200R98004
EPA Facilities Manual Volume 4
4844 Facility Safety Health
and Environmental Management
Manual
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Facility Safety. Health, and
.Environmental Management Manual
EPA 4844
2/98
Foreword
The EPA Facilities Manual is comprised of four distinct, yet complementary resources for
planning and managing Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) facilities. These four volumes
are meant to be used simultaneously to determine design intent, requirements, and the ongoing
evaluation of all EPA facilities. The use of one volume without reference to the other three
would result in an incomplete understanding of the requirements for EPA facilities.
Volume 1: The Architecture, Engineering, and Planning Guidelines (referred to as the AE&P
Guidelines) provides guidance for facilities management, engineering, planning, and
architecture professionals in the design and construction of new EPA facilities and
the evaluation of existing facilities.
Volume 2: Space Guidelines, Volume I contains information on space planning, space
estimation, environment, materials, furniture, process, and maintenance. EPA's
Office of Administration and Resources Management developed this document to
help EPA facilities managers, space managers, and line personnel plan and use their
space.
Volume 3: Space Guidelines, Volume His a technical handbook describing EPA's mission and
providing space standards, information on technical considerations and materials
safety, and other related documents. It is also intended for use by EPA facilities
managers, space managers, and line personnel.
Volume 4: The Facility Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Manual (referred to as
the Safety Manual} outlines safety, health, and environmental management
considerations for owned or leased EPA facilities. The Manual's goal is to maintain
a safe and healthful workplace that protects against injury, illness, and loss of life.
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Facility Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Manual
CONTENTS
Chapter Chapter
Titles Numbers
Authority, Policy, and Responsibility 1
Basic Fire Safety Standards 2
Specific Fire Safety Criteria 3
Interior Space Planning 4
Mechanical Systems 5
Electrical Systems 6
Environmental Management 7
Appendices
Appendix A - List of Standards and References
Appendix B - Glossary
Appendix C - List of State Environmental Contacts
Appendix D - List of Class I and Class II (Ozone-Depleting) Substances
Appendix E - List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
Appendix F - Memoranda
Index
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Chapter 1 - Authority, Policy, and Responsibility
CONTENTS
Paragraph Paragraph
Titles Numbers
Purpose 1
Overview 2
Scope 3
Authority 4
References 5
Policy 6
Objectives 7
Responsibilities 8
Requirements 9
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Chapter 1 -Authority, Policy, and Responsibility
1. Purpose
The purpose of this Manual is to detail safety, health, and environmental management
considerations for facilities that are owned, leased, or occupied by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA).
2. Overview
The considerations or criteria in this Manual describe the full scope of the facility features
required in EPA-occupied facilities to maintain a safe and healthful workplace, and may exceed
local codes or federal standards, which generally describe minimum requirements necessary to
protect against injury, illness, and loss of life.
3. Scope
The facility safety, health, and environmental management criteria described in this
Manual apply to facilities owned or leased by EPA, and facilities assigned to EPA by the General
Services Administration (GS A) or other government agencies. In this Manual, owned and leased
facilities shall be referred to as "EPA facilities." The criteria in this Manual, along with the
criteria in the Architecture, Engineering, and Planning Guidelines (the "AE&P Guidelines"), are
mandatory for new construction or new leased space. Where meeting these criteria at existing
facilities does not seem feasible, consult the Architecture, Engineering and Real Estate Branch
(AEREB) for advice or a waiver. Under special circumstances, a waiver may be granted by the
Safety, Health and Environmental Management Division (SHEMD).
4. Authority
Authority for the criteria set forth in this Manual is based on the latest approved editions of
the following codes, references, and standards. Years and publication dates specifically stated in
this Manual reflect the version in use when the revised version of this Manual was written and
published. When using the referenced standards listed below, ensure that the latest edition or
version is current and has not been superseded.
a. Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970.
b. 29 CFR Part 1910, General Industry Standards. -
c. GSA, Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service (PBS-PQ 100.1).
d. EPA manuals, Executive Orders, Directives, aad SHEMD program requirements.
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e. Model building codes, such as the National Building Code of the Building Officials
and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA), Uniform Building Code (UBC)
of the International Conference of Building Officials, and the Standard Building
Code (SBC) of the Southern Building Code Congress International (SBCCI).
f. Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS).
5. References
The criteria set forth in this Manual are based on the latest approved editions of the
following:
a. National Fire Codes of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA).
b. Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practice, American Conference of
Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH).
c. Standards of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
d. Standards of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE).
e. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals, National
Research Council, 1995.
f. EPA Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Guidelines.
g. Title III Standards for the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) of 1990.
h. Executive Order 12699, Seismic Safety of Federal and Federally Assisted or
Regulated New Building Construction.
i. Executive Order 12941, Seismic Safety of Existing Federally Owned or Leased
Facilities.
j. Standards for Bio-Safety Cabinets of the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF).
Appendix A, List of Standards and References, provides a more comprehensive list of the
sources mentioned in the Manual. In addition, a glossary is included as Appendix B to facilitate
understanding of the terminology used throughout the Manual.
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6. Policy
EPA-occupied facilities shall comply with the requirements provided by the EPA, NFPA,
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), GSA, and state and local building and
foe prevention codes. If conflicts exist between state or local criteria and the criteria set forth in
this Manual, the more stringent criteria shall apply. If there are conflicts between the local code
and a model code, the discrepancy will be brought to the attention of AEREB and SHEMD for
resolution.
7. Objectives
Safety, health, and environmental management criteria are provided for EPA facilities in
order to establish the following objectives:
a. Providing reasonable safeguards against injury, occupational illness, and loss of life.
b. Preventing fire exposure, public health hazards, and environmental damage to the
communities that surround EPA facilities.
c. , Preventing loss of government real and personal property.
d. Preventing interruption of government operations.
e. Promoting the health, well-being, and productivity of occupants.
f. Ensuring that EPA facilities remain in compliance with applicable environmental
regulatory standards to preserve environmental quality.
g. Promoting successful integration of environmental requirements into facility design
processes to prevent pollution and support EPA's goal of environmental stewardship.
8. Responsibilities
This section describes the responsibilities assigned to divisions or departments within EPA
for enforcing the criteria set forth in this Manual.
a. AEREB is responsible for ensuring that the design and construction of EPA facilities
comply with local codes as well as with the criteria described herein.
b. AEREB and SHEMD are jointly responsible for ensuring that EPA facilities provide
safe, healthful, and environmentally sound work spaces for EPA personnel.
c. AEREB and SHEMD are jointly responsible, when appropriate, for reviewing and
approving requests for a waiver for variances or exceptions to the criteria set forth in
this Manual. The following criteria apply to requests for variances:
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(1) Requests for variances to the criteria described in this Manual must be
submitted in writing to AEREB and SHEMD for review.
(2) Documentation of granted variances must be maintained by the facility as long
as applicable.
d. AEREB and SHEMD are jointly responsible for updating this Manual, as necessary,
to reflect changes in technology and recognized standard practices in safety, health,
and environmental management relative to EPA facilities.
9. Requirements
To meet the policy and objectives set forth above:
a. AEREB, with SHEMD's assistance, will review the criteria set forth in Programs of
Requirements (PORs) and Solicitations for Offers (SFOs) for new EPA facilities, and
for modifications to existing facilities, before awarding a design contract.
b. At significant design and construction points, AEREB, with SHEMD's assistance,
will review, approve, and comment on the design plans and construction drawings
for new and modified facilities.
c. During construction, a representative acceptable to SHEMD shall inspect the critical
safety, health, and environmental management features of a new or modified facility,
such as fume hoods, sprinkler systems, and fire alarms, against the design and
construction specifications. These features also shall be acceptance-tested against
the design and construction specifications prior to occupancy.
d. AEREB, with the assistance of SHEMD, shall inspect and test leased spaces against
the criteria contained in this Manual before signing the lease and shall document
these criteria in the lease where appropriate.
e. All newly occupied facilities shall be evaluated for environmental problems before
occupancy. This evaluation shall include a record search and an audit, including an
inspection for underground storage tanks, asbestos, radon, lead, and other
environmental threats. (See Guidelines for Transferring EPA Real Property, March
1996.)
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Chapter 2 - Basic Fire Safety Standards
CONTENTS
Paragraph Paragraph
Titles Numbers
Purpose 1
References 2
Fire-Resistance Ratings 3
Types of Construction 4
Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls 5
Vertical Openings and Shafts 6
Panel, Curtain, and Spandrel Walls 7
Ceilings 8
Fire Stopping 9
Fire Doors 10
Utilities 11
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Chapter 2 - Basic Fire Safety Standards
1. Purpose
This chapter provides the basic structural fire safety criteria for fire-resistance ratings, types
of construction, and utilities.
2. References
Unless otherwise specified herein, all building materials and structural components and
assemblies shall conform to the applicable requirements of the following American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) test methods and the National Fire Protection Association
(NFPA) standards:
&. Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Building Construction and Materials (ASTM E
119/NFPA251).
b. Standard on Types of Building Construction (NFPA 220),
c. Standard for Fire Walls and Fire Barriers (NFPA 221).
d. Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 13).
e. Fire Doors and Windows (NFPA 80).
f. Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies (ASTM E 152/NFPA 252).
3. Fire-Resistance Ratings
The fire-resistance hourly ratings shall be determined in accordance with ASTM E
119/NFPA 251. Floor-ceiling assemblies shall be in accordance with the criteria set forth in
Section 9 of the Architecture, Engineering, and Planning Guidelines (the "AE&P Guidelines").
The hourly ratings for various materials and designs shall be obtained either by actual fire testing
or by conformance to designs listed by Underwriters Laboratories, Inc., or Factory Mutual.
4. Types of Construction
The various types of construction are defined in NFPA 220 and the model building codes
(see Chapter 1 of this Manual, paragraph 4.e, for a list of the model building codes). The
construction classifications that use both the NFPA and local building code methods shall be
indicated on design documents as applicable. Identification of construction classifications is
required in order to meet both the local building code criteria and the criteria of the
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the General Services Administration (GSA), and the
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NFPA standards. The type of construction shall be selected on the basis of the classification of
the occupancy (refer to NFPA 101, Chapter 4), as well as the height and area of the building. For
further information on design and construction specifications for EPA facilities, refer to
Section 1 of the AE&P Guidelines.
5. Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Wails
Fire walls shall be used as dictated by the local building codes. For details, refer to Section
13 of tiieAE&P Guidelines.
Fire barrier walls, also known as fire partitions or fire separations, normally have less fire
resistance than do fire walls and fail to meet one or more of the requirements for a fire wall. The
fire resistance of a fire barrier wall generally depends on the wall's intended use and the degree
of fire potential. These walls are used to create fire areas, protect specialized occupancies, or
provide protected egress paths.
See Section 13 of the AE&P Guidelines for treatment of openings in fire walls and fire
barrier walls.
6. Vertical Openings and Shafts
Refer also to Section 13 of the AE&P Guidelines.
a. Atriums. Because of atrium smoke control requirements, atrium hazard-level
requirements, and the need to maintain liquid-tight floors in laboratories, laboratory
rooms shall not open into an atrium. For further details, refer to Section 13 of the
AE&P Guidelines.
Occupancies located within an atrium and opening into an atrium must have low or
ordinary hazard contents as defined by NFPA 101 . Atriums should not be used as a
required means of transporting chemicals or laboratory waste materials.
b. Shafts. Refer to Section 13 of the AE&P Guidelines.
c. Monumental Stairs. Refer to Section 13 of the AE&P Guidelines.
d. Escalators. Refer to Section 14 of the AE&P Guidelines.
e. Penetrations. Refer to Section 13 of the AE&P Guidelines.
7. Panel, Curtain, and Spandrel Walls
For details, refer to Section 7 of the AE&P Guidelines.
' -Windows. There shall be no operable windows in:
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a. EPA laboratory rooms.
b. Other locations where they may interfere with temperature or humidity control or
create undesirable airflows.
For additional details, refer to Section 8 of the AE&P Guidelines.
8. Ceilings
Suspended ceilings shall not be considered part of a fire-resistive assembly in laboratory
areas. The routine operation and maintenance of laboratories require periodic access to the space
above the suspended ceiling. It has been the experience of EPA that a rated floor-ceiling
assembly is not a design that can be reasonably maintained as a fire-resistive assembly over the
life of the laboratory.
9. Fire Stopping
Fire stopping shall be provided in all penetrations through walls, partitions, openings
between exterior walls and floor slabs, and openings in floors and shaft enclosures, to form an
effective fire and smoke barrier between stories and between horizontal compartments. The
installation, testing, and rating of fire-stopping materials and methods (through-penetration
protection system) shall be in accordance with NFPA 221. The materials used shall be capable
of maintaining the fire resistance of the assembly being penetrated.
10. Fire Doors
Refer to Section 8 of the AE&P Guidelines.
11. Utilities
Pipes, wires, cables, ducts, and other utilities or services shall not be embedded in or
between the required fireproofing and structural members unless the assembly has been tested
and has achieved the required fire resistance. (See paragraph 9 of this chapter for requirements
relating to penetration of utilities through fire^resistive assemblies.)
A 1-inch or smaller steel conduit with wiring to clocks, receptacles, telephones,
thermostats, or switches may be embedded in the fireproofing if the necessary thickness of
fireproofing is not reduced. In such cases, electrical boxes shall be steel, limited to 4-inch
nominal size, securely anchored in place, and located at least 2 feet apart or on opposite sides of
the structural member.
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Chapter 3 - Specific Fire Safety Criteria
CONTENTS
Paragraph Paragraph
Titles Numbers
Purpose -. 1
Classification of Occupancies 2
Automatic Sprinkler-Protected Occupancies 3
Open-Plan Office Space 4
Types of Construction 5
Height and Area Limitations 6
Attachments and Additions 7
Fire Exposure Protection 8
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Chapter 3 - Specific Fire Safety Criteria
1. Purpose
This chapter describes specific fire safety criteria for various groups of occupancies, open-
plan office space, and building attachments:
2. Classification of Occupancies
Occupancies are classified by a number of methods depending on the code or standard used
and the purpose of the classification. Methods of classification are presented in Chapter 4 of
National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 101, Chapter 2 of NFPA 45, Chapter 1 of NFPA
13, other NFPA codes and standards that may apply to specific situations, and local building and
fire prevention codes. These classifications are used in the application of the respective codes
and standards and should not be translated to other codes or standards unless directed. For
example, Class B laboratory, as defined in NFPA 45, has no meaning in NFPA 101; however,
NFPA 45 specifies that sprinklers hi Class B laboratories should be treated as an Ordinary
Hazard Group 2, which is defined in NFPA 13. The basis of these classifications varies with
each code or standard. Some of the methods of classification are listed below.
a. NFPA 101 classification is based on use of the building or area considered.
Examples are business, assembly, and industrial occupancies.
b. Model building code classification is based on use of the building or area considered.
Examples are Use Group B (business), S-l (moderate hazard storage), and F (factory
and industrial) as defined by the Building Officials and Code Administrators
International, Inc. (BOCA) National Building Code.
c. NFPA 13 classification is based on the degree of fire hazard represented by the use of
the building or area to be protected by sprinklers. Examples are Light Hazard and
Ordinary Hazard Group 2.
d. NFPA 45 classification is based on the amount of flammable liquids per floor area
present in a laboratory unit. Examples are Class A, Class B, and Class C.
e. NFPA 231 classification is based on the type of materials stored and their burning
characteristics.
The General Services Administration (GSA)!also has one special occupancy classification
referred to as high-severity occupancy, which includes storage areas larger than 1,000 square feet
with racks or shelves taller than 12 feet, libraries with stacks taller than 9 feet, and record or
archive centers with open file shelves. The special design considerations outlined in
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PBS-PQ100.1 must be followed for these occupancies. Further details regarding classification of
occupancy can be found in the standards referenced above.
Each code or standard must use the classification designations contained in that code or
standard. For example, a Class B laboratory as defined by NFPA 45 could be either Use Group
B (business) or H (high hazard) as defined by the BOCA National Building Code, and either
industrial or high hazard as defined by NFPA 101. Therefore, since the classification of
laboratory space by the three codes would differ, the applicable codes and standards with their
respective classifications must be clearly identified on the design documents. In addition, the
contractual documents shall require that these classifications be indicated in the construction
documents, as-built drawings and specifications. For example, the following list could represent
the occupancy classifications for a single laboratory project. .
NFPA 45 Class B Laboratory
NFPA 101 Industrial
BOCA Business
NFPA 13 Ordinary Group 2
NFPA 10 Ordinary Hazard
If there is no local building code or if the local building code is not based on one of the
three model building codes (i.e., BOCA, Standard Building Code, or Uniform Building Code) the
designer must select the most appropriate current model building code as a basis for the design.
If there are conflicts between the local code and a model code, the discrepancy will be brought to
the attention of the Architecture, Engineering and Real Estate Branch (AEREB) and the Safety,
Health and Environmental Management Division (SHEMD) for resolution.
3. Automatic Sprinkler-Protected Occupancies
The occupancy classification will often provide a building-code basis for required sprinkler
protection. All EPA-owned facilities, and facilities leased by EPA after the effective date of this
Manual, are required to have sprinkler protection unless such protection is not economically
feasible with respect to mission-continuity cost or with respect to building and content-
replacement cost. An analysis shall be performed to justify new facilities with no sprinkler
protection. The provision of sprinkler protection (when not required by another code or
standard) shall not be used as a basis for reducing other levels of protection provided for that
facility. Where a code or standard allows alternatives based on the provision of sprinklers,
however, as in NFPA 101, the alternatives allowed for sprinklered space may be applied.
4. Open-Plan Office Space
The fire safety objective in open-plan offices is to maintain adequate egress facilities and a
low-risk environment. This objective can be achieved through provision of complete automatic
sprinkler protection, limitation of open-plan areas to low-hazard occupancies (such as office
space), maintenance of well-marked egress paths, and fulfillment of the requirements of
NFPA 101.
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5. Types of Construction
The type of construction shall be the one determined to be the most suitable and
economical for the occupancy classification and the height and area limitations dictated by the
local building code.
6. Height and Area Limitations
Height and area, including the area of any floor of a building, the area between fire walls,
and the area enclosed by fire barrier walls and exterior walls, shall not exceed the limits set forth
by the local building code. Fire walls and fire barrier walls shall conform to the requirements of
the Architecture, Engineering, and Planning Guidelines (the "AE&P Guidelines"), Section 13.
The rating of fire barrier walls shall be as required in the AE&P Guidelines. Where more than
one group classification of occupancy is housed, the higher group classification shall govern for
determining area limitations in accordance with the local building code.
7. Attachments and Additions
Cornices, marquees, and skylights shall be of noncombustible construction. Attachments
and additions for the purpose of providing additional space shall conform to the same
construction height and area limitations as the base building.
8. Fire Exposure Protection
A fire exposure is any building, structure, yard storage, or industrial operation containing
combustible substances that, if involved in a fire, would present a danger to the building being
evaluated. Classification of exposure severity and determination of minimum separation distance
shall be in accordance with NFPA 80 A, Recommended Practices for Protection of Buildings
from Exterior Fire Exposures, and the local building code. Requirements for explosion venting
should comply with Chapter 5 of NFPA 45 (for laboratories), NFPA 68, and the local building
code, whichever is the most stringent. The methods for determining the more stringent
requirements shall be documented in the project submittals.
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Chapter 4 - Interior Space Planning
CONTENTS
Paragraph ' Paragraph
Titles Numbers
Purpose 1
References -.' 2
Interior Construction 3
Exit Facilities 4
Hazard Segregation 5
Day-Care Facilities I 6
Safety of Disabled 7
Trash Rooms 8
Flammable Liquids 9
Hazardous Chemical Storage 10
Flammable and Oxidizing Gases 11
Gas Cylinders 12
Electronic Equipment 13
Stages 14
Laboratories 15
Emergency Equipment and Showers 16
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Chapter 4 - Interior Space Planning
1. Purpose
This chapter provides guidance for the planning and design of interior office and special
use space in compliance with the safety, health, and environmental laws and regulations
governing Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) facilities. It contains design guidance on
building materials and components, such as lead-based paint, asbestos, and ceiling systems, and
establishes and references the criteria for fire protection features of miscellaneous occupancies,
such as trash rooms (to include recycling space), flammable-liquid storage, gas cylinders,
electronic equipment, communications equipment, and stages. Refer to the Architecture,
Engineering, and Planning Guidelines (the "AE&P Guidelines") and the references listed below
for further technical requirements related to these design issues.
2. References
Unless otherwise specified herein, the safety features of these occupancies shall conform to
the applicable requirements of the following National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
standards and other cited references: -
a. Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 13).
b. Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (NFPA 30).
c. Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals (NFPA 45).
d. National Fuel Gas Code (NFPA 54).
e. Compressed and Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders (NFPA 55).
f. Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (NFPA 58).
g. Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (NFPA 59A).
h. Protection of Electronic Computer/Data Processing Equipment (NFPA 75).
i. Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Materials (NFPA 91).
j. Life Safety Code (NFPA 101).
k. Handbook of Compressed Gases, Compressed Gas Association, Inc.
I. Federal Property Management Regulations (FPMR), 41 CFR 101-20.
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m. Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service (GS A PBS-PQ100.1).
n. Criteria for Siting of Laboratory Facilities Based on Safety and Environmental
Factors, prepared for U.S. EPA by Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and
Public Health, Peter S. J. Lees and Morton Corn, 1981.
o. Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals, National
Research Council.
3. Interior Construction
For technical requirements, refer to ibeAE&P Guidelines, especially (but not limited to)
Sections 6, 8,9, and 10.
a. Lead-Based Paint. Lead-based paints shall not be used in EPA facilities. (See
Chapter 7, paragraph 4.g, of this Manual for regulations concerning lead in water.)
(1) When the scope of a construction activity requires sanding, burning, welding,
or scraping of painted surfaces, the paint must be tested for lead content before
any such activities begin. If any lead is found, appropriate risk-control
measures must be implemented in accordance with 29 CFR §1910.1025 and
29 CFR §1926.62 for lead and 29 CFR §1926.353 for ventilation when
welding or cutting.
(2) Lead compounds in paints and other interior coatings are of particular concern
in child-care facilities. In these facilities, all surface coatings should be tested
for lead, and coatings should be removed if they contain lead. (For further
guidance, see PBS-PQ 100.1 and the EPA publication Reducing Lead Hazards
mien Remodeling Your Home, EPA 747-R-94-002, April 1994.)
b. Off-Gassing. Interior materials and finishes shall be selected to minimize emissions
of contaminants and off-gassing of organics and sensitizing vapors. Arrangements
must be made to have suppliers store new furnishings and materials in a clean, dry,
well-ventilated area until off-gassing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) has
diminished, but for no less than 2 days. See Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for
more information on heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) performance.
(1) Manufacturers should be consulted for information on the off-gassing
characteristics of their products. Information supplied shall be in accordance
with the Standard Guide for Small-Scale Environmental Chamber
Determinations of Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials/Products
(American Society for Testing and Materials [ASTM] Guide D-5116-90) and
Indoor Air Sources: Using Small Environmental Chambers to Characterize
Organic Emissions from Indoor Materials and Products (EPA Report 600/8-
89-074).
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(2) Materials shall be selected, insofar as this is feasible, to minimize particle
release and biological growth media.
c. Asbestos. Asbestos, and facility-related products that contain asbestos, shall not be
installed in any EPA facility. Existing asbestos shall be managed in accordance with
the EPA publication Policy and Program for the Management of Asbestos-
Containing Building Materials at EPA Facilities (July 1994). Specific procedures
related to asbestos-containing materials (ACM) are as follows:
(1) Ensure that the facility has been inspected for ACM in accordance with the
EPA publication Guidance for Controlling Asbestos Materials in Buildings
(560/5-85-024), 29 CFR §1926.58, and 40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M). Ensure
that leased space is, or has been, inspected or certified for the presence of
asbestos.
(2) If ACM is present, and if it is in good condition and is not likely to be
disturbed, ensure that a management program is implemented to manage the
asbestos in place in accordance with the EPA publication Managing Asbestos
in Place: -A Building Owner's Guide to Operations and Maintenance
Programs for Asbestos-Containing Materials (20T-2003, My 1990).
(3) If ACM is present and is not in good condition or is likely to be disturbed
during routine operations or construction activities, the asbestos must be abated
in accordance with the EPA publication Managing Asbestos in Place:
A Building Owner's Guide to Operations and Maintenance Programs for
Asbestos-Containing Materials and the criteria contained in 29 CFR §1926.58.
(4) Ensure that a prealteration asbestos assessment is performed, supplementing
available information as appropriate, for any activity that may disturb any
ACM. Conduct the asbestos assessment in accordance with the guidelines and
requirements mentioned above. (See Chapter 7, paragraph 3.b, of this Manual
for additional information regarding removal of ACM.)
4. Exit Facilities
Except as noted below or elsewhere in this Manual, the provisions of NFPA 101 shall be
followed.
a. Number of Exits. At least two separate exits shall be available on every floor. Exits
shall be as far away from each other as possible and shall be arranged to minimize
the possibility that both may be blocked during an emergency.
b. Emergency Egress. Emergency egress paths from the building shall be maintained
whenever the building is occupied.
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c. Exit Stairs. All exit stairs in new construction, and all exit stairs added to existing
buildings, shall conform to the requirements in NFPA 101 for Class A stairs and
shall have a minimum width of 44 inches.
d. Exit Merging. Where means of egress from stories above and below converge at an
intermediate story, the capacity of the means of egress from the point of convergence
shall be at least the sum of the two individual stairway capacities.
e. Exit Doors. All exit stair doors and all other doors opening onto exit routes, except
those opening directly to the outside, shall be self-closing or shall be automatically
released by smoke detectors. Doors shall be located or recessed to ensure that they
do not swing to impede pedestrian flow in corridors or other egress routes. In new
laboratories and where required by NFPA 101, NFPA 45, or other codes or
standards, exit and exit-access doors shall swing in the direction of egress. Vision
panels, in accordance with NFPA 80, should always be provided in stairway and
horizontal exit doors and anywhere else where they are necessary for alleviation of
- potential personnel traffic hazards.
f. Distance Between Exits. Where two exits or exit-access doors are required, they
shall be as far away from each other as possible, hi accordance with the local
building code or NFPA 101, whichever requirement is more stringent
g. Latches. Latches on stair doors shall be operable from both the stairs and the
occupied space side of the doors. In no instance shall doors at the top (or next to the
top) and the bottom stair levels be secured. For security reasons, ingress may be
restricted as follows as long as such restriction does not impede emergency egress:
(1) The door may open directly to the exterior.
(2) The door may open from a stair to an exit-access door (e.g., lobby or courtyard)
to the outside.
(3) An individual stair door may be locked against ingress from the stairway when
this decision has been fully justified in writing and where no other reasonable
means can be developed to provide necessary security.
Each secured door shall be clearly marked and directions shall be posted showing the
nearest floors, above and below, where reentry can be made. In buildings that are
equipped for relocation of personnel via a voice fire-alarm system, the use of secured
doors and the mode of reentry shall be coordinated (e.g., reentry into the building
must be coordinated because the door becomes secure after the fire alarm resets).
h. Open-Plan Office Space. The following conditions shall be met for emergency
egress in open-plan office space:
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(1) The space layout shall ensure maintenance of rational exit routes with well-
marked secondary exits. ,
(2) Color dynamics (e.g., colored lines, walls) and other innovative directional
guidance may be needed in large installations.
(3) The height of dividers and acoustical partitions should be limited (discussed in
Section 6 of the AE&P Guidelines), and partitions should be arranged to allow
air circulation and permit occupants to quickly identify problems that may arise
from fire in the area and to locate available exit routes. Partitions taller than
5i4 feet, which would obstruct view of the open-plan space, should be avoided
where possible or limited to the periphery.
(4) Freestanding space dividers shall resist an overturning force of 25 pounds
perpendicular to the face applied at a height of 60 inches above the floor and
shall be arranged so as not to interfere with egress.
i- Corridors. The width of any corridor serving as a required exit or as a means of
travel to or from a required exit shall not be less than 44 inches clear width.
Obstructions such as partitions, columns, doors, and other projections shall not
impinge on the 44-inch clearance. The width of passageways will comply with
NFPA 101.
Except in open-plan office space, continuous corridors shall be provided connecting
to every exit. (Continuous corridors connect exits hi such a way that access to all the
exits can be gained without leaving the corridor system.)
The fire resistance of exit-access corridors shall be in accordance with NFPA 101
r and the local building code.
j. Exit Discharge. Except as provided below, and as detailed in NFPA 101, every exit
stair shall discharge directly to the outside or to a protected corridor leading directly
to the outside. A protected corridor shall consist of a totally unoccupied passageway
or other space, such as a lobby, separated from all occupied areas by fire barrier walls
with 1-hour or greater fire resistance; all doorways in these walls shall be protected
by Class C or higher fire doors that either are self-closing, or automatic closing and
controlled by ionization smoke detectors located on the occupied side of the wall.
k. Two-Doorway Discharge. When a stair discharges through two separate doorways
into two separate fire areas at ground level, exit passageways are not necessary.
Under these conditions, appropriate markings shall be provided within the stairwell
to indicate each exit and the availability of alternate exits. For example, the sign
over an exit door might read, "Exit to Main Street," and a clearly visible sign nearby
would read "Exit to Market Street - Down One Floor."
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1. Panic Hardware. Panic hardware (e.g., metal bar on exit door) may be used
anywhere, but it must be used for all doors that exit to the outside and all interior-
latched exit doors from classrooms, theaters, and other places of assembly with a
capacity of more than 100 people.
