UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
                                       REGION IV

                                   34S COURTLAND STREET
                                  ATLANTA, GEORGIA  3O36S
 k
 K
 ft,

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                                COVER SHEET

                                   DRAFT

                       ENVIRONMENTAL  IMPACT STATEMENT

                                    FOR

                        DESIGNATION AND  USE OF A NEW

                   OCEAN  DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL SITE

                          PASCAGOULA, MISSISSIPPI


Lead Agency; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency  (EPA)

Cooperating Agency;  U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers  (CE)
                     U.S.  Navy (Navy)

Abstract;  Pursuant to 40 CFR 1501.5, the EPA is  the lead Federal agency for
preparing the Environmental Impact Statement  (EIS)  for designation of a new
Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site (ODMDS)  in the Gulf  of Mexico south of
Pascagoula, Mississippi, i.e., the Pascagoula ODMDS.   The proposed ODMDS
will encompass part or all of the former interim  disposal site and an
adjacent charted former disposal site.   For the purposes  of this EIS, the
proposed site is considered a new ODMDS and an enlargement of the former
interim site.  The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the U.S. Navy are
designated as cooperating agencies as defined in  40 CFR 1501.6.  This EIS
provides the CE the National Environmental Policy  Act  (NEPA) documentation
pertaining to the transportation to the ocean for  the  purpose o£ disposal of
dredged material from the existing Pascagoula Harbor Federal Navigation
Project and the authorized improvements to that project under Section 103 of
the Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries  Act (MPRSA) of 1972, as
amended.  In addition, the CE requires NEPA documentation pertaining to the
permitting, under Section 103 of MPRSA, of the transport  of dredged
materials from non-CE navigation projects for disposal at the ODMDS.  The
U. S. Navy Pascagoula Strategic Homeport Project  requires additional NEPA
documentation relative to disposal of dredged material in the Gulf of
Mexico.  As cooperating agencies, the CE and  Navy  ensure  that the EIS
contains all the information required by NEPA for  their decision-making
processes.  Both the CE and the Navy have coordinated  appropriate NEPA
documents on the projects described above.  These  documents and their
contents are incorporated into this EIS by reference.   Communication
regarding the Federal navigation project and  dredged material disposal
should be addressed to the CE and communication regarding the Strategic
Homeport should be addressed to the Navy, while communication regarding site
designation, which by itself does not authorize dredging  or on-site
disposal, should be directed to EPA.

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The proposed action will be conducted in accordance with the MPRSA, Ocean
Dumping Regulations (40 CFR 220-229) and all other applicable laws and
regulations.  The proposed action would cause the following adverse
environmental impacts:  (1) water quality impacts, (2) alteration of site
bathymetry and sediment composition, and (3) smothering benthic organisms.
Water quality impacts include increased turbidity, the possible release of
some chemical constituents, and lowering of dissolved oxygen levels.  These
impacts would be temporary and localized to the vicinity of the ODMDS and
would not significantly affect water quality of the region.  Changes in site
bathymetry can be minimized by controlling the discharge point of the
dredged material; however/ it may be more desirable to mound the dredged
material within the site.  Options for management of the site are contained
within the EIS and its appendices.  Some changes in sediment composition and
the smothering of benthic organisms are unavoidable impacts of the proposed
action.

The CE has determined a need for a new ODMDS offshore Pascagoula,
Mississippi.  This need for ocean disposal is primarily based on the lack of
economically, engineeringly, and environmentally feasible alternatives for
the disposal of the projected quantities of dredged material.  The proposed
new site will be considerably larger than the interim Pascagoula site, the
designation of which expired December 31, 1989.  EPA is proposing to
designate a new and larger ODMDS at this time due to the expiration of the
designation of the interim site, the CE's anticipation of local dredged
material disposal needs, and the anticipated volume of the material to be
dredged.  Section 3.0 of the EIS presents a detailed analysis of the
alternatives to ocean disposal.

The Pascagoula ODMDS is restricted to the disposal of dredged material from
the Mississippi Sound area that meets the Ocean Dumping Criteria.  No grain
size restrictions have been applied to the proposed ODMDS.  Both coarse and
fine grained dredged materials are anticipated for disposal at the site.
For Further Information Contact:

Jeffrey A. Kellam
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Wetlands and Coastal Programs Section
345 Courtland Street, NE
Atlanta, Georgia  30365
(404) 347-2126; FTS 257-2126

Laurens Pitts, P.E.
Naval Facilities Engineering
  Command
P.O. Box 10068
Charleston, South Carolina  29411-0068
(803) 743-0797
Dr. Susan Ivester Rees
U.S. Army Engineer District
 Mobile
P.O. Box 2288
Mobile, Alabama  36628-0001
(205) 690-2724; FTS 537-2724
Comments:   Comments on  the Draft EIS  (DEIS) must be received by EPA at the
above  address  by  September 10,  1990.

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                        Page
COVER SHEET	     i

TABLE OF CONTENTS	   i i i

LIST OF TABLES	    ix

LIST OF FIGURES	    ix

1.0  SUMMARY	1-1

  1.01   Major Findings and Conclusions 	   1-1

  1.02   Areas of Controversy	1-4

  1.03   Issues  to be Resolved	1-4

  1.04   Relationship oE Alternative Actions to
           Environmental Protection Statutes  	   1-4

2.0  PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION	2-1

  2.01   Introduction	2-1

  2.02   National Environmental Policy Act  	   2-1

  2.03   Marine, Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act  	   2-1

  2.04  Port of  Pascagoula Special Management Area Plan	2-2

  2.05  Pascagoula Harbor, Mississippi Feasibility Report
          Entitled "Improvement of the Federal Deep-Draft
          Navigation Channel"	2-2

  2.06   Pascagoula Homeport Project   	   2-3

  2.07   Other Needs	2-4

3.0  ALTERNATIVES	3-1

  3.01   Introduction	3-1

  3.02   No Action	3-1

  3.03   Land Disposal	-	3-1

  3.04   Beach Nourishment or Disposal in Nearshore
           Littoral Areas	3-2
                                     111

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                 (Cont inued)
                                                                        Page

  3.05   Open Water Disposal in Mississippi Sound 	   3-2

  3.06   EPA Interim Designated Ocean Dredged Material
           Disposal Site	3-2

  3.07   Selection of a New Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site  .  .  .   3-3

  3.08   Proposed Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site  	   3-4

4.0  AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT 	   4-1

  4.01   Introduction	4-1

  4.02   Climatology and Meteorology  	   4-1

  4.03   Geology	4-2

  4.04   Bathymetry	4-2

  4.05   Circulation and Mixing	4-2

  4.06   Water Quality	4-4

  4.07   Sediment Quality and Characteristics 	   4-7

  4.08   Sediment Transport 	   4-8

  4.09   Plankton	4-8

  4.10   Benthos	4-9

  4.11   Nekton/Epifauna	4-10

  4.12   Commercial Fisheries  .	4-13

  4.13   Threatened and Endangered Species  	  4-14

  4.14   Mineral Resources  	  4-16

  4.IS   Shipping	4-16

  4.16   Coastal Amenities  	  4-16

  4.17   Cultural Resources 	  4-17

  4.18   Military Restrictions  	  4-17
                                     iv

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                (Cont inued)
                                                                        Page
5.0  ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES ....................   5-1

  5.01   Introduction .........................   5-1

  5.02   Geographical Position, Depth of Water, Bottom
           Topography, and Distance from Coast  ............   5-1

  5.03   Location in Relation to Breeding, Spawning,
           Nursery, Feeding, or Passage Areas of Living
           Resources in Adult or Juvenile Phases  .....  .  .....   5-1

  5.04   Location in Relation to Beaches and Other
           Amenity Areas  .......................   5-2

  5.05   Types and Quantities of Dredged Material Proposed
           to be Disposed of, and Proposed Methods of Release,
           Including Methods of Packing the Dredge Material,
           i£ Any ...........................   5-2

  5.06   Feasibility of Surveillance and Monitoring ..........   5-4

  5.07   Dispersal, Horizontal Transport, and Vertical
           Mixing Characteristics of the Area, Including
           Prevailing Current Direction and Velocity, if
           Any   ............................   5-5

  5.08   Existence and Effects of Current and Previous
           Discharges and Dumping in the Area (Including
           Cumulative Effects)  ..... ...............   5-6

  5.09   Interference With Shipping, Fishing, Recreation,
           Mineral Extraction, Desalination, Fish and Shellfish
           Culture, Areas of Special Scientific Importance, and
           Other Legitimate Uses of the Ocean .............   5-6

  5.10   The Existing Water Quality and Ecology of the Site
           as Determined by Available Data or by Trend
           Assessment or Baseline Surveys ...............   5-7

  5.11   Potentiality for the Development or Recruitment
           of Nuisance Species in the Disposal Site ..........   5-7

  5.12   Existence at or in Close Proximity to the Site
           of Any Significant Natural or Cultural Features
           of Historical Importance ...... . ...........   5-8

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
                              {Cont inued)
                                                                      Page
5.13
5.14
5.15
5.16
5.17
5.18
The Dumping of Materials into the Ocean will be
  Permitted Only at Sites or in Areas Selected
  to Minimize the Interference of Disposal
  Activities with Other Activities in the Marine
  Environment, Particularly Avoiding Areas of
  Existing Fisheries or Shellfisheries, and
  Regions of Heavy Commercial or Recreational
  Navigation  	
                                                                       5-8
Locations and Boundaries of Disposal Sites will be
  so Chosen that Temporary Perturbations in Water
  Quality or other Environmental Conditions during
  Initial Mixing caused by Disposal Operations
  Anywhere within the Site can be Expected to be
  Reduced to Normal Ambient Seawater Levels or to
  Undetectable Contaminant Concentrations or Effects
  Before Reaching Any Beach, Shoreline, Marine
  Sanctuary, or Known Geographically Limited Fishery
  or Shellfishery  	
                                                                       5-9
If at Anytime During or After Disposal Site Evaluation
  Studies, it is Determined that Existing Disposal Sites
  Presently Approved on an Interim Basis for Ocean
  Dumping Do Not Meet the Criteria For Site Selection
  Set Forth in CFR 228.5 and 228.6, the Use of Such
  Sites will be Terminated as soon as Alternate
  Disposal Sites can be Designated 	
                                                                      5-10
The Sizes of Ocean Disposal Sites will be Limited
  in Order to Localize for Identification and Control
  any Immediate Adverse Impacts and Permit the
  Implementation of Effective Monitoring and
  Surveillance Programs to Prevent Adverse Long-
  Range Impacts.  The Size, Configuration, and
  Location of any Disposal Site will be Determined
  as Part of the Disposal Site Evaluation or
  Designation Study  	 ......
                                                                      5-10
EPA will, Wherever Feasible, Designate Ocean Dumping
  Sites Beyond the Edge of the Continental Shelf
  and Other Such Sites that Have Been Historically
  Used	

The Relationship Between Local Short-Term Uses of
  the Environment and the Maintenance and
  Enhancement of Long-Term Productivity  	
                                                                      5-10
                                                                      5-11
                                   VI

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                             TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                (Continued)
  5.19   Irreversible or Irretrievable Commitment of Resources
Page

5-11
  5.20   Relationship of the Proposed Action to Other Federal
           Projects	5-11

  5.21   Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Effects and
           Mitigation Measures  	 5-11

6.0  LIST OF PREPARERS	6-1

7.0  PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT 	  7-1

8.0  REFERENCES	8-1


APPENDICES

  Appendix A:  Alternative Ocean Dredged Material
                 Disposal Site Selection Process  	  A-l

  Appendix B:  U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Water
                 and Sediment Quality Data, Proposed Ocean Dredged
                 Material Disposal Site and Vicinity  	  B-l

  Appendix C:  Characteristics of Dredged Material
                 1.  Effects of Sediment From Six Locations in
                     the Pascagoula, Mississippi Channel on
                     Representative Marine Organisms  	  C-l
                 2.  Chemical Analyses of Sediments From Sites
                     1, 2, and 3 in the Pascagoula,  Mississippi
                     Channel and Tissues of Marine Organisms
                     Exposed to the Sediment	C-23
                 3.  Chemical Analyses of Sediments From Sites
                     4, 5, and 6 in the Pascagoula,  Mississippi
                     Channel and Tissues o£ Marine Organisms
                     Exposed to the Sediment	C-75
                 4.  Effects of Sediment From Three Locations in
                     Bayou Casotte, Mississippi on Representative
                     Marine Organisms 	  C-134
                 5.  Chemical Analyses of Sediment From Bayou
                     Casotte, Mississippi, and Tissues of Marine
                     Organisms Exposed to the Sediment  	  C-147
                 6.  Physical/Chemical Data, Pascagoula Federal
                     Navigation Channel, 1983 	  C-199
                                    v 11

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                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
                               (Continued)
Appendix D:

Appendix E:


Appendix F:



Appendix G:


Appendix H:


Appendix I:
Benthie Studies
Page

 D-l
Demersal Fishes and Invertebrates from the
  Gulf of Mexico South of Pascagoula,  MS	E-l

Excerpts From "Analysis and Synthesis  of Oceanographic
  Conditions in the Mississippi Sound  Offshore Region"
  (Kjerfve and Sneed 1984) 	  ......  P-l

Site Management and Monitoring Plan
  Pascagoula ODMDS 	  G-l

Coastal Zone Management Act
  Consistency Determination  	  H-l
Pascagoula ODMDS Documentation
 1-1
                                  VI 1 1

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                               LIST OF TABLES

 Table                                                                   Page

 1-1       Environmental Statutes  and  Executive  Orders   	  1-5

 4-1       Sediment Characteristics,  Fall  1980 and Spring 1981   	  4-7

 4-2       Range of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Sediments in  the
            Vicinity of the Mid-Shelf Site	4-8

 4-3       Migratory Behavior of Some  Coastal Nekton Common to  the
            Gulf	4-12

 5-1       Survival Rate of Representative Marine Organisms
            Exposed to Channel Sediments  	  5-4

 5-2       Summary of the Specific Criteria as Applied  to Alternative
.•           ODMDS's	5-12



                               LIST OF FIGURES

 Figure                                                                  Page

 3-1       Pascagoula InterJm ODMDS (Expired 31  December  1988)   	  3-5

 3-2       Mid-Shelf and Deepwater Alternative Sites (EPA 1986)  	  3-6

 3-3       Proposed ODMDS	3-7

 4-1       Submarine Physiography  of the Gulf of Mexico	4-18

 4-2       Bathymetry of Proposed  ODMDS (feet)  	 4-19

 4-3       Mean Current Vectors, Gulf  of Mexico,
            November 1980 - January 1981	4-20

 4-4       Mean Current Vectors, Gulf  of Mexico,
            March 1981 - May 1981	4-21

 4-5       Mean Current Vectors, Gulf  of Mexico,
            July 1981 - September 1981	4-22

 4-6       Sampling Station Locations  (EPA 1987;
            B. A. Vittor and Associates 1982)	4-23
 4-7
Artificial Reef Locations  	 4-24

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1.0  SUMMARY

1.01  Major Findings and Conclusions.  The U.  S.  Army Corps of Engineers,
Mobile District, is responsible for the operation and maintenance of the
Pascagoula Harbor (Federal) navigation project.   The existing project
provides for deep draft navigation traffic via a 40-foot channel from the
Gulf of Mexico through Horn Island Pass and 38-foot channels through
Mississippi Sound into the Pascagoula River and  Bayou Casotte.  This
project, which was completed in August 1965, is  maintained on a 12 - 18
month basis.  The entrance channel through the Gulf and Horn Island Pass is
maintained annually, with approximately 300,000  cubic yards of primarily
sand-sized materials being disposed in the Gulf  of Mexico.  Historically
this material was placed in the EPA interim disposal site at Pascagoula.

This site was designated on an interim basis on  January 11, 1977.  The
interim designation was extended until December  31, 1988, so that an BIS
could be prepared initiating final designation.   A draft supplement to the
Final EIS (FE1S) for the Designation of the Pensacola, FL; Mobile, AL; and
Gulfport, MS ODMDSs was prepared in 1986 and coordinated with appropriate
Federal, state and local agencies and interested public.  The action
discussed in that supplement describes the impacts which could result from
continued ocean disposal of dredged material at  the existing EPA interim
designated site south of Horn Island Pass, Mississippi.  Included in this
document was the final report on U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile
District Contract No. DACW01-83-C-009 entitled "Report on Disposal Site
Designation for the Interim Approved Pascagoula  Offshore Dredged Material
Disposal Area" dated 1984.  Although the Final Supplement for Final
Designation of the Pascagoula interim site was prepared, it was never
officially circulated for comment.  Due to the limited size of this site and
because of the need for disposal of approximately 11 million cubic yards of
new work material from future improvement to the Federal navigation channel,
 it was determined that the most expeditious action would be to allow the
designation of the  interim site to expire and to prepare appropriate NEPA
documentation relative to  the designation of a new enlarged site at
Pascagoula.  Subsequent to this decision, the northern portion of this
 interim site was used for disposal of new work material under a CE Section
103 permit.  Bathymetric surveys of the area following the disposal showed
significant reductions in water depth in the northern half of the site,
which might further reduce the area available for disposal.  The former
 interim site will be encompassed by the proposed new Pascagoula ODMDS.

In 1985, the U.S. Navy announced the establishment of a naval station at
Pascagoula as part of the Gulf Coast Strategic Homeporting project.  The
location of the station was proposed for Singing River Island, which had
historically served as one of three upland disposal areas for the Federal
navigation project at Pascagoula, Mississippi.  The site proposed for the
naval  facility occupied the northern portion of the island, leaving
approximately 90 acres of  the former disposal area available for use for the
disposal of dredged material.  To facilitate the development of Naval
Station Pascagoula, the CE agreed to relinquish the use of the Singing River
Island disposal area after the 1987 dredging cycle.  Material which had
historically been placed in the Singing River Island disposal area would be

                                     1-1

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transported  to the Gulf of Mexico for disposal in accordance with all
applicable Federal laws and regulations unless a less costly,
environmentally acceptable alternative could be developed.  Although a
number of investigations have been performed, no other feasible disposal
alternatives have been identified to date.

In January 1987, the Navy filed a final EIS for the Gulf Coast Strategic
Homeport Project with the EPA.  As part of that PETS, the Navy evaluated the
impacts associated with the construction and operation and maintenance of a
naval facility associated with two cruisers and two destroyers.  Dredging of
the turning basin and berthing area requires the disposal of approximately
1,000,000 cubic yards of new work material and approximately 225,000 cubic
yards of maintenance material every 18 months.  A number of generic dredged
material disposal alternatives were considered including:

       Open Water in Mississippi Sound
       Beach Nourishment
       Gulf Disposal
       Diked Mississippi Sound Disposal Area
       On Land Diked Disposal (Singing River Island)

Of these alternatives only the existing disposal area on Singing River
Island was evaluated in detail.  Open water disposal, diked or undiked, and
beach nourishment were eliminated due to perceived environmental impacts,
quantity, and quality of the material.  Gulf disposal was eliminated from
consideration because the cost associated with transporting the relatively
small amount of dredged material to the Gulf and the availability of the
disposal area on Singing River Island.  The FEIS indicated, however, that
Gulf disposal of Navy's maintenance material could become economically
feasible if combined with dredged material from the Federal navigation
project being transported to the Gulf.  Since the above mentioned EIS was
finalized, the use of the disposal area on Singing River Island by the Navy
and others,  including the Pascagoula Port Authority, has been the subject of
numerous discussions.  As a result of these discussions and evaluation of
possible alternatives, the need for the detailed consideration of the Gulf
disposal option for both new work and maintenance material from Naval
Station Pascagoula has been established.  This action is being considered in
detail in this document.

In 1985, the Mobile District of the CE completed feasibility level studies
relative to the improvement of the Federal Deep-Draft Navigation Channel at
Pascagoula.  On July 12, 1985, the CE filed a FEIS for the proposed
improvements with the EPA.  As part of that FEIS, a number of alternatives
for the placement of the new work and future maintenance material were
evaluated.  As a result of these evaluations, which are discussed in detail
in Section 3.0 of this DEIS, the need for the designation of a new ODMDS at
Pascagoula was justified.  In a letter dated 5 March 1985, the EPA concurred
with the CE assessment that a suitable ODMDS could be identified within a 14
mile zone south of Horn and Petit Bois Islands (See Appendix I).

In 1985, the Port of Pascagoula Special Management Area (SMA) Plan was
prepared under the auspices of the Mississippi Department of Wildlife

                                    1-2

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Conservation, Bureau of Marine Resources.   The SMA plan,  which is
incorporated in the Mississippi Coastal Management Plan,  includes three
elements: a development plan, a mitigation plan,  and a long-term plan for
the disposal of dredged material from the  Port area.  In  1986, the long-
term dredged material disposal plan was modified  to include ocean disposal
of suitable maintenance material from the  Federal navigation channel which
had historically been placed in the Singing River Disposal Area.  The long-
term dredged material disposal plan is currently  undergoing revision in
light of changes in upland disposal site availability and quantity of
material to be dredged during the maintenance of  the Federal navigation
channel, the Port of Pascagoula berthing areas, the Navy  facility, and
Ingalls Shipbuilding berthing areas.

In 1989, the CE prepared a Section 103 designation for the former EPA-
interim site at Pascagoula.  This designation was necessary because of the
dredging requirements in the Gulf and Horn Island Pass channels as well as
requirements from the Pascagoula River and Upper  Mississippi Sound channels.
The Section 103 designation was for the one time  use of the site in late
1989.

In addition to the Federally maintained channels, numerous channels in the
area are maintained by local entities and private citizens.  The need for
disposal of maintenance dredged materials is expected to continue.  A new
approved ODMDS for the Pascagoula area would serve as one possible
alternative for the disposal of dredged material  from various local
governmental and/or private projects.  Use of the new ODMDS would be
restricted to disposal of dredged material from the Mississippi Sound area
that meets the Ocean Dumping Criteria (40 CFR 228).  No grain size
restrictions have been applied  to the ODMDS.

Several alternative ocean disposal areas have been considered in addition to
the preferred location.  The interim EPA-designated Pascagoula ODMDS was
eliminated from consideration due to the small size of the site and the
volumes of dredged material projected for disposal.  A site off the
continental shelf was also considered and eliminated based on the cost
associated with transportation  of dredged materials to the site, the costs
associated with surveillance and monitoring of the site,  and the absence of
significant environmental benefits resulting from use of this site over the
preferred location.  Sites between the continental shelf location and the
preferred location were also considered and have been carried through the
detailed analysis  included in  this DEIS.

Extensive field investigations  of the preferred area were performed in 1981
and 1982 in association with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Mississippi
Sound and Adjacent Areas Study, in 1984 associated with the EPA interim
designated site, and in November 1986 and April 1987 on an expanded area
west and south of  the  interim  site.   The results of these studies are
presented in the following chapters and serve as the foundation for the
proposal to designate an ODMDS.
                                     1-3

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The proposed action  is the final designation of a new ODMDS for the
Pascagoula area.  The preferred new ODMDS is defined by the following
coordinates [based on North Atlantic Datum,  1927 (NAD 27)]:
  Boundary Coordinates;
  Center Coordinates:
30°12'06"  N
30°11'42"  N
30°08'30"  N
30°08'18"  N
88°44'30" W
88°33'24" W
88°37'00" W
88°41'54" W
30°10'09"  N    88°34'12"  W
Proposed specific uses detailed in this document include the placement at
the proposed ODMDS of maintenance and new work dredged material from the
Federal navigation channel at Pascagoula and the U.S. Navy Strategic
Homeport at Pascagoula.

The impacts associated with the placement of dredged material would be
localized to the vicinity of the disposal site and the period of disposal
and would not significantly affect the long-term productivity of the site.
Monitoring and management programs would be implemented at the designated
ODMDS to measure impacts and to help prevent any adverse long-range impacts,
These programs are discussed in the DEIS and in Appendix G.

1.02  Areas of Controversy.  No areas of controversy have been identified.

1.03  Issues to be Resolved.  There are no major unresolved issues.

1.04  Relationship of Alternative Actions to Environmental Protection
Statutes.  The alternative actions are in compliance with the environmental
protection statutes and other environmental requirements as presented in
Table 1-1.  The evaluation of the proposed action Eor consistency with the
Coastal Zone Management Act is presented in Appendix H.
                                    1-4

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                                 TABLE 1-1

                Environmental Statutes and Executive Orders

Federal Statutes

Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974, as amended,  16 USC 469,
  et. seq.
Clean Air Act of 1963, as amended, 42 USC 1857h-7,  et seq.
Clean Water Act of 1977, as amended,  (Federal Water Pollution Control Act)
  33 USC 1251, et seq.
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,  as amended,  17 USC 1451, et  seq.
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, 16 USC 1531 et  seq.
Estuary Protection Act of 1968, 16 USC 1221, et seq.
Federal Water Project Recreation Act  of 1965, as  amended,  16 USC  460-1(12),
  et seq.
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act of 1958, as amended, 16  USC 661, et seq.
Land and Water Conservation Fund Act  of 1965, as  amended,  16 USC  4601-11,
  et seq.
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, as amended, 33 USC
  1401, et seq.
National Historic Preservation Act. of 1966, as amended, 16  USC 470a, et seq.
National Environmental Policy Act of  1969, as amended,  42  USC 4321, et seq.
River and Harbor Acts, 33 USC 401 et  seq.
Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act of  1954,  16  USC 1001, et seq.
Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968, as amended, 16 USC 1271, et seq.
Uniform Relocation Assistance and Real Property Acquisition Policies
  Act of 1970 (PL 91-646)
Coastal Barrier Resources Act of 1982 (PL 97-348)
The Gulf Islands National Seashore (GIN) System (PL 91-660) (8 January 1971)

Executive Orders, Memoranda, etc.

Flood Plain Management (E.O. 11988) (24 May 1977)
Protection of Wetlands (E.O. 11990) (24 May 1977)
Environmental Effects Abroad of Major Federal Actions (E.O. 12114) (4
  January 1979)
Analysis of Impacts on Prime and Unique Farmland
  (CEQ Memorandum, 11 Aug 80)

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2.0  PURPOSE AND NEED FOR THE PROPOSED ACTION

2.01  Introduction.  The proposed action addressed in this EIS is the
designation of an environmentally acceptable and economically feasible ODMDS
in the Gul£ of Mexico south of Pascagoula,  Mississippi.   The CE has
determined the need for an ocean disposal site to accommodate approximately
1 million cubic yards of maintenance material to be dredged from the Upper
Pascagoula segment of the existing Federal  navigation project at Pascagoula.
In addition, in 1985 the CE identified the  need for an ODMDS to accommodate
approximately 12 million cubic yards of new work to be dredged during the
construction of authorized improvements to  the project.   A need has also
been identified for an ocean disposal site  to accommodate new work and
maintenance material from Naval Station Pascagoula.  The EPA is proposing
the designation of a new ODMDS off Pascagoula, Mississippi at this time to
accommodate these anticipated needs.  However, the site will also be an
available option £or subsequent Federal or  private disposal needs for
dredged material which meet the criteria established under Section 102 of
the MPRSA.  The CE and Navy are proposing to utilize this new ODMDS for the
disposal of materials described above.

The CE has determined a need for a new ODMDS offshore Pascagoula,
Mississippi.  This need for ocean disposal  is primarily based on the lack of
economically, engineeringly, and environmentally feasible alternatives for
the disposal of the projected quantities of dredged material.  The proposed
new site will be considerably larger than the interim Pascagoula site, the
designation of which expired December 31, 1989.  EPA is proposing to
designate a new and larger ODMDS at this time due to the expiration of the
designation of the interim site, the CE's anticipation of local dredged
material disposal needs, and the anticipated volume of the material to be
dredged.  Section 3.0 of the EIS presents a detailed analysis of the
alternatives to ocean disposal.

2.02  National Environmental Policy Act. The National Environmental Policy
Act (NEPA) of 1969, as amended, requires that an Environmental Impact
Statement (EIS) be prepared for major Federal actions that may significantly
affect the quality of the human environment.  Primarily, this EIS carries
out the EPA policy to prepare voluntary EIS's (30 FR 16186 [May 7, 1984]) as
part of the designation process of an Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site
(ODMDS) under Section 102 of the MPRSA of 1972.  Second, it will satisfy the
CE need for NEPA documentation relating to  transportation of maintenance
dredged material from the existing Pascagoula Harbor, Mississippi,
navigation project and new work and maintenance dredged material from
authorized channel improvements to the ocean for the purpose of disposal
under Section 103 of the MPRSA.  In addition, it will satisfy the CE need
for NEPA documentation relating to permitting under Section 103 of the
MPRSA.  The EIS will also satisfy the Navy  responsibility under the NEPA for
ocean dredged material disposal activities  associated with their Pascagoula
Strategic Homeport.

2.03  Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act.   The transportation
of a}l types of materials for the purpose of disposal into ocean waters  is
regulated by the MPRSA.  Section J02 of the Act authorizes the EPA to

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designate sites for ocean disposal pursuant to criteria established in this
section.  EPA's site designation does not, by itself, authorize any dredging
or on-site dumping of dredged material.  EPA Ocean Dumping Regulations (40
CFR 220-229) establish procedures and criteria for selection and management
of ocean disposal sites and evaluation of permits.  Section 103 of the Act
authorizes the CE to regulate the transportation of dredged material for the
purpose of disposing it into ocean waters.  Section 103 also authorizes the
Corps of Engineers to designate sites in the ocean for the purpose of
disposal of dredged material, when no feasible EPA designated site is
available.  The purpose of the action is to comply with the provisions of
the MPRSA and 40 CFR 220-229 by providing the information required to
evaluate the suitability of the proposed site for designation as an ocean
disposal site as well as providing information governing the proposed
discharge of dredged material from the existing Pascagoula Harbor Federal
Navigation Project and authorized improvements to that project and from
dredging associated with construction and operation of Naval Station
Pascagoula.

2.04  Port of Pascaqoula Special Management Area Plan (SMA).  In 1985, the
Port of Pascagoula Special Management Area (SMA) Plan was prepared under the
auspices of the Mississippi Department of Wildlife Conservation, Bureau of
Marine Resources.  This plan, which is incorporated in the Mississippi
Coastal Management Plan, includes three  elements:  a development plan; a
mitigation plan; and a long-term plan for the disposal of dredged material
from the Port area.  The expansion of one upland disposal area and the
continued use of two others provided the foundation of the long-term
management plan.  Extensive dewatering and mining of these three sites would
provide 30 - 40 years capacity for material dredged from the Federal
navigation channel and Port related facilities.  In 1986, the SMA Plan was
modified to include the need for ocean disposal of approximately 650,000
cubic yards of suitable maintenance material which had historically been
placed in the Singing River disposal area.  The modification was necessary
due to the loss of a large portion of the Singing River disposal area
resulting from the construction of Naval Station Pascagoula as part of the
U. S. Navy Gulf Coast Strategic Homeporting.  The material anticipated for
ocean disposal would be dredged during the maintenance of the existing
Federal navigation project and authorized improvements to that project.

2.05  Pascagoula Harbor, Mississippi Feasibility Report Entitled
"Improvement of the Federal Deep-Draft Navigation Channel".  In  1985, the
Mobile District of the CE completed feasibility level studies relative to
the improvement of the Federal Deep-Draft Navigation Channel at Pascagoula.
On July 12, 1985, the CE filed a FEIS for the proposed improvements with the
EPA (50 PR 28469).  The information presented in this EIS is incorporated
into this EIS by reference.  As a result of these studies, improvements to
the channel were recommended including: deepening the existing entrance
channel to 44 feet at a width of 550 feet from the Gulf to the southern end
of Horn Island Pass, then continuing the 44-foot depth through Horn Island
Pass at a width of 600 feet.  Within Mississippi Sound and into the
Pascagoula River, the channel would be deepened to 42 feet at the present
width of 350 feet.  The existing Bayou Casotte Channel would be deepened to
42 feet and widened to 350 feet and would include a new 1,150-foot diameter
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turning basin just inside the mouth of Bayou Casotte.   New work material
from the mouth of the Pascagoula River inner harbor,  an estimated 623,000
cubic yards, would be deposited in an existing upland disposal site on
Singing River Island or the Lowery Island site.  New work material from the
mouth of the Pascagoula River to the north end of Horn Island Pass and all
of the Bayou Casotte channel material, an estimated total of 11,126,000
cubic yards, is anticipated for disposal in the Gulf of Mexico about 14
miles southwest of Horn Island.  New work material to be dredged from the
entrance channel (including Horn Island Pass), about 3,348,000 cubic yards,
would be disposed in a nearshore area between the 15- and 30-foot depth
contours south of Horn Island in an effort to maintain the littoral drift
system of the island system.  Maintenance material was recommended for
disposal following current practice including upland disposal areas, open
water disposal in the Mississippi Sound, and disposal in the Gulf of Mexico.
At the time these documents were prepared, the EPA concurred with the CE
that a suitable ODMDS could most likely be located within 14 miles of Horn
and Petit Bois islands.  They also concurred that the site specific
designation studies would be appropriate during the post authorization phase
of the project (Appendix I).  The Water Resources Development Act of 1986
(P.L. 99-662) authorized the improvements in accordance with the
recommendations included in the report.

The authorized improvements to the Federal navigation channel included
placement of approximately 623,000 cubic yards of new work material to be
dredged from the Pascagoula River inner harbor into the Lowery Island and
Singing River Island disposal areas.  With the modification to the long-term
disposal plan as discussed in Section 2.04 above, however, this material is
also anticipated for disposal in the Pascagoula ODMDS due to the lack of
available upland disposal capacity.  Section 3.0 provides a detailed
discussion of upland disposal alternatives.

2.06  Pascagoula Homeport Project.  The Navy has determined that it is in
the best interest of the United States to provide a better mix of ships in
its traditional purts as well as to establish new homeports for a battleship
surface action group, an aircraft carrier battle group, naval reserve
vessels and mine sweepers on the Gulf of Mexico coast.  The Navy's Gulf
Coast Strategic Homeport Project will locate twenty-seven ships at six sites
along the Gulf Coast.  The FEIS for the Gulf Coast Strategic Homeport
Project was filed with the EPA in January 1987, and is incorporated into
this EIS by reference.  At Pascagoula, the Navy will homeport two guided
missile destroyers and two cruisers.  The Pascagoula Homeport Project will
require the construction of an entrance channel from the existing Federal
navigation channel to the ship berthing area and construction of the
berthing area.  Approximately 1 million cubic yards of new work material
will be removed during the construction.  Maintenance of these areas will
require the removal of approximately 225,000 cubic yards every 18 months.
During the preparation of the FEIS described above, the Navy intended to
place the new work and future maintenance material in the remaining portion
of the disposal area on Singing River Island.  That site, which is
approximately 90 acres, was last utilized for maintenance of the Federal
navigation project and for unsuitable material overlying fill which was
dredged during site preparation of. Naval Station Pascagoula during 1987.   In

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addition, the Port of Pascagoula will place material dredged from public
berthing areas  into the site in late 1989.  Placement of this material will
'fill1 the site within the existing dikes.  To extend the future life of the
site, extensive dewatering and management practices must be undertaken prior
to the placement of additional material.  These management actions will take
approximately 4-6 years to accomplish, during which time no additional
material will be allowed.  In order to have the station operational by 1992
when the ships will arrive, the Navy must accomplish the new work dredging
during 1990/91.  Although the Navy PEIS addressed ocean disposal in general,
it was eliminated because of cost.  The Navy therefore has a need for a new
ODMDS in which to place the material since the MPRSA prohibits the disposal
of dredged material in the ocean except in designated sites.  The Navy is
currently conducting the toxicity and bioaccumulation tests required for
determining the suitability of the material for ocean disposal.  It is
likely that the material will prove suitable since recent tests conducted on
sediments from the Federal navigation project in the immediate vicinity
indicated that material suitable for ocean disposal.

2.07  Other Needs.  It is anticipated that the new ODMDS will initially be
used for disposal of suitable dredged materials from the existing Pascagoula
Harbor Federal Navigation Project, authorized improvements to that project
and from the turning basin and berthing area at Naval Station Pascagoula, as
described above.  However, the site is also an available option for other
Federal or private dredging projects in the eastern Mississippi Sound area
provided the dredged material meets the criteria specified in the MPRSA.
Projects in this category which have been recently identified include the
Port of Pascagoula and Ingalls Shipbuilding, Inc.  Additional Section 103
permit review would be required prior to use of the new ODMDS for any
dredged material other than that initially proposed for disposal.
Additional dredged material testing and NEPA documentation would
also be required for transportation of dredged material for these additional
users of the ODMDS.  Only material that meets the Ocean Dumping Criteria (40
CFR 220-229) would be placed in the site.  A need for use of the ODMDS must
be demonstrated for all dredging activities.
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3.0  ALTERNATIVES

3.01  Introduct ion.  In addition to the No Action alternative,  a number of
alternatives to the proposed designation and use of a new ODMDS offshore
Pascagoula, Mississippi are addressed.   These alternatives include land
disposal, beach nourishment or placement in nearshore littoral  areas, open
water disposal in the Mississippi Sound, either diked or undiked, the former
interim Pascagoula disposal site, or alternative locations within the Gulf
of Mexico.

3.02  No Action.  The no action alternative is defined as not designating a
new ODMDS off Pascagoula, Mississippi.   The No Action alternative would not
provide an acceptable EPA-designated ODMDS for use by the CE, Navy,  or other
entities for the disposal of dredged material that is acceptable for ocean
disposal.  Without the new ODMDS, the maintenance of the existing Federal
navigation project at Pascagoula would  be severely impacted with subsequent
impacts to local and regional economies and national security.   Construction
of the berthing requirements for Naval  Station Pascagoula would be impeded
with subsequent impacts to the local economy and national security.   For
these reasons the No Action alternative is not feasible and will not be
considered further.
3.03  Land Disposal.  Land disposal alternatives are considered when
evaluating the need for ocean disposal as required in Section 103 of the
MPRSA.  Extensive analyses to locate land disposal sites to supplement those
currently in use at Pascagoula have been undertaken on a number of different
occasions.  As part of the Port of Pascagoula Special Management Plan (SMA),
a management plan for the long-term disposal of dredged material from the
harbor area was developed.  As described in the SMA, this plan involved the
extensive management of two existing disposal areas, Lowery and Greenwood
Islands, and the expansion of a third area, Singing River Island.  The
proposed expansion involved the filling of approximately 103 acres of
wetlands and was mitigated through preservation of over 3500 acres of
wetlands.  It was estimated that this management plan would provide for up
to 40 years disposal capacity for material dredged from the Federal
navigation channel and Port of Pascagoula related facilities.  Following the
Navy's announcement of development of Naval Station Pascagoula on a portion
of Singing River Island, an extensive search was undertaken to locate
additional confined disposal areas.  The results of this search identified
three sites, the 'Tenneco' site, a small parcel at the northern end of the
Bayou Casotte Channel, and lands in the vicinity of the Jackson County
Airport, northeast of the terminus of the Bayou Casotte Channel.  Analyses
of these sites indicated that the best use of the 'Tenneco' site was
industrial development following fill.  This fill/development could result
in extensive mitigation and is being considered in connection with
development of the Greenwood Island East facility and the improvements to
the Federal navigation project.  The small parcel at the northern end of the
Bayou Casotte Channel is scheduled to house a much needed barge mooring
facility and the lands in the vicinity of the airport have been dedicated to
industrial development.  At present therefore, there are no feasible  land
disposal alternatives to ocean disposal.  Investigations of possible
alternatives north of the Escawatpa River and/or  Interstate Highway  10, are

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currently ongoing as part oE the re-evaluation of the long-term dredged
material disposal plan as described in Section 2.04 above.  Although areas
may be available, the size required to contain the estimated quantities of
dredged material would more than likely prove to be cost prohibitive if all
requirements relative to ocean disposal are met.

As required by the NEPA, the CE completed in 1976 a FEIS for the operation
and maintenance of the existing Federal navigation Project.  The CE has also
completed a FEIS for the improvement of the Federal deep-draft navigation
channel.  The Notice of Availability of the FEIS was published in the
Federal Register on July 12, 1985,  and the improvements were authorized in
the Water Resources Development Act of 1986 (P.L. 99-662).  Dredged material
disposal alternatives, including land disposal,  for these improvements were
included in the 1976 and 1985 FEIS and will not  be repeated in detail in
this EIS.  The information presented in the CE FEISs is incorporated into
this EIS by reference.  The purpose of this ODMDS EIS and the site
designation process, in general, is to determine an environmentally
acceptable and economically feasible ocean disposal site so that such a
disposal option will be available to meet the anticipated dredged material
disposal needs.

3.04  Beach Nourishment or Disposal in Near shore L_j_t_t_ocal Areas.  These
alternatives are appropriate for suitable sandy  materials, dredged primarily
from the Horn Island Pass and Entrance Channel.   As indicated in the CE 1985
FEIS concerning improvements to the Federal navigation channel, it is CE
policy to utilize dredged material beneficially  and therefore these
alternatives will be utilized to the maximum extent practicable.  During
certain instances, i. e.» emergency actions following hurricanes, it may not
be possible to utilize these sites.  At these times the use of the ODMDS may
be required.

3.05  Open Water Pisposal in Miss i ss ippiSound.   Disposal of significant
quantities of new work material within the shallow waters of Mississippi
Sound has been determined to be environmentally  unacceptable due to possible
changes in circulation and water quality.  Disposal of maintenance material
within the Sound, as is currently practiced during maintenance of the
Federal navigation project, will be continued.  However the expansion of
areas required to handle the quantities of material proposed is infeasible
and would not be consistent with the State of Mississippi Coastal Zone
Management Plan.  Creation of diked areas within the Sound has been proposed
as a means of containing dredged material.  Analyses performed during the
1985 CE Feasibility Studies indicated that the quality and quantity of new
work material which would be required to construct the ring dikes would not
be available from the proposed improvements.  For these reasons/ these
alternatives are not considered further.

3.06  EPA Interim Designated Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site.  A 1.19
square nautical mile area south of Horn Island,  Mississippi has historically
been used for the disposal of dredged material (Figure 3-1).  This site was
designated on an interim basis on January 11, 1977.  This interim
designation was extended until December 31, 1988, so that an EIS could be
prepared initiating final designation.  A draft  supplement to the FEIS for

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the Designation of the Pensacola, PL, Mobile, AL, and Gulfport, MS ODMDSs
was prepared in 1986 and coordinated with appropriate Federal, state and
local agencies and interested public.  The action discussed in this
supplement was the impact which could result from continued ocean disposal
of dredged material at the existing EPA interim designated site south of
Horn Island Pass, Mississippi,  Included in this document was the final
report on U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District Contract No.
DACW01-83-C-009 entitled "Report on Disposal Site Designation for the
Interim Approved Pascagoula Offshore Dredged Material Disposal Area" dated
1984.  Although the Final Supplement for Final Designation of the Pascagoula
interim site was prepared, it was never officially circulated for comment
because of the need for disposal of approximately 11 million cubic yards of
new work material from future improvement to the Federal channel.  Due to
the limited size, shallow depths, previous use of this site and the
estimated quantity of dredged material anticipated for disposal, it was
determined that the most expeditious action would be to allow the
designation of the interim site to expire and to prepare appropriate NEPA
documentation relative to the designation of a new site at Pascagoula.  The
former interim site will be encompassed by the proposed new Pascagoula
ODMDS.

3.07  Selection of a New ODMDS.  As part of the final designation of the
interim disposal sites for Pensacola, Florida, Mobile, Alabama, and
Gulfport, Mississippi, the EPA conducted an extensive evaluation of a number
of areas in addition to the existing interim sites (EPA 1986).  As part of
this process, the EPA considered a mid-shelf area south of the Pascagoula
interim site location and a deepwater area south of Mobile, Alabama (See
Figure 3-2).  EPA defined the raid-shelf area as extending seaward of the
nearshore area to depths of 200 meters (656 feet).  In this area, physical
and biological characteristics are influenced by seasonal oceanographic and
climatic patterns.  The area  in which the mid-shelf site lies was
investigated during the Mississippi-Alabama-Florida (MAFLA) Outer
Continental Shelf Studies sponsored by the Department of Interior [Minerals
Management Service (MMS), formerly the Bureau of Land Management (BLM)] in
1974 - 1978, and was reported to support a benthic community with low
diversity and low abundance.  In addition, the area contains no known fish
havens, shipwrecks, or obstructions but does occur in an area fished for
shrimp and bottomfish.  In addition to this mid-shelf area, the EPA also
defined a deepwater alternative area some 64 nautical miles south of Mobile,
in waters deeper than 1200 feet (See Figure 3-2).  This area was considered
favorable by Pequegnat et a_l. (1978) because it was outside the principal
economic and sport fisheries  regions, and the receiving capacity of the deep
gulf would ameliorate effects from disposal of dredged material.  Based on
the evaluation of each of the sites relative to the criteria outlined in the
MPRSA, in particular the proximity of the interim sites to the navigation
channels and the ease of surveillance and monitoring of the interim sites,
it was determined that the interim sites provided the best location for the
ODMDS's.  The information presented in the 1986 EPA FEIS entitled "Final
Environmental Impact Statement for the Pensacola, FL, Mobile, AL, and
Gulfport, MS Dredged Material Disposal Site Designation" is incorporated
into this EIS by reference.  Although the mid-shelf area was not recommended
for designation during the 1986 action and is not recommended here, it has

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been carried through  into this analysis and information relative to this
site is presented  in  detail in the following sections of this document.

A large area south of Horn Island was selected for detailed evaluation in
1986/87.  This area was chosen based on historical disposal operations,
existing environmental information and economic considerations.  A site
designated for ocean  disposal of dredged materials must be located within an
economically and operationally feasible radius from the point of dredging
called a Zone of Siting Feasibility (ZSF).  Initially, an economic haul
distance was developed to define the area south of Pascagoula in which an
ODMDS could be economically located.  That distance was determined to be
approximately 14 miles from Horn Island Pass.   Then, a selective screening
process was used to eliminate any sensitive and incompatible areas.  Areas
of known importance,  i.e. navigation safety fairways, anchorage areas, fish
havens, artificial reefs etc., were utilized during this selective screening
process to eliminate  areas within this 14 miles.

3.08  Proposed ODMDS.  The proposed action is the designation and use of a
new ODMDS for the  Pascagoula area.  The preferred new site is located within
the area bounded by Horn Island to the north,  the Pascagoula Ship Channel to
the east, the navigation safety fairway to the south, and a north-south line
running through Dog Keys Pass to the west (Figure 3-3).

The preferred site for the new offshore ODMDS at Pascagoula, Mississippi
comprises an area  of  18.5 square nautical miles and is defined by the
following coordinates (NAD 27):

Boundary Coordinates:
30°12'06" N
30°11'42" N
30°08'30" N
30°08'18" N
88°44'30" W
88033*24" W
88°37'00" W
88041'54" W
Center Coordinates:
30°10'09" N    88°34'12"  W
This site and  its use for  the Federal navigation project and Naval Station
Pascagoula, was evaluated  and selected with full cognizance of the site
selection criteria set  forth  in 40 CFR 228.5 and 228.6.  The preferred site
meets  the eleven specific  selection criteria (See Paragraphs 5.02 - 5.12 and
Table  5-2).  The site is large enough and deep enough so that potential
impacts outside the  site will be minimized.  The site is also large enough
such that appropriate management techniques can be applied to the disposal
of dredged material  of  differing types and from differing entities.  A
conceptual management plan for this multi-use site is described in Appendix
G.  The site is within  an  economically transportable distance, yet is
sufficiently removed from  amenities such as beaches, fish havens, artificial
reefs, and hard bottom  areas  so that these will not be impacted.  The
location of the site is amenable to surveillance and monitoring utilizing
standard equipment and  should not pose an undue monetary constraint on users
of the site.
                                    3-4

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Figure 3-2.  Mid-Shelf and Deepwater Alternative ODMDS
             Source:  EPA 1986

                                    3-6

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Figure 3-3.  Location of Proposed ODMDS at Pascagoula, Mississippi
                                 3-7

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4.0  AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

4.01  Introduction.  This section contains a description of the existing
environment in the vicinity of the proposed ODMDS and the mid-shelf
alternative.  The  information will form the baseline for projecting
environmental impacts that would result from disposal of dredged material in
this region of the Gulf of Mexico.  The information presented in this
section was developed from the literature and from field evaluations
conducted in:

  a.  1980 - 1983  under the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Mississippi Sound
and Adjacent Areas Study {Kjerfve and Sneed 1984; Raytheon Ocean Systems Co.
1981; U. S. Army Engineer District Mobile (CE) 1984; and B. A. Vittor and
Associates 1982);

  b.  1983 in Designation for the Interim Approved Pascagoula Offshore
Dredged Material Disposal Area (Harmon Engineering & Testing 1984a); and

  c.  1986 - 1987  in Designation Studies for the New Pascagoula ODMDS
(Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) 1987).

In addition, data  relative to chemical analyses of sediment and water
samples from the Pascagoula Harbor and Mississippi Sound (GeoScience Inc.
1984) and the impact of these sediments on sensitive marine organisms (EPA
1988a, b, c, d, e) are utilized in discussing the suitability of these
materials for ocean disposal.  Additional information relative to the
effects of material to be dredged from the Naval Station Pascagoula
facilities is currently being obtained.

4.02  Climatology  and Meteorology.  The Pascagoula area has a humid, warm-
temperate to sub-tropical climate, although occasional subfreezing
temperatures do occur.  Air temperatures are influenced by the Gulf of
Mexico, with average annual temperatures ranging between 60° F to 70° F.
Summer temperatures are influenced by the Bermuda High, a semipermanent
high-pressure cell that extends over portions of the Gulf of Mexico near
30° N latitude and range between 70° F to 90° F.  In the winter, winds are
northerly and move in cold, continental air masses.   Temperatures remain
relatively mild, ranging from lows in the 40's to highs in the 60's (° F).
Rainfall ranges between 55 to 64 inches annually and is fairly evenly
distributed over the year.  Although wind direction tends to be variable
throughout the year, the overall pattern is for northerly winds from
September through  February and southerly winds the remainder of the year.
Throughout the year, wind speeds average 7-10 knots (Eleuterius 1978).
The probability of a tropical storm or hurricane affecting the 50-mile area
between Biloxi, Mississippi, and Mobile Bay, Alabama, has been calculated as
13% for a tropical storm, 6% for a hurricane, and 1% for a severe hurricane
each year (O'Neil  and Mettee 1982).  Hurricane Camille, a severe hurricane,
came inland in the St. Louis Bay/Waveland area west of Pascagoula on 17
August 1969.  Winds were estimated near 200 mph at the center of the
hurricane with tides rising in excess of 22 feet.  This storm almost
completely destroyed the entire Mississippi coast.  On 13 September 1979,
Hurricane Frederic came inland in the Dauphin Island/Mobile area east of

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Pascagoula.  Wind gusts of 145 raph were recorded at the Dauphin Island
Bridge.  Considerable damage to the Pascagoula area resulted from this
storm.
4.03  Geology.  The Gulf of Mexico in the vicinity of Pascagoula is
characterized by the Mississippi-Alabama Shelf, a triangular area seaward of
the barrier islands, extending from the Mississippi River Delta on the west
to the DeSoto Canyon south of Panama City, Florida on the east to the 200
meter (656-foot) contour (Figure 4-1).  The shelf is about 80 miles wide in
the west and narrows to about 35 miles in the east.  It is an extensive,
almost flat plain bounded on the landward side by the relatively steep but
narrow shoreface of the Mississippi Sound.  The break in slope between
shoreface and shelf occurs at a depth of about 20 feet along the barrier
island system.  The shoreface has a gradient of from 50 to 60 feet per mile
while the shelf has a gradient of approximately 3.2 feet per mile in the
vicinity of Dauphin Island.  At a depth of approximately 180 feet, the slope
increases to about 31 feet per mile (Upshaw e_t al. 1966).

The Mississippi-Alabama reef-interreef facies occur along the shelf edge and
consist of a series of well-cemented carbonate and terrigenous sand
pinnacles about 1 mile wide with an average relief of 27 feet, interspaced
by an unconsolidated sand-silt-clay mixture.  The Continental Slope from the
Mississippi River Delta to the DeSoto Canyon is a region of sediment
instability marked by active mudflows, slumping, and erosional furrows and
gullies (EPA 1986).

The Mississippi Sound barrier island system is comprised of Cat, West and
East Ship, Horn, Petit Bois, and Dauphin Islands.  Winds and currents from
the east transport sand from the eastern to the western islands.  The
islands are more continuous than in the past indicating continuing reworking
of relict sand sources from the continental shelf to the east.  Erosion of
the eastern ends of the islands and accretion on the western ends indicate
considerable occurrence of longshore drift (Waller and Malbrough 1976).  The
rate of accretion is greater than the rate of erosion so that the islands
lengthen and migrate westward with time.  Surficial mapping of sediments
indicates that the shelf source of sand is east of Mobile Bay, where the
sand is continuous from the mainland to the shoal bottom (Shabica 1978).
Immediately south of the Mississippi Sound barrier island system is a near-
shore fine-grained facies similar in lithology to that of Mobile Bay and
Mississippi Sound.  Movement of sediment from these estuaries forms a fine-
grained facies which overlaps with the Mississippi-Alabama Shelf sand facies
in a zone about 7 miles wide, south of the barrier islands.

4.04  Bathymetry.  Bathymetric data in the vicinity of the proposed ODMDS is
presented on Figure 4-2.  Water depths range from approximately 39 to 53
feet and averages approximately 46 feet.  Depths in the vicinity of the mid-
shelf alternative area range from 69 to 87 feet.

4.05  Circulation and Mixing.  Circulation patterns within the area are
controlled by astronomical tides, winds, and freshwater discharges,  in
Mississippi Sound and adjacent Gulf waters, the average tidal range is 1.5
feet with a predominant diurnal period of 24.8 hours.  The tidal wave

                                    4-2

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progresses from south to north and enters Mississippi Sound first through
Horn Island Pass and splits, traveling both eastward and westward, causing
as much as a 6-hour phase shift within Mississippi Sound.  Water velocities
range between 0 to 3 feet per second (fps) in the barrier island passes.

Wind driven currents are the primary non-tidal water motions in the study
area.  Although tidal currents are the most energetic currents seen in the
area, non-tidal wind-induced circulation is the principal driving force of
the low frequency circulation.  The enhanced importance of meteorological'
circulation results from the tendency of tidal currents to integrate to
near-zero values when averaged over periods of one or more tidal cycles
(Kjerfve and Sneed 1984, excerpted in Appendix F).

The Mississippi Sound offshore area exhibits strong seasonal variations.
The most profound seasonal variations are displayed by meteorological
conditions which annually vary between two different states.  In addition,
river runoff also displays a pronounced annual signal, peaking in the spring
and remaining quite low during the remainder of the year.  These annual
changes in the forcing functions result in seasonal differences in both
current patterns and vertical structure within the area.

Within the Gulf, south of the barrier islands to the 120-foot bottom
contour, meteorological forcing results from: (1) the daily, land-sea breeze
cycle and associated small pressure changes; and (2) the passage of fronts.
DiMego e_t al. (1976) in Kjerfve and Sneed (1984) report that roughly 8
frontal passages per month can be expected within the Gulf between November
and January (winter), 6 frontal passages per month between March and May
(spring), and 2 weak, slow-moving frontal passages per month between July
and September (summer).  During the winter, the fronts are highly energetic
with respect to wind and atmospheric pressure due to the sharp contrast
between the adjoining air masses and the passage of pressure system centers
through the region.  The spring fronts are still highly energetic but the
typical ground track of their low pressure centers is slightly north of the
region.  The summer frontal passages are less frequent, traveling along
paths well north of the region and exerting very little influence within the
Gulf.

These changes result in pronounced differences in the oceanographic
conditions encountered in the area, both in vertical structure and in the
overall current pattern.  Winter, with frequent energetic storms and low
freshwater inputs, is characterized by a well mixed water column.  The
regional winter current pattern is dominated by longshore currents flowing
to the west in response to the strong offshore directed mean winds.  In
spring, increased freshwater runoff, coupled with a reduction in mixing
energy as a result of fewer and less intense storms, results in the
development of a partially stratified water column.  Once initiated,
stratification can be maintained through the summer by solar heating of the
surface waters and a further reduction of storm derived mixing.  With the
reversal of the prevailing winds to onshore conditions the regional
circulation reverses to exhibit along shore movement towards the east.  The
intensity and persistence of this pattern is reduced over that seen in the
winter regional conditions due tu the reduction in strength of the mean

                                    4-3

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winds (Kjerfve and Sneed 1984).  Figures 4-3, 4-4,  and 4-5 show the mean
currents, as mean vectors, for each of three current meter deployments
between 1980 and 1981.  The three deployment periods showed differing
overall current characteristics.  During the November, 1980 - January, 1981
deployment (A), mean surface flow was towards the west with bottom currents
flowing north and west (Fig. 4-3).  During the March - May, 1981 deployment
(B), surface currents were largely to the east with bottom currents to the
north at 6 of the 8 stations (Fig. 4-4).  And finally, during the July -
September, 1981 deployment (C), both surface and bottom currents were
largely directed towards the west (Fig. 4-5).  It appears that a two-layer
circulation pattern exists between surface and bottom waters when
stratification occurs.  The stratification decouples the currents throughout
the water column causing variation in velocities and direction to occur.

From data collected within the Gulf between November 1980 and September 1981
(Kjerfve and Sneed 1984), it appears that the progression of the tide
through Horn Island Pass segments the Gulf into an  eastern and western area.
The eastern area is between Horn Island Pass and the main pass entering
Mobile Bay and the western area is between Horn Island Pass and the
Chandeleur Islands.  As the tide propagates from the Gulf through Horn
Island Pass, a general clockwise movement of water  in the eastern area is
set in motion, whereas, in the western area, a general counter clockwise
movement occurs.  In the shallow area of the Gulf,  near the barrier islands,
the wind and pressure forces tend to dilute the influence of the tide on the
general circulation pattern, creating a highly variable pattern.  TerEco
(1978) reported that nearshore wind patterns produce a net westerly surface
water transport from September to April and net easterly flow during June
and July, while May and August are typically transitional periods.

4.06  Water Quality.  Water quality data have been  collected in the
preferred area on numerous occasions (1980/81 - Kjerfve and Sneed 1984;
Vittor and Associates 1982; 1983 - Harmon Engineering & Testing 1984a; and
1986/87 - EPA 1987).  The water quality of this area is highly variable,
depending upon a number of factors including:  location relative to Horn
Island Pass, freshwater inflow, and climatic conditions.  Water quality data
from the mid-shelf alternative is relatively scarce, however the water
quality parameters would be expected to be more constant due to the depth of
the water and the remoteness from shore.  Appendix  B contains data from the
most recent surveys conducted  in 1986/87.

