Recommended Best Management
Practices For Forestry
GEORGIA
FORESTR
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction [[[ *
Section I - Streamside Management Zones ............................... 4-
Section II - Stream Crossings ........................................ °
Section III - Access Roads and Their Construction ........................ 7
Section IV - Timber Harvesting ....................................... J3
Section V - Site Preparation ......................................... J*
Section VI - Reforestation ........................................... 15
Section VII - Forest Protection (Prescribed Burning, Fire Lines and
Chemical Fire Retardants) ......................................... 16
Section VIII - Chemical Treatment (Pesticides, Herbicides, and Fertilizers) ...... 17
Appendix [[[ ^
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Table 1 -Recommended Diameters for Corrugated Metal Culverts 20
Table 2 -Recommendations for Seeding, Mulching and Fertilizing Roads,
Skid Trails and Disturbed Areas in Georgia 21
Table 3 -Calculation of Seed and Fertilizer Needs for Roads, Skid
Trails and Disturbed Areas 22
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Fig. 1 - Major Regions in Georgia 3
Fig. 2 - Streamside Management Zones and Their Widths by Region 5
Fig. 3 - Properly Constructed Road Cross Section 8
Fig. 4 - Culvert Installation 9
Fig. 5 - Broad Based Drainage Dips 10
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INTRODUCTION
Planning for protection of water quality from non-point source pollution Vis pro-
vided for in Section 208 of the 1972 Federal Water Pollution Control Act (Public Law
92-500) as ammended by the Clean Water Act of 1977 (Public Law 95-217), and as
ammended by Section 319 of the Clean Water Act of 1987 (Public Law 100-4). The basic
goal of the federal law is to protect and improve the quality of the nation's waters so
they are "fishable" and "swimmable".
Included in overall area-wide planning is the protection of water quality from poss-
ible pollution by forestry (silvicultural) activities. Thus, the Forestry Non-Point Source
Technical Task Force was created to assess the extent of pollution caused by forestry
activities in Georgia and recommend practices which would eliminate or reduce the
amount of pollution.
The practices the Task Force recommended are called Best Management Practices
(BMP'S). Since soil characteristics and slope vary greatly within the state, these
BMP'S were designed for each of Georgia's four major regions: Lower Coastal Plain,
Upper Coastal Plain, Piedmont and Mountain (Fig. 1).
The BMP'S are arranged in the following sections:
1. Streamside Management Zones
2. Stream Crossings
3. Access Roads and Their Construction
4. Timber Harvesting
5. Site Preparation
6. Reforestation
7. Forest Protection (Prescribed Burning, Firelines, and Chemical Fire Retardant)
8. Chemical Treatment (Pesticides, Herbicides, and Fertilizers)
Non-Point source pollution is described as any pollution that is created from an
activity which has no particular permanent location. Examples are: Timber har-
vesting, farming, site preparation, mining, etc.
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Fig. 1 - Major Regions in Georgia
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- SECTION I -
STREAMSIDE MANAGEMENT ZONES
Areas adjacent to perennial (ever flowing) or intermittent (wet-weather) streams and
ponds or lakes require special management in forestry operations. These "zones" are
the prime areas where non-point source pollutants enter our water resources. They are
known as Streamside Management Zones (SMZ). Special care and sometimes restricted
activity are necessary in these areas.
The SMZ is divided into two parts: (1) primary, and (2) secondary. Figure 2 shows
the recommended width of each by region.
PRIMARY SMZ
/ BMPs RECOMMENDED
1. Any type of cutting practice, including clearcutting.-^'
2. The cabling out of any timber.
3. Hand planting or direct seeding.
X PRACTICES TO BE AVOIDED
1. Wheeled or tracked vehicles of any kind.
2. Leaving trees or tops in water.
3. Roads or trails of any kind, unless absolutely necessary.
4. Fire.
5. Any type of mechanical site preparation or machine planting.
6. Portable sawmills and log decks.
7. Aerial application of any pesticides or herbicides.
SECONDARY SMZ
/BMPs RECOMMENDED
1. Any type of cutting practice, including clearcutting.
2. Careful use of wheeled or tracked vehicles.
3. Roller chopping.
4. Fire.
5. Any type of planting which does not remove the forest floor or expose mineral
soil.
