U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
THE ALLEGHENY COUNTY AIR POLLUTION EPISODE
November 16, 1975 - November 20, 1975
AIR PROGRAMS BRANCH
AIR & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DIVISION
EPA REGION III
APRIL 1976
MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION-III 6th and Walnut Streets, Philacelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
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THE ALLEGHENY COUNTY AIR POLLUTION EPISODE
November 16, 1975 - November 20, 1975
AIR PROGRAMS BRANCH
AIR & HAZARDOUS MATERIALS DIVISION
EPA REGION III
APRIL 1976
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I Introduct ion 1
II Meteorology A
III Air Quality 6
Graph of Particulate Concentration - Liberty Borough 8
Graph of SO^ Concentration - Liberty Borough 9
IV Emergency Actions 10
November 16 - 18 10
November 19 11
November 20 18
V Recommendations 22
VI Appendix 27
Federal Episode Criteria 28
Daily Weather Maps - 11/14 - 11/21 30
Map of Allegheny County & 5 Monitoring Sites ....... 37
Graph of Particulate Concentration 39
Monitoring Site - Fine Particulate & Sf^ Data 44
Allegheny County Hi-Volume Sampler Data of 5
Highlighted Sites 62
EPA Health Effects Study 68
Letter from Russel Train to House Subcommittee on
Health and the Environment 79
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INTRODUCTION
An air pollution episode occurs when adverse weather conditions,
usually low winds and a temperature inversion combine with pollu-
tant source emissions and local topography to produce a noticeable
deterioration in the ambient air quality. The framework for react-
ing to an episode is contained in the Clean Air Act of 1970. The
state and local agencies have the prime responsibility for control-
ling the episode. If the local response is not deemed to be effective,
or it appears that the air quality presents an "imminent and substan-
tial endangerment" to human health, the Environmental Protection
Agency can intervene and take emergency action to control the epi-
sode. The Regional Office of the Environmental Protection Agency
coordinates all Federal activity relating to a pollution episode
and works in coordination with the local and state personnel in
the resolution of an episode.
The degree of seriousness of an episode is a function of the concen-
tration of pollutants in the air. The specific concentration criteria
often vary somewhat from state to state. Allegheny County has the
regulations similar to those suggested by the Federal Government.
It should be noted that abatement procedures are designed mainly
to prevent the attainment of the "Substantial Endangerment" level.
The criteria for all episode stages and the endangerment level are
given in the Appendix.
An air stagnation advisory (ASA) for the Pittsburgh area was announced
by the Environmental Meteorological Support Unit (EMSU) of the
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Pittsburgh Weather Service forecast office at noon on Monday,
November 17, 1975, It was precipitated by a stationary high pressure
system located in the Eastern third of the country acting in conjunc-
tion with the formation of a strong double-layered temperature inver-
sion and very light winds. The area hardest hit by poor air quality
was the Liberty Borough - Clairton area, which went on air alert at
9 PM on Nov. 16. The major sources of particulates which contributed
to the alert appeared to be the United States Steel (USS) Clairton
Coke Works, Elrama generating station of the Duquesne Light Company
and the Mitchell generating station of the West Penn Power Company.
At 1 PM of Nov. 17, the EPA Region III office was notified about
the Pittsburgh area ASA. On Tuesday, November 18, there was no
change in the meteorological conditions. Air alerts were declared
in the Hazelwood, Downtown and North Braddock sections of the
Pittsburgh Metropolitan area. Abatement procedures went into effect
under the supervision of the Allegheny County Board of Health air
pollution personnel. On Wednesday, the 19th, weather conditions
remained the same; the Clairton area reached air warning levels and
eventually air emergency concentrations of particulate matter. An
EPA team arrived in Pittsburgh prepared to enact section 303 of the
Clean Air Act to force further source curtailments if necessary. A
seven-man team remained at the Region III offices on 24 hour call.
Epidemologists and meteorologists were dispatched from the research
labs in North Carolina to help gather information that would be needed
for a 303 action.
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Meetings between EPA and USS officials resulted in the Clairton Coke
Works eventually shifting to a 48 hour coking cycle by midnight of
the 19th. Pleadings were also prepared for possible use to force
the curtailment of electricity generation by boiler //3 of the Elrama
Station, but were not implemented because the most serious problems
was due to other sources.
On Thursday, the 20th a cold front combined with a low pressure
system was moving towards the Pittsburgh area. It led to an eventual
decrease of particulate concentration to normal levels. By 10 PM
that night, the air emergency was lifted and the regional EPA personnel
returned to Philadelphia. The epidetnologists from RTP began to con-
duct respiratory tests to see if they could observe the effects of
the episode. USS began to shorten the coking cycle to return to
normal operation.
The remainder of this report will concern itself with a more detailed
look at the events of the Pittsburgh air episode including the action
of the agencies, industries and individuals involved. From the re-
view of the episode, several recommendations will be advanced and
discussed in detail as they relate to the actual events of the
November air pollution episode. Implementation of these recommenda-
tions would be expected to result in a smoother and better coordinated
response to future air pollution episodes.
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METEOROLOGY
The first aspect of the Pittsburgh air episode to be examined is the
meteorology for the duration of the emergency from November 17 through
November 20.
At noon on November 17, the Pittsburgh Environmental Meteorological
Support Unit (EMSU), WSFO, issued an Air Stagnation Advisory (ASA)
for the counties in the Western half of Pennsylvania. The area was
under a high pressure system which covered the eastern third of the
country. The Pittsburgh area had very light southwesterly winds,
0-2 mph, in the mixing layer. There was a a strong inversion aloft
during the day and a strong inversion at the surface during the even-
ing and early morning hours. This situation was forecast to last
the next 24-36 hours.
On Tuesday, November 18, the situation remained the same and was
forecast to last for another 24 hours. There was no movement in the
high pressure system, the temperature inversion continued and the
metropolitan area condition remained constant. Precipitation was
not forecast until Thursday or Friday. These conditions continued
until Thursday.
At noon on Thursday, November 20, the ASA was terminated. The winds
continued from the southwest, but their velocity had picked up to
3-8mph, and there was no upper level inversion. A strong cold front
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was moving in from the Midwest accompanied by a low pressure system
and a storm resulting in precipitation on Friday.
The meteorology of this episode was similar to that which has caused
other episodes in the past. Throughout the episode, there was a
stationary high pressure system, light southwesterly winds (0-2 mph)
and a strong upper level inversion during the day and a surface in-
version at night. The extreme severity of this episode was probably
the result of the near-calm wind conditions persisting for an unusually
long time. Throughout the episode, the forecasting of the Pittsburgh
EMSU was accurate and reliable.
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AIR QUALITY
At 9:00 PM on November 16, 1975, an air alert was declared for the
Liberty Borough area as the 24 hr. average COH was 3.20, and the fore-
cast was for a stagnating high to arrive and remain for 24-36 hours.
At noon of the next day, the ASA was declared. The 24 hour COH read-
ings were as follows: Liberty Borough 5.41; Glassport 1.69; North
Braddock 2.03; Hazelwood 1.52; and Downtown 2,.68. At 3:00 AM on
November 18, an air alert was declared for the Hazelwood area as the
24 hr. COH reading was 1.65 COH with an hourly reading of 5.34. At
10:00 PM on the 18th, and air alert was declared for Downtown
Pittsburgh and North Braddock with 24 hour readings of 3.48 a»d 5.05 COH
respectively. At 4:00 AM on November 19, Liberty Borough reached a
24 hour reading of 6.71 COH. At this time, the warning was declared.
Data at the Liberty Borough Station had exceeded the warning level
for more than a day, and it was obvious that levels were increasing
rapidly. At 2:30 PM, an air emergency, the highest level of a
deterioration before the attainment of "imminent and substantial
danger to health", was declared at Liberty Borough with a 24 hr.
reading at 7.43 COH and a high of 7.80 COH recorded at 7:00 PM; the
other areas remained on alert. During the 24 hour period of Nov. 19,
the air quality was so poor that several hourly COH readings went
off the scale. At 4:00 AM on November 20, the emergency values at
Liberty Borough were no longer exceeded with a 24 hr reading of 6.89
COH and lower readings for the smaller time increments of 1 hr. and
the 12 hr. average indicating an improvement of air quality. At this
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time, readings for the other stations were as follows: Glassport-
3.81; North Braddock - 3.15; Hazelwood - 2.82 (23 hour average), and
Downtown 4.10-
The ASA was terminated at 12 noon on November 20. The readings for
the stations follow: Liberty Borough - 5.69; Glassport - 3.23; North
Braddock - 2.94; Hazelwood - 2.44; and Downtown - 4.20. Air alerts
remained in effect despite termination of the ASA. Finally, at
10:00 PM on Thursday, all air alerts were terminated as the inversion
was breaking up and would not last another 12 hours. Liberty Borough
4.04; Glassport - 2.70; North Braddock - 2.53; Hazelwood - 2.02, and
Downtown - 3.08,
Following are two graphs taken from data obtained from the Liberty
Borough monitoring station. The first is the 24 hr. COH readings for
every 3 hours, i.e., the 24 hr. average of the hourly readings; the
midnight readings cover the 24 hr. period from midnight; the 3:00 AM
readings are the 24 hr. average from 3:00 AM to 3:00 AM. The second
graph is the 24 hr. SC^ concentration measured in parts per million
and averaged in the same manner as the fine particulate values.
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8.0
7.0
6.0
Coh 5,0
4.0
3.0
24 HOUR Coh READINGS 9:00 PM. NOVEMBER 16, 1975 - MIDNIGHT NOVEMBER 2Q_L1975
I "
SUBSTANTIAL ENDANGERMENT
Peak Tr80 ~coh "~~ -
8:00 PM/JV Site: Liberty Borough - Clalrton
Air Emergency
Declared
EMERGENCY CRITERION
Air Warning Declared
Jarnin
Criterion
% Mr Alert Declared 9:00 PM
Alert Criterion __
ASA Terminated
Air Alert Terminated
24 12
November 17, 1976
12
18
24
Time
12
19
24
20
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24 HOUR S02 CONCENTRATIONS 9PM 11/16 - MIDNIGHT 11/20/75
Alert Criteria
0275
0250
0225
0200-
O175
0150
0100
0075
OQ50
0,025
SITE: LIBERTY BOROUGH - CLAIRTON
Primary Ambient Air Standard
Alert Declared 9:00 PM
ASA Terminated
Air Alert Terminated
f-
24 12 24
November 17, 1975
-H
12
18
24
-t-
12
19
4-
24
12
20
24
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EMERGENCY ACTIONS.
At 9:00 PM on November 16, 1975, an air alert was declared for
the Liberty Borough - Clalrton area of Allegheny County. As a result
of the alert, the Allegheny County Health Department ordered the
United States Steel Clalrton Coke Works (USS), the largest coke
oven complex in the world and a major source of particulates in the
area, to begin emission abatement plans.- The coking time was extended
from th« normal Iff - hour cycle to a 20 - hour cycle. At midnight
of the same day, U. S. Steel was ordered to extend its coking cycle to
24 hours as the air quality was deteriorating rapidly* Hourly readings
for fine particulate measurement increased from 7.03 COH to 7.85 COH
with a high of 9.93 COH.