Dissolved oxygen (D.O.) values have been shown to exhibit some seasonal
variation in the general vicinity of the preferred  site.  Low D.O. values
are prevalent during late summer months and are attributed to stratification
and isolation of bottom waters from surface waters, turbidity and organic
loading (Turner and Allen 1982).  Mean annual D.O.  concentrations ranged
from 6 to 9 parts per million  (ppm) throughout the region in 1980/81 (Barry
A. Vittor & Associates, Inc. 1982).  Hydrographic studies performed in April
and August 1983 indicated minor stratification (Harmon Engineering & Testing
1984a).  Surface D.O. values ranged from 7.0 to 9.2 mg/1 while bottom water
levels ranged from 4.8 to 7.5 mg/1.  Surveys performed in 1986/87 showed
D.O. values ranging from 2.3 to 8.4 ppm.  The maximum D.O. values always
occurred at the surface (range 6.-! - 8.4 ppm) and the minimum values always

                                    4-4

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occurred at the bottom (range 2.3 - 7.0).   The maximum differential values
between surface and bottom at any one station was 4.1 in July 1987.  Lowest
surface and bottom values occur during summer (July)  while highest surface
and values occur in fall/winter (October and February).

No dissolved oxygen data are available Erom the mid-shelf area.  However,
dissolved oxygen would be expected to be relatively high and stable
throughout the year.  Seasonal variations in D.O. concentrations in offshore
waters consist mainly of a slight lowering of oxygen  content in the upper
100 meters during the summer (Jones e_t al. 1973).

During the 1986/87 surveys, ammonia, nitrate-nitrite  nitrogen,  total
Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorus, and total organic carbon were analyzed
at 1-foot below the surface, mid-depth, and 1-foot above the bottom.  Water
column nutrient concentrations are shown to vary with depth and with season.
Typically surface values are less than those at depth.  Values determined
for the preferred ODMDS are typical of nearshore oceanic waters.  No
nutrient data are available from the mid-shelf area,  however, values are
expected to be lower due to distance from land drainage systems.

Chlorophyll A concentrations range from 0.88 to 3.51  mg/1 in fall to 3.64 to
5.01 mg/1 in spring.  In general, concentrations are  highest in shallow
areas and in areas which receive outflows through Horn Island Pass and
lowest in areas farther offshore (EPA 1987).

The temperature of the nearshore surface waters of the northern Gulf closely
approximates the air temperature.  This is also true  for waters seaward of
the barrier islands but to a lesser extent.  Surface  water temperatures in
the vicinity of the preferred site range from about 53° F in January and
February to 81° F in July while bottom water temperatures range from about
55° F to 72° F during these same respective time periods (Allen and Turner
1977).  Surveys performed during 1986/87 showed the water column to be
isothermal during summer (July) and stratified during April with surface
waters 4 to 5° warmer than bottom waters.  During winter (October and
February) there is a slight gradient between surface  and bottom
temperatures, with bottom being slightly warmer (EPA  1987).  Water
temperature of the mid-shelf site would be similar to those for the
preferred site.  Stratification at this site would be more pronounced due to
depths of the area.

General salinity distribution patterns are greatly influenced by river and
tidal inlet plumes and periodic Loop Current intrusions and are thus
extremely variable.  Hydrographic studies in the project area show that
salinities may range from 11 parts per thousand (ppt) to 36 ppt.  The
average annual salinity reported for the site is about 27 ppt (CE 1975).

Kjerfve and Sneed (1984) report that surface salinities varied between 20
and 30 ppt and that bottom salinities were, in general, somewhat greater
with most variation contained between 30 and 35 ppt.   Time series
measurements of the instantaneous vertical salinity gradients during this
study indicate that stratification of the water column was generally slight,
presumably as a result of below-normal freshwater input to the region during

                                    4-5

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this time frame.
Surface salinity values measured during the EPA surveys ranged from 23.4 ppt
(February) to 34.4 ppt (October).  Bottom salinities ranged from 31.0 ppt
(April, July) to 37.8 (April) ppt.  The maximum salinity differential at any
one station was 11.4 ppt.  No clear cut pattern in salinity structure could
be discerned during these surveys.  Salinities were highly variable from
station to station within the survey area as well as within a station.

Salinities at the mid-shelf alternative location should be more constant due
to the lack of influence of freshwater outflow and depth of the water
column.

Water clarity in the northern Gulf is directly related to the turbulent
energy (e.g., currents, internal wave seiches) on the benthic boundary layer
and to the turbidity of riverine waters, and biological productivity (e.g.,
phytoplankton blooms) (Barry A. Vittor & Associates, Inc. 1985).  Harmon
Engineering & Testing (1984a) hydrographic studies showed that water
clarity, as indicated by transmissivity readings, was relatively constant
throughout the water column ranging between 83 to 98%.

Light transmission, as a measure of water clarity, was measured during the
1986/87 surveys.  Light transmission ranged between 30 to 65 percent at a
depth of 1-foot below the surface to approximately 5 percent at 30 feet
during October.  In February surface light transmission ranged between 40 to
65 percent in surface waters to approximately 5 percent at 30 feet.  In
April surface water light transmission ranged between 40 to 85 percent and
to approximately 2 percent at 30 feet.  Analysis of the data indicates a
transition from the eastern portion of the survey area where light
transmission values are lower to the west of the area where the values are
higher.  This is likely in response to the influence of the Mississippi
Sound outflow through the Horn Island Pass (EPA 1987).

Although light transmission has not been investigated at the mid-shelf area,
suspended solid concentrations of 0.1 to 0.2 mg/1 were reported in this
general vicinity (MAFLA studies, Dames and Moore 1979).  Levels of total
suspended matter ranging from 0.12 to 0.25 mg/1 were reported for shelf-
break waters by Manheim et al. (1972).  These levels are consistent with the
frequently observed trend of deeper waters generally being less turbid than
coastal waters.

With respect to metal abundance in the water column, mercury concentrations
ranged from 0.0002 to 0.0003 mg/1, cadmium concentrations ranged from 0.003
to 0.0018 mg/1, lead concentrations ranged from 0.0045 to 0.016 mg/1, and
copper concentrations ranged from 0.003 to 0.028 mg/1 during the 1983
surveys.  No aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in the April survey and
only three were identified in August.  These data indicate the general
absence of detectable quantities of HMWHC in the open waters of the ODMDS.
Neither pesticide constituents nor PCB isomers were indicated above an
average detection limit of 0.1 mg/1.  The contaminant concentrations are
generally lower than those described for other offshore waters in the area
(e.g., Mobile ODMDS; Harmon Engineering & Testing, 1984b).

                                    4-6

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Information relative to water column metal abundance at the mid-shelf site
is lacking. Hhowever surveys of areas south of this location failed to
denote concentrations in excess of average sea water levels (Dames and Moore
1979).

4.07  Sediment Quality and Characteristics.  Immediately south of the
barrier island system is a nearshore fine-grained facies similar in
lithology to that of Mississippi Sound.   Movement of sediment from the
estuary forms a fine-grained facies which overlaps the Mississippi-Alabama
sand facies in a zone about 7 miles wide, south of the islands.  Sediments
taken from the vicinity of the preferred area are highly variable in
sediment texture, ranging from 98% sand  to 77% silt-clay.  Data presented on
Table 4-1 and in Appendix B indicate that areas with the highest sand
content are located in the eastern and northern portion of the area studied
{Stations Al - A7,  A14 & A15, and 363 &  367 on Figure 4-5).  Stations Al,
A2, A3, and A6 are located within the former EPA interim approved ODMDS
which historically received sand materials dredged from the Pascagoula
entrance channel.  Stations A4 and A14 are in shallow water, 23 - 24 feet,
south of Horn Island.
       TABLE 4-1,
     Station
Sediment Characteristics,  Fall  1980  and Spring 1981.
(B.A. Vittor & Associates  1982).
 % Sand
% Silt
% Clay
% TOG
% Moisture
Fall 1980
       362
       363
       364
       365
       366
       367
22.88
67.60
51.65
40.98
55.13
79.50
26.88
12.55
19.10
29.28
27.13
10.75
50.25
19.75
29.25
29.75
17.75
9.75
0.85
0.68
0.82
0.68
0.60
0.50
                                                105.00
                                                 53.25
                                                 71.57
                                                101.00
                                                 68.50
                                                 49.75
Spring 1981

       362
       363
       364
       365
       366
       367
38.49
70.36
59.20
51.96
55.74
75.42
33.98
18.65
28.45
33.83
32.22
16.28
27.53
10.99
12.35
14.20
12.05
8.31
1.14
0.29
0.86
0.76
0.61
0.69
                                                113.50
                                                 45.00
                                                 66.00
                                                 98.50
                                                 67.75
                                                 38.75
The mid-shelf site is located in a transition zone between the silty St.
Bernard pro-delta (the easternmost facies of the Mississippi Delta), and the
predominantly sandy Shelf region.  This results in a sediment distribution
very similar to that of the preferred area, i.e. ranging from about 70 to
90% sand along the eastern edge, to about 85 to 95% silt-clay in the west.
Sediment samples were collected from 21 locations in the vicinity of the
proposed area and analyzed for metals, nutrients, oil and grease, pesticides
                                    4-7

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and chlorinated hydrocarbons.  As shown in Appendix B, all parameters were
either below the minimum detection limits or in concentrations
representative of other areas of the Gulf of Mexico (EPA 1987).  Appendix B
also includes the results of a sediment mapping survey conducted during
April and May, 1987.

Previous studies in the vicinity of the mid-shelf site have indicated
typical concentrations for certain sediment metals which are similar to
those reported for the preferred area in Appendix B and Table 4-2.  Data on
the presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in offshore areas indicate that major
sources are in the Mississippi Delta Area and to a lesser extent Mobile Bay.
  TABLE 4-2.  Range of Heavy Meta) Concentrations in Sediments in the
              Vicinity of the Mid-Shelf Site (Trefry et^ a_l. 1978).
            Metal
Concentration (mg/kg)
           Cadmium
           Copper
           Chromium
           Iron
           Nickel
           Lead
     0.01 to 1.7
     0.33 to 7.4
     2.4 to 38.5
     420 to 22,700
     0.5 to 13.3
     1.1 to 16.2
4.08  Sediment Transport.  As discussed in paragraph 4.05, circulation
patterns within Mississippi Sound and the nearshore Gulf waters are
controlled by astronomical tides, winds, and freshwater discharges.  It is
expected that, due to the water depth of the ODMDS (39 - 53 feet), currents,
wind and wave action may be of sufficient strength, at times, to transport
both the coarse- and fine-grained sediments.  Sediment transport would
appear to be more likely under hurricane or other extreme weather
conditions.  Net transport would be expected to be towards the west or
northwest.

4.09  Plankton.  Over 900 species of 110 diatom genera and 400 species of 61
dinoflagellate genera have been reported from the Gulf of Mexico.  The
dominant component of phytoplankton in the Gulf of Mexico are diatoms
including Nitzschia seriata, Thalassiothrix frauenfeldii, Thalassionema
nitzschioides, Skeletonema costatum, Asterionella japonica, and Chaetoceros
spp. (Simmons and Thomas 1962).  Exceptions to this are in silicate-depleted
waters or during red tides when dinoflagellates may become more abundant.
Dinoflagellates reported to have widespread distribution in the GulE
include:  Ceratium, Glenodinium, Goniodoma, Pyrocystis, Gymnodiniurn, and
Peridinium.  The highest diversity of phytoplankton has been reported from
areas affected by river discharges where both riverine and marine species
occur.  Phytoplankton concentrations as high as 31,400 cells per liter have
been recorded by the State University System Florida Institute of
Oceanography (SUSIO) in waters from the mid-shelf area south of the
Mississippi Coast (SUSIO 1975).  Peaks in abundance occur during the spring

                                    4-8

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and summer in estuarine and coastal areas and during the winter in offshore
areas (EPA 1986).

Copepods are normally the dominant component of the zooplankton in the
vicinity of the alternative ODMDS's (EPA 1986).  U.S. Department of the
Interior (DOI) data indicate that, in nearshore and estuarine waters,
Acartia tonsa is the dominant species whereas Euchaeta, Eucalanus, and
Candacea are more abundant offshore (DOI 1974).  In the mid-shelf region
south of Mississippi, Paracalanus has been reported in concentrations of
3036 individuals per cubic meter  (SUSIO 1975),  Relatively high zooplankton
abundance and diversity have been reported within the passes of the
nearshore barrier islands off Mississippi (Perry and Christmas, 1973).

4.10  Benthos.  The Pascagoula ODMDS is located in an area which undergoes
relatively frequent benthic disturbances (i.e., sediment disposal, storm
action, and maritime activity).  Benthic infaunal species established in
this area are those tolerant of disruption and tend to recolonize rapidly
following burial or displacement.  Benthic infaunal communities associated
with the ODMDS were investigated as part of the Corps of Engineers
Mississippi Sound and Adjacent Areas Study (Barry A. Vittor & Associates,
Inc. 1982).  The results of this  study identified two different community
types within the vicinity of the preferred ODMDS:  offshore mud bottom and
offshore muddy sand.

The mud bottom community was found to be dominated by five polychaete taxa
(Magelona cf. phyllisae, Mediomastus spp., Diopatra cuprea, Myriochele
oculata, and Parapironospio pinnata), one crustacean (Oxyurostylis smithi),
one sipunculid  (Golfingia tr^chpcephala), and one nemertean (Cerebratulus
cf- lacteus).  Four of these mud bottom dwellers, Hagelona cf.  phvlJUsae,
Mediomastus spp., Paraprionospio  pinnata, and Golfingia trichocephala, were
also among the dominant taxa in the muddy sand community.  The other
dominant muddy sand taxa were represented by three polychaete taxa
(Lumbrineris spp., Aricidea sp.C, and Prionospio cristata).

The mud bottom community dominated the northern portion of the area, which
is characterized by shallow depths and hydrographically variable conditions
(Figure 4-6 stations 362, 364, 365 spring and  fall and stations 363 and 366
spring).  Sand content of these areas averaged less than 39%.  The dominant
taxa of this area had extremely high frequencies of occurrence.  The
predominant feeding types of these taxa were surface and subsurface deposit-
feeders.  The most characteristic species for  this habitat indicate a
positive association for finer (silt and/or clay) sediments with a high
organic and moisture content and  a negative association for sands.
Community structure parameters, based on averages of all stations showing
this habitat type, indicate moderate faunal densities, and lower number of
taxa,  diversity, richness, evenness, and biomass as compared to the muddy
sand habitat.

The muddy sand  community dominated deeper water areas seaward of the mud
habitat and between a third offshore community type  identified  in this
study,  the offshore sand areas (Figure 4-6 station 367 spring and fall and
stations 363 and 366 spring).  Sediments  in this general area are classified

                                    4-9

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as fine to very  fine sand and hydrographically the area exhibits higher and
more stable salinities.  Frequency of occurrence of dominant taxa was
extremely high,  however biomass values were generally low and evenly
distributed among the taxa.  The predominant feeding types in this community
were also surface and subsurface deposit-feeders.

The 'flip-flop'  of stations 363 and 366 between the two community types is
indicative of the highly variable hydrographic conditions within this area
of the northern  Gulf of Mexico and also the relationship between community
structure and sediment grain size.

Additional benthic studies were performed during the 1986/87 joint survey
efforts between  the CE and EPA.  Analysis of data from 21 locations in the
eastern half of  the proposed area provided similar results to those
described above.  The area is typically dominated by polychaetes including
Galathowenia occulata (= Hyriochele oculata),  Mediomastus spp.,
Parapr lonospio pinnata, and Magelona spp,.  In addition, a sipunculid ( =
Golfingia ?), a  rhynchocoel (= Cerebratulus ?), Phascolion strombi
(sipunculid) and two molluscs, Tel 1ina spp. and Turbonilla spp. contributed
significantly to the communities during this period.  Both molluscs were
present during the earlier studies, however they did not contribute
significantly to the community structure.

During the 1986/87 studies a combination of side scan sonar, continuous
video recording, and still photography were utilized to characterize the
bottom and determine the presence of potential live/hard bottom communities.
For the purpose  of the survey, live-bottom was defined in accordance with
the Minerals Management Service definition:

  "Attached communities of invertebrates and plants and mobile invertebrates
  and fishes, occurring on emergent or thinly covered hard substrates or on
  layers of biogenic rubble."

Minimal results  were obtained at the Pascagoula site due to the turbid
nature of the water column.  Data that were obtained indicated that
sediments in the area appeared to be composed of very fine silty muds in the
southwest grading into a slightly coarser substrate of mud and fine grained
sand to the north and east.  Greater concentrations of fine sand were seen
on the eastern side of the area surveyed which increased toward shore.
Faint evidence of a mottled, sand ribbon-type distribution of muds and sands
was seen, indicating a limited amount of wave sorting.  No evidence of out
cropping or thinly covered hard bottom was seen.

4.11  Nekton/Epifauna.  Nekton investigations of the northeastern Gulf have
focused primarily on commercially important species; consequently, a
characterization of nearshore nekton assemblages has been biased toward
these species.   It has been estimated that 96% of the fish caught shoreward
of the 22 m contour utilize coastal estuaries and bays during part of their
life cycle (Chittenden and McEachran 1977).  Coastal estuaries provide
productive nursery areas for these species, and the tidal passes and
adjacent nearshore areas are pathways for migrating nekton.  Seasonal
variation in nekton abundance at a nearshore ODMDS should coincide with the
                                    4-10

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migration patterns of the dominant coastal species (EPA 1982).

In relation to the Pascagoula disposal site,  the work of Christinas and
Waller (1973) is the most recent published comprehensive faunal summary.
Data collected by Christmas and Waller between 1968 and 1969 indicate that
98% of the fishes collected in the Mississippi Sound were also present in
offshore trawl samples.  Dominant fish families as determined by percentage
of catch were the Sciaenidae (drums) and the Clupeidae (herrings).
Epifaunal trawls were made along three transects within the Pascagoula
disposal site area in April & August, 1983 (Harmon Engineering & Testing
1984aJ.  The results of the April 1983 trawl samples show the bay anchovy
(Anchoa roitchilli), hardhead catfish (Arius felis), sheepshead (Archosargus
probatocephalus), and Gulf butterfish (Peprilus burti) to be the dominant
fishes collected, although the total number of individuals collected was
low.  The August 1983 trawl samples resulted in a higher species diversity
and a somewhat different group of dominant species.  Dominant species from
the August 1983 samples are given as follows:  Atlantic threadfin
(Polydactylus octonemus), sand seatrout (Cynoseion arenarius), longspine
porgy (Stenotomus caprinus), Atlantic stingray (Dasyat is sabina), spot
(Leiostomus xanthurus), and striped anchovy (Anchoa hepsetus).  Due to the
fact that the tidal passes and adjacent nearshore areas serve as pathways
for migrating nekton, the dominant species at the Pascagoula ODMDS will vary
seasonally.  However, six fish species were found to be dominant almost year
round.  These included the bay anchovy, menhaden (Brevoortia patronus),
Atlantic croaker (Micropogonias undulatus),  spot, butterfish (PepriIus
paru), and sand seatrout.  The U.S. Department of Commerce, National Marine
Fisheries Service (NMFS), Pascagoula, Mississippi, provided data concerning
the results of groundfish surveys conducted in and around the proposed ODMDS
between 1950 and 1985 (T. Henwood, personal communication).  Appendix E
presents a total list of fish and invertebrate species collected by NMFS
during the 35-year period as well as a list of those species collected by
Harmon Engineering & Testing in 1983 (1984a) and the information presented
in Benson (1982 ) .

In general, movement of nekton into the estuaries occurs mainly from January
to June, while migration back into the Gulf typically occurs from August to
December.  Table 4-3 provides information on the migratory behavior of some
coastal nekton common to the Gulf.  Also, many artificial reefs (sunken
liberty ships) occur within approximately 9 miles of the preferred ODMDS
(Figure 4-7).  These artificial reefs have been shown, through research
conducted by the Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, Mississippi,
and Dauphin Island Sea Lab, Dauphin Island, Alabama, to provide suitable
habitat for many fish species that are not normally encountered over a sandy
bottom.  Fishes such as gag grouper, warsaw grouper, red snapper, lane
snapper, gray snapper, vermillion snapper, triggerfish, and amberjack
readily associate with these structures (R. Shipp, personal communication).
                                    4-11

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Table 4-3. Migratory Behavior of Some Coastal Nekton Common to the Gulf.
Month of
Occurrence

January

February

March



April
Species Moving into Estuaries
     (or nearshore zone)	
   Species Moving
   from Estuaries
May



June


July

August
Southern hake, red drum (peak)

Stingray, brown shrimp (post larvae)

Gulf killifish, spot, cutlassfish,
hogchoker, butterfish, rough
silverside, flounder, tonguefish

Gafftopsail and sea catfish,
bluefish, bumper, sand seatrout,
southern kingfish, skipjack, herring
(in and out same month), adult croaker,
black drum (peak), pinfish, Atlantic
threadfin, toadfish, midshipman

Striped anchovy, lizardfish,
sardine, Spanish mackerel, white
shrimp (post larvae)

Needlefish, pompano, crevalle jack,
leather jacket, Atlantic moonfish

Ladyfish, lookdown
Menhaden, spadefish
Blue catfish, sheepshead
minnow, longnose
killifish

Bighead searobin
                                                    Menhaden, southern hake
Butterfish
                                        Ladyfish, Atlantic
                                        threadfin
September
                                        Adult croaker, rough
                                        silverside
October      Menhaden,  sheepshead  minnow,
             bighead  searobin
                                        Sardine, bluefish,
                                        leatherjacket, Atlantic
                                        moonfish, sand seatrout,
                                        cutlassfish, Spanish
                                        mackerel
                                    J-12

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Table 4-3 Cont'd.
       Migratory Behavior  of  Some Coastal  Nekton Common to the
       Gulf.
Month of    Species Moving into Estuaries
Occurrence       (or nearshore zone)
                                           Species  Moving
                                           from Estuaries
November
Blue catfish,  juvenile croaker
December
Longnose ki Hi fish
 Striped anchovy,
 gafftopsail  catfish,
 needlefish,  pompano,
 crevalle jack,  bumper,
 lookdown,  pinfish,
 tonguefish,  toadfish,
 midshipman,  white shrimp
(juveniles)

 Stingray,  Jizardfish,
 Gulf  killifish, spot,
 southern kingfish,
 flounder,  hogchoker
Source:  After Christmas, 1973.
4.12  Commercial Fisheries.   Gunter (1963) called the region between
Pascagoula, Mississippi, and Port Arthur,  Texas,  the 'Fertile Fisheries
Crescent1 and in 1988, the Gulf States ranked second to the Pacific Coast
and Alaska in fisheries landings and value of processed fishery products in
the United States.  In 1987, the Gulf States ranked above the northwest
region in fisheries landings (NMFS 1989).   The major fisheries landed along
the Mississippi and Alabama gulf coast are menhaden, mullet, and croakers.
These species are described in detail in Section  4.11 above.  In addition,
shrimp (Penaeus aztecus, P.  seti ferus and  P. duorarum), blue crabs
(Callinectes sapidus), and oysters (Crassostrea virginica)  make up a
substantial portion of the commercial fishery of  the northern Gulf of
Mexico.

Brown shrimp (P. aztecus) is the principal component of the commercial
shrimp industry and are harvested in Mississippi  Sound and  Mobile Bay from
May to August and offshore from June to November.  The adults spawn offshore
from about November to April and postlarvae move  toward marshy and soft
bottom shallow areas of the estuaries in February to April.  The juveniles
and adults migrate offshore from May through August.  In the offshore area
brown shrimp are found on mud and sandy bottoms (Van Lopik  et_ al. 1979).
White shrimp (P. setiferus)  are abundant in the estuaries from July through
November.  Spawning occurs in the Gulf of  Mexico  from March to October with
postlarval recruitment to the estuaries extending from May  through October
(Loesch 1976).  Offshore migration of late juveniles and adults occurs
between June and November, primarily at night and during ebbing tides
(Russell 1965).  Pink shrimp (P. duorarum) is a relatively  uncommon species
west of Mobile Bay (NMFS 1981).
                                   4-13

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4.13  Threatened and Endangered Species.  Endangered and threatened species
that do occur or that could potentially occur in the vicinity of the ODMDS's
are listed below (T. Kenwood, telephone conversation with S. I. Rees,
23 February 1989):
Listed Species
  Scientific name
  Status
finback whale
humpback whale
right whale
sei whale
sperm whale
green sea turtle
hawksbill sea turtle
Kemp's ridley sea turtle
leatherback sea turtle
loggerhead sea turtle
Balaenoptera physalus
Megaptera novaeangliae
Eubalaena glacialis
Balaenoptera borealis
Physeter catodon
Chelonia mydas
Eretmochelys imbricata
Lepidochelys kempi
Dermochelys coriacea
Caretta caretta
endangered
endangered
endangered
endangered
endangered
endangered
endangered
endangered
endangered
threatened
There are no other species proposed for listing.  Also, no critical habitat
or proposed critical habitat occurs in the vicinity of the ODMDS's.

Usually the large cetaceans inhabit the continental slope and deep oceanic
waters, however, they are occasionally sighted nearshore (Schmidly 1981;
Loeheffner 1988).  With the exception of the sperm whale, which is a toothed
whale, the others are baleen whales.  Most baleen whales do not exhibit
well-defined social structure, and in most of their range are solitary or
found in small groups.  The sperm whale, on the other hand, does appear to
have a well defined social hierarchy (Matthews 1978).

The finback whale is cosmopolitan and occurs in all oceans.  It feeds
primarily on krill and small schooling fish.  In the Gulf of Mexico this
species is present through the year and sightings at sea have been recorded
in the northern Gulf between 28° and 30° N latitude and 86° and 88° W
longitude.  There are reports of five strandings and four sightings in the
northern Gulf primarily along the Florida, Texas, and Louisiana coasts
(Schmidly 1981).  Aerial surveys conducted for the Pish and Wildlife Service
in 1980/81 failed to detect the presence of this species (Fitts e£ al..
1983).  Darnell e_t al. (1983) illustrate finback whale habitat as waters at
the continental slope and deeper.

Humpback whales are a coastal species and feed primarily on krill and fish.
Humpbacks have been sighted in the central Gulf  (1952, 1957), in the eastern
Gulf near the mouth of Tampa Bay (1962, 1983), and near Seahorse Key,
Florida in 1983  (Layne 1965? Schmidly 1981; Gainesville Sun 1983).  Other
sightings have been in deep water (>200 meters) off the Alabama/Florida
coasts.  No humpback whales were observed during the 1980/81 surveys
described above.

Right whales are the most endangered cetacean in the Gulf of Mexico.  The
population in the Gulf is currently unknown.  Right whales are specialized
as  'skimmers' that feed by swimming slowly with  their mouths wide open
through concentrations of copepods.  They typically feed at or just below
                                    4-14

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the surface.  Right whales have been reported in the northern Gulf,  near
Brazoria County, Texas in 1972 and Manatee County,  Florida in 1963 (Lowery
1974).  No right whales were observed in the 1980/81 surveys.

Sei whales usually travel in groups of two to five  individuals and feed
primarily on copepods, krill, and small schooling fish.   Strandings  have
been recorded from the coasts of Mississippi and Louisiana in the vicinity
of the Mississippi River Delta (Schmidly 1981).

The sperm whales are probably the most abundant  whales in the northern Gulf.
They feed mainly on mesopelagic squid and also large demersal and
mesopelagic sharks, skates, and fish (Rupp-Fulwiler 1978).  Numerous
Strandings and sightings of sperm whales have been  reported in the Gulf for
every month.  These whales usually inhabit offshore waters and are usually
not found in waters less than 1,000 meters in depth (Watkins 1977).   During
the 1980/81 aerial surveys, sperm whales were observed on 13 different
occasions in the northern Gulf.

Although marine turtles occasionally enter estuaries, they generally prefer
higher salinity waters such as those of the Gulf of Mexico.  Nesting may
occur throughout the range but most nesting occurs  on restricted areas of
beach that the turtles return to each nesting season.  Foraging areas are
often very far from nesting beaches and in order to nest, turtles may
migrate long distances.  Mating generally takes  place in offshore waters
near the nesting beach and males rarely come ashore (Fuller 1978).

Green turtles are most abundant between 35° north and 35° south latitudes,
particularly in the Caribbean.  The green turtle usually frequents shallow
reefs, shoals, lagoons, and bays where marine grasses and algae are
plentiful.  Its preferred nestings sites are steep, sloped beaches,  well
above high tide, in the Yucatan Peninsula, Caribbean, and Florida (MMS
1989).  Immature turtles are found along the Florida west coast (Carr and
Caldwell, 1956) and have been known to nest on the  barrier islands of the
northern Gulf coast in the past.

The loggerhead turtle occurs throughout the Gulf and has been observed as
far as 500 miles offshore.  It frequents natural and manmade structures,
including oil and gas platforms, where they forage  on benthic invertebrates,
fish, and aquatic vegetation.  Only a small portion of loggerhead nesting
occurs in the Gulf.  About 90 percent of the total  nesting in the United
States occurs on the south Atlantic coast of Florida (Carr and Carr  1977).
Christmas and Waller (1973) reported loggerhead  nestings on the beaches of
the Mississippi Sound barrier islands.  Ogren (1977) stated that
historically the loggerhead nested on the remote beaches of Cat, Ship, Horn,
Petit Bois, and Dauphin Islands.  Human disturbance, natural predation, and
island development have reduced the use of the barrier islands for nestings.
Normally 1 to 2 loggerhead crawls are noted on the  Mississippi barrier
islands each year.  One nesting attempt was noted on June 7, 1987, on east
Ship Island which represents the only confirmed  nesting attempt on the
Mississippi Islands in the last four years (T. Simons, personal
commun i cat ion).
                                    4-15

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The  leatherback  is probably the most oceanic of all sea turtles, preferring
deep waters  (Rebel 1974).  It occasionally enters shallow waters and
estuaries usually in the more northern waters of its range (Ernst and
Barbour 1972).   Leatherbacks are frequently seen in the Gulf of Mexico arid
are  seasonally abundant off the Florida coast near Panama City (Pritchard
1976).  No recent nesting has been reported along the Gulf Coast (MMS 1989).

The  hawksbill turtle inhabits reefs, shallow coastal areas, and passes in
water less than  15 meters deep, where they feed on benthic invertebrates and
vegetation (Fuller et a1. 1987).  The hawksbill is a solitary nester between
25° N and 25° S  latitude and along the Gulf Coast of Florida.

Kemp's ridley sea turtles are probably the most endangered of the sea
turtles in the Gulf of Mexico.  Their nesting is restricted to a small
stretch of beach near Rancho Nuevo, Ramaulipas, Mexico.  Ridley turtles
commonly inhabit shallow coastal and estuarine waters.  Ridley turtles
commonly occur in shallow water areas from Marsh Island to the Mississippi
Delta in Louisiana (Hildebrand 1982) and from Bolivar Roads to Sabine Pass
in Texas.  Immature ridley's are regularly encountered (strandings) in the
Mississippi Sound and adjacent to the barrier islands (R. Smith, personal
communication).  Ogren (personal communication) indicated that this species
tends to congregate in vegetated shallow-water areas within the estuaries.
It feeds on crabs, fish, jellyfish, barnacles, and molluscs.  Coastal
Louisiana has been indicated to be an important sub-adult and feeding
habitat (Hildebrand 1982).  A head-start release program for this species
has  been initiated by the Fish and Wildlife Service, National Marine
Fisheries Service, and National Park Service in Padre Island, Texas.

4.14  Mineral Resources.  Although oil and gas exploration/production
activities have  historically occurred west of the preferred ODMDS in the
region offshore  Louisiana and Texas, recent activities related to natural
gas  resources in the vicinity of Mobile Bay and Dauphin Island to the east
indicate a continuing trend for exploration of mineral resources in the Gulf
of Mexico.  At present there are no active oil and gas activities in the
vicinity of the  preferred ODMDS, however much of the area south of the site
is included in Gulf of Mexico Lease Sale 123 which is planned by the
Minerals Management Service in 1990.  The area of the mid-shelf alternative
is also included in this sale.

4.15  Shipping.  Navigation safety fairways have been established by the
U. S. Coast Guard to control the erection of structures therein to provide
safe approaches  through oil fields in the Gulf of Mexico to entrances to the
major ports along the Gulf Coast (33 CFR 166.20).  The preferred ODMDS and
the mid-shelf area both lie outside safety fairways.

4.16  Coastal Amenities. The primary coastal amenity is the Gulf Islands
National Seashore which includes Petit Bois, Horn, and Ship Islands to the
north of the preferred ODMDS. The gulf beaches of these islands are used for
recreational activities such as swimming, fishing and sun bathing.  The
northern boundary of the preferred ODMDS is approximately one and one-half
miles south of Horn Island.
                                    4-16

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4.17  Cultural Resources.  A literature search was conducted to determine if
significant submerged cultural resources such as historic shipwrecks were
located in the vicinity of the alternative ODMDS's.   This search failed to
reveal any known submerged cultural resources.  In addition, due to the
water depths oE the area, the potential for shipwrecks is considered to be
extremely low.  These results have been coordinated with the Mississippi
State Historic Preservation Officer (See Section 7.0 and Appendix I).

4.18  Military Restrictions.  The alternative ODMDS's are not located within
any military restricted areas.
                                    4-17

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Figure 4-1.
Submarine Physiography of the Gulf of Mexico
Source:  USDI, Minerals Management Service 1989

                   4-18

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4-19

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              MISSISSIPPI SOUND
               MEAN CURRENT VECTORS
Figure 4-3.  Resultant surface (solid) and bottom (dashed)  current


            vectors for the 7 recovered current  moorings in the


            Mississippi Sound Offshore Study Area during deployment


            period A.  The origin of the vector  is the station


            location, (from:  Kjerfve and Sneed  1984).
                              4-20

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               MISSISSIPPI  SOUND
               MEAN CURRENT VECTORS
                 21 MARCH - 23 MAY 1981
Figure 4-4.  Resultant surface (solid) and bottom (dashed) current


            vectors for the 8 current moorings in the Mississippi


            Sound Offshore Study Area during deployment period B.


            The origin of the vector is the station location.


            (from:  Kjerfve and Sneed 1984).
                             4-21

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                MISSISSIPPI  SOUND
                               '-;».?-''"
                              ,v;.;v.-M.


MEAN CURRENT VECTORS $11
                             ". • •*V">^*J%I
                  15 JUI.Y - 16 SEPT. 1981
Figure 4-5.  Resultant surface (solid) and bottom (dashed) current



            vectors for the 5 recovered current moorings in the



            Mississippi Sound Offshore Study Area during



            deployment period C.  The origin of the vector is the



            station location (from:  Rjerfve and Sneed 1984).
                              4-22

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4-23

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4-24

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5.0  ENVIRONMENTAL CONSEQUENCES

5.01  Introduction.  This section contains an evaluation of the
environmental consequences of designating and using a new ODMDS in the Gulf
of Mexico south of Pascagoula, Mississippi.  Alternative ODMDS's are
evaluated in the following paragraphs relative to the five general criteria
[40 CFR 228.5] and the eleven specific criteria [40 CFR 228.6(a)] as
required by the MPRSA.  These criteria identify factors that  must be
considered when evaluating alternative ODMDS's to prevent unreasonable
degradation of the marine environment.

5.02  Geographical Position, Depth of Water,  Bottom Topography, and Distance
from Coast (40 CFR 228.6 (a) 1).  The northern boundary of the proposed
ODMDS is approximately two nautical miles south of Horn Island.  The area is
bounded on the east by the north-south safety fairway, on the south by the
east-west safety fairway, and on the west by an imaginary line on the
eastern boundary of Dog Keys Pass and is defined by the following
coordinates (NAD 27):
Boundary Coordinates:
30°12'06"  N
30°11'42"  N
30°08130"  N
30008'18"  N
88°44'30" W
88°33'24" W
88°37'00" W
88°41'54" W
Center Coordinates:
30°10'09"  N    88°34'12"  W
This area represents approximately 18.5 nmi2.  Water depths range from 39 to
53 feet and average approximately 46 feet.   Bottom topography within this
site is relatively flat, sloping gently seaward.

The mid-shelf alternative area is located approximately 24 nautical miles
south of Ship Island and south west of Horn Island.   This area is
represented by a circle encompassing approximately 130 nmi^ defined by the
following center coordinates (NAD 27):

                           29°54'00" N    88°32'00"  W
Water depths in this area range from 69 to 87 feet.  The bottom topography
is relatively flat, sloping gently to the southeast.

5.03  Location in Relation to Breeding, Spawning,  Nursery,  Feeding, qr
Passage Areas of Living Resources in Adult or Juvenile Phases {40 CFR 228.6
(a) 2).  A great deal is known about the general life-cycle of fish and
shellfish in the northern Gulf of Mexico.  Many of these species are
estuarine dependent, spending a portion of their life cycle in an estuary
such as Mississippi Sound.  In general, the species spawn in the waters of
the Gulf of Mexico and eggs or larvae are carried  by the currents into the
estuaries through the barrier island passes.  Once in the estuary, the
larvae and juveniles congregate in the shallow bays and wetland areas.
After a season or more, the species then migrate through the pass into the
gulf where spawning occurs.  Literature surveys performed during the CE
Mississippi Sound and Adjacent Areas Study (CE 1984)  indicate that the

                                    5-1

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Horn Island Pass area is an important migration route as are all the other
barrier island passes along the northern gulf coast.  The use of the
migratory routes is heavier during the spring and early summer months than
during late summer and fall/winter.  The preferred site is about two and
one-half miles from the shallow vegetated areas on the northern sides of the
barrier islands and approximately fourteen miles from the extensive mainland
marshes of the Pascagoula Delta and Point aux Chenes Bay area.  This site is
approximately 24 miles east of the Chandeleur Island complex, which is a
very important fishery resource area.  Artificial reefs have been
established approximately 9 miles to the southwest and southeast of this
site.  The preferred site is not located near any known major breeding or
spawning area.

In addition, a number of commercial, sport and recreational species such as
grouper, ling, red snapper are known to utilize natural and artificial reef
areas for feeding and refuge areas.  In the vicinity of the proposed ODMDS,
a number of identified fish havens are located to the east, south of the
entrance to Mobile Bay, to the west and to the south.

The mid-shelf alternative is approximately 24 miles from the marshes of Horn
Island and 35 miles southwest of the mainland marshes described above.  The
site is approximately 21 miles from the Chandeleur complex.  The alternative
site is not located near any known major breeding or spawning areas.

5.04  Location in Relation to Beaches and Other Amenity Areas [40 CFR 228.6
(a) 3j.  As indicated in Section 4.14, the primary coastal amenity is the
Gulf Islands National Seashore which includes Petit Bois, Horn, and Ship
Islands to the north of the preferred ODMDS.   The preferred ODMDS is
approximately 2 nautical miles south of Horn Island or about 14 nautical
miles south of the mainland, and about 24 nautical miles east of the
Chandeleur Islands.  The mid-shelf site is approximately 24 nautical miles
south of Horn Island, 35 miles south of the mainland, and 21 miles east of
the Chandeleur Islands.  The gulf beaches of  these islands are used for
recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, and sun bathing.  Further
protection is afforded the Gulf Islands National Seashore since the
predominant currents shoreward of the preferred site are parallel to the
shoreline and any migration of material from the ODMDS would be alongshore
rather than in an onshore direction.
5.05  Types and Quantities of Dredged Material Proposed to be Disposed of,
and Proposed Methods of Release, Including Packing the Dredged Material, if
Any (40 CFR 228.6 (a)4].  The designated ODMDS will be used for disposal of
new work and maintenance material dredged from the eastern Mississippi Sound
area which meets the criteria specified in Section 102 of the MPRSA.
Material to be placed in the ODMDS could include both fine-grained or sand-
sized dredged materials.  Known quantities of material to be placed in the
ODMDS are given as follows:
New Hock
       U.S. Navy	750,000 - 1,000,000 cubic yards
       Federal Navigation Project..	11,000,000 cubic yards

                                    5-2                  ' *

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Operation and Maintenance
       U.S. Navy	
       Federal Navigation Project..
...250,000  cubic yards/18 months
 3,000,000  cubic yards/18 months
The material may be dredged by mechanical or hydraulic means and placed into
dump scows for transport to the site, or a hopper dredge may be
utilized.  The entrance channel will normally be maintained utilizing a
hopper dredge.

The materials dredged from the Gulf and Entrance channels meets the
exclusion criteria specified in 40 CFR 227.13 b(l),  i.e. "— dredged
material composed predominantly of sand, gravel, rock, or any other
naturally occurring bottom material with particle sizes larger than silt,
and the material is found in areas of high current or wave energy such as
streams with large bed loads or coastal areas with shifting bars and
channels...", therefore no testing of the material was performed.

The materials to be dredged from the lower Pascagoula River, Upper
Mississippi Sound, and Bayou Casotte channels were subjected to biological
and chemical testing to determine toxicity and bioaccumulation potential
utilizing three representative marine organisms.  These materials are
primarily fine-grained in nature, predominately silts and clays.  In
addition the lower Pascagoula River and Bayou Casotte channels are in areas
of extensive industrial development and maritime activities (See Appendix
C).

The toxicity of the nine sediment samples tested from the Federal navigation
channel was minimal.  Exposure to the sediments for 10 days had little
observable adverse effect on lugworms (Arenicola cristata), oysters
(Crassostrea virginica)> or pink shrimp  (Penaeus duorarum); survival of all
three types of animals was > 86% (Table  5-1).

The suspended particulate phase  (SPP) of the sediments had little effect on
mysids (Mysidopsis bahia).  Survival in  100% SPP was > 80% for all samples.

Chemical analyses of sediments and animal tissues were performed as part of
10-day bioaccumulation studies.  Residues of selected chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides, PCB's, and chlorpyrifos were not detected in
sediments or animal tissues before or after exposure to any sediments
tested.   However, several metals and petroleum hydrocarbons were detected
in sediments and in tissues of organisms before and after exposure.
Although oysters, lugworms, and  shrimp exposed to Bayou Casotte sediments
accumulated petroleum hydrocarbons and some heavy metals, the concentrations
were not significantly greater than concentrations in animals exposed  to
reference sediments.  Lugworms exposed to sediments from the lower
Pascagoula River channel showed  statistically significant differences
relative to the tissue concentrations of copper, lead, and zinc.
                                    5-3

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  Table 5-1.  Survival Rate of Representative Marine Organisms Exposed
              to Channel Sediments (percent).
Channel Segment
        Representative Marine Organism
Lower Pascagoula
  River (3 samples)
Reference

tipper Mississippi
  Sound (3 samples)
Reference
                         A. cristata
9S, 95,  93
    93
98, 93,  92
    97
                  C.virginica
 99,  100,  99
     100
 49,  100,  100
     100
                   P.  duorarum
94, 98, 100
    99
89, 86, 96
    89
Bayou Casotte
  (3 samples)
Reference
86, 92,  98
    96
100,  100,  100
     100
98, 94, 92
    96
Although statistically significant differences were determined, this may not
indicate bioaccumulation because of the order of magnitude of
bioaccumulation that was evidenced.  The greatest difference
(bioaccumulation magnitude) between uptake in reference and channel
sediments was less than 3X.  The conclusion that this bioaccumulation
magnitude does not warrant concern is based on a comparison of the uptake of
single chemicals in laboratory tests under conditions of constant exposure.
In such tests, commonly conducted with similar organisms and
pesticides/toxic substances, bioaccumulation of chemicals in tissue < 100X
the chemical concentration in water is usually of little concern,
particularly when the expected environmental concentration of the chemical
is less or much less than the concentration tested in the laboratory.
Potential exposure, a factor that the tests were not intended to address, is
an essential factor in conducting a risk assessment.  Lugworms exposed to
sediments from the Upper Mississippi Sound channel showed statistically
significant differences for residue concentrations of arsenic and zinc,
however, this may not indicate bioaccumulation as described above (Rod
Parrish, personal communication).

Materials to be dredged from the Navy channels in the vicinity of Singing
River Island have the same physical characteristics of those of the lower
Pascagoula River channel.  These materials are currently undergoing toxicity
and bioaccumulation tests.  Preliminary results indicate that exposure of
sensitive marine organisms to these sediments did not result in any toxic
effects.  Final results will be coordinated with the PEIS concerning this
action.

5.06  Feasibility of Surveillance and Monitoring [40 CFR 228.6 (a) 5].  The
location of both the preferred and mid-shelf ODMDS's presents no special
problems for surveillance and monitoring.  The two sites are 14 and 35 miles
south of the mainland.  Water depths range from 39 to 53 feet at the
preferred site and from 69 to 87 feet at the mid-shelf site.  These water
depths are amenable to either surface sampling or diver collection and,
                                    5-4

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under normal circumstances, do not require the use of a large oceanographic
vessel.  The distance of the raid-shelf from the protected waters of the
Mississippi Sound, however, may require the use of a much larger vessel.  In
this case, the costs associated with surveillance and monitoring would be
substantially higher compared to the preferred site.  High turbidity may
occasionally restrict diver operations and photography but is not expected
to be a significant hindrance to surveillance and monitoring.

Site surveillance can be accomplished by air from Jackson County Airport in
Pascagoula, Mississippi or the Mobile Airport in Mobile,  Alabama, or by
water from numerous facilities located along Mississippi  Sound.   A site
management and monitoring plan has been developed to determine short- and
long-term impacts to the marine ecosystem associated with disposal of
dredged material  into the ODMDS (See Appendix G).  The data referenced in
Section 4.01 will be used as a baseline for management and monitoring
activities.

5.07  Dispersal, Horizontal Transport, and Vertical Mixing Characteristics
of the Area, Including Prevailing Current Direction and Velocity, if Any
[40 CFR 228.6 (a) 6].  Data collected within the Gulf of  Mexico between
November 1980 and September 1981 (Kjerfve and Sneed 1984) indicate that the
progression of the tide through Horn Island Pass segments the gulf into an
eastern and western areas dominating circulation within this portion of the
gulf.  The eastern area is between Horn Island Pass, Mississippi, and the
main pass entering Mobile Bay, Alabama.  The western area is between Horn
Island Pass and the Chandeleur Islands.  As the tide propagates from the
gulf through Horn Island Pass, a general clockwise movement of water in the
eastern area is set in motion, whereas, in the western area, a general
counterclockwise movement occurs.  In the shallow areas of the gulf, near
the barrier islands, the wind and pressure forces tend to dilute the
influence of the  tide on the general circulation pattern, creating a highly
variable pattern.  It appears that a two-layer circulation pattern exists
between surface and bottom waters when stratification occurs.  The
stratification decouples the currents throughout the water column causing
variable velocities and directions to occur.  Predominant currents in the
vicinity of the proposed ODMDS are to the west-southwest  and west-northwest.

The ODMDS's occupy a small area relative to the area of the continental
shelf near Pascagoula.  As noted in Section 4.05 above, circulation patterns
in the northern Gulf of Mexico are controlled by astronomical tides, winds,
and freshwater discharges.  Although the discharge of dredged material into
the preferred ODMDS might cause localized changes on water movement
patterns, e.g. if a submerged mound were constructed, this would result
negligible impact on the circulation and mixing of the shelf waters.  The
depths available within the mid-shelf site and its distance offshore further
reduce any possibility of resultant changes in circulation or mixing of
shelf waters.

The fine-grained dredged material proposed for discharge onto the ODMDS will
be more easily transported than the existing bottom materials; i.e. the
finer material can be moved by a lower current.  Thus, the clay and silt
                                    5-5

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size particles on the surface of the ODMDS can be expected to be winnowed
out by the currents and the site will become armored with sand, shell, and
"clay balls".  The fine-grained particles should become more difficult to
erode over time as the material consolidates.

The environmental consequences of the transport of this fine-grained
material on the marine ecosystem will vary depending on the proximity of the
area in question to the actual disposal location.  Impacts within the
designated ODMDS would range from direct burial of benthic resources and
increased suspended solids concentrations in areas adjacent to the disposal
location to minimal impacts near the boundaries of the site.  The preferred
site could be described as a 'dispersive1 site/ especially regarding fine-
grained maintenance material.  This is not expected to result in impacts
outside the boundaries of the ODMDS since much of this region of the
northern Gulf of Mexico is characterized as having a fine-grained facies
which overlaps with the Mississippi-Alabama Shelf sand facies.  In addition,
the location of the site is being chosen to be a sufficient distance from
any significant resources.  Under abnormal hydrographic conditions, i.e.
hurricane conditions, impacts due to the movement of ambient sediment
particles would mask any impacts due to movement of fine-grained materials
as described above.
                                   s
5.08  Existence and Effects of Current and Previous Discharges andDumping
in the Area (Including Cumulative Effects) [40 CFR 228.6 (a) 71.  A portion
of the preferred ODMDS has been utilized historically for the placement of
dredged material from the eastern Mississippi Sound area.  Since 1965, an
average of 464,000 cubic yards of material dredged from the Entrance and
Gulf channels has been placed in the site annually.  In 1986, approximately
65,000 cubic yards of new work material was placed in the site under a
Department of the Army permit.   In 1989, approximately 500,000 cubic yards
of fine-grained dredged material and 300,000 cubic yards of sandy dredged
material were placed in the site during maintenance of the Federal
navigation project.  There have been no demonstrable adverse impacts to the
marine ecosystem of this area due to this disposal.  Although much of the
material historically placed at the site was sand-sized, recent disposal
actions have included both new work and maintenance fine-grained material.
The mid-shelf area has never been utilized for the placement of dredged
material.

5.09  Interference With Shipping, Fishing, Recreation, Mineral Extraction,
Desalination, Fish and Shellfish Culture, Areas of Special Scientific
Importance, and Other Legitimate Uses of the Ocean [40 CFR 228.6 (a) 8].
The alternative ODMDSs chosen for detailed evaluation were selected to
minimize interference with the activities listed.  See Appendix A for a more
detailed discussion of the site selection process.

The preferred site is located outside the designated shipping lanes,
therefore no impact to commercial vessel traffic is expected.  Commercial
fishing vessels routinely use this area, however their drafts are such that
no conflict would arise from use of the site as an ODMDS.  The mid-shelf
site, although outside designated shipping lanes, is characterized by water
depth which are sufficient for commercial vessel traffic.  Any use of the

                                    5-6

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site which resulted in significant changes to bathymetry could conflict with
ship traffic.

Fish, due to their motile nature, would not be directly affected by the
discharge since they can avoid the area.  However,  some species would be
indirectly affected due to the loss of benthic organisms which serve as a
food source for these species.  These impacts would be localized to the
immediate area of the disposal operation and would  be temporary in nature.
Chemical analyses and bioassays of the dredged material indicate that no
significant toxic effects are expected.  The are no artificial fishing reefs
in the vicinity of either alternative ODMDS and there are no known sensitive
fishery resource areas in proximity to either site.  The nearest artificial
reefs are 9 miles southwest and southeast of the preferred site.

There are no areas of shellfish culture in the vicinity of the alternative
sites nor are there any known areas of special scientific importance in the
vicinity of either alternative site? therefore, no  impacts to these
resources would result from the proposed action.

Although the possibility of oil and gas leasing operations within the
ODMDS's is a likelihood, experience in dealing with the Mobile, Alabama,
ODMDS suggests that offshore oil and gas operations and dredged material
disposal are not mutually exclusive.  The site management and monitoring
plan for the use of the ODMDS will be revised to include any ongoing or
proposed oil and gas leasing activities.

There are no military restricted areas that would be affected by designation
and use of the ODMDS.

5.10  The Existing Water Quality and Ecology of the Site as Determined by
Available Data or by Trend Assessment or Baseline Surveys {40 CFR 228.6 (a)
9JL  Past surveys and the baseline surveys conducted during the ODMDS siting
activities show the water quality and other environmental characteristics of
the alternative ODMDS's to be typical of the northern Gulf of Mexico where
sand or sandy mud sediments predominate.  The results of these surveys are
discussed in the Affected Environment Section and presented in Appendices B
and C.  In summary, neither of the alternative sites possess unique
characteristics which would preclude its designation and use as an ODMDS.

The designation and use of the alternative sites is being coordinated with
the National Marine Fisheries Service  (NMFS) in accordance with Section 7 of
the Endangered Species Act (ESA).  Review of the information presented on
Endangered and Threatened Species which may occur within the alternative
sites (Section 4.12) indicates that the use of the preferred site for
disposal of dredged material would not result in adverse impacts to any
endangered or threatened species or its critical habitat.  The use of the
mid-shelf alternative site would increase the possibility of conflict with
those species which are typically found in open waters of the Gulf of
Mexico.  Even though this possibility exists, it is not believed that it
would result in adverse impacts to those species.  This document is being
provided to the NMFS and will serve as the Biological Assessment as required
under Section 7 of the ESA.
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5.11  Potentiality for the Developmentor Recruitment of Nuisance Species in
the Disposal Site (40 CFR 228.6(a) 10].  Based on information available on
the community structure of the preferred site (Section 4.10), no change in
benthic species composition is expected.  The communities currently defining
the site are characteristic of mud and sandy mud habitats.  The material
proposed for disposal includes both fine-grained and sandy material;
therefore/ no change of the substrate is expected following use.  Use of the
mid-shelf alternative, however, may result in some change in benthic species
composition.  The sediment of this site is primarily sand; therefore, the
disposal of substantial quantities of fine-grained material onto the site
may result in the replacement of species requiring coarse-grained substrates
which those which prefer fine grained substrates.  There is no evidence,
however, to suggest that the benthic species which would develop would be
considered nuisance species.  Some fecal coliform bacteria may be contained
in the dredged material; however,  it is improbable that these species would
become established in either of the alternative sites due to the existing
salinity regime of the area.

5.12  Existence at or in Close Proximity to the Site of Any Significant
Natural or Cultural Features of Historical Importance [40 CFR 228.6 (a) 11].
Review of literature pertaining to the cultural resources of the general
area of the proposed ODMDS's suggests that there are no natural or cultural
features of historical importance within or in the vicinity of the proposed
ODMDS's.  Coordination, by letter dated January 25, 1989, with the
Mississippi State Historic Preservation Officer indicates that the potential
for shipwrecks in open water of these depths is considered extremely low
(See Appendix I).  In addition, since the use of the ODMDS is for disposal
of dredged material, the possible conflict with unknown natural or cultural
resources is reduced.

5.13  The Dumping of Materials into the Ocean will be Permitted Only at
Sites or in Areas Selected to Minimize the Interference of Disposal
Activities with Other Activities in the Marine Environment, Particularly
Avoiding Areas of Existing Fisheries or Shellfisheries, and Regions of Heavy
Commercial or Recreational Navigation [40 CFR 228.5(a)].  The alternative
ODMDS's chosen for detailed evaluation were selected to minimize
interference with other activities of the marine environment.  The avoidance
of live or hard bottoms was of paramount concern.  As indicated in Section
5.09 above, the sites were selected to minimize potential impacts to
existing fisheries by eliminating areas near Horn Island Pass, nearshore to
the barrier islands, and in the vicinity of artificial reefs.  Historic
usage of the former interim site at Pascagoula and the Mobile ODMDS indicate
an absence of conflict between use of the ODMDS and the shellfish industry.
The preferred site is located outside the designated shipping fairways and
water depths in this area would preclude use by large commercial navigation.
Use of the area by commercial fishing vessels or recreational vessels would
not conflict with the proposed management of the ODMDS.  The mid-shelf
alternative is within an area of heavy commercial navigation traffic,
however proper management of the ODMDS should not conflict with this
traffic.
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5.14  Locations and Boundaries of Disposal Sites will be so Chosen that
Temporary Perturbations in Water Quality or other Environmental Conditions
during Initial Mixing Caused by Disposal Operations Anywhere within the Site
can be Expected to be Reduced to Normal Ambient Seawater Levels or to
Undetectable Contaminant Concentrations or Effects Before Reaching Any
Beach, Shoreline, Marine Sanctuary, or Known Geographically Limited Fishery
or Shellfishery [40 CFR228.5(b)l.  The temporary perturbations in water
quality resulting from the disposal of dredged material are expected to be
localized to the general vicinity of the ODMDS.  Modelling efforts in
association with the designation of the Pensacola (Offshore) OOMDS (EPA
1988f) were utilized to portray the behavior of the dredged material as it
leaves the disposal vessel and falls to the bottom.  The Disposal From An
Instantaneous Dump (DIFID) model, as modified by the U. S. Army CE Waterways
Experiment Station, treats the behavior of the disposed material in three
phases:  convective descent, dynamic collapse, and passive transport-
diffusion.  One of the main limitations of the model is that the total time
required for the material to leave the disposal vessel should not be greater
than the time required for the material to reach the bottom.  This is due to
the fact that the model assumes an instantaneous dump that falls as a
hemispherical cloud and is sensitive to the disposal vessel characteristics
and the depth of the water in the disposal site.  The most likely disposal
vessel is a 4,000 cubic yard scow which has a loaded draft of 19 feet, 8
inches and an emptying time of 3 - 5 seconds.  Comparing these data with the
depth of the preferred site, it is evident that the material would be on the
bottom (phase I of the model) before the material had left the disposal
vessel and therefore the model would be an inappropriate tool at the
preferred site.  Some of the results from the Pensacola effort, however,
provide insight toward the behavior of the material proposed for disposal
and have been utilized in determining the location of the preferred site.
Results of the model indicate that coarse-grained material (sands) and fine-
grained new work materials which may 'clump' during the dredging process
tend to fall directly below the disposal vessel almost immediately after
disposal is initiated.  The non-cohesive silt and clays do not behave in the
same manner as the sand or clumped silt/clay.  A large percentage of these
particles may remain suspended in the water column after disposal and are
therefore available for transport away from the disposal location by the
currents.  The actual percentage of silt/clay which is deposited on the
bottom vs. the concentration which remains in the water column is highly
dependent upon the composition of the material within the dump scow and the
ambient velocities and depth of the disposal site.  One of the analyses
performed for the Pensacola site  involved the disposal of 95% silt/clay - 5%
sand, velocities over 1 foot per second, and ODMDS depths of 75 feet.  Under
this scenario, the model predicted that the suspended solids concentration
within the water column would be  reduced to near ambient conditions within
three hours.

In addition to this information,  the preferred ODMDS is located in an area
which is described as a fine-grained facies overlying the Mississippi
Alabama Shelf sand sheet.  The primary reason given for this phenomenon is
that waters laden with suspended material exit Mississippi Sound through
Horn Island Pass and are moved westward by Corolius movements, wind
conditions, and tidal activities.  The suspended particles settle from the

                                    5-9

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water mass forming the fine-grained facies.  The natural conditions of this
area, therefore, suggest that the deposition of fine-grained material would
not cause adverse impacts to the resources of the barrier islands.

Due to the depth of the water and the distance from the above mentioned
resources, the use of the mid-shelf alternative would not be expected to
result in any adverse impacts to these resouices.

5.15  If at Anytime During orAfter Disposal Site Evaluation Studies,it is
Determined that Existing Disposal Sites Presently Approved on an Interim
Basis for Ocean Dumping Do Not Meet the Criteria For Site Selection Set
Forth in CFR 228.5 and 228.6, the Use of SuchSites will be Terminated as
soon as Alternate Disposal Sites can be Designated [40 CFR 228.5(c)].  EPA
has the responsibility to suspend, modify, or discontinue use of ODMDS's if
unacceptable adverse impacts occur.