X PRACTICES TO BE AVOIDED
1. Roads or trails of any kind, unless absolutely necessary.
2. Portable sawmills and log decks.
3. Harrowing, root raking, or bulldozing.
4. Gully leveling, unless immediately seeded and mulched.
I/
Clearcutting is unacceptable in the Primary SMZ in the Mountains, if it affects the
water temperature to the extreme that it would threaten a trout environment
(see thermal pollution in Glossary).
1..
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F'g- 2 - Streamsid
idC Mana&em*nt Zones and Their Widths by Region
=n=rl/l^
PRIMARY
SMZ
PIEDMONTS
MOUNTAIN:
I/
Fire is acceptable in the Secondary SMZ but not i
-' Does not apply to bottomlands in this regi
m the Primary SMZ.
region.
5
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-SECTION II -
STREAM CROSSINGS
The crossing of streams should be avoided if at all possible. In most situations, ad-
vanced planning will reduce or eliminate the number of crossings necessary.
1 BMPs RECOMMENDED
1. Properly sized culverts should be used in small streams (usually 200-acre or less
watershed, depending on geographic region) (Table 1).
2. Well constructed bridges should be used over large streams (200+ acre watersheds,
depending on geographic region.)
3. Fords should be made only at right angles to the stream where stream banks and
bottoms are hard and relatively level. These crossings should be made only on a
temporary basis.
4. All approaches to stream crossings, whether temporary fordings or permanent
roads, should be made at gentle grades of slope (about 3 percent).
5. Soil around all culverts and bridges should be stabilized with mulch and seed
(Table 2).
X PRACTICES TO BE AVOIDED
1. Temporary crossings of logs and brush topped with soil.
2. Anything which would impede the free flow of water.
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SECTION III -
ACCESS ROADS AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION
Access roads, whether newly constructed or existing, create more potential for soil
movement than any other activity in forest management. Advance planning of road
construction is needed to minimize road grade or slope, number of spur roads, and
proper location of each.
/ BMPs RECOMMENDED
1, Roads located within the SMZ should have all exposed soil stabilized, preferably
with mulch and seed (Tables 2 and 3).
2. Roads should follow the contour as much as possible.
3. Road grades should be kept at 5 percent or less, except where terrain requires
short steep grades.
4. Keep roads reasonably free of obstructions and logging debris which prevents free
flow of water from the road surface.
5. Locate roads on the sides of ridges or water divides to insure proper drainage.
6. Locate roads above flood plains and wet areas, if possible.
7. Insloping of roads should be avoided. However,some situations will require this.
In these cases, the use of under road culverts positioned at a 30° angle to insure
proper inside road drainage is recommended (Fig. 3 and 4).
8. Construct road wide enough to handle equipment that will use the road (usually
about 12 to 14 feet).
9. Broad based dips should be used at proper intervals to channel water off the road
(Fig. 5). The bottom of these dips should be outsloped slightly (3 percent) to
allow for removal of surface water.
10. Water bars should only be used when retiring temporary access roads and skid
trails.
11. Water turnouts should be used at proper intervals with respect to grade (Fig. 6).
12. Removal of shading trees along road sides will aid in drying out road beds.
13- When all forestry activities are completed for that particular time, temporary
access roads should be retired. This includes re-shaping, mulching, and seeding
(Table 2), in combination with water bars (Fig. 7).
X PRACTICES TO BE AVOIDED
1. Keep road construction as far away as possible from SMZs.
2. Do not locate roads on tops of ridges. Water tends to collect in them, resulting in
poor drainage.
3. Avoid constant use of soft roads 'during wet ground conditions.
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Fig. 3 - Properly Constructed Road Cross Section
cut tall trees if shade prevents
road from drying-
slope
bank if
over 4'
high
sediment
catch basin
-drainage ditch
-insloping road bed
rip-rap
to prevent
washing
8
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F'g- 4 - Culvert Installation
Culvert should cross road at about
a 30degree angle downgrade.
