.
n Participate with an organization that promotes clean boating practices.
a Provide MARPOL placards to boaters.
a Paint signs on storm drains indicating that anything placed in it or runoff to it drains
directly to surface waters (where drainage is not to a treatment plant).
D Establish and educate marina patrons about rules governing fish-cleaning.
D Educate boaters about good fish cleaning practices.
D Provide information on local waste collection and recycling programs.
a Hold clinics on safe fueling and bilge maintenance.
a Teach boaters how to fuel boats to minimize fuel spills.
a Stock phosphate-free, nontoxic cleaners and other environmentally friendly
products.
D Place signs in the water and label charts to alert boaters about sensitive habitat
areas.
n Other (describe):
Appendix A
-------
-------
Appendix B
Example
Oil Spill Response Plan
(Note that text in Ma\font should be
replaced by facility-specific information.)
-------
Appendices
Oil Spill Response Plan
Name of Marina
EMERGENCY RESPONSE ACTION:
Reaction
Identify the source of the spill if possible.
Attempt to secure the source of the spill.
If a spill is observed at the fueling dock, immediately cease all fueling activities.
Make a preliminary assessment as to what the spill material is and approximately how
much has entered the waterway. This information will dictate what equipment needs to
be deployed.
Advise the facility manager or spill response manager if necessary.
Reporting
U.S. Coast Guard 1-800-424-8802
• State department of environmental protection Business hours; 24 hours
All spills that result in a slick or a sheen on the water require lhat the Coast Guard and State
department of environmental protection be contacted and provided with pertinent
information.
Response
Gasoline spill:
If spill is small (5 gallons or less):
• Allow natural weathering to reduce and eliminate the spill.
• No smoking during any spill.
• Do not contain or collect gasoline because confined gasoline may create a risk of
explosion and fire.
For larger spills (more than 5 gallons):
• Implement the reporting requirements.
• Secure all electricity.
• Make sure everyone is away from the affected area.
• Do not allow anyone to enter the affected area.
Appendix B
-------
Appendices
• Use water hoses to wash the spill away to protect docks and boats.
• Contact the fire department and harbormaster
Other oil spills (crude and refined residual oils, diesel, and kerosene):
• Contain the oil spill using curtain boom to prevent spreading. When possible,
completely surround the source.
• If the oil was spilled in an upland area, use an absorbent boom and pads to
contain the material and prevent it from entering the waterbody.
• If more oil than can be contained by the boom was spilled, contact: name of
primary contact for additional spill equipment.
« Once the spill is contained, use absorbent material to collect the oil. Absorbent
pads can be placed within the boomed area, retrieved, wrung out, and placed
back in the boomed area.
• If spreading is occurring too rapidly or other conditions prevent the containment
of the oil, employ the boom to deflect the oil from critical or sensitive areas.
PERSONNEL
Spill Manager
Name of person responsible for maintaining plan and equipment inventory.
Qualified Staff
List marina staff authorized to implement the spill plan.
Marina spokesperson: One person who is responsible for communicating to enforcement
officials, customers, and the media. Using one person helps to ensure a consistent
message.
Contact for additional assistance
In the event that this facility needs the services of a professional oil spill response company.
contact: list the name of a professional oil spill response company with whom prior
arrangements exist.
This service should be requested only by the facility manager or the spill response manager.
THREATS
Maximum threat(s)
Overfilling of gasoline during fueling, creating explosion hazard: The most common spill
occurrence will result from overfilling of gasoline and diesel fuel tanks at the fueling dock.
Gasoline, because of its volatility, is the greatest threat.
Appendix B
-------
Appendices
Vessel spill
Under a worst-case scenario, the largest on-board fuel tank is aboard a 50-foot
powerboat that carries approximately 200 gallons of diesel fuel and 20 gallons of
crankcase oil. This poses a maximum threat if this vessel were to sink within the
marina perimeter.
Spill from fuel storage tank or connections to pumping station
On-site there is a gallon in-ground storage tank that is connected to the fuel
pumping station by a series of flexible and rigid hoses. A fuel spill could result from
the failure of one of the connections. A spill could also result when the fuel tank is
being filled.