The first Mr Stagnation Advisory was declared at noon on Monday,
November 17 for Western Pennsylvania. At 1:00 PM, the Region III
headquarters of the U.S. EPA was informed of the ASA by Allegheny
County and that the county had declared an air alert. From 10:30 AM -
4:00 PM on the 17th, R.S. Hoffman and D. Zielinski of the Allegheny
County Health Department observed the coke works to confirm that the
24 hour coking cycle had been implemented.
At 3:00 AM on Tuesday, the 18th, an alert was declared for the
Hazelwood area. Meanwhile, from 9:00 AM until 4:00 PM, R.L. Hoffman
and D. Zielinski again confirmed that Clairton Coke Works was on a
24-hour coking cycle. That afternoon the EPA Region III office was
informed by the county that warning levels were being approached.
P. Finkelstein, the Regional Meteorologist, informed M. Gold, Attorney;
G. Rapier, Director, A&HM Div.; and S. Wassersug, Director, Enforcement
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DIv., that a serious episode was developing in Allegheny County.
N. Spindel of the Division of Stationary Source Enforcement was
informed of the episode by M. Gold. At 10:00 PM that evening, alerts
were declared in downtown Pittsburgh and North Braddock.
At 1:00 AM on the 19th, it was found that the air quality had
deteriorated to such a degree that the COH readings were off the
scale of the instrument which was calibrated for a maximum reading
of 10.51. Around 2:00 AM, the USS #2 boiler was voluntarily switched
to 95% gas and the USS ammonia plant was shut down in order to
liberate clean fuel.
At 3:00 AM the same morning, P. Finkelstein was called by
Allegheny County and was informed that the Alert II level was reached
and that appropriate warning level abatement procedures were put into
effect, including a 28 hr. coking cycle at USS and cessation of
rolling mill operations. Allegheny County contacted Mr. Finkelstein
again at 8:30 AM and informed him that the air quality was rapidly
deteriorating and visibility in the Clairton Valley was so poor that
driving was impossible. He then informed Mr. Gold that EPA action
may be necessary and Gold informed N. Spindel of DSSE. Then he called
the U.S. Attorney's office in Pittsburgh about the possibility of
implementing section 303 of the Clean Air Act. This would empower
the EPA to file suit on behalf of the U.S. to immediately restrain
all sources from emitting pollutants if the air quality presents an
"imminent and substantial endangerment to the health of persons" and
appropriate State and local authorities have not acted to abate such
sources.
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At 9:30 a.m., the Regional Administrator, D. Snyder, was
briefed on the status of the episode. The staff gathered at
Mr. Snyder's office and contacted Allegheny County; EPA was
informed that the Clairton area had a 24 hour reading of 6.9
COH and that the county had asked USS to reduce emissions by
increasing coking time to 28 hours and the county had asked
the DER to order reduction of emissions at Elrama (Duquesne
Light Co.) and Mitchell (West Penn Power Co.) Power Plants in
adjacent Washington County. During a meeting on the morning
of the 19th the EPA staff concluded that abatement procedures
could be increased including the achievement by USS of a 48
hour coking cycle by midnight and so informed the county.
Anticipating possible legal action, the EPA mobilized the
EOCC team, one group consisting of M. Gold, J. Hepola, W.
Belanger and B. 31com were assembled to go to Pittsburgh and
another team consisting of P. Finkelstein, G. Rapier, S. Was-
sersug, L. Felleisen, J. Kunz, J. Rasnic, A. Ferdas, R. Watman,
and B. Stonelake were to remain at the Regional Office on 24
hour call. At 1L:00 a.m., RTF was called and another five man
team was assembled at Research Triangle Park (RIP) in North
Carolina including epidemologist, Dr. J. Knelson and meteorologist,
P. Humphrey, as well as 3 other epidemologists to go to Pittsburgh
and assemble evidence needed for legal action. In accordance with
D. Snyder's discussion with County Commissioner Staisey, three of the
team from Region III left at 12:30 p.m. with W. Belanger to arrive
later. The RTP team left at 2:32 p.m.
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In a telephone conversation on the morning of the 19th, EPA
advised the County that USS should reduce its coking process to a
48 hour cycle by midnight,as well as spraying leaking oven doors
with a sealant. However, during this conversation, the County
stated that they did not believe USS could achieve such a coking
cycle within the proposed time period. Also, the other USS fac<-
ilities were to stop scarfing operations. Scarfing is the removal
of surface defects on the initial steel product by the use of a
torch, which causes the emission of particulates. Clairton also
had to go to gas firing for all boilers (alert plans allow for 2
boilers to remain on coal).
At 2:30, the county commissioners held a press conference to
inform the public that the air emergency level (the last stage before
reaching "substantial and imminent health hazard" level) had been
reached.
Meanwhile at the Clairton Works, R. Hoffman could make no read-
ings until 1:00 p.m. because of poor visibility; he then observed the
quenches from 1 - 4 p.m. and had an average of 43 pushes/hr. indicating
that USS was now at a 28-hour coking cycle.
During the afternoon of the 19th, Regional personnel in Phila-
delphia attempted to convince USS to achieve a 48 hour coking cycle
and also discussed the possibility of cutbacks of other processes.
At 4:00 p.m., B. Bloom, M. Gold, and J. Hepola arrived at the
U.S. Attorney's Office. They contacted the Regional Office and
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learned that Daniel J. Snyder, III, the Regional Administrator,
would arrive in the Pittsburgh area to personally coordinate the
EPA emergency actions. The Region also supplied the Pittsburgh
EPA team with a List of sources to consider for reductions if the
episode continued. The Region V personnel of the Pennsylvania
DER informed the EPA on the status of Elrama and Mitchell Power
Stations, Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel and J & L Steel, as well as the
latest DER COPAMS readings. M. Gold then briefed the U.S. Attorney
on the situation; the attorney called a USS lawyer and informed him
about the possibility of a Section 303 action.
The people from RTF made contact with M. Gold at 5:00 p.m.
As they were flying into Pittsburgh, they noticed a significant
reduction in visibility in the form of yellow-brown and grey-brown
cloudiness in the air above the Clairton area, but noted the air
over the rest of the area looked clear. While driving from Pitts-
burgh through the Clairton area and eventually farther south, W.
Belanger noticed the same pattern observed by the RTF personnel
from the air. Thus, during this air episode, the pollution con-
centration was not evenly concentrated throughout the county but
in localized pockets, as indicated by the fact that the Clairton
area readings were two to three times higher than the other four
stations during much of the episode. Meanwhile the group at EPA
Regional Headquarters made numerous contacts with USS, Duquesne
Light, Allegheny County, and the State of Pennsylvania. They
found that Duquesne's Elrama Station was operating at 18% of load
and USS had extended its coking time to 38 hours. By 6:00 p.m.,
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it was found that 20 out of 21 USS boilers had been switched
from coal to gas or else shut down; Mitchell Power Plant (West
Penn Power) was operating at 85% capacity and in full State
Implementation Plan (SIP) compliance; the J & L Steel Plant in
the Hazelwood area had gone to a 24 hour coking time and had
ceased all other operations, and all other Monongahela Valley
sources had curtailed operations by 15% - 25%.
At 6:00 p.m., Congressman H. John Heinz, III began a press
conference on the emergency situation. EPA personnel were present
at this conference for a short time, and then returned to their
activities in controlling the emergency.
At 7:00 p.m. the RTF personnel met with M. Gold at the U.S.
Attorney's office. They were informed that a Federal judge was
standing by to institute 303 proceedings. Mr. Gold explained to
the RTF personnel that scientific experts should be prepared to
make statements similar to the Birmingham, Ala. case of U.S. vs.
USS et al of 11/18/71. Mr. Gold also felt that a statement from the
National Weather Service (NWS) would be important. Mr. Gold then
joined another meeting in progress which will be described below,
while the RTF people retired to their motel.
While Mr. Gold and the RTF personnel met, D. Snyder, B. Bloom,
and J. Hepola of the EPA; R. Westman and R. Chleboski of Allegheny
County, R. Smith, a Vice President of USS, 2 other USS representatives,
K. Pazuchanics and K. Bowman of DER, and C. McKay from the U.S.
Attorney's office also left the press conference and had a meeting
to discuss further abatement procedures. The focus of the discussion
was the rate of coking time extension at Clairton Works: EPA
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insisted that by the end of the 4:00 p.m. - midnight shift,
the coking cycle should be 48 hours -Mr. Smith insisted
that USS was already at 38-42 hours (he was not sure) and that
they could not achieve 48 hours before 8:00 a.m. He asserted
oven brick work damage and coke oven gas pipeline safety were the
limiting factors.
Dorothy Servls, a USS attorney, then arrived. She was followed
shortly thereafter by Dr. Dean Wilson, the General Superintendent
of the Clairton Works at 8:30 p.m. Dr. Wilson informed the group
that USS was at a 42 hour coking cycle and would be on a 48 hour
cycle at midnight instead of 8:00 a.m. because the flue temperature
fell sooner than expected. Dr. Wilson also stated that the 48 hour
cycle was the maximum length of the cycle to produce enough coke
gas to keep the ovens running. At a longer cycle, natural gas
wo»ld be needed tc fire the ovens, according to U.S. Steel.
The USS personnel left at 9:30 p.m. D. Servis and B. Bloom
agreed to set up another meeting the next morning if the situation
did not improve. Meanwhile, D. Carrol of DSSE arrived as the
meeting adjourned. The Allegheny County personnel left and they
had agreed to re-contact the sources to ensure that cutback pro-
cedures had been implemented. Also, two county inspectors, D.
Janocko and R. Hoffman were sent to monitor the quenches at USS.
The remaining EPA personnel and Clark Gaulding of DER discussed
the possible effects of Elrama generating station of the Duquesne
Light Company on the air quality. The DER personnel provided
operational information pertaining to the station. D. Snyder
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contacted Duquesne to check the operational status and the
remaining Dersonnel left.
While the above meeting was being held, P. Humphrey, the RTF
meteorologist was attempting to contact P. Finkelstein at Region III
who was monitoring the episode at the Regional Office Control Center.
Mr. Humphrey was unsuccessful until he called DeNardo and McFarland
Weather Services, Inc., and through the NWS (whose number was unlisted)
was able to contact Mrs. Finkelstein from whom he was able to contact
W. Belanger and finally Mr. Finkelstein. Mr. Humphrey was favorably
impressed by the general cooperation of Mr. Bill Brazal, the DeNardo-
McFarland forecaster. During the conversation with the NWS lead
forecaster, it was suggested that the meteorologist in charge be
alerted to the possible need of a forecast statement to implement
a section 303 action.
At 11:30 p.m., Mr. Belanger suggested that he and Mr. Humphrey
should inspect the Clairton area automatic monitoring station; after
Mr. Humphrey was informed that he would not be needed immediately
for a 303 action, he agreed to go with Mr. Belanger. Driving from
downtown Pittsburgh to Clairton, Mr. Humphrey noted that the high
air pollution was the result of a plume-like dispersion that was
unevenly distributed. In some deep valleys, the air quality was
remarkably poor while at other areas it was not as bad. At the
monitoring station, visibility was about 1/4 mile. At the monitoring
station located at the South Allegheny High School, the COH values had
been so high, greater than 10.51, that a backup instrument was needed
to determine the reading. Humphrey phoned the Regional Office and informed
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them of his observations including his feeling that the power
plants south of Clairton had little effect on the Clairton air quality
Belanger inspected monitoring equipment and felt that they were
operating properly. At 2:30 a.m. Mr. Humphrey and Mr. Belanger
returned to Pittsburgh.