Rood Surface
. Earth Cover
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Fig. 6 - Water Turnout
WATER DISPERSAL AREA
TURNS DOWN SLOPE
WATER TURNOUT
11
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Fig. 7 - Profile of Abandoned Skid Trail Showing Water Bars
WATER BARS INSTALLED AT
RECOMMENDED INTERVALS
EXTRA DEEP WATER BARS AT
HEAD OF STEEP PITCHES
Road Grade
(Percent)
1
2
5
10
Approximate Distance
Needed Between Water Bars
(Feet)
400
245
125
78
12
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- SECTION IV -
TIMBER HARVESTING
Timber harvesting activities pose little threat to water quality when care is taken to
prevent or minimize erosion and sedimentation.
/BMPs RECOMMENDED
JL Timber harvesting within the SMZs should abide by practices pointed out in
Section 1.
2. Skidding on steep slopes should be done on a gradual grade, rather than straight
up the slope (primarily Piedmont and Mountain Regions).
3. Alternate skidding between several different skid trails instead of using only
one primary trail. This will result in a minimum of soil exposure and distur-
bance.
4. Leave logging debris on exposed soil, dry washes, and at points of concentrated
drainage from skid trails and roads.
5. Temporary culverts should be used when crossing streams with harvesting
equipment. These culverts can be pulled out after logging operations are com-
plete.
6, Log decks should only be large enough to handle necessary loading activities.
7. Log decks should be located on stable, well drained areas, well away from
streams and ponds.
8. Log decks located in the Piedmont and Mountain Regions should be site pre-
pared and seeded when harvesting operations have been completed. (May apply
to Coastal Plain Region on certain sites, depending on slope and drainage
characteristics.
9. Portable sawmills should be located at least 300 feet away from any stream or
body of water.
10. Provisions should be made at lunch sites and sawmill setups for disposal of
human wastes and garbage.
X PRACTICES TO BE AVOIDED
1~Do not service logging equipment where it will have an impact on water qua-
lity.
2. Sawdust and mill waste should not be discharged into streams and lakes.
3. Temporary crossings made from logs piled into streams should not be used, as
they are usually not removed following harvesting thus causing stream channel
blockage.
13
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- SECTION V -
SITE PREPARATION
Site preparation, for the purpose of forest regeneration, is a basic silvicultural tool
in Georgia where control of competing vegetation and reduction of logging debris are
necessary. Several site preparation procedures, however, should be of concern when
considering water quality.
/BMPs RECOMMENDED
1, Analyze and plan the site preparation job, taking into account all aspects of the
Streamside Management Zones (Section I).
2. All bulldozing, Vee-blading, K-G blading, and root raking should disturb as little
soil as possible.
3. Use drum choppers, herbicides, or prescribed burning on highly erodible soils.
4. When windrowing, debris should be oriented on the contour. Breaks should be
left in the windrows to allow safe access for fire control or other activities.
5. Only dry washes may be filled in with debris.
6. Construction of planting beds should be done on the contour.
X PRACTICES TO BE AVOIDED
1. Do not pile debris in live or wet-weather streams.
2. Avoid all heavy site preparation (K-G blading, root raking, disking, etc.) on slopes
greater than 20 percent.
3. On slopes, do not site prepare land up to the edge of roads and roadside ditches.
Leave a natural buffer strip (10+ feet) to catch soil particles going to or from road
areas.
.. ,:I*. »»*i! jpHi***. _
Road
14
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- SECTION VI -
REFORESTATION
Reforestation includes hand and machine planting and direct seeding. Hand planting
and direct seeding pose no threat to water quality; therefore, BMPs are not necessary.
Since some exposure of mineral soil occurs with machine planting, there is a slight
concern for erosion.
/ BMPs RECOMMENDED
1. Machine plant on the contour if at all possible.
2. Refer to Streamside Management Zone (Section I) regarding machine planting in
these areas.