Minimum threats
Spill from waste oil receptacle: On site there is a 200-gallon waste oil receptacle. It is
located 100 yards from the coastal edge and is surrounded by an impervious berm
designed to retain 110 percent of the receptacle's volume.
SPILL RESPONSE EQUIPMENT
Available on-site resources
(1) 150-foot harbor curtain boom (3 x length of vessel with largest fuel tank)
Operational characteristics;: deflects and contains oil in the water. Curtain boom is susceptible to
wind, waves, and current. These factors can cause oil to escape over the top and under the
bottom of the boom.
Deployment: Can be attached to a fixed structure or to an anchor. Place downstream of oil spill.
If surface current is moving greater than 0.7 knots, the boom will not contain oil acting at a right
angle to it. Boom angle will need to be adjusted to decreasing angles as the speed of the current
increases.
Disposal: The boom, if maintained properly, can be used multiple times. The average life span
for the boom is approximately 5 to 10 years, depending on the use it receives.
Maintenance: Rinse with freshwater thoroughly. Be sure to collect with absorbents any
remaining oil on the boom. Store out of sunlight in a manner that allows quick deployment.
(2) 80 feet of 5-inch absorbent boom (37.5 ft3; 84 tb)
(3) 200 individual absorben: pads (3/8 in x 18 in x 18 in)
Operational characteristics: Boom has little inherent strength and might need extra flotation to
keep from sinking when laden with oil. Use absorbents only in low current velocity situations.
Deployment: Place absorbents on spilled oil. Recovery efficiency decreases rapidly once outer
layer is oil-soaked.
Disposal: May be wrung out and reused (See manufacturer's specifications). At the end of the
useful life, wring out and store in a sealed container. The container will be disposed of by a
contracted waste hauler.
Appendix B
-------
Appendices
Maintenance: When possible, wring out and dry after use. See manufacturer's specifications.
Otherwise, material will be disposed of properly.
(4) Empty 55-galton drum with lid for storage of collected oil
(5) Gloves
(6) Pitch fork
(7) Two 15-lb Danforth anchors
(8) Mooring lines
(9) Standard mop or laundry wringer
Location
The spill response equipment is stored in the spill response shed located adjacent to the
maintenance shed. Key number 000, which the manager holds on the master ring,
opens the spill response shed.
Additional equipment
If the rapid deployment of additional resources is necessary, we have secured permission to use
equipment from: List local sources of equipment and how they can be reached, e.g.,
Neighboring marina, they can be reached on VHP CH 68 or by calling 555-0000.
Coast Guard oil spill response trailer is also available as a first-aid measure.
NOTES
Do not use dispersants on oil/fuel spills. Dispersants include products manufactured specifically for
that purpose and more common products such as detergent. This simply forces the oil into the water
column, where it may be more harmful. Dispersants may only be used with the approval of the Coast
Guard federal on-scene coordinator.
On the downstream side of the marina is a salt marsh that should be protected from a large
oil spill. A floating oil boom should be used to deflect spilled oil away from this critical area.
This response plan will be tested twice a year, with a least one test occurring at the beginning of
the boating season. All of the spill response equipment will be inspected at the time of the tests.
RECORDS
Staff Readiness Drills
Date
8/3/99
Drill Simulation
Sinkina vessel
Who participated
List of staff members who participated
Supervisor
Sianature
Appendix B
-------
Appendices
Inspection
Date
8/3/99
Inspected by:
Name
Condition/Notes
All eauioment in aood condition
Emergency Phone List
• United States Coest Guard, Marine Safety Office: 333-456-7890
• State Department of Environmental Management: 333-001-1234
Local Harbormaster Department: 333-100-0987
• Local Police Department: 333-555-1001
Local Fire Department: 333-444-5555
Plan last updated: 8-15-1999
Updated by: name
Appendix B
-------
Appendix C
Table of Cost/Benefits of Marina
Best Management Practices
(Originally published in USEPA, 1996:
Clean Marinas—Clear Value)
-------
Appendices
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Nel bencfil is estimaled by av<
removal cosl less estimated la
recycling.