5.16  The Sizes of Ocean Disposal Sites will be Limited in Order to Localize
for Identification and Control any Immediate Adverse Impacts and Permit the
Implementation of Effective Monitoring and Surveillance Programs to Prevent
Adverse Lonq-Range Impacts.  The Size, Configuration, and Location of any
Disposal Site will be Determined as Part of the Disposal Site Evaluation or
Designation Study [40 CFR 228.5(d)].  The size, configuration, and location
of the Pascagoula ODMDS is based on a number of factors including:
       proximity of significant resources
       physical/biological environment of the northern Gulf of Mexico
       multiple-use management
       quantity of materials projected for disposal
       type of materials projected for disposal.

The preferred ODMDS represents approximately 18.5 nmi^, the mid-shelf
alternative approximately 130 nmi  in area.  Although these areas appear
very large in comparison to other ODMDSs or to the former interim site at
Pascagoula, it believed an area of this size is necessary to provide
adequate capacity for the estimated quantity of dredged material which may
be placed in the site and to allow for the proper management of the site for
these uses.  It is not intended that the entire area would be utilized for
disposal of dredged material but rather that this area is suitable for
designation as an ODMDS.  Within this larger area appropriate management
techniques will be applied to each disposal action.  Since the preferred
site is relatively homogenous from an environmental standpoint, the size of
the site does not present undue problems relative to monitoring activities.
The main difficulty with monitoring of the mid-shelf alternative is the
distance from shore as described in Section 5.06 above.

5.17  EPA will, Wherever Feasible, Designate Ocean Dumping Sites Beyond the
Edge of the Continental Shelf and Other Such Sites that Have Been
Historically Used (40 CFR 228.5(e>).  There are economic and environmental
factors that make designation of an ODMDS beyond the edge of the continental
shelf in the area of Pascagoula infeasible.  Comparison of the preferred
site and the mid-shelf alternative based on the eleven specific and five
general criteria indicate that there are no environmental advantages
associated with the designation and use of the mid-shelf alternative site.

                                    5-10

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In addition, it is not considered to be economically feasible to haul the
large volume of dredged material beyond twenty miles from Horn Island.  A
portion of the preferred ODMDS has historically received material dredged
from the Pascagoula navigation complex.

5.18  The Relationship Between Local Short-Term Uses of the Environmentand
the Maintenance andEnhancement of Long-Term Productivity.  The designation
and use of the ODMDS should not significantly affect the long-term
productivity of the site. Commercial and sport fishing near the ODMDS would
not be significantly affected because the site is not known to be located in
a limited fishery area.  It is not anticipated that short-term perturbations
at the site will significantly affect the long-term productivity of the
region.  Information available from other ODMDSs in the northern Gulf of
Mexico, i.e. Mobile North, Pensacola (Offshore), and Gulfport Bast and West,
indicate that the designation and use of these areas for the placement of
dredged material is compatible with many uses of the marine environment
including: navigation, oil and gas exploration and production activities,
and commercial and recreational fishing.  With proper management use of
ODMDSs, e.g. the Mobile North ODMDS and underwater berm construction, may
prove beneficial to adjacent areas.

5.19  Irreversible or Irretrievable Commitment of Resources.  Resources
irreversibly or irretrievably committed by use of the designated ODMDS
include the loss of fuel and monetary resources used to transport the
dredged material.  The manpower, energy and monetary resources required to
monitor the ODMDS would also be irreversibly and irretrievably committed.

5.20  Relationship of the Proposed Action to Other Federal Projects.
Designation of an ODMDS offshore Pascagoula, Mississippi, is intended to
provide a viable disposal option for projects, Federal and non-Federal, in
the eastern Mississippi Sound area.  Initial use of the site is projected
for the Pascagoula Harbor Deep-Draft Navigation Project and Naval Station
Pascagoula.  Other likely Federal projects to require use of the site
include the Pascagoula and Escatawpa Rivers above the Highway 98 bridge, in
Pascagoula, Mississippi, which is currently in the feasibility phase of
investigation.  Federally permitted private dredging projects could also use
the ODMDS in the future.  However, none of the other projects could use the
site without proper permitting, environmental documentation and testing of
the dredged material.  Only material that meets the Ocean Dumping Criteria
would be allowed to be discharged on the site.

5.21  Unavoidable Adverse Environmental Effects and Mitigation Measures.
The disposal of dredged material on the designated ODMDS would result in
unavoidable environmental impacts such as temporary increases in turbidity,
nutrients and some heavy metals.  Most of the benthic infauna in the
discharge area would be destroyed.  However, the benthic infauna would be
expected to recover over a 6 to 12 month period after the discharge is
completed.  Changes in the site's bathymetry and altering of the site's
sediment composition may also be unavoidable impacts.  Some of the adverse
environmental effects associated with disposal activities will be reduced
through proper management of the ODMDS.
                                    5-11

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                                 TABLB 5-2

                    SUMMARY OF THE  SPECIFIC  CRITERIA AS
                       APPLIED TO ALTERNATIVE  ODMDS's
Criteria as Listed in
40 CFR 228.6
    Preferred
       Site
  Mid-Shelf
     Site
1.  Geographical
position, depth of
water, bottom
topography and distance
from coast.
See Figure 3-2;
39-53 feet;
relatively flat,
sloping seaward;
2 miles from Horn
Island
See Figure 3-1;
69 - 87 feet;
relatively flat,
sloping southeast;
24 miles from Ship
and Horn Islands
2.  Location in relation
to breeding, spawning,
nursery, feeding, or
passage of living
resources in adult or
juvenile phases.

3.  Location in
relation to beaches
and other fishing
amenity areas.
May occur within area
but no unique uses are
known; nearest known
nursery or passage area
2 miles from site
Beach is 2 miles from
site; artificial reefs
are located about 9
miles southwest and
southeast of site
Nearest known
nursery or passage
areas are 21 or more
miles from site
Beach is 21 or more
miles from site; no
fishing amenities
in vicinity of site
4.  Types and
quantities of wastes
proposed to be disposed
of and proposed method
of release, including
methods of packing the
wastes, if any.
5.  Feasibility of
surveillance and
monitoring.
6.  Dispersal,
horizontal transport,
and vertical mixing
characteristics of
the area, including
prevailing current
velocity, if any.
New work:
  Navy:   750,000 cy
  CE:  11,000,000 cy
0 & M:
  Navy:   250,000/18mo
  CE:   3,000,000/18mo;
Sand, silt, & clay;
Hopper dredge, barge or
dump scow

Surveillance and
monitoring possible
by boat or plane
Currents variable in
response to winds,
tides, and freshwater
inflow; typically in
range 0-20 cm/s up
to 40 cm/s; may be
much higher in
hurricanes
Same as Preferred
Site
Same as Preferred
Site except larger
oceanographic vessels
required

No actual data
available.  Assumed
to be similar but
less variable than
at Preferred Site
                                    5-12

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                                 TABLE 5-2
                                (continued)

                    SUMMARY OF THE SPECIFIC  CRITERIA AS
                      APPLIED  TO  ALTERNATIVE ODMDS'S
Criteria as Listed
in 40 CFR 228.6
    Preferred
       Site
  Mid-Shelf
     Site
7.  Existence and
effects of current
and previous discharge
and dumping in the
area including
cumulative effects.

8.  Interference with
shipping, fishing,
recreation, mineral
extraction,
shellfish culture,
scientific importance,
and other legitimate
uses of the ocean.

9.  The existing water
quality and ecology of
the sites as determined
by available data, and
by baseline surveys.

10.  Potentiality for
the development or
recruitment of
nuisance species in
the disposal sites.
Portion of site used
historically,  no
documented impacts
No previous
discharges
No conflicts expected
with any of the listed
uses of the ocean
Water quality typical
of northern Gulf of
Mexico; bottom habitat
typical of mud and
muddy sand bottoms

No nuisance species
are anticipated to
develop or be
recruited to the
the site
Shipping could be
restricted depending
of management
techniques employed
Water quality typical
Gulf of Mexico;
bottom habitat
typical of sandy
bottoms

Same as Preferred
Site
11.  Existence at or
in close proximity to
the site of any
significant natural
or cultural features of
historical importance.
No known natural or
cultural resources in
vicinity of the site;
disposal would not cause
adverse impacts to
unknown resources
Same as Preferred
Site
                                    5-13

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6.0  LIST OF PREPARERS.
preparing this EIS:

Name/Educat ion/
Organization

Susan Ivester Rees, Ph.D.
Corps of Engineers
Mobile District
The following people were primarily responsible for
  Expertise/Experience

  Oceanographer:   15 years
  experience in coastal
  navigation, beach nourish-
  ment and education.
Contribution

EIS Preparation,
Site Designation
Studies,
CE Coordination
Dorothy H. Gibbens, M.S.
Corps of Engineers
Mobile District
  Archaeologist:  13 years      Cultural
  experience as cultural        Resources
  resources specialist.
R. Douglas Nester, M.S.
Corps of Engineers
Mobile District
  Biologist:  11 years
  experience in biological
  studies.
                                                         Fisheries
Christian M. Hoberg, M.S.
Environmental Protection
Agency, Region IV
  Environmental Scientist:
  10 years experience in
  marine studies, EIS
  review.
                                                         EIS Review
Jeffrey Kellam, M.S.
Environmental Protection
Agency, Region IV
  Environmental Scientist:
  8 years experience in
  marine geology.
EIS Review,
EPA Coordination
Philip Murphy
Environmental Protection
Agency, Region IV
  Ecologist:  19 years
  experience aquatic/marine
  ecology, biology, and
  water quality studies.
Site Designation
Studies
Laurens M. Pitts, M.E.
Naval Facilities
Engineering Command
  Environmental Engineer:
  17 years experience
  in environmental studies
EIS Review,
Navy Coordination
                                    6-1

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7.0  PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT.  The Draft Environmental Impact Statement is being
coordinated with the following agencies,  groups,  and individuals:

FEDERAL

Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
Council on Environmental Quality
Department of Agriculture
  Forest Service
  Soil Conservation Service
Department of Commerce
  National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
    National Marine Fisheries Service
    National Ocean Survey
    Office of Coastal Zone Management
  Gulf of Mexico Fishery Management Council
Department of Defense
   Pentagon
   Department of Air Force
Department of Energy
Department of Health and Human Services
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Department of Interior
  Bureau of Mines
  Fish and Wildlife Service
  Geological Survey
  Minerals Management Service
  National Park Service
Department of Transportation
  Coast Guard
    Eighth District, New Orleans, LA
  Federal Aviation Administration
  Federal Highway Administration
  Maritime Administration
Economic Development Administration
Environmental Government Affairs
Federal Emergency Management Administration
Federal Maritime Commission
Federal Power Commission
Food and Drug Administration
General Services Administration
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Science Foundation
U.S. Senate
  Honorable Thad Cochran
  Honorable Trent Lott
U.S. House of Representatives
  Honorable Gene Taylor
                                    7-1

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STATS

Mississippi Senate
  Honorable Stephen Hale (51st District)
  Honorable Claude Bilbo (52nd District)
  Honorable Cecil Mills (43rd District)
Mississippi House Representatives
  Honorable Frank I. Ely (109th District)
  Honorable Mitchell Ellerby (110th District)
  Honorable Curt Hebert, Jr. (lllth District)
  Honorable Raymond Vecchio (112th District)
  Honorable Alvin C. Endt (113th District)
Mississippi Archaeological Association
Mississippi Department of Energy and Transportation
Mississippi Department of Environmental Quality
  Bureau of Geology
  Bureau of Pollution Control
Mississippi Department of Planning and Policy
Mississippi Department of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks
  Wildlife and Fisheries Division
  Bureau of Marine Resources
  Parks Division
Mississippi Museum of Natural Sciences
Mississippi State Board of Health
Mississippi State Highway Department
Mississippi State Historic Preservation Officer
Mississippi State Oil and Gas Board
Office of the Governor
  Governor of Mississippi
    Honorable Ray Mabus
  State Planning and Development Clearinghouse
Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium

LOCAL

Biloxi Public Library
Gulf Coast Research Lab
Jackson County Board of Supervisors
Jackson County Planning Commission
Jackson County Port Authority
Mayor of Moss Point
Mayor of Ocean Springs
Mayor of Pascagoula
Mississippi Press Register
Mississippi Research and Development Council
Pascagoula Bar Pilots Association
Pascagoula City Branch Library
Pascagoula Port Commission
Southern Mississippi Sun
Sun Herald
                                     7-2

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ORGANIZATIONS AND PUBLIC

Action
Auburn University
Battelle Ocean Sciences
Center for Action
Clean Ocean Action
Conservation Foundation
Corpus Christi State University
Ecology Center of Louisiana
Environmental Protection Commission
Gulf Regional Planning Commission
Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission
Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute
International Women's Fishing Association
Izaak Walton League of America, Inc.
Louisiana State University
Mississippi Bass Chapter Federation
Mississippi Coast Audubon Society
Mississippi League of Women Voters
Mississippi State University
Mississippi University for Women
Mississippi Wildlife Federation
Mote Marine Laboratory
National Audubon Society
National Wildlife Federation
Natural Resources Defense Council
Nature Conservancy
Oceanic Society
Organized Fishermen of Florida
Racal Survey, Inc.
Sierra Club
Southeastern Fisheries Association, Inc.
University of Alabama
University of Florida
University of Georgia
University of Miami-RSMAS
University of South Alabama
University of Southern Mississippi
University of West Florida
Wildlife Society - Mississippi Chapter
                                    7-3

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8.0  REFERENCES

Allen, R. L. and R. E. Turner.  1977.  Mississippi Delta Bight Studies No.
  5.  Hydrographic data:  April 27-May 9,  1977.   Center for Wetland
  Resources, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, LA.   LSU-SG-TL-77-005.

Benson, N.G.  1982.  Life history requirements of selected finfish and
  shellfish in Mississippi Sound and adjacent areas.   U. S. Fish and
  Wildlife Service, Office of Biological Services, Washington, D. C.
  FWS/OBS-81/51.

Carr, D. and P. H. Carr.  1977.  Survey and reconnaissance of nesting shores
  and coastal habitats of marine turtles in Florida,  Puerto Rico, and the
  U. S. Virgin Islands. .Report to Nat. Mar.  Fish. Srv.  34 pp.

Carr, A. F. and D. K. Caldwell.  1956.  The ecology and migrations of sea
 .turtles, L.  Results of field work in Florida, 1955.  Amer. Mus.
  Novitiates.  1973:1-24.

Chittenden, M. E., Jr. and J. D. McEachran.  1976.  Composition, ecology,
  and dynamics of demersal fish communities on the northwestern Gulf of
  Mexico Continental Shelf, with a similar synopsis for the entire Gulf.
  Dept. of Wildlife and Fisheries Sciences.  Texas A & M University,
  College Station, TX.  194 pp.

Christinas, J. Y.  (ed.).  1973.  Cooperative Gulf of Mexico Estuarine
  Inventory and Study, Mississippi.  Gulf Coast Research Lab., Ocean
  Springs, MS.  434 pp.

Christmas, J. Y.  and R. S. Waller.  1973.   Estuarine vertebrates.  In;
  Christmas, J. Y.. (ed.).  Cooperative Gulf of Mexico estuarine inventory
  and study, Mississippi.  Phase IV, Biology.  Gulf Coast Research
  Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS.  pp. 320-434.

Dames and Moore.  1979.  The Mississippi,  Alabama, Florida, Outer
  Continental Shelf baseline environmental survey, MAFLA 1977-1978.
  Prepared for Bureau of Land Management,  Washington, D. C., Contract
  No.  AA550-CT 7-34, 3 vol.

Darnell, R. M., R. E. Defenbaugh, and D. Moore.  1983.  Atlas of biological
  resources of the continental shelf, NW Gulf of Mexico.  BLM Open File
  Report No. 82-04.  U. S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Land Management
  (Minerals Management Service), New Orleans, LA.

DeMigo, G. J., L. F. Bosart, and G. W. Endersen.  1976.  An examination of
  the frequency and mean conditions surrounding frontal incursions into the
  Gulf of Mexico  and Caribbean Sea.  Monthly Weather Review 104:709-718.

Eleuterius, C.  1978.  Mississippi Superport Study, Environmental
  Assessment.  Mississippi Office of Science and Technology.  248 pp.
                                    8-1

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Ernst, L, H. and R. W. Barbour.  1972.
  Univ. Kentucky Press, Lexington, KY.
Turtles of the United States.
347 pp.
Fritts, T. H., A. B. Irvine, R. D. Jennings, L. A. Collum, W. Hoffman, and
  M, A. McGehee.  1983.  Turtles, birds, and mammals in the northern Gulf of
  Mexico and nearby Atlantic waters.  U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
  Washington, D. C.  FWS/OBS-82/65.  455 pp.

Fuller, D. A,  1978.  The habitats, distribution, and incidental capture of
  sea turtles in the Gulf of Mexico.  Center for Wetland Resources,
  Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA.

Fuller, D. A., A. M. Tappan, and M. C. Hester.  1987.  Sea turtles in
  Louisiana's coastal waters.  Coastal Fisheries Institute and Louisiana
  Sea Grant College Program.

Gainesville Sun.  1983.  Outdoors Section.  March 25, 1983.

GeoScience, Inc.  1984.  A report of the collection and analysis of
  sediment and water samples, Pascagoula Harbor and Mississippi Sound.
  Final report Contract No. DACW01-83-C-0027.  U. S. Army Corps of
  Engineers, Mobile District, Mobile, AL.
Gunter, G.  1963.  The fertile fisheries crescent.
  Acad. Sci. 9:286-290.
            J. Mississippi
Harmon Engineering and Testing.  1984a.  Report on disposal site
  designation for the interim approved Pascagoula offshore dredged
  material disposal area.  Final report Contract No.  DACW01-83-C-009.
  U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, Mobile, AL.

Harmon Engineering and Testing.  1984b.  Report on offshore disposal site
  designation for two areas southwest of Mobile Bay, Alabama.  Final report
  Contract No. DACW01-83-C-009.  U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile
  District, Mobile, AL.

Henwood, Terry.  Personal Communication.  1986.  National Marine Fisheries
  Service, Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula, MS.

Henwood, Terry.  Personal Communication.  1989.  National Marine Fisheries
  Service, Protected Species Branch, St. Petersburg, PL.

Hildebrand, H. H.  1982.  A historical review of the status of sea turtle
  populations in the western Gulf of Mexico.  In;  Bjorndal, K. A. (ed.)-
  Biology and conservation of sea turtles.  Proc. World Conf. Sea Turtle
  Conserv., November 26-30, 1979.  Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington
  D.C.  583 pp.

Jones, J. I., R. E. Ring, H. 0. Rinkel, and R. E. Smith (eds.)-  1973.  A
  summary of knowledge of the eastern Gulf of Mexico.  Coordinated by State
  University System of Florida  Institute of Oceanography (SUSIO),
  St.  Petersburg, FL.  577 pp.

                                    8-2

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Kjerfve, B. and J. E. Sneed.  1984.  Analysis and synthesis of oceanographic
  conditions in the Mississippi Sound offshore region.  Final report
  Contract No. DACW01-83-R-0014.  U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile
  District, Mobile, AL.  (Excerpts provided as Appendix E).

Layne, J. N.  1965.  Observations on marine mammals in Florida waters.
  Bull. FL State Mus.  9:131-181.

Loeheffner, R.  1988.  The relationship between sea turtles and oil platform
  areas:  monthly report and flight report.  U. S. Dept. of Commerce,
  National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, FL.

Lowery, G. H.  1974.  The mammals of Louisiana and its adjacent waters.
  Louisiana State University Press, Baton Rouge, LA.   565 pp.

Manheim, F. T., J. C. Hathaway, and E. Uchupi.  1972.  Suspended matter in
  surface waters  in the northern Gulf of Mexico.  Limnology and Oceanography
  17:17-27.

Matthews, L. Harrison.  1978.  The natural history of the whale.
  Columbia University Press, New York, NY.  219 pp.

Minerals Management Service (MMS).  1989.  Draft Environmental Impact
  Statement, Gulf of Mexico Sales 123 and 125:  Central and Western Planning
  Areas.  Gulf of Mexico OCS Regional Office, New Orleans, LA.

Mississippi Department of wildlife Conservation, Bureau of Marine Resources.
  1985.  Special Management Area Plan for the Port of Pascagoula, Jackson
  County, Mississippi.  Biloxi, MS.

National Marine Fisheries Service  (NMFS).  1989.  Fisheries of the United
  States, 1988.  Current Fishery Statistics No. 8800.  Silver Spring, MD.

National Marine Fisheries Service  (NMFS).  1981.  Fishery statistics
  computer readout in the study area  (grid zones 10.2, 11.0, and 11.1).
  Southeast Fisheries Center, Miami, Florida.

O'Neil, P. E. and M. F. Mettee  (eds.).  1982.  Alabama coastal region
  ecological characterization.  Vol. 2  A synthesis of environmental data.
  U.  S. Fish and Wildlife Service.  FWS/OBS-82-42.  346 pp.

Ogren, L. H.  Personal Communication.  1988.  National Marine Fisheries
  Service, Panama City, FL.

Ogren, L. H.  1977.  Survey and reconnaissance of sea turtles in the
  northern Gulf of Mexico.  Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., Panama City, FL.  8 pp.

Parrish, P. R.  Personal Communication.  1988.  Environmental Protection
  Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL.
                                    8-3

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Pequegnat, W. E., D. D. Smith, R. M. Darnell, B. J. Presley, and R. O. Reid.
  1978.  An assessment of the potential impact of dredged material disposal
  in the open ocean.  U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
  Vicksburg, MS.  Tech. Rpt. D-78-2.  642 pp.

Perry, J. M. and J. Y.. Christmas.  1973.  Estuarine Zooplankton,
  Mississippi.  In; Christmas, J. Y. (ed.).  Cooperative Gulf of Mexico
  estuarine inventory and study, Mississippi.  Phase IV, Biology.  Gulf
  Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS.  pp. 320-434.

Pritchard, P. C, H.  1976.  Post-nesting movements of turtles (Cheloniidae
  and Dermochelidae) tagged in the Guianas.  Copiea 1976:749-754.

Raytheon Ocean Systems Company.  1981.  Mississippi Sound and Adjacent
  Areas Data Collection Program.  Final report Contract No. DACW01-80-C-
  0104.  U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, Mobile, AL.

Rebel, T. P.  1974.  Sea turtles and the turtle industry of the West Indies,
  Florida, and the Gulf of Mexico.  Univ. Miami Press, Coral Gables, PL.
Rupp-Fulwiler, B. (ed.).
  Seattle, WA.
          1978.  Marine mammals.   Pacific Search Press,
Russell, R.  1965.  Some notes on the life history of shrimps of commercial
  importance in the Gulf of Mexico - a literature review.  Unpubl. document.
  Gulf Coast Research Laboratory, Ocean Springs, MS.

Schmidly, D. j.  1981.  Marine mammals of the southeastern United States
  coast and the Gulf of Mexico.  U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
  Washington, D.C.  FWS/OBS-80/41.  163 pp.
Shabica, S. Y.
  Bois Island.
1978.  The extirpation of an island:
Coastal Zone 78:2239-2258.
The Dilemma of Petit
Shipp, R. L.  Personal Communication.  1989.  Coastal Research and
  Development Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL.

Simmons, E. G. and W. H. Thomas.  1962.  Phytoplankton of the eastern
  Mississippi Delta.  Publ. Inst. Mar. Sci.  8:269-298.

Simons, T.  Personal Communication.  1988.  National Park Service, Gulf
  Islands National Seashore, Pensacola, PL.
Smith, R.  Personal Communication.
  Islands National Seashore.
                    1988.  National Park Service, Gulf
State University System Florida Institute of Oceanography (SUSIO).  1975.
  Final report on  the baseline environmental survey of the MAFLA lease areas
  CY 1974.  A report to the Bureau of Land Management, Washington, DC.,
  Contract No. 08550-CT5-30.  State University System Florida Institute of
  Oceanography.  St. Petersburg, FL.  5 Volumes.
                                    8-4

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TerEco Corporation.  1979.  Literature review of Mississippi Sound and
  adjacent areas.  Final report Contract No.   DACW01-78-C-0244.  U. S. Army
  Corps of Engineers, Mobile District, Mobile, AL.

Trefry, J. H., Ill, A. D. Fredericks, S. R. Fay, and M.  L. Byington.  1978.
  Final report for BLM MAFLA OCS Study - heavy metal analysis of bottom
  sediment.  TerEco Corporation, College Station, TX.  29 pp.
Turner, R. E. and R. L. Allen.  1982.
  the Mississippi River Delta Bight.
 Bottom water oxygen concentration in
Contrib. Mar. Sci. 25:161-172.
Upshaw, C. F., W. B. Creath and F. L. Brooks.  1966.  Sediments and
  microfauna off the coasts of Mississippi and adjacent states.
  Mississippi Geol. Survey Bull. 106.  127 pp.

U. S. Department of Interior (DOI).  1974.  Final environmental impact
  statement outer Continental Shelf oil and gas lease sale 36.  Bureau of
  Land Management, Washington, DC.  3 Volumes.

U. S. Army Engineer District Mobile (CE).  1989.  Environmental Assessment,
  Finding of No Significant Impact, and Section 103 Evaluation for Marine
  Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act Section 103 Designation and Use
  Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site, Pascagoula, Mississippi.  Mobile,
  AL.

U. S. Army Engineer District Mobile.  1985.  Pascagoula Harbor, Mississippi
  Feasibility Report and Final Environmental Impact Statement.  Improvement
  of the Federal Deep-Draft Navigation Channel.  Mobile, AL.

U. S. Army Engineer District Mobile.  1984.  Mississippi Sound and Adjacent
  Areas, Dredged Material Disposal Study, Feasibility Report.  Mobile, AL.

U. S. Army Engineer District Mobile.  1975.  Final Environmental Impact
  Statement, Pascagoula Harbor, Mississippi,  (Maintenance Dredging).
  Mobile, AL.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Environmental Research Lab.
  1988a.  Effects of sediment from six locations in the Pascagoula,
  Mississippi, Channel on representative marine organisms.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research  Lab.  1988b.
  Chemical analyses of sediment from sites 1,  2, and 3  in the  Pascagoula,
  Mississippi, Channel and tissues of marine organisms exposed to the
  sediment.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research  Lab.  1988c.
  Chemical analyses of sediment from sites 4,  5, and 6  in the  Pascagoula,
  Mississippi, Channel and tissues of marine organisms exposed to the
  sediment.
                                    8-5

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U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Lab. 1988d.
  Effects of sediment from three locations in Bayou Casotte,  Mississippi,
  Channel on representative marine organisms.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Lab.  1988e.
  Chemical analyses of sediment from Bayou Casotte, Mississippi, and tissues
  of marine organisms exposed to the sediment.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Athens Lab.  1987.  Field evaluation
  studies of an alternative dredged material disposal area off Pascagoula,
  Mississippi, 1987.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV.  1988f.  Final
  Environmental Impact Statement for Designation of a New Ocean Dredged
  Material Disposal Site, Pensacola, FL.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1986.  Final Environmental Impact
  Statement for the Pensacola, FL, Mobile, AL, and Gulfport, MS Dredged
  Material Disposal Site Designation.

U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D. C.  1982.  Draft
  Environmental Impact Statement for the Pensacola, FL, Mobile, AL, and
  Gulfport, MS dredged material disposal site designation.

U. S. Navy. 1987.  Final Environmental Impact Statement, United
  States Navy Gulf Coast Strategic Homeporting.  Southern Division Naval
  Engineering Facilities Command, Charleston, SC.  2 Volumes.

Van Lopik, J. V., K. H. Drummond, and R. E. Condrey.  1979.  Draft
  Environmental Impact Statement and Fishery Management Plan for the
  shrimp fishery of the Gulf of Mexico, United States waters.  Gulf of
  Mexico Fishery Management Council, Tampa, FL.

Vittor, B. A. and Associates, Inc.  1985.  Tuscaloosa Trend regional data
  search and synthesis study.  Final report Contract No. 14-12-0001-30048.
  Minerals Management Service, Metairie, LA.  477 pp.

Vittor, B. A. and Associates.  1982.  Benthic macroinfauna community
  characterizations in Mississippi Sound and adjacent waters.  Final report
  Contract No. DACW01-80-C-0427.  U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Mobile
  District, Mobile, AL.

Waller, T. H. and L. P. Malbrough.  1976.  Temporal changes in the offshore
  islands of Mississippi.  Water Resources Research Institute, Mississippi
  State University.  Mississippi State, Mississippi.  94 pp.

Watkins, W. A.  1977.  Acoustic behavior of sperm whales.  Oceanus 20:50-58.
                                    8-6

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             APPENDIX A





             ALTERNATIVE





OCEAN DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL SITE





          SELECTION  PROCESS

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              ALTERNATIVE OCEAN DREDGED MATERIAL DISPOSAL SITE

                             SELECTION PROCESS

1.  Introduction.  Alternative Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Sites
(ODMDS's) were selected for detailed evaluation based on environmental and
economic considerations as outlined in Pequegnat e_t al., 1981.  A site
designated for ocean disposal of dredged materials should be located within
an economically and operationally feasible radius from the point of dredging
called a Zone of Siting Feasibility (ZSF).  Factors used in determining the
ZSF include:  (1) cost of transporting dredged material to the disposal site;
(2) type of available dredging/disposal equipment; (3) navigation
restrictions; and (4) special resource areas.  Once the ZSF was established,
an interagency team reviewed existing information to determine areas within
the ZSF which should be eliminated for environmental reasons.  The results
of the selective screening process are presented in the following
paragraphs.

2.  Establishment o£ the ZSF.  It had been determined earlier that an
appropriate location for an ocean dredged material disposal site could be
located within 14 miles of Horn Island Pass (CE 1985).  This distance would
be within the economic feasibility range for the transport of dredged
material from the project, a distance of approximately 20 miles from the
mid-point in  the Mississippi Sound channel.  In addition, the most likely
dredging and  disposal plant, hopper dredged and hopper barges, could easily
work within this area of the Gulf of Mexico.

3.  Navigation Channels, Anchorage Areas, and Safety Fairways.  The entrance
channel portion of the Pascagoula Harbor navigation project extends
approximately five miles into the Gulf of Mexico at the existing depth of 38
feet and would extend approximately seven miles upon completion of the
authorized  improvements.  This is the only navigation channel that would
potentially be affected by the designation and use of an ODMDS.  As shown on
Figure A-l, navigation safety fairways are a significant feature of the area
offshore Horn Island.  These areas were excluded from consideration as part
of an ODMDS because of water depth.  Although it is felt that the ODMDS
could be managed in a way that its use would not conflict with the safety
fairway designated use, there are other large expanses which were felt
suitable for  the ODMDS.

4.  Beaches and Recreation Areas.  A wide variety of material type, ranging
from sand to  predominately fine-grained material could be disposed at the
site.  Since  the fine-grained materials would be more likely to be moved
within or from the site, especially during storms.  Due to the nature of the
material proposed for disposal in this site, a buffer zone was established
to avoid any  possibility of  impacting the beaches and recreation areas on
Horn Island,  which is part of the Gulf Islands National Seashore.  The
buffer established in this instance is approximately one and one-half to two
miles which is comparable to the buffer between the historically utilized
site and Horn Island.  Past disposal at this site, which includes fine-
grained maintenance material, has not resulted in impacts to the beaches of
                                    A-l

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Horn Island; therefore, it is believed that this buffer is appropriate
relative to the new site being designated at this time.

5.  Biologically Sensitive Areas.  Within this area of the northern Gulf
coast, one major biologically sensitive resource are areas of live bottoms.
In addition to these areas, considerable resources have been expended for
the creation of artificial reefs which serve as significant fish havens.
Other biologically sensitive areas include fish nursery, spawning, and
migratory areas.  Extensive historical information relative to these
resources was utilized to determine the actual areas which would be surveyed
for possible inclusion in the ODMDS.  This information indicates that
although this area is highly productive in terms of fishery resources, there
are no areas of high sensitivity other than the nearshore areas to the
barrier islands and the barrier islands passes.  These areas have been
previously excluded due to location of the navigation safety fairway or
navigation channel and within the buffer zone established for protection of
the beaches of Horn Island.  No live bottoms have ever been identified from
the region surveyed and the surveys discussed below further strengthened
this conclusion.
6.  Aquatic Preserves.  Horn Island is part of the Gulf Islands National
Seashore as discussed in paragraph 4 above.  There are no aquatic preserves
in the area.

7.  Other Factors.  Other factors were considered during the selective
screening process including:  mineral resource exploration, cultural
resources, and the feasibility for monitoring and surveillance of the ODMDS.
All of these factors were considered, but no additional areas were
eliminated from consideration because of them.

8.  Selection of Alternative ODMDS's.  Although two or more alternative
areas would be ideal for survey, especially in areas of little existing
information, only one area was chosen for detailed survey.  In the
Environmental Impact Statement, this area is compared to an area much
farther offshore which was included as an alternative during the designation
process for the interim (historic) sites at Pensacola, Florida, Mobile,
Alabama, and Gulfport, Mississippi (EPA 1986).  In this instance, only one
site was chosen for detailed analysis due to the volume of information
available from this region in the Gulf of Mexico.  This area of the northern
Gulf of Mexico has been the subject of extensive evaluations in the past
including:  the Cooperative Gulf of Mexico Estuarine Inventory and Study
(Gulf Coast Research Laboratory 1973); Cultural Resources Reconnaissance of
Pascagoula Harbor, Mississippi (Mistovich, Knight, and Solis 1983); the
Corps of Engineers Mississippi Sound and Adjacent Areas Study (CE 1984;
Kjerfve and Sneed 1984; 1984; Vittor and Associates, Inc. 1982); and the
National Marine Fisheries Service fishery stock assessment activities (NMFS,
Mississippi Laboratories, Pascagoula, Mississippi).

9.  Study Approach.  Once the area was selected, more detailed studies were
planned and initiated.  The first phase of study was to survey the area
using side scan sonar to characterize the bottom and to locate any potential
live/hard bottoms that should be avoided.  For the purpose of this survey

                                    A-2

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live-bottom was defined in accordance with the Minerals Management Service
definition:

       "Attached communities of invertebrates and plants and mobile
       invertebrates and fishes, occurring on emergent or thinly covered
       hard substrates or on layers of biogenic rubble."

This survey indicated little possibility for live/hard bottoms; therefore no
additional sites were added to the proposed surveys.  The tasks and methods
used during the detailed studies of the area are discussed in the following
paragraphs.

10.  Side Scan Sonar.  The initial task was a bathymetric survey using side
scan sonar for characterizing the bottom and search for potential live/hard
bottom communities.  Using a 100 KH transponder, transects traversing each
site were navigated at approximately 800-foot intervals.  The goal was to
achieve a 40-percent overlap between transects.  Actually, transect overlaps
ranged between 15 to 65 percent during the survey due to varying sea states
affecting the ship's course.  Along each transect, navigation fixes of
latitude and longitude were entered on the ship's plotter and -recorded along
with a tape recorded verbal interpretation of the side scan chart.
Accordingly, a real time analysis of the side scan information was
accomplished.  If side scan sonar images of suspect bottom characteristics
were encountered at any point along the transect of suspect bottom
characteristics, coordinates for such areas were recorded for subsequent
investigation by divers or Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV).  A total of 14
east-west transects were run during the survey operations.

11.  Photographic Records.  The second task associated with site clearing
involved the use of a towed camera sled to obtain continuous video records
of transects spaced at 800-foot intervals covering each 6-square mile site.
Along each individual transect, navigation fixes of latitude and longitude
were recorded along with depth and entered on the ship's plotter.  Spacing
between each fix was also at intervals of approximately 800 feet.

Due to the poor visibility at the Pascagoula location continuous video
recording proved to be unacceptable.  In addition, attempts to provide still
shots of the bottom were nullified by the presence of a nephloid layer along
the bottom.

12.  Bottom Sampling.  Bottom sampling included sampling for benthic
marcoinvertebrates, sediment chemistry and sediment particle size.  These
areas are discussed below and sample stations are shown on Figure A-2.  See
Appendices B and D for results.

12.1  Benthic Macroinvertebrates.  A total of 21 stations were sampled for
benthic macroinvertebrates using round stainless steel hand cores 10 cm in
diameter and 15 cm long.  The top end of each corer was screened with 0.5 mm
mesh.  At each station, cores were taken by divers.  Each corer was pushed
into the sediment to its full length (15 cm), capped on the bottom end by
the diver's hand, momentarily inverted and placed in a cloth bag which was
tightly secured to prevent escape of sediment and organisms.  All samples

                                    A-3

-------
were sieved through 0.5 mm screens aboard ship, placed in containers, and
immersed in 10% seawater formalin solution with rose bengal stain for
transport to the laboratory.  Identifications were made to the lowest
practicable limit, which in most cases was the species level.

During the November 1986 survey, 15 replicate benthic macroinvertebrate
cores were taken at each station.  At four of the 21 stations, 15 additional
cores, for a total of 30 reps, were taken to determine the number of
replicates necessary to satisfy the species saturation curve.  This
information was used to adjust the replication effort for the April 1987
survey as well as to determine the number of replicates which would be
identified from the October survey.

The species saturation analysis established that 13 replicates were
sufficient to satisfy the curve at approximately the 80 to 85% level.
Accordingly, 13 replicates were utilized during the baseline
characterization surveys.

12.2  Sediment Chemistry.  During the course of macroinvertebrate sampling,
cores for sediment chemical analysis were collected with Teflon coring
tubes.  Consistent with the macroinvertebrate sampling, core penetration was
to the 15 cm depth.  All cores were refrigerated and iced for return to the
lab for analysis.  Analyses include metals scan, pesticides, chlorinated
hydrocarbons, oil and grease, and nutrients (NH3, N02+N03-N, TKN).

Sampling and analysis for only the metals scan and nutrients were repeated
during the April survey since pesticide, chlorinated hydrocarbon, and oil
and grease concentrations in the November samples were generally below
analytical detection limits.

In addition, a sediment mapping survey was performed during April - May 1987
utilizing a continuous seafloor sampling and analysis procedure.

12.3  Sediment Particle Size.  Simultaneous with and in the same manner as
sediment chemistry sampling, cores were also collected during November and
April for sediment particle size analysis.  Upon return aboard ship, all
cores were carefully decanted, frozen, and returned to the lab.  Processing
was according to the wet sieve Modified Wentworth method.  Data are
presented as percent total dry weight for seven size categories from medium
gravel to clay.

13.  Water Quality Sampling.  Water quality sampling was conducted at nine
stations during November 1986 and at eight stations durii.ij February, April,
and July 1987.  Water quality sampling consisted of dissolved oxygen,
salinity and temperature (DST) profiles at three depths, near surface, mid-
depth, and near bottom.  Light extinction profiles were determined using 10-
foot increments from surface to bottom.  After determination of the 90, 50,
and 10% light levels, water column samples were collected at each of these
depths, composited, and a sample extracted and filtered for chlorophyll-a
content.
                                    A-4

-------
In conjunction with DST profiles, water samples were collected at surface,
raid-depth, and bottom for nutrient analysis.

14.  Summary.  The information collected in this program was compared to
existing information from the mid-shelf site as described in Section 3 of
the DEIS.
                                    A-5

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Figure A-l.  Location of Proposed ODHDS
                                A-6

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              APPENDIX  B





U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY





         WATER AND  SEDIMENT





             QUALITY DATA





             1986 - 1987

-------

-------
                              APPENDIX B




                           TABLE OF CONTENTS




                                                                      Page




Site Water Analyses 	  .....  B-l




Sediment Analyses	B-6




Sediment Particle Site  	 B-13




Percent Light Transmission  	 B-17




Site Hydrographic Conditions  ....  	 B-20




Sediment Mapping Report 	  .  	 B-24

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-------
Chlorophyll A Concentrations, Pascagoula ODMDS, Mississippi,  November 1986
and April 1987.
    Station


     PM-1

     PM-2

     PM-4

     PM-10

     PM-11

     PM-12

     PM-17

     PM-20
  Chlorophyll A Concentration (mg/1)
November 1986
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    1.75

    2.04

    1.75

    1.75

    1.75

    1.46

    0.88
April 1987

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   4.03

   5.01

   4.39

   4.25

   4.21

   3.68

   3.64
                                   B-4a

-------

-------
Chlorophyll A Concentrations, Pascagoula OOMDS, Mississippi, November 1986
and April 1987.
    Station



     PM-1

     PM-2

     PM-4

     PM-10

     PM-11

     PM-12

     PM-17

     PM-20
Chlorophyll A Concentration (mg/1)
                          April 1987
November 1986

    3.51

    1.75

    2.04

    1.75

    1.75

    1.75

    1.46

    0.88
                             3.90

                             4.03

                             5.01

                             4.39

                             4.25

                             4.21

                             3.68

                             3.64
                                B-5

-------













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-------
Sediment Particle Size, Pascagoula, Mississippi, November 1986
Sta.
Al
A2
A3
A4
AS
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
All
A12
A13
All
A15
A16
medium
gravel
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2.07
0.05
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.20
0.02
0.58
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.10
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.29
0.04
fine
gravel
0.26
0.01
0.07
0.01
0.07
0.01
1.26
0.02
0.78
0.04
0.35
0.01
0.54
0.02
1.02
0.14
0.89
0.02
1.12
0.04
0.51
0.94
0.39
0.08
0.67
0.04
0.73
0.02
0.40
0.01
0.49
0.06
coarse
sand
2.18
0.04
2.04
0.00
2.04
0.00
11.18
0.02
3.56
0.00
5.16
0.03
0.08
0.02
4.45
0.12
2.06
0.10
2.04
0.12
5.95
0.51
1.42
0.08
16.63
0.04
3.76
0.04
2.38
0.09
2.57
0.17
medium
sand
84.09
0.16
94.18
0.11
94.18
0.11
83.22
0.08
61.49
0.58
89.68
0.14
93.69
0.00
50.58
0.34
48.09
0.29
63.48
0.40
52.15
0.96
42.01
0.24
35.53
1.04
60.21
0.22
74.81
0.30
55.74
0.68
fine
sand
1.08
0.05
1.07
0.02
1.07
0.02
0.75
0.01
11.35
0.23
1.32
0.04
1.93
0.01
10.88
0.29
10.64
0.19
16.47
0.28
12.85
0.51
16.14
0.42
13.43
0.68
8.90
0.08
6.55
0.13
12.27
0.38
silt
7.54
0.84
0.84
0.12
0.84
0.12
0.37
0.04
16.57
1.58
1.38
0.19
1.79
0.18
22.12
1.27
24.18
2.02
11.54
0.89
17.11
1.60
26.10
1.97
20.68
1.27
3.36
0.32
9.90
0.97
19.19
1.63
clay
3.33
0.42
1.18
0.36
1.18
0.36
0.81
0.10
3.11
0.71
1.26
0.44
1.18
0.35
7.37
0.84
8.87
2.64
0.30
3.31
4.94
1.97
8.96
2.28
6.46
1.02
1.69
0.67
3.45
0.57
5.82
0.68
totals
98.48
1.52
99.38
0.62
99.38
0.62
99.66
0.33
96.86
3.14
99.15
0.85
99.41
0.59
97.00
3.00
94.73
5.27
94.95
3.63
93.51
6.49
94.92
5.08
94.51
4.19
98.65
1.35
97.94
2.06
96.37
3.63
                           B-13

-------
     Sediment Particle Size, Pascagoula, Mississippi, November 1986 (cont'd)
Sta,

A17


A18


A19


A20


A2L
aedlum
gravel

 0.81
 0.00

 0.00
 0.00

 0.00
 0.00

 0.00
 0.00

 0.00
 0.00
 fine
gravel

 2.27
 0.07

 0.53
 0.01

 1.17
 0.09

 0.54
 0.05

 0.75
 0.07
coarse
 sand

 3.67
 0.22

 2.71
 0.16

 3.68
 0.21

 6.74
 0.57

 7.16
 0.56
medium
 sand

 38.24
  0.47

 42.60
  0.42

 34.95
  0.47

 39.26
  1.49

 41.69
  1.36
fine
sand

13.50
 0.36

13.24
 0.25

20.63
14.57

12.34
 1.76

13.40
 0.56
silt    clay
22.77
 2.83

26.14
 2.17

 9.58
 0.18

 27.62
  2.32

 24.61
  1.91
13.97
 0.81

10.35
 1.43

 11.30
  3.17

  5.98
  1.32

  6.88
  1.06
totals

 95.23
  4.77

 95.57
  4.43

  81.31
  18.69

  92.48
   7.52

  94.48
   5.52
                                      B-14

-------
Sediment Particle Size, Pascagoula, Mississippi, April 1987
Sta.
Al
A2
A3
A4
AS
A6
A7
A8
A9
A10
All
A12
A13
A14
A15
A16
medium
gravel
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
fine
gravel
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
5.38
0.07
0.49
0.03
2.75
0.01
0.66
0.00
0.78
0.00
0.85
0.08
0.45
0.09
1.05
0.07
0.68
0.09
0.00
0.00
0.31
0.05
0.24
0.03
3.96
0.01
coarse
sand
3.53
0.08
2.93
0.01
2.37
0.00
19.91
0.06
2.73
0.10
4.00
0.02
10.10
0.00
1.48
0.01
1.92
0.07
0.88
0.07
0.89
0.04
1.12
0.07
0.52
0.00
3.98
0.06
1.09
0.06
1.13
0.05
medium
sand
85.08
0.16
94.99
0.05
92.08
0.09
2.62
0.02
66.64
0.39
89.92
0.11
85.59
0.07
43.22
0.17
49.50
0.11
47.46
0.09
38.10
0.30
37.81
0.15
27.64
0.31
72.59
0.24
66.50
0.25
34.77
0.26
B-15
fine
sand
0.67
0.02
0.65
0.03
0.83
0.01
69.74
0.11
10.34
0.19
1.75
0.00
0.74
0.00
14.80
0.17
11.39
0.20
20.52
0.26
13.13
0.33
17.52
0.19
16.46
0.27
13.75
0.13
16.44
0.16
17.48
0.32
silt
2.53
0.38
0.21
0.06
2.44
0.29
0.67
0.09
12.65
1.38
0.24
0.03
1.09
0.21
23.62
2,53
21.66
1.97
19.32
1.66
29.87
2.94
23.76
2.21
33.48
2.44
4.63
0.40
7.91
0.72
24.18
1.92
clay
2.06
5.49
0.91
0.11
1.64
0.25
1.03
0.29
4.36
0.72
0.95
0.21
1.06
0.49
10.73
2.48
10.82
1.43
7.16
2.04
11.19
2.08
15.11
1.30
16.53
2.35
2.60
1.28
5.52
1.10
13.23
2.68
totals
93.87
6.13
99.75
0.25
99.36
0.64
99.36
0.64
97.20
2.80
99.61
0.39
99.23
0.77
94.65
5.35
96.15
3.85
95.78
4.22
94.23
5.77
96.00
4.00
94.64
5.36
97.85
2.15
97.68
2.32
94.75
5.25

-------
      Sediment Particle Size, Pascagoula, Mississippi, April 1987 (cortt'd)
Sta.

A17


A18


A19


A20


A21
medium
gravel

  0.00
  0.00

  0.00
  0.00

  0.00
  0.00

  0.00
  0.00

  0.00
  0.00
 fine
gravel

  0.23
  0.00

  0.22
  0.01

  0.02
  0.00

  0.98
  0.08

  0.60
  0.00
coarse
 sand

  0.08
  0.24

  1.44
  0.10

  0.18
  0.00

  0.91
  0.04

  0.89
  0.12
medium
 sand

  38.60
   1.06

  38.87
   0.62

  8.39
  0.02

  33.95
   0.34

  31.00
   0.45
fine
sand

 12.73
  0.23

 18.49
  0.49

  6.75
  0.24

 17.88
  0.32

 24.71
  0.49
silt

30.51
 0.23

24.66
 1.93

 0.23
 0.02

 26.48
  2.33

 25.10
  2.31
 clay   totals
12.64
 2.72

11.18
 2.02

 76.80
  7.36

 14.13
  2.56

 10.15
  4.18
95.51
 4.49

94.85
 5.15

 92.36
  7.64

 94.33
  5.67

 92.45
  7.55
                                       B-16

-------
Percent light transmission through water
column, Pascagoula, Mississippi, October 1986.
 I
ZI
O
Ul
X
O
                                    PM A4
           	DEPTH  (ft)	
PM A2
    4 flfi.
     60
     40
     20-
      0
PM A5
                           100
                            80
                            60
                            40
                            20
                          100
                           80
                           60
                           40
                           20
                          100
                           80
                           60
                           40
                           20
                            0
                                 8 12 16 202428
PM A10
                                 10   20   30   40
                    PM  A12
                     PM A20
                                10   20  30  40

-------
    Percent light transmission through  water
    column, Pascagoula, Mississippi,  February 1987.
           	DEPTH  (ft)	
g
CO
C/)
CO
z
H-
X
o
   100n	
    80
    60
    40
    20
     0
            PM 1
           10
      20
                  30
        10 '  20  *  30
                                   PM  10
    ' 4" 6 '

                        10 '  20 "  30   40
   100
801
60
40
20
 0
   100
      PM 11
10  20 "  30 '  40
100
 80
 60
 40
 20
  0
100
 80
 60
 40

                                  10   20   30   40
                                  10   20  30   40
                       B-18

-------
   Percent light transmission through  water

   column, Pascagoula, Mississippi, April,. 1987.
                        DEPTH (ft)	
   100
                     100
z
<
cr
      0  "10  20   30   40  U6  ' 1'0 '  20 *" 30  40
                                       PM 10
h-
I
O
'0"4'8 '12 1620 2428    U0 * 4 ' 8
                                        6 224 28 32
                                  10   20  30   40
      6 "  1"0 ' 2*0  30  40    U6 ' 4 " 8 T2T6"2'0'2'4'
                        B-19

-------
Pascagoula Candidate Ocean Dredge Material Disposal Site,  Dissolved
Oxygen, Salinity and Temperature Records from Water Column Surface,
Middle and Bottom Depths, October 1986 February 1987,  April 1987,
July 1987
Station 1
PM-A1


PM-A1


PM-A1

PM-A1


PM-A2


PM-A2

PM-A2

PM-A2

Sampling Period
October 1986


February 1987


April 1987

July 1987


October 1986


February 1987

April 1987

July 1987

Depth(ft)
1
16
33
1
18
35
1
15
35
1
15
35
1
16
35
1
18
35
1
15
35
1
15
35
Dissolved Oxygen(mg/L)
7.0
6.1
5.3
7.8
7.8
7.0
8.1
4.6
4.3
6.5
6.3
4.2
7.1
6.9
4.8
8.4
7.7
6.9
8.4
8.1
4.5
6.5
6.3
3.9
Salinity (o/oo)
32.8
34.3
35.7
23.4
32.2
35.2
29.3
37.5
37.5
30.7
32.0
33.8
33.7
34.8
36.1
23.6
32.8
35.0
24.7
31.7
32.0
30.8
32.0
33.6
Temperature
21.9
22.9
24.0
14.3
15.7
16.6
22.4
18.1
18.0
29.4
29.5
29.3
22.2
22.4
23.8
14.3
15.9
16.3
23.6
19.0
18.7
29.8
29.7
29.3
                             B-20

-------
Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity and Temperature Records from Hater
Column Surface, Middle and Bottom Depths,  Pascagoula,  Mississippi
October 1986 February 1987, April 1987, July 1987
ation
-A4
-A4
-A4
-A4
1-A10
I-A10
1-A10
1-A10
Sampling Period
October 1986
February 1987
April 1987
July 1987
October 1986
February 1987
April 1987
July 1987
Depth(ft)
1
11
22
1
13
25
1
15
25
1
15
25
1
16
32
1
16
32
1
15
32
1
15
30
Dissolved Oxygen(mg/L)
7.4
7.0
6.0
8.3
6.9
6.4
8.3
5.4
4.7
6.4
6.4
4.3
7.0
6.7
5.0
7.5
7.1
6.6
7.7
8.5
4.2
6.4
6.4
2.3
Salinity (o/oo)
31.5
33.1
34.8
26.0
34.4
35.0
30.0
37.2
36.9
30.3
30.4
33.0
33.8
33.8
34.9
32.7
34.6
35.2
31.2
36.2
37.4
30.1
30.1
33.1
Temperature(°C)
21.5
22.1
23.4
14.2
16.1
16.4
23.9
18.6
18.4
29.7
29.7
29.5
22.45
22.65
23.3
15.2
15.0
16.3
23.4
19.4
18.4
29.6
29.6
29.3
                           B-21

-------
Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity and Temperature Records from Water
Column Surface, Middle and Bottom Depths, Pascagoula,  Mississippi
October 1986 February 1987, April 1987, July 1987
Station
PM-A11


PM-A1 1

PM-A1 1

PM-A1 1

PM-A12

PM-A12

PM-A12

PM-A12

Sampling Period
October 1986


February 1987

April 1987

July 1987

October 1986

February 1987

April 1987

July 1987

Depth(ft)
1
20
40
1
21
42
1
20
40
1
20
40
1
19
38
1
18
35
1
15
35
1
15
35
Dissolved Oxygen(mg/L)
7.2
7.0
5.6
7.7
7.8
6.3
7.9
4.7
4.3
6.5
6.1
3.0
7.0
6.8
6.1
7.7
7.5
6.4
7.9
7.9
4.5
6.4
6.3
2.4
Salinity (o/oo)
33.0
34.9
35.5
32.2
32.5
35.6
30.3
37.4
37.7
30.2
30.7
33.6
34.2
34.2
34.6
32.0
32.7
35.4
30.9
37.1
37.8
30.1
30.1
33.2
Temperature
22.1
22.5
23.0
15.3
15.5
16.5
22.3
18.8
18.2
29.7
29.7
29.1
22.3
22.6
23.1
15.4
15.5
16.5
23.6
19.0
18.2
29.5
29.5
29.1
                             B-22

-------
Dissolved Oxygen, Salinity and Temperature Records from Water
Column Surface, Middle and Bottom Depths,  Pascagoula,  Mississippi
October 1986 February 1987, April 1987, July 1987
at ion
1-A17

1-A17


1-A17


I-A17


1-A20


4-A20

-A20

4-A20


Sampling Period
October 1986

February 1987


April 1987


July 1987


October 1986


February 1987

April 1987

July 1987


Depth(ft)
1
23
45
1
23
45
1
20
40
1
20
40
1
19
38
1
20
40
1
15
35
1
15
35
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/L)
6.7
6.6
5.4
7.9
7.5
6.2
8.0
4.6
4.2
6.5
6.3
3.5
6.9
6.9
5.7
7.8
7.7
6.1
8.0
8.1
4.9
6.2
6.1
2.7
Salinity (o/oo)
34.3
34.4
34.9
31.9
33.1
35.6
28.7
30.7
31.0
28.7
30.7
31.0
34.4
34.3
35.2
32.4
33.5
36.5
31.3
36.6
37.5
30.5
30.5
33.3
Temperature ( °C )
22.7
22.7
23.2
15.3
15.9
16.7
22.0
18.5
18.5
29.7
29.7
29.2
22.7
22.5
23.1
15.5
15.6
16.9
23.0
19.1
18.3
29.5
29.6
29.2
                           B-23

-------
Final Rapid Surveillance of Dredged Material Site Sediments

        by  Continuous  Seafloor  Sampling and  Analysis

                        April  1988

                             by

            Center  for  Applied Isotope Studies
                   University of Georgia

         Under Contract to Battelle Ocean Sciences
                        EPA  SW #75
                  Contract  No.  68-03-3319
                            B-24

-------
        Final Rapid Surveillance of Dredged Material  Site  Sediments
                by  Continuous Seafloor Sampling and Analysis

The Pascagoula ODMDS was surveyed in two cruise  legs.   The first  survey leg
was conducted April 30 through May 1,  1987, beginning at Station  101
(30°11,89'N and 88°32.66'W) in water depths of  8,0  meters  and ending at
Station 458 (30°10.37'N and 88°33.29'W)  in 9.5  meters of water.   The second
leg of the survey commenced on May 2,  starting  at  Station  701
(30°10.18'N and 88°33.32'W) in 11.8 meters of water and ending at Station
808 (30°09.70'N and 88°34.04'W) 12.1 meters of  water.   A  total of 464
stations were sampled with the CS  system.  The gamma sled was not deployed
during this survey.

Figure B-l shows the location of the dumpsite relative to  the shoreline in
the vicinity of Pascagoula and the navigational channel.   Figure  B-2 shows
the transects and station locations.  Figures B-3  and B-  4 show Fe and Mn
concentrations, respectively, at the site.  Fe  values given in Figure B-3,
expressed as percent ferric oxide (Fe203>, are  taken  from  Apendix A and are
rounded to the nearest whole number.  Mn values expressed  as percent
manganese oxide (MnO) are taken from Appendix A and multiplied by 25 in
order to fit onto a scale of 0-9.  Symbols used for both  figures  are a (+)
marking the location of each sampling station and  a whole  number
representing percent metal oxide concentration.  Contour  maps of  percent
F6203 and percent MnO are shown in Figures B-5  and B-6.  Figures  B-7 and B-8
depict topographical profiles of the percent Fe203 and percent MnO.  Figures
B-9 and B-10 show a depth contour and topographical profile, respectively,
for the Pascagoula ODMDS as measured in feet from  the OSV Anderson's
fathometer; data are shown in Appendix B-A.

The data presented in Table B-l show a comparison  of  laboratory and
shipboard elemental analyses, with Fe reported  as  F6203 and Mn as MnO.  The
laboratory analyses reported in Table B-l were run on bulk surficial
sediments that were collected from the effluent of the shipboard processor
at the same time the processor sampled the sediment slurry.  These samples,
collected at a number of designated stations, were frozen on board ship and
transported to the CAIS laboratory for the comparative analyses.   The
samples were dried, digested with nitric and hydrochloric acid, and analyzed
by inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (TCP).   The laboratory analyses
were done to verify the accuracy of the values calculated for the shipboard
elemental XRF analyses.  Figures B-ll and B-12 illustrate the correlations
of the two sets of data.  For Figure B-ll  {Fe values) the slope  is 0.64,  the
intercept is 1.5, and r2 is 0.65.  For Figure B-12 (Mn values) the slope  is
0.29, the intercept is 0.09, and r2 is 0.26.  The  rather poor r2  is 0.26.
The rather poor r2 correlation value for Mn can be explained in  the large
error measurement due to the low Mn concentration  in the marine  sediments.
Although the levels of Mn do present a measurement problem, especially with
the less sensitive shipboard XRF analyses, the data nevertheless  have merit
in that the values do indicate high and low concentrations, relative to each
other, within the surveyed site.  This is  indicated by the similarity of  the
Fe and Mn contours shown in Figures B-5 and B-6.
                                    B-2 5

-------
Sufficient  fine-grained surficial sediments were found throughout the
dumpsite to enable over 400 samples to be collected and analyzed at sea.
The CS^ system data indicated both Fe and Mn values were at their highest
levels in the central southern portion of the ODMDS and extended beyond its
southern boundary.  However, due to the lack of control, samples from in and
around the  dumpsite, it is difficult to draw definite conclusions concerning
the significance of these elevated values as to whether they are indicative
of dump spoil material outside the ODMDS.  In future studies of this nature,
it would be a definite advantage to have conducted a baseline survey so as
to define the undisturbed sediment regimen prior to dumping.  Also, it would
be of definite advantage to have collected and analyzed representative spoil
site material to identify its unique physical and chemical properties prior
to a ODMDS  survey being conducted.