15
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- SECTION VII -
FOREST PROTECTION
(PRESCRIBED BURNING, FIRE LINES, AND CHEMICAL FIRE RETARDANTS)
PRESCRIBED BURNING
Prescribed fire is a very useful silvicultural tool when used properly. Poor planning
and weather conditions can cause too much heat in a prescribed burn, completely
destroying the humus layer, exposing the soil to erosion.
/ BMPs RECOMMENDED
1. Carefully plan and execute the use of prescribed fire in forestry situations while
observing the weather conditions.
FIRE LINES
/BMPs RECOMMENDED
1. Pre-suppression firebreaks should be located on the contour as much as possible.
2. When grades over 5 percent develop, water bars should be placed in firebreak
lines, if possible, at frequent intervals to slow the water and disperse it (Fig. 8),
3. Since wildfire suppression lines are made in the stress of emergency, implementa-
tion of BMPs should be left to the discretion of the landowner.
CHEMICAL FIRE RETARDANTS
Because of the limited use of chemical fire retardants in the state of Georgia, no
BMPs are recommended.
16
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Fig. 8 - Water Bars in Firebreak
-SECTION VIII -
CHEMICAL TREATMENT
(PESTICIDES, HERBICIDES, AND FERTILIZERS)
Use of chemical treatment should be limited within the SMZ because of their
pollution potential. Pesticides (including herbicides) should be made by injec-
tion or directed application. Forest fertilizer should be applied in such a man-
ner (rate, time,frequency of application, etc.) to prevent soil or water pollution.
If state and federal laws regarding the proper use of silvicultural chemicals
are adhered to, and manufacturers label directions followed; the judicious use
of chemicals should not jeopardize the SMZ or the water it protects. Care
should also be taken in areas adjacent to the SMZ to prevent the drift, spill,
seepage, or wash of chemicals into the SMZ or water course.
17
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APPENDIX
-GLOSSARY-
Access Road - A temporary or permanent woods road over which timber is transported
from a felling site to a public road. Also known as a haul road.
Bedding - A site preparation technique whereby a small ridge of surface soil is formed
to provide an elevated planting or seed bed. It is used primarily in wet areas to im-
prove drainage and aeration for seedlings.
Best Management Practices (BMPs) - A practice, or combination of practices, that is
determined after problem assessment and examination of alternatives, to be most
effective, practical means of preventing or reducing the amount of pollution gener-
ated by non-point sources to a level compatible with water quality.
Broad-Based Dip - Also called a rolling dip, this is a surface drainage structure specifi-
cally designed to tip water out of a dirt road while vehicles maintain normal haul
speeds.
Buffer Strip - A barrier of permanent vegetation established or left undisturbed down-
slope from disturbed forest areas to filter out sediment from runoff before it reaches
a watercourse.
Chopping - A mechanical treatment whereby vegetation is concentrated near the
ground and incorporated into the soil. Chopping may be used to facilitate burning
or to increase the organic component of the surface soil.
Clearcutting - A silvicultural system in which all merchantable trees are harvested over
a specified area in one operation.
Commercial Forest Land - Forest land bearing or capable of bearing timber of commer-
cial character, currently or prospectively available, and not withdrawn from such
use.
Contour - An imaginary line on the surface of the earth connecting points of the same
elevation. A line drawn on a map connecting points of the same elevation.
Culvert - Either a metal or concrete pipe, or a constructed box-type conduit, through
which water is carried under roads.
Dry Wash - A stream bed that carries water only during and immediately following
rainstorms.
Erosion - The process by which soil particles are detached and transported by water,
wind, and gravity to some downslope or downstream point.
Felling - The process of cutting down standing trees.
Forest Chemicals - Chemical substances or formulations that perform important
functions in forest management, and include fertilizers, herbicides, repellents, and
other chemicals.
Forest Land - Land bearing forest growth or land from which the forest has been re-
moved but which shows evidence of past forest occupancy and which is not now
in other use.
