-------
this Guide?
This booklet is designed for small child care facilities to help them
ensure the drinking water in their buildings does not contain elevated
levels of lead. This guide uses the 3Ts (training, testing, teiiing) to assist
you with the steps needed to reduce children's exposure to lead in
drinking water.
»• Training: information about health effects and sources of lead
&"• Testing: simple instructions for testing water and recommended
solutions for fixing a lead problem if one is identified
*• Idling: sharing information with parents and staff
If you own or direct a large child care facility you should obtain a copy
of 3Ts for Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schoois: Revised
Technical Guidance. This guide can be downloaded at www.epa.gov/
safewater/schools or ordered by calling the Safe Drinking Water
Hotline at 1-800-426-4791.
Lead exposure is a serious health concern, especially for young children
and infants. Children's bodies absorb more of the lead they are
exposed to than do adults. For infants and children, exposure to high
levels of lead may result in delays in physical or mental development,
lower IQ levels, and even brain damage. Because children spend so
much time in child care facilities and lead exposure is a serious health
risk for children, these facilities need to know if their drinking water is
safe. Learn more about the health effects of lead on page 4 of this
Guide.
'• -.^.
A8\S.i?>S. l •>• 0>» *'
Drinking water is one possible source of lead exposure. Some drinking
water pipes, taps, solder, and other plumbing components contain
lead. Lead in the plumbing can leach into water, putting children at
risk. Other possible sources of lead exposure include paint, dust, soil
and dirt, and pottery. Drinking water is not usually a major source of
lead but facilities that serve young children should test their water to
make sure it is safe. Read more about how lead gets into drinking
water on page 5.
for Lead
Testing water in child care facilities is important because children spend
a lot of time in these facilities, and are very likely to consume water
while there. Even though water delivered from the community's public
water supply must meet federal and state standards for lead, the
building plumbing may contribute to elevated lead levels in the
drinking water. Testing the water at each outlet is the only sure way to
find out if the water contains too much lead. Follow the instructions
on page 8 to test the drinking water in your facility.
-------
• >, ^^x>^Ayj»xA^.«.$•-, •*,
^t« >t- ^>xi ^°'^\-Cx> tW
:sa« ^te^:^;^:^^.^0^^^
You may be able to find help in your efforts to ensure the drinking
water in your facility does not contain elevated levels of lead.
> Contact your local drinking water supplier. They can provide
information on the quality of the water and may be able to help
with testing and analysis.
fr Contact your state drinking water program to see if any
requirements apply or if they can provide help.
> Contact the state or local health agency to discuss your needs.
&• Local community organizations may also be able to help you in your
efforts.
Lead is a toxic metal that is harmful to human health when it is
ingested or inhaled. Unlike most other contaminants, lead is stored in
our bones, and can be released over time into the bloodstream. Even
small doses of lead can build up and become a significant health risk.
While everyone is at risk, infants and young children are the most
vulnerable to the harmful effects of lead.
R|sks_to Childnar?
Children are especially susceptible to the effects of lead because their
bodies are still developing. Children younger than six are at the most
risk. Even at low levels of lead exposure, children may experience
lower IQ levels, hearing loss, reduced attention span, learning
disabilities, hyperactivity, and poor classroom performance. Exposure
to high lead levels can cause coma, convulsions, and even death.
Hisks to
Worriers
Pregnant women who are exposed to lead may bear children with low
birth weight and slowed mental and physical development.
Levels of ISisk ;
A variety of factors determine how harmful exposure to lead will be
for an individual. The amount of lead, the number of times a person is
exposed to elevated lead levels, and the length of exposure all affect
the degree of risk. Age, nutrition, and health also impact risk levels.
The degree of harm depends on total exposure to lead from all
sources in the environment—air, soil, dust, food, and water. Lead in
drinking water can be a contributor to overall exposure, particularly for
infants whose diet consists of liquids made with water, such as baby
food, juice, or formula.