                      Conclusions and Recommendations

Stations 430 to 446; 722 to 727; 733 to 739; 770 to 778; and 784 to 787 are
all south of the designated disposal area.  All of the stations exhibited Fe
and Mn concentrations in the surficial sediments above ambient levels as
discerned by the CS^ system.  Although similar values were detected within
the site, it can be seen from the data that the area to the south represents
the highest concentration levels found within the area.   A more precise
identification of dredged spoil material could be realized if the Fe and Mn
values were ratioed to Al values.  However, at present, the sensitivity of
the shipboard XRF does not allow Al to be measured.  From the shipboard XRF
Fe data recorded, and from the results of the laboratory analyses, it is
recommended that if an additional investigation of this ODMDS is conducted,
it should more closely examine the southern portion of the dump site.  This
examination should include observations by divers and collection of samples
for benthic biota and for geological and geochemical evaluation.
                                    B-26

-------
Table B-l.  Comparative Laboratory-Shipboard Elemental Analyses
       Site No.
         110
         120
         130
         135
         145
         155
         170
         185
         196
         210
         220
         240
         249
         260
         264
         270
         280
         284
         290
         310
         320
         327
         330
         332
         340
         350
         356
         361
         371
         380
         390
         407
         425
         448
         702
         707
         710
         719
         733
         736
         739
         753
         769
         775
         779
         793
         804
                           Lab
Ship
    % Mn
Lab      Ship
1.93
1.08
2.18
2.18
1.90
1.63
1.47
1.83
2.24
2.33
1.97
0.82
0.53
0.12
0.10
1.77
1.63
1.74
1.07
0.89
0.29
0.19
0.18
0.35
1.96
1.22
1.49
1.90
2.15
2.28
1.51
2.10
2.12
1.55
1.37
1.70
1.27
2.11
1.65
1.75
1.89
1.42
1.57
1.44
1.26
1.52
1.26
1.9
1.1
1.8
1.8
1.5
1.4
1.1
1.1
1.6
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.7
0.5
0.6
1.8
1.3
1.5
1.1
1.2
0.6
0.7
0.7
0.8
1.9
1.5
1.4
1.5
2.2
2.5
1.8
1.3
2.5
1.3
2.1
1.9
1.3
1.9
1.7
2.1
1.9
1.3
1.5
2.1
1.9
1.4
1.1
.11
.12
.16
.13
.13
.13
.15
.15
.12
.11
.13
.12
.07
.04
.00
.11
.12
.11
.07
.07
.05
.01
.04
.01
.20
.11
.18
.16
.18
.13
.08
.09
.12
.14
.07
.12
.11
.12
.09
.10
.16
.11
.10
.10
.08
.08
.10
.12
.08
.10
.10
.11
.09
.08
.10
.12
.12
.10
.09
.07
.07
.07
.12
.09
.09
.09
.09
.08
.06
.08
.08
.12
.10
.10
.12
.16
.17
.12
.09
.18
.12
.11
.13
.09
.12
.12
.12
.13
.11
.10
.14
.12
.10
.09
                                    B-27

-------
                                                          88*30'
                 DREDGE DUMP SITE
-30° 10'
                           88° 35'
                                                           Nautical Mii«a
88*30'
  t
               30a!0'—4
Figure B-l.  Pascagoula Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site
                                   B-28

-------
                                                             o
                                                             o
                                                             CM"
                                                             ro
                                                             o
                                                             00
                                                             00
                                                            o
                                                            q

                                                            o>
                                                            rO
                                                            o
                                                            CO
                                                            03
 z

"o
 in
 cvj
 o
 O
 »0
                                                                                        s
                                                                                        CO
                                                                                        01
                                                                                        .3
                                                                                        vt

                                                                                       ^
                                                                                        w
                                                                                        u

                                                                                        1
                                                                                        «g

CN
                                             B-29

-------
                                                        o
                                                        Q
                                                        CM
                                                        ro
                                                        o
                                                        00
                                                        00
                                                                                a

                                                                                §

                                                                                3


                                                                                I
                                                                                u

                                                                                8
                                                                                CH
                                                                                 f)
                                                        O
                                                        q
                                                        o>
                                                        rO
                                                        o
                                                        CO
                                                        GO
                            u

                            g
O
in

c\j
o
O
ro
                                                                                en
<7>
O
o

                                       B-30

-------
      o
     O
     q
     cJ
     ro
     o
     GO
     00
              i     n^  —  (^   - .•*»

          •VfJ^V  PU.-vv  ^"V*^ 'X

          <%(*••  «M*t^  ^(V* ^ TtU

             .  "*» ™* 
-------
    88039.00-*
30°12.30'M|
aa°32.oo-w
                                                                    O
                                                                             30009.50^
    88°39.(XrW
                                                                       88032.00'W
   Figure B-5.   Contour Map of  Percent  Fe.O. at Pascagoula ODMDS
    8a°39.0Q'W
30°12.50'N
 aa°32.QO'W
    88°39.00'W
   Figure B-6.   Contour Map of Percent MnO at  Pascagoula ODMDS


                                        B-32

-------
                                                             .00*
Figure B-7.  Topographical Profile of  Percent  Pe2°3  at
             Pascagoula ODMDS
Figure B-8.  Topographical Profile of Percent MnO at
             Pascagoula ODMDS

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30°12.SO-N
30009.30'N
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  Figure B-9.  Depth Contour map  (feet) of Pascagoula ODMDS
   Figure B-10.   Topographical Profile of  Depth (feet) of Pascagoula
                  ODMDS
                                      B-34

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             APPENDIX C





CHARACTERISTICS OF DREDGED MATERIAL





PASCAGOULA HARBOR NAVIGATION PROJECT





            MISSISSIPPI

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                               APPENDIX C

                           TABLE OP CONTENTS

                                                                      Page
Effects of Sediment From Six Locations in the Pascagoula,
  Mississippi Channel on Representative Marine Organisms  ......  C-l

Chemical Analyses of Sediments From Sites I/ 2, and 3
  in the Pascagoula, Mississippi Channel  and Tissues of
  Marine Organisms Exposed to the Sediment  	 C-23

Chemical Analyses of Sediments From Sites 4, 5, and 6
  in the Pascagoula, Mississippi Channel  and Tissues of
  Marine Organisms Exposed to the Sediment  	 C-75

Effects of Sediment From Three Locations  in Bayou Casotte,
  Mississippi Channel on Representative Marine Organisms   	 C-134

Chemical Analyses of Sediment From Bayou  Casotte,
  Mississippi Channel and Tissues of Marine Organisms
  Exposed to the Sediment	 C-147

Physical/Chemical Data, Pascagoula Federal Navigation
  Channel, 1983	C-199

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EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT FROM SIX LOCATIONS IN THE PASCAGOULA, MISSISSIPPI,
              CHANNEL ON REPRESENTATIVE MARINE ORGANISMS
                             Prepared by:

                   Dredged Materials Research Team
                      P.R. Parrish, Coordinator

                 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                  Environmental  Research Laboratory
                            Sabine Island
                   Gulf Breeze,  Florida 32561-3999
                            Submitted to:

                      Susan Ivester Rees,  PD-EC
                     U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers
                           Mobile District
                        109 St. Joseph Street
                      Mobile,  Alabama 36628-0001
                      In  partial  fulfillment of:
                         IAG RW96932347-01-0
                   Preliminary  Report:
                   Final  Report:
April 1987
                                    C-l

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                                 ABSTRACT
     A toxidty and bioaccumulation test was conducted with sediment
from six locations in the Pascagoula, Mississippi, Channel.  Three types
of marine organisms from benthic and epibenthic habitats  were exposed  to
sediment samples from each of the six locations for 10 days in flowing,
natural  seawater; a reference sediment from Grand Bay, Alabama, was used
as a control.  The purpose of the test was to evaluate, in the laboratory,
the toxicity of the sediment samples and the potential for bioaccumulation
of any chemicals from the sediments.  In addition, a 96-hour toxicity
test was conducted with the suspended particulate phase (SPP) of each
sediment sample and the reference sediment.  The purpose  was to compare
toxicity of the whole sediment to that of the SPP and to  assure the
suitability of the reference sediment as a control.
     The toxicity of each of the six sediment samples was minimal.
Exposure to the sediments for 10 days had little observable adverse effect
on lugworms (Arenicola cristata), oysters (Crassostrea virginica), or
pink shrimp (Penaeus duorarum);  survival of all three types of animals
was >_ 86%.   The SPP of each of the six sediments and the  reference sediment
had little effect on mysids (Mysidopsis bahia).  Survival in 100% SPP  of
all samples was >_ 80%.
     The results of the bioaccumulation test will be reported in a separate
document.
                                       C-2

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                               INTRODUCTION
     In accord with an agreement with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(CE), Mobile District, tests were conducted with sediment from six
locations in the Pascagoula, Mississippi, Channel  to determine toxicity
to representative marine organisms and the potential for bioaccumulation
of chemicals from the sediment samples.  Ten-day tests with the solid
phase (whole sediment) and 96-hour(h) tests with the suspended participate
phase (SPP)  of each sediment sample and a reference sediment were
conducted at the U.S. EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze
(ERL/GB), Florida, during January-April 1987.  Sediment sample collection
and testing had to be separated into two time periods because of the
large number of tanks required for the 10-day tests.
     The chemical analyses of sediments and animal  tissue were conducted
at ERL/GB, and the results are reported in a separate document.

                          MATERIALS AND METHODS
Test Materials
     The sediments tested were collected by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (FWS) on 15 January 1987 (Sites 1, 2, and 3) and on 11 March
1987 (Sites 4, 5, and 6)  and transported to ERL/GB  on the day of collection,
A reference sediment was collected from Grand Bay,  Alabama, on 19 January
1987 (for Sites 1, 2, and 3 tests)  and 18 February 1987 (for Sites 3, 4,
and 5 tests).  A detailed report from FWS to CE on collection methods
              «•
and site locations is contained in Appendix A.  The sediment samples and
reference sediment samples were placed in a large cooler at ERL/GB and
maintained at approximately 4°C.  Before testing, the reference sediment
was sieved to remove any large organisms; subsamples were combined and
                                      C-3

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mixed well.  The reference sediment was made up of larger particles
than the Channel sediments.  The reference sediment was 72% silt-clay
while all channel sediments were all ^ 90% silt-clay.  Silt-clay is
defined as those particles < 62 micrometers (pm)  (Folk 1957).  A
characterization of the Channel sediment samples and the reference
sediment is contained in Table 1.
     For the tests with the SPP of the sediments, sodium lauryl sulfate
was used as a reference toxicant to assure that the populations of animals
were suitable for testing.  The chemical used was manufactured by Sigma
Chemical Company, No. L-5750, Lot 42F-0039, and was approximately 95%
pure.
Test Animals
     For the solid-phase (whole-sediment)  tests, three types of marine
organisms from benthic and epibenthic habitats were tested.  They were
lugworms (Arenicola cristata), oysters (Crassostrea virginica), and pink
shrimp (Penaeus duorarum).  The lugworms were purchased from a bait dealer
in St. Petersburg, Florida; the oysters were purchased from a local
commercial  fisherman; and the shrimp were purchased from a local bait
dealer.  It should be noted that the populations of oysters for the two
sets of tests were collected from different locations.  All animals were
maintained for at least 48 h at ERL/GB where they were acclimated
to test conditions.  One tank of shrimp (approximately 100 individuals) was
lost because of a water system failure; these animals were immediately replaced.
There was no other observed deaths of oysters or shrimp during the acclimation
period.  Those lugworms that did not burrow into the substrate in the
acclimation tanks were not considered suitable for testing and were
discarded.                             c_4

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     Myslds (Mysidopsis bahla) for the SPP and reference toxicant tests
were cultured at ERL/GB.  Mysids (5 _+ 1 days old) were fed Arteroia salina
nauplil  (32 to 48 h post-hydratlon) during holding and testing.
Test Mater
     Natural seawater pumped  from Santa Rosa Sound Into the ERL/GB seawater
system was used for all tests.  For the solid-phase tests, the water was
not filtered as it was pumped into elevated reservoirs.  There it was
aerated  and allowed to flow by gravity into the wet laboratory where it
was siphoned from an open trough into the test aquaria.  For the SPP and
reference-toxicant tests, the seawater was filtered through sand and 20-wm
fiber filters; salinity was controlled at 20 _+ 2 parts per thousand by
the addition of deionized water, and temperature was controlled at 25 _+
1°C by a commercial chiller and/or heater.
Test Methods
     Test methods for the solid-phase tests were based on those of U.S.
Environmental  Protection Agency/Corps of Engineers (1977) and methods for
the SPP  tests were after U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (1985).  To
prepare  for the exposure of lugworms, oysters, and shrimp, approximately
7 liters (£) of reference sediment was placed in each of fifteen 20-gallon
(76-£)  glass aquaria.  This resulted in a layer of reference sediment
approximately 30 millimeters (mm)  deep.  After about 1 h, seawater flowed
into each aquarium at approximately 25 £/h, and the system was allowed to
                                        t
equilibrate fop-48 h.  After equilibration, the seawater flow was stopped,
approximatley 3.5 i of the appropriate Channel sediment was added to each
aquarium (resulting in a layer about 15 mm deep), the sediment was allowed
to settle for approximatley 1 h, and the seawater flow was resumed.   Twenty
lugworms were placed in the back section and 20 shrimp and 20 oysters
                                      C-5

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were placed in the front section of each aquarium.  (A nylon screen, 2-mm
mesh, had been inserted in each aquarium and secured with silicone sealant
in order to separate the lugworms from the predacious shrimp.)   It should
be noted that, in the second set of tests, only 10 oysters were used per
replicate.  This change was necessary because of the limited availability of
suitable test organisms.  The tissue from ten oysters was more than
enough for chemical analyses to determine bioaccumulation.
     The five control aquaria for each of the two sets of tests were
prepared at the same time and in the same manner as the Channel sediment
exposure aquaria except that only the reference sediment was added to
each aquarium.
     The 10-day test for sediment samples from Sites 1, 2, and 3 was
conducted 22 January to 2 February 1987, and that for Sites 4, 5, and 6,
13 March to 23 March 1987.  Water temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved
oxygen were recorded daily.  Dead animals were noted and removed from
the aquaria daily.  At the end of each exposure, the remaining live
animals in each aquarium were removed, rinsed with seawater to remove
sediment, and were placed separately in flowing seawater to purge their gut.
After 24 h, they were placed in acid-cleaned glass jars, then frozen,
and later provided to the ERL/GB Chemistry Laboratory for chemical analyses
to determine bioaccumulation.  Animals from the test populations were
treated similarly before the test began,to provide information on background
concentrations*
     To prepare the suspended particulate phase (SPP) of each of the six
Channel sediment samples and the reference sediment, 1,000 milliliters (m*)
of chilled seawater was added to a 2-4 Erlenmeyer flask.  Then, 200 tax, of
well-stirred sediment was added to the flask.  More seawater (800 mfc)
                                     C-6

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was added to the  flask to bring the contents to the 2-t mark.  This
1-part  sediment:9-part seawater mixture was placed on a magnetic stirrer
and mixed for at  least 5 minutes, and then allowed to settle for 1 h.
The SPP was then  decanted Into a separate container, and pH and dissolved
oxygen  (DO) concentrations were measured.  The SPP of all the Channel
sediment samples  and the reference sediment had to be aerated to increase
the 00  to acceptable concentrations (_> 60% of saturation).  The appropriate
volume  of 100%  SPP in seawater or seawater only was added to Z-SL Carolina
culture dishes  {the total volume in each .dish was l£) to prepare the
test mixtures and control.  The mixtures were then stirred for approximately
5 minutes (min);  the DO, pH, temperature and salinity were measured; and
test animals were added to the dishes.  For all tests, ten animals were
placed  in each dish in holding cups fabricated by gluing a collar of
363-gm  mesh nylon screen to a 15-centimeter (cm)  wide glass Petri dish
with silicone sealant; the nylon screen collar was approximately 5 cm
high.
     After water  quality measurements and addition of animals, the dishes
were stacked, with a cover on the top dish, and placed in an incubator.
The temperature controller was set at 21 °C and the light controller at 14
h light:10 h dark.  The seawater in all treatments was aerated at
a volume estimated to be 100 cubic centimeters/min during the tests.
Air was delivered to each dish through polyethylene tubing (0.045-inch
inner diameter*and 0.062-inch outer diameter)  by a small aquarium pump.
     Water quality was measured at 24-h intervals, but daily counts of
animals were not made because in some cases the turbidity of the sediments
prevented observations of test animals.  After 96 h, the tests were
terminated.   When necessary, the cups were flushed with seawater until
                                     C-7

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 the animals  became  visible,  and  live animals were then removed by
 pipette  and  counted.   Suitability of the procedure was ensured by
 counting the control  animals, placing them back in the holding cup and
 flushing them with  seawater, and then recounting them.
     Methods  for the  mysid reference-toxicant test were the same as
 those used for the  SPP tests, except that the test material was prepared
 by weighing  one gram  of sodium lauryl sulfate on an analytical balance,
 adding the chemical to a 100-me volumetric flask, and bringing the
 flask to volume with  deionized water.  The test mixtures were prepared
 by adding 0.1 mfc of the stock solution for each part per million desired
 to one liter of seawater.  The mixtures were stirred briefly, water
 quality was measured, animals were added, and the test was begun.  Incubation
 and monitoring procedures were the same as those for the sediment tests.
     Tests with the SPP prepared with sediment from Sites 1, 2, and 3
were conducted 9-13 February 1987, and those for sites 4, 5, and 6 and the
 reference sediment, 16-20 March 1987.  A reference toxicant test was
conducted 2-6 March 1987.
Statistical Analyses
     No statistical  analysis was performed on data from the solid-phase
exposures because no  significant mortality was observed, nor was there
 any statistical  analyses of the data from the SPP tests because no median
effect (50% mortality) occurred.  Mortality data from the mysid reference-
                                        •
toxicant test were subjected to statistical analyses, however.  The
96-h LC50 (the concentration lethal  to 50% of the test animals after
96 h of exposure)  were calcuated by using the moving average method
 (Kendall  and Stuart, 1973,  and Stephan,  1977).  The 9b% confidence limits
were also calculated.
                                      C-8

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                          RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
     Sediment from six sites In the Pascagoula,  Mississippi,  Channel
had little observable adverse effect on lugworms, oysters,  or shrimp
after a 10-day exposure.  Survival of all  three  types of animals was  >_ 86%
(Tables 2 and 3).
     The suspended particulate phase (SPP)  of none of the channel  sediments
nor the reference sediment caused significant adverse effects on mysids.
When up to 100% SPP was tested, survival  was >_ 80% (Table 4).  Results of
the reference toxicant test showed that the mysids were in  suitable
condition for testing; the 96-h LC50 was 6.3 ppm with 95% confidence
limits of 4.4 to 9.3 ppm.  Our experience and the literature  (Roberts et
al., 1982) show that the 96-h LC50 of sodium lauryl  sulfate for mysids
is usually 5 to 8 ppm.
    Water quality was satisfactory during the 10-day exposure with all
sediment samples (Tables 5 and 6).
     The results of the bioaccumulation tests are reported  in a separate
document.
                                     C-9

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                             LITERATURE CITED
Kendall, M.G. and Stuart, A.  1973.  The Advanced Theory of Statistics.
   Vol. 3, 3rd ed., Hafner Publishing Co., New York, NY, pp. 342-430.
Folk, R.L.  1957.  Petrology of Sedimentary Rock.  Hemphill Publishing
   Co. Austin, TX,  pp. 123-145.
Roberts, M.H., Jr., J.E. Warlnner, C.F. Tsa1, D. Wright, and I.E. Cronin.
   1982.  Comparison of Estuarine Species Sensitivities to Three Toxicants.
   Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 11:681-692.
Stephan, C.E.  1977.  Methods for Calculating an LC50.  In:  Aquatic
   Toxlcity and Hazard Evaluation.  ASTM STP 634, F.L. Mayer and J.L.
   Hamelink, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia,
   PA, pp. 65-84.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Corps of Engineers.  1977.  Ecological
   Evaluation of Proposed Discharge of Dredged Material into Ocean Maters,
   Implementation Manual for Section 103 of Public Law 92-532 (Marine
   Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972), U.S. Army Engineer
   Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS, 24 pp. plus appendices.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1985.  Oil and Gas Point Source
   Category, Offshore Subcategory; Effluent Limitations Guidelines and New
   Source Performance Standards; Proposed Rule.  FEDERAL REGISTER 50(165):
   34592-34636.
                                      C-10

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Table 1.  Characterization of six sediment samples from the
Pascagoula, Mississippi, Channel and a reference sediment
from Grand Bay, Alabama, for water content and percent silt-clay
(< 62 micrometers).  Values reported are mean values.
Sediment
Reference
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Site 5
Site 6
Percent Water
     47.9
     68.8
     67.7
     72.6
     70.1
     75.7
     76.2
 Percent
Silt-Clay
  71.8
  91.5
  96.3
  99.1
  93.3
  98.7
  99.1
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 Table 2.  Results of a 10-day laboratory exposure of lugworms (Arenicola
 cristata), oysters (Crassostrea vi rginica), and pink shrimp (Penaeus
 duorarum) to sediment from the Pascagoula,  Mississippi, Channel  (Sites
 1, 2, and 3), along with a reference sediment.  Numbers are animals  that
 were alive at the end of the exposure; numbers of animals per replicate
 at the beginning of the test were 17 for lugworms, 20 oysters, and 20
 pink shrimp.
Reference
    Sediment
Replicate

    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
  Total
Lugworms3

   15
   15
   17
   15
   17
   79
Oysters

  20
  20
  20
  20
  20
 TOO
                                                                      Shrimpb
 20
 20
 20
 20
 ii
 99
Site 1
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
  Total
   17
   17
   15
   16
   16
   81
  20
  19
  20
  20
  20
  99
 17
 20
 19
 19
 II
 94
Site 2
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
  Total
   16
   16
   17
   16
   16
   8T
  20
  20
  20
  20
  20
 100
 18
 21
 21
 19
 19
 98"
Site 3
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
  Total
   17
   15
   16
   14
   17
   79"
  20
  20
  20
  20
  19
  99
 20
 20
 20
 20
 20
100
aBecause of the limited availability of suitable tests organisms, only 17
lugworms per replicate were used.

bln Site 2 (replicates 2 & 3),  there was an additional shrimp mistakenly
 placed into the test aquarium.
                                     C-12

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Table 3.  Results of a 10-day laboratory exposure of lugworms (Areni col a
cristata), oysters (Crassostrea yirginica), and pink shrimp (Penaeus
duorarum) to sediment from the Pascagoula,  Mississippi, Channel  (Sites
4, 5, and 6), along with a reference sediment.  Numbers are animals that
were alive at the end of the exposure; numbers of animals per replicate
at the beginning of the test were 20 lugworms, 10 oysters, and 20
pink shrimp.



Reference
Sediment




Site 4





Site 5





Site 6



Replicate
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Lugworms
20
19
20
19
19
97
20
20
18
20
20
W
18
20
18
17
20
93
19
15
20
18
20
97
Oysters
10
10
10
10
10
50
10
9
10
10
10
TO
10
10
10
10
10
50
10
10
10
10
lla
^
Shrimp
18
20
20
18
13
89
18
18
19
16
18
89
18
16
16
18
18
86
20
18
18
17
23
96
a A double-oyster that had not been separated was mistakenly  placed  in
  the aquarium.
                                    C-13

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Table 4.  Results of acute toxicity tests conducted with myslds (My sidopsis bahia)
and the suspended particulate phase (SPP) of sediment from six sites in the
Pascagoula, Mississippi, Channel and a reference sediment from Grand Bay,
Alabama,  the percentage of animals alive after 96 hours of exposure is given.
Exposure
Test material
Reference
Sediment
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Site 4
Site 5
Site 6
Control
100
100
90
90
180
100
100
1%
90
80
90
90
100
100
100
Concentration (% SPPa)
10%
100
90
100
100
100
100
100
25%
90
70
80
100
100
100
100
50%
90
100
50
100
90
100
100
100%
100
80
100
90
90
100
90
aThe SPP (suspended particulate phase) was prepared by mixing 1 part

sediment with 9 parts seawater (v:v), allowing the mixture to settle for

1 hour, and decanting the unsettled portion.
                                     C-14

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Table 5.  Water quality measurements during 10-day laboratory exposure of marine
organisms to sediment from the Pascagoula, Mississippi, Channel  (Sites 1, 2, and 3).
Two replicates per treatment were chosen for measurement of dissolved oxygen and pH.
Test Day
1
(°C) 11.0
ity (%) 24.0
ENCE 8.0
8.4
1 8.4
8.3
2 8.3
8.4
3 8.5
8.4
ENCE 8.1
8.2
1 8.2
8.1
2 8.2
8.2
3 8.2
8.1
2
12.0
24.0
7.7
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.8
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.2
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.2
3
14.0
25.0
7.5
7.9
7.8
7.6
7.6
8.2
7.4
7.7
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.3
8.2
4
12.0
25.0
6.5
7.7
8.1
7.1
7.9
8.0
7.9
8.2
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.0
5
12.0
24.0
9.2
9.4
8.9
9.1
9.1
9.3
9.2
9.1
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.8
6
13.0
26.0
8.8
8.4
7.9
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.6
8.3
8.2
8.2
8.0
8.1
8.2
8.2
8.2
8.2
7
13.0
25.0
8.4
8.4
8.2
8.6
8.6
8.9
8.5
8.5
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.8
8
13.5
24.0
7.8
8.2
7.0
8.0
8.0
7.8
8.1
8.0
7.8
7.8
7.6
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
9
14.0
25.0
7.5
7.6
7.2
7.5
7.5
5.8
7.6
7.5
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
7.7
8.0
8.1
10
15.0
30.0
6.7
6.9
6.2
6.7
6.7
6.6
6.8
6.6
8.2
8.3
8.1
8.3
8.3
8.2
8.3
8.3
                                     C-15

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Table 6.  Water quality measurements during 10-day laboratory exposures of marine]
organisms to sediment from the Pascagoula, Mississippi, Channel  (Sites 4,  5,  and
Two replicates per treatment were chosen for measurement of dissolved oxygen  and
Temp. (°C)
Salinity (%}
DO (ppm)
REFERENCE
SITE 4
SITE 5
SITE 6
jpH
REFERENCE
SITE 4
SITE 5
SITE 6

1
15.0
22.0
6.6
6.7
6.0
6.6
6.5
6.0
6.7
6.7

8.0
8.0
8.2
8.0
8.1
8.1
8.1
8.1

2
16.5
25.0
7.2
7.1
6.8
7.0
6.9
6.9
7.1
7.0

8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0

3
17.0
25.0
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.9
6.5
6.5
6.7
6.4

7.9
7.9
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0
8.0

4
17.0
30.0
6.4
6.4
5.4
5.5
6.5
6.3
6.4
6.3

7.8
7.8
7.6
7.7
7.9
7.8
7.9
7.9

5
18.0
26.0
6.0
6.0
4.2
6.4
6.6
5.5
6.6
6.7

7.9
7.9
8.0
7.9
7.9
8.0
8.0
8.0
Test Day
6
17.5
22.0
6.0
6.5
5.0
6.4
6.3
6.5
6.5
5.3

7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9

7
18.0
22.0
6.5
6.5
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.7
6.5
6.3

7.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.8

8
19.0
26.0
6.4
5.7
5.6
5.6
5.5
5.5
5.4
5.9

7.9
7.9
7.9
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.9
I
9 i
1
19.0 1
28.0 2
6.0
6.0
5.6 .
6.1
6.0
5.8
6.0
5.9

7.8
7.9
7.8
7.8
7.8
7.7
7.8
7.8
                                     C-16

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                          APPENDIX A

         United States Department of the Interior
                   FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
                         P.O.  Drawer  1190
                         Daphne,  AL 36S26

                          March 25, 1987
Colonel  C. Hilton Dunn
U.S.  Anay Corps of Engineers
P.O.  Box 2288
Mobile,  Alabama 36628

Dear  Colonel Dunn:

This  is our  revised  report  regarding  our works associated with
sediment  collections  for purposes of  conducting bioassays at
Pascagoula Harbor, Mississippi.  The original report was  presented on
March 4, 1987.  However,  after  submittal  of  the report, problems arose
when  test organisms did not  arrive at the EPA laboratory as scheduled.
This  delay required that additional sediment samples be collected for
Sites 4,  5,  and 6.  This was accomplished  as reflected in the revised
report.

                                 Sincerely  yours..,-
                                 Larry Ey Goldman
                                 Field Supervisor
Attachment
                              C-17

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                               APPENDIX A
                PASCAGOULA HARBOR SEDIMENT ANALYSIS

This report  regards the collection of sediments used to run bioassays
in  assoc iation_ with  development of alternative disposal methods for
the pascagoulcrHfflrbor Project, Mississippi.

Dredged material  from the upper Paseagoula  channel  and inner
Pascagoula Harbor  has historically been placed in the Singing River
Island disposal area.  This  site as  now proposed will  become the
location of the Navy's  homeport.  Thus,  this disposal area will likely
be  eliminated and additional disposal  areas will need to be  located.
Ocean dumping  is one viable alternative  and requires that bioassays be
conducted as  directed under  the Ocean Dumping Act. The  Fish and
Wildlife Service (Service) was contracted by the Corps to collect the
test sediments and transport the material to the EPA Laboratory at
Gulf Breeze,  Florida, for analysis.   The  following describes the
sites, methods, and dates associated with the sediment collections.
Collection  Sites

It was  determined that 6 sample stations in  the Pascagoula Harbor area
should  be used for  this  analysis (see Fig.  1 and Table 1 attached).
These  sites are approximately one mile apart  and extended from  site 1
at the  railroad bridge to  site 6  at channel  markers "39"-"40".
Reference  material (control) was also required for the analysis.  This
material  had  to be  from  a relatively pristine area and simulate the
material  at  the proposed ocean disposal site which is south of Horn
Island.   It was decided  by the Service  and Corps, after review of
sediment  maps, that the reference material should be obtained  in the
area  of Marsh Island (Fig.  2).  This location is basically isolated
and buffered from major industrial and development activity.

Collection  Dates

The EPA Gulf  Breeze  Laboratory did  not  have  enough tanks  for a
simultaneous  testing of  all  six  sample  sites.   Therefore, the
collection dates were split  whereby three channel sites and the
reference material  were  collected on two  separate dates.  The  first
collection .of channel material (sites 1, 2 and 3) was conducted on
January 15, 1987.  Weather conditions required that collection  of the
reference material  be delayed until January 19, 1987.  The  second
collections  (sites 4, 5 and 6) and reference material were conducted
on February  18, 1987.  This material was taken to the EPA Laboratory
on the  day following the collection. _ The sediment was then stored in
coolers prior to blending.  Problems occurred when some of the test
organisms  (lobworms) were deliverd to the EPA  at a later date than had
been  originally scheduled.   As a result, the  channel material.
collected  on February 18 was deemed unsuitable for test purposes and a
second  sediment collection  at Sites 4, 5, and  6 was conducted on March
                                  C-18

-------
                             APPENDIX  A
11,  1987.   It  was determined by the EPA that the reference material
was  suitably  a_nd therefore no additional collection of this sediment
was necessary^ —

Collection Methods

The  channel  and reference material was contained in 5-gallon plastic
cans  with vacuum lids.   Prior to filling  these containers with the
test  sediments each can and lid was washed with soap and water,  rinsed
with  a 5 percent solution of acetone,  then rinsed with a 5 percent
solution of  HCL and  again rinsed with water.  The material from the
approximately  40-ft.  upper  and inner channel was obtained using a
Peterson grab  dredge with a sample area of 1 sq. ft.  The reference
material was  taken from  depths of 1 ft.  to  3 ft. and both dredge and
shovel were  used for  collecting this sediment.  Ten gallons (2 cans)
of material  were collected for each channel site.  This material was
blended once  it was delivered to the Gulf Breeze Lab.  Fifty gallons
(10  cans) of  reference  material were collected on January 19, 1987,
for  the first  series of testing.  At the request of the Gulf Breeze
Lab,  this was  increased to 53 gallons during the second collection,
February 18,  1987,  for purposes of conducting the rays id shrimp test.
The reference material was  also blended at the lab.
Attachments
                                 C-19

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-------
                           APPENDIX A
                               Table 1
            General Location of the Channel Sample Sites*


Site 1  *  100 yds. south of Railroad Bridge

Site 2  -  At Coast Guard Station

Site 3  -  At Buoy #2

Site 4  -  About 200 yds.  south of the mouth of take Yazoo and north
           of Marker 43 and 44.

Site 5  -  Between Marker 41 and 42.

Site 6  -  Between Marker 39 and 40.



* All samples were taken in or near the middle of the channel.
                               C-21