At the end of the meeting (9:30 p.m.), J. Hepola was preparing
to leave to inspect USS when he received a call from R. Westman who
informed him that if personnel went inside the plant for inspection,
patcher helpers would have to be used as guides and would not be able
*
to assist in the sealing of oven leaks. Hepola arrived at 12:30 a.m.
on Thursday, November 20 and met D. Janocko and R. Hoffman, the
county inspectors and P. Morrison of USS. The inspectors informed
him that the quenches could be counted from outside but with dif-
ficulty and felt it would be preferable to go inside. Mr. Morrison
informed Mr. Hepola that if he entered the plant, the guides would
be from the Emissions Evaluation Group and not patchers, so Mr.
Hepola decided to enter, and the Pittsburgh team and the Regional
Office were informed of his pending actions. From 1:00 a.m. to
3:00 a.m., he checked batteries 13-22 of Unit II and noticed some
of the doors were sprayed with sealant to prevent leakage. Patchers
were called by 2-way radio if a bad leak was spotted. At 3:00 a.m.,
using the county inspector's data, he determined 30 quenches per
hour were being made; he informed P. Finkelstein that USS was on a
This was as Mr. Hepola understood the conversation. Actually, it
was later determined that Mr. Westman was indicating that process
observers fro" the process evaluation group were helping the door
patchers by identifying the leaking doors and these people would
be used for guides and thus would not be available for spptting
leaks if agency personnel entered the plant.
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accept the USS proposal and terminate the emergency. Ron
Chleboski placed a call to USS and informed them of the acceptance
of their proposal.
At 2:00 p.m., the emergency was lifted, although alert status
remained. Mr. Humphrey had returned to RTF and the RTF epidemol-
ogists, led by Dr. Knelson, began their study of the health effects
of the episode. During the afternoon, the EPA regional personnel
left. At 10:00 p.m. on the 20th, all alerts were terminated and
at midnight of the following day, USS was on a normal coking cycle.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
In general, and under the circumstances, the agencies involved in
the episode responded to it in an acceptable manner. Nonetheless,
problems were encountered. Some were technical problems involving
monitoring systems. A second group of problems relate to local and
federal agency procedure during an episode. Thirdly, the gathering
of evidence to be used in legal proceedings before, during or after
the episode could be improved. All recommendations are made in
the hope of increasing the speed and effectiveness of responses to
future episodes.
1. EPA should develop a procedure to monitor total suspended particulate
with the speed of response ofthetape sampler.
One of the difficulties of government agencies concerning air pollution
episodes is the method for obtaining accurate particulate concentrations.
Presently, in Allegheny County, the coefficient of haze (COH) system
is used during an episode because of the desirable speed, every hour ,
with which the results can be obtained. There is no established way to
relate COH's to Hi-vol readings and it is desirable to increase the
basis for determining imminent and substantial endangerment to health.
The reference method for total suspended particulate provides reliable
results, but it takes up to 24 hours to take an air sample and at
least another 2-3 hours to process and analyze the data.
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48 hour cycle. Next, J. Hepola toured Unit I, batteries 1-12A1,
fog began to cover the plant and the tour was concluded at 5:00
a.m. After waiting for Allegheny County personnel, he proceeded
to the Elrama Power Plant.
At 8:20 a.m., Mr. Hepola met with a Mr. Mowry at the Elrama
Power Station control panel. He found boiler #1 down, #2 operating
at 70 MW, #3 at 30 MW, and /M was down. It was too foggy to see
the top of the stacks and he could not tell if the plume was going
toward Clairton.
Meanwhile back in Pittsburgh, M. Gold, D. Snyder and C.
Gaulding were investigating the Elrama situation. At 1:00 a.m.
on November 20, Snyder called and asked for a telegram stating why
Duquesne Light could not cutback on the operation of boiler #3 which
had non-complying pollution control equipment, and even at the low
power rating of 30 MW was emitting 500 Ibs. of particulate an hour.
The reason given by Duquesne was that it could mean the loss of
system reliability. At 1:30 a.m., M. Gold and D. Carroll began to
prepare pleadings for a suit against Duquesne if more cutbacks were
needed. Throughout the night, frequent communication occurred between
Pittsburgh group and the episode unit at the regional office.
During the 19th and the 20th, Hoffman and Janocko observed USS
extensively. On the 19th, between 1:00 p.m. and 4:00 p.m., Mr.
Hoffman noted that ovens were being charged off the main on batteries
10, 12, and 12A resulting in dense clouds of smoke; thus reducing the
effect of extending the coking cycle. U.S. Steel personnel accomp-
anying Mr. Hoffman also noticed this situation so there was no formal
notification of the company. From 12:00 a.m. to 8:00 a.m. on Thursday,
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he observed the 48 hour cycle. They again observed the plant
from Noon to 4:00 p.m.; by that time USS had been allowed to shorten
their cycle to 42 hours. Because of fog the works were observed
for only 4 hours. It appeared that the cycle was slightly shorter
than 42 hours, but the weather conditions made accurate readings
.difficult.
At 10:30 a.m., Allegheny County, DER, and EPA held a press
conference Indicating that the emergency would possibly be lifted
that day as the 24 hour average COH readings had gone below the
emergency level at 4:00 a.m. Afterwards, J. Hepola and M. Gold
went to the Allegheny County Air pollution offices to wait for
USS's proposal to return to normal production.
At 1:00 p.m., Mr. William Fader delivered this proposal: at
9:00 a.m., the coking time was 48 hours,to be decreased to 42 hours
by noon, 36 hours at 8:00 p.m. At midnight, the boilers were to
resume coal-firing. At 8:00 a.m. on the 21st, the cycle would be
decreased to 28 hours and then to 24 hours by 4:00 p.m. At mid-
night of the 21st.. normal coking time was to be obtained. The
proposal was reviewed by EPA and Allegheny County. The two agencies
agreed on the coking time schedule, but the EPA felt that coal
firing of the Clairton boilers should not occur simultaneously with
decrease in coking; time. The regional office was consulted about
the proposal and the latest meteorological report indicated that the
stagnation was breaking. Consequently, the agencies agreed to
*
At 9:00 a.m., the: County, in violation of established procedures for
termination of th& emergency stage permitted USS to reduce its coking
cycle and increase emissions without consulting EPA,*
-------
-23-
2. The localagency should be sure to report hi-vol readings acquired
during an episode inorder to assure accurate annual data.
The Allegheny County Board of Health did not report 24-hour high volume
sampler data for the duration of the episode, because the filters
were clogged before 24 hours elapsed. Data from shorter-term
filters should be used to derive 24-hour data and it snculd bs isported
to avoid downward bias in annual data.
3. State and I^ocal agencies should develop adequate jjrcdiyidual source
curtailment plans which should be_incorporated _in_to_aprocedural ma_ster__p_l_an.
Allegheny County was unable to respond adequately to an episode of this
severity because of inadequate or absent source curtailment plans.
United States Steel is the major air pollution source in the Monongahela
Valley, yet there were no approved curtailment plans for portions of its
facilities on file with the county for various stages of air pollution
episodes. The lack of curtailment plans necessitated meetings and
discussions with U.S.S. am other corporate officials to increase their
curtailment efforts during the episode. This delayed the reduction in U.S.S.
emissions and diverted personnel from other episode duties. It is
essential that detailed source curtailment plans be developed with
U.S.S. and other sources and that the plans be filed by the County with
EPA as quickly as possible. Curtailment plans should contain specific
mandated reductions at each stage of the episode which comply with the
requirements of the approved implementation plan.
-------
-24-
4. Agency officials should implement the requirements of the
episode regulations^apjplicableto termination o£^ the emergency stage.
It should be noted thai; this was the first episode in the County that
reached the emergency sstage since the adoption of the regulations.
These regulations define the several stages of an episode and establish
the criteria for initiation and termination of each stage. County
officials did not properly implement the termination procedures. First,
the County allowed U.S.S. to decrease its coking time from 48 to 42
hours on the morning o:: the 20th, before there were sufficient facts
to warrant termination of the emergency. Specifically, there
are two requirements to terminate the emergency stage of an episode: 1)
the ambient air readings must be below the emergency stage values for
the time period specified in the regulations; and 2) an official
weather forecast must be received which indicates improved dispersion
conditions will exist ::or the next 24 hours. Early in the afternoon
of the 20th, the County was about to terminate the emergency stage
of the episode without the required weather forecast.
5. EPA should conduct follow-up studies to be used as aids in developing
source curtailment capabilities.
The above studies should:
a. determine the Lmpact on emissions of the curtailment measures
taken at the Clairton Coke works, and examining the possibility of further
and more expeditious reductions in emissions;
b. determine, in view of Duquesne Light Company's contention that
it could not shut down boiler #3 at the Elrama station because of system
reliability:
-------
-25-
(I) the accuracy of the above contention;
(ii) how emission reduction can be achieved in future episodes.
6. Special provisions should be made for closing of all schools in
the affected area when emergency leyels_are reached or are predicted to
be reached.
As an example, it was noted that the South Allegheny High School is
located in a valley which is often impacted by the plume from the
Clairton Coke Works. This school was in the area worst hit by the
episode, yet the only curtailment of school activities was because
people could not see to get to school. Consequently, the school opened
one hour late.
CONCLUSION
If all sources impacting the affected area were in compliance with the
applicable emission limitations contained in the approved state implementation
plan, air pollution emergency stage levels would have been avoided.
-------
-26-
APPENDIX
-------
-27-
FEDERAL EPISODE CRITERIA
The following two charts are the episode criteria of the U.S. Government
and Allegheny County. The pollutants listed are as follows: S02 ~
Sulfur Dioxide, Part. - Fine Particulate, S02 ^ Part. - product of previous
two values, CO - Carbon Monoxide, OX - Oxidants, N02 - Nitrogen Dioxide.
The time periods indicate the length of the time used in determining the
average value. The units are as follows: ug/m3 - micrograms (10~6 grams)
per cubic meter, ppm - parts per million, Cob - coefficient of haze. The
apparent difference between the federal and county warning level for
particulates is the result of the county value being a 12 hour average
as opposed to the 24 hour average of the federal criterion.
-------
-28 - '
FEDERAL EPISODE CRITERIA *
Forecast
Alert
Warning
Eaergency
Termination
Substantial
Endanger
o
so2
ppa
NO AIR Qt
FRt
eogx
/0.3
(24 Houra)
1.600/
X0.6
2,100/
/0.8
AIR QUALITY
LONGER
2.600/
/l.O
'
PART.
-'OH
ALITY CRITE
M N.V.S.
"X,
(24 Hours)
625/
X5.0
875/
Xr.o
CRITERIA Al
ffiT
l.OOOx
Xa.o
S02 X PART.
"ppm COH
IIA - ONLY A
65 X j.03/
/0.2
(24 Hours)
261 X 10*s
XB.8
393 X V&'
A.2
D METEOROUX
490 X 10x"
. CO
XP»
:R STAGNATIO
/15
(8 Hours)
%
46/
-
ICAL CONDIT:
>*^0 (8Hr;
86 ^fs (4Hr!