\ m. Smokeproof Towers. Smokeproof towers that conform to the requirements of NFPA
101 are acceptable but are not required unless specified by the local building code.
n. Timed Exit Calculation. Egress from buildings or to an area of refuge shall be in
accordance with timed calculations.
(1) Personnel in the fire area can travel toward the fire for no more than 15
seconds.
(2) Personnel in the fire area should be able to relocate from the fire area within 90
seconds.
(3) Unimpeded horizontal movement is calculated at 3Vz feet per second.
(4) It should take no longer than 8 minutes to exit downward or upward to the
outside of the building.
o. Fire Areas/Subdivisions. Fire areas or subdivisions may be developed to improve
life-safety conditions in buildings where complete correction of existing stair and
exit deficiencies is not feasible. Fire areas/subdivisions may be used to develop
horizontal exits in cases where large numbers of handicapped occupants must be
provided with safe exit facilities. Fire areas/subdivisions may be used in conjunction
with a smoke-control system. Unless greater fire resistance is required for other
purposes, fire barrier walls installed to improve existing exit facilities, or for smoke
control, shall be of 1-hour fire-resistive construction. A higher fire-resistance rating
should be used to enclose such areas as horizontal exits and areas of refuge.
p. Fire Escape. Fire escape stairs, as defined in NFPA 101, are not an acceptable
component of the means of egress.
q. Limited Access Areas. Areas such as storage rooms with limited or no ventilation
shall be evaluated to ensure the reliability of the exits. If blocking a single exit could
create a hazardous condition, provisions will be made either to prevent the exit from
being blocked, to provide a means of communication from inside the space, to
provide adequate ventilation, or to otherwise prevent the area from becoming a
confined space as defined by 29 CFR § 1910.146. Refer to paragraph 5.b of this
chapter for ventilation requirements for storage rooms.
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5. Hazard Segregation
In general, occupancies posing different levels of risk shall be separated by fire-resistive
construction. Areas shall be segregated as noted below and as required by local building codes
and NFPA 101. Refer to Sections 1 and 2 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements
concerning parking structures.
a. Assembly Areas. Because of the high number of occupants permitted in auditoriums,
cafeterias, and other places of assembly, it is necessary to provide appropriate
protected egress paths from these locations to the outside of the building. Whenever
possible, such occupancies shall be located on the exit level of the building, or on a
floor close to the level of exit. See NFPA 101, Chapters 8 and 9, for minimum
egress requirements.
b. General Storage Areas. Storage areas shall comply with NFPA 101. All areas used
for storage of maintenance supplies, pesticides, solvents, paints, art supplies, or other
materials that may contain VOCs shall be equipped with adequate exhaust and shall
have no air recirculation. In addition, these areas shall meet the requirements for
indoor air quality in GSA'sPBS-PQIOO.l. At a minimum, any such storage area
shall be separated from adjacent spaces with fire-resistive construction or protected
with sprinklers as required by NFPA or the local building code.
c. Ancillary Occupancies. Ancillary or accessory occupancies are occupancies that take
up approximately 10 percent or less of a building's overall area. Ancillary
occupancies do not have to be segregated with fire separations from other
occupancies. The means of egress, construction, protection, and other safeguards
shall be determined by the requirements of the predominant occupancy. See
paragraph 15 of this chapter for special provisions for laboratory areas that are
intermingled with offices.
d. Mixed Occupancies. Mixed or intermingled occupancies are areas in which two or
more classes of occupancy coexist in such a way that separate safeguards are
impracticable. In such cases, the means of egress, construction, protection, and other
safeguards shall be based on the occupancy that demands the more stringent
requirements. See paragraph 15 of this chapter for special provisions for
intermingling laboratory areas and offices.
e. Blind Stands and Self-Service Stores. Blind stands and self-service stores shall be
separated from the remainder of the building by 1 -hour fire-rated enclosures and
doors. If the entire floor is protected by automatic sprinklers, fire^rated enclosures
are not needed.
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6. Day-Care Facilities
Day-care centers must comply with NFPA 101, Life Safety Code, as well as EPA's
guidelines, GSA's Child Care Center Design Guide (PBS-PQ140), and the licensing
requirements of the local jurisdiction. Minimum requirements are described below.
a. Day-care centers must be located along a grade-level exit discharge and along an
outside wall with operable windows. Preferably, there should be a door leading
directly outside from the day-care center.
> b. All toys; articles of furniture; equipment for play, amusement, education, and
physical fitness; and other products used for care of children shall have nontoxic
paints or coverings. Additionally, potable-water distribution systems shall be tested
to ensure that there are not excessive levels of lead. (See Chapter 7, paragraph 4, of
this Manual for requirements for drinking water.)
c. The day-care center shall not be located in an area with asbestos-containing
materials, lead-based paints, or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). Paint, and similar
surface-coating materials, that contain mercury, asbestos, lead, or lead compounds
are prohibited.
d. The day-care center must be separated from the rest of the building by at least 1-hour
fire-resistive construction with 45-minute fire doors.
e. Smoke detectors must be installed throughout the day-care center, including interior
corridors, sleeping areas, and lounges. Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines
for specific technical data concerning smoke detectors.
f. No higher hazard areas, such as laboratories, shall be located in the same fire area as
the day-care center. All higher hazard areas shall be separated from the day-care
center by at least 2-hour fire-resistive construction regardless of sprinkler protection.
Laboratories and other hazards shall not be located where they could present a hazard
to occupants of the day-care center or expose the egress routes from the day-care
center to hazard.
g. Emergency lights and exit signs shall be provided for the day-care center and
associated egress routes.
h. The travel distance to an exit-access door from any point within any sleeping room
must not exceed 50 feet. The travel distance to an exit from any door used as an
exit-access must not exceed 100 feet. The travel distance from any point hi a room
to an exit must not exceed 150 feet. Increased travel distances due to sprinkler
protection shall be allowed in accordance with NFPA 101 31-2.6.
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i. The center must be provided with sufficient physical security to prevent entry by
unauthorized persons.
j. All unused electrical receptacles within reach of preschool children must be equipped
with socket guards.
k. Lockable storage spaces for toxins, such as cleaning materials, must be provided.
Additionally, there must be shelving in the locked storage area that is out of reach of
preschool children.
1. All articles of furniture and equipment for play, amusement, education, physical
fitness, and care of children shall be constructed and finished to minimize pinch
points and splinters. The spacing of crib and bed slats presents special safety
concerns and should meet the requirements of 16 CFR Parts 1145,1508, and 1509.
m. . A means must be provided to limit hot water temperature to 120 degrees Fahrenheit
in fixtures that are accessible to children. In addition, water fixtures that are
accessible to children should be of the "mixer" type to limit the temperature of the
water.
n. A means must be provided to prevent children from gaining access to the kitchen
area.
o. Fans must be located at least 7 feet above floor level, and the fan blades must be
guarded.
p. All forms of electric or fueled portable space heaters are prohibited.
q. Outside play areas shall be so located and secured as to minimize exposure of
children to unauthorized persons, vehicular traffic (consider also the possibility of
runaway vehicles), animals, overhead electrical power lines, and overspray from
HVAC cooling tower water.
r. The facility's occupant emergency plan must specifically address the day-care center,
and all employees of the center must be trained and proficient in executing the plan.
7. Safety of Disabled
The safety attributes of EPA facilities must take into account the special needs of disabled
individuals. Compliance with Federal Standard 795, Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards
(UFAS), is mandatory on all EPA projects. Because the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
is a more contemporary document, the requirements of ADA Title III standards shall be followed
where those requirements are more strict than UFAS standards. This policy is derived from GSA
PBS-PQ 100.1 and shall remain in effect until the UFAS requirements have been updated and
reissued. (UFAS requirements were last updated in 1989.)
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a. The criteria below address safety issues relating to general access to EPA facilities.
For specific design guidance and requirements related to the following issues, refer to
UFAS; ADA; and American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Al 17.1, Providing
Accessibility and Usability for Physically Handicapped People.
(1) Fire alarms. Provide visual warning devices to alert the hearing impaired.
(Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements
concerning fire alarms.)
(2) Ramps. Examine the slope, length, surface-friction attributes, and exposure to
weather of access ramps to ensure that they meet the applicable UFAS, ADA,
and ANSI requirements.
(3) Exitpaths. Ensure that exit paths are wide enough to permit access by
wheelchairs and electrically powered carts. Also ensure that there are no items
stored in exit paths that would impede the exit of a person in a wheelchair or an
electric cart. See references cited above for minimum clearances; see also
subsection 1.5.5.4 of The AE&P Guidelines.
(4) Elevator controls. Ensure that the controls and emergency telephones of self-
service elevators are within reach of a person in a wheelchair. Technical
specifications for elevators are given in Section 14 of On&AE&P Guidelines.
(5) Fire doors. Ensure that the hardware of fire and exit doors, particularly self-
closing fire doors, can be operated by a person in a wheelchair. (Refer to
Section 8 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements concerning fire
doors.)
(6) Occupant emergency plans. These plans shall specifically address the needs of
handicapped persons hi general, and the particular needs of EPA employees
assigned to the facility.
b. The above criteria do not address the occupational exposures of individuals with
disabilities. When facility designs are modified to accommodate a disabled person,
the facility design attributes will require a careful analysis of the hazards associated
with the work to be performed and the specific needs of individual employees. The
following list delineates the more common issues to be addressed for individual EPA
employees:
(1) Accessibility of emergency equipment, such as emergency showers,
eyewashes, and alarms.
(2) Appropriateness, accessibility, transportation, and use of hazardous materials
within the facility.
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(3) Accessibility of fame hoods, height of work benches, and accessibility of
controls on test equipment
8. Trash Rooms .
In any building where combustible trash is expected to accumulate or to be collected in a
central location, a properly protected trash room shall be provided. See Chapter 7, paragraphs 5
and 6, of this Manual for requirements for solid and hazardous waste management and petroleum
and hazardous substance storage.
a. Trash Room Specifications. Trash rooms shall be enclosed and separated from the
remainder of the building by 1-hour fire-resistive construction. The door to the trash
room shall be at least a 45-minute self-closing fire door. Trash rooms and any areas
used as a staging area for trash collection shall be sprinkler protected. The water
supply for the sprinklers in trash rooms or staging areas that are less than 250 square
feet in size may be the domestic water system.
b. Recycling. For new construction and new leased space, adequate space shall be
provided for collection, segregation, storage, and removal of recyclable,
nonhazardous waste. The purpose of providing this additional storage space is to
preclude the use of corridors as recycling storage areas, which could obstruct egress
paths and increase the fire hazard.
9. Flammable Liquids
Facilities conforming to the requirements contained in NFPA 30 may use and store the
flammable liquids that are necessary for operating the laboratory or other facility. Whenever the
site arrangements permit, the storage of large quantities of flammable liquids, such as those
required to support chemical laboratory operations, shall be separated in accordance with NFPA
30 and local codes.
Chemical laboratory requirements for specific quantities of flammable liquids are outlined
in NFPA 45 and are based on the classification of the laboratory unit.
a. Indoor Flammable-Liquid Storage Rooms. An inside storage area for flammable
liquids shall be separated from adjacent spaces by at least 2-hour fire-resistive
construction. The room shall otherwise comply with the requirements presented in
Section 4-4 of NFPA 30 and local building and fire prevention codes. This section
applies to new flammable-solvent storage as well as to waste-flammable storage.
The room should be vented to the outside atmosphere by a mechanical exhaust
system that meets the following criteria:
(1) The ventilation rate must be at least 1 cubic foot per minute of exhaust per
square foot of floor area, but not less than 150 cubic feet per minute.
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(2) The source of air supply should be within 12 inches of the floor on one side of
the room.
(3) Exhaust should be taken from within 12 inches of the floor on the opposite
wall of the room from the makeup air.
(4) Exhaust must not be vented into a fume hood or its associated exhaust system.
(5) If ducts are used for the ventilation system, they shall comply with NFPA 91.
If a room is used for mixed waste-chemical storage, proper segregation shall be
provided to prevent mixing of incompatible chemicals. This segregation shall
include, but not be limited to, diking provisions between storage areas of
incompatible chemicals.
b. Laboratory Cabinets. Laboratory cabinets used for flammable-liquids storage must
be of a type approved by a nationally recognized testing laboratory. If testing or
evaluation identifies that a health hazard exists from the storage of chemicals in the
cabinet and administrative controls are ineffective, venting to the outside atmosphere
of the cabinets is mandated hi order to control the risk. Refer to Chapter 5, paragraph
. 12, of this Manual for ventilation criteria.
10. Hazardous Chemical Storage
Facilities conforming to the requirements contained hi the local building and fire
prevention code shall be provided with storage arrangements for hazardous chemicals, other than
flammable liquids, that are necessary for the operation of the laboratory or facility and the
operations conducted in it. Whenever the site arrangements permit, the storage of large
quantities of hazardous chemicals, such as those required to support chemical laboratory
operations, should be separated, hi accordance with NFPA 30 or local codes, or segregated, hi
accordance with NFPA 80A. Provisions shall be made for separating incompatible chemicals in
storage and for preventing inadvertent intermingling of such chemicals (such as hi a drainage
system).
a. Indoor Hazardous Chemical Storage Rooms. The inside storage areas for hazardous
chemicals shall be in accordance with the requirements for flammable-liquid storage
rooms as noted in paragraph 9.a of this chapter. They shall also comply with the
local building and fire prevention codes. Hazardous chemical storage shall be
separated from flammable-liquid storage by at least 2-hour fire-resistive construction.
b. Laboratory Cabinets. Laboratory cabinets used for hazardous chemical storage must
be appropriate for their intended use. Cabinet venting to the outside atmosphere is
necessary when health hazard exposures warrant ventilation and administrative
controls are ineffective in controlling the risk. When a cabinet is vented, it shall be
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vented in accordance with the requirements for flammable-liquids storage cabinet
venting as presented in paragraph 9.b of this chapter and paragraph 12 of Chapter. 5.
Refer to Chapter 7, paragraphs 5 and 6, of this Manual for applicable requirements for
solid and hazardous waste management and petroleum and hazardous substance storage.
11. Flammable and Oxidizing Gases
NFPA standards shall be used as a basis for determining requirements. Depending on the
type of installation, standards 50A, 51, 54, 55,58, and 59A shall be used. The requirements for
chemical laboratories are outlined in NFPA 45.
In situations not covered by NFPA standards, the Compressed Gas Association,
Incorporated, publications shall be used as guidelines. Flammable gases or liquids shall be
separated from oxidizing gases, such as oxygen, compressed air, and chlorine, and from
combustible or flammable materials. All containers shall be rigidly mounted in a vertical
position and protected against physical damage.
Flammable-gas containers shall be stored outside the building whenever possible, with the
gas piped to the workspace as detailed in NFPA criteria. As a last resort, gas containers shall be
located inside the building in a ventilated, fire-resistive room conforming to NFPA standards.
12. Gas Cylinders
All cylinders shall be constructed, charged, shipped, and maintained in accordance with
applicable Department of Transportation (DOT) specifications and regulations published in 49
CFR Parts 100-177 and NFPA 55.
a. Size and Quantity in Use. Cylinder size and number of cylinders permitted within a
facility will depend on system size, room size, construction, room ventilation,
cylinder contents, and availability of fire suppression. A gaseous system includes all
regulators, relief devices, manifolds, piping, and controls leading from the cylinder to
the point of actual use.
No single flammable-gas or oxygen cylinder shall exceed 220 cubic feet
(approximately 10 inches in diameter by 50 inches in length). The total number of
flammable-gas and oxygen cylinders in a laboratory shall not exceed the number
specified hi Chapter 8 of NFPA 45. In general terms, this limitation is six cylinders
in a sprinklered space, and three cylinders hi a nonsprinklered space, for a 500-
square-foot area. (Liquefied flammable gases are limited to three cylinders for a
sprinklered space and two cylinders for a nonsprinklered space.)
b. Anchoring of Cylinders. When in place at the point of use, cylinders shall be
securely supported in an upright position by a chain, nylon strap, or metal channel
assembly attached to a countertop, wall, column, or substantial pipe. Cylinders shall
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not be secured to tables or desks that are not attached to the structure. Cylinder
stands attached to or near the base of gas cylinders shall not be used.
Restraining points should be above the center of gravity but not so high as to permit
the cylinder to slide out In seismic areas, a second restraining point below the center
of gravity shall also be provided. Cylinders must be secured individually. "Gang"
chaining shall not be permitted in the laboratory, although this is a permissible
practice where gas cylinders are delivered and stored.
c. Supply Lines. Supply lines leading from high-pressure cylinders shall be securely
anchored every 5 feet to minimize "whipping" in the event of a line or fitting failure.
They shall also meet the pressure relief requirements of NFPA 45.
d. Cryogenics. For the purposes of this section, cryogenic fluid is defined as any
substance that exists only in the vapor phase above -73.3 degrees Celsius (-100
degrees Fahrenheit) at 1 atmosphere and is handled, stored, or used in the liquid state
at temperatures at or below -73.3 °C (-100°F).
(1) Ductility and chemical reactivity of materials must be considered.
Accordingly, when selecting facility-related materials for cryogenic use, refer
to The American Society of Mechanical Engineers' Boiler and Pressure Vessel
Code, Section VII.
(2) To reduce the probability of personnel exposure to extreme temperatures,
flasks of cryogenic materials shall not be stored or used in corridors or other
places to which noninvolved personnel have routine access.
(3) Vent lines should be routed to the outside atmosphere at a location that would
preclude a hazardous accumulation of flammable, toxic, or inert gas in the
work area.
e. Ventilation. Ventilation rates in any room storing flammable-gas cylinders shall be
sufficient to prevent the achievement of the lower explosive limit resulting from
minor leakage of a cylinder. See NFPA 55 for required ventilation rates.
f. Labeling. To reduce the probability of inappropriate use, permanent piping and all
piping that passes through a wall shall be labeled at the supply point and at each
discharge point with the name of the material being transported.
13. Electronic Equipment
Except as noted below or elsewhere in this Manual, the provisions of NFPA 75, Standard
for the Protection of Electronic Computer/Data Processing Equipment, shall be followed. The
scope of NFPA 75 shall be used to determine applicability of this section.
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a. Housing. All operations shall be housed in a building of fire-resistant or
noncombustible construction.
b. Separation. All operations shall be separated from other occupancies within the
building by 1-hour fire-rated construction.
c. Construction. All materials used in construction shall have a flame spread rating of
. 25 or less and a smoke development rating of 450 or less. Raised floors shall be of
noncombustible construction.
d. Occupancy. Except for small supervisory offices directly related to the electronic
equipment operations, no activity shall be located within the fire-rated enclosure.
e. Emergency Accessories. An emergency power off (EPO) button, emergency lights,
alarms, strobe lights, and all necessary appurtenances shall be provided as required
byNFPA-75.
f. Drv Pipe. Refer to Chapter 5, paragraph 4, of this Manual for sprinkler requirements.
g. Smoke Detectors. Smoke detectors shall be provided at ceilings and in raised floors
and for data storage areas, in accordance with NFPA 72. Refer to Section 16 of the
AE&P Guidelines for details.
h. Vital Records. Important and vital records that have not been duplicated and stored
at a different location shall be stored in a room with 2-hour fire-rated enclosure.
Automatic sprinkler protection shall be provided for data storage areas. Class 150
1 -hour-or-better data storage equipment shall be provided only for vital data that
have not been duplicated and that are being stored within the electronic equipment
operations area.
i. Air-Conditioning System. See Chapter 5, paragraph 8, of this Manual for details.
j. Shutoff Switches. See Chapter 6, paragraph 17, of this Manual for details.
k. Emergency Lighting. Emergency lighting shall be provided. Refer to Section 16 of
the AE&P Guidelines for details.
14. Stages
All stages, platforms in auditoriums, and similar arrangements shall conform to the
requirements for interior finish contained in this Manual and in Section 9 of the AE&P
Guidelines: All curtains and draperies for stages and platforms shall be of a noncombustible
material, such as fiberglass, or shall be of material impregnated to be flame resistant for the life
of the fabric (25 washings).
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Stages arranged or intended for theatrical or operatic use that involves movable scenery,
rigging loft, and the like shall conform to the requirements listed below.
a. Stages shall be separated from all other parts of the building by fire partitions having
at least a 2-hour fire-resistive rating. The proscenium walls shall also have at least a
2-hour fire-resistive rating.
b. The entire stage and all dressing rooms, storage rooms, prop rooms, and other
backstage areas shall be protected by automatic sprinklers.
c. The rooms over the stage shall have at least 1-hour fire-resistive construction and
shall be provided with emergency venting of not less than one-eighth of the area of
the stage.
d. The proscenium opening shall be protected by a standard fire-resistive proscenium
curtain arranged for automatic closing without the use of applied power.
e. All interior construction for rigging and lighting shall be noncombustible.
15. Laboratories
Fire safety, personal safety, and health issues in laboratories present a need for careful
design and construction to ensure personnel and property protection and efficient operations. It
is desirable to consolidate laboratory space into separate fire areas exclusive of other
occupancies. Laboratories that handle or store hazardous chemicals, flammable gases,
flammable liquids, or explosives, and biological laboratories should not be incorporated into
plans for EPA office buildings or into buildings that are being considered for EPA-leased office
space. Laboratories shall not be established or expanded in existing EPA buildings that are
mainly occupied with office space. Refer to paragraph 9.b of this chapter for additional
information on laboratory cabinets.
Refer to Section 1 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical data and requirements concerning
laboratories.
16. Emergency Equipment and Showers
Emergency showers and eyewashes shall be provided in areas where the eyes or body of an
employee may be exposed to hazardous materials, including in hazardous materials storerooms.
Eyewashes shall be provided within the immediate vicinity where hazardous materials may
contact the eyes. Emergency showers shall be located near areas where hazardous materials are
used, preferably inside or just outside the door of each laboratory work area. The National
Research Council's Prudent Practices calls for eyewashes to be provided where showers are
located to allow simultaneous flushing of the eyes and washing of the body. The shower and
eyewash should be plumbed to provide a continuous supply of water for at least 15 minutes.
Other requirements are discussed below.
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a. Eyewashes shall be capable of flushing both eyes simultaneously and shall be
initiated by a single action that permits both hands to be free.
b. Emergency showers shall have a single-pull design for actuation.
c. The need for a floor drain for an emergency shower is determined by an assessment
of local conditions. Floor drains may be provided for shower systems if laboratory
runoff can be intercepted and isolated for disposal or treatment in a wastewater
system.
d. Discharge from emergency showers should not impinge on powered electrical
equipment.
s
e. For new laboratory construction, eyewashes hi repetitive laboratory modules shall be
fully plumbed (supply and drain) to facilitate weekly testing of equipment. In
locations where eyewash stations or showers are required but where plumbed-in
water or heat is not provided, self-contained units facilitating the above criteria will
be allowed upon approval by SHEMD.
Emergency equipment such as fire blankets and hazardous material spill clean-up kits shall
be provided in readily available areas or marked storage space and shall be consistently located
throughout laboratory areas.
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Chapter 5 - Mechanical Systems
CONTENTS
Paragraph . Paragraph
Titles Numbers
Purpose 1
References 2
Water Supplies 3
Automatic Sprinkler Protection 4
Halon-1301 Fire-Extinguishing System 5
Gaseous Fire-Extinguishing Systems 6
Dry-Chemical Systems 7
Air-Conditioning Systems 8
Ventilation Systems 9
Heating Equipment 10
Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) System Performance 11
Laboratory Fume Hoods 12
Internal Combustion Engine * 13
Elevators .14
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Chapter 5 - Mechanical Systems
1. Purpose
This chapter establishes the safety requirements for building mechanical systems, including
laboratory fume hoods and other exhaust devices, water supply systems, automatic sprinkler
systems, fire main systems, fire extinguishers, air-conditioning systems, heating equipment, and
elevators. Refer to Section 15 of ibs Architecture, Engineering, and Planning Guidelines (the
"AE&P Guidelines"), for technical requirements and specifications concerning mechanical
systems.
2. References
Unless otherwise specified in this Manual or approved by the Architecture, Engineering
and Real Estate Branch (AEREB) and the Safety, Health and Environmental Management
Division (SHEMD), all mechanical system installations shall conform to the applicable
requirements of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and American Society of
Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standards and the American
National Standards Institute (ANSI) safety codes referenced in iheAE&P Guidelines, Section 15.
3. Water Supplies
Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements and specifications.
4. Automatic Sprinkler Protection
Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements and specifications.
a. Sprinkler Protection for Electronic Equipment. Automatic dry-pipe sprinkler
protection may be provided throughout computer rooms that are not associated with
laboratory areas. The dry-pipe system shall be provided by means of a dual sensing
pre-action sprinkler mechanism and controlled by a deluge valve. The deluge valve
will be operated by a control panel to which the associated fire zone smoke detectors
will be connected. The sprinkler heads used with the pre-action type system shall be
pendant style or may be of the flow control (FC) type.
The pre-action dry type sprinkler system will operate as follows:
Under normal conditions, sprinkler system pipes will be filled with low-pressure air.
A check valve mounted immediately above the deluge valve retains the supervisory
air pressure. Sprinkler head or sprinkler piping damage causes loss of air pressure,
resulting in trouble alarms without operation of the deluge valve.
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A two-zoned smoke detection system will be provided (e.g., "zone A" and "zone
B"). When a smoke detector from zone A is activated, a warning alarm will sound.
If a smoke detector from zone B is activated while the smoke detector from zone A is
activated, the control panel will depressurize the pipes, the deluge valve will open,
the pipes will fill with water, and the sprinkler heads will activate in accordance with
the ambient temperature. Once the deluge valve is activated, the fire alarm system
will also be activated, power to computer equipment will be cut off, and the
associated heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning (HVAC) equipment will operate
under smoke and/or fire mode automatically. Smoke detector actuation shall sound
an alarm at the annunciator panel and automatically notify the local fire department
or central monitoring station. Other methods of achieving this zoned approach shall
be reviewed for acceptance by AEREB.
b. Wet Pipe. Automatic wet-pipe sprinkler protection shall be provided throughout all
laboratory areas containing electronic equipment operations areas, including data
storage areas (refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for information about
mechanical aspects of automatic sprinkler protection). In accordance with NFPA 13,
the sprinkler systems shall be designed to provide 0.10 gallons per minute (gpm) per
square foot over 1,500 square feet for electronic equipment areas, and 0.15 gpm per
square foot for 3,000 square feet for tape libraries and storage areas that are less than
9 feet above floor level. For storage heights of 9 feet or higher, systems shall be
designed to provide 0.18 gpm per square foot for 3,000 square feet. The sprinkler
piping may be valved separately, but valves shall be provided with tamper switches
connected to the building fire alarm system.
5. Halon-1301 Fire-Extinguishing System
Refer to Chapter 3, paragraph 3, of this Manual and Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for
the provision of alternative fire protection systems. Refer to Chapter 7, paragraph 3.c, for
information on removal of halon systems.
6. Gaseous Fire-Extinguishing Systems
Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements and specifications.
7. Dry-Chemical Systems
Dry-chemical systems stop the chain reaction that occurs in combustion. Dry chemical is
difficult to remove from electrical contacts. Use is generally restricted to cafeteria exhaust hoods
and plenums, deep-fat fryers, and grills. Preengineered systems are satisfactory for this use.
Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements and specifications.
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8. Air-Conditioning Systems
Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements and specifications.
A separate air-conditioning system should be provided for the electronic equipment
operation area. If a system serves other areas, dampers to protect against both smoke and fire
shall be provided for the duct work at every penetration of the electronic equipment area fire
separation. No other ducts shall pass through the electronic equipment area.
9. Ventilation Systems
Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements and specifications.
10. Heating Equipment
Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements and specifications.
Space heaters and portable heaters shall not be used in EPA laboratories, hazardous
material storage areas, or administrative spaces. Under extreme circumstances, SHEMD
and AEREB will consider a temporary waiver of this requirement. As appropriate, such
heaters may be used in remotely located structures, such as otherwise unheated work sheds.
Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements and specifications
for portable heaters.
11. HVAC System Performance
a. As set forth in the EPA document Building Air Quality (EPA 400/1-91/033) the
following indicator levels have been established to help identify situations in which
the HVAC system may not be providing optimum performance:
(1) Carbon monoxide. Values higher than several parts per million (ppm) indicate
inappropriate presence of combustion by-products.
(2) Carbon dioxide. Peak values exceeding 1,000 ppm indicate underventilation.
(3) Formaldehyde. For all spaces, peak values exceeding 0.1 ppm may produce
irritational effects in the normal population.
Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for additional technical requirements
and specifications concerning indoor air. *
b. EPA facilities shall institute and document a maintenance program to ensure that
designed HVAC performance levels are maintained. This program, at a minimum,
shall address periodic:
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(1) Filter cleaning and replacement.
(2) Cleaning and maintenance of the HVAC duct, coil, condensate drip pan, and
air-handler room.
(3) Biological testing, or biocide monitoring, of the water in cooling towers and
condensate drip pans.
(4) Performance testing, including, but not limited to, fan efficiency, air
distribution, and amount of outside air.
Refer to the EPA document Building Air Quality (EPA 400/1-91/033) for a model
HVAC maintenance program.