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         APPENDIX  A
         *'"  ria-t*M ••*>»• \/**."•"""
  *.          ''I    ' f!k ^
              i    *A *  v"
•      '+7    /"^/''    «
         ' »   .   '   //
9
ii 10 J
10
it ti
15
»' ii
13 ii
1 >2
~~~?'j^
» 6
9
10
II
12
II

Reference Material
Collection Site
iy ,o" '" .0
" .A,^ .' H. |0
rrf " ' •^N>
• II
II II .
"
12 12 l2 " II "
" 12
12 " "
>v 12 '2 "
9 ,' ' 7
.', */*tf
10 . ft 9/t «
''°*<^ /' f9
^"*,' «''
10 / ^y< 5
^ / //• . *
10 / iff »
1 e> '* 7
^ > \t * *
• * T * '
.-„ U^*t i / * ^
               Figure 2

-------
   CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SEDIMENT FROM SITES 1, 2 and 3
        IN THE PASCAGOULA, MISSISSIPPI, CHANNEL
AND TISSUES OF MARINE ORGANISMS EXPOSED TO THE SEDIMENT
                      Prepared by:

            Analytical Chemistry Section of
             The Aquatic Toxicology Branch
             James C. Moore, Section Chief
              E.M. Lores, Research Chemist
        and Christine Deans, Ph.D. Statistician,
             Computer Sciences Corporation

          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
           Environmental Research Laboratory
                     Sabine Island
                 Gulf Breeze, FL  32561
                     Submitted To:

               Susan Ivester Rees, PD-EC
              U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                    Mobile District
                 109 St. Joseph Street
              Mobile, Alabama  36628-0001
               In partial  fulfillment of:

                  IAG RW96932347-01-0
    Preliminary Report September 1987
          Final Report
                           C-23

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                                 ABSTRACT

     Chemical analyses were performed on sediments from Sites 1, 2,  and 3
in the Pascagoula, Mississippi, Channel and on three types of marine
organisms exposed to these sediment samples during a 10-day bioaccumulation
test conducted by the Dredged Materials Research Team of the Gulf Breeze
Laboratory.  Five replicates of each sediment and type of organism were
analyzed for residues of selected chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides, PCBs,
chlorpyrifos (Dursban), petroleum hydrocarbons, and 9 heavy metals.   The
purpose of these chemical analyses was to determine if residues were
detectable in the sediment and if they accumulated in tissues of organisms
exposed to the sediment.  Samples of each type of organism and sediment
were analyzed before use in the bioaccumulation test.
     Residues of selected pesticides or PCBs were not detected in sediments
or animal tissues before or after exposure, but several metals were detected
in sediments and in tissues of organisms before and after exposure.
There were no significant differences among sites for oysters (Crassostrea
virginica)  or shrimp (Penaeus duorarum).  In lugworms, {Arem'col a cri stata)
however, chromium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc concentrations were signi-
ficantly different among sites.  Mean concentrations of chromium and nickel
were not greater than mean concentrations in lugworms exposed to the
reference sediment, however, significant differences for accumulation
of metal residue in lugworms were determined by comparing each site to the
              e.
reference sediment with Student-Newman-Keuls tests.  Differences were
found for Site 2 for copper and lead, and Sites 2 and 3 for zinc.  Although
statistically significant differences were determined, this may not
indicate bioaccumulation.
                                     C-24

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                               INTRODUCTION
     In accord with an agreement between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(CE), Mobile District, and EPA's Gulf Breeze Environmental  Research
Laboratory (ERL/GB) , chemical analyses were performed on sediment from
Sites 1, 2 and 3 in the Pascagoula, Mississippi, Channel and on three
species of marine organisms exposed to these sediments during a 10-day
bioaccumulation test.  Five replicates of each sediment and organism were
analyzed for the following chemical residues:   PCBs, selected chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides, chlorpyrifos (Dursban), selected heavy metals,
and two petroleum hydrocarbon fractions (aliphatic and aromatic).  These
analyses were performed on sediments and organisms before the bio-
accumulation test and on organisms after a bioaccumulation test.  Chemical
analyses were performed by gas-liquid chromatography for pesticides,
PCBs, and petroleum hydrocarbons, and inductively coupled argon plasma
emission spectroscopy (ICAP)  for heavy metals.  Methods of chemical
analyses were modified and validated at ERL/GB, except for the petroleum
hydrocarbon method.  This method was used as recommended by the U.S.
EPA/Corps of Engineers Implementation Manual (EPA/CE, 1977).
                                     C-25

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                          MATERIALS AND METHODS

Test Sediments and Animals
     Samples of sediments and test organisms were obtained from the ERL/6B
Dredged Materials Research Team prior to initiation of the bioaccumulation
test.  Locations of test sediment collection sites, the reference site,
and a description of experimental designs and test methods were reported
in a separate document.  After the 10-day exposure period, five replicates
of each test organism from each test sediment, and the reference sediment,
were collected and maintained at approximately 4°C until chemical analyses
were performed.
Methods of Chemical Analyses
A.  Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides and PCBs
     Tissue samples were weighed into a 150-mm by 25-mm screw-top test
tube and homogenized three times with 10 ml of acetonitrile with a
Willems Polytron Model PT 20-ST (Brinkman Instruments, Westbury, NY).
Following each homogenization, the test tube was centrifuged (1600x g)
and the liquid layer decanted into a 120-ml oil sample bottle.  Seventy-
five ml of a 2% (w/v)  aqueous sodium sulfate and 10 ml of petroleum ether
were added to the bottle and the contents shaken for 1 minute.  After the
layers separated, the solvent was pipetted into a 25-ml concentrator
tube and the extraction with petroleum ether was repeated two more times.
The combined solvent extract was concentrated to 1 ml on a nitrogen
              £r
evaporator in preparation for cleanup.
     Cleanup columns were prepared by adding 3 g of PR-grade florisil
(stored at 130°C)  and 2 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate (powder)  to a
200-mm by 9-rnm i.d. Chromaflex column (Kontes Glass Co., Vineland,
NJ) and rinsing with 20 ml  of hexane.  Tissue and sediment extracts were
                                     C-26

-------
transferred to the column with two additional 2-ml volumes of hexane.
Pesticides and PCBs were eluted with 20 ml of 5% (v/v) dlethyl ether In
hexane.
     Quantitatlons of pesticides were made with external standard methods.
All standards were obtained from the EPA pesticide repository.  PCB
reference standard, obtained from U.S. EPA Chemical Repository, Washington,
DC, was described by Sawyer (1978).  Analyses were performed on a Hewlett-
Packard Model 5710 gas chromatograph equipped with a 63N1 electron-capture
detector.  Separations were performed by using a 182-cm by 2-mm i.d. glass
column packed with 2% SP2100 (Supelco, Inc., Bellefonte, PA) on 80-100
mesh Supelcoport.  Other gas chromatographic parameters were: flow rate
of the 10% methane-in-argon carrier gas, 25 ml/min; column temperature,
190°C; inlet temperature, 200°C, and detector temperature, 300°C.
     Recoveries of PCBs and pesticides from spiked samples and detection
limits for pesticides and petroleum hydrocarbons are shown in Table 1.
Results are reported to two significant figures in Tables 2 through 2d,
as our methods allow.
B.  Heavy Metals
     One to two grams of tissue or sediment were weighed into a 40 ml
reaction vessel.  Five ml of concentrated nitric acid (Baker Chemical  Instra-
Analyzed)  were added and the samples digested for 2 to 4 h at 70°C in  a tube
heater.  Digestion was continued, with vessels capped, for 48 h at 70°C.
After digestion, samples were transferred to 15-ml  tubes and diluted to 10 ml
for aspiration into a Jarre!1-Ash AtomComp 800 Series inductively-coupled
argon-plasma emission spectrometer (ICP).  This instrument acquires data for
15 elements simultaneously.  Method detection limits for each element  are
given  in  Table 3 and are based on wet weight analyses.  No detectable
                                     C-27

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 residues could be  found  in method blanks.  A solution of ten percent nitric
 acid/distilled water was analyzed between samples to prevent carryover of
 residues from one  sample to the next.  Standards were used to calibrate the
 instrument initially and adjustments were made when necessary.  Concentrations
 are reported in two significant figures as our method allows, and were not
 corrected for percentage recovery.
 C.  Petroleum Hydrocarbons
     Ten grams of  tissue or sediment were weighed into culture tubes and
 extracted as described by J.S. Warner (1976).  Sample extracts were
 concentrated to approximately 0.50 ml for gas chromatographic analyses.
 Analyses were performed on a Hewlett Packard gas chromatograph (GC)
equipped with flame ionization detection.  Separations were performed by
using a 182-cm by 2-mm i.d. glass column packed with 3% OV101 on 100/120
mesh Supelcoport.  Helium carrier gas was used at a flow of 30 mfc/min.
Quality Assurance of Chemical  Analyses
     All standards used for quantitations of pesticides were obtained
 from EPA's repository in Las Vegas, Nevada.   Standard solutions of metals
were obtained from J.T. Baker Chemical Co.,  Phillipsburg, NJ, and were
 Instra-Analyzed quality.  Dotriacontane was  obtained from Alltech Associates,
Deerfield, Illinois, and was used as an internal  standard to quantitate
petroleum hydrocarbons.
     A part of our quality assurance procedures includes fortification of
samples of organisms and sediments with selected chemicals to evaluate the
entire analytical system during the period of time quantitative analyses
of test organisms and sediments are performed.  Separate samples were
 fortified with selected pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and metals.
 Reagent and glassware blanks were analyzed to verify that the analytical
                                    C-28

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system was not contaminated with chemical residues that could interfere
with quantisations.
Statistical Analyses
     Residue data were analyzed according to guidance in the Implementation
Manual (EPA/CE, 1977).
     Test for homogeneity of variance was performed to determine whether
variance of data sets were homogeneous.  Then analysis of variance {ANOVA)
was used to compare mean tissue concentration in animals exposed to each
dredged material sample.  When the calculated F-value exceeded the tabulated
value, the Student-Newman-Keuls multiple-range test was used to determine
which dredged material mean was significantly different from the Reference
mean.  These ANOVA were performed by using Statistical Analysis System
(SAS) procedures (SAS Institute Inc., 1982).
                          RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analyses of Pesticides and PCBs
     We believe the results of spiked samples (Table 1} indicate that the
extraction and quantitation techniques were adequate for determining
concentrations of chemical residues in organisms and sediments used in
the bioaccumulation study.  Results of reageant and glassware blank
analyses verified that residues of pesticides, PCBs, petroleum hydrocarbons,
metals, or other contaminants were not present prior to the analyses of
test organisms and sediments.
     Prior to the bioaccumulation test, chemical analyses were performed
on replicate samples of each group of organisms and sediments.  Results
of the analyses of organisms are shown in (Table 2), indicating that
residues of pesticides and PCBs were not present in concentrations above
the detection limits.  Residues of pesticides or PCBs were not detected
                                     C-29

-------
 In  replicate  samples of reference sediment or sediments from Sites 1, 2,
 or  3.  Detection limits were the same as those shown in Table 2.
     After exposure to the reference sediment or test sediment from Site
 1,  Site 2 and Site 3, for 10 days, organism tissues were analyzed.
 Results (Tables 3-6) indicate that pesticides or PCBs did not accumulate
 in tissues.
 Analyses of Metals
     Replicate samples of each group of organisms were analyzed for
 selected metals before and after a 10-day bioaccumulation test.  Results
 from the pretest analyses are shown in Table 7, with method detection
 limits given for each element.  Concentrations of some elements could not
 be quantitated because our instrument has limited capabilities and cannot
 correct for interferences from high concentrations of some elements.
 present in these samples.  Results in Table 8 show that all  sediment
 samples contained some heavy metals.
     Concentrations of selected metals in samples of oysters (Crassostrea
virginica) exposed for 10 days to a reference sediment and separate sedi-
ment samples from Sites 1, 2 and 3 are shown in Table 9.  Test for
 homogeneity of variances was performed on cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu),
nickel  (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn).  As results in Tables 10-13 show,
 in all  cases the calculated C-values were smaller than the tabulated
C-values at the 95-percent confidence level were considered homogenous.
Because the means of Cu concentrations in oysters exposed to sediment
from Sites 1, 2 and 3 were less than means of Cu concentrations in
oysters exposed to the reference sediment, no further analyses were
 performed on copper.  Analysis of varinace (ANOVA) of oyster bio-
 accumulation data for Cd, Ni, Pb, and Zn are shown in Tables 15-18.  No
                                    C-30

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significant differences were detected among the sites.
     Concentrations of metals In samples of lugworms (Arem'cola crlstata)
exposed for 10 days to sediments from a reference site and separate
sediment samples from Sites 1, 2 and 3 are shown In Table 19.  Results of
Tests for homogeneity of variance performed on Cd, chromium (Cr), Cu, Hg,
Ml, Pb, Zn residues In tissues are shown In Tables 20-26.  Log transfor-
mations were necessary for Cu data only.  Since mean concentrations of Cr
and Ml for sites were less than mean concentration of Cr and Ni In the
reference, no further statistical analyses were necessary for Cr, or NI
residues In lugworms.
     Results from analyses of variance for Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn bio-
accumulation In lugworms are shown In Tables 27-31.  Significant differences
were found for Cu, Pb, and Zn among sites.  Student-Newman-Keuls multiple-
range test was then performed on bioaccumulation data for mean residue
concentrations of Cu, Pb, and Zn In lugworms to determine which mean
concentrations differed.  Results of these analyses are given In Tables
32-34 and show that accumulation of copper and lead residues In lugworms
exposed to sediment from Site 2 were different from those residues accumu-
lated from the reference sediment.  Residues of zinc accumulated In
lugworms exposed to sediment from Sites 2 and 3 were different from
residues accumulated from the reference sediment.
     Concentrations of metals In samples of shrimp {Penaeu^ duorarum)
exposed for lOtdays to sediment from a reference site or sediments from
Sites 1, 2 or 3 are shown In Table 35.  Results of Cochran's test for
homogenlety of variances performed on Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg and Zn, residues
detected In shrimp tissues are shown In Tables 36-40.  Because of
similarity of means Table 36, or because means from the sites were less
                                     C-31

-------
than means for the reference sediment, Tables 37-38 no further analyses
were necessary for Cd, Cr, Cu, and Hg residue data.  For zinc data (Table
40), log transformation was necessary.  Results from analysis of variance
of zinc data are shown in Table 41, and indicate no significant differences
among sites for bioaccumulation of Zn in tissues of shrimp.
Analyses of petroleum hycrocarbons
     Concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbon
analyses in tissues of organisms exposed to the reference sediment and
sediment from Sites 1, 2 and 3 are shown in Table 42.  No significant
concentrations were detectable in any organism or sediment analyzed.

                             LITERATURE CITED
SAS Institute Inc.  1982.  SAS Users Guide:  Basies, 1982 edition.
   SAS Institute, Cary, NC  923 pp.
Sawyer, L.O., 1978.  Quantitation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues
  by Electron Capture Gas-Liquid chromatography:  collabortive study.
  J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 61, 282-291.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Corps of Engineers Technical Committee
  on Criteria for Dredged and Fill Material, "Ecological Evaluation of Proposed
  Discharge of Dredged material Into Ocean Waters; implementation Manual
  for Section 103 Public Law 92-532 (Marine Protection Research, and
  Sanctuaries Act of 1972), "July 1977 (second Printing April 1978),
  Environmental  Effects Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways
              ff
  Experimentation Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Warner, J.S., 1976.  Determination of Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  in Marine Organisms.  Analytical Chemistry, 48, No. 3, 578-583.
                                     C-32

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Table 7.  Analyses of duplicate samples of organisms for selected metals
          determined as background residues before the organisms were
          used In a bloaccumulation study with sediment from Pascagoula
          Bay.  Method detection limits for each element are given in
          ng/g wet tissue weight.
Pre-test
Organism
Shrimp
Lugworm
Oyster
Concentrations
As
0.73
a
0.30
a
1.1
a
Cd_
0.015
0.074
0.016
0.049
0.068
0.32
Cr_
0.26
0.43
0.60
ND
0.15
0.31
in ug/g wet tissue weight
C£ H£
5.8 0.16
17 0.24
1.
3.
4.
7.
Method

0.20&
0.08QC
0.020
0.0080
0.15
0.060
0.
0.
1
1
4
8
0.11
0.15
0.064
0.17
Detection
030
012
0.20
0.080
Ni_
0.12
0.021
0.34
0.26
0.16
a
Limits
0.050
0.020
Pb
0
0
0

0
0
Se
.062
a
.13
a
.17
a

.15
.060
a
a
a
a
a
a

a
a
la
3.4
9.6
3.7
8.4
89
94

0.010
0.0040
a Interference from other metal(s)  prevented accurate quantisation.

b Limits calculated for 10 ml final  volume for sediments and all  lugworms  except
  for pretest lugworms which were calculated for 4 mi final  volume.

c Limits calculated with 4 ml final  volume for all shrimp,  oyster,  and pretest
  lugworms.
                                    C-39

-------
Table 8.   Concentrations of selected metals in sediment samples from
           Pascagoula Bay test Sites 1, 2, and 3, and a reference site,
Sediment
Location
Reference
Site 1
Site 2
Site 3
Concentrations in ug/g
As
NDa
ND
ND
ND
Cd
ND
ND
ND
ND
Cr
26
29
43
42
Cu
11
8.7
15
9.9
H9
a
a
a
a
wet weight
Ni
11
10
14
13
Pb
47
46
75
89
Se
a
a
a
a
Zn
12
32
59
60
  ND = not detected, see Table 3 for detection limits.

a Interference from other metals prevented accurate quantisation.
                                    C-40

-------
Table 9.   Concentrations of selected metals in samples of oysters used in
           a bi©accumulation study with sediments from Pascagoula Bay test
           Sites 1,2, and 3, and a reference site.
Sediment
Location
Reference




Site 1




Site 2




Site 3




Concentrations in pg/g
Replicate
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
As
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Cd
0.080
0.13
0.086
0.11
0.078
0.16
0.13
0.082
0.10
0.059
0.055
0.087
0.090
0.074
0.12
0.066
0.075
0.24
0.17
0.063
C_£
0.55
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Cu
5.2
5.2
3.1
2.4
1.6
1.1
3.5
4.4
2.6
1.3
0.89
2.2
2.4
2.3
4.4
2.2
1.6
3.5
6.3
2.3
Mi
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
wet tissue
Ni
0.022
ND
0.023
0.13
ND
ND
ND
ND
0.094
0.025
0.068
0.28
0.22
0.027
0.022
0.036
0.16
0.026
ND
ND
Pb
ND
0.083
0.089
0.15
0.062
0.10
0.099
ND
0.13
ND
ND
0.21
0.088
ND
0.080
0.096
0.14
0.11
0.13
0.13
Se
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
*
i
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Zn
55
77
34
31
24
19
43
55
40
20
17
33
35
36
64
42
25
66
94
34
a Interference from other metals prevented accurate quantitation,
  ND = Not detected.
                                        C-41

-------
Table 10.  Statistical analysis of Cd (gg/g wet tissue)  in samples of oysters
           used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
{n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean, JT =
Sum of squared data,
EX2 =
CSS = Zx2 - (£X)2 =
n
Variance =
C = 0.006 = 0.60 C =
0.010

Reference
0.080
0.13
0.086
0.11
0.078
0.484
0.097
0.049
0.00 8
0.001
s2(max)
4 Where s^i
-2i
i = 1

1
0.16
0.13
0.082
0.10
0.059
0.531
0.106
0.063
0.006
0.002
is estimate

Sites
2
0.055
0.087
0.090
0.074
0.12
0.426
0.085
0.039
0.002
0.001
of variance of itn


3
0.066
0.075
0.24
0.17
0.063
0.614
0.123
0.100
0.025
0.006
site

Chi square (4, 4) = 0.6287

Since calculated C Is greater than tabulated chl  square, use log transformation.
                                         C-42

-------
Table 11.  Statistical  analysis of Cu (yg/g wet tissue)  In  samples  of oysters
           used 1n the  Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n • 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean , T =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = Ex? - (EX)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference

5.2
5.2
3.1
2.4
1.6
17.5
3.50

72.0
10.76

2.69

1
1.1
3.5
4.4
2.6
1.3
12.9
2.58

41.3
7.99

2.00
Sites
2
0.89
2.2
2.4
2.3
4.4
12.2
2.44

36.0
6.32

1.58

3
2.2
1.6
3.5
6.3
2.3
15.9
3.18

64.6
14.07

3.52
The means for sites are smaller than  mean  for  reference.   No  further  analysis Is
necessary.
                                        C-43

-------
Table 12.  Statistical analysis of N1 (pg/g wet tissue) In samples of oysters
           used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
 (n » 5)
Reference
   1                     0.022
   2                     NO
   3                     0.023
   4                     0.13
   5                     NO

Sum of data, Ex =        0.175

Mean, X" =                0.058

Sum of squared data,

    Ix2 =                0.018

CSS = Ex2 - (EX)2 =      0.008
              n
Variance =               0.004
                     NO
                     NO
                     NO
                     0.094
                     0.025

                     0.119

                     0.60
                     0.009

                     0.002

                     0.002
Sites
 0.068
 0.28
 0.22
 0.027
 0.022

 0.617

 0.123
 0.133

 0.056

 0.014
0.036
0.16
0.026
NO
NO

0.222

0.074
0.028

0.011

0.006
C = 0.014/0.026 = 0.538

Chi square (4,4) = 0.6287

Since calculated C Is less than tabulated Chi  square, variances are homogeneous
and transformation Is unnecessary.
                                         C-44

-------
Table 13.  Statistical analysis of Pb (ug/g wet tissue)  in samples of oysters
           used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex -
Mean , T =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = Ex2 - (ZX)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
ND
0.083
0.089
0.15
0.062
0.384
0.096

0.041
0.004
0.0014

1
0.10
0.099
NO
0.13
ND
0.329
0.110

0.037
0.001
0.0003
Sites
2
ND
0.21
0.088
ND
0.080
-.378
0.126

0.058
0.011
0.0053
3
0.096
0.14
0.11
0.13
0.13
0.606
0.121

0.075
0.001
0.003
C = 0.0053 = 0.724
    0.0073

Chi square (2,4)  = 0.7679

Since calculated C is less than tabulated Chi  square,  variances  are homogeneous
and transformation is unnecessary.
                                        C-45

-------
Table 14.  Statistical analysis of Zn (yg/g wet tissue)  in  samples  of  oysters
           used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, IK -
Mean, T »
Sum of squared data,
Reference
55
77
34
31
24
221
44.2


1
19
43
55
40
20
177
35.4

Sites
2
17
33
35
36
64
185
37.0

3
42
25
66
94
34
261
52.2

CSS = 1x2 - (£X)2
              n
Variance -
                      11647
                        469.7
                                          7235
242.3
               7995
287.5
             16737
778.2
     778.2 = 0.438
    177777

Chi square (4,4)
                   0.6287
Since calculated C is less than tabulated  Chi  square,  variances  are homogeneous
and transformation is unnecessary.
                                         C-46

-------







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-------
Table 19.  Concentration of selected metals in samples of lugworms used in
           a bioaccumulation study with sediments from Pascagoula Bay test
           Sites 1,2 and 3, and a reference site.
Sediment
Location
Reference




Site 1




Site 2




Site 3




Concentrations in pg/g wet tissue weight
Replicate
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
As
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Cd
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.060
0.040
0.030
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.050
0.050
0.060
0.050
0.040
0.060
0.058
0.050
0.040
0.040
0.040
Cr
6.5
2.9
1.4
5.8
2.5
0.86
1.3
1.1
0.70
1.8
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.3
1.0
0.90
1.0
1.0
1.1
£u.
6.5
3.5
2.3
5.2
2.0
1.0
0.60
0.80
0.96
1.1
9.0
9.0
15
10
12
0.40
1.0
0.70
1.0
1.1
M
0.50
0.57
0.39
0.35
0.39
0.49
0.47
0.43
0.56
0.44
0.37
0.62
0.62
0.32
0.37
0.46
0.35
0.42
0.35
0.57
Ni
4.0
1.3
0.40
3.5
1.3
NO
0.25
0.20
ND
0.63
0.35
0.50
0.40
0.50
0.50
0.25
0.15
0.10
0.18
0.20
Pb
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.9
1.6
2.6
2.0
2.2
1.6
1.9
2.1
2.4
4.1
2.2
2.4
2.8
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.8
Se
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Zn
4.6
5.7
6.0
4.3
5.6
5.1
4.6
4.7
5.5
6.0
7.0
6.6
6.4
6.9
8.7
5.8
6.5
6.4
6.2
6.0
a Interference from other metals prevented accurate quantisation.
  ND = not detected.
                                         C-51

-------
Table 20.  Statistical analysis of Cd (ug/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ix =
Mean , T =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = Ex2 - (EX)2 *
n
Variance =
Reference
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.060
0.040
0.220
0.044

0.010
0.00032
0.00008

1
0.030
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.050
0.200
0,040

0.008
0.00020
0.00005
Sites
2
0.050
0.060
0.050
0.040
0.060
0.260
0.052

0.014
0.0028
0.00007
3
0.058
0.050
0.040
0.040
0.040
0.228
0.046

0.011
0.00027
0.00007
C = 0.00008 = 0.296
    0.00027

Chi square (4,4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated  C is greater than tabulated Chi  square, variances are
homogeneous and transformation is unnecessary.
                                         C-52

-------
Table 21.  Statistical analysis of Cr (vg/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Repl icate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean, T =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = Ex* - (EX)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
6.5
2.9
1.4
5.8
2.5
19.1
3.82

92.5
19.5

4.887

1
0.86
1.3
1.1
0.70
1.8
5.76
1.15

7.37
0.73

0.184
Sites
2
1.2
1.1
1.4
1.2
1.3
6.2
1.24

7. 7
0.05

0.013
3
1.0
0.90
1.0
1.0
1.1
5.0
1.0

5.02
0.02

0.005
Means for sites are smaller than mean for reference,  no further analysis is
necessary.
                                         C-53

-------
Table 22.  Statistical analysis of Cu (ug/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex *
Mean, 7 =
Sum of squared data,
1x2 =
CSS » ZX2 - (ZX)2 =
n
Variance -
Reference

6.5
3.5
2.3
5.2
2.0
19.5
3.9

90.83
14.78

3.695

1
1.0
0.60
0.80
0.96
1.1
4.46
0.892

4.13
0.15

0.038
Sites
2
9.0
9.0
15
10
12
55.0
11.0

631.0
26.0

6.500

. 3—
0.40
1.0
0.70
1.0
1.1
4.2
0.840

3.86
0.332

0.083
C = 6.50 = o.630
   10.316

Chi square (4,4) = 0.6287

Since calculated C is greater than tabulated Chi square, use log
transformation.
                                        C-54

-------
Table 23.  Statistical analysis of Hg (yg/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n - 5)
I
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean, T =
Sum of squared data,
£ X^ =
CSS « Ex2 - (EX) 2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
0.50
0.57
0.39
0.35
0.39
2.20
0.440

1.00
0.034
0.008

1
0.49
0.47
0.43
0.56
0.44
2.39
0.478

1.15
0.011
0.003
Sites
2
0.37
0.62
0.62
0.32
0.37
2.30
0.460

1.15
0.087
0.022

3
0.46
0.35
0.42
0.35
0.57
2.15
0.430

0.96
0.003
0.008
C = 0.022 . 0.537
Chi square (4,4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated  C is less than tabulated Chi  square,  variances  are homogeneous
and transformation is unnecessary.
                                        C-55

-------
Table 24.  Statistical analysis of N1 (yg/g wet tissue)  1n samples of
           lugworms used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Zx *
Mean, T =
Sum of squared data,
EX2 =
CSS = Ex2 - (£X)2 *
n
Variance =
Reference
4.0
1.3
0.40
3.5
1.3
10.5
2.1

31.79
9.74
2.435

1
ND
0.25
0.20
ND
0.63
1.08
0.360

0.499
0.111
0.055
Sites
2
0.35
0.50
0.40
0.50
0.50
2.25
0.450

1.03
0.02
0.005

3
0.25
0.15
0.10
0.18
0.20
0.88
0.176

0.17
0.013
0.003
Means for sites are smaller than mean for Reference, no further analysis 1s
necessary.
                                        C-56

-------
Table 25.  Statistical analysis of Pb (yg/g wet tissue)  1n samples of
           lugworms used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Rep! 1cate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean , T =
Sum of squared data,
Zx2 =
CSS = £x2 - (ZX)2 =
n
Variance »
Reference
1.1
1.0
1.9
1.9
1.6
7.5
1.50

12.0
0.74

0.185

1
2.6
2.0
2.2
1.6
1.9
10.3
2.06

21.8
0.552

0.138
Sites
2
2.1
2.4
4.1
2.2
2.4
13.2
2.6

37.6
2.73

0.683

3
2.8
1.9
1.7
1.5
1.8
9.7
1.94

19.8
1.01

0.253
C = 0.683 a o.542
    T7259

Ch1 square (4,4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated C Is less than tabulated Chi  square,  variances  are homogeneous
and transformation Is unnecessary.
                                        C-57

-------
Table 26.  Statistical analysis of Zn (ug/g wet tissue)  1n samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Repl icate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean , IT a
Sum of squared data,
Sx2 =
CSS = Zx2 - (£X)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
4.6
5.7
6.0
4.3
5.6
26.2
5.24

139.5
2.21

0.553

1
5.1
4.6
4.7
5.5
6.0
25.9
5.18

135.5
1.35

0.337
Sites
2
7.0
6.6
6.4
6.9
8.7
35.6
7.12

256.8
3.35

0.837

3
5.8
6.5
6.4
6.2
6.0
30.9
6.18

191.3
0.33

0.082
C = 0.837 = 0.463
O59
Chi square (4,4) = 0.6287

Since calculated C is less than tabulated Chi  square, variances are homogeneous
and transformation is unnecessary.
                                         C-58

-------






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Table 32.  Comparison of mean concentrations of Cu  1n samples  of lugworms  from
           sample sites with mean concentrations of Cu in lugworms  from
           reference sediments.
SA       =o
                                      0.047
           At the alpha «• 0.05 level,

Q
s*
LSR = QS*
2
3.00 3.
0.047 0.
0.141 0.
3 4
65 4.05
047 0.047
172 0.191
Treatment means from computer printout



K
2
Site 3 Site 1
0.260 0.275
Mean Compari
LSR Difference
0.141 Site 2-Ref
Ref Site 2
0.663 1.072
son
between means
* 1.072-0.663 = 0.409*
Note: * indicates significant difference at alpha = 0.05

        Data were transformed prior to analysis.
                                         C-64

-------
Table 33.  Comparison of mean Pb concentrations in samples of lugworms from
           sample sites with mean Pb concentrations in lugworms  from reference
           sediments.
                            1.314759 = 0.2517
S*  -MWE
        n
           At the alpha - 0.05 level,
                   LSR = QSX
                                3.00
                                0.251
                                0.753
                    3.65
                    0.251
                    0.916
4.05
0.251
1.016
                                   Treatment means from computer printout
                                   Ref         Site 3    Site 1    Site 2
                                   1.50
                                    1.94      2.06
                                  Mean Comparison
                                2.6
                         1C
                         2
                         3
                         4
LSR
                                   Difference between means
                        0.753      Site 3-Ref = 1.94-1.50 = 0.44  n.s
                        0.916      Site 1-Ref = 2.06-1.50 * 0.56  n.s
                        1.016      Site 2-Ref = 2.6-1.50 = 1.1     *
Note: * indicates significant difference at alpha = 0.05
        Data were transformed prior to analysis.
                                        C-65

-------
Table 34.  Comparison of mean Zn concentrations in samples of lugworms from sample
           sites with mean Zn concentrations in lugworms from reference sediment.
           Sx
*\\MSE
(.4523 = 0.301
           At the alpha = 0.05 level,

Q
Sx
LSR = QSX




K
2
3
2 3
3.00 3.65
0.301 0.301
0.902 1.098
Treatment means from computer
Site 1 Ref Site 3
5,18 5.24 6.18
Mean Comparison
LSR Difference between
0.902 Site 3-Ref = 6.18-5
1.098 Site 2-Ref = 7.12-5
4
4.05
0.301
1.218
printout
Site 2
7.12

means
.24 = 0.94 *
.24 = 1.88 *
Note:  * indicates significant difference at alpha - 0.05
                                         C-66

-------
Table 35.  Concentrations of selected metals in samples of shrimp used in  a
           bioaccumulation study with sediments from Pascagoula Bay test Sites
           2 and 3, and a reference site.
Sediment
Location
Reference




Site 1




Site 2




Site 3




Concentrations in ug/cj wet tissue weight
Replicate
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
As
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Cd
0.020
0.051
0.043
0.043
0.061
0.042
0.049
0.043
0.048
0.043
0.051
0.056
0.040
0.040
0.033
0.043
0.040
0.053
0.032
0.047
Cr
0.13
0.21
0.24
0.60
0.58
0.25
0.23
0.27
0.23
0.19
0.33
0.20
0.24
0.19
0.18
0,21
0.64
0.17
0.21
0.43
Cu
8.0
19
16
12
20
11
14
13
11
14
13
13
9.8
13
8
12
12
15
12
1.1
Hg_
0.15
0.38
0.41
0.38
0.30
0.32
0.25
0.23
0.17
0.26
0.22
0.19
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.088
0.086
0.14
0.18
0.36
Ni
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
«
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Pb
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Se
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Zn
3.4
7.7
6.6
7.1
8.5
6.8
7.4
7.4
6.4
7.8
8.0
7.7
7.8
7.3
6.4
6.0
6.9
6.6
7.8
6.0
a Interference from other metals prevented accurate quantitation,
                                        C-67

-------
 Table 36.  Statistical analysis of Cd (wg/g wet tissue)  In  samples  of shrimp
           used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Repl icate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ix =
Mean , T «
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 *
CSS « Ex2 - (ZX)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
0.020
0.051
0.043
0.043
0.061
0.218
0.044

0.010
0.009
0.00022

1
0.042
0.049
0.043
0.048
0.043
0.225
0.045

0.010
0.00004
0.00001
Sites
2
0.051
0.056
0.040
0.040
0.033
0.220
0.044

0.010
0.00035
0.00009

3
0.043
0.040
0.053
0.032
0.047
0.215
0.043

0.098
0.00025
0.00006
Because of similarity of means, no analysis deemed necessary.
                                         C-68

-------
Table 37.  Statistical analysis of Cr (vg/g wet tissue)  1n samples of shrimp
           used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n = 5)
I
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean, T *
Sum of squared data,
Ex2-
CSS • Ex2 - (EX) 2 =
n
Variance «
Reference
0.13
0.21
0.24
0.60
0.58
1.76
0.352

0.815
0.195

0.049

1
0.25
0.23
0.27
0.23
0.19
1.17
0.234

0.277
0.004

0.001
Sites
2
0.33
0.20
0.24
0.19'
0.18
1.14
0.228

0.275
0.015

0.004

3
0.21
0.64
0.17
0.21
0.43
1.66
0.332

0.712
0.160

0.040
Means for sites are smaller than mean for reference,  no further analysis  1s
necessary.
                                        C-69

-------
Table 38.  Statistical analysis of Cu (ug/g wet tissue)  1n samples of shrimp
           used 1n the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
{n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, £x -
Mean t T =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = Zx2 - (EX) 2 *
n
Variance «
Reference
8.0
19
16
12
20
75.0
15.0

1225
100

25

1
11
14
13
11
14
63
12.6

803
9.2

2.3
Sites
2
13
13
9.8
13
8
56.8
11.36

667
21.8

5.448

3
12
12
15
12
1.1
52.1
10.42

658
115.3

28.8
Means for sites are smaller than mean for reference, no further analysis 1s
necessary.
                                        C-70

-------
Table 39.  Statistical analysis of Hg (ug/g wet tissue)  1n samples of shrimp
           used 1n the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean , T »
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = Ex* - (£X)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
0.15
0.38
0.41
0.38
0.30
1.62
0.324

0.57
0.045
0.011

1
0.32
0.25
0.23
0.17
0.26
1.23
0.246

0.31
0012
0.0029
Sites
2
0.22
0.19
0.16
0.18
0.19
0.94
0.188

0.18
0 001
0.0005

3
0.088
0.086
0.14
0.18
0.36
0.854
0.171

0.197
0.051
0.0127
Means for sites are smaller than mean for reference,  no further analysis Is
necessary.
                                        C-71

-------
Table 40.  Statistical analysis of Zn (ug/g wet tissue)  1n samples of shrimp
           used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n » 5).
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean , T =
Sum of squared data,
zx2 =
CSS = Ex* - (ZX)2 *
n
Variance =
Reference
3.4
7.7
6.6
7.1
8.5
33.3
6.66

237.1
15.29

3.823

1
6.8
7.4
7.4
6.4
7.8
35.8
7.16

257.6
1.23

0.308
Sites
2
8.0
7.7
7.8
7.3
• 6.4
37.2
7.44

278.4
1.61

0.403

3
6.0
6.9
6.6
7.8
6.0
33.3
6.66

224.0
2.23

0.558
C = 3.823 - 0.751
chl square (4,4) = 0.6287

Since calculated C 1s greater than tabulated Chi square, use log transformation.
                                        C-72

-------








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-------
   CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SEDIMENT FROM SITES 4, 5 and 6
        IN THE PASCAGOULA, MISSISSIPPI, CHANNEL
AND TISSUES OF MARINE ORGANISMS EXPOSED TO THE SEDIMENT
                      Prepared by:

            Analytical Chemistry Section of
             The Aquatic Toxicology Branch
             James C. Moore, Section Chief
              E.M. Lores, Research Chemist
        and Christine Deans, Ph.D. Statistician,
             Computer Sciences Corporation

          U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
           Environmental Research Laboratory
                     Sabine Island
                 Gulf Breeze, FL  32561
                     Submitted To:

               Susan Ivester Rees, PD-EC
              U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
                    Mobile District
                 109 St. Joseph Street
              Mobile, Alabama  36628-0001
               In partial  fulfillment of:

                  IAG RW96932347-01-0
     Preliminary Report:   September 1987
           Final Report:
                           C-75

-------
                                 ABSTRACT
     Chemical analyses were performed on sediments from Sites 4, 5, and 6
in the Pascagoula, Mississippi, Channel and on three types of marine
organisms exposed to these sediment samples during a 10-day bioaccumu-
lation test conducted by the Dredged Materials Research Team of the Gulf
Breeze Laboratory.  Five replicates of each sediment and type of organism
were analyzed for residues of selected chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,
PCBs, chlorpyrifos (Dursban), petroleum hydrocarbons, and 9 heavy metals.
The purpose of the chemical analyses was to determine if residues were
detectable in the sediment and if they accumulated in tissues of organisms
exposed to the sediment.  Samples of each type of organism and sediment
were analyzed prior to use in a bioaccumulation test.
     Residues of selected pesticides or PCBs were not detected in sedi-
ments or animal  tissues before or after exposure, but several metals were
detected in sediments and in tissues of organisms before and after exposure.
Using analysis of variance (ANOVA)  at the 0.05 significance level, con-
centrations of metals in oysters (Crassostrea virginica) and shrimp
(Penaeus duorarum) exposed to sediment from Sites 4, 5, or 6 were not
significantly different from concentrations of metals in animals exposed
to the reference sediment.  In lugworms (Arenicola cristata). con-
centrations of arsenic and zinc were significantly higher in animals
exposed to sediment from Sites 5 and 6 than concentrations of these
                                       >v
metals in aningls exposed to the reference sediment.  Student-Newman-Kuels
test was used to determine which sites were different from the reference
sediment.
     Petroleum hydrocarbon residues were detected in tissues of some lug-
worms, oysters, and shrimp, but there were no statistically significant
                                     C-76

-------
differences between tissue residues from animals exposed to Sites 4, 5, or
6 or reference sediment.
                                     C-77

-------
                                INTRODUCTION
      In accord with an agreement between the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(CE), Mobile District, and EPA's Gulf Breeze Environmental Research
Laboratory (ERL/GB), chemical analyses were performed on sediment from
Sites 4, 5, and 6 In the Pascagoula, Mississippi, Channel and on three
species of marine organisms exposed to these sediments during a 10-day
bloaccumulatlon test.  Five replicates of each sediment and organism were
analyzed for the following chemical residues:  PCBs, selected chlorinated
hydrocarbon pesticides, chlorpyrifos (Dursban), selected heavy metals,
and two petroleum hydrocarbon fractions (aliphatic and aromatic).  These
analyses were performed on sediments and organisms before the bioaccumulation
test and on organisms after a bioaccumulation test.  Chemical analyses
were performed by gas-liquid chromatography for pesticides, PCBs, and
petroleum hydrocarbons, and inductively coupled argon plasma emission
spectroscopy (ICAP)  for heavy metals.  Methods of chemical analyses were
modified and validated at ERL/GB, except for the petroleum hydrocarbon
method.  This method was used as recommended by the U.S. EPA/Corps of
Engineers Implementation Manual {EPA/CE, 1977).
                          MATERIALS AND METHODS
Test Sediments and Animals
     Samples of sediments and test organisms were obtained from the ERL/GB
Dredged Materials Research Team prior t»iinitiation of the bioaccumulation
              *-
test.  Locations of test sediment collection sites, the reference site,
and a description of experimental designs and test methods, were reported
in a separate document.  After the 10-day exposure period, five replicates
of each test organism from each test sediment, and the reference sediment,
were collected and maintained at approximately-4°C until chemical analyses
                                     C-78

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were performed.
Methods of Chemical Analyses
A.  Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides and PCBs
     Tissue samples were weighed Into a 150-mm by 25-mm screw-top test
tube and homogenized three times with 10 ml of acetonitrile with a
Willems Polytron Model PT 20-ST (Brinkman  Instruments, Westbury, NY).
Following each homogenization, the test tube was centrifuged (1600x g)
and the liquid layer decanted into a 120-ml oil sample bottle.  Seventy-
five ml of a 2% (w/v) aqueous sodium sulfate and 10 ml of petroleum ether
were added to the bottle and the contents  shaken for  1 minute.  After the
layers separated, the solvent was pipetted into a 25-ml concentrator
tube and the extraction with petroleum ether was repeated two more times.
The combined solvent extract was concentrated to 1 ml on a nitrogen
evaporator in preparation for cleanup.
     Cleanup columns were prepared by adding 3 g of PR-grade florisil
(stored at 130°C) and 2 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate (powder) to a
200-mm by 9-mm i.d. Chromaflex column (Kontes Glass Co., Vineland,
NJ) and rinsing with 20 ml of hexane.  Tissue and sediment extracts were
transferred to the column with two additional 2-ml volumes of hexane.
Pesticides and PCBs were eluted with 20 ml of 5% (v/v) diethyl ether in
hexane.
     Quantisations of pesticides were made with external standard methods.
                                       A
All standards #ere obtained from the EPA pesticide repository.  PCB
reference standard, obtained from U.S. EPA Chemical  Repository, Washington,
DC, was described by Sawyer (1978).  Analyses were performed on a Hewlett-
Packard Model 5710 gas chromatograph equipped with a 63N1  electron-capture
detector.   Separations were performed by using a 182-cm by 2-mm i.d. glass
                                     C-79

-------
 column  packed with 2% SP2100 (Supelco, Inc., Bellefonte, PA) on 80-100
 mesh Supelcoport.  Other gas chromatographlc parameters were: flow rate
 of the  10% methane-in-argon carrier gas, 25 ml/min; column temperature,
 190°C;  inlet temperature, 200°C, and detector temperature, 300°C.
     Recoveries of PCBs and pesticides from spiked samples and detection
 limits  for pesticides and petroleum hydrocarbons are shown in Table 1.
 Results are reported to two significant figures in Tables 2 through 2d,
 as our methods allow.
 B.  Heavy Metals
     One to two grams of tissue or sediment were weighed into a 40 ml
 reaction vessel.  Five ml of concentrated nitric acid (Baker Chemical  Instra-
 Analyzed)  were added and the samples digested for 2 to 4 h at 70°C in  a tube
 heater.  Digestion was continued, with vessels capped, for 48 h at 70°C.
 After digestion, samples were transferred to 15-ml tubes and diluted to 10 ml
 for aspiration into a Jarrell-Ash AtomComp 800 Series inductively-coupled
argon-plasma emission spectrometer (ICP).  This instrument acquires data for
 15 elements simultaneously.  Method detection limits for each element  are
 given in Table 3 and are based on wet weight analyses.  No detectable
 residues could be found in method blanks.  A solution of ten percent nitric
 acid/distilled water was analyzed between samples to prevent carryover of
 residues from one sample to the next.  Standards were used to calibrate the
 instrument initially and adjustments were made when necessary.  Concentrations
                                       A
are reported i* two significant figures as our method allows, and were not
 corrected for percentage recovery.
C.  Petroleum Hydrocarbons
     Ten grams of tissue or sediment were weighed into culture tubes and
extracted as described by J.S. Warner (1976).  Sample extracts were
                                     c-80

-------
 concentrated to approximately 0.50 ml for gas chromatographic analyses.
 Analyses were performed on a Hewlett  Packard gas chromatograph  (GC)
 equipped with flame  ionization detection.  Separations were performed by
 using  a 182-cm by  2-mm i.d. glass column packed with 3% OV101 on 100/120
 mesh Supelcoport.  Helium carrier gas was used at a flow of 30 mfc/min.
 Quality Assurance  of Chemical Analyses
     All standards used for quantisations of pesticides were obtained
 from EPA's repository in Las Vegas, Nevada.  Standard solutions of metals
 were obtained from J.T. Baker Chemical  Co., Phillipsburg, NJ, and were
 Instra-Analyzed quality.  Dotriacontane was obtained from Alltech Associates,
 Deerfield, Illinois, and was used as  an internal standard to quantitate
 petroleum hydrocarbons.
     A part of our quality assurance  procedures includes fortification of
 samples of organisms and sediments with selected chemicals to evaluate the
 entire analytical  system during the period of time quantitative analyses
 of test organisms  and sediments are performed.  Separate samples were
 fortified with selected pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons, and metals.
 Reagent and glassware blanks were analyzed to verify that the analytical
 system was not contaminated with chemical  residues that could interfere
 with quantitations.
 Statistical Analyses
     Residue data were analyzed according to guidance in the Implementation
                                        A
Manual  (EPA/CE*. 1977).
     Test was performed to determine whether variance of data sets were
homogeneous.   Then analysis of variance (ANOVA)  was used to compare mean
tissue concentration in animals exposed to each dredged material sample.
When the calculated F-value exceeded the tabulated value, the Student-
                                     C-81

-------
 Newman-Keuls multiple-range test was used to determine which dredged
 material mean was significantly different from the Reference mean.  Thee
 ANOVA procedures were performed by using Statistical  Analysis System
 (SAS) procedures (SAS Institute Inc. 1982).

                          RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analyses of Pesticides and PCBs
     During these analyses, only oysters (Crassostrea virglm'ca)  were
available In sufficient numbers to allow them to be used for spiking.
However, we believe the results of spiked samples (Table 1)  Indicate that
the extraction and quantisation techniques were adequate for determining
concentrations of chemical residues In organisms and sediments used In
the bloaccumulatlon study.  Results of reageant and glassware blank
analyses verified that residues of pesticides, PCBs, petroleum hydro-
carbons, metals, or other contaminants were not present prior to the
analyses of test organisms and sediments.
     Prior to the bloaccumulatlon test, chemical analyses were performed
on samples of each group of organism and sediments.  Results (Table 2)
Indicate that residues of pesticides and PCBs were not present In con-
centrations above the detection limits.  Residues of pesticides or PCBs
were not detected In replicate samples of reference sediments or sediments
from Sites 4, 5 or 6.  Detection limits were the same as those In Table 2.
     After exposure to the reference serfdment or test sediment from Site
              *•
4, Site 5, and Site 6 for 10 days, organism tissues were analyzed.
Results (Table 2-6)  Indicate that pesticides or PCBs did not accumulate
1n tissues.
                                    C-82

-------
Analyses of Metals
     Replicate samples of each group of organisms were analyzed for selected
metals before and after a 10-day bloaccumulatlon test.  Results from the
pretest analyses are shown In Table 7 with method detection limits given
for each element.  Concentrations of some elements could not be quantltated
because our Instrument has limited capabilities and cannot correct for
Interferences from high concentrations of some elements present in these
samples.  Results in Table 8 show that all sediment samples contained
some heavy metals.
     Concentrations of selected metals in samples of oysters exposed for
10 days to a reference sediment and sediment samples from Sites 4, 5, and
6 are shown in Table 9.  Test for homogeneity of variances was performed
on cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn).
Results in Tables 10-16 show that calculated C-values were greater than
the tabulated C-values at the 95-percent confidence level for arsenic (AS)
and chromium (Cr); therefore the variances were not considered homogenous.
However, except for Pb, means of all elemental concentrations in oysters
exposed to sediment from Sites 4, 5, and 6 were similar to means of these
elemental concentrations in oysters exposed to the reference sediment.
Therefore, no further statistical analyses were performed.  Analysis of
varinace (ANOVA) of oyster bioaccumulation data for lead is shown in
Table 17.  No significant differences were detected for Pb at the 0.05
                                       •\
alpha level. «.
     Concentrations of metals in samples of lugworms (Arenicola cristata)
exposed for 10 days to sediments from a reference site and separate sedi-
ment samples from Sites 4, 5, and 6 were shown in Table 18.  Results of
test for homogeneity of variance are shown in Tables 19-26.  Because the
                                     C-83

-------
means of elemental concentrations in tissues of lugworms exposed to sedi-
ment from Site 4, 5, or 6 are similar to concentrations in a reference
sediment, no further statistical analyses were performed for Cr or
mercury (Hg).
     Results from analyses of variance for As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, and Zn
bioaccumulation in lugworms are shown in Tables 27 through 33.  Significant
differences were found for As and Zn at the 0.05-alpha level.  Student-
Newman-Keuls multiple-range test was then performed on bioaccumulation
data for mean residue concentrations of As and Zn to determine which mean
concentrations differed.  Results of these analyses (Tables 34 for As and
Table 35 for Zn show that accumulation of residues in lugworms exposed to
sediment from each site (4, 5 or 6)  were different from those residues
accumulated from the reference sediment.
     Concentrations of metals in samples of shrimp (Penaeus duorarum)
exposed for 10 days to sediment from the reference site or sediments from
Sites 4, 5, or 6 are shown in Table 36.  Results of test for homogeniety
of variances performed on As, Cd, Cr, Pb and Zn residues detected in
shrimp tissues are shown in Tables 42-47.  Because of similarity of
concentrations means or because means from the sites were less than means
for the reference sediment no further analyses were necessary for Hg.
Log transformation was necessary for As, Cd, Cr, Pb, and Zn data.  Results
from analysis of variance of As, Cd, and Zn data are shown in Tables
                                       A
48-52, and indicate no significant differences among sites for bio-
accumulation of Zn in tissues of shrimp.
Analyses of petroleum hycrocarbons
     Concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic petroleum hydrocarbon
analyses in tissues of organisms exposed to the reference sediment and
                                     C-84
                                                                                       I

-------
sediment from Sites 4, 5, and 6 are shown in Table 48.  Because residues
of aromatic and aliphatic hydrocarbons were detected in animals exposed
to the reference sediment, and because the concentrations were less than
3.4 ug/g, we believe this does not indicate bioconcentration potential.
ANOVA without transformation of data for lack of homogeniety did not
indicate any significant differences of sites from reference.  However,
this may be due to insufficient numbers of data points because most
samples did not contain detectable petroleum hydrocarbon residues.  Other
statistical analyses may be more appropriate, considering numbers of
samples and variances.  The results, however, would probably be the same.
                             LITERATURE CITED
SAS Institute Inc.  1982.  SAS Users Guide:  Basics, 1982 edition.
   SAS Institute, Cary, NC  923 pp.
Sawyer, L.D., 1978.  Quantisation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl Residues
  by Electron Capture Gas-Liquid chromatography:  coll abortive study.
  J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 61, 282-291.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Corps of Engineers Technical Committee
  on Criteria for Dredged and Fill Material, "Ecological Evaluation of Proposed
  Discharge of Dredged material Into Ocean Waters; implementation Manual
  for Section 103 Public Law 92-532 (Marine Protection Research, and
  Sanctuaries Act of 1972), "July 1977 ^second Printing April 1978),
  Environmental Effects Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineers Waterways
  Experimentation Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Warner, J.S., 1976.  Determination of Aliphatic and Aromatic Hydrocarbons
  in Marine Organisms.  Analytical Chemistry, 48, No. 3, 578-583.
                                     C-85

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C-91

-------
Table 7.  Concentrations of selected metals In tissues of organisms that
          were determined as background residues before the organisms were
          used in a bioaccumulation study with Pascagoula Bay sediments.
          Method detection limits for each element is given in pg/g wet
          tissue weight.
Pre-Test
Organism
Shrimp
Lugworm
Oyster
Concentrations
As
0.73
a
0.30
a
1.1
a
Cd
0.015
0.074
0.016
0.049
0.068
0.32
Cr
0.26
0.43
0.60
ND
0.15
0.31
Cu
5.8
17
1.1
3.1
4.4
7.8
in ug/g wet tissue weight
Ha
0.16
0.24
0.11
0.15
0.064
0.17
Method Detection
Ni
0.12
0.021
0.34
0.26
0.16
a
Limits
Pb
0.062
a
0.13
a
0.17
a

Se
a
a
a
a
a
a

In
3.4
9.6
3.7
8.4
89
94

                          0.020  0.15   0.030 0.20   0.050  0.15     a   0.010
                   0.080C 0.0080 0.060  0.012 0.080  0.020  0.060    a   0.0040
a Interference from other metal(s) prevented accurate quantisation.

b Limits calculated for 10 ml final volume for sediments and all lugworms
  except for pretest lugworms which were calculated for 4 me, final volume.

c Limits calculated with 4 ml final volume for all shrimp, oyster, and pretest
  lugworm organisms.
                                    C-92

-------
Table 8.   Concentrations of selected metals in sediment samples from
           a reference site and test Sites 4, 5, and 6 from Pascagoula
           Bay.
Sediment
Location
Reference
Site 4
Site 5
Site 6
Concentrations in ug/g wet weight
As Cd Cr Cu H£ Ni Pb Se Zn
NO* NO 26 11 a 11 47 a 12
ND 1.0 32 13 a 17 < 11 a 71
< 220 1.0 23 12 a 12 < 77 a 60
< 180 0.87 27 13 a 14 < 67 a 69
  ND - not detected, see Table 7 for detection limits.

a Interference from other metals prevented accurate  quantisation.
                                    C-93

-------
Table 9.   Concentrations of selected metals in samples of oysters used  in
           a bioaccumulation study with sediments from test Sites 4,  5,  and
           6 from Pascagoula Bay, and a reference site.
Sediment
Location
Reference




Site 4




Site 5




Site 6




Concentrations i
Replicate As
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
0.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
95
3
1
0
3
1
1
1
1
2
27
19
23
27
23
26
21
20
21
25
Cd
0.12
0.16
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.17
0.041
0.029
0.032
0.044
0.040
0.034
0.042
0.032
0.032
0.039
Cr
0.21
0.49
0.29
0.29
0.28
0.33
0.33
0.29
0.32
0.41
0.079
0.066
0.070
0.076
0.072
0.074
0.085
0.066
0.074
0.074
Cu
5.5
9.4
5.9
6.0
5.5
5.3
5.4
4.9
5.2
8.0
1.6
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.5
n pg/g wet tissue weight
Ha
0.68
0.50
0.27
0.28
0.38
0.32
0.26
0.35
0.38
0.32
0.050
0.054
0.034
0.045
0.057
0.059
0.044
0.047
0.041
0.032
Ni
0.15
0.15
0.19
0.23
0.26
0.20
0.26
0.16
0.16
0.26
0.042
0.030
0.034
0.044
0.050
0.042
0.044
0.041
0.049
0.052
Pb
0.79
0.96
0.60
0.57
0.57
0.66
0.75
0.73
0.70
1.2
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Se
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Zn
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
55
29
38
41
35
54
34
41
39
39
a Interference from other metals prevented accurate quantisation.
  NO = not detected.
                                         C-94

-------
Table 10.  Statistical analysis of arsenic (ug/g wet tissue)  In  samples of
           oysters used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean T =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = E x2 - (EX)2
n
Variance
C = 0.027 « 0.0876
Reference
0.95
1.3
1.1
1.0
1.3
5.65
1.13

6.49
0.108
0.027
C=s2(max)

4
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.1
1.2
5.60
1.12

6.28
0.0080
0.0020

Sites
5
0.27
0.19
0.23
0.27
0.23
1.19
0.238

0.287
0.00448
0.00112


6
0.26
0.21
0.20
0.21
0.25
1.13
0.226

0.258
0.00292
0.00073

    0.0308              4           Where s21  is estimate  of variance  of 1th
                          S21
                        1 = 1

Chi square (4,4)  - 0.6287

Since calculated  C Is greater  than tabulated Chi square, variances  are not  homogeneous,
use log transformation.

Since means for Sites are less than Reference  mean,  no  further  analyses necessary.
                                        C-95

-------
Table 11.  Statistical  analysis of cadmium (yg/g wet  tissue)  In  samples of
           oysters used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Zx =
Mean, T =
Sum of squared data,
zx2 =
v^O ~ ** X ~ C jj A ) 	 ~
n
Variance =
Reference
0.12
0.16
0.13
0.13
0.14
0.680
0.136

0.0934
0.00092
0.00023

4
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.17
0.710
0.142

0.101
0.00108
0.00027
Sites
5
0.041
0.029
0.032
0.044
0.040
0.186
0.0372

0.00708
0.00016
0.00004

6
0.034
0.042
0.032
0.032
0.039
0.179
0.0358

0.00649
0.00008
0.00002
C « 0.00027 - 0.482
    0.00056

Chi square (4,4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated C is less than tabulated Chi  square,  variances are homogeneous and
transformation is unnecessary.  Because of similarity  in means, no further analysis
necessary.
                                        C-96

-------
Table 12.  Statistical analysis of chromium (ug/g wet tissue)  In samples  of
           oysters used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, IK -
Mean J =
Sum of aquared data,
Ex2 -
UOO ™ it A "™ J^iLt A /
n
Variance =
Reference
0.21
0.49
0.29
0.29
0.28
1.56
0.312

0.530
0.044
0.011

4
0.33
0.33
0.29
0.32
0.41
1.68
0.336

0.572
0.00792
0.00198
Sites '
5
0.079
0.066
0.070
0.076
0.072
0.363
0.0726

0.0264
0.00010
0.00003

6
0.074
0.085
0.066
0.074
0.074
0.373
0.0746

0.0280
0.00018
0.00005
C - 0.0110 . 0.846
    0.0130
Chi square (4,4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated C is greater than tabulated Chi  square,  variances are not  homogeneous,
use log transformation.  Because of similarity in means,  no further analysis  necessary.
                                        C-97

-------
Table 13.  Statistical analysis of copper (ug/g wet tissue)  in samples  of
           oysters used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n - 5}
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean IT =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 »
CSS = Ex* -Mil
n

Variance =
Reference
5.5
9.4
5.9
6.0
5.5
32.3
6.46

219.67
11.01

2.75


4
5.3
5.4
4.9
5,2
8.0
28.8
5.76

172.3
6.412

1.603

Sites
5
1.6
1.0
1.1
1.2
1.1
6.00
1.20

7.42
0.220

0.055


6
1.7
1.2
1.1
1.1
1.5
6.6
1.32

9.00
0.288

0.072

The means for sites are less than mean for reference, therefore no further
analysis necessary.
                                         C-98

-------
Table 14.  Statistical analysis of mercury (yg/g wet tissue)  in  samples  of
           oysters used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Repl icate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, zx =
Mean T =
Sum of squared data*
zx2 =
CSS * Ex2 - (£X)2
n

Variance =
Reference
0.68
0.50
0.27
0.28
0.38
2.11
0.422

1.008
0.117

0.029


4
0.32
0.26
0.35
0.38
0.32
1.63
0.326

0.539
0.00792

0.00198

Sites
5
0.050
0.054
0.034
0.045
0.057
0.240
0.0480

0.0118
0.00033

0.00008


6
0.059
0.044
0.047
0.041
0.032
0.223
0.0446

0.01030
0.0009

0.00010

Means for sites are less than means for reference;  therefore  no  further
analysis necessary.
                                        C-99

-------
Table 15.  Statistical analysis of nickel (yg/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           oysters used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Repl icate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean T =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS * Ex* - (EX) 2
n
Variance =
Reference
0.15
0.15
0.19
0.23
0.26
0.980
0.196

0.201
0.00952
0.00238

4
0.20
0.26
0.16
0.16
0.26
1.04.
0.208

0.226
0.100
0.00252
Sites
5
0.042
0.030
0.034
0.044
0.050
0.200
0.0400

0.00826
0.00026
0.00006

6
0.042
0.044
0.041
0.049
0.052
0.228
0.0456

0.0104
0.00009
0.00002
c s 0.00252 = 0.506
    0.00498

Chi square (4, 4) = 0.6287

Since calculated C is less than tabulated Chi  square, variances are homogeneous and
transformation is unnecessary.  Because of similarity of means, no further analysis
necessary.
                                         C-100

-------
Table 16.  Statistical analysis of lead (ug/g wet tissue)  In  samples of
           oysters used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Repl icate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ix =
Mean X" =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = 2x2 - (EX) 2
n
Variance =
Reference
0.79
0.96
0.60
0.57
0.57
3.49
0.698

2.55
0.119

0.0298
Sites
456
0.66
0.75
0.73
0.70
1.2
4.04
0.808

3.46
0.196

0.049
C = 0.0493 . o.621
    0.0788

Chi square (2, 4)  •
0.7679
Since calculated C is less than tabulated Chi  square,  variances  are homogeneous  and
transformation is unnecessary.
                                        C-101

-------





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C-102

-------
Table 18.  Concentrations of selected metals In samples of lugworms used in
           a bioaccumulation study with Pascagoula Bay sediments from test
           Sites 4, 5 and 6, and a reference site.
Sediment
Location
Reference




Site 4




Site 5




Site 6




Concentrations in ug/g wet tissue weight
Replicate
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
As
0.36
0.57
0.58
0.62
0.78
0.79
0.71
0.81
0.75
0.67
0.86
0.76
0.72
0.67
0.77
0.77
0.77
0.61
0.84
0.75
Cd
0.025
0.031
0.038
0.042
0.036
0.046
0.042
0.031
0.027
0.031
0.031
0.029
0.040
0.024
0.025
0.027
0.031
0.033
0.031
0.033
Cr
0.48
0.30
0.37
0.53
0.74
0.46
0.47
0.44
0.42
0.43
0.50
0.41
0.50
0.32
0.36
0.45
0.55
0.55
0.39
0.47
Cu
3.8
2.8
2.0
2.9
2.6
3.2
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.7
3.8
2.5
4.7
2.1
3.0
2.7
2.9
2.4
2.1
2.6
Hg_
1.6
1.8
2.5
2.0
2.1
1.6
1.6
0.90
0.77
1.1
0.89
0.79
0.83
0.78
1.0
1.2
1.0
0.76
1.1
1.2
Ni
0.33
0.18
0.27
0.29
0.49
0.33
0.42
0.28
0.54
0.56
0.49
0.42
0.27
0.44
0.84
0.32
0.27
0.38
0.40
0.44
Pb
0.43
0.83
1.2
1.0
0.80
2.0
1.8
0.96
1.4
1.2
0.76
0.83
2.0
0.92
0.65
0.64
0.86
0.96
0.83
0.91
Se
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Zn
2.8
4.3
3.4
4.3
5.5
5.1
5.3
5.0
4.9
4.8
8.6
6.4
8.8
5.3
7.2
5;i
8.0
6.1
6.2
6.6
3 Interference from other metals prevented accurate quantisation.
  ND = not detected.
                                         C-103

-------
Table 19.  Statistical analysis of arsenic (pg/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, ix =
Mean, T =
Sum of squared data,
1x2 =
CSS = Ex2 - (EX) 2 -
n
Variance »
Reference
0.36
0.57
0.58
0.62
0.78
2.91
0.582

1.78
0.09008
0.02252

4
0.79
0.71
0.81
0.75
0.67
3.73
0.746

2.79
0.0131
0.00328
Sites
5
0.86
0.76
0.72
0.67
0.77
3.78
0.756

2.87
0.0197
0.00493

6
0.77
0.77
0.61
0.84
0.75
3.74
0.748

2.82
0.0284
0.00712
C - 0.02252 = 0.5949
    0.03785

Chi square (4, 4)  • 0.6287

Since calculated C is greater than tabulated chi  square, variances are homogeneous
and transformation is unnecessary.
                                        C-104

-------
Table 20.  Statistical analysis of cadmium (ug/g wet tissue)  in  samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
{n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean , T =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = EX2 - (EX)2 -
n
Variance -
Reference
0.025
0.031
0.038
0.042
0.036
0.172
0.0344
0.00609
0.00017
0.00004

4
0.046
0.042
0.031
0.027
0.031
0.177
0.0354
0.00653
0.00027
0.00007
Sites
5
0.031
0.029
0.040
0.024
0.025
0.149
0.0298
0.00460
0.00016
0.00004

6
0.027
0.031
0.033
0.031
0.033
0.155
0.031
0.00483
0.00002
0.00001
C = 0.00007 m 0.4375
    0.00027

Chi square (4,4) = 0.6287

Since calculated C is less than tabulated Chi  square,  variances  are
homogeneous and transformation is unnecessary.
                                        C-105

-------
Table 21.  Statistical analysis of chromium (ug/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Zx =
Mean, I *
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = Ex2 - (IX)2 »
n
Variance =
Reference
0.48
0.30
0.37
0.53
0.74
2.42
0.484

1.28
0.114
0.0286

4
0.46
0.47
0.44
0.42
0.43
2.22
0.444

0.987
0.00172
0.00043
Sites
5
0.50
0.41
0.50
0.32
0.36
2.09
0.418

0.900
0.2648
0.00662

6
0.45
0.55
0.55
0.39
0.47
2.41
0.482

1.18
0.0188
0.00472
C = 0.0286  = 0.7084
    0.04037

Chi square (4,4) = 0.6287

Since calculated C is greater than tabulated Chi  square,  use log transformation.
                                         C-106

-------
Table 22.  Statistical  analysis of copper (yg/g wet tissue)  in  samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean, T =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 «
CSS = E x2 - (EX)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
3.8
2.8
2.0
2.9
2.6
14.1
2.82

41.4
1.68

0.422

4
3.2
2.5
2.4
2.4
2.7
13.2
2.64

35.3
0.452

0.113
Sites
5
3.8
2.5
4.7
2.1
3.0
16.1
3.22

56.1
4.34

1.087

6
2.7
2.9
2.4
2.1
2.6
12.7
2.54

32.6
0.372

0.0930
C = 6'087 » 0.6338
    T77T5

Chi square (4,4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated C is greater than tabulated Chi  square,  use  log
transformation.
                                        C-107

-------
Table 23.  Statistical analysis of mercury (ug/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean , T =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = Ex2 - (EX)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
1.6
1.8
2.5
2.0
2.1
10.0
2.0

2.04
0.460
0.1150

4
1.6
1.6
0.90
0.77
1.1
5.97
1.198

7.73
0.604
0.1511
Sites
5
0.89
0.79
0.83
0.78
1.0
4.29
0.858

3.71
0.0326
0.00817

6
1.2
1.0
0.76
1.1
1.2
5.26
1.05

5.66
0.134
0.0335
Means for Sites are smaller than mean for reference, no further analysis
necessary.
                                        C-108

-------
Table 24.  Statistical analysis of nickel (ug/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Repl icate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Sx =
Mean, T =
Sum of squared data,
£X2 =
CSS = Ex2 - (£X)2 a
n
Variance =
Reference
0.33
0.18
0.27
0.29
0.49
1.56
0.312

0.538
0.0516
0.01292

4
0.33
0.42
0.28
0.54
0.56
2.13
0.426

0.968
0.0615
0.01538
Sites
5
0.49
0.42
0.27
0.44
0.84
2.46
0.492

1.38
0.178
0.04457

6
0.32
0.27
0.38
0.40
0.44
1.81
0.362

0.673
0.0180
0.00452
C = 0*4457 = .9859
    0.045207

Chi square (4,4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated  C is greater than tabulated chi  square,  use  log  transformation.
                                       C-109

-------
Table 25.  Statistical analysis of lead {ug/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Repl icate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, ix =
Mean , T =
Sum of squared data,
LX2 =
CSS * Ix2 - (£X)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
0.43
0.83
1.2
1.0
0.80
4.26
0.852

3.95
0.324

0.08107

4
2.0
1.8
0.96
1.4
1.2
7.36
1.47

11.45
0.727

0.1819
Sites
5
0.76
0.83
2.0
0.92
0.65
5.16
1.03

6.53
1.21

0.3025

6
0.64
0.86
0.96
0.83
0.91
4.20
0.840

3.58
0.0598

0.01495
C = 0.3025 = 0.5211
    075SD~4

Chi square (4,4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated C is less than tabulated Chi square, variances are homogeneous
and transformation is unnecessary.
                                       C-110

-------
Table 26.  Statistical analysis of zinc {ug/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           lugworms used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Repl icate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex -
Mean, X" =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 »
CSS = Ex* -i£Xlis
n
Variance =
Reference
2.8
4.3
3.4
4.3
5.5
20.3
4.06

86.6
4.21

0.01495

4
5.1
5.3
5.0
4.9
4.8
25.1
5.02

126.
0.148

1.0530
Sites
5
8.6
6.4
8.8
5.3
7.2
36.3
7.26

272
8.75

2.188

6
5.1
8.0
8.1
6.2
6.6
32.0
6.40

209
4.42

1.105
C * 2.188  = 0.5017
    4736TO

Chi square (4,4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated  C is less than tabulated Chi  square,  variances  are  homogeneous
and transformation is unnecessary.
                                        C-lll

-------






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-------
Table 34.  Comparison of mean concentrations  of arsenic  residues  In  samples of
           lugworms from sample  sites  with mean concentrations  In lugworms
           from a reference sediment.
                        1.0094625 =0.0435
           At the alpha =  0.05 level,
2 3
Q 3.00 3.65
Sjf 0.0435 0.0435
LSR « QSX 0.08700 0.1305
Treatment means from computer
Ref Site 4 Site 6
0.582 0.746 0.748
Mean Comparison
K LSR Difference between
2 0.0870 Site 4-Ref » 0.746
3 0.1305 Site 6-Ref = 0.748
4 0.1740 Site 5-Ref = 0.756
4
4.05
0.0435
0.1740
printout
Site 5
0.756

means
- 0.582 = 0.
- 0.582 = 0.
- 0.582 = 0.









164*
1660*
1740*
      * Indicates significant  difference  at  alpha =  0.05
                                       C-119

-------
Table 35.  Comparison of mean concentrations of zinc residues in samples of
           lugworms from sample sites withmean concentrations in lugworms
           from a reference sediment.
                           ..09575 a 0.468
           At the alpha = 0.05 level,

0
s*
LSR = OS*




K
2
3
4
2 3
3.00 3.65
0.468 0.468
0.936 1.404
Treatment means from computer
Ref Site 4 Site 6
4.06 5.02 6.40
Mean Comparison
LSR Difference between
0.936 Site 4-Ref - 5.02
1.404 Site 6 -Ref - 6.40
1.872 Site 5-Ref - 7.26
4
4.05
0.468
1.872
printout
Site 5
7,26

means
- 4.06 - 0.960*
- 4.06 » 2.34*
- 4.06 - 3.20*
Note: n.s. indicates no significant difference at alpha = .05

      * indicates significant difference at. alpha = .05
                                       C-120

-------
Table 36.  Concentrations of selected metals in samples of shrimp used in a bio-
           accumulation study with Pascagoula Bay sediments from test Sites 4, 5
           and 6, and a reference site.
Sediment
Location
Reference




Site 4




Site 5




Site 6




Concentrations in pg/g wet tissue weight
Replicate
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
As
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.7
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.6
1.5
1.5
2.9
1.4
2.0
Cd
0.041
0.056
0.045
0.050
0.050
0.055
0.047
0.044
0.041
0.047
0.041
0.035
0.053
0.035
0.053
0.047
0.043
0.11
0.070
0.047
Cr
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
NO
ND
ND
NO
Cu
8.8
11
8
10
10
9.8
8.5
8.5
9.1
8.3
7.8
8.3
11
7.1
8.9
8.2
9.1
14
8.6
11
Hg_
0.86
1.5
0.96
1.2
0.58
1.1
0.93
0.98
0.99
1.2
0.51
0.91
0.88
0.87
0.82
1.4
1.1
0.39
1.1
0.99
Ni
ND
NO
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
ND
Pb
0.68
0.62
0.99
0.55
0.43
0.88
0.86
0.71
0.67
0.66
0.63
0.53
0.99
0.59
0.72
0.65
1.1
0.91
0.90
0.74
Se
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
Zn
4.8
5.2
5.3
5.3
8.3
5.3
5.7
4.8
4.9
4.9
5.9
5.4
5.2
5.2
5.9
8.5
6.3
11
6.0
6.7
a Interference from other metals prevented accurate quantitation.
  ND = not detected.
                                       C-121

-------
Table 37.  Statistical analysis of arsenic (ug/g wet  tissue)  in  samples of