1t^i25 (IHr!
OX
3
s£*
I ADVISORY
%
(1 Hour)
800/
/0.4
1.200X
/0.6
ONS ARE NO
S!.r*
1*SK.7(1HT
3°2
^ '
(1 Hour)
(24 Hours)
2260/
-^1.2 (1 Hr)
S65/
X0.3 (24 Hrs
3000/
Xl.6 (1 Hr.)
750/
x^0.4 (24 Hrs
3750/
/2.0 (1 Hr) .
9^?0.5 (24 Hrs)
-------
-29-
ALLEGHENY COUNTY
EPISODE CRITERIA
POLLUTANT
so2
24 hour avg.
PART.
24 hour avg.
S02 X PART.
24 hr. Product
CO
OX
N02
8 hr.av.
4 hr. av.
1 hr. av.
4 hr. av.
2 hr. av.
1 hr. av.
1 hr. av.
24 hr. av.
ALERT
0.30 ppm
0.4 ppm,12ti
3,0 COH
4.0COH,12hr
0.2
0.3, 12 hr
15 ppia
- :
WARNING
0.50 ppm
r. 0.60 ppn,12hr.
6.0 COH
7.0 COH, 12 hr
1.0
1.5, 12 ht
30 ppm
'
-
0.25 ppm
0.30 ppm
EMERGENCY
0.80 ppm
7.0 COH
1.4
*
40.. ppm
.
.
0.35 ppm
- -
0.40 ppn
-------
-30-
DAILY WEATHER MAPS
These maps cover the meteorology from November 14, 1975 through November
21, 1975. They were compiled from Che U.S. Department of Commerce
publication "Daily Weather Maps".
-------
-31-
CDAY, NOVKMIJKR 16, 11*75
fv?: \A.\ --:x u->:
r X,-[-.- '^
".- E - "
« .»
- '**<'--'.
-------
INDAY, NOVEMBER 17, 1975
-32-
Vi» v' 7^^', ' .-<>->V''/ ^^:^''.«:';\ £*K ^
vx /.?«£ >> '-si / . fc i:^-.-?" ;^>?k.i' ^'jr*-- : >£.:->- >. \, ^A
?0
s u i' f f c r ;i, f f,
AND s~^~ o\
AT 7 VO A >
.i ;:HI.K
i S T
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*' 7 UCj 4 -I
*'«* V5 "-. V--- >
--«.;.(, ., i * * - $
\ " a ., "fc "
5.
>
-------
-33-
SnAY. NOVKJTBBR IS, li'T5
A ' *--' -^ -A^rv«-1
*c?4 ' 3T
.;,- ,i^S !,)>.<. ,,j^ I I'.,, I,-,;
I -\
-------
-34-
SDNESDAY. NOVEMBER 19, 1975
^"v-. \ - '-$£,,.?
-V V . ,».r
^^tfsxV^fVa--
SURFAtt WEATHER
AND STATION rtTftlH
AT 7.0O A M.. L.S.T
I / "/ ~
] 500- M I M IfiM* H Mt>H T CON lO
AT ! 00 AM F5T
v
": V*-«
4_:--T,.* *'/
^^J . I 'r - :
' . '7 .- i i?' .
.'..-* ;:!?..
-------
-35-
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 20, 1975
'' ' V / "
io5o HUG lo'^Q^r1 \(i"~ ty
~''f^'etty?!>f--~''~-f{: \ J.'HIGH /'''^' /'' ''//''-> -'-*< ^''"*\f' v^i.'-'^ £*''& '*;'''- "''-'
*-'?:: 5- V »!'. : \ \",'K<,> I 1-i /-.',/ ' '.-. ' ' /^ .--\ ; A""' '.*'-. >\ ^VS ^-' J:Jo.-^^-..'-'' .'..', _i3L
AM)
Al
! 'I ', ''\ ---- rillHj^:
S1A1I(»N W(.4TMrO \ ' \ --- V --- ^V
7 00 A M . E S.T [ "_T '" ---- TV
. /' >r " * \ ~~ ?
\.(r^>:__...A_-4
\^ i
*- ..*.. -^
-; ~"7»;-'CL.4;''H^yy:, VV.
\"' ff
'
'
-------
-36-
FiiIt>AY, NOVEMBER 21. 1975
'. "/'V.Y/,- ;:>v.,<' ,> ,'..:
ISOO-MILUBAR H
! AT 7 00 A M . C S I
-------
-37-
MAP OF ALLEGHENY COUNTY SHOWING THE LOCATION
OF THE 5 MONITORING SITES HIGHLIGHTED IN THE REPORT
-------
Pittsburgh
Downtown
N
North Braddock
Monongahelj
River
Liberty Borough
Glassport
i
LO
00
I
ALLEGHENY COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
Air Monitoring Sltt
-------
-39-
PARTICULATE CONCENTRATION GRAPHS
OF FOUR MONITORING SITES
The next four pages are graphs of Coh concentrations of fine particulate
averaged over a 24-hour period versus time. The time axis is divided
into 12-hour segments. The crosses located on the plot indicate the
time and particulate concentration during the various stages of the
emergency. The colored lines are the various federal criteria.
-------
Coh
24 HOUR Coh READINGS; 9;00 PM, NOVEMBER 16. 1975
MIDNIGHT, NOVEMBER 20, 1975 - Site; North Braddock
Peak 5.30 Coh 11:00 PM
3.0
5.0 Warning Criterion __
SSATefmlnated
Air Alert Terminated
2.0 '
1.0
24 12 24
November 17, 1975
12
18
24
Time
12
19
24
12
20
-------
24 HOUR Coh READINGS; 9;00 PM. NOVEMBER 16. 1975
MIDNIGHT NOVEMBER 20. 1975 - SITE; DOWNTOWN PITTSBURGH
5.0 WARNING CRITERION
Coh
a-
24 12
November 17, 1976
Peak, 4.40 Coh, 11:00 AM
ASA Terminated
Air Alert Terminated
24
-------
MIDNIGHT NOVEMBER 20, 1975 - SITE: GLASSPORT
t
5.0 WARNING CRITERION
4.0
Coh 3.0
2.0
..0-r
PEAK, 3.82 Coh, 3:00 AM
ASA Terminated
ALERT CRITERION
Air Alert Declared
*
+
.*.
12 24
November 17, 1976
12
18
24
Time
I-
12
19
Air Alert Terminated
24
12
20
-------
24 HOUR Coh READINGS 9;00 PM. November 16. 1975
MIDNIGHT NOVEMBER 20, 1975 - SITE; HAZELWOOD II
m
*
5.0 WARNING CRITERION
4.0
Coh 3.0
2.0
1.0
Alert Criterion
Air Alert Declared
4-
4-
24 12 24"
November 17, 1976
12
18
24
12
19
241
12
20
24
Time
-------
-44-
MONITORING SITE PARTICULATE AND 50? DATA
The following are the data obtained from the air monitoring site's tape
samplers. The far left column is time. SC>2 values are expressed in
parts per million, particulate concentration is measured in Cohs. The
product columns give the products of SC>2 and particulate concentrations.
The columns marked WD and WS refer to wind direction and wind speed
respectively. It should be noted that the Liberty Borough - Clairton
S02 data are incorrect. The correct values are included directly after
the Liberty Borough - Clairton printouts.
-------
STATi
n/ire
o- i
_ 1- ? _
3- 4
~ 4- 5'
5- 6
~ "6- 7 "
7- R
P- 9
9-10
10-11 "
11-12
12-13 "
1 '.- 1 5
15-16
16-17
17-1B
1 P- 1 9 "
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
DATE
0- 1
1- 2
2- 3
3- 4 '
4- 5
5-~ 6
ft- 7
~ 7- ff
f>- 9
9-10 ""
10-11
11-12"
12-13
13-14
15-16
16-17
" 17-1"
19-20 ""
20-21
21-2?
??-23
i
TIN "~ lf«°TY
HIM IHl
SIV t\>
ll/16/I97r>
n.l'H) _ 7.76
0.300 5.6",
0.3 78 3 . P t»
0.36? A. 7ft
0.219 1.H6
f'.l'iH 1.25
0.059 0.67
0.072 0.71
0.079 O.«l
0.063 0.64
O.O^fl 0.66
0.064 0.63
0.004 0.72
o.nvo '"0.79
0.095 0.77
0.063 0.91
0.183 6.34
0.2H7 7.03
0.242 7.46
O.l'JH 9.93
0.156 7.05
11/17/1975
0.135jj? 0.27
0.104^ 9.02
0.06C, 5.14
0.071 6.37"
0,073 7.04
0.076" "" 7.93
0.093 10.13
0. IM 7.19
0.107 7.04
0.22(1 " 6.67
0,369 6.30
0.327 "" 4.00
0.227 1.95
0.1^'j 1,13
0.073 0.76
O.OHft O.R5
0.0 3H {1.5R
0.057 0,5«
0.099 0.71
0.100 " n.71
0.229 fl.33
O.743 Q.fll
0.204 9.4H
0.717 6.R6
KCtRO C-IHTN
y
wo ws
SW ^ 8
SW
sw;'
SH ',
SW '
SW '.
sw ;
WbW
KSW
SW
WSW
W
WSW
W
W
" W
ssw
sw
sw
SW
_ SSW
sw
sw
.a -
ssw
Sw
ssw
Sw "
ssw
.s
: SSW
"'Sw
v/sw
. sw
wsw
wsw
wsw
H
W
" " VISW "
sw
sw
sw
" ssw
9 :
10
\ 10
9
10 ~~r
9
B
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9
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6
6
5
"5
5
5
3
2
4
_.. 2
3 . '
3
3
3
5
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6
6
8
9
H
6
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6
6
5
. 5 "
SH2
0,1 HI
O.I'M
0. PH7
0.25H
0.274
( 0.271
0.262
' 0.243
.' 0.223
" " "~ 0.202
0.191
0.173
0.155
0. 131
0.109
"0.096
O.OR9
0. 100
0.115
~"0.125
0.131
0.137
0. 141
0.141
0. 140
0.139
0.137
0.139
0.134
0.119
" "~ 0.117
0.132
0.146
0.154
0.156
0.157
" "~ -0.15H
0.155
0.153
0.154
0.153
0.163
0.165
0.151
0.1*7.
SUMMARY FflH
I?. HOUH
FP
J . 76
4.29
4.63
""" 5.24
5.^7
5. l.H
: 5.02
4.6M
3. HI
3.41
1 -3.0(1
2.4H
2.07
1 .66
1.40
1.07
~0 .99
1.24
1.72
2:2 9
3.06
3.64
4.28
4.9B
5.35
5.R2
6.41
7.01
,7.7fl
/ 7.; 1)6
* 7.06
7. HO
7.50
7.17
6.65
6.01
5.64
5.1H
4.-JH
3.97
3.1H
"2.62
2.73
2.9V
3.26
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THf Pft^T 4B
nntms
24 t-inim
pwnmif.
. 366
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_ 0.763
0.623
0.476
0.361
0.260
0. 1N6
0.11H
0.0<36
0.112
0. 173
0.265
0. 3fl~3
0.4BO
0.590
0 . 704
0.750
O.B19
O.W92
0 . 964
1 .OH 9
1 .056
O.')3fl
0,'
~ 0.4{)3
0.447
'0.49S
"0.49R
T U12
O.I2H
0.1'. '.