12. Laboratory Fume Hoods
The laboratory fume hood is the primary hazard control device that workers depend on for
their protection while working with toxic or other hazardous materials. If designed, installed,
tested, operated, and maintained properly, the laboratory fume hood will provide personnel with
a high degree of protection and allow the user to work with a wide range of potentially hazardous
materials.
a. Laboratory Fume Hood Purchase. All fume hood purchases and installations must
have written approval from the representatives of AEREB and SHEMD before
procurement documents are processed.
b. Laboratory Fume Hood Function. The purpose of a laboratory fume hood is to
capture and control contaminants generated inside the hood and to minimize the
exposure of laboratory personnel to these contaminants. The fume hood achieves
these results by drawing air past the operator, into the hood, through the zone of
contaminant generation, through the baffle slots, into the plenum, and out through the
stack.
c. Conditions Affecting Laboratory Fume Hood Performance. The ability of a
laboratory hood to control contaminants generated in the hood will depend on the
hood's location within the laboratory, the movement and amount of supply air in the
room, the "face velocity" (or flow of air entering the open area) of the hood, and the
movement of people in the vicinity of the fume hood. The proper selection and
control of these factors will determine the hood's ability to control hazards.
(1) Hood placement and location. Hoods should be placed in such a way that the
operator is generally the only person who enters the hood's zone of influence.
Pedestrian traffic past fume hoods should also be minimized. Room data
sheets have been developed by SHEMD to assist in the location of laboratory
fume hoods during the design of a new laboratory or renovations of existing
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laboratories. Copies of room data sheets are presented in Appendix C of the
AE&P Guidelines,
(2) Air movement in the laboratory. Air movement within the laboratory affects
the performance of hoods. Hoods must be located away from doors, operable
windows (operable windows should not be designed into a laboratory), and
pedestrian traffic. Air currents from these sources can attain velocities several
times greater than the hood face velocity, creating a potential for drag out or
displacement of contaminated air from the hood. Ceiling and wall diffusers for
distributing makeup air also represent potentially serious sources of
interference. Air from such outlets should be either controlled to assist in the
performance of the hood or directed so that the kinetic energy is lost before the
air enters the zone of influence. Experience indicates that air velocity in the
vicinity of the fume hood should not exceed 25 feet per minute (fpm) measured
with hood exhaust "off." Air drawn from adjacent areas (by the hood exhaust'
system) must not create excessive turbulence when it enters the hood.
(3) Face velocity. The flow of ah- entering the open area of a fume hood (face)
should be uniform and perpendicular to the face. Air flow rates must be
sufficient to provide protection from operations performed in the hood.
Competing influences such as supply air currents will affect face velocity.
(4) Hood turbulence. Upon entering the hood, air is drawn past equipment and
sources of contamination toward the exhaust slots. Much of the air within the
hood is in a turbulent state. Increased turbulence will result from airflows
greater than those needed to provide a good vector and contain the
contaminant When turbulence is excessive, it creates the potential for greater
mixing of contaminated ah* and room air at the hood face. Face velocities
should not exceed 135 fpm.
d. Fume Hood Systems. The laboratory fume hood is part of an overall system that
includes the laboratory work area, the laboratory HVAC system, an exhaust duct
system, an exhaust motor and fan, a low-flow warning device, and (sometimes)
effluent-cleaning devices. Laboratory workers assume that, if it is used and
maintained properly, the hood system will enable them to work with hazardous
materials without undue exposure to contaminants generated in the hood. It is
essential, therefore, that each portion of the system be chosen carefully. Refer to
Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for additional criteria, technical requirements,
and specifications for fume hood systems.
e. New Hood Installations. The laboratory process requiring ventilation should be
reviewed, the best location determined, and the hood or other ventilation equipment
selected on the basis of its performance capabilities. If a fume hood is required, the
conditions in the laboratory that affect hood performance should be studied (refer to
paragraph 12.c of this chapter and to the room data sheets in Appendix C of the
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AE&P Guidelines. For constant volume bypass or variable air volume (VAV) air-
type hoods, the economics of the required heating and air-conditioning equipment
and the projected operating costs must also be considered. The HVAC system of the
laboratory must be capable of conditioning supply air to the degree required for
proper hood performance, maintenance of room temperature and required humidity
levels, and operator comfort. A good laboratory hood, when selected, installed, and
used as prescribed, allows the worker to handle a wide range of materials, including
materials for which extremely low exposures are hazardous. For materials that are
suspected or known to be extremely toxic and that require special precautions and
equipment, consult SHEMD staff before selecting containment equipment
When the performance of existing hoods is unsatisfactory, attention should first be
directed to achieving the specified hood face velocities. When correct face velocities
have been achieved, attention should be directed to external factors such as hood
location and room ventilation. When the best environment for the hood has been
achieved, the remaining features, such as airfoils, air volume moved, and control of
the air pattern hi the zone of the operator, should be considered. In some extreme
cases, a new fume hood system may be required. Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P
Guidelines for additional criteria, technical requirements, and specifications.
f. Fume Hood Operation. The hood exhaust fans shall remain hi operation at all times
when hoods are in use and for a sufficient time thereafter to clean the hoods of
airborne hazardous substances. Operation of the hood exhaust system shall be
confirmed. A "power on" light may be provided to indicate when the exhaust fan is
energized, although this will not provide a sure indication of airflow in cases such as
belt failure. Accordingly, the most effective system is a pressure sensor low-flow
alarm, which provides an audible and visual signal in case of exhaust system
malfunction and provides a continuous indication of proper hood operation. The
warning system must be connected to an emergency power source so that the alarm
will sound even if electrical power to the hood is lost Flow monitors shall be
installed on all new hoods and on existing hoods that are modified.
g. Ventilation of Laboratory Cabinets. When a cabinet is vented, it shall be vented by a
mechanical exhaust system that meets the criteria of NFPA 91 and Appendix A of
NFPA 30 as discussed below.
(1) The ventilation rate must be 5 to 20 cubic feet per minute (cfin).
(2) Air should be supplied at the top of a cabinet, exhausted from the bottom, and
swept across all the shelves by arranging the shelves as baffles or constructing
the shelves of perforated metal.
(3) The inlet fitting should incorporate a flame arrestor.
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(4) If a separate exhaust fan is used, it must be roof-mounted and sparkproof, and
it should be weatherproof.
(5) The cabinet exhaust must not be vented into a fume hood but may be
connected and vented through a fume hood's associated exhaust system if the
operations served by that exhaust system are not incompatible with the
materials stored in the cabinet.
(6) The vent systems (e.g., tubing or piping) for flammable storage cabinets shall
be fire-rated in accordance with NFPA 30 4.3.4 unless other methods of
protecting the fire integrity of the vent openings are provided. Means of
achieving this protection may include thermally actuated dampers and/or
sufficiently insulated vent tubing.
h. Ventilation of Gas Cylinders. Refer to Chapter 4, paragraph 12.e, of this Manual.
13. Internal Combustion Engine
Refer to Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines for technical requirements and specifications.
14. Elevators
Refer to Section 14 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
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Chapter 6 - Electrical Systems
CONTENTS
Paragraph ' Paragraph
Titles Numbers
Purpose 1
References 2
Electrical Installation 3
Plenums, Ducts, and Other Air-Handling Spaces 4
Transformers 5
Outside Substations and Transformer Installations 6
Distribution Systems 7
Fire Safety Requirements for Lighting Fixtures 8
Locations for the Storage, Handling, and Transferring of Flammable Liquids,
Gases, Vapors, and Combustible Dusts 9
Exit Lighting and Markings 10
Fire Alarm Systems 11
Emergency Lighting 12
Emergency Power 13
Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment 14
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) Protection for Personnel 15
Uninterruptible Power Supply 16
Electrical Safety Requirements 17
Lightning Protection Systems 18
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Communications Equipment 19
Lighting 20
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Chapter 6 - Electrical Systems
1. Purpose
This chapter provides, or directs the reader to, the safety requirements for the installation of
electrical systems, including fire alarm systems, exit and emergency lighting, emergency
shutdown of ventilation and cooling systems, and emergency power for critical equipment. Refer
to Section 16 of the Architecture, Engineering, and Planning Guidelines (the "AE&P
Guidelines") for technical requirements and specifications concerning electrical systems.
2. References
Unless otherwise specified in this Manual or approved by the Architecture, Engineering
and Real Estate Branch (AEREB) and the Safety, Health and Environmental Management
Division (SHEMD), all electrical installations shall conform to the applicable requirements of the
current national association standards referenced in Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines.
3. Electrical Installation
Refer to Section 16 of Has AE&P Guidelines for additional criteria, technical requirements,
and specifications.
a. Electrical Outlets. Sufficient electrical circuits and receptacles shall be provided to
eliminate the need for extension cords, which can become trip hazards. Dedicated
outlets and receptacles for permanently installed equipment shall also be provided.
b. Convenience Outlets. A minimum of three duplex convenience outlets per work
station shall be provided.
4. Plenums, Ducts, and Other Air-Handling Spaces
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
5. Transformers
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
6. Outside Substations and Transformer Installations
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
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7. Distribution Systems
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
8. Fire Safety Requirements for Lighting Fixtures
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
9. Locations for the Storage, Handling, and Transferring of Flammable Liquids,
Gases, Vapors, and Combustible Dusts
Rooms, spaces, and areas where the storage, handling, or transfer of flammable liquids,
gases or vapors, combustible dusts, or ignitable fibers or flyings occurs shall meet the
requirements established in the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) 70 (also known as
the National Electrical Code, or NEC), Article 500. The specific classifications are:
Class I: Flammable gases, vapors, and liquids
Class II: Combustible dust
Class III: Ignitable fibers or flyings.
Of these classifications, Class I is the most frequently encountered in EPA facilities. Class
I locations are further broken down into Division 1 and Division 2. Class I, Division 1 locations
are typically locations where ignitable concentrations of gases or vapors can exist under normal
conditions. These locations would include areas used for dispensing or transferring volatile
liquids from one container to another or spray operations that use volatile liquids. Class I,
Division 2 locations are locations where, under normal conditions, ignitable concentrations of
gases or vapors would not exist, either because containers are sealed or because mechanical
ventilation is provided. It should be noted that Class I, Division 2 locations could develop
ignitable concentrations under unusual conditions, such as failure of the ventilation system or
accidental rupture of storage containers. Such unusual conditions do not constitute a valid basis
for considering a Class I, Division 2 location as a Class I, Division 1 location.
10. Exit Lighting and Markings
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
11. Fire Alarm Systems
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
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12. Emergency Lighting
Refer to.Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
13. Emergency Power
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
14. Ground-Fault Protection of Equipment
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
15. Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCI) Protection for Personnel
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
16. Uninterruptible Power Supply
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
17. Electrical Safety Requirements
Special attention should be given to the general electrical safety requirements listed below.
These requirements have been extracted from the relevant sections of 29 CFR Part 1910 and the
NEC. The design of EPA facilities must include these requirements.
a. Disconnecting means, such as switches and circuit breakers, shall be labeled legibly
as to their purpose.
b. Electrical installations shall not be accessible to unqualified persons. Installations
should thus be secured behind a lockable door, contained in an electrical vault, or
safeguarded by other approved means. Specifically, all live parts of electrical
systems with 50 volts (V) or more must be guarded by approved cabinets, a vault, or
a locked door.
c. Grounding conductors must be distinguishable from all other conductors.
d. Electrical distribution closets and rooms must be provided with adequate
illumination.
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e. All electrical circuits must be provided with overcurrent protection.
f. Only electrical equipment that bears the manufacturer's name and trademark shall be
used in EPA facilities.
g. Electrical working space, closets, and equipment rooms shall not be used for storage.
h. Circuit breakers must be clearly marked to indicate open or closed position.
i. Overcurrent devices shall be readily accessible to building maintenance personnel.
j. Electrical equipment (more than 15V) that services water fountains must be provided
with GFCIs.
k. Emergency shutoff switches shall be provided at all exits from the electronic
equipment area. These switches will allow for the disconnection of all power to the
electronic equipment and air-conditioning systems. The same shutoff switch shall be
connected to a sprinkler waterflow device so that the power to the computer room,
including the air handlers, will be shut off automatically when the sprinkler system
operates. The waterflow device used to disconnect power to the equipment shall be
equipped with a supervised bypass switch so that maintenance testing can be
conducted without disconnecting power to the computer room equipment.
18. Lightning Protection Systems
Refer to Section 16 of the AE&P Guidelines for criteria, technical requirements, and
specifications.
19. Communications Equipment
When equipment is essential to the continuity of operation of the building or is otherwise
critical, the communications room shall be protected by fire-rated enclosures conforming to the
requirements for partitions contained in Chapter 4, paragraph 5, of this Manual. Communications
installations shall meet the requirements of the NEC, Article 800-52. The EPA Structural
Wiring/Telecommunications Guidelines of April 1997 should be used as a guidance document
for all new installations.
20. Lighting
Illumination in EPA facilities shall conform as closely as practical to the recommendations
of the Illuminating Engineering Society of North America, as described in its handbook
Recommended Practices, as well as to the guidelines established in 41 CFR Part 101-20; GSA's
PBS-PQ 100.1, Table 6-2; and other consensus documents. Some recommended lighting levels
are as follows:
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a. 50 to 100 footcandles in laboratory spaces, measured at bench level.
b. 50 footcandles at workstations in general office areas, measured at a height of 30
inches above floor level.
c. 30 footcandles in other work areas (e.g., warehouses and storage rooms) measured at
30 inches above floor level.
d. 20 footcandles in corridors and 25 footcandles [in] stairways, measured at the
walking surface.
Where unshielded broad-spectrum or ultraviolet lighting is installed, accommodations must be
made to protect photosensitive employees, operations, and equipment. Ultraviolet lights installed
for scientific operations shall be evaluated for safety on a case-by-case basis, and shielding or
interlocks shall be provided where appropriate.
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Chapter 7 - Environmental Management
CONTENTS
Paragraph Paragraph
Titles Numbers
Purpose 1
References 2
Air Pollution Control 3
Water Pollution Control 4
Solid and Hazardous Waste 5
Petroleum and Hazardous Substance Storage 6
Pesticides 7
Radioactive Materials Management 8
Design for Environment 9
Table Table
Titles Numbers
Ozone Nonattainment Area Classifications 7-1
Examples of Acceptable Replacement HVAC Systems 7-2
Existing CFC System Retrofit Options 7-3
CFC Equipment Servicing 7-4
Required Levels of Vacuum for Equipment Manufactured
On or After November 15,1993 7-5
Required Levels of Vacuum for Equipment Manufactured Before November 15,1993 .. 7-6
Examples of Design for Environment Benefits 7-7
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Figure Figure
Titles Numbers
Overview of NEPA Process 7-1
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Chapter 7 - Environmental Management
1. Purpose
The purpose of this chapter is to establish environmental specifications to be addressed by
managers of facilities and related building systems. Specific areas covered by this chapter
include facility-related environmental requirements for air pollution control, water pollution
control, hazardous waste and toxic substances management, fuel and hazardous substance
storage, pesticide usage, and radioactive materials management. Considerations are also
presented for integrating design for environment factors into the facility planning process. The
EPA Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Guidelines can also be consulted for
guidance on operational issues related to environmental management.
2. References
Interspersed throughout this chapter are many references to documents, parts of the Code
of Federal Regulations, and other resources that may enhance understanding of a particular
topical area or provide further guidance. A complete list of the references cited in this Manual is
included in Appendix A.
3. Air Pollution Control
a. Design Considerations for New Emissions Sources. In accordance with prevailing
federal and/or state requirements, potential sources of air pollution emissions at EPA
facilities shall be identified in a documented inventory as an integral part of facility
construction or modification planning.
(1) Ah- pollution control inventories shall be established prior to facility and
equipment construction, considering the following point source emissions, at a
minimum:
(a) Fossil fuel-fired boilers used to produce hot water or steam for heating
purposes.
(b) Internal combustion engines (e.g., emergency power generators).
(c) Solid/biological waste incinerators.
(d) Paint/mechanical shop exhausts.
(e) Laboratory fume hoods.
(f) Cooling towers.
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(g) Aboveground storage tanks (ASTs) and gasoline-dispensing operations.
The air emission inventories shall include a list of point sources such as those
described above, as well as information on types of fuels (for combustion
equipment) and anticipated types of pollutants, as information is available. In
addition, inventories maintained by existing facilities must be updated to
reflect the installation of new air emissions sources.
The maximum operating design capacity (e.g., British thermal units [Btu]/hour
heat input capacity, horsepower rating), fuel type, and estimated annual fuel
consumption shall be determined prior to installation (or modification) of air
emissions sources. Once this information has been determined, federal, state,
and local air pollution control regulations will be consulted to determine which
preconstruction and operational permitting obligations must be fulfilled as a
part of formal equipment commissioning. Appendix C of this Manual provides
a list of state environmental agency contacts, including air pollution control
organizations.
(2) The following emissions sources shall be designed and equipped during
installation (or modification) in accordance with New Source Performance
Standards (NSPS) and other applicable technology considerations, as described
below:
(a) Fossil fuel-fired boilers with a heat input capacity greater than 100
million Btu/hour (29 megawatts): 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart Db.
(b) Fossil fuel-fired boilers with a heat input capacity of 10 million to 100
million Btu/hour (2.9-29 megawatts); 40 CFR Part 60, Subpart DC.
(Two facilities with emissions sources in this category are the Andrew
W. Breidenbach Environmental Research Center in Cincinnati with two
boilers having 54 million Btu/hour heat input capacity each, and the
National Vehicle and Fuel Emission Laboratory in Ann Arbor with three
boilers having 29 million Btu/hour heat input capacity each.)
(c) Volatile-organic-liquid-containing storage facilities with a volume of 40
cubic meters (approximately 10,600 gallons) or greater: 40 CFR Part 60,
Subpart Kb.
(d) Sources of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) (e.g., laboratory fume
hoods, painting operations, aboveground storage tanks) and nitrogen
oxides (e.g., boilers) in ozone nonattainment areas are defined as "major
sources" based on their emission levels and the attainment classification
of their air quality control region. Current nonattainment areas can be
determined by contacting the Air Compliance Branch in the Air Toxics
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Division of the EPA Regional Office for the region where the source is
located.
Major sources of VOCs and nitrogen oxides are classified by their
potential to emit these ozone-forming compounds. "Potential to emit" is
defined as the maximum capacity of a stationary source .to emit a
pollutant under its physical or operational design. Table 7-1 identifies
the threshold limits for emissions and the corresponding nonattainment
area classifications for VOCs and nitrogen oxides.
Table 7-1. Ozone Nonattainment Area Classifications
Classification
Marginal
Moderate
Serious
Severe
Extreme
Emission Thresholds for Major
Sources (tons per year)
100
100
50
25
10
Facilities with sources identified as major under the above criteria must
be designed to reduce emissions by application of reasonably available
control technology (RACT) or best available control technology (BACT)
as specified by state regulations and applicable federal Control Technical
Guidelines adopted by state programs. The EPA Air Pollution Control
Technology Center in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, is a
clearinghouse for information on approved control technologies for
different types of air emissions sources. The technology center can be
reached through its hotline by calling (919) 551-0800.
b. Requirements for Emissions Regulated bv the National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants fNESHAPsV Special requirements apply to:
(1) Asbestos. Activities involving the demolition or removal of asbestos-
containing materials must be performed in accordance with the design and
operational specifications of 40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M, and 29 CFR
§1926.58 as well as any more stringent state and local regulations.
Requirements for operation and maintenance of facilities with asbestos-
containing materials are specified in the EPA Polity and Program for the
Management of Asbestos-Containing Building Materials at EPA Facilities and
accompanying standard operating practices and standard methods.
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(2) Hexavalent chromium (cooling towers). Facilities shall not be designed or
modified to include the use of hexavalent chromium-containing biocides or
scale inhibitors in cooling and circulation towers.
(3) Other hazardous air pollutants (HAPsX Facilities that emit hazardous air
pollutants (HAPs) listed in Section 112 of the Clean Air Act in quantities that
exceed 10 tons per year for a single HAP or 25 tons per year of two or more
HAPs may be subject to special permit and emission control requirements.
The construction or modification of facilities that have the potential to emit
threshold quantities of these HAPs should be designed in accordance with 40
CFR Parts 61 and 63. More stringent state toxic-air-pollution control
regulations shall also be reviewed for technology considerations impacting
facility construction and modification planning.
c. Halon Fire-Extinguishing Systems. .All EPA facility fire protection systems
containing halon-1301, halon-1202, or halon-1211 have been inventoried and are
either already removed or planned for removal. These systems are to be replaced
with systems containing alternatives approved under the Significant New
Alternatives Policy (SNAP) codified in 40 CFR Part 82, Subpart G. To obtain the
most current list of alternatives approved under SNAP, call the Stratospheric Ozone
Protection Hotline at 1-800-296-1996 or access the associated Internet site at
http://www.epa.gov/docs/ozone/title6/snap/snap.html. New halon fire-extinguishing
systems should not be installed in EPA facilities. This policy applies to both fixed
systems containing halon-1301 and portable extinguishers containing halon-1211,
Existing systems requiring recharge should contact the Halon Recycling Corporation
at 1-800-258-1283 for information about recycled halon available from distributors.
For information on halon system decommissioning, refer to paragraph 2.d.(4) of this
chapter. Also refer to Section 15 of ihe Architecture, Engineering, and Planning
Guidelines ("the AE&P Guidelines") for additional information.
d. Chlorofluorocarbon fCFCVContaming Systems. New heating, ventilation, and air-
conditioning (HVAC) systems that contain CFC refrigerants are not to be installed
in EPA facilities because of the production phaseout of ozone-depleting substances
covered under Title VI of the Clean Air Act, as amended in 1990. New systems must
use refrigerants acceptable under SNAP in 40 CFR Part 82, Subpart G, as described
below. SNAP regulations prohibit users from replacing CFCs with chemicals that
pose an even greater risk to human health and the environment. As of the
publication of this Manual, existing HVAC systems that contain CFC refrigerants
shall be maintained in accordance with the practices described below.
(1) New systems. All new HVAC systems shall use refrigerants identified by EPA
as safe and acceptable under 40 CFR Part 82, Subpart G. Table 7-2 provides
examples of acceptable and unacceptable replacement technologies for CFC
chiller systems as of the publication of this Manual. This table does not
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contain an exhaustive list and can be amended by petitioning the EPA for
evaluation of new or unlisted alternatives.
Table 7-2. Examples of Acceptable Replacement HVAC Systems
System Type
Centrifugal
Centrifugal
Reciprocating
Existing System
R11
R12
R12
Acceptable Substitute
Hydrochlorofluorocarbon (HCFC)-123
HCFC-22
Hydrofluorocarbon (HFC)-134a
HFC-227a
Ammonia Vapor Compression
Evaporative Cooling
Desiccant Cooling
Ammonia/Water Absorption
Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption
HFC-123
HCFC-22
HFC-134a
Ammonia Vapor Compression
Evaporative Cooling .
Desiccant Cooling
Ammonia/Water Absorption
Water/Lithium Bromide Absorption
HFC-134a
R-401A
R-401B
Evaporative Cooling
Desiccant Cooling
Unacceptable Substitute
HCFC-22/HFC-
142WCFC-12
Hydrocarbon A
HCFC-22/HFC-
142WCFC-12
Hydrocarbon A
The information in this chart should be periodically updated by calling the EPA Stratospheric Ozone Protection Hotline
at 1-800-296-1996 or by accessing the Internet site at http://www.epa.gov/docs/ozone/title6/snap/snap.html.
(2)
Each new system must comply with the American Society of Heating,
Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard 15 and
guideline 3 to ensure that the equipment has the proper safety features. These
safety features may include sensitive detectors, alert systems, and information
on required ventilation systems.
Retrofit of old systems. EPA's Architecture, Engineering and Real Estate
Branch (AEREB) encourages that old systems be replaced, not retrofitted. If
retrofitting is the option selected, however, existing systems can be retrofitted
with the refrigerants listed in Table 7-3. EPA facilities shall follow the retrofit
instructions provided by the refrigerant manufacturer and the HVAC
equipment manufacturer.
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Table 7-3. Existing CFC System Retrofit Options
System Type
Centrifugal
Centrifugal
Reciprocating
Existing System
R11
R12
R12
Acceptable Retrofit
HCFC-123
HFC-134a
R-406A
HFC-134a
R-401A
R-401B
Unacceptable Retrofit
HCFC-141b
HCFC-22/HFC-
142D/CFC-12
HCFC-22/HFC-
142WCFC-12
The information in this chart should be periodically updated by calling the EPA Stratospheric Ozone Protection Hotline
at 1-800-296-1996 or by accessing the Internet site at http://www.epa.gov/docs/ozone/title6/snap/snap.html.
(3) Maintenance and operation of existing equipment. No person maintaining,
repairing, or disposing of appliances may knowingly vent, or otherwise release
into the atmosphere, a Class I or II substance (see Appendix D for the list of
EPA-regulated ozone-depleting substances) used as a refrigerant in such
equipment unless this venting or releasing is associated with a good faith
attempt to recover or recycle the refrigerant (40 CFR §82.154). In addition, all
persons opening appliances, except for persons opening motor vehicle air
conditioners (MVAC) for maintenance, service, or repair, must evacuate the
refrigerant to a system receiver or a recovery or recycling machine certified
pursuant to 40 CFR §82.158. Table 7-4 lists the required evacuation levels.
Table 7-4. CFC Equipment Servicing
Type of Appliance
HCFC-22 appliances, or isolated component
of such appliances, normally containing less
than 200 pounds of refrigerant
HCFC-22 appliances, or isolated component
of such appliances, normally containing 200
pounds or more of refrigerant
Very-high-pressure appliances
Other high-pressure appliances, or isolated
component of such appliances, normally
containing less than 200 pounds of
refrigerant
Other high-pressure appliances, or isolated
component of such appliances, normally
containing 200 pounds or more of refrigerant
Low-pressure appliances
Required Evacuation Levels (in inches of Hg vacuum
[relative to standard atmospheric pressure of 29.9 inches Hg])
Using recovery or recycling
equipment manufactured or
imported before 11/15/93
0
4
0
4
4
25
Using recovery or recycling
equipment manufactured or
imported on or after 1 1/15/93
0
10
0
10
15
25
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All persons who maintain, service, or repair appliances, except MVACs, and
all persons who dispose of appliances, except for small appliances, room air
conditioners, and MVACs, must be certified by an approved technician
certification program under 40 CFR §82.161. Facilities shall keep servicing
records documenting the date and type of service and the quantities of
refrigerant added. Facilities also shall keep copies of technician certifications
at the facility for 3 years.
Equipment used in the recovery or recycling of refrigerants must meet the
standards under 40 CFR §82.158 and be capable of achieving the level of
evacuation in Tables 7-5 and 7-6. Systems equipped with a noncondensables
purge device must not release more than 3 percent of the quantity of refrigerant
being recycled through noncondensables purging. The required levels of
vacuum for equipment manufactured on or after November 15,1993, are listed
in Table 7-5.
Table 7-5. Required Levels of Vacuum for Equipment Manufactured On or After November 15,1993
Type of Appliance with which Recovery or Recycling Machine Is Intended To Be Used
HCFC-22 appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally containing less
than 200 pounds of refrigerant
HCFC-22 appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally containing 200
pounds or more of refrigerant
Very high-pressure appliances
Other high-pressure appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally
containing less than 200 pounds of refrigerant
Other high-pressure appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally
containing 200 pounds or more of refrigerant
Low-pressure appliances
Inches of
Hg Vacuum
0
10
0
10
15
25
The required levels of vacuum for equipment manufactured before November
15,1993, are listed in Table 7-6.
Table 7-6. Required Levels of Vacuum for Equipment Manufactured Before November 15,1993
Type of Appliance with which Recovery or Recycling Machine Is Intended To Be Used
HCFC-22 appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally containing less
than 200 pounds of refrigerant
HCFC-22 appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally containing 200
pounds or more of refrigerant
Very-high-pressure appliances
Other high-pressure appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally
containing less than 200 pounds of refrigerant
Other high-pressure appliances, or isolated component of such appliances, normally
containing 200 pounds or more of refrigerant
Low-pressure appliances
Inches of
Hg Vacuum
0
4
0
4
4
25
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Any organization servicing equipment containing Class I or Class II
refrigerants must certify to EPA that its recovery and recycling equipment is
certified to the above standards. Certifications shall be sent to the appropriate
EPA Regional Office listed in 40 CFR §82.162 based on the location of the
facility. Reclaimed refrigerants for use in EPA facilities must fulfill the purity
standards set forth in American Refrigeration Institute (ARI) Standard 700-
1993.
If commercial and industrial refrigeration equipment with a refrigerant charge
of 50 pounds or more is leaking at a rate exceeding 35 percent of the total
annual charge, it must be repaired. Facilities can be assessed with fines of up
to $25,000 per day per violation.
For maintenance and servicing of MVACs, refrigerant recovery and recycling
equipment must be used and must meet the standards in Appendix A of this
Manual pursuant to 40 CFR Part 82, Subpart B, Recommended Service
Procedure for the Containment of R-12, Extraction and Recycle Equipment for
Mobile Automotive Air-Conditioning Systems, and Standard of Purity for Use
in Mobile Air Conditioning Systems, SAE J1990.
(4) System decommissioning. Persons disposing of appliances except for small
appliances, MVACs, and MVAC-like appliances, must evacuate to the levels
in Table 7-3.
Several organizations will accept or buy surplus halons and CFCs from EPA
facilities. These organizations include the government-sponsored Halon
Recycling Corporation at 1-800-258-1283 or (703) 524-6636, and the Defense
Logistics Agency in Richmond, Virginia, at (804) 279-4525. The Defense
Logistics Agency repository will accept surplus CFC-11, CFC-12, CFC-14,
and halon-1301. Recovered halon and CFCs may be shipped in any size
cylinder provided that the cylinder is tagged and labeled with the shipper's
name, address, and telephone number; the type and quantity of ozone-depleting
substance shipped; and the appropriate U.S. Department of Transportation
(DOT) warning labels. The repository will also accept fire extinguishers and
halon spheres. Fire suppression systems with electrical charges must be
deactivated, and safety caps must be used to cover exposed activation
mechanisms, prior to shipment. For additional information, write to:
Halon Recycling Manager
Defense Depot Richmond Virginia
SWO400
Cylinder Operations
800 Jefferson Davis Highway
Richmond, VA 23297-5000
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e. Indoor Air Quality. In recognition of the need to provide practical indoor-air-quality
design guidance, the following design considerations are presented to reflect
industry-accepted practices in the fields of building science and indoor air quality.