18
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Forest Practice - An activity relating to the growing, protecting, harvesting, or pro-
cessing of forest tree species on forest land and other aspects such as wildlife,
recreation, etc.
Forest Road - An access route for vehicles into forest land.
Harrowing (Disking) - A mechanical method of scarifying the soil to reduce competing
vegetation and to prepare a site to be seeded or planted.
Harvesting - The felling, skidding, loading, and transporting of timber products (pulp-
wood, poles, sawlogs, etc.).
Haul Road - See Access Road
Herbicide - Any substance or mixture of substances intended to prevent the growth of
or destroy unwanted trees, bushes, weeds, algae, and other aquatic weeds.
Intermittent Stream - A watercourse that flows in a well defined channel during the
wet seasons of the year, but not the entire year. Same as a wet-weather stream.
Live Stream - See Perennial Stream.
Log Deck - Also called log landing, log yard, brow or bunching area. A place where
logs or tree-length material is assembled for loading and transporting.
Logging Debris - The unutilized and generally unmarketable accumulation in the
forest of woody material, such as large limbs, tops, cull logs and stumps, that
remain as forest residue after timber harvesting.
Mulching - Any loose covering of forest soil with organic residues, such as grass, straw,
or wood fibers, to check erosion and stabilize exposed soil.
Non-Point Source Pollution - Water pollution which is: (1) induced by natural process-
es, including precipitation, seepage, percolation, and runoff; (2) not traceable to any
discrete or identifiable facility; and (3) better controlled through the utilization of
best management practices.
Perennial Stream - A watercourse that flows throughout the year or nearly so (90 per-
cent), in a well defined channel. Same as a live stream.
Pesticides - Chemical materials that are used for the control of undesirable insects,
diseases, vegetation, animals or other forms of life.
Prescribed Burning - The practice of using controlled fires to reduce or eliminate the
unincorporated organic matter of the forest floor, or low, undesirable vegetation.
Regeneration - The young tree crop replacing older trees removed by harvest or dis-
aster; the process of replacing old trees with young.
Retirement of Road - Preparing a road for a long period of non-use. Methods include
mulching, seeding, installing water bars, etc.
Rotation (Period) - The period of time to establish, grow and harvest a crop of trees at
a specified condition of maturity.
SJdecast. - The act of moving excavated material to the side and depositing such mater-
ial.
Silviculture - The science and art of growing forest crops, More particularly, the princi-
ples, theories and practices for protecting and enhancing the regeneration, growth,
development and utilization of forests for multiple benefits.
Site Preparation - A forest activity to remove unwanted vegetation and other material,
and to cultivate or prepare the soil for reforestation.
Skid - Short-distance moving of logs or felled trees, along the surface of the ground,
from the stump to the point of loading.
Skid Trail - A temporary, non-structural pathway over forest soil to drag felled trees
or logs to a log landing.
Streamside Management Zone (SMZ) - An area adjacent to the banks of streams and
bodies of open water where extra precaution is necessary in carrying out forest
practices in order to protect bank edges and water quality.
Thermal Pollution - A temperature rise in a body of water sufficient to be harmful to
the aquatic life in the water.
19
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Water Bar - A hump or small dike-type surface drainage structure, properly used only
in closing abandoned roads to traffic, on firelines, and abandoned skid trails.
Watercourse - A stream of water; river; brook; a channel for water. Can be also used to
include bodies of open water.
Watershed Area - All land and water within the confines of a drainage divide.
Water Turnout - The extension of an access road's drainage ditch into a vegetated area
to provide for the dispersion and filtration of stormwater runoff.
Wet-Weather Stream - See Intermittent Stream.
Windrow - Logging debris and unmerchantable woody vegetation which has been piled
in rows to decompose or be burned; or the act of constructing these piles.