           shrimp used in Pascagoula Bay study.
Repl icate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Zx =
Mean, I =
Sum of squared data,
ZX2 .
CSS = 1x2 - (£X)2 *
n
Variance =
Reference
1.5
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.7
7.4
1.48

11.0
0.088

0.02200

4
2.2
1.8
1.5
1.3
1.7
8.5
1.70

14.9
0.46

0.11500
Sites
5
1.5
1.5
1.7
1.6
1.6
7.9
1.58

12.5
0.028

0.00700

6
1.5
1.5
2.9
1.4
2.0
9.3
1.86

18.8
1.57

0.39300
C = 0.393 = 0.7318
    ZK53TO

Chi square (4, 4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated C is greater than tabulated  chi  square, use log transformation.
                                       C-122


-------
Table 38.  Statistical analysis of cadmium (ug/g wet tissue)  In samples of
           shrimp used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n = 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, ix =
Mean, T =
Sum of squared data,
CSS = Ex2 - (EX)2 «
n
Variance =
Reference
0.041
0.056
0.045
0.050
0.050
0.242
0.048
0.0118
0.00013
0.00003

4
0.055
0.047
0.044
0.041
0.047
0.234
0.0468
0.0110
0.00011
0.00003
Sites
5
0.041
0.035
0.053
0.035
0.053
0.217
0.0434
0.00975
0.00033
0.00008

6
0.047
0.043
0.11
0.070
0.047
0.317
0.0634
0.0232
0.00317
0.00079
C = 0.00079 . 0.8494
    0.00093

Chi square (4, 4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated C Is greater than tabulated chi  square,  use log transformation.
                                       C-123

-------
Table 39.  Statistical analysis of copper (yg/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           shrimp used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean, T =
Sum of squared data,
EX =
CSS = Ex2 - (EX)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
8.8
11
8.5
10
10
48.3
9.66

470.69
4.112

1.0280

4
9.8
8.5
8.5
9.1
8.3
44.2
8.84

392.24
1.512

0.37800
Sites
5
7.8
8.3
11
7.1
8.9
43.1
8.62

380.35
8.828

2.2070

6
8.2
9.1
14
8.6
11
50.9
10.1

541.01
22.848

5.7120
C = 5.7120 = 0.6125
    9.3250

Chi square (4,4) « 0.6287

Since calculated C is greater than tabulated chi  square, use log transformation.
                                       C-124

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Table 40.  Statistical  analysis of mercury (ug/g wet tissue)  In  samples  of
           shrimp used In the Pascagoula Bay study.
Re pi icate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, zx =
Mean , IT =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
w O J ^ ** A ^ 1 « A / ™
n
Variance =
Reference
0.86
1.5
0.96
1.2
0.58
5.10
1.02

5.68
0.485

0.12140

4
1.1
0.93
0.98
0.99
1.2
5.20
1.04

5.45
0.0474

0.01185
Sites
5
0.51
0.91
0.88
0.87
0.82
3.99
0.798

3.29
0.107

0.02697

6
1.4
1.1
0.39
1.1
0.99
4.98
0.996

5.51
0.552

0.13803
Because of similarity of means no further analysis  deemed  necessary.
                                      C-12S

-------
 Table 41.  Statistical analysis of lead (ug/g wet tissue)  in samples of
           shrimp used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Rep] icate
(n - 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, £x =
Mean , T -
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 -
CSS = Ex2 - (EX)2 =
n
Variance -
Reference
0.68
0.62
0.99
0.55
0.43
3.27
0.654

2.314
0.1757
0.04393

4
0.88
0.86
0.71
0.67
0.66
3.78
0.756

2.902
0.04492
0.01123
Sites
5
0.63
0.53
0.99
0.59
0.72
3.46
0.692

2.524
0.1300
0.03252

6
0.65
1.1
0.91
0.90
0.74
4.30
0.860

3.818
0.1202
0.03005
C = 0.04393 = Q.37314
    0.11773

Chi square (4,4)  = 0.6287

Since calculated C is less than tabulated Chi  square,  variances are homogeneous
and transformation not necessary.
                                       C-126

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Table 42.  Statistical  analysis of zinc (pg/g wet tissue)  in  samples  of shrimp
           used in the Pascagoula Bay study.
Replicate
(n- 5)
1
2
3
4
5
Sum of data, Ex =
Mean, X" =
Sum of squared data,
Ex2 =
CSS = Ex2 - (ZX)2 =
n
Variance =
Reference
4.8
5.2
5.3
5.3
8.3
28.9
5.78

175.15
8.1080

2.0270

4
5.3
5.7
4.8
4.9
4.9
25.6
5.12

131.64
0.56800

0.14200
Sites
5
5.9
5.4
5.2
5.2
5.9
17.6
5.52

152.86
0.50800

0.12700

6
8.5
6.3
11
6.0
6.7
38.5
7.70

313.83
17.380

4.3450
           = 0.6542
    5784TO

Chi square (4,4)
                   0.6287
Since calculated C is greater than tabulated  Chi  square,  variance  are  not
homogenous and transformation necessry.
                                       C-127

-------





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C-133

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EFFECTS OF SEDIMENT FROM THREE LOCATIONS IN BAYOU CASOTTE,
      MISSISSIPPI, ON REPRESENTATIVE MARINE ORGANISMS
                       Prepared by:

              Dredged Materials Research Team
                 P.R. Parrish,  Coordinator

           U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
             Environmental Research Laboratory
                       Sabine Island
             Gulf Breeze, Florida   32561-3999
                       Submitted to:

                 Susan Ivester Rees,  PD-EC
               U.S. Army Corps  of Engineers
                      Mobile District
                   109 St.  Joseph Street
                Mobile, Alabama  36628-0001
                In partial  fulfillment  of:
                    IAG RW96932347-01-1
                  Draft Report:
                  Final Report:
May 1988
                           C-134

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                                ABSTRACT
     A toxicity and bioaccumulation test was conducted with sediment
 from three locations in Bayou Casotte, Mississippi.  Three types of
 marine organisms  from benthic and epibenthic habitats were exposed to
 sediment samples  from each of the three sites for 10 days in flowing,
 natural seawater; a reference sediment collected in Mississippi Sound,
 approximately 2 miles east of Bayou Casotte, was used as a control.
 The purpose of the test was to  evaluate, in the laboratory, the
 toxicity of the sediment samples and the potential for bioaccumulation
 of chemicals from the sediments.  A 96-hour toxicity test was conducted
 with the suspended particulate  phase  (SPP) of each sediment sample; the
 purpose was to compare toxicity of the whole sediment to that of the
 SPP.
     The toxicity of each of the four sediment samples was minimal.
 Exposure to the sediments for 10 days had little observable adverse
 effect on lugworms (Arenicola cristata), oysters (Crassostrea
 virainica.) or pink shrimp  (Penaeus duorarum).  Survival of lugworms
 was 96% in the reference sediment and 86% in Site 1, 92% in Site 2,
 and 98% Site 3 sediment; oyster survival was 100% in the reference
 sediment and Site 1, Site 2 and Site  3 sediment; and shrimp survival
 was 96% in the reference sediment, 98%  in Site 1, 94% in Site 2 and  92%
 in Site 3 sediment.
     The SPP of the sediments had minimal adverse effect on mysids
 (Mysidopsis bahia).  Survival in 100% SPP of the three Bayou Casotte
 sediments and the reference sediment was > 80%.
     The results  of the bioaccumulation test are reported  in a separate
document.
                                C-135

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                              INTRODUCTION
     In accord with an agreement with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
 (CE), Mobile District, tests were conducted with sediment from two
 locations in Bayou Casotte, Mississippi to determine toxicity to
 representative marine organisms and the potential for bioaccumulation
 of chemicals from the sediment samples.  Ten-day tests with the solid
 phase (whole sediment) and 96-hour (h) tests with the suspended
 particulate phase (SPP) of each sediment sample and a reference
 sediment were conducted at the U.S. EPA Environmental Research
 Laboratory, Gulf Breeze {ERLGB), Florida, in January-February 1988.
     The chemical analyses of sediments and animal tissues also were
 conducted at ERLGB, and the results are reported in a separate
document.
                         MATERIALS AND METHODS
Test Materials
     The sediments to be tested were collected by ERLGB personnel on 11
January 1988, at three sites designated by CE, Mobile District.  The
reference sediment was collected the same day in Mississippi Sound,
approximately 2 miles east of Bayou Casotte.  All samples were
transported to ERLGB on the day of collection and placed in a large
cooler where temperature  was maintained at approximately 4'C.  Before
testing, all sediment subsamples of each sediment were combined in a
 large container and  mixed well.  A characterization of the three
sediment samples and the reference sediment is contained in Table 1.
     Sodium lauryl sulfate was used as a reference toxicant to gauge
the condition of the test animals for the SPP tests.  The chemical
                                  c-136

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used was manufactured by Sigma Chemical Company, No. L-5750, Lot 42F-
0039, and was approximately 95% pure.
Test Animals
     For the solid-phase (whole-sediment) tests, three types of marine
organisms from benthic and epibenthic habitats were tested.  They were
lugworms fArenicola cristatal, oysters  (Crassostrea virainica), and
pink shrimp  (Penaeus duorarum).  The polychaetes were purchased from a
bait dealer  in St. Petersburg, Florida; the oysters were collected from
East Bay, near ERLGB; and the shrimp were purchased from a  local bait
dealer.  All animals were maintained for at least 48 h at ERLGB where
they were acclimated to test conditions.
     Mysids  (Mvsidopsis bahial for the SPP and reference toxicant
tests were cultured at ERLGB.  Mysids (5 ± 1 days old) were fed
Artemia salina nauplii (32 to 48 h post-hydration) during holding
and testing.

Test Watejr
     Natural seawater pumped  from Santa Rosa Sound into the ERLGB
seawater system was used for all tests.  For the solid-phase test, the
water was not filtered as it was pumped into elevated reservoirs.
There it was aerated and allowed to flow by gravity into the wet
laboratory, where it was siphoned from an open trough into  the test
aquaria.  For the SPP tests, the seawater was filtered through sand and
20-jim fiber filters; salinity was controlled at 20 + 2 parts per
thousand by the addition of aged tap water, and temperature was
controlled at 25 ± 1*C by a commercial chiller and/or heater.
                                C-137

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Test Methods
     Test methods for the solid-phase tests were based on those of
U.S. IPA/Corps of Engineers  (1977) and methods for the SPP test were
after U.S. EPA (1985).  To prepare for the exposure of lugworms,
oysters, and shrimp, approximately 7 liters (1) of reference sediment
was placed in each of fifteen 20-gallon (76-1) glass aquaria.  This
resulted in a layer of reference sediment approximately 30 millimeters
(mm) deep.  After about 1 h, seawater flowed into each aquarium at
approximately 25 1/h, and the system was allowed to equilibrate for
24 h.  Then, the seawater flow was stopped, approximately 3.5 1 of the
appropriate sediment was added to each aquarium (resulting in a layer
about 15 mm deep), the sediment was allowed to settle for approximately
1 h, and the seawater flow was resumed.  Then 10 lugworms were placed
in the back section and 10 shrimp and 10 oysters were placed in the
front section of each aquarium.  (A nylon screen, 2-mm mesh, had been
inserted in each aquarium and secured with silicone sealant in order to
separate the lugworms from the predacious shrimp.)  Ten test organisms
per replicate of each species were used for this test because this
number was sufficient to perform a statistical analysis of mortality
and the individuals were of such a size that sufficient biomass was
available for chemical analyses to determine bioaccumulation.
     The five control (reference sediment) aquaria were prepared at
the same time and in the same manner as the sediment exposure aquaria
except that only the reference sediment was added to each aquarium.
     The 10-day solid-phase test was conducted from 26 January to 5
February 1988.  Water temperature, salinity, pH, and dissolved oxygen

                                 C-138

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were recorded daily.  Dead animals were noted and removed from the
aquaria daily.  At the end of the exposure, the remaining live animals
in each aquarium were removed, rinsed with seawater to remove sediment,
and were placed separately in flowing seawater to purge their gut.
After 24 h, they were placed in acid-cleaned glass jars, then frozen,
and later provided to the ERLGB Chemistry Laboratory for chemical
analyses to determine bioaccumulation.  Animals from the test
populations were treated similarly before the test began to provide
information on background concentrations.
     To prepare the suspended particulate phase (SPP) of the two
sediments and the reference sediment, 1,000 milliliters (ml) of chilled
seawater was added to a 2-1 Erlenmeyer flask.  Then, 200 ml of well-
stirred sediment was added to the flask.  More seawater (800 ml) was
added to the flask to bring the contents to the 2-1 mark.  This 1-
part sediment:9-part seawater mixture was placed on a magnetic stirrer
and mixed for at least 5 minutes  (min), and then allowed the settle for
1 h.  The SPP was then decanted into a separate container, and pH and
dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations were measured.  The SPP of the
reference sediment had to be aerated to increase the DO to acceptable
concentrations (> 60% of saturation).  The appropriate volume of  100%
SPP in seawater of seawater only was added to 2-1 Carolina culture
dishes (the total volume in each dish was 1 1) to prepare the test
mixtures and control.  The mixtures were than stirred for approximately
5 min; the DO, pH, temperature and salinity were measured; and test
animals were added to the dishes.
     After water quality measurements and addition of animals, the
                                 C-139

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dishes were stacked, with a cover on the top dish,  and placed in an
incubator.  The temperature controller was set at 20°C and the light
controller at 14 h light:10 h dark. The seawater in all treatments was
aerated at a volume estimated to be 100 cubic centimeters/min during
the tests.
     Water quality was measured at 24-h intervals,  and daily counts of
live animals were made.  After 96 h, the number of live animals was
determined and the tests were terminated.
     Tests with the SPP prepared from the four sediments were conducted
1 to 5 February 1988; a reference toxicant test with mysids from the
same population was conducted 22 to 26 February 1988.
Statistical Analyses
     There was no statistical analyses of the data from the solid-phase
tests or the SPP tests because no median effect (50% mortality)
occurred.  Mortality data from the mysid reference toxicant test were
subjected to statistical analyses, however.  The 96-h LC50  (the
concentration lethal to 50% of the test animals after 96 h of
exposure) was calculated by using the moving average method  (Stephan,
1977).  The 95% confidence limits were also calculated.

                         RESULTS  AND DISCUSSION
     Sediment from three sites in Bayou Casotte, Mississippi, had
little observable adverse effects on lugworms, oysters, or pink shrimp
after a 10-day exposure.  Survival of lugworms was 96% in the reference
sediment and 86% in Site 1, 92% in Site 2, and 98% in Site  3 sediment;
oyster survival was 100% in the reference sediment and in Site  1,  Site
2 and Site 3 sediment; and shrimp survival was 96% in the reference
                                C-140

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sediment, 98% in Site 1, 94% in Site 2, and 92% in site 3 sediment
(Table 2).
     The suspended particulate phase (SPP) of the sediments caused
universal adverse effects on mysids.  When up to 100% SPP was tested,
survival was >80% (Table 3).
     Results of the reference toxicant test showed that the mysids were
in suitable condition for testing; the 96-h LC50 was 6.3 ppra with 95%
confidence limits of 4.8 to 8.4 ppm.  Our experience and the literature
(Roberts et al., 1982)  show that the 96-h LC50 of sodium lauryl sulfate
for mysids is usually 5 to  8 ppm.
                                 C-141

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                            LITERATURE  CITED



Folk, R.L.  1957.  Petrology of Sedimentary Rock.  Hemphill



   Publishing Co. Austin, TX, pp. 123-145.



Roberts, M.H. Jr., J.E. Warinner, F. Tsai, D. Wright, and L.E. Cronin.



   1982.  Comparison of Estuarine Species Sensitivity to Three



   Toxicants.  Archives of Environmental Contamination and



   Toxicology, 11:681-692.



Stephan, C.E.  1977.  Methods for Calculating an LC50.  In:  Aquatic



   Toxicity and Hazard Evaluation.  ASTM STP 634, F.L. Mayer and J.L.



   Hamelink, Eds., American Society for Testing and Materials,



   Philadelphia, PA, pp. 65-84.



U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Corps of Engineers.   1977.



   Ecological Evaluation of Proposed Discharge of Dredged  Material



   into Ocean Waters, Implementation Manual  for Section 103 of Public



   Law 92-532 (Marine Protection, Research,  and Sanctuaries Act of



   1972), U.S. Army engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg,



   MS, 24 pp. plus appendices.



U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.  1985.  Oil and Gas  Point



   Source Category, Offshore Subcategory; Effluent  Limitations



   Guidelines and New Source Performance  Standards;  Proposed  Rule.



   FEDERAL REGISTER 50(165):34592-34636.
                                 C-142

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Table 1.  Characterization of two sediment samples  from Bayou casotte,
Mississippi, and a reference sediment from Mississippi Sound for water
content, silt-clay (< 62 micrometers), and organic  carbon  (Folk, 1957).
Values reported are means of three measurements.
Sediment

Reference

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3
Water f%)


  46.5


  54.3

  34.9


  60.1
Silt-Clav


   28.0


   49.7


    8.9

   67.7
Organic Carbon (%1

      5.6

      6.6

      2.2

      6.8
                                 C-143

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Table 2.  Results of a 10-day laboratory exposure of lugworms
(Arenicola cristata), oysters fCrassostrea virainica), and pink shrimp
(Penaeus dUQrarum) to sediment from Mississippi Sound, along with a
reference sediment from near Gulf Breeze, Florida.  Numbers of animals
that were alive at the end of  the exposure are given; numbers of
animals per replicate at the beginning of the test were 10 lugworms,
oysters, and pink shrimp.



Reference
Sediment




Site 1





Site 2





site 3



Replicate
1
2
3
4
5
Total
l
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
1
2
3
4
5
Total
Lugworms
10
10
10
10
8
48
8
9
9
10
7
43
9
10
9
9
9
46
10
10
9
10
10
49
Oysters
10
10
10
10
10
50
10
10
10
10
10
50
10
10
10
10
10
50
10
10
10
10
10
50
Shrimp
10
9
9
10
10
48
9
10
10
10
10
49
10
10
9
8
10
47
9
7
10
10
10
46
                                 C-144

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Table 3.  Results of acute toxicity tests conducted with mysids
(Mvsidopsis bahia) and the suspended particulate phase (SPP) of
sediment from Mississippi Sound and a reference sediment from near
Mississippi Sound. The percentage of animals alive after 96 hours of
exposure is given.
                             Exposure Concentration r% SPPai
Test material

Reference
    Sediment

Site 1

Site 2

Site 3
Control
100
11
100
101
90
251
90
50%
90
100%
90
90

70

SO
90

80

70
100

100

 60
80

70

90
100

100


100
80

90

90
a The SPP  (suspended particulate phase) was prepared by mixing 1 part
sediment with 9 parts seawater  (v:v), allowing the mixture to settle
for 1 h, and decanting the unsettled portion.
                                 C-145

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                                                      C-146

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CHEMICAL ANALYSES OF SEDIMENT FROM BAYOU CASOTTE,
  MISSISSIPPI, AND  TISSUES OF MARINE ORGANISMS
             EXPOSED TO THE SEDIMENT
                   Prepared  by:

            Analytical Chemistry Team
               Ecotoxicology Branch
           Janes c. Moore, Team Leader
           E.M.  Lores,  Research  Chemist

      U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency
        Environmental Research Laboratory
                  Sabine Island
              Gulf  Breeze, FL 32561

                  Submitted To:

            Susan Ivester Rees, PD-EC
           U.S.  Army Corps of Engineers
                 Mobile District
              109 St. Joseph Street
           Mobile, Alabama  36628-0001
            In partial fulfillment of:
               IAG RW96932347-01-1
           Draft Report:  May  1988
           Final Report:
                     C-147

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                              ABSTRACT
     Chemical analyses were performed on sediments from Bayou
Casotte, Mississippi, and on three types of marine organisms exposed
to these sediment samples during a 10-day bioaccumulation test
conducted by the Dredged Materials Research Team of the Gulf Breeze
Laboratory.  Replicates of each sediment and type of organism were
analyzed for residues of selected chlorinated hydrocarbon
pesticides, PCBs, chlorpyrifos (Dursban), petroleum hydrocarbons,
and 9 heavy metals.  The purpose of these chemical analyses was to
determine if residues were detectable in the sediment and if they
accumulated in tissues of organisms exposed to the sediment.
Samples of each type of organism and sediment were analyzed prior to
use in the bioaccumulation test.
     Residues of selected pesticides or PCBs were not detected in
sediments or animal tissues before or after exposure, but several
metals and petroleum hydrocarbons were detected in sediments and in
tissues of organisms before and after exposure.  However, no
concentrations of metals or petroleum hydrocarbons in oysters
(Crassostrea virainica), lugworms  (Arenicola cristatal, and shrimp
(Penaeus duorarum) exposed to sediment  from sites 1, 2, or  3 were
significantly greater  (P = 0.05) than concentrations in animals
exposed to the reference sediment.
                               C-U8

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                            INTRODUCTION



     In accord with an agreement between the U.S. Army Corps of



Engineers (CE), Mobile District, and EPA's Gulf Breeze Environmental



Research Laboratory (ERL/GB), chemical analyses were performed on



sediment from Sites 1, 2, and 3 in Bayou Casotte, Mississippi, and



on three species of marine organisms (lugworms, Arenicola cristata;



oysters, Crassostrea virginica; and shrimp, Penaneus duorarum)



exposed to these sediments during a 10-day bioaccumulation test.



Each sediment and organism was analyzed for the following chemical



residues:  PCBs, selected chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides,



chlorpyrifos  (Dursban), selected heavy metals, and two petroleum



hydrocarbon fractions (aliphatic and aromatic).  These analyses were



performed on two replicates of sediments and organisms before the



bioaccumulation test and on five replicates of organisms after the



bioaccumulation test.  Chemical analyses were performed by gas-



liquid chromatography for pesticides, PCBs, and petroleum



hydrocarbons, and by inductively coupled argon plasma emission



spectroscopy  (ICAP) for heavy metals.  Methods of chemical analyses



were modified and validated at ERL/GB, except  for the petroleum



hydrocarbon method.  This method was used as recommended by  the U.S.



Army Corps of Engineers Implementation Manual  (EPA/CE, 1977).
                       MATERIALS AND METHODS



Test Sediments and Animals



     Samples of sediments and test  organisms were obtained  from the



ERL/GB Dredged Materials Research Team prior to  initiation  of  the






                                 C-149

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bioaccumulation test.  After the 10-day exposure period,  five
replicates of each test organism from each test sediment,  and the
reference sediment, were collected and maintained at approximately
-4*C until chemical analyses were performed.
Methods of Chemical analyses
A.  Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides and PCBs
     Tissue samples were weighed into a 150-mm by 25-mm screw top
test tube and homogenized three times with 10 ml of acetonitrile
with a Willems Polytron Model PT 20-ST (Brinkman Instruments,
Westbury, NY).  Following each homogenization, the test tube was
centrifuged  (1600x g) and the liquid layer decanted into a 120-ml
oil sample bottle.  Seventy-five ml of a 2%  (w/v) aqueous sodium
sulfate and  10 ml of petroleum ether were added to the bottle and
the contents shaken for 1 minute.  After the layers separated, the
solvent was pipetted into a 25-ml concentrator tube and the
extraction with petroleum ether was repeated two more times.  The
combined solvent extract was concentrated to 1 ml on a nitrogen
evaporator in preparation for cleanup.
     Cleanup columns were prepared by adding 3 g of PR-grade
florisil (stored at 130'C) and 2 g of anhydrous sodium sulfate
(powder) to  a 200-mm by 9-mm i.d. Chromaflex column  (Kontes  Glass
Co., Vineland, NJ) and rinsing with 20 ml of hexane.  Tissue and
sediment extracts were transferred to the column with two additional
2-ml volumes of hexane.  Pesticides and  PCBs were eluted  with 20  ml
of 5%  (v/v)  diethyl ether  in hexane.
                                   C-150

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     Quantisations of pesticides were made with external standard
methods.  All standards were obtained from the EPA pesticide re-
pository*  PCS reference standard, obtained from U.S. EPA chemical
Repository, Washington, DC, was described by Sawyer  (1978).  Analy-
ses were performed on a Hewlett-Packard Model 5710 gas chroma-
tograph equipped with a 63Ni electron-capture detector.  Separa-
tions were performed by using a 182-cm by 2-mm i.d.  glass column
packed with 2% SP2100  (Supleco, INC., Bellefonte, PA) on 80-100 mesh
Supelcoport.  other gas chromatographic parameters were:  flow rate
of the 10% methane-in-argon carrier gas, 25 ml/min;  column  tempera-
ture, 190*C; inlet temperature, 200'C, and detector  temperature,
300'C.                                                           ,  '
     Recoveries of PCBs and pesticides from spiked samples  and
detection limits for pesticides and petroleum hydrocarbons  were
determined  (Table 1); results of  pesticide and PCB analyses were
reported to two significant figures as our methods allowed  (Tables
2-6).
B.  Heavy Metals
     One to two grams of tissue or sediment were weighed into a 40
ml reaction vessel.  Five  milliliters  of concentrated nitric acid
(Baker Chemical Instra-Analyzed)  were  added and  the  samples digested
for 2 to 4 h at 70*C in a  tube  heater.   Digestion was continued,
with vessels capped, for 48 h  at  70 PC.   After digestion, samples
were transferred to  15-ml  tubes and  diluted  to 10 ml for aspiration
into a Jarrell-Ash AtomComp 800 Series inductively-coupled argon-
plasma emission spectrometer  (ICAP).   This instrument acquires data
  (for 15 elements simultaneously.  Method detection limits for each) -  line omitted
 from original                       P «r.

-------
element were based on wet-weight analyses (Table 7).   No detectable
residues could be found in method blanks.  A solution of ten percent
nitric acid/distilled water was analyzed between samples to prevent
carryover of residues from one sample to the next.  Standards were
used to calibrate the instrument initially and adjustments were made
when necessary.  Concentrations are reported to two significant
figures as our method allowed, and were not corrected for percentage
recovery.
C.  Petroleum Hydrocarbons
     Ten grams of tissue or sediment were weighed into culture
tubes and extracted as described by Warner  (1976).  Sample extracts
were concentrated to approximately 0.50 ml  for gas chromatographic
analyses.  Analyses were performed on a Hewlett Packard gas
chromatograph  (GC) equipped with flame ionization detection  (FID).
Separations were performed by using a 182-cm by 2-mm  i.d. glass
column packed with 3% OV101 on 100/120 mesh Supelcoport.  Helium
carrier gas was used at a flow of 30 ml/min.
Quality Assurance of Chemical Analyses
     All standards used for guantitations of pesticides were
obtained from EPA's repository in Las Vegas, Nevada.  Standard
solutions of metals were obtained from J.T. Baker Chemical  Co.,
Phillipsburg, NJ, and were Instra-Analyzed  quality.   Dotriacontane
was obtained from Alltech Associates, Deerfield,  Illinois,  and was
used as an  internal standard  to  quantitate  petroleum hydrocarbons.
     A part of our quality assurance procedures includes  forti-
fication of samples of  organisms and sediments with  selected

                                  C-152

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chemicals to evaluate the entire analytical system during the period
of time quantitative analyses of test organisms and sediments are
performed.  Separate samples were fortified with selected pesticides
and petroleum hydrocarbons  (Table 1), and metals (Table 7).   Reagent
and glassware blanks were analyzed to verify that the analytical
system was not contaminated with chemical residues that could inter-
fere with quantitations.
Statistical Analyses
     Residue data were analyzed according to guidance in  the
Implementation Manual  (EPA/CE, 1977).  Calculations were  performed
to determine whether variance of data sets were homogeneous.  Then
analysis of variance  (ANOVA) was used to compare mean tissue con-
centration in animals exposed to each dredged material sample.  All
data values shown as ND were treat ad as missing values by the ANOVA
procedure.  When the calculated F-value exceeded the tabulated
value at P = 0.05,  Student-Newman-Keuls multiple-range test was used
to determine which  dredged  material  mean was significantly different
from the reference  mean.  These analyses were performed  by using
Statistical Analysis System (SAS)  procedures  (SAS,  1982).
                                  C-153

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                       RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Analyses qf Pesticides and PCBs
     During these analyses, only oysters were available in
sufficient numbers to allow them to be used for spiking.  However,
we believe the results of spiked samples (Table 1) indicate that the
extraction and quantitation techniques were adequate for determining
concentrations of chemical residues in organisms and sediments used
in the bioaccumulation study.  Results of reagent and glassware
blank analyses verified that residues of pesticides, PCBs, petroleum
hydrocarbons, metals, or other contaminants were not present prior
to the analyses of test organisms and sediments.
     Before the bioaccumulation test, chemical analyses were
performed on samples of each group of organisms and sediments.
Results  (Table 2) indicate that residues of pesticides  and PCBs were
not present in concentrations above the detection  limits.  Results
from pesticides and  PCB analyses on replicate  samples  of  sediment
from the reference site and  Sites  1,  2, or  3.  Detection  limits were
the same as those in Table 1.
     After the organisms  were exposed to a  reference sediment or
test sediments from  Bayou Casotte, they were  analyzed  for
pesticides, petroleum  hydrocarbons,  and metals.   Results  of chemical
analyses for pesticides  and PCBs  are  shown in Tables  3-6, and
indicate that  neither  pesticides  nor  PCBs  accumulated  in  tissues of
the organisms.
Analyses of  Metals
      Replicate samples of each group of organisms were analyzed for

                                   C-154

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selected metals before and after the 10-day bioaccumulation test.
Results from the pretest analyses are shown in Table 7 with method
detection limits for each element.  Concentrations of some elements
could not be quantitated because our instrument has limitations and
cannot correct for interferences from high concentrations of some
elements present in these samples.  Results (Table 8) show that all
sediment samples contained some heavy metals.  Less-than
concentrations are shown for mercury and lead, because accurate
background correction was not possible with these elements.
     Concentrations of selected metals in samples of oysters exposed
for 10 days to a reference sediment or sediment from Sites 1, 2, and
3 in Bayou Casotte are shown in Table 9.  A test for homogeneity of
variances was performed on arsenic  (As) and zinc (Zn) (Tables 10
and 15, respectively).  Results show that calculated C-values were
less than the tabulated Chi square values at P = 0.05; therefore,
the variances were considered homogeneous.  Because means for sites
were less than means  for the reference sediment, no further analyses
were performed for cadmium (Cd) , chromium  (Cr) , copper (CuUor
nickel (Ni) (Tables 11 - 14).  Results of analysis of variance
(ANOVA) of bioaccumulation data for arsenic and zinc  (Tables 16  and
17) show that no significant differences were detected (P = 0.05).
     Concentrations of metals in samples of lugworms  exposed for 10
days to sediment from Sites 1, 2, and  3 and to the reference site
are shown in Table 18.  Because mean concentrations  of arsenic,
chromium, and copper  in tissues of  lugworms exposed  to sediment  from
Site 1, 2, or 3 were  less than concentrations in  lugworms exposed  to
                                  C-155

-------
the reference sediment (Tables 19, 21, and 22),  no further
statistical analyses were performed.  Results of a test for
homogeneity of variance for cadmium, nickel,  and zinc
(Tables 20, 23, and 24, respectively) show that transformation was
necessary for nickel data only.
     Results from analyses of variance for cadmium, nickel, and zinc
are shown in Tables 25 - 27; no significant differences were found
(P - 0.05).
     Concentrations of metals in shrimp exposed for 10 days are
shown in Table 28.  Because of similarity of means or because means
from the sites were less than means for the reference sediment
(Tables 29 - 34), no further analyses were necessary.
Analyses of petroleum hydrocarbons
     Concentrations of both aliphatic and aromatic petroleum
hydrocarbon residues in tissues of organisms exposed to the
reference sediment and sediment from Sites 1, 2, and 3 are shown in
Table 35.  Residues of both hydrocarbon types were detected in
oysters, lugworms, and shrimp.  Analysis of variance was used to
determine if concentrations of aliphatic or aromatic hydrocarbon
residues in tissues of each group of organisms  exposed to  sediments
from Site 1, 2, or 3 were significantly different  from the
concentrations  in tissues of organisms exposed  to  the reference
sediment.  Because numbers of detectable concentrations varied among
treatments and  because variances  differed, transformed data were
used in the analysis of variance  procedures.
     Statistical analyses for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons

                                  C-156

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     Statistical analyses for aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons
are shown in Table 36 for oysters, Table 39 for lugworms, and Table
41 for shrimp.  Analysis of variance procedures are shown in Table
37 and 38 for oysters and in Table 40 for lugworms.  No
statistically significant differences could be found (P = 0.05)
between concentrations of petroleum hydrocarbons in animals exposed
to the reference sediment and concentrations in animals exposed to
sediments from Site l, 2, or 3.
                          LITERATURE CITED
SAS.  1982.  SAS Users Guide:  Basic, 1982 edition.  SAS Institute,
     Gary, NC, 923 pp.
Sawyer, L.D., 1978.  Quantitation of Polychlorinated Biphenyl
     Residues by Electron Capture Gas-Liquid chromatography:
     collaborative study.  J. Assoc. Off. Anal. Chem. 61, 1282-291.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency/Corps of Engineers Technical
     Committee on Criteria for Dredged and Fill Material,
     "Ecological Evaluation of Proposed Discharge of Dredged
     Material Into Ocean Waters; Implementation Manual for Section
     103 Public Law 92-532 (Marine  Protection Research,and
     Sanctuaries Act of 1972), "July 1977  (second Printing April
     1978), Environmental Effects Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineers
     Waterways Experimentation Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi.
Warner, J.S., 1976.  Determination  of Aliphatic and ARomatic
     Hydrocarbons in Marine Organisms.  Analytical Chemistry,  48,
     No. 3, 578-583.

                                 C-157

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C-198

-------
A REPORT OF THE COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
     OF SEDIMENT AND WATER SAMPLES
PASCAGOULA HARBOR AND MISSISSIPPI SOUND
               Submitted to:

               Mobile District
        U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
              Mobile, Alabama
      Contract Number DACW01-83-C-0027
           GeoScience Incorporated
             Marine Laboratories
             Gainesville, Florida
               c-199

-------
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-------
                   Total  Kjeldahl  Nitrogen  (TKN) Analysis
Station    Rep
l£E
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
Sediment(S)
mg/kg
1680
1910
2480
2430
2480
2500
2380
2120
1660
1670
647
653
1720
1700
Elutriate(E)
n>g/l
5.7
10.0
8.0
6.1
5.5
5.1
11.0
11.0
12.0
11.0
1.3
1.4
4.7
5.4
Ambient (A)
mg/1
0.18
0.19
0.21
0.22
0.17
0.19
0.31
0.23
0.01
0.03
0.08
0.11
0.01
0.01
E-A

5.52
9.81
7.75
5.88
5.33
4.91
10.65
10.77
11.95
10.97
1.22
1.25
4.65
5.35
E-A
S
.003
.005
.003
.002
.002
.002
.004
.005
.007
.007
.002
.002
.003
.003
E-A
A
30.6
51.6
36.9
26.7
31.4
25.8
34.4
46.8
1195
366
15.3
11.4
465
535
                                    C-201

-------
                              Ammonia Analysis
St_at ion    Rep    Sediment (S)  Elutriate(E)  Ambient(A)  E-A      E-A      E—A


1


2


3


4


5


6


7


A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
mg/kg
154

170
199

206
198

188
577

638
685

690
24

25
128

126
mg/1
• 8.3

9.8
6.6

5.5
5.2

4.9
11.0

11.0
12.0

10.0
1.5

1.4
4.2

5.2
mg/l
0.01

0.02
0.03

0.04
0.02

0.04
0.01

0.03
0.01

0.01
0.01

0.01
0.02

0.03

8.29

9.78
6.57

5.46
5.18

4.86
10.00

10.97
11.99

9.99
1.49

1.39
4.18

5.17
S
0.05

0.06
0.03

0.03
0.03

0.03
0.02

0.02
0.02

0.01
0.06

0.06
0.03

0.04
A
825

485
215

137
255

122
1095

366
1195

995
149

135
205

172
                                    C-202

-------
Phosphorus Analysis
Station


1


2


3


4


5


6


7

Rep

A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
Sediment (S)
mg/kg
427

453
491

515
533

519
577

638
685

690
148

157
381

317
Klittriate(E)
mj»./l
0.271

0.999
0.026

0.033
0.030

0.035
0.076

0.085
1.24

1.16
0.148

0.117
0.042

0.037
Ambient (A)
mg/1 .
0.025

. 0.028
0.021

0.023
0.020

0.023
0.018

0..024
0.021 1

0.023 1
0.018

0.015
0.019

0.02
E-A

.246

.971
.005

.01
.01

.012
.058

.061
.219

.137
.13

.102
.023

.017
E-A
S
.0006

.002
.00001

.00002
.00002

.00002
.0001

.0001
.002

.002
.0009

.0006
.00006

.00005
E-A
A
9.8

34.6
0.2

0.4
0.5

0.5
3.2

2.5
58.0

49.0
7.2

6.8
1.2

.9
         C-203

-------





v
Arsenic Analysis
Station Rep

A
1
&
A
2
B
A
3
B
A
4
B
A
5
B
A
6
B
A
7
B
Sediment (S)
rag /kg
10

9.4
15

16
21

21
16

15
14

15
6.9

6.5
16

13
Elutriate(E)
p/1
21

• 25
20

22
25

25
28

30
49

37
21

26
25

25
Ambient(A) E-A
g/1
4 17

7 18
11 9

11 U
18 7

23 2
16 12

20 10
20 29

20 17
36

29
17 8

16 9
E-A
S
0.0017

0.0019
0.0006

0.0007
0.0003

0.0001
0.0008

0.0007
0.002

0.001
	


0.0005

0.0007
E-A
A
4.25

2.57
0.82

1.0
0.39

0.1
0.75

0.5
1.45

0.85
	


0.47

0.56
C-204

-------
      Chromium Analysis




Sediment(S)         Elutriate(E)
Ambient(A)


1


2


3


4


5


6


7


A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
mg/kg g/1 . g/1
44.0 1.1 <1-0

34.0 <1.0 <1.0
53.9 <1-0 <1-0

49.7 <1.0 <1.0
64.6 <1.0 <1.0

65.3 <1.0 <1.0
49.3 <1.0 <1.C

63.2 <1.0 <1.C
49.4 <1.0 <1.C

65.7 <1.0 <1.C
16.8 <1.0 <1-C

21.6 <1.0 
-------
Stat ion    Rep
             Iron Analysis




Sediment(S)  Elutriate(E)  Ambient(A)   E-A
                                                                 E-A     E-A

.A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
A
B
tug/kg
28600
23500
37600
33400
40000
39900
34100
34300
27300
30400
13600
15100
25500
22500
R/l
159
26
8
10
31
18
164
132
9
22
7
6
8
19
8/1
7
4
7
4
6
5
5
5
44
21
6
5
8
7

152
22
1
6
25
13
159
127
	
1
1
1
	
12
S
Ins .
Ins .
Ins.
Ins .
Ins.
Ins .
Ins.
Ins.
	
Ins.
Ins.
Ins .
Ins .
Ins .
A
21.7
5.5
0.1
1.5
4.2
2.6
31.8
25.4
	
0.1
0.2
0.2
	
1.7
                              C-206

-------
Station
        Lead Analysis




Sediment(S)         Elutriate(E)
Ambient(A)


1


2


3


4


5


6


7

-muuuuuul!-!--.--
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
ing /kg
69.1

53.7
67.3

58.4
76.0

71.0
81.4

86.2
131

162
22.9

30.0
49.9

43.1
R/l
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
g/1
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
<5.0

<5.0
                                        C-207

-------
       Nickel Analysis




Sediment(S)         Elutriate(E)
Ambient(A)


1


2


3


4


5


6


7

—
A

B
A

B
A

B
A
.
B
A

B
A

B
A

B
tug /kg
17

16
24

22
29

28
21

21
14

21
6

9
17

13
g/l
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
g/l
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0
-'
<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
<3.0

<3.0
    C-208

-------
Station
Rep


 A

 B


 A

 B


 A

 B


 A

 B


 A

 B


 A

 B


 A

 B
             Zinc Analysis

Sediraent(S)  Elutriate(E)  Ambient(A)  E-A
                 E-A
                     rag/kg

                       101

                        78


                       121

                       101


                       122

                       119


                       106

                       120


                       132

                       141


                        30

                        35


                        69

                        59
                 g/1

                 59.3

                 44.9


                 47.8

                 44.9


                 53.5

                 44.9


                 91.1

                 36.3


                 53.6

                 82.4


                 59.3

                 47.8


                 59.3

                 59.3
E-A
 A
g/1               S

62.2      	  	   	

50.7      	  	   	


56.4      	  	   	

44.9      	  	   	


47.8      5.7  0.00005   0.1

50.7      	  	   	


56.4     34.7  0.0003    0.6

44.9      	  	   	


44.9      8.7  0.00007   0.2

39.2     43.2  0.0003    1.1


56.4      2.9  0.0001    0.1

47.8      	  	   	


59.3      	  	   	

56.4      2.9  0.00005   0.1
                                         C-209

-------
Station
      High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Analysis

Rep          Sediment             Elutriate
Ambient

1


2


3


4


5


6


7

A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
g/fcg
45200

109000
105000

63000
11400

44000
10900

18600
49200

4100
10600

1300
2100

2500
g/1
149
57
43
<20
<20
<20
29
20
<20
29
76
116
141
170
g/1
86
38
29
33
<20
<20
<20
<20"
<20
<20
77
130
190
120



*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*  means  that  the  quantity released from elutriation was insignificant
compared  to  the  ambient  water concentration and considering the quantities
observed  as  sediment  concentrations.
                              C-210

-------
   Partition of Aliphatic and Aromatic High Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon
                 . in Sediment, Elutriate and Water Samples
Station
Sediment
Elutriate
                                                                Ambient
g/kg


1


2


3


4


5


6


7


A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
A

B
' AL
0

95000
101000

54000
2800

29000
0

14000
41100

0
600

0
0

0
AR
45200

14000
1000

9000
8600

15000
10900

4600
8100

4100
10000

1300
2100

2500
AL
112

31
17

10
0

5
11

17
7

27
76

115
136

169
g/1
AR
37

26
26

8
0

0
18

3
4

2
0

1
5

'4

AL
40

23
8

8
0

0
14

0
0

0
77

130
190

117
g/1
AR
46

15
21

25
0 *

0
0

0
0

0
0

0
0

3
*  Zero (0) is only justifiable value when partition of two whose  total  is
less than detection limits of <20
                                        C-211

-------

-------
           APPENDIX D




         BENTHIC STUDIES




          GULF OF MEXICO




SOUTH OF PASCAGOULA, MISSISSIPPI

-------

-------
                                 TAXONOfllC  LISTING
TMONMIC SPECIES LIST                                               09/22/87
EPA-PASCAHULA, NS—COLLECTED OCTOBER 1W
          ANNELIDA
                    OL160CHAETA
                                   OLI6QCHAETA (LPIL)
                    POLYCHAETA
                              AHPHARETIDAE
                                   AHPHARETE  (LPIL)
                                   AHPHARETE  PARVIDENTATA
                                   AMPHARETE  SP.A
                                   AHPHARETE  SP.B
                                   AHPHARETIDAE  (LPIL)
                                   HELINNA HACULATA
                                   SABELLIDES SP.A
                              AWHINQHIDAE
                                   AflPHINOKlDAE  (LPIL)
                                   PARAHPHINOME  SP.B
                              ARABELLiDAE
                                   DRILOHEREIS LON6A
                              CAP!TELL1DAE
                                   CAP I TELLA  CAP!TATA
                                   NEDIOHASTUS (LPIL)
                                   HED10NA5TUS AHBISETA
                                   NOTONA5TUS (LPIL)
                              CHAE10PTER1DAE
                                   CHAETOPTERUS  ^ARIOPEDATUS
                                   SPIOCHAETDPTERUS OCULATUS
                              CHRYSOPETALIDAE
                                   BHANANIA HETEROSETA
                              CIRRATULIDAE
                                   CAULLERIELLA  (LPIL)
                                   CKAETOZONE (LPIL)
                                   CIRRATULIDAE  (LPIL)
                                   CIRRIFORHIA (LPIL)
                                   THARYX  CF.  ANNULOSUS
                                   THARYX  DORSOBRAKCHIAL1S
                                   THARYX  SP.A
                              COSSURIDAE
                                   COS5URA DELTA
                                   COSSURA SOYER!
                              DORVILLE1DAE
                                   SCHISTONERIN60S (LPIL)
                                   SCHISTONERIN6QS CF. RUDOLPH!
                              FLABELL1&ER10AE
                                   PIROHIS ROBERT!
                              6LYCERIDAE
                                   GLYCERA AMERICANA
                                   ELYCERA SP.E
                              60NIADIOAE
                                   6LYCINDE SOLITARIA

                                   GQNIADA LITTOREA
                                                   D-l

-------
                                 TAXQNQHIC LISTING
TMQNQMIC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCAGOULA, NS — CQUECTED OCTOBER 1986
                                       09/22/87
HESIQNIDAE
     HESIONIDAE IIP11)
     HESIOHIDflE GENUS C
     niCROPHTHALHUS SCZELKONH
     PODARKE OBSCURA
     PODARKEOPSIS LEVIFUSCINA
LUHBRINERIDAE
     LUHBRINERIDAE (LPIL!
     LUMBRINER1S (LPIL)
     LUMBfilNERIS ERNESTI
     LUHBR1NERIS JANUM11
     LUHBRINER1S SP.A
     LUHBRINERIS SP.D
     LUNBR1NERIS TENUI5
     LUNBRINER1S VERRILLI
     NIKOE SP.B
NAGELONIDAE
     NAGELONA (LPIL)
     HAGELONA CF. RIOJAI
     HAGELOHA PETTIBONEAE
     MAGELONA SP.H
     NAGELDNA SP.I
     NAGELONA 5P.J
HALDAN1DAE
     ASYCHIS ELON6ATUS
     AII01HELLA NUCOSA
     AXIOTHELLA SP.A
     CLYHENELLA TORBUATA
     KALDANE SP.A
     HALDANIDAE (LPIL)
NEPHTYIDAE
     A6LAOPHAHUS VERRILLI
     NEPHTYS (LPIL)
     NEPHTYS INC ISA
     NEPHTYS PICTA
     NEPHTYS SIHONI
NEREIDAE
     NERE1DAE (LPIL)
     NEREIS LAHELLOSA
     NEREIS KICRONKA
     NEREIS SUCCINEA
ONUPHIDAE
     DIOPATRA CUPREA
     NOOREONUPHIS  (LPIL)
     ONUPHIDAE  (LPIL)
QPHELIIDAE
     ARHAND1A HACULATA
     TRAVISIA SP.A

ORB1N1IDAE
     LEITOSCOLOPLOS  (LPIL)
                      D-2

-------
                                 TMONONIC LISTIN6
TAXONDHIC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCAMULA, US—COLLECTED OCTOBER 1986
09/22/87
                                   ORBINIA AMERICANA
                                   SCOLOPLOS RUBRA
                                   SCOLOPLOS TEIANA
                              DNENIIDAE
                                   6ALATHOHENIA OCULATA
                                   NYRIQNENIA SP.A
                                   OHEMIA (LPIL)
                                   OMENIA SP.A
                              PARAOM1DAE
                                   ARIC1DEA (LPIL)
                                   ARICIDEA CATHERINAE
                                   ARICIDEA TAYLORI
                                   ARICIDEA HASS1
                                   C1RRQPHORUS  (LPIL)
                                   LEVINSENIA 6RACILIS
                                   PARAONIDAE (LPIL)
                              PECTINARIIOAE
                                   ANPHICTENE SP.A
                                   PECTINARIA 60ULD1I
                              PHYLLODOCIDAE
                                   ETEONE HETERQPODA
                              PilAft&IDAE
                                   ANCISTROSYLLIS 6ROENLANDICA
                                   ANCISTROSYLLIS JONESI
                                   ANCISTROSYLLIS PAP1LLOSA
                                   ANCISTROSYLLIS SP.C
                                   CABIRA INCERTA
                                   LITOCORSA ANTENNATA
                                   S1GAHBRA TENTACULATA
                                   SI6AHBRA HASSI
                              PDECILOCHAET1DAE
                                   POECILOCHAETUS  (LPILI
                              PGIY&QRDIIDAE
                                   POLYEOROIUS  (LPIL)
                              POLVNOIDAE
                                   LEPIDASTHENIA VARIUS
                                   LEPIDONOTUS  SP.A
                                   RALN6REN1ELLA  SP.A
                                   HALH6RENIELLA  SP.B
                                   POLYHOIDAE  (LPIL)
                                   POLVNOIOAE GENUS C
                              SABELLARIIDAE
                                   SABELLAR1A SP.A
                              SERPULIDAE
                                   HYDROIDES  (LPIL)
                                   HYDROIDES PROTULICOLA
                                   HYOfiOIDES UNCINATA
                              S16ALIONIDAE

                                   SI6ALIONIDAE (LPIL)
                                                         D-3

-------
                                 TAXOWJNIC LISTING
TAX WOK 1C SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCAMULA, US— CttlttTED OCTOBER 1984
                                                           09/22/87
                         STHENELAIS (LPIL)
                         STHENELAIS SP.A
                    SPIONIDAE
                         APOPRIQNOSP10 PY6HAEA
                         CARAZZIELLA HOBSONAE
                         PARAPRIONOSPIO PIHNATA
                         POLYDDRA CQRNUTA
                         POLYDORA SOCiALIS
                         PRIONOSPIO (LPIL)
                         PRIONOSPID CRISTATA
                         PRIONOSPIO PERKINSI
                         SPIONIDAE ILPIL)
                         SPIOPHANES mm
                         SPIOPHANES CF. NISSIONENSIS
                    STERNASPIDAE
                         STERNASPIS SCUTATA
                    SYLLIDAE
                         BRAN IA MELLFLEETENSIS
                         SPHAEROSYLLIS TAYLOR!
                    TEREBELLIDAE
                         LOIWIA MEDUSA
                         PISTA CRISTATA
                         POLYCIRRUS (LPIL)
ARTHROPODA (CRUSTACEA)
                         CRUSTACEA (LPIL!
          ANPHIPODA
                         AHPHIPODA (LPIL)
                    AHPELISCIDAE
                         AHPELISCA ILPIL)
                         AflPELISCA A6ASSIZI
                         ANPELISCA SP.A
                         AHPELISCA SP.C
                         ANPELISCA SP.L
                    AORIOAE
                         LEHBOS tLPIL)
                    ARI6ISSIDAE
                         AR6ISSA HAHAT1PES
                    COROPHIIDAE
                         COROPHIUH (LPIL)
                    ISAEIDAE
                         PHOTIS (LPIL)
                         PHOT1S PU6NATOR
                    1SCHYROCERIDAE
                         ERICTHONIUS SP.E
                    LILJEBORGIIDAE
                         LISTR1ELLA (LPIL)
                         LISTRIELLA BARNARD!
                         LISTRIELLA SP.F
                    HELITIDAE
                         ELASNOPUS LEVIS
                                         D-4

-------
                                 TAXONOHIC LISTING
TAIONOHIC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCAHULA, 16— COLLECTED OCTOBER 1986
                                                  09/22/87
CUHACEA
                              OEDICERQTIDAE
                                   NONOCULQOES (LPIL)
                                   ttONOCULODES NYEI
                              PWHOCEPHALIDAE
                                   HETKARP1NA FLORIDANA
                              PLATYISCHNOP1DAE
                                   EUDEVENOPUS HONDURANUS
                              PODOCERIDAE
                                   PODOCERUS BRASIL1ENSIS
                              STENOTHOIDAE
                                   5TENOTHOE NINUTA
                              SYNOPISDAE
                                   TIRON TRIOCELLATUS
                                   TIRON TROPAKIS

                                   CUHACEA (LPIL)
                              BODOTRIIDAE
                                   CYCLASPIS (LPIL)
                                   CYCLASPIS BACESCUI
                                   CYCLASPIS PUSTULATA
                                   CYCLASPIS SP.N
                              DIASTYLIDAE
                                   01YUROSTYLIS (LPIL1
                                   OWHOSTYLIS SHITHI
                                   OXYUROSTYLIS SP.C
                              LEUCONIDAE
                                   LEUCON (LPIL)
                                   LEUCON SP.C
                              NANNASTACIDAE
                                   CAHPYLASPIS (LPIL)
                    DECAPODA
                                   DECAPODA (LPIL)
                    DECAPODA (NATANTIA)
                                   DECAPODA KATANTIA (LPIL)
                              ALPHEIDAE
                                   ALPHEUS (LPIL)
                                   ALPHEUS FLOR1DANUS
                                   AUTOMATE (LPIL)
                                   AUTOHATE EVERHANNI
                              HIPPOLYTIDAE
                                   LATREUTES PARVULUS
                                   THOR  (LPIL)
                              06YRIDAE
                                   06YRIDES ALPHAEROSTRIS
                              PENAE1DAE
                                   HETAPENAEQPSIS (LPIL)
                                   PEKAEIDAE (LPIL)
                                   TRACHYPENAEUS  (LPIL)

                                   TRACHYPENAEUS  CONSTRICTUS
                              D-5

-------
                                 TftXONOflIC LIST1N6
TAIONOniC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA60UIA, NS—COLLECTEi OCTOBER 1986
                                                 09/22/87
               TRACHYPENAEU5 SIfllLIS
          PROCESSIDAE
               PROCESSA (LPIL)
               PROCESSA HENPH1LLI
          SICYONIIDAE
               S1CYONIA (IPSU
          SOLENOCERIDAE
               SOLENOCERA ATLANTIDIS
DECAP00A (fiEPTANTIA)
               DECAPODA REPTANTIA ILPIL)
          ALBUNEIDAE
               ALBUNEA 5IBBESII
               ALBUNEIDAE (LPIL)
          BRACHYURA
               BRACHYURA (LPIL)
          CALAPPIDAE
               KEPATUS (LPIL)
               KEPATUS PUNDiBUNDUS
          CALL1ANASS1DAE
               CALLlAttASSA  (LPIL)
               CALLIANASSA BIFORM1S
          6QNEPLAC1DAE
               6LYPTOPLAX SNITHII
          PA6URIDAE
               PA6URIDAE (LPIL)
          PAfiTHENOPIDAE
               HETEROCRYPTA 6RANULATA
          PINNOTHERIDAE
               PINHIXA (LPIL)
               P1NN1IA CHAETOPTERANA
               PINNIXA PEARSEI
               PINNUA SAYAHA
               PINNUA SP.A
               PIHNOTHERIDAE (LPIL)
          PQRCELLANIDAE
               EUCERAHUS PRAELON6US
          POfiTUNIDAE
               PORTUN10AE  (LPIL)
          XANTHiDAE
               HEXAPANOPEUS AN6USTIFRONS
               NEOPANOPE SAYI
               PANOPEUS  ILPIL)
               PANOPEUS OCCIDENTAL IS
               PANOPEUS SIHPSDNI
               IANTHIDAE  (LPIL)
 ISOPODA
          nUNNIDAE
                      REYNOLDSI
NYSIDACEA
           (1YSIDAE
                MYSIDAE  (LPIL)
                               D-6

-------
                                 TAXDKONIC LIST IKS
TAIONQH1C SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCMOULA, MS— COLLECTED OCTOBER 1984
                                                           09/22/87
          OSTRACOOA
                                   HYSIDOPS1S BIGELOttl
                                   HYSIDOPSIS FURCA
                                   KYSIDOPSIS SP.8
                                   PROHYSIS ATLANTICA

                                   OSTRACODA (LP1L)
                              CYLINDROLEBERIDIDAE
                                   ASTEROPELLA SP.D
                                   ASTEROPTERY6IOH QCUL1TRISTIS
                                   CYLINDROLEBERIDIDAE  (LP1L)
                                   PARASTERQPE PQLLEX
                              SARSIELLIDAE
                                   EUSARSIELLA 1LPIL)
                                   EUSARSIELLA CRESSEYI
                                   EUSARSIELLA OISPARALIS
                                   EUSARSIELLA SP.H
                                   EUSARSIELLA SPINOSA
                                   EUSARSIELLA TEKANA
                                   SARSIELLIDAE (LP1L)
          CEPHALOCHORDATA
                    LEPTOCAROII
                              BRANCKIOSTONIDAE
                                   BRANCHIOSTOHA (LPIL)
                                   BRANCHIOSTDflA BENNETT!
          CNIDARIA
                    ACTINIARIA
                                   ACTINIARIA (LPIL)
          ECHINODERHATA
                    ASTERIODEA
                              LUIDIIDAE
                                   LUIDIA CLATHRATA
          ECHINOIDEA
          HOLOTHUROIDEA
                         ECHIN01BEA (LPIU
                         HOLOTHUROIOEA (LPIL)
          OPHIUROIDEA
                         OPHIUR01DEA (LPIL)
                    ANPHIURIDAE
                         AHPHIOPLUS CON!OfiTODES
                         AHPHIURIDAE (LP!L>
                         HICROPHOLIS ATRA
                         HICROPHOLIS 6RACILLIHA
                         OPHIOPHRA5IWS LONGISP1NA
                    OPHIACTIDAE
                         HEHIPHOLIS ELON6ATA
HENICHORDATA
          ENTEROPNEUSTA
                         BALAN06LOSSUS AWANTIACUS
HOLLUSCA
          GASTROPODA
                         GASTROPODA (LPIL)
                                        D-7

-------
                                 TAIWOHIC LISTINS
TAlONOmC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA60UIA,  HS—COLLECTED OCTOBER  1986
                                                                     09/22/87
ssssssss a=sss
                              ACTEOCINIDAE
                                   ACTEOCINA BIDENTATA
                                   ACTEOCINA CANALICULATA
                              ACTEONIDAE
                                   ACTEOM PUNCTOSTRIATUS
                              BUCC1N10AE
                                   CANTHARUS CANCELLARIUS
                              CAECIDAE
                                   CAECUH IHBRICATUfl
                                   CAECUM JOHNSWI
                                   CAECUH PLICATUH
                                   CAECW SP.A
                              COLUHBELLIDAE
                                   ANACHIS  (LPIL)
                                   ANACHIS  QBESA
                              CREPIDULIDAE
                                   CREP1DULA  (LPIL)
                              EPITONIIDAE
                                   EP1TON1UH  (LPIL)
                                   EPITDNIUn FGL1ACEICOSTW
                                   EPITDNIUH NOVANGLIAE
                              MELANELLIDAE
                                   HELAKELLA  (LPIL)
                                   HELANELLA ARCUATA
                                   HELANELLA COM IDEA
                                   NELANELLA  INTERMEDIA
                                   HELANELLA JANAICENSIS
                                   NELANELLIDAE (LPIL)
                                   STROHBIFORHIS HEHPHILLI
                                   STROHBIFQRHIS SP.F
                              HURICIDAE
                                   UfiOSALPINI  (LPIL)
                              NASSARHDAE
                                   NASSARIUS  ACUTUS
                              NAT1CIDAE
                                   NATICA  PUSILLA
                              OLIVIDAE
                                   OLIVELLA 
-------
                                 TAIOMOniC LISTIN6
TAIONONIC SPECIES HIT
EPA-PASCA60ULA, W—WiKTtt OCTOBER 1986
                                       09/22/B7
5333:3333131
                    PELECYPODA
     VOLVULELLA PERSIHIL1S
     VOLVULELLA TEXASIANA
TEREBRIDAE
     TEREBRA ILPIL)
TURRIDAE
     KURTZIELLA (LPIL)
VITRINELLIDAE
     CYCLOSTREHISCUS PENTAGONS
     SOLAR!ORBIS INFRACAR1NATA
     TEINOSTOHA BISCAYNENSE
     VITRINELLA (LPIL)
     VITRINELLA PLORIDANA

     PELECYPQDA (LPIL)
ARCIDAE
     ARC1DAE (LPIL)
     BARBATIA CANDIDA
     NOETIA PONOEROSA
CDRBULIDAE
     CORBULA (LPIL)
     CORBULA CONTRACTA
CUSPIOAR1IDAE
     CARDIOHYA COSTELLATA
LEPTONIDAE
     NEAERONYA FLORIDANA
LUC IN(DAE
     LINGA  (LPIL)
     LINGA AHIANTUS
     LIN6A PENSYLVANICA
     LUCINIDAE (LPIL)
HACTRiDAE
     HACTRIDAE (LPIL)
NUCULANIDAE
     NUCULANA  (LPIL)
     NUCULANA ACUTA
     KUCULAKA CONCENTRICA
NUCULIDAE
     NUCULA PROIIMA
PANDQRIDAE
     PANDORA TRILINEATA
SEHELIDAE
     ABRA AEQUALIS
     SEHELE  (LPIL)
     SEHELE PROFICUA
     SEHELIDAE (LPIL)
SOLENIDAE
     ENSIS MINOR
     SOLEN  VIRIDIS

TELLIKIDAE
     HACOHA (LPIL)

                        D-9

-------
                                 TAJONON1C LISTING
TAKOKOHIC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA6QULA, US— COLLECTED OCTOBER 1984
                                                            09/22/87
                         HACOHA MITCHELL!
                         HACOHA PULLEY1
                         tlACOHA TENTA
                         STR16ILLA «IRABILIS
                         TELL IDORA CO1STATA
                         TELLINA (LPIL)
                         TELLINA AE8UISTRIATA
                         TELLINA TEXANA
                         TELLINA VERSICOLOR
                         TELL1NIDAE (LPIL)
                    THRACIIDAE
                         ASTHENOTHAERUS HEdPHILLI
                    UN6ULINIDAE
                         DIPLODONTA (LPIL)
                         DIPLODONTA PUNCTATA
                    VENERIDAE
                         AGRIOPONA TEXAS1ANA
                         CHIOKE CANCELLATA
                         DOSINIA DISCUS
                         NERCENARIA CAHPECHIENSIS
                         VENER10AE (LPIL)
          SCAPKOPODA
PHOROMIDA
PLATYHELNINTHES
RHYNCHOCOELA
SIPUNCULA
                              DENTALIIDAE
                                   DENTALIUn (LPIL)
                                   DENTAL IUK TEIASIANUN

                                   PHORONIS (LPIL)

                                   PLATYHELHINTHES  (LPIL)

                                   RHYNCKOCOELA  (LPIL)

                                   SIPUNCULA (LPIL)
                              ASP I DOS IPHONI DAE
                                   ASPIOOSIPHOH  (LPIL)
                                   ASPIDOSIPHON  ALBUS
                              60LFIK6S1DAE
                                   PHASCOLION STRONBI
                                             D-10

-------
                                 TA10KOHIC LISTING
TAIONOHIC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA60ULA, NS—COLLECTED APRIL 19B7
09/25/B7
          ANNELIDA
                    OLI6QCHAETA
                                   OLIGOCHAETA iLPIL)
                    POLYCHAETA
                              AHPHARETIDAE
                                   ARPHARETE (LP1L)
                                   AKPHARETE SP.A
                                   ARPHARETE SP.B
                                   ARPHARETE SP.C
                                   AHPHARETIDAE (LPIL)
                                   ISOLDS PULCHELLA
                                   HELINNA HACULATA
                                   SABELLIDES SP.A
                              AttPHINOHIDAE
                                   PARARPHINORE SP.B
                              ARABELLIDAE
                                   DR1LONEREIS LOHGA
                              CAPITELLIDAE
                                   REDIQHASIUS (LPIL)
                                   NQTOHASTUS (LPIL)
                              CHAETOPTERIDAE
                                   SPIOCHAETOPTERUS OCULATUS
                              CHRYSOPETALIDAE
                                   BHAHAMIA HETEROSETA
                              ClfiRATULIDAE
                                   CAULLEREELLA (LPIL)
                                   CHAETOZONE (LPIL)
                                   CHAETOZONE SP.D
                                   CIRRATULIDAE (LPIL)
                                   THARYI CF. ANNULOSUS
                                   THARVI OORSOBRANCHIALIS
                                   THARYK SP.A
                              COSSURIDAE
                                   COSSURA DELTA
                                   COSSURA SOYERI
                              DORVILLEIDflE
                                   SCHISTQRERINGOS CF.  RUDOLPHI
                              FLABELLI6ERIDAE
                                   BRADA VILLQSA
                              6LYCERIDAE
                                   6LYCERA (LPIL)
                                   GLYCERA AttERICANA
                                   6LYCERA D1BRANCH1ATA
                                   GLYCERA SP.A
                                   GLYCERA SP.D
                                   GLYCERIDAE (LPIL)
                              50NIADIDAE
                                   GLYCiNDE NDRDRANNI
                                   6LYCINDE SOLITARIA
                                                     D-ll

-------
                                 TAXONOniC LISTING
TAXONQHIC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA60UIA, BS—CfllLECTEJ APRIL 1987
09/25/87
SSSSSSSSSSSSSB3SSS
                            ssssassssasssssssssss:::::==s=ss::s:=s=ss=sssssssss8:
                                   BON!ADA LITTOREA
                              HE5ION!DAE
                                   HES10N1DAE ILP1L)
                                   PQDARKEOPSIS LEVIFUSCINA
                              LUHBRINERIDAE
                                   LUHBRINERIS 
-------
                                 TAHJNOmC LISTIN6
TMMMIC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA60ULA, HS--CO1ECTED ftPfllL  1987
09/25/87
SSSSSSSSSSSSS3
                                                  ssssssssssssssssss:
                                   ARIC1DEA PHIL8INAE
                                   ARICIDEA SP.J
                                   ARICIOEA TAYLORI
                                   CIRROPHQRUS  (LPIL)
                                   LEVINSENIA 6RACILIS
                              PECTIMARIIOAE
                                   AHPHICTENE SP.A
                                   PECTINMIA 60ULDII
                                   PECTINARIIDAE  (LPIL)
                              PHYLLODOCIDAE
                                   ETEONE  LACTEA
                                   PARANAITIS SARD1HER!
                                   PHYLLODOCE  (LPIL)
                                   PHYLLODQCE ARENAE
                                   PHYLLODOCE CASTANEA
                                   PHVLLODOCIOAE  (LPIL)
                              PILAR6IDAE
                                   ANCISTROSYLL!S fifiOENLANDICA
                                   ANCISTROSYLLIS JONESI
                                   ANCISTROSYLLIS PAPILLOSA
                                   ANCISTROSYLLIS SP.C
                                   CABIRA  INCERTA
                                   SIGAflBRA BASSI
                                   SI6AK8RA TENTACULATA
                              POECILDCHAETIDAE
                                   POECILOCKAETUS (LPIL)
                              POLYNOIDAE
                                   LEPIDASTHENIA VARIUS
                                   LEPIDONOTUS  SP.A
                                   nALKERENIELLA SP.A
                                   NALflERENIELLA SP.B
                                   POLYNOIDAE  (LPIL)
                              SABELLARIIDAE
                                   SABELLARIA  (LPIL)
                              SERPULIDAE
                                   SERPULIDAE  (LPIL)
                              SI6ALIONIDAE
                                   SI6ALIONIDAE (LPIL)
                                   STHENELAIS SP.A
                              SPIONIDAE
                                   CARAZZ1ELLA  HOBSONAE
                                   DISPIO  UNCINATA
                                   niCROSPIO P16KENTATA
                                   PARAPRIONOSPIO PINNATA
                                   POLYDORA CORNUTA
                                   PRIONOSPIO  (LPIL)
                                   PRIOKOSPIO CRISTATA
                                   PRIONOSPIO PERKINSI
                                   SPIONIDAE (LPIL)
                                                         D-13

-------
                                 TAXOKWJC USTIK6
TAHWM1IC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA60JLA, HS—GOU.ECTE9 APRIL 1987
W/25/87
                                   SP10PHANES BOHBVI
                                   SPIOPHANES CF.  ftlSSlONENSIS
                              STERNASPIDAE
                                   STERNASPIS SCUTATA
                              TEREBELLIDAE
                                   PISTA CRISTATA
                                   PISTA SP.C
          ARTHROPODA (CRUSTACEA)
                                   CRUSTACEA (LPIL)
                    ANPHIPODA
                                   ANPHIPQDA (LPIL)
                              AMPELISC1DAE
                                   AMPELISCA (LPIL)
                                   AMPELISCA AGASSIU
                                   AHPELISCA BICARINATA
                                   AHPELISCA SP.A
                                   ANPELISCA SP.C
                                   AflPELISCA SP.L
                              ARI6ISS1DAE
                                   ARGISSA HAHATIPES
                              BATE1DAE
                                   BATEA CATHARINENS1S
                              COROPHIIOAE
                                   COROPHIUH (LPIL)
                                   CQROPHIUH ACHERUSICUN
                                   COROPHIUfl ACUTUH
                                   COROPKIUN SP.N
                                   COROPHIUn TUBERCULATU11
                              HAUSTORIIOAE
                                   PROTOHAUSTDRIUS SP.H
                              ISAEIDAE
                                   N1CROPROTOPUS RANEYI
                                   PHOTIS (LPIL)
                                   PHOT IS NACROCOXA
                                   PHOTIS HACROIMNUS
                                   PHOT IS PUGNATOft
                                   PHOTIS SP.tt
                              ISCHVROCERIDAE
                                   CERAPUS BENTHOPHILUS
                                   ERICHTHONIUS SP.E
                                   ISCHYROCERICAE  GENUS A
                              LILJEBORGIIDAE
                                   LISTRIELLA (LPIL)
                                   LISTRIELLA BARNARDI
                                   LISTRIELLA SP.F
                              OEDICEROTIDAE
                                   HONOCUIODES (LPIL)
                                   HONOCULODE5 KYE!

                                   OEDICEROTIDAE ILPIL)
                                                          D-14

-------
                                 TAXONflHIC LISTING
TA1DNMIC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA60ULA, MS—COLLECTED APRIL 1987
09/25/87
                           ssssssssssss
                                   SYttCHELIDIUN AHERICANUR
                              PHOXOCEPHALIDAE
                                   KETHARPINA FLORIDANA
                              PLATYISCHNOPIDAE
                                   EUDEVENOPUS HONDURANUS
                              SYNQP11DAE
                                   TIRGK TRJDCELLATUS
                    CUHACEA
                                   CUHACEA (LPILI
                              BODOTRIIDAE
                                   CYCLASPIS SP.N
                                   CYCLASPIS SP.O
                                   CYCLASPIS VARIANS
                              DIASTYLIDAE
                                   OIYUROSTYLIS ILPIL)
                                   OIYUROSTYL1S SMITHI
                                   OIYUROSTYLIS SP.B
                                   OUUROSTYLIS SP.C
                              LEUCOKIDAE
                                   EUDORELLA (LPIL)
                                   EUDORELLA HONODON