(1) Location of building.. The location of a building can affect the quality of air
being introduced into the building regardless of the design and operation of the
HVAC system. Some sources of ah- pollution outside the building are pollen,
dust, fungal spores, industrial pollutants, general vehicle exhaust, contaminants
from previous uses of site or current uses of adjoining site (e.g., landfill, tank
farm), and radon. The siting of the building should take into consideration
outside sources of contaminants as well as the siting criteria for laboratories
cited in Section 2 of the AE&P Guidelines.
(2) Building design. The original design and the intended use of the building can
affect the quality of the air. HVAC systems shall be evaluated to determine
whether the building HVAC system is functioning as designed and meets the
requirements established in ASHRAE 62, and American National Standards
Institute (ANSI)/ASHRAE 55, and the fume hood information in Chapter 5 of
this Manual and in Section 15 of the AE&P Guidelines. HVAC systems shall
also be retested against the above-stated criteria if the building has been
significantly renovated or if HVAC system equipment has been replaced.
(3) Design of HVAC system. The HVAC system shall be designed to maintain
temperature and humidity within acceptable ranges (as outlined in ANSI/
ASHRAE 55-1981), to supply sufficient amounts of conditioned outside fresh
air (20 cubic feet per minute [cfin] per person), to distribute appropriate
, volumes of air and air movement (as outlined in ANSI/ASHRAE 55-1981),
and to facilitate the cleaning and maintenance of the HVAC system
components as discussed in Chapter 5 of this Manual and in Section 15 of the
AE&P Guidelines and as required by state and local building codes. The
location of outdoor air intakes should be away from contaminant sources (e.g.,
plumbing vents, cooling towers, local exhaust stacks, loading docks). Where
ah* intakes and pollution sources are in close proximity, modeling shall be used
to confirm adequate separation to prevent entrainment of contamination into
the facility. Additional ventilation design parameters (e.g., stack height,
exhaust gas velocity, exhaust and intake placement) can be found in the
American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
Ventilation Manual.
In mixed-use buildings the HVAC system should maintain appropriate pressure
relationships to isolate and control odors and contaminants (e.g., from
laboratories, attached parking garages, print shops, hazardous material storage
areas, smoking lounges, kitchens).
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(4) Interior furnishings, materials, and equipment. Interior furnishings, materials,
and equipment (e.g., carpet, draperies, furniture, paint, office equipment) shall
be, where practical, of the low-VOC-emitting (e.g., formaldehyde) or low-
ozone-depleting type. Where purchase of such furnishings, materials, or
equipment is impracticable, sufficient time shall be provided to allow initial
off-gassing of VOCs prior to occupancy, as discussed in Section 15 of the
AE&P Guidelines. Other related requirements are found in Sections 9,10,11,
and 12 of the AE&P Guidelines. Interior furnishings, materials, and equipment
shall not obstruct the flow and distribution of supplied air within occupied
spaces.
(5) Local exhaust systems. Local exhaust systems shall be provided for sources of
airborne contaminants when general HVAC dilution ventilation is not
sufficient to maintain odors and contaminants at safe levels (e.g., chemicals
and odors from janitorial closets, smoking lounges, bathrooms).
For additional information on indoor air quality refer to EPA's Building Air
Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers, December
1991.
4. Water Pollution Control
a. Design Considerations for National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES') DischargeRequirements. Potential sources of NPDES-regulated
discharges to surface water shall be identified in a documented inventory of point and
nonpoint discharge sources. NPDES discharge source inventories shall be an integral
part of facility construction or modification planning and shall include:
(1) Process effluent discharges
(2) Noncontact cooling-water discharges
(3) Stormwater discharges.
b. Determination of NPDES Permitting Obligations. The anticipated operating
conditions of discharge sources (e.g., flow rate and concentrations of discharged
constituents) shall be evaluated to determine applicable federal and state NPDES
permit requirements. Applicable NPDES permitting conditions shall be reflected in
design specifications, including representative flow monitoring, sampling, special
pretreatment systems, and drainage.
c. Identification of NPDES Special Design and Control Technologies. Special
engineering design and control technologies shall be considered and developed in
accordance with applicable NPDES permit conditions and the BAT effluent
guidelines of 40 CFR Parts 406-^471.
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d. ^terminationof Septic and Aquifer Discharge Requirements. State and local
requirements shall be identified for facilities that will discharge to septic systems or
aquifers. Compliance with these provisions will be achieved by incorporating the
appropriate design and engineering controls. AEREB shall be contacted for approval
of any non-stormwater discharges into septic systems or aquifers.
%
e. Determination of Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) Pretreatment Standards
and Effluent Monitoring Requirements. For facilities discharging effluent to a
POTW, applicable federal (see 40 CFR §403.5(b)) and state (see Appendix C for
state water pollution control contacts) pretreatment standards, local sewer use
ordinance, permitting, and effluent monitoring requirements shall be determined. If
applicable, permitting and pretreatment obligations for significant industrial users
must be achieved in design and installation. The monitoring and sampling
requirements shall be determined for all discharge points and shall include, at a
minimum, flow rate, pH measurement, and representative influent/effluent sample
collection. Additionally, the facility shall have a plumbing design configuration to
facilitate mapping of effluent discharge pathways, identification of representative
sampling points, and future plumbing system modifications.
f Elementary Neutralization Systems. Systems shall be provided to neutralize and
monitor wastewater discharges for facilities with corrosive effluents to ensure EPA
facility conformance with the Clean Water Act pretreatment standards in 40 CFR
§403.5(b)(2) and standards imposed by local POTWs. The system shall include
flow-rate measurement, pH sensors, pH adjustment capabilities, and engineering
features to enable the collection of representative effluent samples. Guidance on
collecting representative wastewater samples to.determine effluent quality can be
obtained from the EPA publication, Industrial User Inspection and Sampling Manual
for POTWs, EPA 831 -B-94-001, April 1994. The system engineering controls shall
provide the capability to identify and mitigate unacceptable discharges; such controls
include pH excursion alarms and automatic flow cutoff devices. System designs
shall provide for the routine operation and maintenance of key components such as
agitators, pumps, and pH probes.
g. Drinking Water. Facilities shall adhere to the requirements listed below.
(1) Identification of potable water supply. Facility construction planning should
include a determination of the source of potable water supplies. Facilities that
obtain drinking water from municipal sources have limited responsibilities for
monitoring drinking water, except initial construction and leasing monitoring.
Where drinking water is derived from on-site wells and is provided to an
average of 25 individuals daily for at least 60 days out of the year, more
extensive monitoring is required for the physical, chemical, biological, and
radiological parameters identified in 40 CFR Parts 141 and 143.
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(2) Applicable monitoring requirements. The quality of potable water in all newly
leased or constructed facilities shall be tested (optimally, a sample should be
drawn from the main supply line to the facility) to ensure conformance with the
following levels: aluminum (0.2 milligrams per liter [mg/L]), chloride (250
mg/L), color (15 color units), copper (1.3 mg/L), iron (0.3 mg/L), lead (0.015
mg/L), manganese (0.05 mg/L), pH (6.5-8.5), silver (0.1 mg/L), sulfate (250
mg/L), total dissolved solids (500 mg/L), and zinc (5 mg/L).
In newly acquired facilities or newly plumbed systems, lead (action level of 15
micrograms per liter [Mg/L]) and copper (action level of 1.3 mg/L) monitoring
shall also be performed to ensure conformance with the action levels specified
above in response to major facility modifications, plumbing system alterations,
or the addition of new water supply fixtures (e.g., water coolers). Potable
water shall be tested for lead content in accordance with the EPA publication
entitled Lead in School Drinking Water, EPA 57019-89-001, January 1989.
For copper monitoring of potable water, the Office of Water recommends that
one 30-second flush sample be taken at an internal tap from which water is
typically drawn for consumption.
Facilities that provide potable water to an average of 25 individuals daily for at
least 60 days out of the year are defined as public water systems. These are
subject to monitoring for physical, chemical, radiological, and biological
parameters as specified in 40 CFR Part 141.
(3) Pretreatment considerations. Facilities that obtain drinking water from on-site
wells should be designed with sufficient pretreatment capabilities to ensure the
safety and aesthetic quality of the water for general consumption. At a
minimum, pretreatment systems for water obtained from on-site sources should
provide levels of performance that ensure fulfillment of the primary maximum
contaminant levels in 40 CFR Part 141, the lead and copper action levels in 40
CFR §141.80, and the secondary maximum contaminant levels in 40 CFR Part
143.
5. Solid and Hazardous Waste
a. Identification of Hazardous Waste Management Activities. Requirements vary
depending on the way in which hazardous waste is managed. The majority of EPA
facilities operate solely as generators of hazardous waste, subject to quantity or
accumulation time limits (see 40 CFR §262.34). EPA offices and administrative
buildings may not generate sufficient quantities of hazardous waste to warrant
substantive regulation under federal and state hazardous waste laws. Hazardous
waste management activities common to EPA facilities include those described
below.
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(1) Generator container accumulation. Hazardous wastes at EPA facilities are
most commonly held in containers, such as glass solvent jugs, plastic jerry
cans, and 55-gallon drums.
(2) Generator tank accumulation. Aboveground or underground tanks may be used
to hold larger volumes of liquid waste either indoors or outdoors.
(3) Treatment storaee^or disposal. Certain types of treatment, longer term
accumulation, and most forms of disposal may alter the regulatory status of the
facility. Such a change can involve extensive permitting and facility design
considerations.
b. Determination of Applicable Regulatory Requirements. Facilities shall consider
federal and state requirements.
(1) Federal. Federal hazardous waste requirements are found in 40 CFR Parts 260
through 279. Parts 262,264, and 265 are the most relevant to facility design.
(2) More stringent state requirements. State requirements may be more stringent
than federal regulations. State agencies and implementing regulations shall be
consulted to help identify applicable standards and determine whether
requirements exceed federal regulations. Appendix C of this Manual provides
a contact list of state hazardous waste management agencies.
c. Facility. Design Requirements for Containers. Requirements for managing containers
are listed below.
(1) Central hazardous waste accumulation (per 40 CFR Part 264. Subpart D.
Sufficient space must be allowed, or a protective barrier installed, so that
incompatible wastes (e.g., oxidizers and ignitables) can be separated by a safe
distance or means. Container management areas must have sufficient capacity
to contain at least 10 percent of the volume of containers or the volume of the
largest container to be accumulated, whichever is greater. The base of the
containment system must be free of cracks and gaps and be sufficiently
impervious to contain leaks or spills until the collected material is detected and
removed. If ignitable or reactive wastes are generated, the accumulation
facility or area will need to be located at least 50 feet from the facility's
property line.
(2) Emergency preparedness equipment. Aisle space in hazardous waste
accumulation areas shall be sufficient to allow for container inspection and for
the unobstructed movement of personnel and emergency equipment. State
regulations may indicate exact distances.
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Fire extinguishers and other fire control equipment shall be available at
hazardous waste accumulation points. Water must be available in sufficient
volume and at sufficient pressure to facilitate fire-righting operations (for
example, sprinklers and hose streams). In addition, other safety equipment
such as eyewashes and safety showers shall be provided in accordance with the
provisions of Chapter 4, paragraph 16, of this Manual.
Two-way communications, such as radios or telephones, and alarm systems to
initiate emergency response shall be immediately available to hazardous waste
accumulation areas (see 40 CFR §265.32).
Requirements imposed by more stringent state hazardous waste management
regulations shall be reviewed and addressed, as appropriate, to augment these
specifications.
(3) Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHAVNational Fire
Protection Association (NFPA1 egress considerations. Central hazardous waste
accumulation areas shall be designed in accordance with applicable means-of-
egress standards referenced in Chapter 4 of this Manual.
d. Facility Design Requirements for Tanks. The installation of hazardous waste tanks
shall provide for sufficient area for visual tank inspection and installation of
secondary containment, such as a double-wall or berm. Hazardous waste tanks must
be installed hi accordance with 40 CFR Part 264, Subpart J. If ignitable or reactive
wastes are intended for management within tank systems, a minimum distance of 50
feet from the property boundary shall be maintained.
e. Facility Design Requirements for Other Units. Other types of hazardous waste units
may be operated at a facility, but only at facilities with a treatment, storage, or
disposal permit. Such units include incinerators, surface impoundments, waste piles,
and other devices, called "miscellaneous units," approved by EPA or the state.
Specific subparts are included in 40 CFR Part 264 for these units and shall be
consulted if such units are considered.
f. Green Lights Projects. When planning or performing Green Lights upgrades and
fluorescent light maintenance projects, special considerations are required for the
management of the spent mercury-containing light bulbs and potentially PCB-
contaminated ballasts. Mercury-containing fluorescent light bulbs are considered
hazardous waste. Disposal and management practices for the waste shall be
consistent with the joint AEREB and Safety, Health and Environmental Management
Division (SHEMD) memorandum (June 15,1995) on waste fluorescent and high-
intensity discharge bulb management. (See Memorandum on Lighting Fixture
Disposal Guidance and Strategy in Appendix F of this Manual.)
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g. Solvent Recovery/Recycling. Solvent recovery stills and similar operations must be
operated in ventilated enclosures or in distillation (Knee-high or Low-boy) hoods.
The enclosures should be of sufficient size and configuration to accommodate the
still, contaminated-solvent container, and receiving receptacles and to allow sashes or
doors to be completely closed during operation. Additionally, the electrical systems
inside the enclosure as well as ventilation equipment (e.g., fan motor) must meet
requirements in Chapter 5 of NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code). Care should be
exercised in handling bottles containing hazardous materials/wastes to prevent
damage to .the receptacles (typically glass bottles) resulting in a spill. Additional
information can be found in Chapter 5 of this Manual concerning ventilation of these
types of enclosures.
6. Petroleum and Hazardous Substance Storage
a. Spill Prevention and Control Planning (40 CFR Part 112). EPA facilities shall
determine the potential spill risks associated with storing petroleum and hazardous
substances and shall perform an assessment of the magnitude of these risks to
facilitate effective prevention and control planning.
(1) Determination of potential spill risks. Potential spill risks are presented by
petroleum and hazardous material storage vessels of all kinds, including
aboveground, underground, and internal storage tanks; container and drum
storage areas; flow systems (valves and controls); receiving and shipping
terminals; waste treatment and disposal areas; and large mineral oil
.transformers. An accurate inventory of these spill risks shall be documented,
including the tank area, size, volume, storage capacity, contents, and function.
Information for other types of spills associated with processes or operations
involving the handling of hazardous substances shall be documented. A
facility layout shall be prepared identifying the spill risk areas and probable
dispersion pathways, topography, facility boundaries, and all buildings and
structures. The preventive systems, sources of water for fire fighting, and
service and emergency facilities relative to the spill risk areas shall be clearly
represented in the layout Major community receptors related to the spill risk
area shall be represented on the layout or on a separate layout.
(2) Risk assessment. Spill prevention and control planning requires performance
of a risk assessment of the type of material storage, the quantity and type of
material, and the incompatible surrounding storage conditions. There should
be an evaluation of whether multiple or single releases could occur and what
. impact the release would have given the potential exposure pathways, direction
and rate of spill flow, and the sensitive environmental areas and natural
resources surrounding the storage area and facility. Sensitive environmental
areas may include waterways, wetlands, recreational and park areas, forests,
and wildlife sanctuaries. Natural resources, such as fish and wildlife, forest,
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waterways, agriculture, and groundwater critical to the local community, shall
be assessed and the required measures taken to mitigate risk.
b.. Aboveground Storage Tanks
(1) Assessment of aboveground storage tank requirements. Before the AST
specifications and design are determined, several AST requirements shall be
assessed and considered, including the material type, volume, throughput
requirements, surrounding conditions, and nature of AST activity. Each of
these is discussed below.
(a) Type of material. The type of material and the composition of the
substance requiring storage must be assessed. The material may be
petroleum, oil, hazardous, nonhazardous, or acutely hazardous. The
compatible and noncompatible tank materials for this substance shall be
determined.
(b) . Volume and throughput requirements. The maximum storage capacity
and the rate of material usage must be evaluated. The maximum period
of time the material may be needed and the rate of material usage during
emergency situations shall also be known.
(c) Surrounding conditions. The surrounding conditions of the tank and
associated piping shall be determined, including maximum and minimum
operating and exposure temperatures; soil type and background levels of
contamination relative to the material to be stored; proximity to
navigable waters, adjacent property, and buildings; and location of
floodplain, utility lines, and service points. If an AST system is to be
upgraded, the age, current as-built design specifications, current tank
conditions, and contents shall be determined.
(d) Nature of AST activity. Whether the AST under consideration is a
replacement tank, an upgrade project, or a new installation must be
determined for the design and performance criteria. For logistical
consideration of installation sequence and location, it should be
established whether the AST is replacing an existing underground
storage tank (UST) or AST.
(2) Applicable AST design standards. All tanks and piping shall be designed
according to the state and local requirements, 40 CFR Part 112, NFPA 30
(Section 2-3), 29 CFR Part 1910, and the American Petroleum Institute
standards. All states have adopted fire codes that regulate the aboveground
storage of petroleum. Many states have adopted technical standards and
permitting or registration requirements for ASTs. Some states have
construction standards or release prevention requirements that apply to various
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categories of tanks. Most common are secondary containment standards such
as dike construction, impervious lining, and volume capacity requirements.
Other requirements include release detection, corrosion protection, overfill
protection, piping and valve standards, as well as impermeable barriers or
double bottoms for new ASTs. Section 2-3 of NFPA 30 includes the following
requirements for ASTs exceeding a 660-gallon capacity:
(a) Location and spacing of ASTs shall be in accordance with NFPA 30.
(b) Liquefied propane gas (LPG) containers shall be separated from
flammable or combustible-liquid storage tanks by 20 feet.
(c) Volume of diked area shall not be less than the capacity of the largest
tank within the diked area and should meet other NFPA 30 requirements.
(d) Tanks taken out of service or abandoned shall be emptied of liquid,
rendered vapor-free, and safeguarded against trespassing.
(e) When vent pipe outlets for tanks storing Class I liquids are adjacent to
buildings or public ways, vents should discharge 12 feet above ground
level. In addition, consideration must be given to placement of vent pipe
outlets relative to building air intakes.
(3) Conformance with spill prevention control and countermeasure plan (SPCQ
requirements. The following SPCC requirements are applicable to
aboveground storage capacity greater than 660 gallons of oil in any single
aboveground container or 1,320 gallons of aggregate oil capacity, regardless of
container size.
(a) Secondary containment. The appropriate secondary containment or
diversionary structures to prevent discharged petroleum products from
reaching navigable water course, shall be provided. For onshore
facilities these may include, but are not limited to, dikes, berms, and
retaining walls; curbing; culverts, gutters, or other drainage systems;
weirs, booms, or other barriers; spill diversion ponds; retention ponds;
and sorbent materials. (See memorandum from Don Clay on the Use of
Alternative Secondary Containment Measures at Facilities Regulated
Under the Oil Pollution Prevention Regulation [40 CFR Part 112] in
Appendix F of this Manual.)
.(b) Drainage systems. Drainage for diked storage areas must be restrained
by manual open/close valves. Drainage of undiked areas shall drain into
ponds, lagoons, or catchment basins for oil retention. These basins shall
be designed to avoid flooding. A diversion system to retain uncontrolled
spill shall be used when there is final discharge of all in-plant ditches.
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Treatment units for drainage shall be designed for gravity flow or backup
pumping systems. Drainage areas shall prevent oil from reaching
navigable waters in the event of equipment failure or human error.
(c) Security. Security for tanks should be in accordance with 40 CFR
§112.7(e)(9), including, but not limited to, fencing, entrance gates with
locks, locking valves and pump controls, capped and marked transfer
points, and adequate lighting for visibility at night.
(d) Onshore bulk storage tank systems. These tanks shall be compatible
with the material stored and provide secondary containment for the entire
contents of the largest tank plus freeboard for precipitation. These tanks
shall include drainage and alternative containment, high-liquid-level
alarms and pump, communication, and liquid-level sensors and gauges in
accordance with 40 CFR § 112.7(e)(2). Portable tanks should be
positioned to prevent spills from reaching navigable waters and should
not be located in areas prone to flooding.
(e) Facility transfer operations. If a pipeline is expected to be out of service
for an extended period of time, the terminal connection design of the
transfer point shall be capped and/or blank flanged, and marked
indicating the origin. Pipe supports shall avoid abrasion and corrosion
and allow for expansion and contraction. Aboveground pipelines shall
be properly located allowing for regular integrity and leak inspections.
c. Underground Storage Tanks
(1) Assessment ofjunderground storage tank requirements. Prior to determining
the UST specifications and design, several UST requirements shall be assessed
and considered.
(a) Type of material. The type of material and the composition of the
substance requiring storage shall be assessed. Substances stored in USTs
may be petroleum, oil, or hazardous substances. Tank compatibility with
the substances to be stored shall be determined. Other characteristics of
the material to be assessed may include specific gravity, immiscibility in
water, and volatility of vapor level detection in soils.
(b) Volume and throughput requirements. The amount of material to be .
stored at one time and the rate of material usage shall be determined.
The maximum length of time the material may be needed and the rate of
material usage during emergency situations also shall be determined.
(c) Surrounding conditions. The surrounding conditions of the tank and
associated piping shall be addressed, including maximum and minimum
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operating and exposure temperatures; soil type and background levels of
contamination relative to the material to be stored; groundwater level;
proximity to navigable waters, adjacent property, and buildings; and
location of floodplain, utility lines, and service points. If a UST system
is to be upgraded, the age, as-built design specifications, current tank
conditions, and contents will need to be determined.
(d) Nature of UST activity. Whether the UST under consideration is a
replacement tank, an upgrade project, or a new installation is critical to
determining the design and performance criteria. It shall be clearly
understood whether the UST is replacing an existing UST or AST
because logistical determinations will have to be made concerning
installation sequence and location. Also, if a UST is being replaced, the
closure method (i.e., closure in place or by removal [40 CFR Part 280,
Subpart G]) should be assessed because this will impact the location of
the replacement tank.
(2) Applicable UST design standards. All tanks and piping shall be designed
according to state (see Appendix C of this Manual for state UST contacts) and
local requirements; 40 CFR Part 280, including referenced national consensus
standards (e.g., American Petroleum Institute standards); 40 CFR Part 112;
NFPA 30; and 29 CFR Part 1910. Additionally, states may establish
regulations that prescribe more stringent UST design standards. Design
standards are listed below but do not apply to the following UST systems:
hazardous waste tanks regulated under Subtitle C of the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act, septic tanks, UST systems with a capacity of 110 gallons or
less, and stormwater or wastewater collection systems. Specific UST system
design requirements include:
(a) Corrosion protection. All UST and associated piping must have
corrosion protection. The tank material should be fiberglass-reinforced
plastic, or steel-fiberglass-reinforced plastic composite. The pipe
material should be fiberglass-reinforced plastic. Approved cathodic
protection shall be designed in accordance with 40 CFR §280.20(a)(2)
and (b)(2).
(b) Spill and overfill control. Spill prevention equipment (e.g., spill
catchment basin) is required to prevent the release of product when the
transfer hose is detached from the fill pipe. In addition, overfill
prevention equipment shall be used to accomplish one or more of the
following:
1. Automatically shut off flow into the tank at 95 percent capacity.
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2. Alert the transfer operator at 90 percent capacity with a high-level
alarm or flow gauge.
3. Restrict flow 30 minutes prior to overfilling.
4. Alert the transfer operator with high-level alarm 1 minute before
overfilling.
5. Automatically shut off flow to prevent tank-top fittings from
product exposure.
Spill and overfill prevention is not required if the tank transfers or filling
is restricted to 25 gallons of product.
(c) Secondary containment. Secondary containment must be provided for
new petroleum-hazardous-substance tanks installed at EPA facilities so
that the tank and piping design requirements are to contain any released
product until the product is detected and removed, thereby preventing the
release of regulated substances into the environment. Double-walled
tanks should be provided to contain a release from the inner tank and to
allow for the detection of the failure of the inner wall.
(d) Release detection. All existing and new UST systems must provide a
method or combination of methods that can detect a release from any
portion of the tank and associated underground piping. The release
detection method must be installed, calibrated, operated, and maintained
in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions and should meet the
requirements of 40 CFR §280.43 and §280.44. All release detection
methods must be capable of detecting the leak rate with a probability of
detection (Pd) of 0.95 and a probability of false alarm (Pfa) of 0.05.
Tanks with a volume capacity of 550 gallons or less may rely on manual
tank gauging for release detection.
By December 22,1998, all existing hazardous substance UST systems
must meet the release detection requirement for new hazardous substance
systems in 40 CFR §280.42(b). Release detection for petroleum and
existing hazardous substance USTs shall be provided as specified in 40
CFR §280.40 through §280.42.
Release detection for petroleum underground piping must be in
accordance with 40 CFR §280.4 l(b) and the release detection methods
requirements of 40 CFR §280.43 and §280.44. Petroleum suction piping
must be capable of detecting a 0.2-gallon-per-hour or 150-gallon-per-
month leak rate with a 0.95 Pd or 0.05 Pfa. Release detection is not
required for suction piping if the following conditions are met:
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1. Below-grade piping operates at less than atmospheric pressure.
2. Below-grade piping is sloped so that the contents of the pipe will
drain back into the storage tank if suction is released.
3. Only one check valve is included in each suction line.
4. The check valve is located directly below, and as close as practical
to, the suction pump.
5. A method is provided that allows compliance with the above
conditions to be readily determined.
(e) Location. USTs shall be located in consideration of existing building
foundations. All USTs shall be set on firm foundations. Distance or
clearance of USTs from buildings should be in accordance with section
2-4 of NFPA 30, including those requirements described below.
1. For areas subject to traffic, the UST should be protected with 3 feet
of earth or with 18 inches of earth well tamped and 6 inches of
reinforced concrete.
2. For tanks storing Class I liquids, the distance from any part of the
tank to the nearest wall of any basement or pit shall not be less than
1 foot, and the distance to any property line that may be built upon,
not less than 3 feet
3. For tanks storing Class II or III liquids, the distance from any part
of the tank to the nearest wall of any basement or pit or to the
nearest property line shall not be less than 1 foot
(f) Vent pipes. Vent pipe requirements for USTs should be in accordance
with section 2-4.5 of NFPA 30, including those requirements described
below.
1. For Class I-liquid tanks, vent pipes shall be located so that the
discharge point is outside of buildings, higher than the fill pipe
opening, and not less than 12 feet above the adjacent ground level.
2. For tanks containing Class II or III flammable liquid, vent pipes
from tanks shall terminate outside of buildings and higher than the
fill pipe opening, with outlets above normal snow level. Normal
snow level can be calculated by using the method presented in
Section 1111.0 of the Building Officials and Code Administrators
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International, Inc. (BOCA) National Building Code or another
nationally recognized method.
(g) Tank openings. Connections and openings for gauging, vapor recovery,
and fill pipes should be designed in accordance with section 2-4.6 of
NFPA 30, including, but not limited to, those requirements described
below.
1. Connections for all tank openings and manual gauging openings
should be liquid tight.
2. Fill and discharge lines shall enter through the top, and fill lines
shall be sloped toward the tank. Fill pipes that enter through the
top shall terminate within 6 inches of the tank bottom.
3. Class I-liquid tanks having a capacity of greater than 1,000 gallons
shall be equipped with a tight fill device for connecting the fill
hose to the tank.
4. Valves, openings, and connections for tanks equipped with vapor
recovery shall be designed in accordance with section 2-4.6 of
NFPA and with any other applicable requirements.
(h) Installation and certification. All tanks and piping must be properly
installed and tested in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions.
The following installation procedures may be used:
1. American Petroleum Institute Publication 1615, Installation of
Underground Petroleum Storage System.
2, Petroleum Engineers Institute Publication RP100, Recommended
Practices for Installation of Underground Liquid Storage Systems.
3. ANSI standard B31.4, Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping
System.
The following testing, inspection, and certification methods per 40 CFR
§280.20(d) and (e) should be used to demonstrate the proper installation:
1. The installer shall be certified by the tank and piping
manufacturers or by the implementing agency.
2. The installation shall either be inspected and certified by a
registered professional engineer with education and experience in
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UST system installation or shall be inspected and approved by the
implementing agency.
3. The manufacturer's installation instructions (e.g., tank tightness
tests, verification of fitting and tank integrity, ventilation of tank
position and anchors, validating cathodic protection) have been
performed and completed. Additional guidance on UST
installation includes the following videos: (1) Underground
. Storage Tanks: Rest in Peace (Publication No. EPA 501-V-92-
601), (2) Doing It Right Video (Publication No. EPA 510-V-92-
801), and (3) Doing It Right II: Installing Required (Publication
No. 999-Z-99-999). See Appendix A of this Manual for
information about obtaining these videos.
(i) Compatibility. The UST system must be made of, or lined with,
materials that are compatible with the substance stored in the UST
system.
(j) Repairs. UST system repairs must be made in accordance with 40 CFR
§280.33 and nationally recognized standards or according to independent
laboratory testing requirements. All repaired UST systems must be
tightness tested within 30 days of repair completion and in accordance
with the EPA tightness testing regulatory requirements presented in
40 CFR §280.43(c) and §280.44(b).
(3) Conformance with SPCC requirements. The following SPCC requirements are
applicable to USTs with capacities of greater than 42,000 gallons of oil.