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Income from entire hull-blasti
difference in costs and revenu
convenliorjal system revenues
system installation required b;
continue service.
ac
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medium - Associated
Marine Technologies, FL
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Improved staff morale and prt
en
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3. Pumpoul service used as slaff
incentive - Battery Park
Marina, OH
LT
1 ^
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*Jl2 Q _ ^
1 1 i i
^ — -c ^:
Savings from metered sewage
and state grants paid for instal
however, initial cost included
demonstrate benefits even wit
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4. Sewage meter for pumpout
station and entire marina -
Brewer's Cove Haven Marina,
RI
w
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ll
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1 1
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XI
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O *si) ^ .£ oj
**" O c ^ ^"J
Cost of docks no more than ci
docks; operations costs are bu
salaries; cosl savings from ext
season; in addition to nel bene
annual "free publicily" is atlril
improvements.
S
m
cs
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v>
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8
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ft*
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c
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6. Habitat assessment and
scallop farming under docks -
Cedar Island Marina, CT
T3
•3 >, « J
1*111
Initial land savings on buying
waterfroni, includes permil sa
amorli/ed over 20 yrs, trailer i
property lax and land value sa
estimated lo demonstrate bene
yard.
S
^r
ac
(N
s
^D
f—
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-------
Appendices
•^T
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-
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Appendix C: Costs/Bcne
Z
•52^4,
^ * i I
* !S 0 2
28--*
* 1
V — *<
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= _ 3 C
« .3 S «
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a «. £
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^ £
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Knvironmental change(s)
U
. "3 o
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w ^3 ^> e
Additional benefits from new slip r
winter storage, added fuel sales; ad
value was reali/cd from "free publi
pumpout amortized over 10 yrs, sai
5 yrs.
-
r**
5
£
8
3C
-C
X
|
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f-,
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ift
m
0
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8. Overall changes: pumpout
service, dustless sanders,
grounds maintenance - Deep
River Marina, CT
S J-:
1|.|
'ft 3 *•
Pumpout cost amortized over 10 yi
investments over 20 yrs; also attrib
equivalent of $10,000 of "free pub!
_
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8
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^
8
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2
Q
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8
«
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9. Overall changes:
environmental contract,
pumpout service, solid waste
and liquid materials
management - Edwards
Boatyard, MA
S>
Oi -^ O
~ u •£>
« rf, 2
Savings from avoided hazardous w
pickup paid for labor time; dog wa:
distributed free to customers, save
costs.
c
CN
£
0
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B
<
--•
Z
—
^
z
0
10. Overall changes: habitat
creation, pollution control,
water conservation, etc. - Elli
Bay Marina, WA
•^ r-fi O c O
£§•£•»*& -
Sn .'£ 3 00 M -g
•a •= C..5 .« •—
Change in costs are added labor an
costs less savings from decrease in
services; initial outlay for portable
and recycling setup less permit sav:
pumpout partially paid for with stal
but full initial cost included here to
demonstrate benefits even with the
OX
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00
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1 1 . Overall changes: wash
water recycling, trash recyclil
portable pumpout station -
Green Cove Marina, NJ
O
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J
Increased revenue due to special dc
pumpout service.
2
— .
Z
CN
0
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8
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S
e
13. Seaweed recycled as gard
fertilizer and mulch - The
Hammond Marina, IN
13 > 0
Difference in revenues and costs cc
to conventional system unknown; s
installation required by county to ci
service.
oo
at
CN
Q
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r-
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S
^ ^
q.
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-------
Appendices
I
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| Appendix C: Costs/Benefii
1
1^
« a | g
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C9 *J £
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88 s
£ 1
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II
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Environmental change(s)
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•evenue froi
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investment
£S of using i
than blackl
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CN
p
5%
30
30
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16. Recycled crushed concrete
controls runoff - Lockwood
Boat Works, NJ
•D
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« S •*
1 3 §
•S'o S
3^ g
"3S >
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f initial out!