-------
Lead is not usually found in
water that comes from wells or
water treatment plants. More
commonly lead can enter the
drinking water when the water
comes in contact with plumbing
materials such as lead pipes or
lead solder, or when it comes in
contact with faucets, valves, and
other components made of
brass. (Brass may have lead in it.)
This interaction is referred to as
corrosion.
Even though your public water
supplier may deliver water that
meets all federal and state
standards for lead, or even
though the water coming from
your own well may have no lead
or low lead levels, you may end
up with elevated lead levels in
your drinking water because of
the plumbing in your facility. The
longer water remains in contact
with leaded plumbing, the more
the opportunity exists for lead to
leach into water. As a result,
facilities with intermittent water
use patterns, such as child care
facilities, may have elevated lead
concentrations. Water may sit in
the pipes of these facilities for
Lead is distributed in thsenvjronment
by natural and human activity. (Past
human a-etiviiies are the major sou KB
af lead j>Uhe environment ) Possible
sources of lead include
* \&tuSifa»siw& (taint that csn f lake
off into soil, window si its, orfloors
fa Yr>/& &\? from industrial
activities
Vnw& »,&& xoti from roadways
and streets where automobiles
which used leaded gas traveled
l«hsi« dust, £PA estimates that 1 0 to
20 percent of human exposure to
lead may come from !«ad in drinking
water, lead in
drinking water
may be a
significant source
of lead exposure
for infants who
consume formula
mfasdwith watw
?•&>•$>*•?* *?»>n£*®J*9'Jf®JfW>>?'>?*'&£VWX*&v>*' **VOX^^^8v<^^^^^*i
long periods, such as overnight,
weekends, and holidays, allowing lead to
leach into the water.
Factors Contributing to
Lead dissolves more quickly in "soft"
water (i.e., water that lathers soap easily)
and acidic water (i.e., low pH). Other
factors, including the amount of time
water is in contact with leaded plumbing,
the age and condition of the plumbing, and certain characteristics of
the water (such as temperature, velocity, alkalinity, and chlorine
levels), affect corrosion.
The public water supplier takes steps to reduce the corrosiveness of
the water. However, if the plumbing in your building is made of lead
or contains lead parts, corrosion may occur once the water reaches
your building and lead may leach into your drinking water.
Your child care facility may have a lead problem if:
*• The facility has lead pipes m the plumbing. The pipes will be
dull gray in color and will appear shiny when scratched with a
knife or key; lead pipes have not been widely used since the 1930s
and their use has been banned since 1986.
fr The facility has copper pipes joined by lead solder. The solder
joints will be dull gray in color and appear shiny when scratched
with a knife or key. Use of lead solder in plumbing has been
banned since 1986, and in many communities was banned prior
to 1986.
The facility has brass pipes, faucets, fittings,
end valves. These materials may contain alloys of
lead and may contribute lead to drinking water.
The water supplied to the facility Is too
corrosive. Contact your public water supplier to
determine what steps it takes to minimize these
-------
characteristics. Also, talk to your public water supplier about any
questions or concerns you may have about lead levels in your
facility's drinking water.
*• Sediment In th& screens on faucats contain tend. Debris from
plumbing can collect on screens and may contain lead.
* Tha service line to your facility h made of lead, A service line is the
pipe that carries water from the public water system main to the
building.
> Water coolers in the facHity are known to contain lead parts or
have i&ad-fmod water tanks (see EPA's listing of water coolers in
Appendix B).
Note: If you rent your facility, ask your landlord to help identify
potential lead in drinking water in pipes or plumbing in your building.
Some states and local jurisdictions may require lead testing in child care
facilities. Consult your state or local public health agency or drinking
water program to learn more. These organizations may help you test
your drinking water for lead.
You cannot see, taste, or smell lead in water; testing is the only sure
way to tell if there are elevated levels of lead in your drinking water.
This section outlines simple steps you can take to test your water and
provides information on how to interpret the results.
If you rent your facility, notify the building owner of your testing
plans, ask for help, and provide him or her with a copy of your test
results. Encourage your landlord to participate in this testing process
and to take corrective actions if lead problems are found.