(a) Security. Security for tanks should be in accordance with 40 CFR
§112.7(e)(9), including^ but not limited to, facility fencing and entrance
gates with locks, locking valves and pump controls, and capped and
marked transfer points.
(b) Corrosion protection. Corrosion protection should be provided for
buried metallic tanks and piping in accordance with 40 CFR § 112.7.
(4) Inside tanks. All tanks shall be designed and maintained in accordance with 29
CFR Part 1910 and NFPA 30 where applicable. Requirements such as
separation, location, and ventilation are discussed in more detail in Chapter 4
of this Manual.
Tanks shall not be permitted inside buildings unless the storage of liquids in
outside underground or aboveground tanks is not practical because of
government regulations, temperature considerations, or production
considerations.
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d. PCS Equipment Considerations
(1) Electrical equipment. EPA facilities shall not install or use PCB-containing
transformers, capacitors, switches, or other types of electrical equipment.
Dielectric fluid-containing equipment, including transformers and capacitors
manufactured before 1978, must be evaluated to determine PCB content.
Equipment found to contain PCBs should be prioritized for removal.
(2) Fluorescent light ballasts. Light ballasts used within fluorescent light
assemblies may contain PCBs if manufactured before 1978. Such equipment
must be reviewed for PCB content upon removal for routine maintenance or as
part of formal energy conservation upgrades (e.g., Green Lights upgrade
projects). PCB concentration information can generally be obtained by
contacting the ballast manufacturer and providing the equipment lot and serial
number. Concurrently, manufacturers of fluorescent lights may also be
contacted to determine whether the mercury content possibly triggers
hazardous waste regulatory requirements. Ballasts found to contain PCBs shall
be managed in accordance with the joint AEREB/SHEMD memorandum
(June 15,1995) on managing light-fixture wastes, with preference given to use
of PCB ballast recycling and recovery facilities. (See memorandum on
Lighting Fixture Disposal Guidance and Strategy in Appendix F of this
Manual.)
(3) PCB storage. Areas used to store PCBs prior to disposal or reuse must meet
the following criteria. The areas must:
(a) Be located above the 100-year floodplain.
(b) Be protected by roof and walls to prevent the infiltration of rainwater or
runoff of PCB-contaminated materials.
(c) Have smooth, impervious flooring that does not have drains, cracks, or
expansion joints.
(d) Have continuous curbing of a minimum 6-inch height sufficient to
contain at least 25 percent of the volume of containers being stored.
(e) Have posted on the outside entrance of the facility or area the official
PCB mark shown in 40 CFR §761.45.
I
e. Lead. New facility construction, modification, and renovation actions shall not use
lead-based paints. Removal of lead-based paints shall be in accordance with the EPA
Program for the Management of Lead-Based Paint at EPA Facilities. Refer to
Chapter 4, paragraph 3, of this Manual.
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f. Radon. Title II of the Toxic Substances Control Act, as amended by the Indoor
Radon Abatement Act, provides for the monitoring of federal facility occupancies to
determine radon concentrations. Radon concentrations identified above the EPA
action level of 4 picocuries per liter (pCi/L) should be addressed through appropriate
engineering and administrative controls. Radon in drinking water supplies, measured
as combined radium-226 and radium-228, shall not exceed 5 pCi/L.
g. Asbestos. Asbestos operations and maintenance activities shall be performed in
accordance with the EPA Policy and Program for the Management of Asbestos-
Containing Building Materials at EPA Facilities.
7. Pesticides
a. Storage of Pesticides and Containers. Any facility storing pesticides classified as
highly toxic or moderately toxic (40 CFR Part 165) and whose labels are required to
bear the signal words "Danger," "Poison," or "Warning," or the skull and crossbones
symbol should inventory and monitor its storage facilities even if application is
performed by a licensed contractor. Pesticide storage areas shall be identified by
signs placed on rooms, buildings, and fences to advise of the contents and warn of
their hazardous nature. Signage on the outside of pesticide storage areas shall
include "Danger," "Poison," or "Pesticide Storage," or use the NFPA 704 hazard
classification system. Pesticide storage facilities should be designed with the
following safeguards:
(1) Facilities should be dry, well-ventilated areas within a separate room, building,
or covered area that is provided with fire protection.
(2) Eyewash and safety shower equipment should be available to users of the
pesticide storage area. (See Chapter 4, paragraph 16, of this Manual for
information on emergency equipment and showers.)
(3) Facilities should be protected by security measures such as locks and fences to
prevent unauthorized entry.
(4) To prevent runoff of pesticides and pesticide-contaminated residues, facilities
should have secondary containment systems such as dikes, berms, or other
devices that are separate from the facility sanitary sewer or stormwater
collection system.
(5) Where feasible, a wash basin should be present for collecting and containing
wastewater from decontaminating pesticide application equipment.
(6) As EPA facilities operate integrated pest management programs, special
. attention shall be given to minimizing development of rodent warrens (nests,
etc.) in areas such as garbage collection areas and dumpsters, and cafeterias.
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b. Antifoulant Paints. Paints used on the exterior of EPA marine vessels may contain
tributyltin (TBT) or other metal compounds that inhibit the growth of aquatic
organisms such as algae and barnacles. All TBT antifouling paints shall meet the
following conditions to^ minimize potential impacts on human health and the
environment:
(1) Average daily release rate of 4.0 mg/organism/cm2 per day or less.
(2) Not used on nonaluminum vessels that are less than 82 feet long (non-TBT
paints must be used on these types of vessels).
(3) Classified as restricted pesticides (only sold to and applied by certified
commercial applicators).
(4) Labeled in compliance with OSHA regulations.
Paints certified for such use are Chugoku Marine Paints, A.S. Seaflo Z-100LE;
Sigma Coatings, 7293 Pilot LL Antifouling; and International Paints, Intersmooth
Hisol SPC-AF. Updates and revisions to the list of certified paint manufacturers can
be obtained by contacting the EPA Office of Pesticide Programs, Antimicrobial
Program Branch at (703) 305-6661. Further, paints containing mercury shall not be
used for interior finishes, as they are solely intended for exterior, antifoulant
applications.
8. Radioactive Materials Management
a. General Design Considerations. Special considerations about where radioactive
material will be used are addressed in the Health Physics Manual of Good Practices
for Reducing Radiation Exposure to Levels That Are As Low As Reasonably
Achievable (ALARA), Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL-6577). In addition,
regulations and associated guidance that will apply to the facility when it operates
should be consulted. Design information that must be provided in license or permit
applications should be reviewed to identify aspects of the design that are of particular
interest to the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) or the Agreement State, as
appropriate. Radioactive materials management activities on federal property are
subject primarily to NRC oversight, whereas activities at nonfederal job sites are also
subject to Agreement State standards. Consideration should also be given to
configuring sample-receiving areas to accommodate the equipment to screen
unknown samples for radiation contamination, as appropriate for the scope of facility
operations. For a typical EPA laboratory facility, this information is available in
NRC Regulatory Guide 10.7, Guide for the Preparation of Applications for License
for Laboratory and Industrial Use of Small Quantities of Byproduct Material,
b. Control and Monitoring of Airborne Radionuclides. Extensive guidance on design of
systems for controlling airborne radioactive material, both in the workplace and in
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emissions from a facility, is available in the Nuclear Air Cleaning Handbook, Energy
Research and Development Administration (ERDA) 76-21, and in Nuclear Power
Plant Air Cleaning Units and Components, ANSI/American Society of Mechanical
Engineers (ASME) N509.
c. Workplace Control and Monitoring. NRC requires the use of engineered controls
(e.g., radioisotope fume hoods, glove boxes) as the primary means of protecting
workers from exposure to airborne contaminants, including radioactive materials.
Sealed sources generally require no special precautions. For the low concentrations
of radioactive materials in powder or liquid form typically used at EPA facilities, the
confinement afforded by a radioisotope laboratory fume hood will generally provide
adequate control (see also Chapter 5, paragraph 12, of this Manual and Section 15 of
the AE&P Guidelines for additional guidance). In general, airflow should always be
from clean to contaminated areas, and ductwork and other components should
include design features that minimize the potential for internal accumulation of
radioactive materials as well as to facilitate decontamination. In some situations, the
Radiation Safety Officer (RSO) may determine that radioactive materials used by the
facility are of low enough radioactivity to be used safely within a conventional
laboratory fume hood.
While NRC regulations do not prescribe a strict upper limit for airborne
concentrations of radioactive material in the workplace, they do contain extensive
requirements for workplace/individual monitoring and recordkeeping, if the potential
exists for time-weighted concentrations to exceed specified levels. NRC rales also
place additional restrictions, beyond those required by OSHA, on the use of
individual respiratory protection as a compensatory measure. Accordingly, facility
design should minimize the potential for worker exposure to airborne contaminants
to ALARA levels.
d. Air Emissions. All EPA facilities that maintain NRC licenses must comply with
10 CFR Part 20, which contains requirements for limiting radioactive emissions to
the public. Most EPA laboratories do not use sufficient quantities of radioactive
material to require special emission control or monitoring equipment to meet
established public radiation exposure limits in 10 CFR Part 20, Subpart D, beyond
conventional laboratory engineering controls. Special use facilities or operations
potentially handling significant quantities of radioactive materials should be
evaluated on a case-by-case basis for specialized systems or controls necessary to
fulfill established NRC limits in 10 CFR Part 20 or applicable license conditions.
e. Liquid Waste. NRC regulations in 10 CFR §20.2003 impose strict conditions on the
discharge of radioactive materials to sanitary sewers. In designing a new facility,
determination should be made as to whether the quantities and chemical and physical
forms of liquid radioactive wastes can be disposed of in accordance with those
regulations. If not, a liquid radioactive waste and mixed waste (see also paragraph 6
. of this chapter) storage and treatment system must be provided. Facility design
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should provide for segregation of radioactive waste, where practicable, from all other
types of liquid wastes, particularly hazardous chemicals.
f. Solid Waste. Facilities that will use solid radioactive materials, other than sealed
sources, should be provided with adequate space for temporary storage, packaging,
monitoring, and preparing shipments to an authorized disposal facility. Provisions
should be made for monitoring potentially contaminated waste prior to packaging so
that contaminated and uncontaminated wastes can be segregated. Depending on the
types and quantities of radioactive material used hi the facility, shielding and/or
physical access controls may be required for the solid waste storage area.
g. Access Control and Signage. NRC regulations contain requirements for "restricted
areas." Restricted areas are defined as any area to which the facility licensee limits
access for purposes of protecting individuals against undue risks from exposure to
radiation or radioactive materials. Such areas, including waste storage facilities,
shall be posted hi accordance with the radiation caution signs specified in 10 CFR
§20.1901 through §20.1903.
Activities with radioactive material shall be performed within an area where physical
access can be controlled. Space may be required at the egress to the restricted area to
facilitate monitoring of personnel or items for radioactive contamination.
Additionally, more stringent regulatory requirements for controlling access to smaller
areas within the restricted area may apply depending on the radiation levels and
quantities and form of radioactive material. High-hazard facilities with containment
provided within the laboratory shall consider using special engineering design
features such as an airlock with interlocked doors or special air-monitoring and
warning systems. Lockable cabinets are necessary for storing radioactive materials
that are not in use. Design engineers must consult with individuals familiar with
both the intended use of the facility and the applicable regulatory requirements to
ensure that appropriate physical access controls are included in the design.
h. Shielding. Special shielding may be required to limit the radiation dose rates within
the restricted area to levels consistent with EPA administrative limits for
occupational radiation exposure and, outside of the restricted area, to levels specified
in NRC regulations. Proper shield design requires knowledge of the maximum
inventory of each isotope of radioactive material and where and how it will be used
or stored in the facility. High-energy electronic radiation-generating devices may
also require shielding. Detailed guidance on radiation shielding design is available in
ANSI N43.3, standard on General Radiation Safety Installations Using Non-Medical
X-ray and Sealed Gamma Ray Sources for Energies up to 10 MeV.
i. Contamination Control. Facilities where unsealed radioactive sources or material
will be used should include design features to minimize the potential for
contamination of surfaces with radioactive material and to facilitate decontamination.
Construction materials and methods should be specified that minimize cracks,
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crevices, and porous materials that can readily accumulate contamination. Work
surfaces should be sealed, and seamless flooring rather than tiles should be
considered. The standards contained in ANSI N512, Protective Coatings for Nuclear
Applications, shall be considered.
j. Special Requirements for Mixed Wastes. Mixed low-level radioactive waste is
regulated under both the NRC regulations and the hazardous waste management
standards promulgated pursuant to the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
Therefore, the storage and management of these wastes require consideration of
design specifications in this paragraph and in paragraph 4 of this chapter.
9. Design for Environment
a. Environmental Planning under the National Environmental Policy Act fNEPAV The
requirements under NEPA shall be met during EPA facility planning processes, as
described below. Section 2 of the AE&P Guidelines contains the siting criteria to be
used when developing a new laboratory. In developing or building a new laboratory,
the requirements of NEPA and the siting criteria shall be given equal consideration.
The purpose of NEPA is to ensure that environmental impacts and associated public
concerns are systematically considered hi making decisions on federal projects.
NEPA requires an environmental evaluation by federal agencies prior to the
v execution of a proposed major federal action that could potentially have
environmental impacts. Specific examples of actions that would require a NEPA
review are construction-related activities, such as improvements or modifications to
facilities, that could cause potential environmental effects.
The Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ) provides federal agencies with
guidance on compliance with NEPA. In executing this task, CEQ promulgated
NEPA regulations 40 CFR Parts 1500-1517 to accurately translate the intent of the
NEPA statute into practical guidance for federal agencies. EPA's implementing
regulations for NEPA are codified in 40 CFR Part 6. The NEPA Review Procedures
for EPA Facilities focuses on the implementation of 40 CFR Part 6. The NEPA
Review Procedures for EPA Facilities was developed by AEREB as an easy-to-use
comprehensive guide that presents the requirements of 40 CFR Part 6 as well as
specific EPA implementation procedures. It also contains specific information to
assist the EPA project managers in integrating NEPA into facility management.
Figure 7-1 provides an overview of the NEPA process. The NEPA regulations
identify three basic types of environmental impact reviews:
(1) Categorical Exclusion (CX)
(2) Environmental Assessment (EA)
(3) Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
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Figure 7-1. Overview of NEPA Process
Proposed Action
Has the
Responsible
Official forth* action
approved its disposition
as a categorical
exclusion?
Is action eligible
for a categorical exclusion
In accordance with
40 CFR §6.107?
documentation in
NO/UNCERTAIN
Is the action
likely to have significant
environmental
impacts?
Perform EA for the proposed action
Has the
Responsible
Official for the action
approved its disposition
based on the
EA?
Prepare and publish Notice of Intent (NOI>
Prepare Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)
Issue Record of Decision (ROD)
Initiate selected action
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Categorical exclusions are actions that normally do not require an EA or an EIS. '
These actions have minimal or no effect on environmental quality and pose no risk of
causing environmentally significant changes to existing conditions. If a construction
project falls under the CX criteria, it is exempt from further environmental impact
reviews in accordance with 40 CFR §6.107. Such projects shall be reviewed by
AEREB for approval. Documentation of a CX shall be executed and shall be
maintained as part of the project file. A CX can be documented by completing page
1 of the EPA NEPA Review Form for Facility Alteration or Construction Project.
The NEPA Review Form for Facility Alteration or Construction Project is contained
in the NEPA Review Procedures for EPA Facilities.
Actions that may have an environmental impact, such as new construction or
significant renovations, shall be evaluated through an EA. The purpose of an EA is
to determine whether or not a proposed action may significantly affect the
environment. If the results of an EA indicate no significant impact or that significant
impacts can be effectively mitigated, EPA shall issue a Finding of No Significant
Impact (FNSI), which may address measures to mitigate potential environmental
impacts. The NEPA Review Form for Facility Alteration of Construction Project
may be used to assist in determining the need for an EA and what information should
be contained within an EA. The NEPA Review Procedures of EPA Facilities and the
NEPA Review Form for Facility Alteration or Construction Project will lend
assistance in preparing an EA and a FNSI. . .
The EIS process represents the most extensive level of NEPA analysis. As a result,
EPA facility actions requiring the preparation of EISs are typically limited to larger
construction projects that present the greatest likelihood for potentially significant
impacts. The NEPA Review Form for Facility Alteration or Construction Project
will assist in determining the need for an EIS. There are specific documentation and
regulatory requirements that must be met in preparing an EIS. These requirements
are thoroughly explained in the NEPA Review Procedures for EPA Facilities.
b. Sustainable Development. Using NEPA as an integral part of the planning process
will assist AEREB and SHEMD in creating facilities that will conform to sustainable
development practices. Other considerations in the sustainable development process
include working within the development requirements of the local and state
governments to ensure quality development. EPA facility siting and construction
planning shall address all applicable local and state development requirements. This
practice will help ensure harmonious interaction with the community and
conformance with required local development practices.
c. Pollution Prevention. Pollution prevention opportunities exist in all aspects of
facility management, including design and construction phases. EPA defines
pollution prevention as source reduction and other practices that reduce or eliminate
the creation of pollutants through increased efficiency in the use of raw materials,
energy, water, and other resources, and protection of natural resources by
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conservation. Executive Orders 12856, Federal Compliance with Right-to-Know
Laws and Pollution Prevention Requirements; 12873, Federal Acquisition,
Recycling, and Waste Prevention; and 12902, Energy Efficiency and Water
Conservation at Federal Facilities drive current federal facility requirements for
pollution prevention, affirmative procurement, and energy and water conservation.
Design for the environment addresses impacts throughout the building life cycle.
Life cycle building design recognizes the environmental impacts of each stage of the
facility's life cycle, from acquisition of raw materials through final disposal of
demolition debris.
Extending the useful life of a building, equipment, or system can reduce
environmental impacts by saving resources and generating less waste over time.
Some of these attributes and their benefits are listed in Table 7-7.
Table 7-7. Examples of "Design for Environment" Benefits
Attribute
Durability
Adaptability
Reliability
Serviceability
Benefit
Increase building's, equipment's, or system's ability to withstand wear,
stress, and environmental degradation.
Reduce potential for the facility, equipment, or system to become
obsolete by designing to facilitate updating or to perform multiple
services.
Maximize equipment and system reliability to extend lifetime and
preclude health and safety problems.
Increase maintainability and repairability of equipment and systems to
preclude early retirement and reduce environmental impacts.
(1) According to Executive Order 12873, the attributes listed in Table 7-7 should
be considered during all aspects of facility management, from design, through
the facility's active life, to closure. Accordingly, facility design and
construction actions shall consider the following pollution prevention
opportunities, where practicable:
(a) Use of materials such as fly ash-containing concrete and cement (section
401(b) of Executive Order 12873).
(b) Uses of finishes and coatings with low-VOC content.
(c) Use of structural fiberboard and laminated paperboard containing
recovered materials (section 401(b) of Executive Order 12873).
(d) Modifications to paint spraying and thinning techniques.
(e) Use of environmentally preferred insulations, including those containing
recovered materials (Section 401(b) of Executive Order 12873).
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Sources for other design and construction processes and materials include the
General Services Administration (GSA) Environmental Products Guide
(Internet address http://www.gsa.gov), Department of Defense Green Products
Catalogue, and EPA Design for the Environment fact sheets.
(2) In addition, repair and maintenance activities encompass opportunities for
pollution prevention, including:
(a) Substitution of aqueous or less hazardous products for hazardous
cleaning solvents.
(b) Replacement or retrofit of equipment (HVAC and fire suppression)
containing ozone-depleting substances.
(c) Use of paint with low volatile organic content.
These actions will reinforce EPA's position as a leader hi promoting pollution
prevention.
d. Energy and Water Conservation. Design of new buildings, or retrofits of existing
buildings, shall achieve the greatest level of energy and water conservation
practicable. Building design shall consider the building in its entirety to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the energy and water demands. The areas discussed
below shall be evaluated for potential and current energy and water conservation
opportunities in the design of new and existing buildings.
(1) Mission-related activities. The building design shall account for sophisticated
technologies that may consume high levels of energy or water and that may
also generate a significant amount of heat energy. Design shall include proper
air circulation and ventilation, strategic placement of activities; and
incorporation of innovative technologies, where appropriate, to promote
resource conservation.
(2) Renewable resources. Where practicable, the building design shall incorporate
renewable resource technologies (i.e., solar, wind, and water energy) to reduce
overall energy and water demand. For buildings located in regions where there
is abundant sunlight, solar technologies and effective building placement shall
be considered in the design. In regions where the daytime temperature is high
in the spring and summer, but low in the fall and winter, building design shall
provide for natural shading, to the extent feasible, allowing for shade in the
warmer seasons and access to the sunlight in the colder seasons.
(3) Energy-efficient technologies. Where practicable and commercially available,
building designs shall incorporate energy- and water-efficient technologies.
HVAC system design shall consider combinations of various technology
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components where individual components contribute to the efficiency of the
whole system (e.g., utilizing waste heat coming from a boiler to reheat cooled
and dehumidified air). An example of a hybrid system could be a chiller
system composed of technologies such as indirect evaporative cooling, heat
pipes, boiler, chiller, absorber, and cooling tower, where each component
benefits from another through cooling or heat transfer.
(4) Geographic location. Building design must fully account for the geographic
conditions that may affect a building. Construction materials and technologies
shall complement the given environmental elements in order to protect the
building from harsh elements, therefore avoiding unnecessary energy and water
usage. For buildings located in cold or hot climates, the functional design of
the building must be assessed, including windows, walls, insulation, entryways,
technical equipment, and building operation.
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Appendix A - List of Standards and References
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Appendix A - List of Standards and References
This appendix lists the standards and references used in this Manual. Where possible, contact
information is provided.
Standards of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) (arranged alphabetically)
- Elevators, Dumbwaiters, Escalators and Moving Walks (ANSI Al 7.1)
- Emergency Eyewash and Shower Equipment (ANSI Z358.1)
Fundamentals Governing the Design and Operation of Local Exhaust Systems
(ANSI Z9.2)
- General Radiation Safety Installations Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed Gamma Ray
Sources for Energies up to 10 MeV (ANSI N43.3)
- Laboratory Ventilation (ANSI/AIHI Z9.5)
- Liquid Petroleum Transportation Piping System (ANSI B31.4)
- Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods (ANSI/ASHRAE 110)
- Nuclear Power Plant Air Cleaning Units and Components (ANSI/ASME N509)
- Protective Coatings for Nuclear Applications (ANSI N512)
- Providing Accessibility and Usability for Physically Handicapped People (ANSI Al 17.1)
- Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration (ANSI/ASHRAE 15)
- Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy (ANSI/ASHRAE 55)
- Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI/ASHRAE 62)
Standards of the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) (arranged alphabetically)
*y
- Method of Testing Performance of Laboratory Fume Hoods (ANSI/ASHRAE 110)
- Safety Code for Mechanical Refrigeration (ANSI/ASHRAE 15)
- Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ANSI/ASHRAE 62)
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National Fire Codes of the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) (arranged by NFPA
number)
- Carbon Dioxide Extinguishing Systems (NFPA 12)
- Installation of Sprinkler Systems (NFPA 13)
- Installation of Standpipe and Hose Systems (NFPA 14)
- Water Spray Fixed Systems (NFPA 15)
- Dry Chemical Extinguishing Systems (NFPA 17)
- Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems (NFPA 17A)
- Installation of Private Fire Service Mains and Their Appurtenances (NFPA 24)
- Inspection, Testing, and Maintenance of Water-Based Fire Protection Systems (NFPA
25)
- Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code (NFPA 30)
- Automotive and Marine Service Station Code (NFPA 30A)
- Installation of Oil-Burning Equipment (NFPA 31)
- Spray Application Using Flammable and Combustible Materials (NFPA 33)
- Stationary Combustion Engines and Gas Turbines (NFPA 37)
- Fire Protection for Laboratories Using Chemicals (NFPA 45)
- Gaseous Hydrogen Systems at Consumer Sites (NFPA 50A)
- Oxygen-Fuel Gas Systems for Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes (NFPA 51)
- National Fuel Gas Code (NFPA 54)
- Compressed and Liquefied Gases in Portable Cylinders (NFPA 55)
- Storage and Handling of Liquefied Petroleum Gases (NFPA 58)
- Storage and Handling of Liquefied Natural Gas (NFPA 59A)
- Guide for Venting of Deflagrations (NFPA 68)
- National Electrical Code (NEC) (NFPA 70)
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- National Fire Alarm Code (NFP A 72)
- Protection of Electronic Computer/Data Processing Equipment (NFPA 75)
- Fire Doors and Windows (NFPA 80)
- Installation of Air-Conditioning and Ventilating Systems (NFPA 90 A)
- Exhaust Systems for Air Conveying of Materials (NFPA 91)
- Smoke Control Systems (NFPA 92A)
- Ventilation Control and Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations (NFPA 96)
- Life Safety Code (NFPA 101)
- Emergency and Standby Power Systems (NFPA 110)
- Stored Electrical Energy Emergency and Standby Power Systems (NFPA 111)
- Water Cooling Towers (NFPA 214)
- Standard on Types of Building Construction (NFPA 220)
- Standard for Fire Walls and Fire Barrier Walls (NFPA 221)
- Standard for General Storage (NFPA 231)
- Standard Methods of Tests of Fire Endurance of Building Construction and Materials
(ASTME119/NFPA251) . .
- Standard Methods of Fire Tests of Door Assemblies (ASTM E 152/NFPA 252)
- Test for Critical Radiant Flux of Floor Covering Systems Using a Radiant Heat Energy
Source (NFPA 253)
- Standard Methods of Fire Tests for Flame Resistant Textiles and Films (NFPA 701)
- Lightning Protection Systems (NFPA 780) '. '
- Water Supplies for Suburban and Rural Firefighting (NFPA 1231)
- Clean Agent Fire Extinguishing Systems (NFPA 2001)
10 CFR Part 20, Standards for Protection Against Radiation
29 CFR Part 1910, Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970
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29 CFR Part 1960, Basic Program Elements for Federal Employee Occupational Safety and
Health Programs and Related Matters
40 CFR Part 6, Procedures for Implementing the Requirements of the Council on
Environmental Quality on the National Environmental Policy Act
40 CFR Part 20, Certification of Facilities
40 CFR Part 60, Standards of Performance for New Stationary Sources
40 CFR Part 61, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
40 CFR Part 63, National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants for Source
Categories
40 CFR Part 82, Protection of Stratospheric Ozone
40 CFR Part 112, Oil Pollution Prevention
* 40 CFR Part 141, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
40 CFR Part 142, National Primary Drinking Water Regulations Implementation
40 CFR Part 143, National Secondary Drinking Water Regulations
40 CFR Part 260, Hazardous Waste Management System: General
40 CFR Part 261, Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste
40 CFR Part 262, Standards Applicable to Generators of Hazardous Waste
40 CFR Part 263, Standards Applicable to Transporters of Hazardous Waste
40 CFR Part 264, Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste Treatment
40 CFR Part 265, Interim Status Standards for Owners and Operators of Hazardous Waste
40 CFR Part 266, Standards for the Management of Specific Hazardous Wastes and Specific
Types of Hazardous Waste Management Facilities
40 CFR Part 267, Interim Standards for Owners and Operators of New Hazardous Waste
Land Disposal Facilities
40 CFR Part 268, Land Disposal Restrictions
40 CFR Part 269, N/A
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40 CFR Part 270, EPA Administered Permit Programs: The Hazardous Waste Permit
Program
40 CFR Part 271, Requirements for Authorization of State Hazardous Waste Programs
r '
40 CFR Part 272, Approved State Hazardous Waste Management Programs
40 CFR Part 273, Standards for Universal Waste Management
40 CFR Part 279, Standards for the Management of Used Oil
40 CFR Part 280, Technical Standards and Corrective Action Requirements for Owners and
Operators of Underground Storage Tanks
40 CFR §403.5(b)(2), National Pretreatment Standards: Prohibited Discharges
* 40 CFR Part 406, Grain Mills Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 407, Canned and Preserved Fruits and Vegetables Processing Point Source
Category
40 CFR Part 408, Canned and Preserved Seafood Processing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 409, Sugar Processing Point Source Category
* 40 CFR Part 410, Textile Mills Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 411, Cement Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 412, Feedlots Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 413, Electroplating Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 414, Organic Chemicals, Plastics, and Synthetic Fibers
40 CFR Part 415, Inorganic Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category
- 40 CFR Part 416, N/A
40 CFR Part 417, Soap and Detergent Manufacturing Point Source Category
j
40 CFR Part 418, Fertilizer Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 419, Petroleum Refining Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 420, Iron and Steel Manufacturing Point Source Category
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40 CFR Part 421, Nonferrous Metals Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 422, Phosphate Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 423, Steam Electric Power Generating Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 424, Ferroalloy Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 425, Leather Tanning and Finishing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 426, Glass Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 427, Asbestos Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 428, Rubber Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 429, Timber Products Processing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 430, Pulp, Paper, and Paperboard Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 431, The Builders' Paper and Board Mills Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 432, Meat Products Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 433, Metal Finishing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 434, Coal Mining Point Source Category BPT, BAT, BCT Limitations and New
Source Performance Standards .