Table 1.-Recommended Diameters for Corrugated Metal Culverts
Drainage
Area
(Acres)
Lower
Coastal
Plain
Upper
Coastal
Plain
Piedmont Mountains
Diameter in Inches
10
50
100
200
12
30
48
60
12
18
30
42
12
30
42
54
18
36
48
2(48)
20
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Table 3. -Calculation of Seed and Fertilizer Needs for Roads, Skid Trails and Disturbed
Areas
A. ROADS
1. Determine acres from table below
Road Surface Area Determination Table - Acres
Road Length
(Feet)
50
100
250
500
750
1000
1500
2000
5000
5280
8'
.01
.022
.05
.09
.144
.18
.28
.36
.92
.97
Road Width (Feet)
10'
.01
.02
.06
.12
.17
.24
.34
.48
1.15
1.21
12'
.01
.03
.07
.14
.21
.28
.41
.56
1.38
1.45
14'
.02
.03
.08
.16
.24
.32
.48
.64
1.61
1.70
18'
.02
.04
.10
.21
.31
.41
.62
.83
2.07
2.18
20'
.02
.05
.11
.23
.34
.46
.69
.92
2.30
2.43
2. Multiply the appropriate acre figure times the pounds per acre that is recom-
mended in seed mixtures.
B. OTHER AREAS
1. To determine acreage and pounds of seed needed for other areas such as loading
decks, turnouts, etc., use the following formula:
Avg. Length X Avg. Width = Square Feet
Square Feet X 23 and point off 6 places.
Multiply the answer times the pounds per acre
as recommended in seed mixtures or amount of seed.
2. To determine fertilizer and mulch needs, use the above procedure.
22
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GUIDE FOR STABILIZING ROADBANKS-17
SLOPE
fctol
(200%)
Itol
(100%)
2tol
(50%)
4 to 1
(25%)
TREATMENT
These slopes sometimes hold without
treatment. If the soil is unstable and sub-
ject to caving, the bank must be resloped
to a lower angle.
Mulching and fertilization is almost
always necessary.
Can loosen to apply fertilizer and seed;
should use light mulch on droughty soils.
Can cultivate with machinery; drill in
fertilizer and seed.
I/
This guide generally applies to roadbanks with significant height to warrant treat-
ment. It may not be practical or necessary to seed banks or many logging roads.
i
; t
. t
23
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TYP1
ICAL ROAD CROSS-SECTIONS ON SIDE SLOPES OF VARYING DEGREES
20%
Slope
33%
Slope
50%
Slope
66%
Slope
24
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For additional information regarding any aspect of this booklet,
contact your local Water Quality Coordinator located in one of the
following districts^ v ^ ': :';
GeorgiaiEorestry Gomniisi^n
... : ^*4 ^^|fe-" .'^ifc' -'* , %fr^^^^ti^p^'^.
[Office-
J. O.B
'''- Maconi Georgia 31298-4599
- 1-800-GA TREES ^
Rome District .
3086 Martha Berry^Hwy.,
Rome, Georgia 3Q165-7708
Americus District
243y.S.Hwy;«19Nortn
Gainesville District v
3005 Atlanta Hwy. '
Gainesville, Georgia 30507 -v-
(7O6) 534-5454
Athens District
1055 E. Whitehall
Athens, Georgia 30605
(706)542-6880
Newnan District
187 Corinth Road
Newnan, Georgia 30263-5167
(404)254-7218
Milledgeville District
119 Highway 49
Milledgeville, Georgia 31061
(912)453-5164
Washington District
1465 Tignall Road
Washington, Georgia 30673-9802
(706) 678-2015
; (912) 928-1301
C .' . ;
. Tifton.District
Tifton, Georgia 31794-9401
» (912)386-3617 V"
Camilla District
P. O. Box 345
Camilla, Georgia 31730
(912)336-5341
Statesboro District
Route 2, Box 28
Statesboro, Georgia 30458-9803
(912)681-0490
McRae District
Route 1, Box 67
Helena, Georgia 31037
(912)868-5649
Waycross District
5003 Jacksonville Hwy.
Waycross, Georgia 31503
(912) 287-4915
Urban Project
6835 Memorial Drive
Stone Mountain, Georgia 30083-2236
(404)294-3550
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