Choose_a Certified Laboratory to Test Your Samples
Most child care facilities will need to work with a certified drinking
water laboratory to analyze samples. Contact your state drinking water
program (See Appendix A for contact information) or EPA's Safe
Drinking Water Hotline at 1 -800-426-4791 for a list of certified
laboratories in your area.
Questions to ask when choosing a laboratory:
*• Will the laboratory take samples for you or will they provide
training and 250 milliliter (ml) sample containers for you to do the
sampling on your own?
* What is the cost of the laboratory's services? Costs should range
between $20 and $100 per sample, depending on the services provided.
*• Do the samples have to be hand delivered to the laboratory, or can
they be shipped? How quickly must they reach the laboratory after
the sample has been taken?
* How long will it take to receive the results?
»• When will the laboratory provide information on the results?
»> Is the laboratory willing to establish a written agreement or
contract with you for services?
-------
Many older (1987 and earlier) water coolers (fountains) may contain
lead parts or have a lead-lined tank. Check to see if the make and
model of your water coolers are listed by EPA as a possible lead risk (see
Appendix B for a full list). If you have a water cooler that has a lead
lined tank, contact the manufacturer to
determine their requirements for repairing,
replacing, or providing a refund for your
water cooler, or contact the Consumer
Product Safety Commission for follow-up
steps (see Appendix A for contact
information).
It is important to test all of the drinking water outlets in your facility,
including those that provide water for drinking, cooking lunch, and
preparing juice and infant formula. Outlets include drinking fountains
and water faucets. Samples should be collected from cold water taps.
If you take the samples yourself, the laboratory will provide sampling
containers and instructions. Make sure to tell the lab you want to
collect 250 milliliter(mL) samples, not 1 liter. Carefully follow the
instructions for handling the containers. Fill the container only to
the level indicated (250 millititers).
Label each container with your name, a unique sample number, and
the specific location where the sample was collected ("first floor
hallway water fountain"). In your own files, keep a separate record for
each sample with the location, sample number,
date and time the sample was collected and
any other pertinent information. This
information may come in handy if you find
elevated lead levels in your drinking water. You
will want to match the result to a specific
water source so you can address the problem.
Either mail or deliver your samples to the laboratory. The "holding" time
on samples is usually short. Make sure you coordinate shipping with the
laboratory receiving the samples.
How to Collect Samples
The initial sample is representative of the water that may be consumed
at the beginning of the day or after infrequent use. This is water that
has been in contact with the faucet or drinking water fountain and the
section of plumbing closest to the outlet.
Collect cold water samples in the morning
before the facility opens for the day. Make
sure that no water has been used yet-r-
don't run faucets or flush toilets before
you sample. Collect the water immediately
after turning it on without allowing any
water to run into the drain. For best
results, the outlets you are testing should
not have been used for 8 to 18 hours
prior to collection of the samples. This is
called a first draw sample. Take follow-up
samples from outlets where test results
show lead levels greater than 20 ppb
(parts per billion).
This sample is representative of the water
that is in the plumbing upstream from the
faucet or drinking water fountain. Take
this sample before the facility opens and
before any water is used. Let the water
from the faucet or drinking water
fountain run for 30 seconds before
collecting the sample. This is called a flush
sample.
-------
t w<&ve.iiv;> v "x-V^A>V». <«-.?!•••••' -""--
When the laboratory returns your test results, the concentrations of
lead in your drinking water samples will be reported in metric form
such as milligrams per liter (mg/L) or micrograms per liter (ng/L), or they
will be reported as a concentration such as parts per million (ppm) or
parts per billion (ppb), respectively.
Milligrams per liter (mg/L) is essentially the same as parts per million
(ppm). Micrograms per liter (ug/L) is essentially the same as parts per
billion (ppb).