0.1^7
0.171
0. ItlS
0.1'U
0. 1M4
0.1<",
0.1 'J2
0.191
0.191
0.190
0,19(1
0.1HH
L 0.1 R4
o.mi
0.1R2
0.1H5
0 . 1 H 0
0. 1R4*
0.177
0.169
0. 166
0. 157
0.1*1.,
0.1 Vj
0.123
0.1IH
0.111
0. l')9
"O.JI6
0. 12H
0. 134
0 . 1 '. S
0 . 1 4 (1
0. 14V
0.1 '.4
0 . 1 /. 7
"0.145
0.1 A7
O.U3
0 . 1 '. 1
0.141
0 . 1 ', 1
0.1*4
2.27 '
....?.' 7 . ..
2. >>
3.U1
3. is
""""" 3.37
3.44
3.43
3.44
3.42 _
3.42
3.39
3.35
3.35
3.32
3.22
3.06
3.13
3.20
3.29
3.43
3.53
3.6B
3.73
3.71
i
4.3M
4.79
"~ 5.41
5.4ft .
5.4V
5.50
~ " 5.50 " "
5.49
ii.44
5.30
5.40
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0.4A«I
O.S43
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0 . 6'< 6
. 0.674
'0.67|
0.664
0.657
0.641
0.637
0.625
0.594
0.5S6
0.571
0.596
0.623
0.634
0.627
0.626
0.621
O.SHK,
0.510
0 . «> 2 6
0 . l, H fl
0.6HO
0,7^3
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O.M21
O.H23
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0.754
0.749
0.763
0.764
(1.772
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CORRECTED 24 HOUR SO? CONCENTRATION IN PARTS PER MILLION (PPM)
#
0-1
1-2
2-3
3-4
4-5
5-6
6-7
7-8
8-9
9-10
10-11
11-12
12-13
13-14
14-15
15-16
11/16
.090
.095
.102
.110
.120
.130
.134
.136
.136
.135
.135
.134
.134
.134
.133
.133
SITE;
11/17
.119
.116
.110
.103
.095
.086
.083
.078
.077
.081
.090
.098
.102
.104
.105
.105
: LIBERTY BOROUGH - CLAIRTON
11/18
.082
.081
.082
.082
.082
.082
.082
.081
.081
.080
.082
,080
.077
.075
.073
.073
11/19
.072
.071
.070
.070
.069
.067
.066
.064
.063
.059
.047
.041
.040
.041
.044
.045
11/20
.075
.074
.074
.071
.071
.071
.071
.071
.071
.073
.074
.074
.071
.066
.063
.061
00
i
-------
if
16-17
17-18
18-19
19-20
20-21
21-22
22-23
23-24
11/16
.131
.129
.127
.128
.130
.132
.130
.124
11/17
.103
.102
.103
.100
.099
.099
.099
.101
11/18
.073
.073
.072
.073
.073
.072
.073
.073
11/19
.047
.048
.050
.051
.051
,049
.048
.047
11/20
.057
.055
.052
.047
.038
.038
.034
.030
o
I
-------
_Fp« 1 HP pasT tn
ST-ATpiN
?'.
f)ATEH/l«i/l'l/5
0- 1 0.054 O.'i?
1- f O.'1'.H 0.<*7
*- t 0.03 5 0. vi
4- 5 O.r>4<, 0,1,3
6-7 0.062 0.56
7- R 0.061 P. 6*
H- 9 "0.067 "J).ft7
9-10 O.O64
10-11 0.052
11-1? 0.046
"*" 12-13 0.037
13-14 0.032
14-1* 0.078
15-16 0.078
16-17 0.034
17-18 0.032
18-19 0.039
* 19-20 0,040
20-21 0.047
?l-22 0.046
" 22-23 0.041
23-24 0.039
0.67
O.MO
0.60
0.76
0,76
0.71
0.59
O.P2
0.95
1.92
1.77
2.40
2.29
2.55
2.M4
(.11
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.1
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.7
/"!
7.0
7.8
7.8'
2.5
1.4
2.4
4.7
5.3
13.6
16.3
12.7
12.3
12.0
11. B1
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O .11^7
0.043
0.051
U.'(>53
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O.O57.
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0.049
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0.045
0.043
0.042
P. 040
0.038
0.03B
0.037
1 1'
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0.50-
0.51
0.54
0.54
0.56 ' '
0.62
0.64
0.66
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0.71
0.82
0.91
.06
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.34
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0.014 __ o.o in
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0.027
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0.032
0.032
0.033
0.033
0.033
0.036
0.039
0.043
O.C'47
0.051
0.057
0.019
0.040
O.03V
O.0.1H
o.)7
0.57
0.57
0 . S 7
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0.5«
0.58
0. 59
0.61
0.66
0.71
0.76
O.H6
0.94
1.04
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O,l.»l«
(I.O1H
0.020
0.071
O.O?/"
0.02*
0.074
0.073
0.022
. 0.072
0.022
0.023
0.024
0.025
0.026
0.031
0.035
0.039
0.043
0.047
DATE H/17/l«75
0- 1 0.043
1-2 0.033
2- 3 0.031
3- 4 0.032
4- 5 0.030
5- 6 0.035
6- 7 0.037
7- d 0.053
. 8- 9 0.049
9-10 0.053
10-11 0.068
11-12 O.OH4
12-13 O.OHl
"""13-14 " b.04 7
14-15 0.044
15-16 0.032
16-17 0.063
17-18 O.OH'J
IB- jo o,oc.»]
19-20 0,094
20-21 0.073
~" 71-22 0.063
72-23 0.052
73-74 0.043
3.71
3.13
1.R6
2.46
2,44
3.02
4.07
5.27~
6. OR
6.18
5.7H
2.0?
1.69
n.v 1
0.9B
0.94
1.70
1.1H
).07
1.71
2.48
3.97
3.7R
3.04
10.5
8.6
8.3
7.3.-
7.0'
8.9
13.7
"21.5-
23,3:
27.9:
20.8:
"10.4"
8,3-
7.5 ~
6.7
5.4
6.5
7,2
5.7.
7.7
13.3
17.5
14.9
15. a
N.n.
N.n.
i\* p.
N.b.
N.O.
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-9
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0.037'
0.03H
0.038
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0.038
0.038
0.038
0.039
0.039
0.040
t 0.042
0.046
0.049
0.050
0.051
0.051
0.054
0.05B
0.063
0.066
0.068
0.069
0.068
0.064,
.78
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2.07
2.23
2.36
2.53
2.71
3 . oo /
3.31 *
, 3.63
3.90
3.H4
3.67
3.4H
3.41
3.7B '
3.1H
3.02
2.77
2.44
2.14
1.95
1.74
I.H3
0.068
0.075
0.079
O.OH6
0.090
0.098
0.104
0.119
0.131
0.146
0.166
0.177
O.Uil
0.176 ~rr"
0.176
0.170
0.173
0.17B
0.176
0.163
0.147
0.136
0.119
0.119
0.045
0.044
0.044
(1.043
n.o'i3
0.042
0.041
0.040
0.039
0.039
0.04O
0 . 0 4 1
0.043
(>.()' 4
0.044
0.045
0.046
O.O/.H
0.050 '
O. {)«'<
0.054
0.0«>4
0.055
0.055
1.J7
1.30
1.35
1.44
1.52
1.62
1.77
1.96
2.18
2.42
2.62
2.6H
2.77
2 . 7 *
2.74
2.75
2.77
2.7H
2.74
2.72
2.72
2.79
2.62
2.b3
0.053
0.058
0.06"
0.063
0.066
0.068
0.073
O.OBO
0.088
0.096
0. 106
0.112
0.119
(j.121
0.123
0.124
0.12H .
0.135
0.140
0.14S
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0.154
0.157
0.157
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2.*0
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2.3
2.4
2.8
3.2
4.6
6.3
7.6
8.8
9.9
11.0
11.
12.2
_ 11.*
10.4
9.7
9.3
9.5
10.7
12.3
14.7
16.3
16.6
16.R__
16.6
15. «
13.7
11.6
9.1
7.1
6.8
7.4
8.6
9.7
11.0
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11-1? 11.079 '. .35 ?3. 5 '
17-13 0.fl6Lj 3.07 13. 4^
n-14 n.046 ?.2'f U.7
14-15 0.034 1.H4 7.7
15-16 f),_P?B ;.?? 9.0
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lft-17 0.051 2.5? 14.4 M.I).
17-iR n.r>62 1.66 10,3 M.n.
IP- 19 0.041 1.6R 10.7
19-20 0.051 7.50 21.1)
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20-21 0.043 4.14 20.5 N.I).
- 21-22 0.041 3.54 19. H H.I).
22-? 3 0.03H 3.40 19.6
73-24 CJ»0?9 3.31 16. \
UATE 11/19/1975
0- 1 n.d?4 3r?l 1 3.3
1- 2 0.07.0 3.63 11.4
.i_.... 7-3 n.022. 3.3.7 9./.
3- 4 0.074 3.?3 fl.l/'
4- 5 0.020 2.97 7. l'
5- 6 0.0X4 3.05 H.O
6-7 O.IM6 3.67 9.4
7- fl fi.O'.O 3.R7 I?. 9-
.. . . P- 0 O.n'tH 5.37 17.7
9-10 0.052 5. HI 73.1:
Jo-ij oTn7() t-./,? 32,3
11-12 0.104 6.51 7H.7
17-13 O.JA9 *,.«
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3.17
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3.70
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4.21
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4.44
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0. 194
0.200
0.707
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0. 1 73
0.)59
0. 139
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0.171
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-------
fnu TUP
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sn;»
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y.n? n.x?o
l.^l 0.305
l.7h ll-?«»7
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1' ".7 (0)
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M. , ' . 7 (HI
1 . "< ) f> »
1 /'./> (0)
i i . v_ ( o i
1 /' .' (IO
iv -7 if>i
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.*- LD1_
.ft I'U
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1 .0 (0)
i > I n u
1 .3 lft£
' -, ' 1 0 I'
1 j .? (01
n .n mi
-------
-62-
HICH VOLUME SAMPLER DATA
These printouts are from hl-volume particulate samplers located at
the sites highlighted in the report. The Important columns of the
hr-min columns which indicate the time period of this sample.
Useable data is obtained in 8, 12, or 24 hour samples. The far
right column is particulate concentration in micrograms per cubic
meter.
-------
BUREAU OF AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
1-HilC...
PRIMARY
AMBIENT
ANNUAL-75
H 1 VOL U,M_H PARTICIPATE
MICRO GRAMS/CU METFR
AIR OUALITY STANDARH (AAOS
UG/M3 24-HUUR MAX*?60
Nf.1V 1975
.GFHMFTRIC
Ufi/M3
MtAM
LIBERTY T
STATJQN_Nn R702
MO-DY-YR HR-M1N MO-OY-YR HR-M1N
MOTOR
NUMBER
LAB
NUMHER
FILTER.
NUMUER
_ K 1 IN
TIME
CM
AIR
NET WT.
GRAMS
AVG.