40 CFR Part 435, Oil and Gas Extraction Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 436, Mineral Mining and Processing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 437, N/A
40 CFR Part 438, N/A
40 CFR Part 439, Pharmaceutical Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 440, Ore Mining and Dressing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 441, N/A
40 CFR Part 442, N/A
40 CFR Part 443, Effluent Limitations Guidelines for Existing Sources and Standards
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40CFRPart444,N/A
40 CFR Part 445, N/A
40 CFR Part 446, Paint Formulating Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 447, Ink Formulating Point Source Category
40 CFR Parts 448 - 453, N/A
40 CFR Part 454, Gum and Wood Chemicals Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 455, Pesticide Chemicals
40 CFR Part 456, N/A
40 CFR Part 457, Explosives Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 458, Carbon Black Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 459, Photographic Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 460, Hospital Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 461, Battery Manufacturing Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 462, N/A
40 CFR Part 463, Plastics Molding and Forming Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 464, Metal Molding and Casting Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 465, Coil Coating Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 466, Porcelain Enameling Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 467, Aluminum Forming Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 468, Copper Forming Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 469, Electrical and Electronic Components Point Source Category
40 CFR Part 470, N/A
40 CFR Part 471, Nonferrous Metals Forming and Metal Powders Point Source Category
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40 CFR Part 761, Polychlorinated Biphenyls Manufacturing, Processing, Distribution in
Commerce, and Use Prohibitions
40 CFR Part 1500, Purpose, Policy, and Mandate
40 CFR Part 1501, NEPA and Agency Planning
40 CFR Part 1502, Environmental Impact Statement
40 CFR Part 1503, Commenting
40 CFR Part 1504, Predecision Referrals to the Council of Proposed Federal Actions
Determined to Be Environmentally Unsatisfactory
. 40 CFR Part 1505;NEPA and Agency Decisionmaking
40 CFR Part 1506, Other Requirements of NEPA
40 CFR Part 1507, Agency Compliance
40 CFR Part 1508, Terminology and Index
40 CFR Parts 1509-14, N/A
* 40 CFR Part 1515, Freedom of Information Act Procedures
40 CFR Part 1516, Privacy Act Implementation
41 CFR 101-20, Federal Property Management Regulations
Executive Order 12699, Seismic Safety of Federal and Federally Assisted or Regulated New
Building Construction
Executive Order 12856, Federal Compliance with Right-to-Know Laws and Pollution
Prevention Requirements
Executive Order 12873, Federal Acquisition, Recycling, and Waste Prevention
Executive Order 12902, Energy Efficiency and Water Conservation at Federal Facilities
Executive Order 12941, Seismic Safety of Existing Federally Owned or Leased Facilities
EPA Safety, Health, and Environmental Management Guidelines
Fire Suppression Rating Schedule (Insurance Services Office)
Local building codes
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Standards for the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Title III
Standards for Bio-Safety Cabinets of the National Sanitation Foundation (NSF)
Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards (UFAS)
EPA's Standard Chemical Laboratory Design Recommendations for VAV Fume Hoods
AEREB and SHEMD Memorandum on Waste Fluorescent and High-Intensity Discharge
Bulb Management, June 15,1995
Building Air Quality: A Guide for Building Owners and Facility Managers. U.S.
Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), Center for Disease Control (CDC),
National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Pub. No. 91-114
Criteria for Siting of Laboratory Facilities Based on Safety Environmental Factors, prepared
for U.S. EPA by Johns Hopkins University, School of Hygiene and Public Health, Peter S. J.
Lees and Morton Corn, 1981 .
EPA Program for the Management of Lead-Based Paint at EPA Facilities
Facilities Standards for the Public Buildings Service (GSA PBS-PQ100.1)
Factory Mutual Engineering Loss Prevention Data Sheet 5-4, Transformers
Guide for the Preparation of Applications for License for Laboratory and Industrial Use of
Small Quantities of Byproduct Material, NRC Regulatory Guide 10.7
Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings, EPA Publication
560/5-85-024,1985
Handbook of Compressed Gases, Compressed Gas Association, Inc.
Health Physics Manual of Good Practices for Reducing Radiation Exposure to Levels That
Are As Low As Reasonably Achievable (ALARA), Pacific Northwest Laboratory (PNL-6577)
Industrial User Inspection and Sampling Manual for POTWs, EPA 831 -B-94-001, April
.1994
Industrial Ventilation, A Manual of Recommended Practice, American Conference of
Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH)
Installation of Underground Petroleum Storage System, American Petroleum Institute (API)
Publication 1615
Lead in School Drinking Water, EPA 57019-89-001, January 1989
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Managing Asbestos in Place, A Building Owners Guide to Operations and Maintenance
Programs for Asbestos Containing Materials, EPA Publication 20T-2003,1990
NEPA Review Procedures for EPA Facilities
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) Regulatory Guide 10.7, Guide for the Preparation
of Applications for License for Laboratory and Industrial Use of Small Quantities of
Byproduct Materials
Nuclear Air Cleaning Handbook, Energy Research and Development Administration 76-21
Policy and Program for the Management of Asbestos-Containing Building Materials at EPA
Facilities (July 1994)
Prudent Practices in the Laboratory: Handling and Disposal of Chemicals, National
Research Council, 1995
Recommended Practices for Installation of Underground Liquid Storage Systems, Petroleum
Engineers Institute (PEI) Publication RP100
Most of the documents listed above can be obtained by contacting the agencies listed here. In some cases, the
agency that published the document may need to be contacted.
ANSI NFPA
Attn: Customer Service 1 Battery March Park
11 West 42nd Street P.O. Box 9101
New York, NY 10036 Quincy.MA 02269-9101
(212)642-4900 (617)770-3000
http://www.ansi.org/catalog.html http://www.wpt.edu/nfpe/nfpa.html
ASHRAE ' National Technical Information Services
1791 Tullie Circle, NE Sales Desk
Atlanta, GA 30329-2305 (703) 487-4650
(404) 636-8400
Videos:
Underground Storage Tanks: Rest in Peace (Publication No. EPA 501-V-92-601) (This
video can be obtained from Jim Smalley, 7 Jackson Road, Scituate, MA 02066.)
Doing It Right Video (Publication No. EPA 510-V-92-801)
Doing It Right II: Installing Required (Publication No. 999-Z-99-999). (The Doing It
Right videos can be ordered from the Environmental Media Center, P.O. Box 30212,
Bethesda, MD 20814, (301) 654-7141 or (800) 522-0362.)
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Appendix B - Glossary
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Appendix B - Glossary
Unless otherwise noted, the following definitions were developed by using Webster's
Collegiate Dictionary, 10th edition; NFPA Codes; BOCA National Building Code; and other
miscellaneous sources.
Air Foil
Bus Duct or
Busway
Blind Stand
Coded Alarm
System
Contaminant
Generation
Curtain Wall
Ductility
Eddies
Elevator Capture
Elevator
Recall
Etiological
Organisms
Exit
Exit Access
Fire Area
A curved shape used at the sill corners to reduce the production of
turbulence as air flows past the object.
A grounded metal enclosure containing factory-mounted, bare or
insulated conductors, which are usually copper or aluminum bars,
rods, or tubes.
A convenience shop located in an office building, which retails
snacks and beverages with no cooking or food preparation.
A fire alarm system in which the alarm indicating devices are
sounded intermittently with a prescribed pattern. The intermittent
pattern is associated with an alarm device or area of the building.
A laboratory operation or other event that results in the emission of
potentially hazardous materials into the laboratory environment.
A nonbearing enclosure wall not supported at each story. (BOCA)
The flexibility of a material or its ability to be shaped into a new
form. As related to cryogenics, the ability of a material under the
expected operating temperatures to resist fracturing.
A circular or contrary air current that contributes to reduced capture
efficiency of a laboratory fume hood.
See Elevator Recall.
The provision that automatically returns an elevator or elevators to a
predesignated floor, typically the ground floor, thus taking them out
of service, or permitting fire fighters to override the controls
manually and use the elevators as necessary.
An organism that has the potential to cause a disease or abnormal
condition.
The portion of a means of egress that is separated from other spaces
of a building to provide an appropriate level of protection.
The portion of a means of egress that leads to an exit.
The floor area enclosed and bounded by fire walls, fire separation .
assemblies, or exterior walls of a building to restrict the spread of
fire. '
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Fire Flow
Fire-Resistance
Rating
Fire-Stopped
Fire-Subdivision
Flame Spread
Rating
Flame Supervision
Floor-Ceiling
Assembly
Footcandle
Fuel Load
Furring Strips
Gang Chaining
Glazing Area
Hourly Rating
Means of Egress
The calculated portion of the total water supply that is necessary to
adequately supply hoses used by the fire department during a fire
incident.
The time, in minutes or hours, that materials or assemblies have
withstood a fire test exposure as established in accordance with the
test procedures of NFPA 251 or another recognized test.
The protection of penetrations through assemblies or materials that
have a fire-resistance rating in accordance with the criteria of
NFPA 101 and NFPA 221.
An area of a building separated from all other areas by fire resistive
construction.
An index used to compare the ability of flame to propagate over a
surface.
A control that responds directly to flame properties and indicates the
presence or absence of flame and, in the event of ignition failure or
unintentional flame extinguishment, causes a safety shutdown of the
system.
Construction composed of the floor and ceiling below, used as
integral components to provide the required fire resistance between
occupied levels of a building.
A unit of illumination, which represents a direct measure of the
visible radiation falling on a surface.
Also referred to as fire load, it is the weight per square foot of
ordinary combustibles potentially involved in a fire incident. The
weight is normalized for potential heat of combustion of the
materials involved.
Thin wood trim or lining used to form a level or plumb surface to
attach wallboard or paneling.
Using chains to support one compressed gas cylinder from another
in series with only the ends supported by a wall or other structural
element.
The area of a door or window opening that is sealed with a
transparent or translucent material such as annealed glass, organic
coated glass, tempered glass, laminated glass, wired glass, or a
combination thereof. (Adapted from 16 CFRPart 1201)
See fire-resistance rating.
A continuous and unobstructed way of exit travel from the building
or structure to a public way.
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"Mixer" Type
Faucet Fixtures
Monumental Stairs
Noncombustible
Construction
Off-gassing
One-Pass Air
On/Off Sprinklers
Open Plan Office
Panel Wall
Phase to Phase
Proscenium
Sash
Setback
Smoke
Development
Rating
Spandrel Wall
A faucet fixture that ensures that the temperature of the water being
discharged will not scald or otherwise injure a person or equipment.
Wide, often unenclosed, stairs that are designed more for
architectural aesthetics than exit capacity. These are often found in
assembly occupancies or historic structures.
Construction that uses materials that will not ignite, burn, support
combustion, or release flammable vapors when subjected to fire or
heat.
The release of vapors (typically volatile organic compounds) to the
environment from interior furnishing or finishes.
Air from outside the building that is conditioned and introduced into
the workspace, then exhausted back to the outside of the building.
There is no recirculation of air within the building.
A sprinkler head that opens and closes automatically as heat
conditions dictate.
A large floor area that is subdivided into cubicles by using office
furniture and partitions that do not extend from floor to ceiling.
(Adapted from NFPA Inspection Manual)
A nonbearing wall supported by each story on a skeleton frame.
Also referred to as a skeleton wall.
A method of defining the voltage when measured between two
different alternating-current electrical lines supplied by the same
generation or supply source. The phases in a three-phase service are
120 degrees apart.
The wall that separates the stage from an auditorium or the stage
area in front of a curtain.
The glass and frame part installed on the front of a laboratory fume
hood that can be raised, opened, and closed.
The required physical distance of a building with respect to a
property line or other building.
An index used to compare the density of smoke generated by a
material.
That portion of a panel wall above the head of an exterior window or
door.
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Supervisory
Condition
Walking Surface
Windowless
Building or Area
Zone of
Contaminant
Generation
Zone of Influence
(of Fume Hood)
A signal at the fire alarm panel that indicates the need for corrective
or preventive action with regards to the fire or life safety features of
the facility.
Any floor or other surface available for use (as in walking on or
over) during the normal course of job-related duties.
A building, or portion thereof, which lacks a means of direct access
to the outside from the enclosing walls or lacks outside openings for
ventilation or rescue through windows. See NFPA 101 or local
building code for criteria to determine if an area is considered
windowless. Various exemptions exist for different conditions.
The area around a laboratory process or operation that is affected by
potentially hazardous emissions.
The area in front of the hood opening that is affected by the
operation of the fume hood and that can be impacted by other
environmental sources (e.g., air supply, people).
B-4
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Appendix C - List of State Environmental Contacts
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Appendix C - List of State Environmental Contacts
STATE
Alabama
Alaska
Arizona
Arkansas
California
Colorado
Connecticut
Delaware
District of Columbia
Florida
Georgia
Hawaii
Idaho .
Illinois
Indiana
Kansas
Kentucky
Louisiana
Maine
Maryland
Massachusetts
Michigan
Minnesota
Mississippi
Missouri
Montana
Nebraska
Nevada
New Hampshire
New Jersey
New Mexico
New York
North Carolina
STATE AGENCIES
Air Management
205271-7861
907485-5100
602 207-2300
501 562-7444
916322-5840
303 893-6091
203 566-5524
302 739-4403
202 727-7395
904488-1344
404 363-7000
808 586-4400
208 334-5913
217782-7326
317 232-8384
913296-1500
502 564-3382
504756-0219
207 289-2437
410631-3255
617 292-5593
517373-7023
612296-7331
601 961-5171
314751-4817
406 444-3454
402471-2189
702 687-4670
603271-1370
609 292-6710
505 827-0070
518457-7230
919733-7015
Hazardous Waste
Management
205 271-7737
907465-5150
602 207-2300
501 570-2858
916445-4171
303 427-6200
203 566-5712
302 739-3689
202 727-7395
904 488-0300
404 656-2833
808 586-4424
208 334-5879
217333-8941
317232-4535
913296-1590
502564-6718
504 765-0355
207 289-2651
410631-3304
617 292-5961
517373-2730
612297-8498
801 961-5171
314 751-3176
406 444-2821
402471-4217
702 687-4670
603271-2946
609 633-1408
505 827-4308
518457-5861
919733-2178
Underground
Storage Tanks
205271-7700
907 465-5200
602542-1024
501 562-7444
916227-4303
303 427-6200
203 566-4630
302 323-4588
202404-1167
904 488-3935
404 362-2687
808 586^225
208 334-5845
217762-6760*
217785-5878"
317232-4535
913296-1660
502564-3410
504 765-0223
207 289-2651
410631-3442
617566-4500
517373-8168
612 297-8679
601 961-5171
314751-1300
406 444-2821
402471-4230
702 687-5872
603271-2986
609984-3156
505827-0188
618457-4351
919 733-8466
Water
Management
205 271-7826
907 465-5301
602 207-2300
501 562-7444
916 857-0687
303 296-5780
203 566-3245
302 739-4793
202 727-7395
904 488-3601
404 65^4708
808 637-5078
208 334-5855
217782-3397
317243-5012
913296-1535
502 564-3410
504 765-0634
207 289-3901
410 631-3587
617 292-5673
517373-1949
612 296-7202
601 961-5171
314751-1300
406 444-2406
402471-2541
702 687-4670
603271-3503
609984-3156
505827-0187
518457-6674
919733-3221
* Underground Storage Tank Cleanups (EPA) ** Underground Storage Tanks (Fire Marshall)
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STATE
North Dakota
Ohio
Oklahoma
Oregon
Pennsylvania
Puerto Rico
Rhode Island
South Carolina
South Dakota
Tennessee
Texas
Utah
Vermont
Virginia
Washington
West Virginia
Wisconsin
Wyoming
STATE AGENCIES
Air Management
701 221-5188
614 644-2270
405271-5220
503 229-5359
717787-9702
809767-8181
401 277-2808
803 734-4750
605 773-3351
615532-0554
512908-1000
801 536-4000
802241-3840
804 786-2378
206 407-6800
304 558-3286
608 266-7718
307 777-7391
Hazardous Waste
Management
701 221-5166
614644-2917
405271-5338
503 229-5686
717 787-6239
809767-8181
401 277-2797
803 734-5200
605773-3153
615532-0878
512463-8175
801 538-6170
802241-3888
804 527-5324
206 407-6702
304 558-5393
608 266-7055
307 777-7752
Underground
Storage Tanks
701 221-5166
614 752-7938
405 521-3107
503 229-6831
717772-5599
809 767-8181
401 277-2234
803 734-5331
605 773-3296
615532-0945
512463-6790
801 538-6170
802 241-3888
804 527-5202
206407-6702
304 558-6371
608 267-1384
307 777-7781
Water
Management
701 221-2754
614684-2001
405231-2500
503 378-3739
717787-2666
809 767-8181
401 277-3961
803 734-5300
605 773-3351
615 532-0625
512463-8175
801 538-6146
802 241-3777
804 527-5203
206 407-6450
304 558-2981
608267-7610
307 777-7781
C-2
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Appendix D - List of Class I and Class II (Ozone-Depleting) Substances
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Appendix D - List of Class I and Class II (Ozone-Depleting) Substances
1. List of Class I Substances
Within 60 days after enactment of the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the
Administrator shall publish an initial list of Class I substances, which list shall contain the
following substances:
Group I chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11)
chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12)
chlorofluorocarbon-113 (CFC-113)
chlorofluorocarbon-114 (CFC-114)
chlorofluorocarbon-115 (CFC-115)
Group II halon-1211
halon-1301
halon-2402
Group III chlorofluorocarbon-13 (CFC-13) '
chlorofluorocarbon-111 (CFC- 111)
chlorofluorocarbon-112 (CFC-112)
chlorofluorocarbon-211 (CFC-211)
chlorofluorocarbon-212 (CFC-212)
chlorofluorocarbon-213 (CFC-213)
chlorofluorocarbon-214 (CFC-214)
chlorofluorocarbon-215 (CFC-215)
chlorofluorocarbon-216 (CFC-216)
chlorofiuorocarbon-217 (CFC-217)
Group IV carbon tetrachloride
Group V methyl chloroform
The initial list under this subsection shall also include the isomers of the substances listed
above, other than 1,1,2-trichloroethane (an isomer of methyl chloroform). Pursuant to
subsection (c), the Administrator shall add to the list of Class I substances any other
substance that the Administrator finds causes or contributes significantly to harmful effects
on the stratospheric ozone layer. The Administrator shall, pursuant to subsection (c), add to
such list all substances that the Administrator determines have an ozone depletion potential
of 0.2 or greater.
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2. List of Class II Substances
Simultaneously with publication of the initial list of Class I substances, the Administrator
shall publish an initial list of Class II substances, which shall contain the following
substances:
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-21 (HCFC-21)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-31 (HCFC-31)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-121 (HCFC-121)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-122 (HCFC-122)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123(HCFC-123)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-124 (HCFC-124)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-131 (HCFC-131)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-132 (HCFC-132)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-133 (HCFC-133)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-141 (HCFC-141)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-142 (HCFC-142)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-221 (HCFC-221)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-222 (HCFC-222)
hydrochIorofluorocarbon-223(HCFC-223)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-224 (HCFC-224)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-225(HCFC-225)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-226(HCFC-226)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-231 (HCFC-231)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-232 (HCFC-232)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-233 (HCFC-233)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-234 (HCFC-234)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-235(HCFC-235)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-241 (HCFC-241)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-242 (HCFC-242)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-243(HCFC-243)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-244(HCFC-244)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-251 (HCFC-251)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-252 (HCFC-252)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-253 (HCFC-253)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-261 (HCFC-261)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-262(HCFC-262)
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-271 (HCFC-271)
The initial list under this subsection shall also include the isomers of the substances listed
above. Pursuant to subsection (c), the Administrator shall add to the list of Class II
substances any other substance that the Administrator finds is known or may reasonably be
anticipated to cause or contribute to harmful effects on the stratospheric ozone layer.
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3. Additions to the Lists
1) The Administrator may add, by rule, in accordance with the criteria set forth in
subsection (a) or (b), as the case may be, any substance to the list of Class I or Class
II substances under subsection (a) or (b). For purposes of exchanges under section
507, whenever a substance is added to the list of Class I substances, the
Administrator shall, to the extent consistent with the Montreal Protocol, assign such
substance to existing Group I, II, IE, IV, or V or place such substance in a new
Group.
2) Periodically, but not less frequently than every 3 years after the enactment of the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990, the Administrator shall list, by rule, as
additional Class I or Class n substances those substances which the Administrator
finds meet the criteria of subsection (a) or (b), as the case may be.
3) At any time, any person may petition the Administrator to add a substance to the list
of Class I or Class II substances. Pursuant to the criteria set forth in subsection (a) or
(b) as the case may be, within 180 days after receiving such a petition, the
Administrator shall either propose to add the substance to such list or publish an
explanation of the petition denial. In any case where the Administrator proposes to
add a substance to such list, the Administrator shall add, by rule, (or make a final
determination not to add) such substance to such list within 1 year after receiving
such petition. Any petition under this paragraph shall include a showing by the
petitioner that there are data on the substance adequate to support the petition. If the
Administrator determines that information on the substance is not sufficient to make
a determination under this paragraph, the Administrator shall use any authority
available to the Administrator, under any law administered by the Administrator, to
acquire such information.
4) Only a Class II substance which is added to the list of Class I substances may,be
removed from the list of Class II substances. No substance referred to in subsection
(a), including methyl chloroform, may be removed from the list of Class I
substances.
4. New Listed Substances
In the case of any substance added to the list of Class I or Class II substances after
publication of the initial list of such substances under this section, the Administrator may
extend any schedule or compliance deadline contained in section 604 or 605 to a later date
than specified in such sections if such schedule or deadline is unattainable, considering
when such substance is added to the list. No extension under this subsection may extend
the date for termination of production of any Class I substance to a date more than seven
years after January 1 of the year after the year in which the substance is added to the list of
Class I substances. No extension under this subsection may extend the date for termination
of production of any Class II substance to a date more than 10 years after January 1 of the
year after the year in which the substance is added to the list of Class II substances.
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5. Ozone-Depletion and Global Warming Potential
Simultaneously with publication of the lists under this section and simultaneously with any
addition to either of such lists, the Administrator shall assign to each listed substance a
numerical value representing the substance's ozone-depletion potential. In addition, the
Administrator shall publish the chlorine and bromine loading potential and the atmospheric
lifetime of each listed substance. One year after enactment of the Clean Air Act
Amendments of 1990 one year after the addition of a substance to either of such lists (in
the case of a substance added after the publication of the initial lists of such substances),
and after notice and opportunity for public comment, the Administrator shall publish the
global warming potential of each listed substance. The preceding sentence shall not be
construed to be the basis of any additional regulation under this Act. In the case of the
substances referred to in Table D-l, the ozone-depletion potential shall be as specified in
Table D-l, unless the Administrator adjusts the substance's ozone-depletion potential
(based on criteria referred to in section 60110).
Table D-1
Substance
Ozone-Depletion
Potential
Substance
Ozone-Depletion
Potential
chlorofluorocarbon-11 (CFC-11)
chlorofluorocarbon-12 (CFC-12)...
chlorofluorocarbon-13 (CFC-13)
chlorofluorocarbon-111 (CFC-111).
chlorofluorocarbon-112 (CFC-112).
chlorofluorocarbon-113 (CFC-113).
chlorofluorocarbon-114 (CFC-114).
chlorofluorocarbon-115 (CFC-115).
chlorofluorocarbon-211 (CFC-211).
chlorofluorocarbon-212 (CFC-212).
chlorofluorocarbon-213 (CFC-213).
chiorofluorocarbon-214 (CFC-214).,
chlorofluorocarbon-215 (CFC-215).
. 1.0
.1.0
. 1.0
. 1.0
. 1.0
.0.8
.1.0
.0.6
.1.0
. 1.0
. 1.0
. 1.0
.1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-216 (CFC-216) 1.0
chlorofluorocarbon-217 {CFC-217) 1.0
halon-1211 3.0
halon-1301 10.0
halon-2402 6.0
carbon tetrachloride 1.1
methyl chloroform 0.1
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-22 (HCFC-22) 0.05
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-123' (HCFC-123) .... 0.02
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-124 (HCFC-124) 0.02
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-141b) (HCFC-141b)). 0.1
hydrochlorofluorocarbon-142b) (HCFC-142b)j. 0.06
Where the ozone-depletion potential of a substance is specified in the Montreal Protocol,
the ozone-depletion potential specified for that substance under this section shall be
consistent with the Montreal Protocol.
D-4
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Appendix E - List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
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Appendix E - List of Acronyms and Abbreviations
ACGffl American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists
ACM asbestos-containing materials
ADA Americans with Disabilities Act
AE&P Architecture, Engineering, and Planning
AEREB Architecture, Engineering and Real Estate Branch
AI as installed
AIHA American Industrial Hygiene Association
ALARA as low as reasonably achievable
AM as manufactured
AMCA Air Movement and Control Association
ANSI American National Standards Institute
API American Petroleum Institute
ARI American Refrigeration Institute
ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc.
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
AST aboveground storage tank
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BACT best available control technology
BAT best available technology
Btu British thermal units
BOCA Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc.
CEQ Council on Environmental Quality
CF3Br a halogenated fiuorocarbon
CFC Chlorofluorocarbon
CFM Cubic feet per minute
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
cm centimeters
CPSC Consumer Product Safety Commission
CX Categorical Exclusion
°C degrees Celsius
DoD Department of Defense
DOT Department of Transportation
EA Environmental Assessment
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
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EPA Environmental Protection Agency
EPO emergency power off
ERDA Energy Research and Development Administration
°F degrees Fahrenheit
FC flow control
FM Factory Mutual
FMSD Facilities Management and Services Division
FNSI Finding of No Significant Impact
rpm feet per minute
FPMR Federal Property Management Regulations
GFCI ground-fault circuit interrupter.
gpm gallons per minute
GSA General Services Administration
HAP hazardous air pollutant
HAZMAT hazardous materials
HCFC , hydrochlorofluorocarbon
HEPA High-Efficiency Particulate Air
HFC hydrofluorocarbon
HVAC heating, ventilation, and air-conditioning
Ibs. pounds
LNG liquefied natural gas
LPG liquefied propane gas
Aig/L micrograms per liter
mg/L milligrams per liter
MVAC motor vehicle air conditioner
NC/LC noncombustible/limited combustible
NEC National Electrical Code
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act
NESHAP National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants
NFPA National Fire Protection Association
NOI Notice of Intent
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NRC Nuclear Regulatory Commission
NSF National Sanitation Foundation
NSPS New Source Performance Standards
OSHA Occupational Safety and Health Administration
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PBS Public Buildings Service
PCBs polychlorinated biphenyls
pCi/L picocuries per liter
Pd Probability of detection
PEI Petroleum Engineers Institute
Pfa Probability of false alarm
PNL Pacific Northwest Laboratory
POR Program of Requirements
POTW publicly owned treatment works
ppm parts per million
RACT Reasonably Available Control Technology
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
RSO Radiation Safety Officer
RTP Research Triangle Park North Carolina
SBC Standard Building Code
SBCCI Standard Building Code Congress International
SEFA Scientific Equipment and Furniture Association
SF Standard Form
SFO Solicitation for Offers
SHEMD Safety, Health and Environmental Management Division
SHEMP Safety, Health and Environmental Management Program
SNAP Significant New Alternatives Policy
SPCC spill prevention control and countermeasure plan
TBT tributyltin
UFAS Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards
UL Underwriters Laboratory, Incorporated
UBC Uniform Building Code
UPS uninterruptible power supply
UST underground storage tank
VAV variable air volume
VOCs volatile organic compounds
E-3
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Appendix F - Memoranda
-------
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UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, O.C. 20460
JUN 1 5 1995
- OFFICE OF
ADMINISTRATION
ANDRESOURCES
MANAGEMENT
MEMORANDUM '
SUBJECT: Lighting^ Fixture Disposal Guidance and strategy
*
FROM: Luthef1
and Architecture Branch
ical Assistance and Evaluation Branch
TO: Distribution
.As a participant in the Green Lights Program, EPA is
committed to conserving natural resources through the use of
energy-efficient lighting. However, light fixture (i.e., lamps
and light ballasts) disposal during relamping operations and
routine maintenance poses unique challenges for EPA facilities
due to the potential environmental .impact from these fixtures and
potential liability under 'existing environmental statutes. An
awareness and understanding of the disposal requirements for
light fixture components containing mercury, lead, or
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is critical as EPA facilities
upgrade their lighting systems to new, more energy-efficient
lighting systems. To this end, FMSD and SHEHD are jointly
issuing guidance to assist EPA facility managers with waste
resulting from lighting system upgrades.
This guidance is intended to encourage energy-efficient
lighting upgrades .while minimi zing any potential impacts on the
environment and upholding the Agency' s. position as a leader in
developing environmental, management solutions..
Fluorescent.and HID Lamps
A relatively high percentage of fluorescent and HID lamps
contain hazardous constituents that are subject to
identification, storage, treatment, and disposal requirements
under the Resource conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA). The
. ' - . 1 ', . : '"'.'
-------
disposal management options available for these lamps vary based
on the RCRA generator status of the facility.
A conditionally exempt small quantity generator (CESQG -
generating 100 kg or less per month) has the option of disposing
of lamps in a RCRA Subtitle D, solid waste landfill, as long as
the total quantity of hazardous lamps and other hazardous waste
generated per month, does not exceed regulatory thresholds-. For
estimating purposes, disposal of approximately 300 four-foot T12
or 400 four-foot T8 lamps (100 kg) would create a change in
generator status from conditionally exempt to small quantity
generator, if lamps are the only hazardous waste generated at the
facility.
Small quantity generator (SQG) or large quantity generator
(LQG) facilities have two disposal options for hazardous
fluorescent and HID lamps: (1) to recycle the lamps by using a
mercury recovery or retorting process, or (2) to send the lamps
off-site for treatment and disposal as hazardous waste.1 In
either scenario, the federal regulations for off-site shipment
would require a hazardous waste manifest and a transporter with
an EPA identification number.