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difference
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17. Dustless vacuum sanding -
The Lodge of Four Seasons
Marina, MO
3 "j5
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2 a 5 °°
« XI S W
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18. Floating pumpout and
restroom barge to serve
transients - Oak Harbor Marina
WA
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to ^3
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14
19. Outdoor boat repairs done
over screen tarps - Port
Annapolis Marina, MD
^
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20. Opening in breakwater to
improve flushing - Puerto del
Rcy Marina, PR
en
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£
S
1 1 . Wash water recycled
without chemicals -
Summerileld Boat Works, FL
, |
3 s
50 "5
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ll
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.I" S u
savings on d
1 maintenan
epair incom
1 U
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Appendix C
-------
Appendices
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-------
-------
Appendix D
Federal Laws Related to Marinas
and Recreational Boating
-------
Appendices
2
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Appendix D
-------
Appendices
V5
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Appendix D
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Appendices
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a.
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d disposal of
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educational purpose;
- disease or predatioi
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regulatory mechanisi
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faclors affecting its c
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dangered and
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Appendix D
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Appendices
Requirements
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Prohibils discharge of oil or oil
waste into or upon ihe navigab
waters of the U.S. or the water;
of Ihe contiguous /one if such
discharge causes a film or slice
upon, or discoloration of, the
surface of the water, or causes
sludge or emulsion beneath the
surface of the water.
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Prohibils ihe use of soaps or
olher dispensing agents to
dissipate oil on the water or in
Ihe bilge without ihe pcnnissio
of the Coast Guard.
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Appendix D
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Appendices
Requirements
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Appendices
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Appendices
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Appendix D
-------
-------
Appendix E
Web Sites With Information
Related to Marinas and
Recreational Boating
-------
Appendices
SOME WEB SITES TO VISIT
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and
Watersheds
Web site of the USEPA Office of
Wetlands. Oceans, and Watersheds.
Information on the control of nonpoint
source pollution, the condition of the
water-related environment, and the
management and restoration of
watersheds.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency Response
Provides policy, guidance, and direction for the
land disposal of hazardous wastes, underground
storage tanks, solid waste management.
encouragement of innovative technologies,
source reduction of wastes, and the Superfund
Program.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Office of Wetlands, Oceans,
and Watersheds
Publications On Line
A variety of EPA publications related to
Nonpoint Source Pollution that can be
ordered or read on the internet.
U.S. Coast Guard Sea Partners
Environmental education and outreach program
focused on communities to develop awareness of
maritime pollution issues and to improve
compliance with marine environmental protection
laws and regulations; links related to marine
debris, small spills, clean boating practices, and
resources for kids and teachers.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Index of Watershed Indicators
Maps and information about watersheds
nationwide. Locate your own watershed
and learn about the quality of the waters in
it, sources of pollution, and organizations
active in protecting it.
U.S. Coast Guard Kids' Corner
Activities and information for kids about safety
and clean boating practices; "The Adventures of
Captain Cleanwater: An Activity Book for Kids
About Clean and Safe Boating" and "The True
Story of Inky the Whale."
Appendix E
-------
Appendices
National Sea Grant National Depository
Searchable archive of all Sea Grant-funded
documents since 1967, including hundreds
of studies on boating, marinas, and the
environment, plus many educational flyers,
brochures, and fact sheets; well worth the
visit.
National Sea Grant College Program
Information about the National Sea Grant
program and links to state Sea Grant programs
nationwide.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Clean
Vessel Act Program
Information on the CVA program, which
provides grants for pumpout and dump
stations for boaters to dispose of human
waste in an environmentally safe manner.
Tennessee Valley Authority
< http:/fyvww. tva. go v/river/rec real ion/
index.htm>
The web site provides information on the
camping and recreation areas operated by the
TVA. TVA operates some 100 public recreation
areas throughout the Tennessee Valley, including
campgrounds, day-use areas, and boat launching
ramps. Their opening and closing dates are listed
at this site, as well as contact numbers.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
This site contains information about aJ! of
the lakeside parks that are administered by
the Army Corps of Engineers. The
Lakeside Recreation Resource page shows
a map. Just click on an area of the country
that you are interested in and the maps will
show you all the information you need
about the USAGE park system.
Canadian Coast Guard
"Protecting the Aquatic Environment: A Boater's
Guide" with valuable information on managing
waste, boat maintenance, antifouling pajnt,
batteries, introduced species, tips for protecting
the aquatic environment, spill reporting, and
more.