FLOW
( C F M )
UG/
11- 2-75
11- 5-75
11- 7-75
11- 8-75
11-10-75
11-11-75
11-14-75
11-21-75
11-21-75
11-23-75
11-26-75
1.00
0.00
0.15
o.on
o.on
0.00
0.55
0.00
23.10
0.00
0.40
11- 3-75
11- 6-75
11- 8-75
11- 9-75
11-11-75
11-12-75
11-15-75
11-22-75
11-22-75
11-23-75
11-27-75
1.00
0.00
0.15
0.00
0. 10
o.oo
1.00
0.00
23. 10
23.45
0.35
1062
1061
1070
1062
1061
1070
1062
1061
1062
1070
1062
3970
4556
4562
4557
4561
4514
4515
1079
1080
4736
4707
31371
314H6
31492
314R7
31491
31444
31445
30144
30145
31563
31534
1440
1440
1440
1440
1450
1440
1445
1440
1440
1425
1435
2255
2079
1963
2214
2114
?03H
2399
1990
2405
1902
2444
0.4993
0.4605
0.3665
0.4657
0.12. 03
0.2112
0.1269
0.1111
0.09H1
0.5576
0.3673
55.3
51.0
4H.1
54.3
51.5
50.0
58.6
48.8
59.0
47.1
60.1
223
222
187
212
61
104
53
57
41
294
151
I
<^
u>
I
11-29-75
0.30
11-30-75
0.25
1070
4708
31535
1435
2139
0.1580
52.6
75
STATION ARITH
MEAN
MAX 1
HIGH
MAX 2
HIGH
MIN
READ
MONTH
COUNT
NO. OF
SAMPS
Nfl.GR
260
J5_GR 6EO.
260 MEAN
G..STO
HEV.
J70_2___L I_B.ER_TY_! , 1 40 294 2.23 _4J
jfi
-------
AlLL:(;llt:r, MlNTY
BUREAU OF AIR l> M - I i 1IIN CONTROL
" '
HI VOLUME PA
MICRH GRAMS/I
PRIMARY AMBIENT AIR (JUALITY ST
RJICULAlE,
CU METER
ANUARO 6_
19R3
2273
1915.
1797
2052
2115
2158
2135
226b
NO.GR
260
?
l
AN
I ,
MET HT«.
GRAMS'
i\ . ~}f\ i /. .
0.2755
0.1H87
0.2060
0 . 10 10
0.6647
0.8493_
0.5645
0.14BO
0.1314
O.2053
0.2336
* GB_
260
25
i
AV(i.._
FLOW
ICFW I
51.0
47.3
52.1
4H.O
55.0
46.3
43\3
49.5
51.0
53.5
51 .6
54.5
GFO.
MFAN
176
r
UG/
CM
97
14i
f!8
144
44 1
350
476 ^
27fl *
70 '
61
97
104
G.STD
Pf:v ,
9^od
-------
JM.I.LLUliNY 1LULLLI1 Y
UKH
I.MI'I IRDI
M1CKO (iHAMb/CU MfcTFR
.PRIMARY AMBIENT AIR UUALITY STANDARD (AAOS) KFOMFTRIC MFAN,
! ANNUAL-?? ur,/M3 24-HouK '
NHV 1975
1
MO-pY-YR
i
11- 2-75
11- fl-75
11-14-75
11-26-75
STATION
GLASSPORT T
HR-MIN
0.00
0.15
0.15
0.15
MD-DY-YR HR-MIN
11- 3-75
11- 9-75
11-15-75
11-27-75
ARITH
MEAN
8602 GLASSPORT T 74
0.20
0.35
0.30
0.35
MAX 1
HIGH
109
MOTOR
NUMBER
1047
1047
1047
1047
MAX 2
HIGH
82
LAB
NUMHER
3974
4475
4476
761
WIN
READ
40
.STATICS
.FILTF.R.
NUMRER
31375
31405
31406,
30059
MONTH
COUNT
1
1 NO OAQ2
RUN CM NELWT.L
TIMF AIR GRAMS
(MJN 1
14fr() 2114 0.13BB
1460 2107 0.1733
1455 2087 0.0618
14fcO 2121 0.2289
NO. Of NO.GR X GR ....
SAMPS 260 260
400
AVP.. _
FLOW
(CFMI
51.1
51.0
50.6
51.3
GEO.
MEAN
70
UG
-------
A LI-
BUREAU (IF AIR
HI VOLUME PARTICULATF
MICRO GRAMS/CU METER
PRIMARY AMBIENT AIR QUALITY STANDARD (A
ANNUAL-75 UG/M3 24-HOUR MAX*
|AOSJ__ GEOMETRIC, Mt,
?60 UG/M3
IN
" NOV 1975
1
MO-OY-YR
11- 2-75
11- 5-75
11-11-75
11-14-75
11-17-75
11-19-75
11-21-75
11-26-75
STATION
COURT HOUSE
HR-M1N
0,15
0.15
0.25
0.00
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.15
5802 COURT HOUSE
MO-OY-YR
11- 2-75
11- 6-75
11-12-75
11-14-75
11-17-75
11-20-75
11-22-75
11-27-75
ARITH
MEAN
206
HR-MIN
23.40
0.15
0.35
23.10
23.50
0.10
0.15
0.20
MAX 1
HIGH
456
MOTOR
NUMBER
1050
1011
1011
1050
1011
1011
1011
1011
MAX 2
HIGH
359
LAfl
NUM8ER
3871
4496
4508
4677
4676
4685
4750
4764
MIN
READ
96
STATION NO 5802
FILTER
NUMBER
31272
31426
31438
31504
31503
31512
31577
31591
MONTH
COUNT
1
RUN
TIME
IM1N)
1405
1440
1450
1390
1425
1445
1450
1445
NO. OF
SAMPS
8
CM
AIR
1902
1953
1936
1869
19Q9
1827
2182
2174
NO.GR
260
2
NFT WT.
GRAMS
0.1854
0.3349
0.33W
0.1810
0.6810
0.8213
0.2083
0.4112
% GR
260
25
AVG.
FLOW
(CFMI
47.8
48. i
47.1
47.5
47.3
44.6
53.1
53.1
GEO.
MEAN
175
UGX
CM
99
171
176
98
359
456
96
190
a
G.STD °
DEV.
i.ao
-------
BUREAU OF
POLLUTION CONTROL
_HJ _Y 0 L UME PARJICULA If
MICRO GRAMS/CU METER
PRIMARY AMBIENT M R_CH)A LJ T_Y STANDARD IAAOS) f-FOMFTRIC MEAN
""' ANNUAL-75 UG/M3 24-HOUR MAX*?6() UG/M3
NOV 1975
HAZELWOOO T
MO-DY-YR
11- 2-75
11- 5-75
11- 8-75
11-11-75
11-14-75
11-17-75
11-21-75
11-22-75
11-23-75
11-26-75
H-29-75
HR-MIN
_ 0.00
o.on
o.on
o.on
o.on
0.00
0,00
0.00
0.05
0.00
0.00
MO-OY-YR
11- Z-75
11- 5-75
11- 8-75
11-11-75
11-15-75
11-17-75
11-22-75
11-23-75
11-23-75
11-26-75
11-29-75
HR-MIN
23.45
23.45
23.45
23.40
0.00
23.40
0.00
0.05
23.50
23.45
23.40
MOTOR
NUMBER
1032
1014
1032
1014
1032
1011
1025
1051
1014
1032
1014
LAB
NUMBER
3991
4646
4547
4564
4565
4477
4489
4735
4490
4487
4738
STATION NO 6903
FILTER
NUMBER
31392
31476
31477
31494
31495
31407
31419
31562
31420
31417
31565
RUN
TIME
(MIN)
1425
1425
1420
1440
1420
1440
1445
1425
1425
1420
CM . . ._ ..
AIR
2070
2070
2097
2123
2255
2123
2058
2297
2191
2198
2264
NET JIT.,.
GR A M S
0.1279...
0.2131
o. noo
0.1882
0.3357
0.2643
0.132.7
0.1507
0.2052
0.2188
0.2450
AVG.
FLOM
(CFM)
51.3
51 .3
52.0
52.8
55.3
52.8
50.5
56.1
54.3
54.5
56.3
UG/
CM
fr2
104
52
90
150
126
66 ^
94 I
100
109
STATION
ARITH
MEAN
MAX 1
HIGH
MAX 2
HIGH
MIN
READ
MONTH
COUNT
NO. OF
SAMPS
NO.GR
260
% GR
GEO.
MEAN
G.STD
DEV.
6903 HAZELWOOD T
93
150
126
52
11
88
1.3B
-------
-68-
EPA HEALTH EFFECTS STUDY
This section contains the report preparact by the RTF epi-
demologlsts concerning the health effects of the Pittsburgh
Air Episode.
-------
-69-
WMTALITY MODELS: ,'. POLICY TOOL
Wilson B. Riggan, -Ph.D..- .
John B. VanBruggen
Lawrence L:. Truppi , I-'S*
Marvin Hertz, Ph.D.
To be presented to the CcnfercT.ee on Environmental Modeling and
Si relation, Er,viron;v,er.tai Research Center, Cincinnati, Ohio,
April 19-21, 1976
ABSTRACT
The recent Pittsburgh air pollution episode in iiovember 1975
presents a striking need to use daily mortality rr.odels as a policy
tool. In this preliminary study we found 15 deaths wnen the episode
period was compared to tne sarae four days of the week before, and the
/
Sc.ne four days of the week following the episode. 'Estimated excess
deaths of 23 v/ere found when the period of the episode was compared
;
to the sair.e .v.onth and period in the years 1952 through 1972. However,
after fitting the mode"! which accounted for temperature ana other
covariates, we found only 14 ceaths In the preceding comparison,
the effect of temperature hod oeen assigned to air pollution.
*0n assigni^ent from the nation*! Oceanic and Abr.osphur i
U.S. Department of Commerce
-------
-70-
lortality Models: A Policy Tool
With the great improvement in air quality monitoring technology, there
is a strong accompanying need to quantify the health impact from environ-
mental pollution. The recent Pittsburgh episode in November 1975 is a
striking example of this present need. The Denora. Meuse Valley, New York,
and London episodes of previous decades which were handicapped by a lack
of pollution exposure data also provide glaring examples of this present
need for more air monitoring data which can be relatsd to observed health
changes.
An important tool for improving the assessment of the total health
effects of pollution is the use of daily mortality models. Although man
reacts to pollution through a full spectrum of biological responses ranging
from subtle physiologic changes to death, mortality is currently the
best documental and defined health indicator available. It is extremely
noteworthy to recall that statistically strong effects were not obvious at
the time of some of the historic pollution episodes. The adverse health
effects in the 1952 London episode, for example, becane clear only when
mortality records became vital statistics.
This paper will describe the use of daily mortality models based on
single forecast equations that can apply to metropolitan areas in the
Northeastern United States, and specifically the Pittsourgh pollution episode
of November 17-20, 1975, will be discussed, using the model to draw mortality
inferences. The models enable epidemiologists to estimate deaths caused
by high concentration of air pollution. Mortality n.oclels arc very useful
to prospective pollution control in that they enable authorities to forecast
the probable effect of a specific control action and "ater to assess the
effectiveness of controls.