The preferred alternative for EPA facilities is to
recycle large quantities (i.e., greater than 300 four-foot 2*12
or 400 four-foot T8 lamps per month; of hazardous lamps by
using a complete mercury recovery or retorting process. The
solid waste landfill disposal option is not recommended
because more environmentally Bound management alternatives
exist. Disposal of gmatller quantities of hazardous lamps
shall be addressed on a case-by-case basis. For all RCRA
regulatory scenarios it is critical to ensure that the state
does not have more stringent regulations. It is prudent to
contact the .appropriate EPA Region and the state environmental
agency to ensure that a recycling or disposal company is in
compliance with applicable environmental regulations.
EPA issued a proposed rule on July 24, 1994 (59 FR 38288)
which provides two options for regulating the management -status
of mercury-containing lamps. One option would be a conditional
exclusion from hazardous waste regulation and the other would be
to manage these lamps under the new Universal Waste rule. .Should
the rule be finalized, .updated guidance will be provided.
PCS Containing Light Ballasts
The regulatory status of light ballasts depends on whether
'See Attachment A, page .7
-------
the ballasts were manufactured with PCB-containing dielectric
fluid in small capacitors. Light ballasts containing PCBs in
small capacitors that are leaking have specified disposal
requirements under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) . EPA
generally considers light ballasts with fluid filled capacitors
manufactured before 1979 as containing PCBs. The TSCA . *
regulations apply different disposal requirements for large
capacitors containing more than three pounds of dielectric fluid
and small capacitors with less than three pounds of dielectric
fluid. Small capacitors, such as light ballasts, may be disposed
in a RCRA Subtitle D solid waste landfill due to a regulatory.
exemption for this type of equipment.1 However, light ballasts
with leaking' capacitors containing any amount of PCBs are
regulated under TSCA and must be incinerated in a TSCA-approved
incinerator.1 . .
Other regulatory considerations for disposing of light
ballasts are reporting requirements for releases into the
environment under CERCLA. Disposal of more than one pound of
PCBs in a RCRA Subtitle D solid waste landfill or a TSCA-
permitted landfill requires release reporting by the facility
owner or operator to the National Response Center according to 40
CFR §302.6.
Guj dance. When multiple PCB-containing capacitors are
disposed of together and -exceed the three-pound threshold, the
capacitors should be disposed of in a TSCA-regulated
incinerator2 (February 19, 1986 memorandum from Suzanne
Rudzinski to Mark Fennel).3 Therefore, operations generating
a significant quantity# (i-e.,. IS or more) -of--light ballasts
should recycle the light ballasts, which includes metals
reclamation and disposal of PCB materials in a TSCA-approved
incinerator. Any leaking light ballast containing PCBs also:
must be disposed of in a TSCA-approved incinerator4. '
Management Strategy
Based on the aforementioned guidance, the following.
management strategy is recommended for any relamping project.
1. Develop a relamping statement.of work that holds the
2The policy memorandum and 1994 TSCA question and answer recommendation are
based on a Federal Register preamble from 1978 (February 17, 1978; 44 FR 7150)
^
3See Attachment B.
4See Attachment C.
-------
relamping contractor responsible for lighting fixture
removal, replacement, and proper disposal in accordance
with applicable federal, state, and local requirements.
a. Require that the bulbs and ballasts be recycled.
b. Unless information is provided by-the manufacturer that
the bulbs are not hazardous, require that .the
contractor have a hazardous waste.identification number
as a generator. If there are no bidders with hazardous
waste identification numbers, the facility will become
the generator; will use its 'hazardous waste generator
identification number; and should have the contractor
perform as a facilitator/coordinator of bulb and
ballast hazardous waste management (i.e., handling,
storage, labeling, shipment, and disposal).
The facility is subject to becoming a SQG or LQG
depending on current generator status and the number of
hazardous lamps produced for disposal during .relamping.
Although this change in generator.status may impose
additional requirements on the generator (i.e.,
contingency plan, recordkeeping, reporting), regulatory
agencies are usually willing to 'waive these
requirements given the proposed one-time change of the
facility's generator status. The state agency should
be contacted to discuss the effects, if any, of a
temporary change in generator status.
c. Prior to removal and disposal invitation for bid
publication,- tJie -facility or EPAB "will inspect two-
percent of the }-ight ballasts .(minimum of two ballasts
in each area) to be replaced. EPAB will confirm with
the manufacturer, if necessary, whether the ballasts
contain PCBs or whether PCBs were used in the
manufacturing process^ A label on the'ballast should
provide the manufacturer's address and manufactured
date. The attached Lighting Fixtures Management
Options fact sheet5 provides guidelines on determining
whether ballasts contain PCBs.
If the ballasts contain PCBs, require that the
contractor transport the PCB-containing ballasts to a
permitted and approved light ballast recycling facility
for metals reclamation and. disposal of the PCB
.capacitors to a TSCA-permitted incinerator.*
5See Attachment A, page 5
6See Attachment C, page 4
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2. Require that the contractor' s bid provide a description of
proposed disposal and management options. The invitation
for bid should indicate that preference will be- given to
options that include recycling.
3. Thoroughly evaluate the relamping contractor's proposed
disposal options for conformance with this guidance and
strategy. All facilities should ensure compliance-with- all
state and federal regulations throughout the relamping and
waste management process.
4. Exercise management oversight of all contractor lighting-
disposal practices to ensure conformance with the statement
of work requirements.
Attachments:
A. EPA Fact Sheet - Lighting Fixtures Management Options, Sept.
199'4
B. PCB QSA Manual, 1994 Edition, Small Capacitors (pgs. 11-12
to 11-15)
C. PCB Disposal Companies - Commercially Permitted, February
16, 1995
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United States Office of EPA No. EPA/200-F-94-008
Environmentaf Protection Administration and September 1994
Agency Resources Management
SEPA Lighting Fixture Management
Options
Safety, Health and Environmental Management
Division 3207 Quick Reference Fact Sheet
EPA is committed to becoming more energy efficient through the use of energy-efficient lighting. As facilities replace their current
lighting systems with new, energy-efficient lighting, they need to be aware of the concerns regarding and options for safely disposing
of these lights, which may contain mercury, lead, or PCBs. Thus, this fact sheet was created by EPA's Safety, Health and Environmen-
tal Management Division as a guide for disposing of lamps containing mercury or lead, and ballasts containing PCBs. It is organized
to provide information on why facilities should consider using energy-efficient lighting, as well as point out some of the concerns and
regulations affecting the disposal of lamps and ballasts. Pages 2 through 6 provide specific information on the regulations, manage-
ment options, packing, labeling, transporting, storing, recordkeeping requirements, and management costs for lamps containing
mercury or lead and ballasts containing PCBs. The fact sheet concludes with Specific State Requirements Matrices, which list
specific state requirements for lighting containing PCBs and mercury (information on lamps containing lead has not yet been com-
piled). This information, published by the Green Lights Program, is accurate as of January 1994 and, because some states are
considering new regulations, should be confirmed with each state's environmental personnel.
Why Should Facilities Switch To Energy-Efficient Lighting?
Lighting accounts for 20-25% of the total energy used annually in the United States and 80-90% of the energy used for commercial
purposes. Energy-efficient lighting can reduce the demand by over 50%, decreasing significantly the amount of fuel burned by
electricity-generating power plants.
The Federal government has launched a variety pfenergy conservation initiatives. EPA is a founding partner of the Green Lights
Program, a voluntary program, established in ,1991, that emphasizes demand-side management of electricity to reduce air pollution.
Another energy conservation initiative is Executive Order 12902 (signed March 8,1994). This Order requires all Federal agencies to
develop and implement an energy conservation program that could reduce their gross square foot energy consumption by 30% by the
year 2005, based on 1985 levels.
Fluorescent lamps may contain mercury and/or lead and may be considered a hazardous waste,subject to the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA). Ballasts may contain PCBs and be subject to regulation under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
and subject to disposal requirements; under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (CERCLA).
Upgrading to energy efficient lighting sources such as fluorescent lamps necessitates careful consideration of how diese lighting
systems are transported, stored, and disposed.
EPA has issued two regulatory proposals that may impact the transport, storage, and disposal of fluorescent and mercury-containing
lamps. A final EPA rule is expected at the close of 1995. These proposals are:
.»
The Universal Waste Proposal (February 11,1993, 58 FR 8102). If expanded to include fluorescent lamps, this proposal
would allow generators to ship ttie.lamps without a manifest to a hazardous waste'landfill, a recycler, or a consolidation point
for temporary storage. - >
.-^
~~- -
The Proposal on Hazardous Waste ManagemenjLof Mercury-Containing Lamps (July 27, 1994, 59 FR 38288). This pro-
posal contains two options. Under the first opUorUvmercSryicontaining lamps would be exempt from regulation as hazard-
ous waste under RCRA, provided that they are disposed .of in EPa-permitted municipal solid waste landfills or managed in
permitted, licensed, and registered mercury reclamationfacilities-. The second option would add mercury-containing lamps
to the Universal Waste Proposal (see above).
,
In case of the promulgation of either proposed rule, states with programs more stringent than these proposals would not be bound to
the new rule. . . -~- . .
1
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LAMPS CONTAINING MERCURY:
LIGHTING MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Types of lamps that may contain mercury include fluores-
cent lamps and high intensity discharge lamps (e.g., .mer-
cury vapor, metal halide, high pressure sodium).
Statutory Requirements1
RCRA requires that Large Quantity Generators
(LQGs) and Small Quantity Generators (SQGs):
Test wastes containing mercury and other toxic
constituents or evaluate the waste by applying
their knowledge;
Incinerate or retort (e.g., treatment by heating)
a lamp prior to disposal if the lamp exceeds
0.2 parts per million (ppm) for mercury and
the total concentration of mercury is greater
than 210 ppm;
Treat the lamp to below 0.2 ppm and dispose
of it in a Subtitle D landfill if the lamp equals
or exceeds 0.2 ppm but total mercury concen-
tration is less than 210 ppm.
* The National Response Center (NRC) must be no-
tified if releasing a reportable quantity (RQ). Un-
der CERCLA, a release of one pound of mercury
may constitute a RQ, requiring building owners and
waste generators to notify the NRC at 1-800-424-
8802.
* RCRA §268.7 establishes waste analysis and
recordkeeping requirements for generators of haz-
ardous waste. It applies both to waste sent for dis-
posal and to waste sent to be recycled.
Management Options (See Figure 1)
LOGs and SOGs (those generating more than 100kg of haz-
ardous waste per month)
Testing lamps:
Test your mercury-containing lamps to determine
if they are toxic and need to be managed as haz-
ardous wastes.
Employ the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure (TCLP) to determine if your lamps
are hazardous. During the TCLP, if the mer-
cury content of the lamp exceeds 0.2 milli-
grams per liter, the lamp is hazardous.
If you do not test your lamps, assume that they
are hazardous.
Managing waste:
Dispose of hazardous lamps in a RCRA Subtitle C
(hazardous waste) landfill or recycle them.2 EPA
listed hazardous waste landfills and recyclers are
listed at the end of this fact sheet.
Dispose of non-hazardous lamps in a RCRA Sub-
title D (municipal solid waste) landfill or recycle
them.
Conditionally Exempt Small Quantity Generators (CESOG)
(those generating 100 kg or less of hazardous waste or less
than 1 kg ofaccutely hazardous waste a month). CESQGs
may dispose of fewer than 300-350 four-foot, Tl 2 fluores-
cent lamps or 400-450 four-foot, T8 fluorescent lamps per
month and are exempt from RCRA identification, storage,
treatment, and disposal requirements.
Disposing of lamps:
Dispose of lamps in a RCRA Subtitle D landfill
(40 CFR §261.5), or recycle them.
FIGURE 1
Management Options
Areyoua
LQfi/SOGor
CESQG?
Did lamp Sett
hazntfous arm*
lamp noi tested
(assume
hazardous)?
State requirements may be more stringent than Federal regulations. See the State Regulations Matrix contained in the "Lighting Disposal Options" fact
sheet to identify State requirements.
2 You may be liable in any subsequent Superfund clean-up at a municipal, hazardous, or chemical landfill if you choose to dispose of waste in a landfill
(CERCLA §107(a)).
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Packing, Labeling, Transporting, Storing,
Recordkeeping
Crushing/breaking lamps?* . . ... .
CnishinglannKisnotrecommendedasitmay.be
considered treatment and, therefor^necessilates a
permit. In. addition, when lampg art broken, mer-.
Accidentally broken lamps should be stored in a
sreseottoarecyclerorRCRASubtitlebdisposal
facility. .
Paddng lamps for transport:
Pack lamps removed during rclamping in the boxes
in which they initially arrived. Do not tape lamps
together.
* ' Place lamps in containers *ha* comply with Sub-
part I of 40 CFR §265. These requirements in-
clude using containers that are in good condition
(if the container l^fc. die lamps must be trans-
fenedtoanomerocmtainer);usingcontamersmade
of or lined with materials compatible with the mer-
cury-containing lamps; keeping containers closed
during storage, except when adding or removing
lamps; and storing containers in accumulation ar-
eas where the owner or operator inspects the con-
tainers at least weekly (40 CFR §265.170-174).
Storing lamps for disposal;
Agg"If>ti^a>ft IjJfPS *h»^ "TT tiayafrimtf vr^vtfv in an
accumulation-area and comply with the require-
ments of 40 CFR §262 (particularly §26234). If
lamps display the characteristic for mercury or lead,
comply with §268.7.
Pack lamps in original boxes or provide cushion-
ing.
' OPTIONS (cont'd)
" >" , .-" ' *
Labeling bow containing lamps:
(40 CFR §26234(aX2)). Note me accumulation
start date (40 CFR §26234(aK3)).
^,. ., . , __
Transporting uoitps ;
leistered solid or hazaidous
ajHicopuaic. Lamps
ns wg anH
fluorescent lamps, range from 250-500 per 4-foot
tube, exdoding costs for packaging and transpor-
tation. .
Municipal solid Wf $/f ]ap^fin costs for both HID
and fluorescent lamps range from 20-30 per 4-
footlamp.
As proposus tfau imy significantly uiiyict we vtyvusoty tfxyumnifnit f'nw1"**^ tttc.oispocu of UIIQV KB nndftf dcvciopiiicBt,
should not purchase cnistuiigeqatpcnem.nKicl^^ '
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LAMPS CONTAINING LEAD:
LIGHTING MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Types of lamps that may contain lead (lead is found in the
lamp glass and socket) include fluorescent lamps and high
intensity discharge lamps (e.g., mercury vapor, metal ha-
lide, high pressure sodium).
Statutory Requirements4
Lamps deemed solid waste:
If the generator determines (based on TCLP test-
ing or by applying his or her knowledge) that the
lamps contain less than 5 ppm of lead, the waste is
a solid waste and may be disposed of in a munici-
pal or solid waste landfill.
Lamps deemed hazardous waste:
If the lamps contain greater than or equal to 5 ppm
of lead, the waste is a hazardous waste and must
be managed according to 40 CFR Parts 261-268
and 270.
Management Options (See Figure 2)
Disposing, of lamps containing lead when deemed solid
waste:
Solid waste may be disposed in a municipal or
industrial waste landfill (RCRA Subtitle C).
* Solid waste may be recycled.
Disposing of lamps containing lead when deemed
hazardous waste:
Hazardous waste may be recycled.
Hazardous waste may also be disposed of in a
RCRA Subtitle D landfill.
Packing, Labeling, Transporting, Stor-
ing, Recordkeeping
Requirements are the same as those for flourescent
lamps containing mercury (refer to page 3).
Management Costs
Requirements are the same as those for fluores-
cent lamps containing mercury (refer to page 3).
FIGURE 2
Management Options
DbpoMrtln
RCRASuttKMC
Lmffln.
Dttpomodn
HCHASuSttUD
Landfill
DtepoMMIn 1
RCRA SuMIU* D I
Undtia, 1
FUcycto.
4 If die waste is sent for disposal, it must be treated to less than 5 mg/1 before it may be disposed of in a hazardous or solid waste landfill. (See 40 CFR
§268.41-43 for treatment standard.)
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BALLASTS CONTAINING PCBs:
LIGHTING MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
Types of lighting equipment that may contain PCBs include
fluorescent lamps, high intensity discharge (e.g., mercury
vapor, metal halide, high pressure sodium), and incidental
hardware.
Statutory Requirements 5
Non-leaking ballasts containing PCBs:
* TSCA:
Requires that ballasts containing over 50 ppm
PCBs be incinerated, disposed of in a chemi-
cal landfill, or treated with an alternative tech-
nology (40 CFR §761.60(e)).
Allows non-leaking small capacitors to be dis-
posed of in a municipal solid waste landfill
(40 CFR 761.60(b)(2)(ii)).
Notify the NRC if releasing greater than an RQ.
Under CERCLA, a release of one pound of PCBs
may constitute an RQ requiring building owners
and waste generators to notify the NRC at 1 -800-
424-8802.
. Thel979PCBLandBanRule(44FR31514),and
the final rule of August 25, 1982 (47 FR 37342)
encourage high-temperature incineration or dis-
posal in a chemical or a hazardous waste landfill.
Leaking ballasts containing PCBs:
TSCA requires high-temperature incineration (40
CFR §761).
Management Options (See Figure 3)
Determining whether ballasts contain PCBs:
Ballasts manufactured through 1979 contain PCBs;
therefore assume all contain PCBs.
Ballasts manufactured after 1979 that have a "No
PCBs" label do not contain PCBs.
Ballasts manufactured after 1979 that do not have
the "No PCBs" label should be managed as if they
contain PCBs until properly characterized.
Evaluating whether ballasts containing PCBs are leaking:
Check ballasts containing PCBs to determine if they
are leaking. Only trained personnel should handle
leaking ballasts.
Disposing of non-leaking ballasts containing PCBs:
Dispose of intact ballasts in a municipal solid waste
landfill.6 However, the EPA Green Lights Program
recommends high-temperature incineration, dis-
posal in a hazardous waste landfill, or recycling.
Disposing of leaking ballasts containing PCBs:
Leaking ballasts must be incinerated at a high-tem-
perature incinerator. See page 7 of this fact sheet
for a list of incinerators.
FIGURE 3
Management Options
State requirements may be more stringent than Federal regulations. See the State Regulations Matrix contained in the "Lighting Disposal Options" fact
sheet to identify State requirements.
6 You may be liable in any subsequent Superfund clean-up at a municipal, hazardous, or chemical landfill if you chose to dispose of waste in a landfill
(CERCLA |107(a)).
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BALLASTS CONTAINING PCBs:
LIGHTING MANAGEMENT OPTIONS (contfd)
Packing, Labeling, Transporting, Storing,
Recordkeeping
Packing non-leaking ballasts containing PCBs:
EPA recommends packing and sealing intact bal-
lasts in 55-gallon drums. One drum holds approxi-
mately 150-300 ballasts.
Pack the ballasts tightly using absorbent packing
materials to fill any void space in the drum.
Mark PCB containers in accordance with TSCA
requirements (see 40 CFR 761.40).
Labeling drums for transporting:
Label drums according to Department of Transpor-
tation requirements (Department of Transportation
. Hazardous Materials Regulations, 49 CFR 172.40).
Removing disconnected ballasts containing PCBs:
* Remove all disconnected ballasts containing PCBs
from lighting fixtures as they may become hazard-
ous if left in the fixtures.
Recordkeeping for transporting ballasts containing PCBs:
Track all transported PCB-contaming ballasts with
a Uniform Hazardous Waste Manifest, which can
be obtained from a disposal facility or recycler ac-
cepting the ballasts.
Management Costs
High temperature incineration costs range from
$0.55-$2.10 per pound (ballasts usually weigh
about 4 pounds), excluding packaging and trans-
porting. Incineration and recycling can be com-
bined, such that PCB-containing materials are re-
moved and destroyed and remaining components
are recycled. This alternative may result in a sav-
ings of 50% over incineration of the entire ballasts.
Chemical or hazardous waste landfill costs range
from $65-$165 per 55 gallon drum or approxi-
mately $.50 per ballast, excluding packaging and
transportation.
Recycling costs range from $0.75-$ 1.75 per pound
or approximately $3.50 per ballast, excluding pack-
aging and transportation.
Transportation costs:
Transportation fees are calculated by cents per
pound per mile and, therefore, may vary based on
the amount of waste being transported and die dis-
tance the transporter must haul the waste,
Profile fees:
Profile fees, charged by operators of high-tempera-
ture incinerators or chemical or hazardous waste
landfills, range from $0-$300 per delivery.
-------
DISPOSAL/RECYCLING SERVICES
Additional information regarding disposal may also be obtained by calling the regulatory hotlines or the Green Lights Program.
Contacts for each of these resources are listed below. Information regarding EPA's other pollution prevention initiatives can be
obtained from EPA's Safety, Health and Environmental Management Division (see bottom of this page).
Disposal Locations
Commercially permitted PCS INCINERATORS operating as of June 1994:
Aptus, Inc.
P. O. Box 1328
Coffeyville, KS 67337
(316)251-6380
Chemical Waste Management*
P.O. Box 2563
Port Arthur, TX 77643
(409) 736-2821
Commercially permitted HAZARDOUS WASTE LANDFILLS operating as of June 1994:
Chem-Security Systems Inc.*
Star Route, Box 9
Arlington, OR 98712
(503) 454-2643
Envirosafe Services Inc.
of Idaho
P. O. Box 16217
Boise, ID 83715-6217
(800)274-1516
U.S. Ecology, Inc.
Box 578
Beatty,NV 89003
(702) 553-2203
U.S. Pollution Control, Inc.
Grayback Mountain
8960N Highway 40
Lake Point, UT 84074
(801) 252-2000
* Note: Call J-800-843-3604 for information on Chemical Waste Management disposal facilities nationwide.
Recycling Services
Lamp Recycling Services
(as of January 1994):
Advanced Environmental Recycling Corp.
Allentown, PA
(215) 797-7608
Lighting Resources, Inc.
Pomona, CA
(909) 923-7252
Mercury Recovery Systems
Monrovia, CA
(818)301-1372
Mercury Technologies Corporation
Hayward, CA
(800) 628-3675
Ensquare, Inc.
Summerville, MA
(617) 776-7320
Environmental Energy Group
Denton, TX
(817)898-1291
Ballast Recycling Services
(as of January 1994):
FulCircle Ballast Recyclers
Cambridge, MA
(800) 775-1516 (National Sales Office)
Lighting Resources, Inc.
Pomona, CA
(909) 923-7252
Salesco U.S.A.:
Phoenix, AZ
(800) 368-9095
San Diego, CA
(619) 793-3460
Boston, MA
(617) 344-4074
Transformer Service, Inc.
Concord, NH 03302
(603) 224-4006
To obtain additional regulatory information, contact:
Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Assistance Information Hotline - (202) 554-1404
RCRA/UST, Superfund and EPCRA Hotline: (703) 412-9810 (in the Washington, D.C. Metro Area), 1-(800) 424-9346
CERCLA National Response Center (NRC) Hotline - (800) 424-8802
Department of Transportation Hotline - (202) 366-4488
To obtain additional information on implementing energy efficient lighting systems, contact:
EPA's Green Lights Program
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W. (ANR-445)
Washington, DC 20460
(202) 775-6650, (202) 775-6680 (fax)
This fact sheet was prepared by the Environmental Protection Agency's Safety, Health and Environmental Management
Division (SHEMD). Questions about this fact sheet or about EPA's internal pollution prevention efforts may be directed
to SHEMD's Jeffrey Davidson at (202) 260-1650.
7 This is not a complete list of companies that provide disposal and recycling services throughout the United States. Companies listed in this fact sheet are not
endorsed by the EPA. EPA does not screen listed companies and cannot confirm the methods these companies may use in their recycling process.
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' '"'/ ATTACHMENT B
[',''' ^UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
- PCB Q & A MANUAL
An EPA TSCA assistance document designed to provide the regulated
community with Agency interpretations to frequently posed
questions.* .
Prepared by:
OPERATIONS BRANCH
CHEMICAi MANAGEMENT DIVISION
OFFICE OF POLLUTION PREVENTION AND TOXICS
1994 EDITION
* This publication is an informal document, and persons are
directed to the PCB final rules at Title 40 of the Code of
Federal Regulations part?- 761 (40 CFR part 761) except where
otherwise noted for specific legal requirements. This document
provides information on the regulatory requirements for
polychlorinated biphenyls that have.been reflected in final
regulations published through December 31, 1990. Any past
versions of this document either final or in draft form are now
obsolete. .
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-------
.- _ . .. FOREWORD- - ; . ' ,
The FOB Q & A Manual has fceen prepared to assist the user in
answering frequently asked questions on the PCB regulations. -It
is a quick source of information that .will be updated as new
rules and policies become final. The looseleaf style and
pagination within chapters will facilitate updating as needed".
Each time a new chapter is added, a new table of contents and a
new alphabetical list of chapters will also be generated. All
persons to,, whom EPA has sent the PCB Q & A Manual will
automatically receive updates with instructions to add arid/or
replace pages already in the binder. Please complete the
following Update Request Form and mail this entire page to:
Environmental Assistance Division (7408), Environmental
Protection Agency, 401 M St. S.W., Washington, DC 20460, or call
the TSCA Assistance Information Service at 202-554-1404 to
receive the PCB Q & A Manual Updates and Revisions.
PCB Q & A MANUAL -
Update Request Form
FACILITY;
STREET ADDRESS:
CITY: STATE:
ATTENTION:
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CAPACITORS '
f B. SMALL
Manufacturing (page 11-12)
Processing (page 11-12) .
Distribution in Commerce (Sale of Small PCB Capacitors)
(page 11-12) - . : -
Marking/Labeling (page 11-13)
Use Conditions (page 11-13)
'Storage for.Reuse (page 11-13)
Storage for Disposal (page II-13) :
Disposal (page 11-14).
.Spills (page II-14)
11-11
-------
/"" PART B
iI. -CAPACITORS
.Small capacitors are-those which contain less than 3 Ibs. of
dielectric fluids. They commonly contain between o.i and
0.6 pound of PCBs and axe used in fluorescent light*.
ballasts, household appliances, and industrial equipment.
In most applications, the equipment containing the small
capacitor in its circuitry cannot function without it.
Since these capacitors .contain small quantities of
dielectric'fluid and significant amounts of absorbent
material such as paper/ and because many of these capacitors
are encapsulated, large, amounts of PCBs are not released
'from these capacitors during their use in appliances or
other equipment 'containing small capacitors. Therefore,
exposure risks to humans, food, feed, water,, or the
environment from the use of these capacitors are generally
low. EPA has determined that the use of small' capacitors
containing PCBs is not unreasonable because of their low
risk compared with the benefits from the use of millions of
pieces of electronic -equipment and consumer products;
billions of dollars in replacement costs; and the lack of
practical cost-effective risk reduction measures. .
MANUFA<
-mt.LMc*
The manufacture of PCBs, regardless of concentration, for
use in small capacitors is prohibited [761. 20 (b)].
"
PROCESS ING
The processing of PCBs, 50 ppm or greater, for use in small
capacitors is prohibited without an EPA exemption
[761.20 (c)]. PCBs in any concentration may be processed
(i.e., prepared and/or packaged for distribution in
commerce) for purposes of disposal in accordance with the
requirements of 761.60 [761. 20 {c) (2) and. (*)]'.
The distribution in commerce of PCBs, 50 ppm or greater, for
use in small capacitors is prohibited without an EPA
exemption [761.20(c)] . PCBs at any concentration may be
distributed in commerce for purposes of disposal in
accordance with the requirements of .761.60 [761.20 (c) (2) and
(4)] . Disposal means the termination of the'useful life of
the PCB or PCS-Contaminated Capacitors.
11-12
-------
.. ' . ".*',''" f '' '
The distribution /in: commerce ..(sale): of a small PCB .Capacitor
for reuse or resale is allowed provided: . .;' .
the small- capacitor was originally sold for use
before July 1, 1979;
v .'..''."" ' : ~ " /
* the small capacitor is intact and nonleaking at
the time of sale; and ' . rf .
BO PCBs are introduced into the small capacitor.
M&KKLING/Ii&BEIiING . ,
Small PCB .Capacitors'are hot required to be marked or
; labeled while in service or when removed from service for
disposal. ._;. .;
However, as of January 1,. 1979, all PCB Equipment containing
a small PCB Capacitor was to be marked at the time of
manufacture with the statement: "This equipment contains
PCB Capacitor(s)." . The mark was to be the same size as the
mark n f76i;40(d)3.
Each small' capacitor used in alternating circuits and each
fluorescent bulb manufactured between July 1, 1978 and July
1, -1998. that does not contain PCBs must be marked by the
manufacturer."No PCBs" [761.40 (g) ] .
USE CONDITIONS - * -
EPA has not placed any restrictions on the use of small PCB
Capacitors. .
STORAGE FOR REUSE
There are no restrictions or limitations on the storage for
reuse of small PCB Capacitors provided that the capacitors
are in a condition suitable for reuse.
STORAGE FOR DISPOSAL
There are no time restrictions or storage requirements on
the storage for disposal of small PCB Capacitors provided
that they are intact.and nonleaking [761.60(b) (6)3.
However,'a PCB.Container (e.g.,.drum) which contains leaking
small PCB Capacitors must be marked, dated, and placed into . .
proper storage .in accordance with the regulatory ,
requirements for a "PCB Container," and must be removed from
. . U.S. EPA Headquarters Library .
. .' ., Mail code3201
... '.'' 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW
- . -. . - Washington "DC 20460 . ~ "
-------
~"\
J
storage arid dispbseH of within one year [761. 65 (a)]. Also,
any small PCS Capacitor owned by any person, who ' .
manufactures, or at any time manufactured, .PCB Capacitors or
PCB Equipment and acquired the PCB Capacitor in the course
of such manufacturing, must be stored in accordance with
761»65(b) . . '.,: .