Appendix E
-------
Appendices
Florida Department of
Environmental Protection
< http:/Avww. dep. state, fl. us >
Florida DEP offers information ar.d
management practices for managing the
following types of waste:
• Distress signal flares
• Batteries (lead acid marine/aato and
rechargeable)
• Mercury-containing devices: bilge
pump float switches, air conditioning
thermostats
* Mercury containing lamps: f uor-
escent and high intensity discharge
• Refrigerants and asbestos
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
< http ://w ww.dnr.state.md. us/boating/>
The Maryland DNR web site has links to a
variety of pages with information of interest to
boaters, including:
• Boating Regulations
• Boating Safety
• Clean Marina Initiative
• Public Boating Facilities
• Pumpout Program
• Vessel Requirements
• Weather
National Safe Boating Council
The mission of the NSBC is to provide a
forum for advancing and fostering safe
boating, and educating the public in safe
boating principles, by developing and
facilitating an ongoing series of campaigns
to promote safe boating principles and
practices; facilitating the distribution and
dissemination of information on safe
boating; promoting the development of
research initiatives to support boaiing
education and safety awareness; improving
the professional development of boating
safety educators; and encouraging the
development and implementation of
outstanding boating safety programs.
Marina Operators Association of America
(MOAA)
MOAA works for the enhancement of the
recreational marina industry through:
• Stimulating a continuing exchange of ideas.
» Updating marina operators on new
information.
• Banding together to maintan a strong
national voice.
« Encouraging marina operators to institute
the best management practices.
• Joining to establish a clean marina program.
• Encouraging marina operators to be
proactive in their customer's boating
experience.
Appendix E
-------
Appendices
National Marine Manufacturers
Association
NMMA members—more than 1,600
companies—produce every conceivable
product used by recreational boaters.
NMMA provides a wide variety of
programs and services tailored to member
needs: technical expertise, standards
monitoring, government relations
avocation, industry statistics, and more.
NMMA produces boat shows, including
the world's largest marine trade show, the
International Marine Trades Exhibit &
Convention (IMTEC), in key North
American markets.
International Marina Institute
Nonprofit membership organization serving the
global marine industry. IMI is a nonprofit
membership organization that offers management
training, education, and information about
research, legislation, and environmental issues
affecting the marina industry. IMI is a marine
trade organization that encompasses all segments
of the marina business on both a national and
international basis.
Marine Environmental Education
Foundation
< ht tp://www. meef. org>
The Marine Environmental Education
Foundation (MEEF) is a national,
nonprofit, tax exempt, charitable
foundation founded to bring together
national specialists to develop education
programs and research on marine
environmental issues. Its goal is to create
and present educational programs which
will result in cleaner waters for the boating
public. MEEF is the creator and sponsor
of the National Clean Boating Campaign.
National Boating Federation
Largest nationwide alliance of recreational
boating organizations, yacht and boating clubs,
and individual members focused on promoting
recreational boating activities. The National
Boating Federation often appears before
congressional committees to testify on boating
matters.
Appendix E
-------
Appendices
Boat Owners Association
of the United States
The Boat Owners Association of the
United States provides services including
representing the interests of boat owners on
Capitol Hill; insuring members' boats;
operating an on-the-water towing network;
and providing discount boating equipment
through the Internet, mail order, and
marine centers. BoatU.S. publishes widely
circulated publications for boaters, serves
as an educator in marine safety and
environmental issues, and routinely tests
and reports on boating safety equipment
and other products.
Marina Retailers Association
of America
The Marina Retailers Association of America
(MRAA) is the nations largest marine retailers
trade association, representing an industry with
more that 100,000 employees and nearly $20
billion in sales annually. The mission of the
MRAA—Progress through Participation with
Industry Partners—is accomplished by
promoting programs and services and helping
create an environment that helps marine retailers
to operate. MRAA promotes and furthers the
interests of all its member companies and the
marine industry in general.
Center for Marine Conservation
Center for Marine Conservation is
committed to protecting ocean
environments and conserving the global
abundance and diversity of marine life.
Through science-based advocacy, research,
and public education, CMC promotes
informed citizen participation to reverse
the degradation of our oceans.
BoatFacts Online
Internet site with information on boating
products, publications, marinas, classifieds,
engines, boats, legislative issues, organizations,
discussion forums, and a boating calendar.
Appendix E
------- |