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Why use a model rather than the real w^rld? Admittedly, a model is
a crude "Alice in V.'onderland" simplification of the real world. But,
it provides information on relationship between measurable factors which
may be adjusted for, or controlled. The model must be scientifically
valid in that it must, approximate a microcosma of the real world. The
validity of various models can be compared by how closely they approximate
the actual observation data.
Materials and Methodology
For the recent Pittsburgh episode we have three major sources of
mortality data: National Center for Health Statistics, Department of Vital
Statistics, the State of Pennsylvania, and Allegheny County Health Department.
The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration supplied the meteor-
ological data. Aerometric data were supplied by the Allegheny County Air
Pollution Control Board.
Background of the Pittsburgh Episode
The National Weather Service Forecast Office at Pittsburgh Airport
issued an air stagnation warning at noon, Monday, November 17, 1975. The
areas covered included Western Pennsylvania, several eastern Ohio and
northern '.test Virginia counties. A large high pressure system became stationary
over the state of West Virginia, causing strong surface temperature inver-
sions which trapped cooler air at the ground, particularly in valleys such
as are common around Pittsburgh. Pittsburgh's location also brought very
light surface winds causing poor dispersion. Wind speeds at the Pittsburgh
Airport avamcvd 1.9 in s" rv, iJovembor 17, fell to 1.2 on November 13,
1.1 on Jovcmbor 19, auj rose to 3.8 0:1 November 20, tne last day
of tne episode. Table 1 presents daily maximum and minimum temperatures,
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departure from nor,na! average temperature, ifternocn mixing depths, average
wind speed, resultant wind direction and speed, anc average relative humidity.
Tab 1-3 1. Daily h'eathor Conditions
;,'ov. 17 to Mov. 20, '.975
IZ li 12. 20_
lerr.perature (C)
Maximum 16.7 17.2 17.2 18.3
Mi 1.7 2.2 1.7 1.7
Departure from
i,or:r,al (C) ~4.<+ + 5.6 +5.0 +6.1
Afternoon Mi;: ing
Depth U) 926 1 ,051 859 927
Average Line's peed
0" s~ ) 1.9 1.2 i.l 3.3
ResuHant'Wincl ' ~" '
Direction (deg) 230 270 160 160
Resultant V.'iy!
SPeed (m s"') 1.8 0.9 0.4 3.7
Avg. Relative
Humicity (:v) 60 63 60 56
Apprcacn
'.-.'e secured deatn certificates froiii Allegheny County Health Department.
We compiled mortality figures for the four days of the Pittsburgh pollution
episode, and the corresponding four days in the preceding and following
weeks. These records were not complete, comprising 85-90 percent of ultimate
recorded deaths. This variation is due to a number of residents who died
outside the county ar,J v.il! be adcicd to tiio county records at a later tir.e.
Table 2 gives this comparison revealing 16 excess deaths during the episode.
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Table 2. Mortality Figures From Allegheny County for the Four Days
of the Pittsburgh Air Pollution Episode, and the Corres-
ponding Four Days in the Preceding and Following Week
Average deaths of
Deaths during, episode individuals for pre- Excess deaths
ceding & following during episode
week
180 163.5 16.5
Discussion
By using tne same four days of tne preceding week and the following as
a control, we have removed the day of week. However, the last day uf the
corresponding four day period of the following week was Thanksgiving which
normally has the higher holiday death rate. This suggests that v.'ithout
the holiday the excess dsaths may have been greater than 16.
We adjusted for incomplete mortality records for November 1975 in
the following manner. First, we checked for an annual trend and found none.
Vie divided the average daily deaths of the 11 years of Movoiv.ber (47.3) by
the average daily deaths of November 1975 (40.4). We used this factor of
1.17 to adjust the daily deaths upward for November 1975.
Table 2 compares the average nu;;,ber of deaths for November 17 through
20 fcr years 1962 tnrough 1972 with the deatns during the Pittsburgh episode
of November 17 through 20. This comparison gives an excess of 23 deaths.
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Table 3. Comparison of Deaths
Day
of Month
17
18
19
20
1975
60
52
47
54
Average 1962-19/2
«
47
47
47
Excess Deaths
11
5
0
7
Total 23
Probability = .OC2
The above comparison has removed tl',e seasonal effect; to be bure the day
of week effect has been removed, v;e selected for each year Monday tnrough
Thursday of the week preceding Thanksgiving for comparing with Monday through
Friday of the episoce.
Table 4. Comparison of Deaths by Day of VJeek
Day of l-.'eek
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
1975 deaths
60
52
47
54
Average 1962-1972
49
48
44
49
Excess Dea
11
4
3
5
ths
Total 23
Probability - .003
Hence, the difference is not due to the doy of the f.'eek, or the annual cycle.
Application of Kodel
Daily fluctuation in mortality rates are primarily dstermined by four
major factors:
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1. Annual cycles;
2. Epidemic influenza pneumonia;
3. Temperature; and '
4. Environmental pollution.
Annual cycles of mortality are important in determining mortality
rates because the highest death rates are in winter and the lowest in
summer. Epidemic influenza-pneumonia is important because during an epidemic
death rates rise far above those due to annual cycle. Temperature has an
effect as well as the annual cycle, in that a sharp drop in temperature
associated with the movement of a weather front reduces mortality in sunder.
Heat waves also have an extreme effect on mortality. Environmental pollu-
tants increase mortality, but their effects are small compared to the
others except in air- pollution episodes. Temperature and annual cycle may
nave 15 tc 20 times the effect of air pollution. Environmental pollution
has a significant additional effect, assessable only when the other strong
effects are adequately measured.
Application
Our first step in developing an empirical forecast model for Allegheny
County was to divide the 11 years of mortality data into cwo periods; 5 years,
1962-66 and 6 years, 1967-72. The first period was used to develop the
model and estimate the coefficients while the second period was used to test
the model. .
FirsL, daily tol.ul mortality observations were corroded Lo eliminalo
major influenzu'epicleinics. Next, mortality data were checked for population
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trend; and adjustable daily mortality ratios were computed as the daily
observations divided by the average of the 11 years. We estimated
coefficients for the following model:
Yi = a0 X(l)al X(2)a2 X(3)a3 X(4)d4
where Y.J = Daily mortality ratio of observed deaths on the i^1 day multiplied
by 100 and divided by the average number of deaths per thousand
for the 11 yec.rs.
X(l) = Lagged function distributes temperature effect over 3 days (using
Y.J_I as distr'buted lagged function).
X(2) = Observed daily maximum temperature minus the average maximum
temperature o" the preceding seven days.
X(3) = Precipitation during the day in milimeters.
X(4) = Holiday effect - Thanksgiving, Christmas, etc.
t -?t?
eM»Lit*i = Exponential polynomial function, third power of observed
daily maximum temperature in degrees celsisus.
Mortality is given as "mortality ratio expected".
This standardized ratio allows direct comparison between places and
times, and statements about percent change in mortality per unit change in
the pollution variable.
We used 1962-66 data to estimate a set of coefficients. We also estimated
a set of coefficients using 1962-72 data. Estimated expected deaths for
1962 through 1972 with coefficients generated from the same data
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from expected deaths for 1967-1972 using coefficients generated front
data for 1962-66 was 98.7. Therefore, the relationship found in the first
period holds for the second period.
We felt justified in using the coufficients from 1962-C6 to calculate
the expected mortality ratios for November 1975. The air pollution episode
VMS the only observable unusual condition in November 1976 that could have
caused expected mortality to deviate so widely.
After adjusting deaths during the episode and for the same days of the
week in the previous and following weeks for temperature, precipitation,
annual cycle, and day of week, we still show at least 14 excess deaths during
the episode. There seems little possibility that this result could be due
to random chance.
Aerometric Data
Kith aeroinetric data for only three weeks from seven stations, we have
not attempted to estimate coefficients for a dose response function. However,
figure 1 presents graphically the results using deviations from expected
deaths generated by the model which adjusted for annual cycle, temperature, etc.
Figure 1. Comparison of deviations frc;n expected deaths
(generated by the i^od
i
.: 10
.
-;-L
___ ______ i
' " " -
VO
cc;-:p 1.09
53
0.99
(ug
3.00
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The preceding results indicate that using deaths without considering
temperature and other covariates in the Pittsburgh episode tends to
inflate the number of deaths.
Comment and Conclusion
One may ask if the excess deaths would have occurred with in a few
days or weeks 'rather than during Lhe episode. We simply do not know.
However, mortality rates were higher the week following the episode than
the week preceding. At le.ist there is no evidence that the excess deaths
would have occurred during the week following the episode.
This preliminary study also found a need for more timely aerometric
data, especially in pollution episodes.
'Arthur S. Goldberg, Econometric Theory, John S. Wiley and Sons, Inc.,
New York, 1964, pp. 274-27S.
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LETTER FROM RUSSEL TRAIN TO HOUSE SUBCOMMITTEE ON HEALTH
AND THE ENVIRONMENT.
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This report was retyped from a copy of the original letter,
Dear Mr. Chairman:
Thank you for your letter of November 24, 1975, in which you
request that we prepare a full report on the recent air pollution
emergency episode in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area. I understand
that our response will be used to assist the House Interstate and
Foreign Commerce Committee in determining whether changes are needed
in the current law (Section 303 of the Clean Air Act, as amended) to
help prevent future emergency episodes and/or to respond more
efficiently to all future emergency episodes.
Since this matter is currently under consideration by your
subcommittee, I will attempt to answer the questions you have raised
in as much detail as is possible based on the information presently
available to me. In t:his regard, the Philadelphia Regional
Administrator is delegated the prime responsibility for monitoring
emergency episode conditions and for initiating appropriate Federal
abatement action during an emergency episode. Accordingly, for those
areas, identified below, which require some additional information and
forward it directly to you as expeditiously as practicable.
The following is a chronology and discussion of the Pittsburgh
emergency episode. On Monday, November 17, 1975, at 1:00 p.m., an air
stagnation advisory was declared (such meteorological conditions
forecast poor pollutant dispersion capabilities for a period ranging
from 12 to 35 hours and signals the likelihood of elevated ambient air
concentrations). At "he same time the Allegheny County Department of
Health advised our Philadelphia Regional Office that an alert had been
declared (initial stage of an episode where health warnings and
preliminary voluntary abatement actions are initiated) for the
Clairton-Liberty Borough area, for particulate pollutants only.
On Tuesday morning, November 18, 1975, Allegheny County informed
the regional office that the particulate matter levels had come close
to the warning level (that level which indicates a serious degradation
of the air and requires some abatement actions be initiated). On
Tuesday afternoon the regional office advised EPA's Division of
Stationary Source Enforcement (DSSE) that a potentially significant
episode was developing in Allegheny County and exchanged the home
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telephone numbers of the involved individuals in both offices.
At 3:00 a.m. on Wednesday, November 19, 1975, the Philadelphia
Regional Office's meteorologist was contacted at home and advised by
Allegheny County that the warning levels had been reached and that
appropriate warning level reduction plans had been put into effect (a
more complete description and evaluation of all warning and eraergency
level reduction actions will be provided to you by the Philadelphia
Regional Office). At 8:30 a.m. on Wednesday morning the regional
office contacted Allegheny County and was informed that the levels had
rapidly escalated to close to the emergency level (that level at which
all appropriate abatement actions must be initiated to prevent
reaching the substantial endangerment level). In addition, the
regional office was advised that visibility in the Clairton Valley was
so poor as to make driving impossible. (As a result, public schools
in the area were closed for the duration of the emergency episode.) It
should be noted that the emergency episode levels were localized in
the Pittsburgh area to the vicinity of the Liberty Borough monitoring
station which is located at the high school approximately 1-1/2 miles
downwind of United States Steel Corporation's Clairton Coke Works (map
attached).