                                   EUDORELLA SP.A
                                   LEUCOH SP.C
                                   LEUCON1DAE (LPIL)
                              NANNASTACIDAE
                                   CANPYLASPIS ILPIL)
                                   CANPVLASPIS SP.N
                                   CAHPYLASP1S SP.P
                    DECAPODA (NATANTIA)
                                   DECAPODS NATANTIA (LPIL)
                              ALPHEIDAE
                                   AUTONATE EVERNANNI
                              06YR1DAE
                                   06YRIDES (LPIL)
                                   06YRIDES ALPHAEROSTRIS
                              PASIPttAEIDAE
                                   LEPTOCKELA SERRATORBITA
                              PENAEIDAE
                                   TRACHYPENAEUS (LPIL)
                                   TRACHYPENAEUS CONSTRICTUS
                    DECAPODA (REPTANTIA)
                                   DECAPODA REPTANTIA  (LPIL)
                              ALBUNE1DAE
                                   ALBUNEA PARETII   .
                              SONEPLACIDAE
                                   SPEQCARCINUS LOBATUS
                              PA6URIDAE
                                   PAGURIDAE (LPIL)
                              P1NNOTHERIDAE
                                   PINNIKA (LPIL)
                                                   D-15

-------
                                 TAXONOH1C LISTING
TAJOWMIC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA6WJLA, HS—COLLECTED APRIL 1987
                                                            09/25/87
                      saaassassssssssssssasssssSBazassszsssssssasssssssssrssssss
                                   PINNIJfl LUNZ1
                                   P1NNIXA PEARSEI
                                   PINN1IA SP.A
                                   PIKN1XA SP.B
                                   PINNOTHERIDAE  ILPiLI
                              PORCELLANIDAE
                                   EUCERAflUS PRAELON6US
                              KANTH1DAE
                                   IANTHIDAE  (LP1L)
                    1SOPODA
                    HVS1DACEA
                    OSTRACODA
                    ANT1AS1DAE
                         ANT1AS SP.B
                    I DOTE I DAE
                         1 DOTE!DAE (LP1L)
                    KUNKI&AE
                         KUNNA HAVESI
                    SPHAEROHIDAE
                         ANCINUS OEPRESSUS

                         HYSIDACEA (LPIL)
                    HYS1DAE
                         flYSIDAE (LPILt
                         HYSIDOPS1S BI6EIOHI
                         PROHYSIS ATLANTICA

                         OSTRACOOA (LPIL)
                    SARSIELLIDAE
                         EUSARSIELLA (LPILI
                         EUSARSIELLA CRESSEYI
                         EUSARSIELLA DISPARALIS
                         EUSARSIELLA 6ETTLESONI
                         EUSARSIELLA PILLIPOLLICIS
                         EUSARSIELLA SPIMSA
                         EUSARSIEILA TE1AMA
          STOMATOPODA
                         STONATOPODA (LPIL)
BfiACHlOPOM
                         BRACHIOPODA (LPIL)
CEPHALOCHORDATA
          LEPTOCARDII
                    BRANCHIOSTOHIDAE
                         BRANCH!OSTOHA (LPIL)
                         BRANCHIOSTOMA BENNETTI
                         BRANCH!OSTQHA LON6IROSTRUN
          CNIDARIA
                    ACT INIARIA
          ECHIN00ERHATA
                                   ACTINIARIA  (LPIL)
                                   ECHINODERMTA  (LPIL)
                                                   D-16

-------
                                 TA10NOHIC LISTING
TMWMC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA6BUIA, US—COLLECTED APRIL 1987
09/25/87
                    ASTEROIDEA
                                   ASTEROIDEA (LPIL)
                    ECHINOIDEA
                                   ECH1NOIDEA (LPIL)
                    HOLOTHUROIDEA
                                   HOLQTNUROIDEA UPIL)
                    OPH1UROIOEA
                                   OPHIUROIDEA  (LPIL)
                              AflPHlURIDAE
                                   ftflPHIODIA PULCHELLA
                                   AMPH1QPLUS THRONBODES
                                   AHPHIURIDAE  (LPIL)
                                   HICRQPHOLIS  ATRA
                                   niCROPHOLIS  6RACILLINA
                              OPHIACT1DAE
                                   HEdlPHOLIS ELONEATA
          HENICHORDATA
                    ENTEROPNEUSTA
                                   BALAND6LQSSUS AURAttTIACUS
          ItOLLUSCA
                    GASTROPODA
                                   GASTROPODA (LPIL)
                              ACTEQCINIDAE
                                   ACTEOCINA BIDENTATA
                                   ACTEOCINA CAMALICULATA
                              ACTEOHIDAE
                                   ACTEON PUNCTOSTRIATUS
                              BUCC1NIDAE
                                   CANTHARUS CANCELLARIUS
                              CAECIDAE
                                   CAECUM COOPER I
                                   CAECUN INBRICATUH
                                   CAECUM JOHNSONI
                                   CAECUH SP.A
                              COLUNBELL1DAE
                                   ANACK1S OBE5A
                              EPITONIIDAE
                                   EP1TOMIUN  (LPIL)
                              flELAKELLIDAE
                                   KELANELLA  (LPIL)
                                   HELANELLA ARCUATA
                                   STROKBIFORNIS (LPIL)
                                   STROHBIFORfltS HEHPHILLI
                                   STROHBIFORHIS 5P.F
                              NUfllCIDAE
                                   THAIS HAEHASTOHA
                                   UfiOSALPINX PERRU6ATA
                              NASSARIIDAE
                                   NASSARIUS ACUTUS
                                                       D-17

-------
                                 TfllONONIC  LISTIN6
TAIMM1C SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA60ULA, US—COLLECTED APRIL 1987
09/25/87
                              NATICIDAE
                                   NAT1CA PUSILLA
                                   POLIN1CE5  (LP1L)
                                   POLIN1CES  DUPLICATUS
                              OLIVIDAE
                                   OL1VELLA FLOfiALlA
                              PYRAH1DELLiDAE
                                   EULINASTOHA  (LPIL)
                                   TUR80NILLA (LPIL)
                                   TURBONILLA CONRADI
                              TEREBRIDAE
                                   TEREBRA DfSLOCATA
                              TURR1DAE
                                   KURTZ1ELLA (LPIL)
                              VITRINELLIDAE
                                   CYCLOSTREHISCUS PENTAGONUS
                                   SOLAR I ORB IS  IMFRACARINATA
                                   VITRINELLA (LPIL)
                                   VITRINELLA FLORIDANA
                                   VITRINELLA HELICOIDEA
                    NUDI BRANCH IA
                                   NUD1BRANCHIA  (LPIL)
                    PELECYPODA
                                   PELECYPODA  (LPILI
                             ARC!DAE
                                   ARCIDAE  (LPIL)
                                   BARBATIA  (LPIL)
                                   WET IA PQNOEROSA
                             CARD1I&AE
                                   CARDI10AE  (LPIL)
                                   DINOCARDIUK RDBUSTUH
                             CARD HI DAE
                                   CARD1TIDAE  (LPIL)
                             CORBULIDAE
                                   CORBULA  (LPIL)
                                   CORBULA CONTRACTA
                             CUSP IDARII DAE
                                   CARDIOHYA COSTELLATA
                             LUC1NIDAE
                                   L1N6A AHIANTUS
                                   LUCINIDAE  (LPIL)
                             LYONS 11 DAE
                                   LYONSIA  '.LPIL)
                                   LYONSIA HYALINA FLORIDANA
                             flACTRIDAE
                                   MACTRIDAE  (LPIL)
                                   HULIN1A LATERALIS
                             NUCULANIDAE

                                   NUCULANA  (LPIL)
                                                      D-18

-------
                                 TAIONOHIC LIST 1KB
TMWOH1C SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA60ULA, US— COLLECTED APRIL 1997
                                                            09/25/87
          SCAPHOPODA
PHORQNIDfl
RHYNCHOCQElft
SIPUNCULA
                                   NUCULAKA ACUTA
                                   NUCULANA CONCENTRICA
                              KUCULIDAE
                                   NUCULA CRENULATA
                                   NUCULA PflOXINA
                                   NUCULA SP.A
                              PANDOR1DAE
                                   PANDORA (LPIL)
                              SEKEL2DAE
                                   ABRA AEQUALIS
                                   SENELE (LPIL)
                                   SEHELE NUCULOIDES
                                   SENELE PURPURASCENS
                              SOLEHYACIDAE
                                   SOLENYACIDAE (LPIL)
                              SflLENIDAE
                                   ENSIS (LPIL)
                                   ENSIS III NOR
                                   SOLENIDAE (LPIL)
                              TELLIH1EAE
                                   STRI6ILLA NIRABILIS
                                   TELLIKA (LPIL)
                                   TELLINA VERSICOLOR
                                   TELLINIDAE  (LPIL)
                              THRACIIDAE
                                   ASTHENOTHAERUS HENPHILL1
                              UN6ULINIDAE
                                   DIPLODONTA PUNCTATA
                                   DIPLOOONTA SP.B
                              VENERIDAE
                                   DOSIHIA DISCUS
                                   DOSINIA ELE6ANS
                                   VENERIDAE (LPIL)

                              D£NTALIIDAE
                                   DENTALIUN (LPIL)
                                   DENTALIUN TEXASIANUN

                                   PHORONIS (LPIL)

                                   RHYNCHOCOELA (LPILI
                         SIPUNCULA  (LPIL)
                    ASPIDOSIPHONIDAE
                         ASP100SIPHON  (LPIL)
                         ASPIDOSIPHW ALBUS
                         ASPIDOSIPHON NUELLERI
                    60LFIN6IIDAE

                         PHASCOLION STRONBI
                                            D-19

-------
                                TAHMON1C LISTING
TAXONONIC SPECIES LIST
EPA-PASCA60ULA, HS--COLLECTED AP«K 1987
09/25/87

          URGCHORDATA
                   ASCID1ACEA
                                 ASCIDIACEA (LPIL)
                                                   D-20

-------
         APPENDIX E





       DEMERSAL FISHES





             AND




        INVERTEBRATES





          FROM THE





PASGAGOULA ODMDS AND VICINITY

-------

-------
           FISHES COLLECTED IN THE PASCAGOULA ODMDS AND VICINITY
Scientific Name

Carcharhinidae
  Carcharhinus brevipinna
  Carcharhinus limbatus
  Rhizoprionodon terranovae
NMPS
BENSON
               X
               X
               X
HEST
Sphyrnidae
  Sphyrna tiburo

Rhinobatidae
  Rhinobatos lentiginosus
Torpedinidae
  Narcine brasiliensis
  Torpedo nobiliana
 X
 X
Rajidae
  Raja eglanteria

Dasyatidae
  Dasyatis americana
  p_^ sabina
  p_^ sayi
  Gymnura micrura

Myliobatidae
  Aetobabus narinari

Elopidae
  Elops saurus
 X
 X
 X
 X
Muraenidae
  Gytnnothorax nigromarginatus
Clupeidae
  Alosa  sp.
  Brevoortia  patronus
  Etrumeus  teres
  Harengula  jaguana
  Opisthonema oglinum
  Satdinella  aurita
 X
 X
 X
 X
 X
 X
Engraulidae
  Anchoa  hepsetus
  A^  lyolepis
  A.  mitchilli
 X
 X
 X
  X

  X
 Synodontidae
   Synodus  foeteris
                                    E-l

-------
Scientific Name
NMFS
BENSON
                                                          HE&T
Ari idae
  Arius fells
  Bagre marinus
 X
 X
Batrachoididae
  Porichthys plectrodon          X

Antennariidae
  Antennarius radiosus           X

Ogcocephalidae
  Halieutichthys aculeatus       X
  Ogcocephalus radiatus          X
  O. vespertilio                 X
Gadidae
  Urophycis floridana

Ophidiidae
  Brotula barbata
  Lepophidium graellsi
  Ophidion gray!
  O. marginatum
  O. welshi
 X
 X
 X
 X
 X
Atherinidae
  Menidia peninsulae

Syngnathidae
  Hippocampus erectus            X

Percichthyidae
  Morone saxatilis

Serranidae
  Centropristis philadelphica    X
  Diplectruiri bivittatum          X
  D^ formosum                    X
  Serraniculus pumilio           X

Pomatornidae
  Pomatomus saltatrix            X

Rachycentridae
  Rachycentron canadum           X
Echeneidae
  Echeneis naucrates
  Remora remora
 X
 X
                                    E-2

-------
Scientific Name

Carangidae
  Caranx crysos
  C. hippos
  Chloroscombrus chrysurus
  Decapterus punctatus
  Selene ypmer
  Seriola dumerili
  Trachinotus carolinus
  Trachurus lathami
  Vomer setapinnis

Lutjanidae
  Lutjanus campechanus
  L^ griseus
  L^ synagris

Lobotidae
  Lobotes surlnamensis

Gerreidae
  Bucinostomus gula
NMFS
BENSON
HE&T
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X

X


X
X
X
Haemulidae
  Haemulon aurollneatum          X
  Orthopr1st is chrysoptera       X

Sparidae
  Archosargus probatocephalus    X
  Lagodon rhotnboides             X
  Stenotomus caprinus            X
               X
               X
               X
               X
               X
Sciaenidae
  Baicdiella chrysoura
  Cynpscion arenarius
  C_. nebulosus
  <~-L no thus
  Larimus f asciatus
  Leiostomus xanthurus
  Menticirrhus americanus
  M^ littoralis
  Micropogonias undulatus
  Pogonias crotnis
  Sciaenops ocellatus
 X
 X

 X
 X
 X
 X
 X
 X
 X
 X
  X
  X
  X
  X

  X
  X
  X
  X
  X
  X

  X
  X
Ephippidae
  Chaetodipterus faber

Mug il idae
  Mugil cephalus
                                    E-3

-------
Scientific Name
NMFS
BENSON
                          HEiT
Sphyraenidae
  Sphyraena guachancho

Polynemidae
  Polydactylus octonemus

Uranoscopidae
  Astroscopus y-graecuro
  Kathetostoma albigutta
 X
 X
Gobiidae
  Bollmannia communis

Trichiuridae
  Trichiurus lepturus
Scombridae
  Scomberoroorus cavalla
  S. maculatus
 X
 X
  X
  X
Stromateidae
  Peprilus burti
  Peprilus triacanthus
  Psenes sp.

Scorpaenidae
  Scorpaena calcarata
 x
 X
 X
Triglidae
  Prionotus martis
  P. ophryas
  P  roseus
  P^ salmon i color
  P. scitulus
  P. tribulus
 X
 X
 X
 X
               X

               X

               X

               X
Bothidae
  Ancylopsetta quadrocellata     X
  Bothus gee Hat us               X
  Citharichthys macrops          X
  C^ spilopterus                 X
  Etropus crossotus              X
  E_^ microstomus                 X
  E_t r imosus                     X
  Paralichthys albigutta
  P_^ lethostigma                 X
  Syacium gunte^ci                X
  S. papillosum                  X
               X
               X
                            X
                            X
                                    E-4

-------
Scientific Name

Soleidae
  Achirus lineatus
  Gymnachirus texae
  Trinectes maculatus
NMFS
BENSON
HE&T
 X
 X
 X
Cynoglossidae
  Symphurus diomedianus
  S^ plagiusa
Balistidae
  Aluterus
           sp.
  Balistes capriscus
  Monacanthus hispidus

Ostraciidae
  Lactophrys guadricornis

Tetraodontidae
  Lagocephalus laevigatus
  Sphoeroides parvus

Diodontidae
  Chilomycterus schoepfi
 X
 X
 X
 X
 X
 X
 X
                                    E-5

-------
        INVERTEBRATES  COLLECTED  IN THE PASCAGOULA ODMDS AND VICINITY

Scientific Name                 NMFS	BENSON	HE&T

Scyphozoa
  Aurelia aurita                X

Octocorallia
  Renilla mulleri               X
Gastropoda
  Murex sp.
  Busy con sp.
  Tonna sp.

Nudibranchia

Cephalopoda
  Lol igo pealei i
  Lplligunculus brevis
  Octopus sp.

Crustacea
  Scapellum sp.
  Sicyonia dorsalis
  Sicyonia sp.
  Penaeus aztecus
  Zi setiferus
  Trachypenaeus sp.
  Xiphopenaeus sp.
  Arenaeus cribrar ius
  Calappa f lammea
  Callinectes sapidus
  C. si mil is
  Libinia sp.
  Ovalipes ocellatus
  Ovalipes sp.
  Pagurus pollicaris
  Portunus sp.
  Squi lla empusa
  Squill^ sp.

Echinodermata
  Astropecten sp.
  Sncope sp.
  La id i a clathrata

Echinoidea
  Spatangidae
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
                            X
                            X
                                    E-6

-------
NMFS = represents 128 collections made by the Pascagoula, MS,  NMFS
Laboratory, between 1950 and 1985.

BENSON =  After information presented in Benson, 1982

HE&T = Harmon Engineering & Testing, 1984a.  Represents samples collected by
Harmon in April and August 1983.
                                    E-7

-------

-------
                    APPENDIX F







                   EXCERPTS FROM





•ANALYSIS  AND SYNTHESIS OF OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS




     IN THE MISSISSIPPI SOUND OFFSHORE REGION"





                        BY





         BJORN KJERFVE AND JAMES E. SNEED





                       1984

-------

-------
                10.  CURRENTS  AND DYNAMICS
A.   Current Stations  and  Data
     During  the   study,   8   hydrographic  stations  (Cl-8),

each   containing   surface   and  bottom  recording  current

meters were  maintained  in the   study  area  (Fig.  *.1  and

Table  4.1).   The   data   sets  synthesized for this report

consist of component vector   current  time  series  derived

from those current  meters.

     Thirty  nine  of  the  48  potential current data  sets   (2

positions  at  each   of  8 stations for the three deployment

periods) were  successfully  recovered  in  the  study.   The

percentages    of    data    recovery   obtained   for   each

stat ion/position/dep1oyment  combination  are  presented   in

Table  10.1.   The  9 data sets that were not recovered were

lost  to  a   variety of   physical  problems  (Table  4.2),

primarily  related  to intense  trawl fishing activity within

the  study   area.    In    addition,   biofouling   seriously

impacted  some of  the recovered data sets, especially those

from the surface  meters  during deployment  period  C.   The

nature   and   extent    of   these  biofouling  problems   is

discussed in  chapter 4,  part C.  A tabular summary  of  the

significant   impacts of   biofouling  on  the  current data

quality is provided  in Table 4.3.
                            206
                            P-l

-------
                           Table 10.1









Percent   current   data   returned   for  each




deployment period.
                                                   s t at i on
and
Stat
Cl
Cl
C2
C2
C3
C3
C4
C4
C5
C5
C6
C6
C7
C7
ca
C8
To
ion
: I
: 3
: I
: 3
: I
; 3
: I
: 3
: I
: 3
: L
: 3
: 1
: 3
: 1
: 3
tal
Period A
94
94
94
94
94
89
0
0
96
96
42
42
92
45
93
80
72
Period B
81
81
81
81
82
15
72
7 2
7 2
72
93
88
92
92
92
92
79
Period C
0
0
71
93
0
0
85
85
91
0
0
0
89
89
89
90
49
Total
60
60
83
90
60
36
5 I
5 I
86
58
45
4 4
91
74
91
87
67
Mote  -  :1 indicates a  surface station,  :3  a  bottom  station




                              207



                              F-2

-------
     The starting  and ending times, and   durations   of  the
current  record   segments  are given In Table  I.S  (Appendix
I).  Summary  statistics from the current  records  are  given
in  Table   II.5  in Appendix II.  Frequency  distributions of
current  speeds   and   directions  are  presented   in   Fig.
III.61-170    (Appendix   III),  for  each  of   the   current
stations at each deployment period as  well  as  the  joint
data.   For   each   station/position/dep1oyment combination,
as well as  for  the joint data from  each   stat ion/position,
the  current   distribution  is also summarized in speed and
direction  rose  diagrams (Fig.  IV. 13-67)   in  Appendix  IV.
All  current   time  series for each deployment are  included
within  the  hydrographic station  time  series   plots  (Fig.
V. 13-52;    Appendix  V).   The  filtered   time  series  are
similarly  presented graphically in Fig. VI.13-32   (Appendix
VI).    The   current  records  are  also  presented  in   a
pseudo-Lagrangian  fashion  by  means  of  PVD's   for  each
current  meter  and  deployment  (Fig.  VII. 10-48;  Appendix
VII) .
                             208
                             F-3

-------
B.    Winter Current
      Examination of the  frequency  distributions of  current




speeds   for  the  winter  deployment   period (Appendix  III)




reveals  that,  at  all  stations,   modal  or  characteristic




current   speeds  differed   little   between  the surface  and




bottom   records.   However,    the    bottom   records    were




characterized   by speed  frequency  distributions less  skewed




towards   higher  speeds  than   the  corresponding   surface




frequency  distributions.    Bottom  records  also exhibited




lower mean  velocities,   a   result   of  the  bottom  records




containing  fewer high velocity  current readings.




      The  directional frequency   distributions  reveal   that




bottom   currents  were   more   concentrated  into  preferred




directions  at  each station  than  surface  currents,   except




at  stations   5 and 6, where  the  surface currents were  more




clearly   directiona11y   defined.    At  most  stations   both




surface   and bottom currents  recorded two preferred,  though




not necessarily opposing, direction ranges.  The  preferred




directions   exhibited  by   the   surface and bottom  currents




often differed substantially.




     This pattern of well defined   directional  preferences




in  the   current data is confirmed in the current speed  and




direction rose diagrams  (Appendix  IV).   The  current   rose




diagrams  also  provide  a  clear  visual confirmation  of  the
                            209



                            F-4

-------
near absence of  stronger  currents at most bottom   stations.

The   overall  current   speed  and  direction  distribution

pattern reflects  the  reduced  impact  of  irregular,   local

wind  effects  in driving the offshore study area  currents.

This is especially true in the  case  of  bottom   currents.

As  a  result  of  the  reduced importance of meteorological
forcing more predictable  and  directionlly  confined   tidal

currents dominate the current structures.

     The  resultant   currents  for  the  winter  deployment

(Table  II.6;  Appendix  II) are presented graphically  in  Fig

10.1.  Surface   currents   at  most  of  the  stations  were

between  west-northwest  and  west- southwest in response to

the   southerly    and   southwesterly    resultant     winds

encountered  during   this  deployment.   At  station  C6  the
currents appear  to have been dominated by flow into   Mobile

Bay  through Main Pass.  At station CL the surface currents

are nearly  due south, perhaps in  response  to  topographic

blocking  due  to  the   barrier  formed  by  the Chandeleur

Islands and  the  shallow waters of  Chandeleur  Sound.    The

net  discharge   from   the  western  Mississippi  Sound/Lake

Borgne/Lake  Pontchartrain complex  contributed  to  such  a

southward flow.
     All stations had  bottom  current  vectors  that were

displaced   to  the  right of the surface vectors,  except at

station  C6,   where   bottom  flow  was  also   dominated   by
                            210
                            F-5

-------
            MISSISSIPPI SOUND
            MEAN CURRENT VECTORS
              1 NOV. 1980 - 9 JAN. 1981
Pig. 10.1    Resultant surface  (solid) and bottom  (dashed)


           current  vectors  for  the 7 recovered current


           moorings in  the  Mississippi  Sound  Offshore


           Study  Area  during  deployment period A.  The


           origin of the vector is  the station location.
                       211


                       F-6

-------
flooding into Mobile  Bay.   The  resultant  bottom  currents
are  significantly  less  energetic than the surface currents
at  all  stations   except   stations  C6  and   C8.    These
observation   suggest   that  the  absence,  in  the  deeper
offshore study   area,   of   the  bottom  friction  dominated
Coriolis   boundary   layer  previously  reported  for   the
interior of Mississippi  Sound (Kjerfve, 1981).
     The rms  currents   for  the  deployment  (Table  II.6;
Appendix  II)   are   repeated  in Fig 10.2.  The rres current
ellipses  confirm   that   the  surface  currents   displayed
greater   variability   than  the  bottom  currents  at   all
stations with the  exception of station  C6,  where  surface
and  bottom  rms values  were nearly identical on  both axes.
The current ellipses  also  reveal  that,  for  most  of   the
stations,  the   variability  in  the  winter  currents   was
concentrated  in   the   shore   parallel   component.     The
exceptions  to   this   generalization  were  at stations  C8,
where surface   currents   were  equally  energetic   in   both
axes,   and   C2,   where  shore  normal  variance   slightly
exceeded the shore  parallel variance at both depths.
     The current data   from  all  stations  displayed   well
defined   tidal    frequency   vertical  coherences  at   all
stations during  the   deployment  period.   Cross   spectral
analysis  of  vertical  pairs of component currents  revealed
highly significant  coherence  between   surface  and   bottom
                            212
                            F-7

-------
             MISSISSIPPI  SOUND
              rms CURRENT ELLIPSES
              1 NOV. 1980 - 9 JAN. 1981
                       OUTER:SURFACE

                       INNER:BOTTOM
Fig  10.2     Graphic representation of  the  u  and  v  rms

            currents  for  the  surface (outer) and bottom

            (inner) current meters  for  the  7  recovered

            current  moorings  in  the  Mississippi  Sound


            Offshore Study Area during deployment A.   At

            each   station   the  instantaneous  u  and  v


            component current magnitudes are plotted as  u

            rms  and  v  rms  values   in  the  form  of an


            ellipse with axis of 2 x  u rms and 2 x  v   rms.

            Thus   the  graph gives a  representation  of  the


            magnitude, orientation and variability  of   the

            currents.   The  centers   of  the  ellipses  are


            the  station locations.
                        . 213

                         F-8

-------
currents at all  stations for all tidal  frequencies.    Many




station*   also   exhibited  significant  coherence  between




surface  and   bottom   currents   in   the   meteorological




frequency  range,  particularly in the short period  (<4  day)




portion of that  range.   However the vertical  coherence  at




meteorological   frequencies,  especially at longer  periods,




was nowhere as pronounced nor everywhere as  consistent  as




that  at  tidal   frequencies.   Comparison  of  the   paired




surface  and   bottom  PVD' s  (Appendix  VII),  confirms    a




tendency  for  regular  covariation of the surface and  bottom




current  records   for   most  stations.   However,   although




major  current   events   can  be visually correlated between




the surface and  bottom  records at most stations,   there   is




also  a  great   deal  of  variation  between those  records,




particularly on  longer  time scales.




     Rotary spectral analysis of the current data   revealed




a  general  pattern,  in the meteorological frequency band,




of clockwise rotary  currents in  the  western  end  of   the




study  area  with a  transition to predominantly rectilinear




currents in  the   eastern  portion.   As  an  example,   the




rotary  coefficient   spectra  at  station  Cl  (Fig.   10.3)




indicates strong  clockwise rotation of  the  currents  over




the   entire   meteorological   frequency   band   (variance




weighted mean  meteorological  coefficient  of  rotation  of




0.624)   while    at   station  C8  the  currents  were  only
                            214



                            F-9

-------
                PERIOD (days)
       CUR STA C1 POS 1
       JD 306-360
                              10
                CYCLES PER HOUR
10
Fig. 10.3   Rotary  coefficient   spectrum  of   surface




          current at  station  Cl, . deployment A.   1296




          hourly data points are used as  5  overlapping




          1200  point segments, 6 degrees of freedom per




          segment and  24 hour cosine  taper  on the




          segment ends.   The  resulting  spectrum has




          6.48 degrees of freedom.
                      215




                     F-10

-------
moderately  clockwise   rotational  (Fig.    10.4)    with    a




weighted  mean   coefficient  of  rotation   of  0.197  for  the




meteorological  band.   Diurnal tides at  individual   stations




varied  over  a  wide  range of coefficient of  rotation  values




in  apparent   response  to  the  influence   of   the    local




topography  and the  several tidal passes in  the  study area.




However, at tidal   frequencies,  there  emerged   a   general




pattern  in   the  sense  of  rotation   of the  diurnal tidal




currents   opposite    to   that    encountered     in     the




meteorological    frequency   band.   The  eastern   stations




displayed diurnal  tidal currents that   were  more   strongly




clockwise  rotational   while the western stations  displayed




nearly  rectilinear   or  even  counterclockwise   senses   of




diurnal  motion.   As   examples of this pattern  compare  the




diurnal  frequency   rotational  coefficients  at    western




station Cl (Fig. 10.3) and eastern station  C8  (Fig.  10.4).




     Examination of  current coherences  among  the   inshore




stations  (Cl,   C3,  and C6), and among  the  stations  further




offshore (C2,  C5,  C7,  and  C8),  as  well   as  between  the




available  pairs  of  roughly shorenormal1y  aligned  stations




(C3 + C2 and  C6 •*•   C7)  were  made  by  means  of   multiple




cross-spectral    analysis   for  both   surface   and  bottom




cur rent s.




     At tidal  frequencies, both u and v component   currents




were,  in  general,   highly  coherent   for   most  analyses,
                            216



                            F-ll

-------
               PERIOD (days)
  UJ
  u.
  UL
  UJ
  O
  U
  O
  QC
     O
     in
CUR STA C8 POS  1


JD  309-374         7.80 df
     1 -3

      10
                   i -2
            10
i -i

10
                 CYCLES PER HOUR
Fig. 10.4    Rotary   coefficient  spectrum   of   surface



           current  at  station C8,   deployment A.  1560



           hourly data points are used as  5  overlapping



           1200  point segments, 6 degrees of freedom per



           segment  and  24  hour  cosine  taper  on  the



           segment  ends.   The resulting  spectrum  has



           7.80 degrees of  freedom.
                       217

                       F-12

-------
except   those   pairs   extending  over  the.  full   east-west




extent   of   the   study  area.   Specifically,   the   eastern




stations  (Cl-3)  were  highly coherent with one   another,   as




were  the western stations (C4-8), though the  coherence  was




markedly  reduced for  all pairings of stations  from  the   two




groups.   These  results indicated that both  the diurnal  and




semidiurnal  tides propagate  similarly  through   the  study




area  as  generally  northward advancing waves  with  an  added




westward  component  in the western stations.




     At   meteorological  frequencies  no  station  pairings




were   more    than    moderately  coherent.   Meteorological




frequency coherence,  when encountered, was only found  at  a




few  frequency estimates between adjacent surface stations.




Pig  10.5  provides   an  example  of  one  of   the   station




pairings  exhibiting   such  typical,  possibly significant




coherence in  the meteorological frequency band as  well   as




the  high  tidal frequency coherence encountered  in typical




station  and  position   pairs.   It  thus  appears   that   the




current   structure   of  the  study  area was,  at  best,  only




locally  coherent at  meteorological frequencies during   the




winter.




     The  lack  of coherence in the  longer  period  currents




is   confirmed   by    the  current  PVO's  (Appendix  VII).




Although  it  is frequently possible  to  see   in   the  PVD's




equivalent   events   in  neighboring  stations  for multi  day
                            2 18



                            F-13

-------
                PERIOD (days)
       u CUR STA 2
       POS 1
 u CUR STA 5
TSD      POS 1
            JD 308-372
            7.68 df
-.01
                                             -.05|
                                             -.10'
                                             -.25
                CYCLES PER HOUR


Fig. 10.5    Coherence spectrum of  surface  u current  at
           station  C2 and surface u current at station
           C5, deployment A.   1536  hourly  data  points
           are   used  as  5   overlapping 1200 point
           segments, 6 degrees  of  freedom  per  segment
           and  24 hour cosine taper on the segment ends.
           The resulting spectrum has  7.68 degrees  of
           f r e edom.
                     219
                     F-H

-------
segments of  the  deployment  period,   the   PVD'3  reveal  no
area  wide  systematic variation,  in  their  pseudo-Lagrangian
mot ions.
                             220
                             F-15

-------
C.    Spring Currents
      An   examination  of   the   deployment   B   frequency

distributions  of  current   speed   and  directions (Appendix

III)  and  the  corresponding current  rose diagrams  (Appendix

IV)    reveals   strong   similarities   between  the  spring

deployment   and  the  patterns  discerned   in  the   winter

deployment.    Again,  as  in  the winter,  modal speeds were

similar for  surface and  bottom  meters  at  each  station.

The   bottom   mean  speeds were once  more distinctly reduced

due to the near absence of currents  in  the higher  velocity

ranges.    In   general the modal speeds  at  each station were

similar for  the two deployments.  Similarly,  the  direction

distributions  again  feature  pronounced, usually bimodal,

directional  preferences.  For half  of  the  stations  (Cl(s),

C2(s&b],   C3[s&b),   and  C6[s&b])   the  preferred directions

were  quite   similar  to  those  displayed  in  the  winter

deployment.    However, the tendency  towards defined current

directions was less  developed  in   the  spring  deployment

data,  as  can  be   seen by  the trend  towards more balanced

arms  seen  in  the spring current rose diagrams.

      The  resultant   currents  from   the  spring  deployment

(Table  II.6;  Appendix  II)  are   presented   in Fig.  10.6.

While   the    current   speed   and    direction   frequency

distributions  were  generally  similar in overall patterns
                            221
                            F-16

-------
            MISSISSIPPI SOUND
            MEAN CURRENT VECTORS
              21 MARCH - 23 MAY 1981

              . - ..'-*• *. '*
Fig. 10.6    Resultant  surface (solid) and bottom  (dashed)


           current  vectors for the 8 current  moorings in


           the  Mississippi  Sound  Offshore  Study Area


           during  deployment  period  B.   The origin of


           the vector is the station location.
                        222

                        F-17

-------
for  Che  winter   and  spring  deployments,   the   resultant




currents  were   radically  different.   The  overall  surface




flow  now   exhibited  a  dominant  eastward   sense  at  all




stations  except   C4  and  C5,  where northward  flow  towards




Petit Bois  Pass  predominated both at   the   surface  and  at




depth.   Though   bottom  resultant currents  were  everywhere




less than half   the  magnitude  of   the   resultant  surface




currents,    there   was  no  regular   relationship  between




surface and  bottom resultant current directions.    Four  of




the  current  stations  (Cl,  C4,  C5,  and  C8) displayed a




right  hand   shift  of  direction  with   depth   while   the




remaining four  stations showed left  hand  shifts.




     The spring  deployment  rms  currents   given   in  Table




II.6  (Appendix   II)  are  graphically  presented in figure




10.7.  Variation  in the current  records   was  concentrated




in  the  u   component  except  at  stations   C2,  C5  and the




bottom record at  station C8.  At all stations  the  surface




variation   was  significantly greater than  that  at depth and




variations  were   generally  greater  than   those   displayed




during  the   winter  deployment,  especially at the  western




s t at ions.




     The vertical coherence  of  the   currents   during  the




spring  deployment  was noticeably reduced relative  to that




of deployment A  for most stations  at  both   meteorological




and  tidal   frequencies.   This  reduction was  particularly
                            223



                            F-18

-------
              MISSISSIPPI  SOUND
                rms CURRENT ELLIPSES
                 21  MARCH - 23 MAY 1981  .
                           OUTER:SURFACE
                           INNER:BOTTOM
I- o  10  20
fig 10.7     Graphic  representation  of  the  u  and  v  rras

             currents  for   the   surface  (outer) and bottom

             (inner)   current  meters   for  the  8  current

             moorings  in   the   Mississippi  Sound Offshore

             Study Area during deployment B.   The  centers

             of the ellipses  are the  station locations.
                           224

                           F-19

-------
evident  in  the meteorological   frequency   band  as  can  be
seen   by  examination of the PVD's  (Appendix  VII) where only
station  C6  displays a strong  correlation   between  surface
and bottom  currents.
     The  overall  pattern in current  rotational  senses  for
the  spring   deployment  was similar  to  that  encountered in
deployment  period A.  In the meteorological  frequency  band
the  pattern  of  a decreasing sense of  clockwise motion from
western  to  eastern and from inshore   to  offshore  stations
was    repeated.     However,   in   contrast   to  the  winter
deployment, the  spring values   ranged  between  essentially
rectilinear    motions  at  station   Cl   (Fig.   10.8)  to  a
pronouncedly  counterclockwise sense  of rotation at  station
C8  (Fig.   10.9).   At  the  tidal   frequency   the  overall
pattern of  the winter deployment   was  repeated  with  even
greater   contrast  across  the  study  area.    The  eastern
stations  (eg   Fig.  10.9)  again   displayed   diurnal  tidal
currents    that,    in   general,   were   strongly  clockwise
rotational  while  the  western  stations   (eg  Fig.  10.8)
usually   displayed   counterclockwise   senses  of  diurnal
mot ion.
     As   in   the   case  of  deployment   A,   examination  of
current   coherences among the inshore  stations (Cl, C3, C4,
and C6),  the  offshore stations  (C2,  C5,  C7,   and  C8),  and
the  roughly   aligned  shorenormai   pairs  of  stations (C3 *
                            225
                            F-20

-------
    g
                 PERIOD (days)
         20   10
                .5   .25
        CUR STA C1 POS 1
        JD 446-499

        6.32 df
     ' -3
     10
    10            10

CYCLES PER HOUR
 o
10
Fig. 10.8    Rotary   coefficient   spectrum   of   surface


           current  at  station  Cl,  deployment B.  1264


           hourly data points are used as  5  overlapping


           1200  point segments, 6 degrees of freedom per


           segment  and  24 hour  cosine  taper  on  the


           segment  ends.   The  resulting  spectrum  has


           6.32 degrees of freedom.
                        226

                        F-21

-------
               PERIOD  (days)
    o
    o
  20
   i
             10
2
J_
.5
.25
	L_
  I-
  z
  UJ
  5
CUR STA C8 POS  1
        JD  449-509
                   7.20 df
      -3
                   i -Z
                   10
                         ' 1-1
                         10
               CYCLES PER HOUR
                        'o
                       10
Fig. 10.9    Rotary   coefficient  spectrum   of   surface

           current  at  station  C8,   deployment 8.   1440

           hourly data points are used as  5  overlapping

           1200  point segments,  6 degrees of freedom per

           segment  and  24  hour cosine  taper  on  the

           segment  ends.   The  resulting  spectrum  has

           7.20 degrees of  freedom.
                       227

                       F-22

-------
C2, C4 •*• C5 ,  and  C6 +• C7) were  made   using   cross-spectral




analysis  of   surface  and  bottom  currents.    There was a




prominently  evident, system wide reduction  in   the  current




coherences    for    this   deployment   compared  with  those




encountered  in deployment A.




     At   tidal    frequencies   the    coherence    remained




moderately   high   over  the  short  distances   between some




pairs of  stations  taken  from  either  end   of  the  study




region.   Tidal   coherence was  again  only marginal over the




width of  the study area (Fig. 10. 10).   The  limited  surface




meteorological   frequency  coherence  encountered  in  the




first deployment  was further reduced  in  the  summer  data.




Fig  10.10   provides  a   typical coherence spectra over the




meteorological frequencies.  The absence of  even  vestigial




coherence    over   the  dimensions   of  the  study  area   is




confirmed   by  PVD's  (Appendix VII)  derived    from   the




deployment  B current records.
                             228




                             F-23

-------
                PERIOD (days)
         20  10
                5
                I
.5  .25
U

U

Z

HI !n

ff c

UJ
       u CUR STA 2 POS  1


       u CUR STA 8 POS  1°
       JD 449*499


       5.96  df
  o
  o
  in
  ru
    o
    a
     10
                 10             10

              CYCLES PER HOUR
                -.01




                -.10



                -.25
Fig.  10.10
          Coherence spectrum of  surface  u  current  ac



          station C2  and  surface u current at  station



          C8, deployment B.   1192  hourly data   points



          are  used as 5 overlapping 800 point segments,



          4  degrees of freedom per  segment and  24 hour



          cosine  taper   on  the  segment  ends.  The



          resulting   spectrum  has   5.96  degrees   of




          freedom.
                       229


                       F-24

-------
D.
Summer Currents
     The   summer     speed    and    direction     frequency
distributions   (Appendix  III)  and  current  rose diagrams
(Appendix  IV)   repeat   the  general  pattern  of   bimodal
preferred   directions   encountered  in  the  two  previous
deployments.  The  pattern of reduction with depth  of  mean
speeds   coupled    with   nearly   constant   modal   speeds
characteristic  of  deployment  periods  A  and  B   is   again
apparent.    For    those   stations   where  the   direction
distributions for  the three deployments differ  the   summer
distributions    usually  resembled  the  winter  deployment
pattern more closely  than they did the spring pattern.    In
interpreting  the   summer directional distributions  it must
be remembered that these distributions  are  based   on   the
entire  valid   raw  current  data  sets  and  thus   may   be
distorted  to an unknown  extent  for  those  stations that
experienced intermittent periods of directional hang  up.
     The summer resultant currents  (Table   II.6;  Appendix
II)  are   presented  as  Fig  10.11.  The resultant currents
were very  similar  to  those from deployment   A  (Fig   10.1),
with  a  general  westward flow pattern.  Of  particular note
are  the   opposed   surface  and  bottom  currents  seen   at
station    C4  and   the  extremely  strong   bottom  currents
encountered at  station C8.  The  corresponding   rms   values
                            230
                            ¥-25

-------
             MISSISSIPPI SOUND
             MEAN CURRENT VECTORS :/ '
               15 JULY - 16 SEPT. 1981
Fig.  10.11
Resultant surface (solid) and bottom  (dashed)


current  vectors  for  the 5 recovered current


moorings in  the  Mississippi  Sound  Offshore


Study  Area  during  deployment period C.   The


origin of the vector is the station location.
                        231


                       F-26

-------
(Table II.6; Appendix  II)  are  drawn  as  rms  ellipsis   on




Fig.  10.12.  The  variance of Che current records  was  again




concentrated along the east-west axis,  except   at   station




C2  where  north-south  currents  displayed a  predominance.




The current variations derived from the  summer  deployment




were  generally  similar in magnitude to Chose  of deployment




A .




     The vertical  coherence of the  current   structure  for




deployment  C  was intermediate to  the high coherence  found




in Deployment A  and the near lack of coherence  typical   of




deployment  B.    Diurnal  currents  were reasonably coherent




at the four   stations   for  which   vertical   cross  spectra




could  be  developed.    At meteorological  frequencies  there




were a limited   number  of   significantly   coherent  single




estimates,  but   no   station  displayed   a   major  degree of




coherence over   the  meteorological   frequency  band.    The




spectral  pattern  in  coherence  is  confirmed by  the  PVD's




(Appendix VII),  where for most  stations  surface  and  bottom




currents  appear  correlated  for   periods   of several days




duration  though  not  for   the  entire    deployment.     In




particular   stations  C7  and   C8   display   reasonably well





correlated  PVD1s.




     Although  the  limited   number  of   recovered  current




stations  made   it difficult  to  discern  overall  patterns in




the  rotarv  sense  of the currents,  the  available  data  were
                             232



                            F-27

-------
              MISSISSIPPI SOUND
                rms CURRENT ELLIPSES
                15 JULY - 16 SEPT. 1981
                          OUTER:SURFACE
                          INNER:BOTTOM
Fig 10.12     Graphic representation of   the   u  and  v  rms


             currents  for  the  surface (outer) and bottom


             (inner) current meters  for  the   5  recovered


             current  moorings  in  the   Mississippi  Sound


             Offshore Study Area during  deployment C.   The


             centers   of  the  ellipses  are   the  station


             locat ions.
                           233

                           F-28

-------
in basic agreement  with the pattern found in  the  first   two




deployments.     The   eastern   stations  were  essentially




rectilinear  at  meteorological frequencies (eg   Fig.   10.13)




(weighted  mean  meteorological  coefficient  of rotation of




-0.054 at C8) and displayed a strong  clockwise   rotational




sense  at the diurnal  frequency.  The western stations  were




only  slightly   clockwise  rotational   at    meteorological




frequencies   (weighted  mean  meteorological  coefficient of




rotation at  C2  was  0.158) and were highly  counterclockwise




rotational at the diurnal frequency (Fig. 10.14).




     Cross spectral analysis  of  current  coherences   over




the   study   area    for  this  deployment  could  only  be




undertaken for  the  offshore stations (C2, C5  surface   only,




C7,  and C8)  and one shorenormal pairing of surface  current




stations (C4  +  C5).  In  general  the  coherence   resembled




deployment   A,   though  it  was  intermediate   between   the




levels encountered  in  the first  two  deployments.    Longer




term  coherence  was  most  pronounced  in  the shorenormal




comparison of the u component currents (Fig.   10.15).    For




most  station pairings the relatively short valid data  sets




available for analysis result in spectra with   low  degrees




of  freedom,  precluding definitive conclusion  about  current




coherences (Fig 10.16).
                            234



                            F-29

-------
              PERIOD (days)
        20
      CUR STA C8 POS 1
      JD 566-607     4.96 df
             CYCLES PER HOUR
Fig. 10.13
Rotary   coefficient   spectrum  of   surface
current  at  station  C8,   deployment  C.  992
hourly data points are used as  5  overlapping
800  point  segments, 4 degrees of freedom per
segment  and  24  hour cosine  taper  on  the
segment  ends.   The  resulting  spectrum  has
4.96 degrees of freedom.
                     235
                     F-30

-------
               PERIOD (days)
  Hi
      CUR STA C2 POS  1
       JD 562-603
       4.96 df
                  10            10
               CYCLES PER HOUR
Fig. 10.14
Rotary  coefficient   spectrum   of   surface

current  at  station  C2,  deployment  C.  992

hourly data points are used as  5  overlapping

800  point  segments, 4 degrees of freedom per

segment  and  24 hour  cosine  taper  on  the

segment  ends.   The  resulting  spectrum  has

4.96 degrees of freedom.
                      236
                      F-31

-------
               PERIOD (days)
    o
    o
         20  1O
  IU
  o
  z
  w
  oc
  IU
  X
  o
  O
    in
    r~

    Q
             5
              i
2
I
.5   .25
                  M
           A

  u CUR STA 4

  u CUR STA 5

-TPOS 1

  JD 565-607

  5.06 df
    O -3

     10
               10
          1-1

          10
                CYCLES PER HOUR
                        -.01

                         05[-

                        -.101)
               10
Fig.  10.15
       Coherence  spectrum of  surface  u  current  at



       station  C4  and surface u current at  station



       C5, deployment C.   1012  hourly data  points



       are  used  as 5 overlapping 800 point segments,



       4 degrees  of freedom per segment and 24  hour



       cosine   taper   on  the  segment  ends.   The



       resulting  spectrum  has   5.06  degrees   of



       f reedom.
                        237


                        F-32

-------
               PERIOD (days)
    a
  Ul
  O
  z
  LU
  QC
  in
  X
  o
  o
20
 1
             10
5
I
2
i
.5
 I
.25
 i
      u CUR STA 2 POS 1 o

      u CUR STA 8 POS 1 '

      JD 566-607

      4.86  df
      -3
     10
                   I -2
          10
              ' 1-1
              10
                CYCLES PER HOUR
                                     -.osr-
                                      JOTJ
                                        X
                       10
Fig. 10.16
  Coherence spectrum of  surface  u  current  at



  station  C2  and surface u current at station



  C8,  deployment C.  972 hourly data points  are



  used  as  5  overlapping 800 point segments, 4



  degrees of freedom per  segment  and 24  hour



  cosine  taper   on  the  segment  ends.   The



  resulting  spectrum  has   4.86   degrees  of



  f reedom.
                       238


                       F-33

-------
E .    Synches i s










      The  utility  of  conclusions   to  be  reached  on   the




nature  of   the  currents   in   the   study  area  is greatly




influenced  by  the amount of data  recovered in each  of   the




three   deployments.    The    first    two  deployments   had




recovered data sets of roughly  equal   utility.   Deployment




A  has  the   advantage  of  longer data sets at all  stations




except C6,  which allows the utilization of high degrees   of




freedom   in    spectral  analysis.    Individual  data   sets




recovered in  deployment B are  somewhat shorter  than   those




recovered   in  the first deployment  but this disadvantage is




overcome  by  the recovery of  data   from  all  stations   and




positions.    The  summer  data   set   is much less extensive




than  that recovered in the  first  two  deployments.   Current




data  was   recovered  from  only  5  stations, and for one of




those only  a  surface record  was  recovered.   In   addition




biofouling   problems  seriously  limited  the  duration   of




several of  the data  series  (see   chapter  H).   This   has




particular   impact  on  the  utility   of FFT based  spectral




analysis  techniques which have  a  dependence  on  data   set




length.   Discussion  of  the   currents  during  the summer




deployment   has  been  more  speculative  than   that    for




deployments  A  and B.
                             239




                            F-34

-------
     The pattern of well  defined  preferred  directions  in
the  current  records   for   a   given station and deployment
reflects the reduced  impact   of  less-regular,  local  wind
effects   on  currents  within  the  offshore  study  area,
especially in the  case  of bottom current records,  and  the
corresponding    predominance   of   more   predictable  and
directionlly confined  tidal  currents.  The tendency of  the
defined  directional   maxima to vary between deployments at
most stations indicates that  other,  long  term  processes
such  as  seasonal  changes   in  runoff  also influence the
current structure.  In  this  regard it  is  useful  to  note
that  while  the   individual  current  stations  were  only
poorly  coherent   with   each  other  or  the   winds   over
meteorological   frequencies, the resultant currents at most
stations 
-------
axis.   In  contrast, the western  portion  of  the  study  area




is   semi-enclosed.    It  is bounded  along  its northern edge




by   the  Mississippi  and  Alabama    coastlines,    by   the




Mississippi   delta   complex  to   the  west,  and by Chandlier




sound  and  its associated string  of   small   islands  to  the




south   and   south  west.   The partially enclosed nature of




the  region  forces large scale motions  to curl  through  the




western  stations.   This results  in  the  highly rotary sense




of motion  seen in the meteorological  frequency currents  at




the    western   stations.    The   effect   is  particularly




pronounced  at stations Cl  and   C2,   which   were  the  most




enclosed of  the  western stations.




     In contrast,  diurnal  tides  displayed  a  systematic




trend    from    roughly   rectilinear    or   even   mildly




counterclockwise motions  in  the   western   stations   to




strongly    clockwise   motions   at   the   eastern  stations.




Rotary  sense  at  individual  stations    frequently   did,




however,    depart  from  this  overall  trend in response to




topography  and the  influences of  nearby  tidal passes.




     The general pattern of rotary   sense   found  at  tidal




frequencies   is   consistent with  the  pattern of progression




of the  tides  discussed in chapter  8.    The  chief  salient




feature  of  that pattern was the  rapid  advance of the tidal




wave forms   into Mississippi  Sound   through  the  channel




leading  to   Horn  Island  Pass.   This   advance  served to







                            2M





                            F-36

-------
separate the  current  stations into  a  western  set   (Cl-3)




and  an eastern  group (C4-8).  Thus at the western stations




the tidal wave  is   transitioning  from  a  northward  to  a




northwestward     propagating    wave,    resulting    in   a




counterclockwise rotation  at tidal frequencies.   Over  the




eastern  stations  the direction of propagation changes from




northward to  eastward,   resulting  in  a  strong  clockwise




sense of rotation.




     The along  shore  and  cross  shore  coherence  patterns




for  tidal   frequency  currents are further evidence  of the




general  pattern  of    tidal   progression   noted    above.




Coherences   within   each  group of stations were quite high




for all three deployment periods, while coherence  in  each




deployment   period   was markedly reduced for comparisons  of




station pairs taken from  between  the  two  groups.   This




again  indicates  the  existence of differing  tidal regimes




in the eastern  and  western  portions of the study area.




     Meteorological frequency current coherence was   almost




entirely   confined  to  adjacent  surface  stations.   The




general failure  of  meteorological  frequency   coherence   to




extend   over   greater   distances  within  the  study  area




indicates  that   the   response  of  the  system  to   local




meteorological   forcing  was  highly variable.  In addition




to spatial variability  in  meteorological  responses,  there




were  large   variations  in  the manner to which individual







                            242




                            F-37

-------
stations  responded  to  successive   meteorological  forcing




events    of   differing  intensities   and   varying  approach




directions.   Thus while two stations  might  exhibit  similar




responses   to  one  event  (as  revealed  in  the PVD's) their




responses  to  the next, somewhat different,  event  might  be




totally    independent.    This  non-linear   variability  in




responses  to  meteorological forcing  gave  rise to  the  very




limited    linear   relationships   between    even  adjacent




stations  seen in spectral analysis.




     An   examination  of  the   surface   rotary  coefficient




spectra   at   C8  for  each  of  the  three deployments (Fig.




10.4, Fig.  10.9, and Fig. 10.13)  reveals  that  while  the




meteorological   frequency  currents   varied greatly between




deployment  periods,  the currents  at  the   primary  (diurnal)




tidal  frequency  were more nearly invariant.  This pattern




of   inter-deployment   variability     at    meteorological




frequencies   and  relative  constancy   at tidal frequencies




was evident at  all stations, in   both   the   rotary  spectra




and  the   component   current variance  spectra.  The pattern




was not,  however, always as pronounced  as that seen in  the




given  example   at  C8  (compare  Figs.   10.3 and 10.8, the




surface rotary  coefficient  spectra   from  station  Cl  for




deployments   A   and   B, respectively).   For bottom currents




the rotary  spectra were less variable   between  deployments




at  tidal  frequencies than were the  surface currents.  This







                            243




                            F-38

-------
Indicates  that    th«    differences   encountered   between




deployments   in   the   rotational sense of the surface  tidal




currents were at  least  partially  due  to  changes  in   the




diurnal wind  patterns.




     The  reduced   tendency  of  meteorological   frequency




variability   to    be    manifest  in  the  bottom  currents




indicated the effectivness of  the  partial  stratification




present  at   most   times  in  the  study area in creating  a




partial  barrier    between   surface   and   bottom    water




circulation.   The generally poor vertical coherence  of  non




tidal currents,  particularly in deployments  B  and   C,   is




further  evidence   of   the  existence  of  such  a   partial




barrier.  The partial  independence of  surface  and   bottom




currents  is  also visible in the large  differences  seen in




the PVO's from  surface and bottom meters.




     Stratification served to decouple   the  currents  over




the  extent  of  the water column, thereby tending  to  develop




a two layer  circulation within  the   study  area.    However,




this  two   layer  circulation   always featured  some  limited




coherence   of   the   two   current   structures    as   the




stratification   of  the  study  area  was  never  that  extreme.




Coherence was most pronounced during  the  first   deployment




period   when meteorological  frequency  coherence   between




surface  and  bottom currents was  greatest,   reflecting  the
                            244




                             F-39

-------
reduced  degree  of  stratification encountered  in the   winter





deployment.
                                  243




                                  F-40

-------
FIGURE  r tI .6 I


S  PERIOD  A STATION 1 SURFACE  CURRENTS
ui
  g
  °b.OO     20.00   40.00    60.00   «0.00    100.00
                SPEED (CM/S)

  FIGURE   III.63


  g  PERIOD  B STATION 1  SURFACE CURRENTS
 LU
 (j
 Kg
 w?
 0.0
  „ UJ     vToO    40.00    60.00    90.00    100.00
               SPEED  (CM/S)

 FIGURE  I I I .65


 g JOINT STATION 1 SURFACE  CURRENTS
                 SPEEEMCM'/ST
   FIGURE  III.61-66
                                  10.00    too.oo
                                                      FIGURE  III.62


                                                       §  PERIOD A STATION  1  SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                      5'
                                                      UJ
                                                       3
                                                       , ,J90.00    180.00   270.00   360.00
                                                            DIRECTION (TOWARDS)

                                                     FIGURE  III.64


                                                      S  PERIOD 8 STATION  1  SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                      g
                                                      o

                                                     u
                                                     £
                                                                90.00    180.00   270.00   360.00
                                                              DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
                                                       FIGURE  III.66
                                                           JOINT STATION  1  SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                                »0.00    1»0.00   2>0.00   i6S. 00
                                                              DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                Frequency     distributions     of      surface


                                current    speed   and    direction  at  current


                                station   1,  for  time    periods   A,   B,   and


                                the   joint  data.
                                            A  3:


                                            F-41

-------
  FIGURE  til . 67           ;
  1  °ERIOD A STATION 1  BOTTOM CURRENTS
  40.00   60.00
SPEED  (CM/S)
                                 to.oo    100.00
  FIGURE   III.69

  §   PERIOD 8 STATION  1  BOTTOM CURRENTS
          20.00    40.QQ    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
  FIGURE  III.71

  §   JOINT STATION  1 BOTTOM CURRENTS
LU
ce°
5=
O-o.
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
                                 80.00    100.00
                                 to.oo    100.00
                                       FIGURE  I I I .63

                                       o   PERIOD A STATION  1  BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                                40.00    110.00   270.00   360.00
                                                              DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
                                       FIGURE  III.70

                                       g  PERIOD B STATION 1  BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                      LU
                                                      O
                                                90.00    110.00   270.00   360.00
                                              DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                       F I r. u R E  III.72

                                        §  JOINT STATION 1 BOTTOM  CURRENTS
                                        °0', 00    90.00    180.00   J>0.00   360.00
                                               DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
 FIGURE  III.67-72
                Frequency      distributions       of       bottom


                current    spe*»d    and   direction   at  current


                station   I,  for  time   periods    A,    B,    and


                the  joint  data.
                                           A  38


                                           F-42

-------
FIGURE  I I I .73

o  PERIOD  A STATION  2  SURFACE CURRENTS
LJ
<_)
ceg
w°
O-o.
          20.00    40.00    ftO.OO
                SPEED  (CM/S)
                                 10.00    too.oo
                                                       FIGURE  III. 74

                                                        §  PERIOD A STATION  2  SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                       Ul
                                                               40.00    tlO.00   270.00   360.00
                                                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
  FIGURE  III.75

  §  PERIOD B STATION 2 SURFACE CURRENTS

  a-
Kg
111?
0.0.
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED  (CM/S)
                                 00.00    100.00
                                                      FIGURE  III.76

                                                       S  PERIOD  B STATION  2  SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                       LU
                                                       
-------
  FIGURE   111.77

  §  PERIOD C STATION 2 SURFACE  CURRENTS
at
0.0.
          20.00   40.00    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
                                 ao.oo    100.00
 FIGURE  III.79

 S  JOINT STATION 2  SURFACE CURRENTS
 "Coo
          20.00
                  40.00    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
                                 80.00    100.00
                       FIGURE   I I I . 7 3

                       °  PERIOD C STATION  2  SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                      u;
                                                      o
                       "b.OO     90.00    1«0.00   270.00   160.00
                              DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
                       FIGURE   I I I .8 0

                       §  JOINT  STATION 2  SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                       z
                                                       111
                                90.00    180.00    170.00
                              DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                                                        HO. 00
  FIGURE   lit.77-80
Frequency     distributions     of      surface


current    speed    and   direction  at  current


station  2,  for    time    period   C    and    the


joint  data
                                           A  40


                                           F-44

-------
 FIGURE  : 11. ;•• i
 S  PERIOD A STATION 2 BOTTOM CURRENTS
 S
0.0.
          20.00    40.00    «0.00
               SPEED  (CM/S)
ao.oo    100.00
  FIGURE  III.83
  § PERIOD B STATION 2  BOTTOM CURRENTS
  *
  g

          20.00    O.OQJ60.00
DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
                      FIGURE  III.84
                      §  PERIOD B STATION 2 BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                     LJ
                                                     U
                               90 . 00    l«0.00   JTOO
                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                                                     5*0.00
  FIGURE  III.81-84       Frequency     distributions      of      bottom


                                current    speed    and   direction  at  current


                                station  2,   for   time  periods  A  and  B.
                                          A  41


                                          F-45

-------
FIGURE  III.^i
1  PERIOD  C  STATION 2 30TTOM CURRENTS
Si	r	1	:	1	1
                                        i
         20.00    40.00    60.CO
              SPEED!CM/5)
                                so.oo     100.00
FIGURE  III.87
o  JOINT  STATION 2  SOTTOM CURRENTS
        20.00
                40.00    60.00
              SPEED  (CM/5)
                                30.00    100.00
                                                      FIGURE  I I I . 3 *>
                                                      §   PERIOD : STATION  2  BOTTOM CURRENTS

                                                                   nil
                                                      °0_QO     90.00    J80.00   270.00    360.00
                                                             DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
                                                      FIGURE   III.88
                                                      S  JOINT  STATION 2  BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                      °b.oo     90.00    lao.oQ   2>o.oo   Jto.oo
                                                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
FIGURE  III. 85-88
                               Frequency     distributions       of       bottom

                               current    speed    and   direction  at  current

                               station  2,  for    time    period   C    and   the

                               i oint  data.
                                          A  *2

                                          F-46

-------
  FIGURE  IT I .89

  §   PERIOD A STATION 3 SURFACE  CURRENTS
Ui
<_>
&
0.0.
  3.00
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
                                 to.oo    100.00
FIGURE  III.91
§  PERIOD  B STATION  3  SURFACE CURRENTS
  o.
(-«
ui

Ka
0,0.
    oo
          20.00    <0.00    60.00   90.00    100.00
                SPEED  (CM/S)
  FIGURE  III . 93

  S  JOINT STATION 3 SURFACE CURRENTS
UJ
o
or
ui.
Q-o.
          20.00    <0.00    60.00
                SPEED  (CM/S)
                                  (0.00    100.00
                                                      FIGURE   III.90

                                                      S  PERIOD A STATION  3 SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                     UJ
                                                     o
                                                               »b.OO    180.00   2>0.00360.00
                                                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                        FIGURE  III.92
                                                        §  PERIOD B STATION  3 SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                     LU

                                                     K.,
                                                       °0.00     90.00    140.00   270.00
                                                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                                                        340.00
                                                      Fir, URE  I 11. 9 4

                                                       g  JOINT STATION 3 SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                               40.00    1)0.00   3>0.00   MO. 00
                                                              DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
  FIGURE  III. 89-94
                               Frequency     distributions     of       surface


                               current   speed    and    direction  at   current


                               station  3,  for   time    periods    A,    8,    and


                               the   joint  data.
                                            A  43


                                           F-47

-------
 FIGURE   I I I . 9 r>

 o  PERIOD A STATION  3  BOTTOM CURRENTS
         20.00   '0.00    60,00
              SPEED (CM/S)
                                ao oo
FIGURE  III.97

§  PERIOD B STATION  3  BOTTOM CURRENTS
•n
o
o.
Z
LU
U
m°
0-0.
o
o





I





.



k
"\.
 1.00
         20.00    40.00    60.00
              SPEED  (CM/S)
                               80.00    100.00
FIGURE  I I I . 99

g  JOINT STATION  3 BOTTOM CURRENTS
SJ-,	,	,	.	1	
        20.00    40.00    60.00
              SPEED (CM/S)
                               to.oo    100.00
                       FIGURE  III.96
                       o  PERIOD A STATION  3  BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                90.00    180.00   270.00   260 00
                              DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
                       FIGURE  III.98
                       S  PERIOD B STATION  3  BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                     LU
                                90.00    180.00   270.00   360.00
                              DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                       FIGURE  I I I . 1 0 0

                        S  JOINT STATION  3  BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                      ol
                                                     UJ
                                                     (J
                        °b.OO    90.00    110.00   270.00   360.00
                              DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
FIGURE  I I I . 9 5 - 10 0
Frequen<: y     distributions      of       bottom


current    speed   and    direction  at  current


station  3,   for  time    periods    A,    8,    and


the  joint  data.
                                         A  <44
                                         F-48

-------
FIGURE  II:.101

§  PERIOD  B  STATION < SURFACE CURRENTS
UJ
ft
 9.00
         10.00    40.00    60.00
              SPEED  (CM/S)