DISPOSAL '"/'.''''. ' ' - ; ' - ' ___ -
Small PCB Capacitors . and Equipment containing small PCB
Capacitors , may be disposed of as municipal solid waste
[761. 60 (b) (2) (ii) ], except that any small PCB Capacitor
owned by any person who manufactures or at any time
manufactured PCB Capacitors or PCB Equipment and acquired
the PCB Capacitors in the course of such manufacturing must
be disposed of as follows [761 . 60 (b) (2) (iv)]:
In an incinerator, that complies with 40 CFR
761.70.
By an alternative EPA approved and permitted
method.
EPA recommends that where several . small PCB Capacitors are
gathered together in drums or containers, that the disposal
method be determined by the combined amount of PCBs in the
several capacitors. That is, if 3 Ibs. or more of PCBs are
contained in the several small capacitors, the Agency
recommends that the several small capacitors be disposed of
in accordance with the requirements for large capacitors .
Also, EPA encourages users of large amounts of small PCB
Capacitors to institute voluntary collection programs to
dispose of the small capacitors in PCB Incinerators.
[Readers are advised to contact their PCB Regonal
Coordinator for the policy on the disposal of large numbers
of small capacitors .']
SPILLS , '
Spills, leaks, and other uncontrolled discharges where the
release results in. any quantity of PCBs running off of about
to run off the external surface of a small PCB Capacitor is
considered improper disposal of PCBs. The PCB Spill Cleanup
Policy provides specific cleanup measures which, if followed
explicitly, create a presumption against enforcement for
penalties or further cleanup. See the chapter on "PCB Spill
Cleanup .Policy* for specific measures.
-------
Other minor weeping from PCS Capacitor bushings and. seams
not covered by the spill policy is still considered .improper
disposal, of PCBs and it is 'recommended that the provisions
of the Spill Cleanup Policy be followed. ,
11-15
-------
-------
ATTACHMENT C
PCS DISPOSAL COMPANIES
FEB 16 1995
*Permitted to operate in all ten EPA. Regions
COMPANY
INCINERATORS
Aptus, Inc.
Chemical Waste
Management
Rollins
WESTON
ADDRESS
P.O. Box 1328
Cbffeyville, KS 67337
P.O. 27448
Salt Lake City, UT 84127
11600 N. Aptus Road
Aragonite, DT 84029
P.O. Box 2563
Port Arthur, TX 77643
P.O. Box 609
Deer Park, TX 77536
One West on Way
West Chester, PA 19380
PHONE NO.
312-251 6380
801-531-4200 .
801-531-4200
409-736-2821
713-930-2300
215-692-3030 *
ALTERNATE THERMAL TECHNOLOGIES
General Electric
100 Woodlawn Avenue
Pittsfield, MA -01201
413-494-2700
CHEMICAL DECELORINATION
Chemical Waste
Management
Exceltech, Inc. : .
(ENSCO Subsidiary)
Aptus, Inc.
PPM, lac.
(USPCI Subsidiary)
ENSR Operations
(formerly Sunohio)
1550 Balmer Road
Model City, NY 14107
41638 Christy Street
Fremont, CA -94538
P.O. Box 1328
Coffeyville, KS 67337
1875'Forge Street
Tucker, GA 30084
1700 Gateway Blvd. S.E.
Canton, OH 44707
716-754-8231
415-659-040-4
316-251-6380
404-934-0902 *
216-452-0837 *
-------
-2-
COMPANY ; ADDRESS
CHEMICAL DECHLORJNATIOH (Continued)
Transformer"
Consultants, Div. of
S.D. Myers, Inc..
Trinity Chemical Co.
Inc. '
180 South Avenue
Tallmadge, OH 44278
6405 Metcalf, Cloverleaf 3
Suite 313
Shawnee Mission/ KS 66202
PHONE NO.
800-4*44-9580
913-831-2290
PHYSICAL SEPARATION
CECOS International
Process Center
Aptus, Inc.
Unison Transformer
Services, Inc.
General Electric
S. D. Myers, Inc.'
PIPELINE .REMOVAL
Alguonguin Gas
Transmission Company
CNG Transmission
Corporation
Columbia Gas
Transmission .Corp,
Columbia Gulf
Transmi s s ion- Co..
Natural Gas Pipeline
Company of America
Northern' Natural Gas
Company
Tennessee Gas Pipeline'
Company (Tenneco)
4879 Spring Grove Ave.
Cincinnati, OH 45232
P.O. Box 1328
Coffeyville, KS 67337
5801 Riverpdrt Road
Henderson, KY 43420
One. River Road
Schenectady, NY 12345
180 South Avenue
Tallmadge, Ohio 44278
1284 Soldiers Field Rd.
Boston, MA 02135
445 West Main Street
Clarksburg, WV 26302
PIC..Box 1273
Charleston, WV 25325-1273
P.O. Box 1273
Charleston, WV 25325-1273
701 East 22nd Street
Lombard, Illinois 60148 '
P.O. Box 2511
Omaha, NB 68103
P.O. Box 2511
Houston,TX 77252-2511
513-681-5738
316-251-6380
502-827-0541
518^385-2426 *
800-444-9580
617-254-4050 *
304 623-8446
304-359-2727 *.
304-359-2727 *
708 691-3808
515-226-2011 *
713-757-5687 *
-------
COMPANY
PIPELINE REMOVAL (Continued}
Texas Eastern Gas
Pipeline Company
Texas Gas Transmission.
Corporation ,
Transcontinental Gas
Pipeline Corporation
Transwestern Pipeline .
Corporation
-3-
ADDRESS
P.O. BOX 2521
Houston, TX 77252-2521
3800 Frederica Street
Owensboro, KY 42302
2800 Post Oak Bouilevard
HOuston, TX 77251-1396
3800 Frederica Street
Owensboro, KY 42302
PHONE NO.
-313-7S9-5472'*-
502-926-8686 *
713-439-2130 *
713-853-7237 *
PIPELINE AND COMPRESSOR
SYSTEMS DECONTAMINATION
Burlington Environmental
Inc.
Rucker Environmental
Vector Group, Inc.
2203 Airport Way South
Suite 400
Seattle, WA 98134 .
2908 Charles Avenue
Dunbar, WV .25064
* 4L118 Ferris Road
Cincinnati, OH 45102
206-223-0500 *
513-752-8988 *---
PCB TRANSFORMER DECOMMISSIONING
(Disassembly/Smelting)
Aptus, -Inc.
Transformer Consultants
Div.of S.D. Myers, Inc.
Trans End
P.O. Box 1328
Coffeyville,.KS 67337
180 South Avenue
Tallmadge, OH 44278
1302 West .38th'-Street
Ashtabula, OH 44004 .
3126 Brinkerhoff Road
Kansas City, KS 66115
316-251-6380
800-444-9580
216-992-8665
913-321-3155
-------
' .'.' :-" " : '. '-. -4- . ".
COMPANY . ADDRESS
FLUORESCENT LIGHT BALAST RECYCLING
FulCircle Ballast Recyclers 186 Brattle Street
. . Cambridge, MA 02138
S. D. Myers, Inc.
180 South Avenue
Tallmadge, Ohio 44278
Salesco Systems USA, Inc.-AZ 5736 West Jefferson .
Phoenix, AZ 85043
CHEMICAL .WASTE LANDFILLS
Chemical Waste
Management
Chem-Security Systems
Incorporated
Envirosafe Services
Inc. of Idaho
CWM Chemical Services
'Control/ Inc.
U.S. Ecology* Inc'.
U.S. Pollution
Control, Inc.
Alabama Inc. Box 55
Emelle, AL 35459
Box 471
Kettleman City, CA 93239
Star Route, Box 3
Arlington, OR 98712
P.O. Box 16217
Boise, ID 83715-6217
1S50 Balmer Road .
Model City, ,NY 14107
t ' . ' '
BOX 578 '
Beatty, NV 89003
Grayback Mountain
8960N Hwy 40
Lake Point, UT 84074
PHONE NO.
80"0-775-lS16
.'
800-444-9580
800-368-9095
205-652-9721
209-386-9711
503-454-2643
800-274-1516
'716-754-8231
' f ~ *
702-553-2203
801-:S95-3900
BIOLOGICAL
Detox Industries, Inc.
12919 Dairy Ashford
Sugar Land, TX 77478
713-240-0892
-------
p**"lts <* fl?
ArJv £ *
SOLID WASTE AND EMERGENCY RESPONSE
SUBJECT: Use; of Alternative secondary Containment Measures at
. Facilities Regulatesunder the oil Pollution Prevention
Regulation
FROM: Don R. Clas
Assistant Aoministr
TO: Director, Environmental Services Division
' '' Regions I, VI, vii ''-. ; ;" .-" .-'..: ""
Director, Emergency and Remedial Response Division
. . . '' Region. II- ..''..;; '.-' .''"- .'..: '' '., '"''' . '-'''
Director, Hazardous Waste Management Division
Regions III, IX -.-.". ":':". '' '': " --'.' , '
Director, Waste Management Division
' ' Regions IV^ V^ VIII " "":- ../,- ' '
Director, Hazardous Waste Division
Region X '' '.- , '-;"'-..". - '-.'.-'
PURPOBE ' ' - .. ".. '.- ,; ' ' "- -.-.-'
This memorandum addresses the U.S. Environmental protection
Agency's (EPA) interpretation of the term "secondary containment"
as it is used in section 112.7(c) of tha Oil Pollution Prevention
regulation (40 CFR Part 112), also known as the Spill Prevention,
Control and Countermeasures (SPCC) regulation; It also addresses
technologies that may be used to provide secondary containment -
for smaller, shop-fabricated.aboveground storage tanks (ASTs)
consistent with 40 CFR Part 112.7(c).
Since 1973, .the SPCC regulation has included the following
provision addressing secondary containment and the allowance for
equivalent preventive systems. Section .112.7(c) states: :
Appropriate containment and/or diversionary structures, or ..
: equipment to prevent discharged oil from reaching . a .;.
navigable 'water course should be proyided. One of the
following preventive systems. or its equivalent should be
Prinffti an Raafdaa PatMf
-------
; . : ;_; ;.-; ' _-.^. / ' ;.-: ;;.;. ---2' - ' .. \\ '';.'....' .' .-.'...''
: . .'.'''''"'.'-.'. ....';'' ? ." . '- '..."
'used as a minimum: (1) Onshore facilities: (i) Dikes,
berms or retaining walls sufficiently impervious to contain
spilled oil? (ii) Curbing; (iii) culverting^ gutters or .
.\ - other drainage systems;
-------
' ' ..,' -'.'- '; ' . ' '" 3 -' \ ; : ;; ."' . '
Consistent with section 112 .l(e) of the SPCC regulation,
this memorandum does not supersede the authority of "existing
laws, regulations, rules, standards, policies and procedures
pertaining to safety standards, fire prevention and pollution
rules," including^ f ire -codes or other standards for good
engineering practice that nay' apply to alternative AST systents.
bn October^ 22, 1991, EFA proposed revisions to the SPCC
regulation . . The proposed revisions do not affect the provisions
of section 112 . -7 (c) that descxilxi Alternative systens that are
substantially equivalent to those .specifically : listed in
paragraphs ;.l.e) {!);(£);,
This memorandum should allow -EPA Regional personnel to
.provide consistent interpretation of the secondary . containment
provisions of section X12; 7 (cK of the SPCC regulation to
facilities with generally (smaller shop-fabricated ASTs.
Alternative AST systems, including equipment and procedures to
prevent reasonably expected discharges, should satisfy the
secondary containment provisions of -the SPCC regulation under
most site-specific conditions. '.''' '-"-'. ;:.''./ '' . _-.'
DISCUSSIOK ;,.'.;:". . :''. ^' ... ' .'' ''.'..'.
As smaller shop-fabricated ASTs are .increasingly appearing
in the/market^ ve have observed a number of innovative -
technologies to .reduce the risks of both leaks and spills.
Moreover, these smaller shop-fabricated tanks do not pose the :
same risk of large uncontrolled oil spills to navigable waters as
the larger field-erected tanks. : Therefore, we believe that there
should: be many situations in which protection of navigable waters
substantially equivalent to that . provided by the secondary
containment systems listed in section 112 . 7 (c) could be provided
by alternative AST systems that have capacities generally less
than 12,000, gallons and are installed and operated with
protective measures other than secondary containment dikes . For
example, some State programs provide an exemption from state
spill prevention requirements for ASTs with similar capacities.
However, in certain situations, these alternative AST systems
might appropriately not be presumed to comply with the provisions
of section 112.7(c). An example of this type of situation is
facilities containing four or more ASTs or ASTs with combined
capacity greater .than 40,000 gallons, where a number of larger
tanks are connected by manifolds or other piping arrangements
-------
that would permit a volume of oil greater than the capacity of
one< tank to be spilled as a result of a single system failure.1;
' The ovner or operator, of any Jfacii^
, regulation, including facilities using .alternative AST eyatems, '
must adhere to all applicable proYi^ions^of;:^^
: The owner or operator of each regulated!facility must develop a ' ,:
site-specif ic SPCC Plan tiat must be c^rt^iM by a
Professional' Engineer as required by section 112.3 of the . - ' .
regulation. Pursuant to: the ^irequiaa|»eat^-of'VBecticai'Vl'i2.7' that
the SPCC Plan shall "include a discussion of the facility's
conformance with the appropriate guidelines listed,'«:;'» complete
SPCC Plan for any facility using alternative AST systems should
include a discussion of why the facility is considered to be in
conformance vith section 112.7(c). :. -'v'/' ';.V.';.\'..".-. .,- :< '', ;-'''', '";";
In evaluating these shop-fabricated AST systeias, EPA's
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response; (OSWE») lias looked .
at requirements the Agency has established for tanks in
situations where traditional secondary containment systems cannot
be provided (e.g., USTs covered by 40 CFR Bart 280). ;.
Additionally, OSWER has evaluated relevant State and local
government requirements. OSWER also has considered factors
related to alternative AST systems, including tank size, typical
pumping rates used to fill and empty them, and the lower risk of
large, uncontrolled jail spills from facilities using such AST
systems/ based on tank size/design, and pumping rates. We
believe that tor' these smaller shop-fabricated ASTs some
alternative AST systems that include adequate technical spill and
leak prevention options: such as overfill alarms, flow shutoff or
restrictor devices, and constant monitoring of product transfers
generally would allow owners and operators, of facilities to
provide protection, of navigable waters substantially equivalent
to that provided by eecondary containment as defined in 40 CFR
Part 112.7(c). For example, email double walled ASTs, when used
with equipment and procedures described -in this guidance,
generally .would provide substantially equivalent protection of
navigable waters under section 112.7(c) of the SPCC regulation
when the inner tank is an Undervriters' Laboratory-listed steel
tank,' the outer wall is constructed in accordance with nationally
Accepted industry standards (e.g., those codified by the American
Petroleum Institute, the Steel Tank Institute,-and American
Concrete'Institute),.the tank, has overfill prevention measures -
that include an overfill alarm and an automatic flow restrictor.::
s based on .similar capaclrles In. proptfsfd National Fire
Protection Association standards «nd consideration of ItJie risks to public
health or welfare or the ^nvironaent of «pill« of TH>tenti*lly larger size.
-------
- . --5 -' : . ' : '...."/
or flow shut-off,2 and all product transfers are constantly
men i tore d . ' ' "' '"''.-' .'' ' "' :" ' : ' '' '
COHCLTOIOH .'"'.. ;.'".;.'';, . -.,' .' .' V ^ V :. > ' ';.'.. ' ;-; .. . /:. " "
-. When the only significant source of potential oil spills to
navigable waters of the United States from a facility is from
alternative ASTs as described in this memorandum, an SPCC Flan
that is certified by a Registered Professional Engineer and that
requires equipment and operating practices in accordance with
good engineering practice and the principle of substantial
equivalence as described above should be presumed to achieve the
protection of navigable waters substantially equivalent to that
provided by the preventive systems specified in 40 CFR Part
' -- - ' ' "
cc: Sowdoin Train
Henry Longest
Bruce Diamond
Deborah Dietrich
Walter Kovaiick
James Makris .. '-..' .
Charles Openchowski
; 'David Ziegele '
Wendy Butler
Removal Managers, Regions I-X
? Consistent with the performance standards for these devices as
described in section 2B0.20(c) of EPA regulationc for TJSTs at 40 CIR fart
280 «nd in an August 5, 1991, amendment, an autoaatic flow shut-off will
shut off flow.50 chat none of the fittings located-'on top of the tank are
exposed to product as a result of overfilling, an automatic flow restrietor
will restrict flow 30 minutes .-prior to overfill or -when the tank is no more
than 90 percent full, and a high level alarm will alert the operator one
minute iefore overfilling or when the tank is no more than 90 percent full.
3 Consistent with the performance standard for overfill control as
described in section 280.30(a) of EPA regulations for USTs at 40 CFR Part
280, an owner/operator of the facility will ensure that the transfer \ v
operacion is monitored constantly to prevent overfilling and spilling.
-------
-------
Index
-------
-------
Facility Safety, Health, and
Environmental Management Manual
EPA 4844
2/98
Index
The Safety Manual is indexed by major subject area. Numbers (or number-letter combinations)
refer to chapter and paragraph, not to page. Where a paragraph contains only a cross-reference to
another section of this manual or to another publication, the numbers (or number-letter
combinations) have been set in italic type.
Additions, Building 3-7
Air-Conditioning, See also HVAC Performance 5-8
Air-Handling Spaces 6-4
Air Pollution Control 7-3
Chlorofluorocarbon-Containing Systems ... 7-3d
Emissions,
Design Considerations 7-3a
NESHAPS Requirements 7-3b
Halon Fire-Extinguishing Systems 7-3c
Indoor Air Quality 7-3e
Ancillary Occupancies 4-5c
Hazard Segregation ;... 4-5c
Antifoulant Paints 7-7b
Area Limitations 3-6
Asbestos 4-3c, 4-6, 7-3, 7-6g
Assembly Areas 4-5a
Hazard Segregation 4-5a
Atriums 2-6a
Attachments, Building 3-7
Authority, for Manual 1-4
Automatic Sprinkler Protection. See also
Occupancies, Automatic
Sprinkler-Protected 3-3, 5-4
for Electronic Equipment ,... 5-4a
WetPipe 5-4b
Blind Stands, Hazard Segregation 4-5e
Ceilings, Fire Protection 2-8
CFCs. See Chlorofluorocarbon-Containing Systems
Chlorofluorocarbon-Containing Systems 7-3d
Classification
of Construction 2-4, 3-5
of Occupancies 3-2
Combustible Dusts 6-9
Communications Equipment 6-19
Construction
Classification '. 2-4, 3-5
Electronic Equipment 4-13c
Interior 4-3
Types 2-4, 3-5
Corridors, Exit 4-4i
Handicapped Requirements 4-7a
Cryogenics ' 4-12d
Day-Care Facilities, Safety 4-6
Design for Environment 7-9
Disabled Persons, Safety 4-7
Hazard Exposure 4-7b
Discharge Standards, Water. See NPDES
Requirements; Water
Distribution Systems, Electrical 6-7
Doors
Exit 4-4e
Latches 4-4g
Panic Hardware 4-41
Dry-Chemical Systems 5-7
Ducts 5-8, 6-4
Electrical
Distribution Systems 6-7
Installation : 6-3
Safety Requirements 6-17
Electronic Equipment 4-13
Air-Conditioning for 5-8
Emergency Accessories 4-13e
Emergency Lighting 6-12,4-I3k
Fire Protection Requirements 4-13, 5-4a
Occupancy 4-13d
Records 4-13h
Shutoff 4-13a, 6-17k
Smoke Detectors 4-13g
Sprinkler Protection 5-4a
Elevators 5-14
Handicapped Requirements 4-7a
Emergency Exits. See Exits
Emergency Equipment 4-16
Eyewashes 4-16
Showers 4-16
Emergency Lighting. See Lighting
Emergency Power 6-13
Emission Standards, Air. See NESHAPS
Requirements
Energy Conservation 7-9d
Environmental Assessment 7-9
Environmental Impact Statements 7-9
Equipment. See also specific systems
Communications 6-19
Electronic -4-13
Emergency, Laboratory 4-16
Fire-Extinguishing 5-5, 5-6, 5-7
Fume Hoods 5-12
Ground-Fault Protection 6-14
Heating 5-10
Escalators 2-6
1-1
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EPA 4844
2/98
Facility Safety, Health, and
Environmental Management Manual
Exits 4-4
Corridors 4-4i
Day-Care Facilities 4-6
Discharge 4-4j
Two-Doorway 4-4k
Distance between -.,... 4-4f
Doors 4-4e, 4-4g, 4-41
Emergency 4-4b
Handicapped Requirements 4-7
Lighting and Marking 6-10
Merging 4-4d
Number 4-4a
Stairs 4-4c
Timed Exit Calculation 4-4n
Eyewashes, Emergency. See Emergency Equipment
Fire Alarm Systems 6-11
Fire Areas/Subdivisions 4-4o
Fire Barrier Walls 2-5
Fire Doors 2-10
Handicapped Requirements 4-7a
Fire Escapes 4-4p
Fire Exposure Protection 3-8
Fire Extinguishing Systems
Dry-Chemical 5-7
Gaseous 5-6
Halon 5-5, 7-3c
Fireproofing, Utilities 2-11
Fire Protection. See also Exits; Fire Resistance;
and specific fire protection features
Automatic Sprinklers 3-4, 5-4
Ceilings 2-8
Day-Care Facilities 4-6
Laboratories 4-15
Stages 4-14
Trash Rooms 4-8
Fire-Resistance Ratings 2-3
Fire Stopping 2-9
FireWalls 2-5
Flammable Liquids 4-9,6-9
Indoor Storage Rooms 4-9a
Laboratory Cabinets 4-9b
Flammable and Oxidizing Gases. See also
Gas Cylinders) 4-11,6-9
Fume Hoods, Laboratory 5-12
Conditions Affecting Performance 5-12c
Function 5-12b
New Installations 5-12e
Operation 5-12f
Purchase ; 5-12a
Systems 5-12d
Furniture
Day-Care Facilities 4-6
Gas Cylinders 4-12
Anchoring :. 4-12b
Cryogenics 4-12d
Labeling 4-12f
Size and Quantity 4-I2a
Supply Lines 4-12c
Ventilation 4-12d, e
Gaseous Fire-Extinguishing Systems 5-6
General Storage Areas '. 4-5b
Hazard Segregation 4-5b
Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter Protection ... 6-15
Ground-Fault Protection 6-14
Halon Fire-Extinguishing Systems 5-5,7-3c
Handicapped Accessibility. See Disabled Persons;
Elevators, Handicapped Requirements
Hazardous Chemicals/Materials, Storage See also
Hazard Segregation; Emergency Equipment;
and specific substances
Aboveground Storage Tanks 7-6b
Indoor Storage Rooms 4-9b, 4-10a
Laboratory Cabinets 4-9b, 4-lOb
Spill Prevention 7-6a
Underground Storage Tanks 7-6c
Hazardous Waste 7-5
Facility Design Requirements 7-5c, d, e
Management Activities 7-5a
Regulatory Requirements 7-5b
Hazard Segregation 4-5
Ancillary Occupancies 4-5c
Assembly Areas 4-5a
Blind Stands and Self-Service Stores 4-5e
Day-Care Facilities 4-6
Electronic Equipment 4-13b
General Storage 4-5b
Laboratories 4-15
Mixed Occupancies 4-5d
Heating Equipment 5-10
Height Limitations 3-6
HVAC Systems and Performance .. 5-11,7-3d, 7-3e
Chlorofluorocarbon-Containing 7-3d
Indoor Air Quality 7-3e
Indoor Storage Rooms
Flammable-Liquid 4-9a
Hazardous Chemical 4-lOa
Interior Construction. See Construction
Internal Combustion Engines 5-13
Laboratories 4-15
Cabinets 4-9b, 4-10b, 5-12g
Fume Hoods 5-12
Hazard Segregation 4-15
Laboratory Equipment 4-16
Lead
Lead-Based Paint 4-3a, 7-6e
Day-Care Facilities 4-6
in Water 7-4
Day-Care Facilities : 4-6
Lighting ." 6-20
Emergency '...." 4-13k, 6-12
Exit 6-10
Fixtures 6-8
1-2
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Facility Safety, Health, and
Environmental Management Manual
EPA 4844
2/98
Fire Safety Requirements 6-8
Lightning Protection Systems 6-18
Limited Access Areas
Exits 4-4a
Ventilation 4-4q
Manual
Authorities Used 1-4
Objectives 1-7
Overview 1-2
Purpose 1-1
References 1-5
Requirements 1-9
Responsibilities 1-8
Scope 1-3
Mixed Occupancies 4-5d
Monumental Stairs. See Stairs
National Emission Standards for Hazardous Air
Pollutants. See NESHAPS Requirements
National Environmental Policy Act 7-9a
National Pollutant Discharges Elimination
Systems. SeeNPDES
NEPA. See National Environmental Policy Act
NESHAPS Requirements 7-3b
NPDES Requirements 7-4
Objectives (of Manual). See also Purpose;
Requirements; Scope 1-7 >
Occupancies
Ancillary 4-5c
Hazard Segregation 4-5c
Assembly Areas 4-5a
Automatic Sprinkler-Protected 3-3
Blind Stands, Hazard Segregation 4-5e
Classification 3-2
Electronic Equipment 4-13d
General Storage 4-5b
Mixed 4-5d
Hazard Segregation 4-5d
Office Space 3-4
Self-Service Stores, Hazard Segregation .... 4-5e
Off-Gassing 4-3b, 7-3e
Office Space, Open-Plan 3-4
Exits 4-4h
Fire Safety 3-4
Overview, of Manual Contents 1-2
Paint
Antifoulant 7-7b
Lead-Based 4-3a, 7-6e
Day-Care Facilities 4-6
Panel, Curtain, and Spandrel Walls 2-7
PCBs 7-5f, 7-6d
Day-Care Facilities 4-6c
Penetrations 2-6
Pesticides 7-7
Antifoulant Paints 7-7b
Petroleum Storage 7-6
Plenums 6-4
Policy (General), EPA 1-6
Pollution Prevention. See also Water, Pollution
Control; Storage, Hazardous Chemicals/
Materials, Spill Prevention 7-9c
Polychlorinated Biphenyls. See PCBs
Purpose of Manual. See also Objectives;
Requirements; Scope 1-1
of Chapter 2 2-1
of Chapter 3 3-1
of Chapter 4 4-1
of Chapter 5 5-1
of Chapter 6 6-1
of Chapter 7 7-1
Radioactive Materials. See also Waste, Solid
and Hazardous 7-8
Air Emissions 7-8d
Contamination Control 7-8i
Control and Monitoring .
Airborne Radionuclides 7-8b
Workplace 7-8c
Control and Signage 7-8g
Design Considerations 7-8a
Mixed Waste 7-8j
Shielding 7-8h
Waste 7-8e, f
Radon 7-6f
Records, Fire Protection 4-13h
Recycling 4-8b
Solvents 7-5g
References, for Manual 1-5; App. A
for Chapter 2 2-2
for Chapter 4 4-2
for Chapter 5 5-2
for Chapter 6 6-2
for Chapter 7 7-2
Requirements, of Manual. See also Objectives;
Purpose; Scope 1-9
Responsibilities, for Enforcing Manual
Standards 1-8
Scope, of Manual. See also Objectives; Purpose;
Requirements 1-3
Security, Day-Care Facilities 4-6
Shafts 2-6
Showers, Emergency. See Emergency Equipment
Significant New Alternatives Policy. See Halon
Smoke Detectors
Day-Care Facilities 4-6
Electronic Equipment 4-13g
Smokeproof Towers 4-4m
SNAP. See Halon
Solid and Hazardous Waste. See Waste, Solid
and Hazardous
Sprinkler Protection. See Automatic Sprinkler
Protection
Stages 4-14
Stairs. See also Escalators
1-3
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EPA 4844
2/98
Facility Safety, Health, and
Environmental Management Manual
Exit 4-4
Monumental 2-6
Storage
Hazardous Chemicals/Materials 4-10
Aboveground Storage Tanks 7-6"b
Combustible Dusts 6-9
Flammable Gas 4-11,4-12,6-9
Ventilation 4-12
Flammable Liquids 4-9, 6-9
Oxidizing Gas 4-11
Pesticides 7-7a
Petroleum 7-6
Spill Prevention 7-6a
Underground Storage Tanks 7-6c
Solid and Hazardous Wastes 7-5
PCBs 7-6d
Trash Rooms 4-8
Stores, Self-Service, Hazard Segregation 4-5e
Supply Lines, Gas Cylinders 4-12c
Sustainable Development 7-9b
Transformers 6-5, 6-6
Trash Rooms 4-8
Fire Protection 4-8a
Recycling 4-8b
Uninterruptible Power Supply 6-16
Utilities, Fireproofing 2-11
Ventilation. See also HVAC Performance
Flammable Gas Storage 4-12e
Laboratory Cabinets 5-12g
Limited Access Areas 4-4q
Systems 5-9
Vertical Openings 2-6
Volatile Organic Compounds 4-3b, 7-3
Waste, Solid and Hazardous 7-5
Green Lights Program 7-5f
Radioactive 7-8
Regulatory Requirements 7-5b
Solvent Recovery 7-5g
Storage and Handling 7-5c, d, e
Water
Conservation '. 7-9d
Pollution Control 7-4
Control Technologies 7-4c, f
Discharge Standards 7-4a, b, d, e
Potable 7-4g
Supply Systems 5-3
Windows 2-7
1-4
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