On Wednesday morning the regional office contacted DSSE and the
United states Attorney's Office in Pittsburgh to bring them up to date
and advised them that Section 303 of the Clean Air Act might have to
be implemented in the next 12 to 18 hours. At 9:30 a.m. Regional
Administrator Snyder and the emergency episode response team were
advised that the levels of particulates had reached a 6.9 Coh/24-hour
average (7.0 Coh [coefficient of haze^ is the emergency level) and
that Allegheny County had asked United States Steel, in particular, to
gradually reduce emissions by increasing coking time. In addition,
Allegheny County had asked the Pennsylvania Department of
Environmental Resources (DER) to order reduction in emissions at
Duquesne Light Company's Elraraa and West Penn Power's Mitchell Power
Plants (sources solely in DER's jurisdiction).
On Wednesday morning the regional office reviewed the actions
taken by Allegheny County and concluded that additional reductions
were necessary and so advised Allegheny County. After conferring with
Assistant Administrator for Enforcement Stanley W. Legro, at which
time the regional office advised him that there was a strong
possibility of the necessity for Federal legal action, an episode
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3
response team was sent to Pittsburgh. In addition, a second regional
team remained in Philadelphia, on 24-hour call, to provide necessary
assistance. This assistance included preparation of maximum cutback
plans for industries located in the affected area, and provided an
independent review capability concerning the course of the eopisode and
the abatement actions being implemented to reduce emissions. From
EPA's Research Triangle Park Laboratories in North Carolina a team of
epidemiologists and meteorologists was sent to Pittsburgh. This team
was necessary to provide the medical and meteorological expertise and
testimony if Federal legal action became necessary (this team had to
hire a private jet since no commercial air space was available). In
addition, EPA Headquarters sent two attorneys to assist the regional
office if legal action was necessary.
As previously mentioned, at 8:30 a.m., the U.S. Attorney's office
was contacted and informed about the developing episode and that there
was a likelihood that EPA personnel would travel to Pittsburgh to
prepare for an eventual Section 303 action if required. At this time,
the U.S. Attorney's office was requested to provide secretarial
assistance, office space, and to notify a Federal judge of a potential
action to insure his availability.
At 1:00 p.m. the 24-hour particulate matter ambient average was
7.4 Coh which was in excess of the emergency level. At this time, the
regional office advised Allegheny County to declare that the episode
had reached emergency levels for particulates and to begin
implementation of a maximum cutback of production and emissions at the
Clairton Coke Works in accordance with a plan developed by the
regional office.
At 2:00 p.m., EPA further insured the availability of a judge for
the evening.
At 4:30 p.m., a team from the regional office arrived at the U.S.
Attorney's office and immediately conferred with the Assistant United
States Attorney in anticipation of having to file a Section 303
action.
At 6:00 p.m. the 24-hour average had reached 7.45 Coh (8.0 Coh is
the significant harm level). By 6:00 p.m., even though the levels
remained elevated, the three environmental agencies had been able to
achieve the following particulate matter curtailments:
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1. United States Steel had eliminated all coal burning In
20 of its 21 coal boilers in the Monongahela Valley;
2. United States Steel had extended its coking time to 36
hours (usually 18 hours is normal);
3, United States Steel had eliminated all scarfing
operations;
4. The Elrama Station of Duquesne, rated at 494 raw, was
operating at 50-60 mw with a high efficiency particulate
control device and 30-35 mw with a low efficiency control
device.
5. West Penn Power's four boilers were operating in full
compliance with the particulate matter emission
limitation of the State implementation plan and was
operating 85% of capacity. The regional office believed
these units had minimal impact on the episode levels;
6. Jones and Laughlin Steel had extended its coking cycle
to 24 hours (the rest of its plant was not operating at
the time the episode began and this plant was thought to
have minimal impact on the episode levels in the Liberty
Borough area).
7. In accordance with the Allegheny County Episode Plan,
other Allegheny County sources curtailed their
operations generally 15 to 25 percent.
8. Other Monongahela Valley sources curtailed operations as
required by DER in accordance with their curtailment
plans due to alert levels outside of Allegheny County.
Between 6:00 and 10:30 p.m. on Wednesday evening, Regional
Administrator Snyder met with officials of United States Steel. The
episode situation was explained to the Company emphasizing that the
most recent levels indicated the imminence of the significant harm
concentration (8:00 p.m. reading of 7.8 Coh/24-hour average). Mr.
Snyder stressed that it was imperative that the rate of coking time be
extended to 48 hours as soon as possible. The plant manager advised
after extended discussions that the coking time was, at 8:00 p.m., 42
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hours and would reach 48 hours by midnight. The meeting with the
United States Steel was; recessed at about 10:30 p.m., Wednesday night,
with the understanding that the meeting would reconvene at 8:00 a.m.
the following morning :Lf the episode did not improve during the night
and further abatement actions would be required.
Immediately after the meeting, EPA regional personnel continued to
monitor the hourly readings and evaluate the one-hour and 24-hour
averages throughout th«j night. In addition, EPA and Allegheny County
personnel went to the Clairton-Liberty Borough area to ensure that the
cutbacks, as promised by United States Steel, were being implemented.
Personnel also visited the monitoring station to ensure continued
reliability of the hourly data and to further determine what, if any,
additional sources might be impacting the monitoring. At this time,
after reviewing the action taken by United States Steel as well as the
reduced hourly levels which began at 11:00 p.m., we believed that the
actions that had been :aken would result in a lessening of the severe
ambient air quality conditions.
As a precautionary measure, EPA Region III and DER considered the
possibility of closing the only major source of particulate matter
thought to be readily closable and having a great potential impact on
the episode levels in the Clairton area, Unit #3 of Duquesne Light
Company's Elrama Station (emitting approximately 500 Ibs/hour of
particulate matter). This facility became the focus of EPA's and the
DER's attention for the rest of the night. When Duquesne Light
Company was asked to shut down Elrama Unit #3 and to switch to a
cleaner unit or increase generation at the Elrama Unit #2 (a
substantially cleaner boiler), the Company consistently stated it was
not possible for "systsra reliability" reasons. At midnight, with the
DER's air quality chief present, the decision was made to draft
pleadings to require trie shutdown of Elrama Unit # 3. The pleadings
would be filed if ambient levels did not continue to decrease through
Thursday morning. The regional office felt that the delay was
warranted since the curtailments previously achieved appeared to be
having a significant ir.pact on ambient air quality. Specifically, the
1:00 a.m. Thursday 24-hour average was down to 7.3 Coh, by 3:00 a.m.
the level was 7.1 Coh, and at 7:00 a.m. the ambient level had declined
to 6.5 Coh, below the emergency level. It should be noted that the
Wednesday night meteorological conditions remained very poor and did
not noticeably improve until late Thursday afternoon. On Thursday,
based on improved ambient particulate concentrations in the morning,
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6
and a favorable meteorological forecast for the afternoon, it appeared
that the episode had been abated.
In addition, on Thursday, Dr. John Knelson's health effects group
from EPA's Research Triangle Park went into the Pittsburgh community
(especially the Clairton area) to ascertain the health effects on
certain categories of persons caused by prolonged exposure to elevated
concentrations of partuculate matter. The EPA medical team was
assisted by the Allegheny County Department of Health and several
other medical and public health schools and associations. A final
report on this matter should be available in approximately six weeks.
Moreover, the Allegheny County Department of Health is giving thought
to initiating a study which would cover most of the health-related
questions raised in your inquiry. Upon receipt of such a study, we
will, of course, forward a copy for your attention. It should be
noted that during the episode the standard health warnings advising
susceptible individuals to stay indoors, if at all possible, were
broadcast by the media.
At this point, I would like to offer some observations about this
specific episode and how it was reacted to and handled by the various
public agencies. It is my opinion that the Allegheny County Public
Health Department, the State DER, the U.S. Attorney's Office and EPA
worked effectively to prevent the reaching of the significant harm to
health level by obtaining necessary source curtailment. The EPA teams
in Pittsburgh and Philadelphia kept Headquarters personnel informed
throughout the episode including hourly telephone contacts to their
homes until 1:00 a.m. Thursday morning. These communications were
designed for consultation on actions to be taken and to facilitate
expedited concurrence in the event that legal action under Section 303
would be required.
Relative to industry's reactions, industry consented to modifying
their operations only after lengthy discussions and pressure by the
public agencies. For example, it took United States Steel many hours
and several discussions with key corporate officials to agree to
expeditiously extend their coking time to 48 hours. It appears that
industry acquiesced to the public agencies' plans because of the real
possibility that EPA and the U.S. Attorney would seek emergency relief
in the Federal Court and that such relief would certainly be granted.
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While there is some room for disagreement as to whether the
initial steps taken by Allegheny County and the State were of
sufficient magnitude considering the problems they faced, I am
satisfied that all the public agencies acted in the most responsible
manner to require the necessary source curtailments to protect the
public health. I also believe that the public agencies provided all
the practical health precautions to the public that were feasible.
You have asked whether the Agency has performed an economic
analysis of the effect of the episode and the resulting curtailment
actions. It should be emphasized that all our actions in abating the
episode conditions were solely premised on preventing serious health
impacts from occurring.
I strongly believe that the prime responsibility for monitoring
emergency episode conditions and for initiating appropriate Federal
abatement action during an emergency episode should be with the
appropriate regional office which is the most familiar with the State
and local agencies and the sources in a specific area. I additionally
believe, however, that EPA Headquarters components also play a key
role in assisting by discussion of strategy arid providing requested
personnel to the regional office throughout an episode. Finally,
current procedures require EPA Headquarters concurrence before any
legal action can be taken under Section 303.
One matter the Agency will have to reevaluate concerns what
ambient level, lower than the emergency levels, should be equated to
imminent and substantial endangerment to public health where
concentrations continue1, for a significant period of time (45 to 72
hours). In this regard, I anticipate that the Agency may have to make
some revisions to our regulations in 40 CFR Part 51 and revise and
prepare additional guidance to our regional offices. In addition,
further clarification would be helpful in providing EPA with direct
authority to require emission curtailments prior to the time when
concentrations actually reach substantial endangerment levels.
The remaining point I would like to discuss concerns your general
request for a nationwide analysis of locations and dates over the last
three years where air quality approached or exceeded the emergency
action levels. On January 3, 1975, I responded to a similar request
from Senator Edmund S. Muskie. In this regard, I am enclosing a copy
of that response for your consideration. We will forward to you an
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update of this information for the last year as soon as the
information can be assembled.
I hope that this report, as well as the supplementary information
that will be forwarded to you, will be of value in your Committee's
deliberations on the Clean Air Act Amendments. We remain available to
provide whatever additional assistance you or your staff may request
on this matter.
Sincerely yours,
Russell E. Train
Honorable Paul G. Rogers
Chairman, Subcommittee on Health and the Environment
Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce
House of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20515
Enclosures
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