                               eo.oo    100.00
 FIGURE  III. 103
 o  PERIOD C STATION  <  SURFACE CURRENTS
z
UJ
o
 J.OO
         20.00    40.00    40.00
              SPEED (CM/S)
                               80.00    100.00
  FIGURE  III. 105

  g  JOINT STATION  <  SURFACE CURRENTS
         20.00    40.00    60.00
              SPEED (CM/S)
                               ao.oo
                                       100.00
                                                      FIGURE  III.102
                                                       §  PERIOD B STATION 4 SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                    fel
                                                       "V.OO»0.00180.002>0.00360.00
                                                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                     FIGURE  I II . 10.4
                                                      §  PERIOD C STATION ^ SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                    UJ
                                                    u

                                                    fc.
                                                               90.00    tlO.OO   2>0.00   360.00
                                                              DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                     FIGURE  til.106

                                                      S  JOINT  STATION 4 SURFACE  CURRENTS
                                                    UJ
                                                                90.00    180.00   270.00
                                                              DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
                                                                                     360.00
FIGURE  III.101-106    Frequency     distributions     of      surface


                               current   ^peed    and   direction  at  current


                               station  
-------
  FIGURE   : r r . i o ~
  §  PERIOD B STATION < BOTTOM  CURRENTS
°%.00    20.00    40.00    60.00    50.00    100.00
              SPEED  (CM/S)
  FIGURE   tI I . I 0 9

  §   PERIOD C STATION  < BOTTOM CURRENTS
UJ
o
UJ=
    nn
          20 00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
 FIGURE  I I I .  ! 1  1

 °   JOINT STATION <  BOTTOM CURRENTS
UI
LJ
«?
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
                                 80.00    100.00
                                 80.00    100.00
                                                     FIGURE  I I ! . 1 -13

                                                      Q  °ERIOD 8 STATION < BOTTOM  CURRENTS

                                                      ILJ
                                                      o
                                                      cc_
                                                      0. ~H
                                                       °a.QQ     10.00    180.00   270.00   360.00
                                                              DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                     F I 0 C R Z  I I I . I 1 0

                                                      §  PERIOD C STATION 4 BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                      °D.OO    40.00    180.00   270.00   3*0.00
                                                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                     FIGURE  III. 112

                                                      g  JOINT STATION 4 BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                        §
                                                      °b.OO     90.00    180.00   270.00   340.00
                                                             DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
 FIGURE  I I I .  107- I 1 2
                               Frequency     distributions       of       bottom


                               current   speed    and   direction  at  current


                               station  -» ,  for   time   periods   B,   C,   and


                               the  joint  data.
                                           A  46

                                           F-50

-------
 FIGURE  I I I .  113

 §  PERIOD A STATION 5 SURFACE CURRENTS
UJ
o

85*
O-oJ
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED  (CM/S)
                                 ao.oo
                                         100.00
  FIGURE  I I I . 1 1 5

  S  PERIOD  8 STATION  5  SURFACE CURRENTS
z
LLJ
U
  °.
 0.0.
   [Jt
           20 00    40.00    60.00
                 SPEED  (CM/S)
                                  80.00    100.00
                                                       FIGURE  ITI.lti

                                                       §  PERIOD A STATION 5 SURFACE  CURRENTS
                                                        °b.OO    90.00    180.00   270.00    360.00
                                                               DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
                                                       FIGURE  I I I . I 1 6
                                                        S  PERIOD  8 STATION  5  SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                        ui
                                                        o
                                                                 90.00    190.00   270.00   360.00
                                                               DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
   FIGURE  III. 113-116   Frequency     distributions      of       surface


                                  current    speed   and    direction  at  current


                                  station  3,   for  time  periods  A  and  B.
                                             A  i

                                             F-51

-------
  FTGI:RE  i T i. i  i ~

  1  PERIOD C STATION 5 SURFACE I'JRRENTS
                  VO.QO   60.00

                SPEED CM/55
                                 JO,00    '00.00
  FIGURE   I I I . 1 1 '3

  °   JOINT STATION 5  SURFACE C'JRRENTS
cLo'j   n
  -1;^
          2G.oo    .a.oc    -is so
                SPEED ;cy/5:
                                 30.00
                                         •CO CO
                                FIGKSE  I I I . 1  13

                                o   PERIOD C STA*:CN 5 3oRF».CE CURRENTS
                                                          :o
                                         JtJ.DO    'JO.00   :70.D(J
                                        :~£c~;cN c TOW ARCS)
                                                                                       260.00
                                FIGURE  I I I . 1 2 0

                                 §   JOINT STATION 5  SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                        3
                                                      Lu
                                                      U
                                                        li-
                                                        =-P-
                                         90.00    190.00   270.00   360.00
                                       DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
  FIGURE   III. 117
-120   Frequency      distributions     of       surface



         current    speed    and   direction   at  current



         station   5,  for    time    period    C    and   the



         joint  data.
                                           A  id


                                           F-52

-------
F I CURE  I II . 121

§  PERIOD  A STATION 5 BOTTOM CURRENTS
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
                                 to.oo    100.00
  FIGURE  IH. 123

  S   PERIOD B STATION  5 BOTTOM CURRENTS
  8
 o

 o.
ILJ
u
0.0.
 'V.oo
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
  FIGURE   III. 125

  §  JOINT STATION 5 BOTTOM CURRENTS
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED  (CM/S)
                                 80.00    100.00
                                 (O.oo    100.00
                                                       FIGURE  III.  12 2

                                                       §  PERIOD A  STATION 5 BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                              90.00    160.00   270.00   160.00
                                                            DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                     FIGURE  III. 124

                                                      S  PERIOD B STATION 5 BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                               40.00    190.00   270.00   160.00
                                                             DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
                                                      FIGURE  III . 126

                                                      §  JOINT STATION 5 BOTTOM  CURRENTS
                                                      trt
                                                      '1
                                                      z
                                                      UJ
                                                              90.00    1SO.OO   270.00   360.00
                                                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
  FIGURE  III.121-126   Frequency     distributions      of       bottom


                                current   speed    and   direction  at  current


                                station  5,  for  time   periods    A,    3,    and


                                the  ioint  data.
                                           A  49

                                           F-53

-------
  i G :: R E
§   PERIOD A STATION  6  SURFACE CURRENTS
         20.00    40.00    60.00
              SPEED (CM/S)
                                SO.00
                                       too.oo
FIGURE  III.129

§  PERIOD  B  STATION 6  SURFACE CURRENTS
o	
         I        .I
        20.00    40.00    60.00
              SPEED  (CM/S)
                               90.00
                                       100.00
  ; G': R E  I I I . I 3 I

   JOINT STATION  6 SURFACE CURRENTS
  .00
         20.00
                40.00    60.00
              SPEED (CM/S)
                                ao.oo
                                       100.00
FIGURE   I I I . L 2 3

S  "ERIOD A STATION 6  SURFACE CURRENTS
 °b.OO     40.00    180.00   370.00
       DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                                                      540.00
FIGURE   I I! . 1 3 0

§  PERIOD B STATION 6 SURFACE CURRENTS
 °b.OO     90.00    110.00   270.00
       DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                                                      360.00
FIGURE  I I I . 1 32

 §  JOINT STATION  6 SURFACE CURRENTS
 °b.OO    90.00    110.00    270.00   360.00
       DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
FIGURE  III.127-132    Frequency     distributions     of       surtace


                               current    speed   and    direction  at  current


                               station  6,   for  time    periods    A,    B,    and


                               the  ioint  data.
                                          A  50


                                          F-54

-------
  FIGURE   III. 133

 §  PERIOD A STATION 6 BOTTOM  CURRENTS
 5?
nro
S".
Q.O.
 °b.oo
          20.00    40.00   60.00    10.00    100.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
  FIGURE   III.135

  o   PERIOD 9 STATION 6 BOTTOM CURRENTS
  °o.oo
          20.00    *0 00    60.00
                SPEED  (C^/S)
                                  90.00
  FIGURE  III. 137

  §  JOINT STATION 6 BOTTOM CURRENTS
20.00    40.00   60.00
      SPEED 
                                         100.00
                       80.00    100.00
                                             F I :j I' R E  I I I .  1 3 •»

                                             §   PERIOD A  STATION 6 BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                            ui
                                            u

                                            fe
                                              "V.OO90.00110.00270.00360.00
                                                     DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                             FIGURE  III.136

                                              §  PERIOD B STATION 6  BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                       z
                                                       LLt
                                              °0 00     90.00    180.00   270.00   3ibQ.HO
                                                     DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                              FIG L'RE   III. 138

                                              §  JOINT  STATION  6  BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                        "b.OO     90.00    180.00    270.00   5*0.00
                                                               DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
  FIGURE  III.133-138    Frequency     distributions       of       bottom


                                 current    speed    and   direction  at  current


                                 station  6,  for  time   periods   A ,   3,    and


                                 the  joint  data.
                                            A  5 1

                                            F-55

-------
 FIGURE  I I I . 13 9

 S  PERIOD A STATION 7 SURFACE CURRENTS
  .
O-o.
i
 "b.oo
                .      .
             SPEED (CM/5)
                          30.00    '00.00
 FIGURE  I I I . I •» I

 1  PERIOD  B STATION 7 SURFACE CURRENTS
   20 oo
              «b.oo   60.00
             SPEED 0.00
                                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                                      SiO.OO
                                        FIGURE 111.142

                                        e PERIOD B STATION 7 SURFACE CURRENTS
                                              I
                                            UJ
                                            u
                                            fe,
        90.00    110.00   270.00   360.00
       DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
 FIGURE  III.l39-l-»2   Frequency    distributions    of     surface


                          current   speed   and   direction  at current


                          station  ~,  for  time  periods  A and B.
                                   A  52

                                   F-56

-------
 FIGURE  I I I . l-»3

 §  PERIOD C STATION  7  SURFACE CURRENTS
 g-
0.0.
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
                                 eo.oo
                                         100.00
 FIGURE  II I . 1-.5

 g   JOINT STATION 7  SURFACE CURRENTS
z
LU
tr
UJ
C-o.
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED  CCM/S)
                                 90.00    100.00
FIGURE  I I I . Ii i

 §  PERIOD C STATION 7 SURFACE  CURRENTS
                                                      lu
                                                      u

                                                      fe
         90.00    ISO.00   270.00   360.00
        DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
FIGURE  111.1*6
 §  JOINT STATION 7 SURFACE  CURRENTS
          90.00    180.00   270.00
        DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
                                                                                       340.00
  FIGURE   111.143-1*6    Frequency     distributions      of       surface


                                 current    speed   and    c -. rection  at  current


                                 station  7,   for   time    period    C   and    the


                                 joint  data.
                                            A  53


                                            F-57

-------
FIGURE   IT:.:-:


o  =ERIOD A STATION  7  SOTTOM CURRENTS
Q               	              ,
Z
u

org
ill0.
Q-o.
        -*
•tfjio
         20.00    43.00   ftO.30
               SPEED (CM/S)
                                a'o.oo
                                      ibo.oa
 FIGURE  I I I . I -9

 o  PERIOD  B  STATION 7 SOTTOM CURRENTS

            	,	,	,	1
          20.30    
-------
FIGURE   I I I. 151

§  PERIOD  C  STATION 7 BOTTOM CURRENTS
t*    	           III!

                                      I
         20.00    40.00   60.00
              SPEED (CM/5)
                               «o.oo
                                      too.oo
FIGURE  I I I . 1 53

g  JOINT STATION 7  BOTTOM CURRENTS
  .00
        20.00    *0.00   60.00
              SPEED (CM/S)
                               80.00
                                      100.00
                      FIGURE  TTI . 1 >2
                      g  PER[OD c STATION 7 BOTTOM CURRENTS
                              90.00    ISO.00   770.00
                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                                                   3«o.oo
                      FIGURE  I I I. 13i
                      §  JOINT  STATION 7 BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                   UJ
                       °b,00    40.00    1(0.00   270.00
                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                                                    160.00
FIGI;RE  n i. 151-15*
Frequency     distributions      of       bottom


current   speed    and   direction  at  current


station  7,  for    time    period   C    and   the


joint  data.
                                         A  5 5

                                        F-59

-------
  FIGURE  :: i. 13 >
  § PERIOD  A  STATION 8 SURFACE CURRENTS
  } 00
          20.00    40.00    60.00
               SPEED (CM/S)
                               ao.oo    100.00
FIGURE   III.157

§  PERIOD B STATION 8 SURFACE  CURRENTS
Ul
0.0.
         20.00    40.00    60.00
               SPEED 0^.00  340 00
                                                          DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                     FIGURE  I I I. I 58

                                                     S  PERIOD B STATION 8 SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                            9o.oo    iso.oo  2?o.o
                                                          DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                                                   340.00
 FIGURE  III. 155-158    Frequency     distributions     of       surface


                               current    speed   and   direction  at   current


                               station  8,  for  time  periods  A  and   8.
                                         A  56


                                         F-60

-------
 FIGURE  I II .  159

 3   PERIOD C STATION 8 SURFACE CURRENTS
UJ


So
  "^.00     20.00    (0.00    60.00    SO.00    100.00
                SPEED  (CM/S)
 FIGURE  II I. 161

 g   JOINT STATION 8 SURFACE CURRENTS
  .
0.0.
 "b.oo
          20.00    40.00    iO.00
                SPEED  (CM/S)
                                 SO.00    100.00
                                                       FIGURE  I I.: . 160

                                                        S  PERIOD C  STATION 8 SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                      2
                                                      fe
                                                        T.OO    90.00    1*10.00   2>0.00   3110.00
                                                              DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                        FIGURE   III.162

                                                        S  JOINT  STATION 8  SURFACE CURRENTS
                                                       Ltl


                                                       if*
                                                                 90.00    ISO.00   270.00   360.00
                                                               DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
  FIGURE   III. 159-162    Frequency     distributions     of       s u r t a c«


                                 current    speed   and   direction   at  current


                                 station  8,   for   time    period   C    and   the


                                 joint  data.
                                            A  57


                                           F-61

-------
  riCCRE  III.163


  o  PERIOD A STATION 8 BOTTOM  CURRENTS
   1 00
          20.00
                  40.00    60.00

                SPEED(CM/S)
                                 90.30    100.00
  FICCRE   I I I . 1 65

  1  PERIOD 8 STATION 8 BOTTOM  CURRENTS
UJ
 6

 i  PERIOD 8 STATION 8 BOTTOM  CURRENTS
                                                       I-'

                                                       Hi
         90.00    160.00   270.00   360.00
        DIRECTION  (TOWARDS)
  FIGURE   III.163-166    Freq-iency     distributions      of       bottom



                                 current    speed   and    direction  at  current



                                 station  8,   for  time   periods  A  and  B.
                                            A  58



                                           F-62

-------
FIGURE  III. 167

8  PERIOD  C  STATION 8 BOTTOM CURRENTS
LU
0.0.
  o .
  °b.oo
          20.00    40.00    60.00
                SPEED (CM/S)
                                 80.00    tOO.00
  FIGURE   II I. 169

  g  JOINT STATION 8 BOTTOM  CURRENTS
LJ
0.0.
          20.00    <0.00    60.00
                SPEED  (CM/5)
                                 90.00    -00.00
                                                       FIGURE  I I I . U.8

                                                        §  PERIOD C STATION 8 BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                      tu
                                                      u
                                                               Vo.oo    t'eo.oo   270.00   3*0.00
                                                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                      FIGURE   I I I . 1 70

                                                      §   JOINT  STATION 8  BOTTOM CURRENTS
                                                        g
                                                        o.
                                                               40.00    ISO. 00   270.00
                                                             DIRECTION (TOWARDS)
                                                                                       360.00
    :G U R E  III. 167-170    Frequency     distributions       of      bottom


                                 current    speed   and    direction  at  current


                                 station  8,  for   time    period    C   and    the


                                 ioint  data.
                                            A  59

                                            F-63

-------
 FIGURE   I V . 1 "J
                fflOO » STATION : SURFACE O
                                                                      FIGURE   IV. 15
FIGKRE   IV.13-15
Speed     and     direction     roses    of    surface




currents     at     current   station   I,   for  time




periods   A,   B,   and   the   joint  data.
                                                      A   96




                                                     F-64

-------
FIGURE  IV.16
                                                   FIGURE  IV. I 7
                 
-------
 FIGURE   I V. 19
                •EKIOO » ST«t!ON
                                                                                                         -•{••
FIGURE  IV.21
                              FIGURE   I V.2 2
                                                                                            STATION z SUOF-CE rj
FIGURE   IV.19-22
Speed     and     direction     roses     of     surface
currents     at     current   station  2,   for  time
periods   A,   3,   C,   and   the   joint   data.
                                                      A  98
                                                       F-66

-------
FIGURE   IV.21
                                                                     F I G f R -.   IV.24
                     * smion j aoT-xn -
                                                                                     -e»;cO a ST>T:CH t SCTTCH £uww«tt
FIGURE   IV.25
                     ; ST«I:O* t SOTTCX c
                                                                     FIGURE   IV.26
                                                                                      ,-01 NT STATION 1 (OTTO* C'JUMEMtl
FIGURE   IV.23-26
Speed     and     direct!,  n     roses     of      bottom




currents     at     current   station   2,   for  time




periods   A,   B ,   C,   and  the   joint  data.
                                                     A  99




                                                     F-67

-------
 FIGURE   IV. 2'
                                                                         FIGURE   IV.28
                •VtlOO > STATION ] SUWACI
                                                                                         •EPIOO a STATION 3 SviRf
-------
FIGURE   IV.30
                              FIG i: RE   IV.31
                 •fHIOC A STtriON } BO'TOH .-
                                                                                           "CftlOO a STATION 3 BOTTOM
                                                                                                         a
                                                                          FIGURE   IV.32
                                                                                                  ST»TION 1 BOfTOM CU»«EMTS
 FIGURE   IV.30-32
Speed     and     direction     roses     of       bottom




currents     at     current   station   3,   for   time





periods   A,   B,   and   the   joint   data.
                                                          A   I 0 I




                                                          F-69

-------
                                                                                FIGURE   IV.33
                                                                                                  PflllOO B STATION « SU»TAC£ CUWtdTS
 FIGURE   IV.34
                  "EKIOO C STATION 4 SUtFACE CURHEXTS
                                  FIGURE   IV.35
                                                                                                   JOINT JTATIOH 4 SU«f»CE CUfWENTS
FIGURE   IV.33-35
Speed     and     direction     roses     of      surface




currents      at      current   station   4,   for   time




periods   8,    C,    and   the   joint   data.
                                                             A   102




                                                            F-70

-------
                                                                   FIGURE   IV.36
                                                                                        I ITHTIM 4 BOTTOM CJWINTJ
FIGURE   IV. 3:
                             FIGURE  IV.38
               •W100 : STlTtON < 90ITCW CURROITJ
                                                                                     JOINT STtriON < BOITOK CURRENTS
FIGURE   IV.
Speed     and    direction    roses     of      bottom




currents    at     current   station   i,   for  time




periods   B,  C,   and   the   joint   data.
                                                    A   103





                                                    F-71

-------
   ! r, t.: R E   i v .  3 •)
                                                                         F I G i; R F.
                mum > STATION : SUIFACC
                                                                                         •f«ieq B STATION 5 su*FAce CUWENTS
FIGURE   IV.41
                'CT100 C  JTAT10M 5 SIMFiCE CUMENTS
                               FIGURE   I V.4 2
                                                                                           JOINT STATION 5 SUV AC I CUHMNT3
FIGURE   IV.
Speed     and     direction     roses     of     surface




currents     at     current   station   5,   for   time




periods   A,   B,   C,   and   the   joint   data.
                                                        A   104



                                                       F-72

-------
FIGURE   IV. -. "
                                 F I G i; R K    I  V .
                         » IttTlflM ) MTTCM CMKNT1
                                                                                                   *CTIOO I JT»TtO» J HTTOM CURMNTI
                                                                                 FIGURE   IV.
                                                                                                     JOINT STATION J 90TTON CURRENTS
 FIGURE   IV.
Speed     and     direction      roses      of        bottom




currents     at     current    station   5,    for   time




periods   A ,   B,   and   the    joint   data.
                                                               A   105





                                                               F-73

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FIGURE   I V . i 6
                                                                          FIGURE   IV.  -7
                flllQO * iTATIOI t
                                                                                           PfDUO I 1T»TI» « IUW1CI C'JMCNT!
                                                                          FIGURE   IV.48
FIGURE   IV.46--8
Speed     and    direction     roses     of     surface




currents     at      current   station  6,   for   time




periods   A,   3,    and   the   joint   data.
                                                         A   106




                                                         F-74

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?!<;•.:RE
                                                               FIGURE   IV.50
              •nice » iT»ii3» « «or-o
                                                                              •CTIOO I STATION •
                                                               FIGURE  IV.51
                                                                                JOIMT 5TATIOM > goTTOK CUWEHTJ
FIGURE  IV.-9-51
Speed     and     direction     roses    of      bottom




currents    at    current   station  6,   for   time




periods  A,   B,  and   the   joint  data.
                                                 A  10"




                                                 F-75

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 FTCi;RE'  IV.  52
                                  res:RE   i v .  5
                  RICO * STATION t SURFACE
                                                                                         °E«IOO » STAT1CN 7 5UBCACE I'JiUfNTS
FIGURE   IV. 5 •»
                               FIGURE   IV.55
                                                                                          JOINT STkTICM ! 5l*f*C£ CUMfKTS
FIGURE   IV.52-53
Speed    and     direction     roses     of     surface




currents     at     current   station   7,   for   time




periods  A,   3,   C,   and   the   joint   data.
                                                        A   108




                                                        F-76

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FIGURE   IV.56
                           FIGURE   IV.5
               •WIOO » ITATIOH ' MTTOH r
                                                                               ration • STATION r BOTTOM CUWEHTS
FIGURE   IV .  58
                    <7
                           FIGURE   IV.59
                                                                                JOINT STATION J SOTTOK C'JMCNTS

FIGURE  IV.56-39
Speed    and    direction    roses     of      bottom




currents    at     current  station   7,  for   time




periods   A,  B,   C,   and  the   joint   data.
                                                  A   109




                                                 F-77

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FIGURE  IV.6.)
                         FIGURE  IV.61
                                                                       >E»!00 8 STATIC* « XJttuCf. :'j«KNTS
FIGURE   IV.62
             FCTIOO C STATIC* I S«F«Ct OMMXTS
                         FIGURE  IV.63
                                                                        JOIKT jT*tiw • autrict
FIGURE   IV.60-63
Speed    and    direction    roses    of    surface




currents    at    current   station   8,   for  time




periods  A,  B,  C,  and  the   joint  data.
                                             A  110



                                             F-78

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  rot;RE   rv.
                                                              FIGURE   IV.Si
              ftXIOO A STATION * IOTTW OWMMTS
                                                                             •fR 100 I ITAIIOK I tOTTOII CUWNTS
FIGURE   IV.66
                           FIGURE  IV.67
              rwioc t irtrioM i
                                                                              JOIHT STATION I MTTOtt CUMCMTS
FIGURE   IV.6i-6
S  -eed    and    direction    roses    of      bottom




currents    at    current  station  8,   for   time





periods  A,   3,   C,  and  the   joint   data.
                                                A   111




                                                F-79

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          APPENDIX G





       PASCAGOULA ODMDS





             SITE





MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

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                             PASCAGOULA ODMDS

                    SITE MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING PLAN

1.0  Introduction.  It is the responsibility of EPA under MPRSA to manage
and monitor each of the designated ODMOSs.  As part of this responsibility,
a management and monitor ing plan has been developed to specifically address
the deposition of dredged material into the Pascagoula ODMDS.  A generalized
flow chart showing the relationship between management and monitoring is
presented on Figure G-l.

2.0  Site Management.  Section 228.3 of the Ocean Dumping Regulations (40
CFR 220-229) states that "management of a site consists of regulating times,
rates, and methods of disposal and quantities and types of materials
disposed of; developing and maintaining effective ambient monitoring
programs for the site; conducting disposal site evaluation studies; and
recommending modifications in site use and/or designation".  The plan may be
modified if it is determined that such changes are warranted as a result of
information obtained through the monitoring process.

It is intended that the Pascagoula ODMDS will be utilized for new work and
maintenance material from the Pascagoula Harbor Federal navigation project,
for new work and maintenance material from the channels and turning basin
associated with Naval Station Pascagoula, and by private entities such as
the Port of Pascagoula, Ingalls Shipbuilding, and Chevron Refinery.  Much of
this use is projected to occur  in the future and therefore the exact nature
and quantity of the material, the time of disposal, and the type of
equipment to be used are unknown.

2.1  Management Objectives.  There are three primary objectives in the
management of the Pascagoula ODMDS:

  o  protection of the marine environment;

  o  beneficial use of dredge material; and

  o  documentation of the disposal activities at the ODMDS.

The following sections provide  the framework for meeting these objectives.

2.2  Dredged Material Volumes.  In 1985,  the Port of Pascagoula Special
Management  (SMA) Plan was prepared to implement a strategy for the
management of the port.  Included in this plan was a long-term plan for  the
disposal of dredged material from the maintenance of the Federal project and
Port facilities.  In 1986, the  plan was modified to include the need for
ocean disposal of approximately 650,000 cubic yards of maintenance material.
The modification was made necessary due to construction of Naval Station
Pascagoula at an area previously used for disposal of dredged material.

Also in 1985, the Mobile District Corps of Engineers completed studies on
the improvement of the Federal  Deep-Draft Navigation Channel at Pascagoula.
These studies recommended improvements which would result  in approximately

                                    G-l

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14 million cubic yards of construction dredged material being transported to
the Gulf for disposal.  These improvements were authorized by the Water
Resources Development Act of 1986.

In addition, the construction of the access channel and turning basin at
Naval Station Pascagoula will require the dredging of approximately 1
million cubic yards of material with subsequent maintenance of approximately
250,000 cubic yards.  Initially, this material was to be placed in the
remaining disposal area on Singing River Island, the location of the
station.  Due to the size and condition of this area, the materials from the
Navy channels are currently being proposed for placement in the ODMDS.  The
CE anticipates that the new ODMDS will be a possible alternative for other
dredging projects in the vicinity, provided that the material meets the
criteria as specified in MPRSA.

A small portion of the ODMDS has historically been utilized for placement of
dredged material as shown in Table G-l.  Estimated volumes of dredged
material for the period 1990-95 are also shown (maintenance material = O&M;
new work = NW).

Table G-l.   Dredge material placement at the Pascagoula ODMDS.
   Year
   1985
   1986

   1987

   1988
   1989
   1990
   1991
   1992
   1993

   1994
   1995
              Volume
             300,000
              65,000
             300,000
             300,000
             100,000
             300,000
             500,000
             300,000
              70
             300

           1,000
             700
             300
             100
             300
             250
          11,000

             250
,000
,000
    *
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000**
    ***
,000
Material Type
O&M: Sand
NW:  Sandy Mud
O&M: Sand
O&M: Sand
O&M: Silt/Clay
O&M: Sand
O&M: Silt/Clay
O&M: Sand

O&M: Mixture
O&M: Sand

NW:  Mixture
O&M: Mixture
O&M: Sand
O&M: Silt/Clay
O&M: Sand
O&M: Silt/Clay
NW:  Mixture

O&M: Silt/Clay
                            Project
                            Civil Works
                            Point Cadet
                            Civil Works
                            Civil Works
                            Civil Works
                            Civil Works
                            Civil Works
                            Civil Works
            Channel
            Marina
            Channel
            Channel
            Channel
            Channel
            Channel
            Channel
Civil Works Channel
Civil Works Channel

Navy Channels
Civil Works Channel
Civil Works Channel
Port of Pascagoula
Civil Works Channel
Navy Channels
Civil Works Channel

Navy Channels
Notes:
  *  Disposal of O&M dredged material from Ingalls Shipbuilding may be
     required during 1990/91.
     Construction estimated to take 2 years therefore no O&M from the Civil
     Works Channel estimated for 1994/95 although some O&M may occur.
     Disposal of new work material from the Port of Pascagoula facilities
     may be required during this time frame.
 **
***
                                    G-2

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No restriction on material volumes are necessary for this site.

2.3  Material Suitability.  Two basic sources of material are expected to be
placed at the site, i.e. construction or new work dredged material and
maintenance dredged material.  These sediments will consist of mixtures of
silts, clays, sands, in varying percentages.

There is no general restriction regarding the type of material that may be
placed at the site.  However, the suitability of the dredged material for
disposal in the ocean will be evaluated by the CE and concurred with by EPA
prior to disposal.  Evaluation will involve: 1) a case-specific evaluation
against the exclusion criteria (40 CPR 227.13(b)? 2) a determination of the
necessity for bioassay and bioaccumulation testing for non-excluded material
based on the potential for contamination of the sediment since last tested;
and when needed 3) completion of testing and determination of suitability of
material for ocean disposal.  Only those materials determined to be suitable
for ocean disposal through this process will be considered for unrestricted
placement at the ODMDS.  Additional evaluation of management options will be
required for any materials which do not meet the suitability criteria.

Baseline sediment and/or bioassay/bioaccumulation testing will be performed
on all sediments proposed for ocean disposal for the first time or on new
work dredged sediments unless it can be shown that those sediments meet the
exclusion criteria as described above.  CESAM will coordinate with EPA,
Region IV prior to implementing the baseline evaluation program.  Testing
and evaluation will follow guidelines developed jointly by EPA/CE.

He-evaluation of sediments which are routinely transported to the ocean for
disposal will follow the procedure outlined above.  Should the re-evaluation
conclude that there is a potential for contamination of the sediments since
the last bioassays, CESAM will coordinate with EPA, Region IV prior to any
retesting.

A Section 103 Evaluation and any required NEPA documentation will be
completed prior to the initial placement of material in the Pascagoula
ODMDS.  For recurring activities, similar documentation be required on a 5
year basis or prior to each dredging event, whichever interval is longest.
For repetitive maintenance events (i.e. Federal navigation project) re-
evaluation will be accomplished every three years with the exchange of
letters between CESAM Ocean Dumping Coordinator and EPA.

2.4  Timing of Disposal.  At present no restrictions have been determined to
be necessary for disposal related to seasonal variations in ocean current or
biota activity.  As monitoring results are compiled, should any such
restriction appear necessary, disposal activities will be scheduled so as to
avoid adverse impacts.  Additionally, if new information indicates that
endangered or threatened species are being adversely impacted, restrictions
may be incurred.

2.5  Disposal Techniques.  No specific disposal technique is required for
this site.  However, there may be some environmental advantages to disposing
suitable dredged material using one of the following procedures.

                                    G-3

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Disposal  in a thin layer over & large portion of the site may be a preferred
management technique especially for unconsolidated fine-grained maintenance
material.  Studies performed utilizing this technique in Mobile Bay and
Mississippi Sound indicate a more rapid recovery of the benthos as compared
to continuous deposition in a confined area which results in a thicker
buildup of dredged material.  In view of the large area encompassed by the
Pascagoula ODMDS, this type disposal could result in reduced environmental
impact.

Due to the predominant current regime in the area, the site is considered to
be dispersive( so that erosion and off-site dispersion is expected to occur.
Based on  the results of the sediment mapping study and current studies, it
is desirable to predetermine the disposal methodologies and locations within
the ODMDS for disposal of dredged material, at least until sufficient
monitoring information has been collected to provide assurance that
dispersal does not result in adverse impacts.  Since currents tend to be
predominantly west-southwest or west-northwest in the proposed area, initial
disposal of fine material will be made in the easternmost portions of the
selected site, to the extent practical, in order to assure that the material
does not migrate offsite.

It also appears, based on geology of the area and analysis of the sediment
mapping data, that finer-grained material is more predominant in the central
and southernmost portions of the proposed ODMDS.  When possible,
consideration should also be given to disposal of finer grained-material in
this area, with coarser material being disposed in the northern portion of
the ODMDS.

The benefits associated with the construction of a submerged berm, wave
energy reduction and habitat creation, are currently being investigated as
part of the National Underwater Berm Demonstration Project at Mobile,
Alabama.  Should this type disposal in the ODMDS prove to be beneficial, it
is envisioned that a similar technique would be utilized with suitable
materials, i.e. material to be dredged during the construction of the
authorized improvements to the Federal navigation channel, the construction
of Naval Station Pascagoula navigation facilities, or sandy material.

Another submerged structure is included in the Pensacola, FL Offshore ODMDS
management plan.  In this instance the submerged structure is used to
control the placement of fine-grained material within the site.  A horse-
shoe shaped,  6-foot high, berm is being constructed of sand and a sandy-mud
mixture.  The berm is open on the western end and fine-grained material will
be placed in the eastern midsection of the horse-shoe.  The management goal
expected to be gained with this plan will be the restriction of movement of
the fine-grained materials in the northerly or easterly direction.  This
goal was developed due to the nature of the resources north and east of the
ODMDS.  Although no significant resources have been defined in the vicinity
of the Pascagoula ODMDS, this technique may prove beneficial if segregation
of different types of material within the ODMDS is appropriate.

2.6  Multiple Use Management.  The Pascagoula ODMDS is intended for multiple
use by a number of entities including the Corps of Engineers, US Navy, Port

                                    G-4

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of Pascagoula, Ingalls Shipbuilding, Chevron Refinery etc.  Each of these
users will have different needs relative to quantity, type of material,
timing etc., therefore partitioning of the site for specific users may be an
appropriate management technique.  This could facilitate monitoring and
surveillance of individual disposal activities, however, it may not be the
most appropriate management technique if beneficial results as described in
Section 2.5 above are desired.

3.0  Site Monitoring.  Part 228 of the Ocean Dumping Regulations (40 CFR
228) establishes the need for evaluating the impacts of disposal on the
marine environment.  Section 228.9 indicates that the primary purpose of
this monitoring program is to evaluate the impact of disposal on the marine
environment by referencing the monitoring results to a set of baseline
conditions.  Section 228.10(b) states that in addition to other necessary or
appropriate considerations, the following types of effects will be
considered  in determining to what extent the marine environment has been
impacted by materials disposed at an ocean site:

  (1)  Movement of materials into estuaries or marine sanctuaries, or onto
oceanfromt beaches, or shorelines;
  (2)  Movement of materials toward productive fishery or shellfishery
areas;
  (3)  Absence from the disposal site of pollution-sensitive biota
characteristic of the general area;
  (4)  Progressive, non-seasonal, changes in water quality or sediment
composition at the disposal site, when these changes are attributable to
materials disposed of at the site;
  (5)  Progressive, non-seasonal, changes in composition or numbers of
pelagic, demersal, or benthic biota at or near the disposal site, when these
changes can be attributed to the effects of materials disposed of at the
site; and
  (6)  Accumulation of material constituents (including without limitation,
human pathogens) in marine biota at or near the site.

Part 228.10(c) states:  "The determination of the overall severity of
disposal at the site on the marine environment, including without
limitation, the disposal site and adjacent areas, will be based on the
evaluation of the entire body of pertinent data using appropriate methods of
data analysis for the quantity and type of data available.  Impacts will be
categorized according to the overall condition of the environment of the
disposal site and adjacent areas based on the determination by the EPA
management  authority assessing the nature and extent of the effects
identified  in paragraph (b) of this section in addition to other necessary
or appropriate considerations."
3.1  Monitoring Objectives.
the Pascagoula ODMOS  are:
The purposed of the site monitoring plan for
     Delineation of  the geographic location of the discharged dredged
     material;
                                    G-5

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  o  Determination of the direction, if any, in which the discharged dredged
     material  is migrating, and the extent of movement;

  o  Delineation of the effect, if any, on the ecology within and outside
     the ODMDS.

3.2  Pre-Disposal Monitoring.  The results of investigations presented in
this EIS will  serve as the main body of baseline data for the monitoring of
the impacts associated with the use of the Pascagoula ODMDS.  This baseline
data includes  the following surveys:  benthic macroinvertebrates, fisheries,
water and sediment chemistry, sediment mapping, physical oceanographic
conditions, bathymetry, side scan sonar, and video photography.  These
studies include:

  a.  U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Mississippi Sound and Adjacent Areas
      Study (Kjerfve and Sneed 1984; Raytheon Ocean Systems Co. 1981;
      CE 1984; and B.A. Vittor and Associates 1982);

  b.  Harmon Engineering & Testing 1984a;  and

  c.  Surveys conducted during the site designation phase in November 1986
      and February/April/July 1987 (EPA 1987), and a survey planned for
      August 1990.

Bathymetric surveys of a planned placement area within the ODMDS will be
conducted prior to use.  No additional pre-disposal monitoring at this site
is proposed.

3.3  During Disposal Monitoring.  The purpose of this monitoring effort is
to determine the location, amount, and timing of dredged material placement
within the site.  Each user of the Pascagoula ODMDS will be required to
prepare and operate under an approved electronic verification plan for all
disposal operations.  As part of this plan the user will provide an
automated system that will continuously track the horizontal location and
draft condition (vertical) of the disposal vessel from the point of dredging
to the disposal area, and return to the point of dredging.  At a minimum the
following data will be required:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.



f.

g.
Date;
Time;
Vessel
Number
Vessel
limits
within
vessel
Dredge
and
Volume
             Name;
             of Scows in tow and distance from vessel or other vessel used;
             position, at pre-specifled times when within the channel
            , between the dredging area and the disposal area, and when
             the disposal area limits, and similar intervals on the return
             and scow(s) to the dredging area;
             scow  or vessel draft, coincidental measurement with "e" above;

             of material disposed.

The user will be required to prepare and submit daily reports of operations
and a monthly report of operations for each month or partial month's work.

                                    G-6

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In addition, water quality sampling relative to turbidity during disposal
may be required as specified in State Water Quality Certification documents.

3.4  Post Disposal Monitoring.  Based on the type and volume of material
disposed, monitoring surveys will be used to determine movement of material
and impacts to the site and adjacent area.  A tiered approach will be
utilized to determine the level of monitoring effort required following each
disposal event.  At a minimum bathymetry and sediment mapping will follow
all disposal events, until deemed unnecessary.  Bathymetric surveys will be
the responsibility of the dredged material generator while EPA will be
responsible for sediment mapping activities.

The rationale for a phased or tiered monitoring approach is based upon that
delineated in the EPA/CE Draft Ecological Evaluation of Proposed Discharge
of Dredged Material into Ocean Waters (1990).  The basic philosophy behind
the tiered approach is to provide for proper oversight of ocean placement
activities at the Pascagoula ODMDS while properly managing personnel and
fiscal resources.  Because a portion of the Pascagoula ODMDS has been used
historically without significant environmental impacts, we believe that the
phased approach would provide the necessary information to determine the
need for additional monitoring and be the most expeditious approach.  This
phased approach is especially appropriate for repeated disposal operations
such as occur during maintenance of projects.  For construction (new work)
dredged material placement operations, which typically involve large
quantities of material, variations of the phased approach may be
appropriate.

with the phased approach, an interagency team, consisting of representatives
of the State of Mississippi, U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, Environmental
Protection Agency, National Marine Fisheries Service, and the user, would be
established at the time when use of the ODMDS is proposed.  This team would
suggest appropriate monitoring techniques and level of monitoring required
for a specific action.  These suggestions should be based on type of
disposal activity (i.e. O&M vs. construction), type of material (i.e. sand
vs. mud), location of placement activity within ODMDS, or quantity of
material.  EPA and CE will ultimately determine the actual monitoring
activities to be required.

Within six (6) months of completion of a disposal event, detailed
bathymetric surveys of the placement area would be completed.  Within twelve
(12) months of the event, sediment mapping of the placement and adjacent
areas would be complete.  The interagency team would meet to review the
results of these efforts and determine the need for additional information.
This need would be based on variations from the expected scenario associated
with the specific disposal event.  Should the results of the bathymetric and
sediment mapping surveys conform with the expected scenario no additional
monitoring would be required for the disposal event.  At the next event,
this phased monitoring approach would be applied in a similar fashion.  At
some point in time, to be agreed upon by the interagency team, a
reassessment of the site would be undertaken.  At a minimum, this
reassessment would include benthic macroinfaunal and sediment chemistry
surveys.  Additional surveys for water quality or the use of remote sensing

                                    G-7

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equipment might also be required.

4.0  Monitoring Techniques.  A number of techniques have proven to be useful
in monitoring ODMDSs in the northern Gulf of Mexico and are presented below.
This is not to be taken as an exhaustive list of possible techniques or
recommendation for specific methods, but rather a general discussion.

4.2  Material Tracking.

4.2.1  Discharged Material Geographic Extent, Thickness, and Movement.
Several methodologies can be utilized to characterize the extent of the
discharged sediments.  Precision bathymetry or vertical sediment profiling
can be utilized.  Additionally, high resolution (shallow) acoustic subbottom
profiling may be utilized to determine the vertical extent of the material.
Sidescan sonar and sediment mapping can be utilized to determine the
geographic extent of the discharged material.  A planned sequence of surveys
may be necessary to determine whether movement is occurring, as well as the
nature and extent of the movement.

4.2.1  Sediment Characterization.  One means of sediment mapping utilizes
gamma spectrometry (sand sized material) and x-ray fluorescence (XRF) (fine-
grained material) analysis.  An initial characterization is performed just
prior to disposal to establish a baseline of elemental composition of the
native sediment.  Data obtained during this survey would be used to
construct computer generated maps showing isopleths of selected elements
throughout the surveyed area.  Upon completion of the disposal activity, a
second survey is performed to obtain a new characterization of sediments
with the dredged material in place.  Comparison of pre-disposal and post-
disposal elemental characterizations is utilized to determine the
distribution of disposed dredged material.

4.3  Disposal Effects.   Bottom sampling may include sampling for benthic
macroinvertebrates,  sediment chemistry and sediment particle size as
discussed below.

4.3.1  Benthic Macroinvertebrates. The number of replicates taken at each
station will be determined based on sampling technique to be employed,  i.e.*
box core, grab, or diver collected core samples, and an evaluation of the
species area curves from the site designation surveys.  Past experience in
the area of the Pascagoula ODMDS indicates that 5 box cores or 13 dover
collected cores is sufficient to describe species evaluation curves.  All
samples will be sieved through O.S mm screen in the field, placed in
appropriate containers, and immersed in 10% formalin/seawater solution with
rose bengal stain for transport to the laboratory.  Species identification
will be to the lowest practicable level.  Data analyses will include, at a
minimum, species diversity, evenness, and richness and Q- and R- mode
cluster analyses.

4.3.2  Sediment Chemistry.  Sediment should be collected from these same
stations for sediment chemical analysis.  All cores will be refrigerated and
iced for return to the laboratory for analysis.  Analyses may include a
metals scan, pesticides, chlorinated hydrocarbons, oil and grease, and

                                    G-8

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nutrients (NH3, NO2+NO3-N, TKN).

4.3.3  Sediment Particle Size.  Samples should be collected for sediment
particle size analyses simultaneously with and in the same manner as
sediment chemistry sampling.  All cores will be carefully decanted and
frozen aboard ship prior to shipment to the laboratory.  The samples will be
processed according to the wet sieve Modified Wentworth method.

4.3.4  Water Quality Sampling.  Water quality may be sampled at each of the
above stations.  Hater quality sampling may consist of dissolved oxygen,
salinity and temperature profiles at 5-foot increments from surface to
bottom.  Light extinction profiles will be conducted at 10-foot increments
from surface to bottom.  After determination of the 90, 50, and 10% light
levels, water samples will be collected, composited, and a sample extracted
and filtered for chlorophyll-a analysis.  Water samples should be collected
at surface, mid-depth, and bottom at each sampling station for nutrient
analysis.

4.3.5  Demersal Fishes.  Demersal fishes may be collected along transects
established within the ODMDS and the area adjacent to the ODMDS using a 40-
foot otter trawl equipped with a 0.25 inch mesh liner.  A minimum of four
(4) transects should be established in each area.  Trawl times will be
standardized at 20 minutes.  Trawl catches from each station will be placed
in appropriate containers and fixed with 10% formalin.  Fish specimens
larger than 4 inches standard length will be slit to allow proper fixation.

4.3.6  Other Techniques.  Additional sampling techniques such as side scan
sonar, video records, diver accomplished still photography, vertical
sediment profiling may be utilized as necessary to determine the overall
effects of disposal in the Pascagoula ODMDS.  Close coordination between the
EPA, COB, the State of Mississippi, and the user will be maintained during
development of the detailed monitoring plan and evaluation of results.
Should the initial disposal into the ODMDS result in unacceptable adverse
impacts further studies may be required to determine the persistence of
these impacts, the extent of the impacts within the marine system, and/or
possible means of mitigation.  In addition, the proposed management plan may
require revision based on the outcome of the monitoring program.

5.0  Reporting and Data Formatting.  Any data collected will be provided to
the Interagency Team.  Data will also be provided to other interested
parties to the extent feasible.  Data will be provided in an appropriate
format to be specified by the Interagency Team (e.g. National Ocean Data
Center (NODC) format).  Any reports generated during the monitoring will
indicate how the survey relates to the Site Management and Monitoring Plan
(SMMP) and list previous surveys from the Pascagoula ODMDS and other ODMDS
within the northern Gulf of Mexico, as appropriate.  The report will provide
data interpretations, conclusions, and recommendations.  Appropriate
reporting deadlines will be established for each monitoring activity.

5.1  Modification of the ODMDS SMMP.  A need for modification of the use of
the Pascagoula ODMDS because of unacceptable impacts is not anticipated.
However, should the results of the monitoring surveys indicate that

                                    G-9

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continuing use of the OOMDS would lead to unacceptable impacts, then either
the ODMD5 Management Plan will be modified to alleviate the impacts or the
location of the ODMDS would be modified.
                                   G-10

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        ODMDS
 MONITORING

PASSES BIOASSAY
TESTING
W YES
NO

PRE- & POST-DISPOSAL
BATHYMETRY

MATERIAL UNSUITABLE
FOR UNRESTRICTED
OCEAN DISPOSAL

                                     I
                     PREVIOUS MONITORING ADEQUATE TO DOCUMENT NO
                      SIGNIFICANT MOVEMENT OR EFFECTS OF DISPOSAL
                                                          YES
  PREVIOUS MONITORING
ADEQUATE TO DOCUMENT
NO SIGNIFICANT ADVERSE
EFFECT ON WATER QUALITY
  YES
     YES
PREVIOUS MONITORING ADEQUATE
 TO DOCUMENT NO SIGNIFICANT
    CHANGE IN BENTHOS
PREVIOUS MONITORING ADEQUATE
 TO DOCUMENT NO SIGNIFICANT
     CHANGE IN BENTHOS
                                                                   YES
                                                        NO
                                   SIGNIFICANT
                                    CHANGES
                               NO
                               I
                                            YES
                                 HIGHER TROPHIC
                                  LEVEL SURVEY
                                     t
                                           OPTIONS
  FIGURE G-l.  Generic Management and Monitoring Flowchart.
                                       G-ll

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         APPENDIX H





      PASCAGOULA ODMDS





COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT





 CONSISTENCY DETERMINATION

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             COASTAL  ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT CONSISTENCE EVALUATION

I.  Introduction

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),  in cooperation with the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers (CE) and the U.S.  Navy (Navy),  has prepared a draft
environmental impact statement (DEIS)  titled "Draft Environmental Impact
Statement for Designation and Use of a New Ocean Dredged Material Disposal
Site, Pascagoula Mississippi".  The DEIS evaluates the  environmental
conditions relevant to the designation of  an ocean dredged material disposal
site (ODMDS) offshore Pascagoula Harbor, Mississippi.   Additionally, the
DEIS evaluates the proposed ODMDS according to the five general criteria
required under 40 CFR 228.5 and the eleven specific criteria required under
40 CPR 228.6 (Ocean Dumping Regulations).

The site proposed for final designation is an expansion of the expired
interim site that received temporary designation, in August 1989, under
Section 103 of the Marine Protection,  Research and Sanctuaries Act, 1972, as
amended (MPRSA).  The proposed site contains the Section 103 designated site
and the adjacent area westward.  The total area of the proposed site is
approximately 18.5 square nautical miles (nmi).   This site is located
southeast of Horn Island, Mississippi in the Gulf of Mexico.  Since 1977,
approximately 4.9 million cubic yards of dredged material have been
discharged annually, with no significant adverse environmental impacts, at
the smaller temporary site located within the boundaries of the proposed
site.

II.  THE MISSISSIPPI COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ZONE PROGRAM

The following Mississippi statutes and guidelines are applicable to coastal
and marine environmental management and can be considered relevant to the
ODMDS designation.

    A.  Authority Related to Wetlands.
        1.  Sections 49-27-1 through 49-27-67 of the Mississippi Code
            established policy and provide for regulation of specific
            activities in the state coastal wetlands.
        2.  Designation for use of the Pascagoula ODMDS will not
            adversely impact Mississippi wetlands.

    B.  Authority Related to Fisheries.
        1.   Sections 49-15-1 through 49-15-69 establish broad authority
             to protect, conserve and revitalize fisheries resources in
             the  state.
        2.   Designation for use of the Pascagoula ODMDS is not expected
             to have  significant or long-term adverse impacts on fisheries
             resources in the vicinity of the ODMDS.
                                    H-l

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    C.  Authority Related to Pollution Control
        1.  Sections 49-17-1 through 49-17-43 constitute the Mississippi
            Air and Water Pollution Control Law.
        2.  Through effective utilization of the Site Management and
            Monitoring Plan for the ODMDS, it is expected that no
            contaminated sediments will be introduced to the site
            during disposal activities.

    D.  Authority Related to Cultural Preservation.
        1.  Section 39-7-3 provides authority under the Antiquities
            Law of Mississippi to protect designated archeological
            landmarks belonging to the state or and political
            subdivision within the state.
        2.  No designated landmarks are located within the proposed
            site, and no potential designated antiquities are known
            to exist or were located with the proposed site during
            the surveys.

    E.  Authority Related to Scenic Preservation.
        1.  Section 57-15-6(1) (d) provides for protection against
            significant disruption of scenic quality in the coastal
            area.
        2.  No adverse impacts will occur in this regard as a result
            of the designation for use of the ODMDS.

    F.  Special Management Areas (SMAs).
        1.  SMAs are designated by the State in order to manage the
            economic and recreational opportunities of the coastal
            area in an effective and environmentally sound manner.
        2.  The Port of Pascagoula SMA specifically recognizes the
            need for disposal of dredged materials in the Gulf of
            Mexico.  The long-range disposal plan for maintenance
            of the Port of Pascagoula is currently being revised to
            include the use of the expanded ODMDS discussed in the
            DEIS.  This action is therefore consistent with the Port
            of Pascagoula SMA.

It is the finding of the EPA, CE, and Navy that the designation and use of
the ODMDS is consistent with the State of Mississippi Coastal Zone
Management Program to the maximum extent possible.
                                    H-2

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   APPENDIX I







PASCAGOULA ODMDS





  DOCUMENTATION

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                       DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
                    MOBILE DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
                              P.O. BOX 2288
                         MOBILE, ALABAMA 366284001
                            January 25, 1989
     JAN 2 71989
REPLY TO
ATTENTION OF:
   Environmental Resources
   Planning Section
           tw

JAN 251939
                                                 Department o' Archive* u H'sterx
   Mr. ELbert R. Billiard
   Mississippi State Historic
      Preservation Officer
   Department of Archives and History
   Post Office Box  571
   Jackson, Mississippi   39205

   Dear Mr. Billiard:

       The Mobile District, U;S. Army Corps of Engineers has entered
   into a cooperative agreement with the Environmental protection
   Agency to prepare a Draft Environmental Impact Statement for an
   Ocean  Dredged Material Disposal Site  (ODMDS) to be located in the
   Gulf of Mexico south  of  Pascagoula, Mississippi.  The general area
   under  consideration is indicated on the attached section of
   National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) chart
   11373. The  Ocean Dredged Material Disposal Site  (ODMDS) will be
   confined to a smaller area within this general location.

       As can be seen on this chart, water depths in the area range
    from 34 to 51 feet.   The potential for shipwrecks in open water of
    these  depths  is  considered to be extremely lew.  Tn addition,
    since  the proposed activity consists of disposal of dredged
   material, no bottcm disturbance will occur.

       Given the above considerations, it is our opinion that
   underwater cultural resources surveys of this Ocean Dredged
   Material Disposal Site are not warranted.  If you agree with this
                                   1-1

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determination, please sign this letter in the space provided below
and return it to me within thirty (30)  days.  An expeditious
response will be sincerely appreciated.

    Should you require additional information, please contact
Ms. Dottle Gibbens at 205/694-4114.

                              Sincerely,

                              r
                              Hugh A. McClellan
                              Chief, Environment and Resources
                                Branch
Enclosure


OCCURRENCE:
 Elbert R. Milliard        (Date)
 Mississippi State Historic
   Preservation Officer
                                1-2

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                          February 6, 1985
Environmental Studies and
Evaluation Section
Mr. Charles J*ttr
Ragional Administrator
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Attention!  Mr. Reginald Roger*
345 Courtland Street
Atlanta, Georgia  30365

Dear Mr. Jetert

    Our Feaaibility Report on the Improvement of the Federal
Deep-Draft Navigation Channel at Pascagoula Harbor, Mississippi,
indicated that suitable sites for disposal of dredgnd materials
were available in the Gulf of Mexico within a reaaonable distance
of the project.  Based on existing environmental information.
theee sites vould be available within a 14 mile cone south of
Horn and Petit Boia Islands.  This information is contained
within a number of contract reports prepared for the Mobile
District including TerBco Corporation (1979), B. A. Vittor <1982),
and KJerfve (1984) and summarised in the Mississippi Sound and
Adjacent Areas Study which was made available to your staff in
1983.  During the Continued Planning and Engineering (CP&E)
phase of studies we will conduct site specific investigations
as required in Section 103 of the Marine Protection* Research
and Sanctuaries Act of 1972.

    We are requesting a statement of concurrence on the avail-
ability of a Gulf of Mexico dredge disposal site within this
reasonable distance and our approach to performing the aite
specific designetion studies during the post authorisation phase.

    We would appreciate a response by March 1, 1985.  Should you
have any questions, please contact Dr. Susan Ivester Reee at
PIS 537-2724.  We look forward to working with you on this effort.
                                                                   I
                                 Sincerely*
SAMPD-ES/Rjses7bsv/2724
              ffiff^-
        Bapflneau/PD-ES
                                 Lawrence R. Green
                                 Chief, Planning Division
                                                                Burke/
        Green
                             1-3

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               UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

                                REGION IV

                            34 S COURTI.AND STREET
                           ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30365
 MAR  5 1985
 4PM-EA/RGR

 Mr.  Lawrence R.  Green,  Chief
 Planning Division
 U.S. Army Corps  of Engineers,  Mobile
 P.O. Box 2288
 Mobile,  Alabama  36628
  Dear Mr.  Green:

  This response is  in regard to your letter of February 8,  1985,
  concerning  a Gulf of Mexico dredge disposal site off the
  coast of  Mississippi.  We are in agreement with the concept
  of  finding  a suitable disposal site within a 14 mile zone
  south of  Horn and Petit Bois Islands in order to save addi-
  tional costs of transporting dredged materials.  However, we
  must caution you  that suitable site-specific investigations
  are necessary to  assure that an environmentally acceptable
  site(s) is  available within this 14 mile zone.  Based on your
  experience  of finding sites within 16 miles offshore of
  Mobile Bay,  you should be successful off the coast of
  Mississippi.  Should suitable sites be unavailable within
  this zone we would have to look further offshore.

  We  look forward to working with you during the site specific
  designation studies during the port authorization phase of
  this project.  Should you have any questions, please contact
  Reginald  Rogers of this office.

  Sincerely yours,
""ET.T.  Heinen,  Chief
  Environmental Assessment Branch
  Office of  Policy and Management
                                 1-4

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