Examples: 1 mg/L = 1000 ng/L= 1 ppm = 1000 ppb
.020 mg/L = 20 ug/L = .020 ppm = 20 ppb
Actions
EPA recommends that child care facilities take action if samples from
any drinking water outlets show lead levels greater than 20 parts per
billion (ppb). Contact your state or local health agency to see if they
have more stringent standards for lead in drinking water. Any drinking
water outlet with test results above this level should not be used until
the source of the contamination is found and the lead levels are
reduced to 20 ppb or less.
Consider providing water from a known lead-free source, such as
bottled water, until the problem is corrected.
If the test results from the follow-up samples show lead levels above
20 ppb again, you will know that lead is entering your drinking water
from the building's interior plumbing. You will need to take additional
samples to pinpoint the exact sources of lead. If you plan to conduct
such sampling yourself, consult EPA's publication 3Ts for Reducing
Lead in Drinking Water in Schools: Revised Technical Guidance,
available for download at www.epa.gov/safewater/schools. If you rent
your facility, ask your landlord to conduct follow-up testing and to
take any necessary corrective measures.
Lead Prpbiems^Routlrie Steps
To minimize exposure to lead in your facility, there are several things
you can do on a routine basis. These activities include:
1 < Flush att rs a
basils. Small screens on the end of a faucet can trap sediments
containing lead.
11
-------
Responding_to;_HiQh_ L«ad tevgls; What Can YouJPo?
&• provide an alternative) arsd tea«i>f?<&& so»j?c«a of
drinking water, such as bottled water. Bottled water
should be used as a temporary measure. Make sure the
bottled water distributor guarantees that the water
meets federal and state bottled water standards (see
the label or manufacturer's Web site).
* Snsfcsll pmnt-of-uso treatment devices, also called 'home
treatment devices'. These devices are installed on a faucet or other
outlet to remove contaminants. If you are interested in a home
treatment device, research your options carefully. Make sure to use
a device that is certified to remove lead and is NSF International
approved. Some devices that claim to remove many contaminants
do not remove lead. Maintaining a treatment device is very
important. If not maintained properly, some treatment devices may
actually increase lead levels. Before investing in any such device, you
may want to contact NSF International, an independent
organization that evaluates the effectiveness of home treatment
units and lists brands and models certified to remove lead (see
Appendix A for contact information).
^ Remove sources of fed ?n the plumbing system. These
remedies are probably more appropriate for localized
contamination problems and are best handled by a licensed
plumber:
» Replace solder joints with lead-free joints.
«• Replace the outlet or fixture/faucet with lead-free materials.
*• Replace piping with lead-free materials.
Note: New brass faucets, fittings, and valves, including those
advertised as "lead-free," may contribute lead to drinking water. Before
purchasing any such materials, ask the manufacturer or distributor
where to find information on the results of lead testing. Plumbing
components 6 months old or less should not be tested for lead. The
inside surfaces need time to stabilize.
13
Telling parents and staff about your lead monitoring program will
demonstrate your commitment to protecting children and staff health.
Lead in drinking water can be an emotional and sensitive issue,
especially for parents who are concerned about their children's safety.
Communicating early and often about your testing plans, results, and
next steps will build confidence in your facility's ability to provide a safe
environment.
Whenever public health risks are involved, public communication efforts
are less complicated and generate less conflict if those potentially
affected are notified in advance of important issues and events. At a
minimum, EPA recommends providing information to parents and staff:
* Before you begin testing.
*• In response to questions from parents or other caretakers and staff.
* After you receive your testing results - Make sure to share your
results and if a lead problem exists, your plans to correct any
problems.
It is important to provide clear, accurate, and complete information
about your lead monitoring program to parents or other caretakers
and staff. Designate one staff person as a resource for parents to
contact if they have more questions.
Be sure to include the following:
»• Your plans to test the drinking water in your facility.
*• Results from your facility and your plans for correcting any
identified problems.
14
-------
»" Information on obtaining detailed
testing results for your facility.
*• Health effects of exposure to lead.
* Potential sources of lead (e.g., food,
air, dust, and soil) and the significance
of lead in drinking water versus other
sources.
* Resources for learning more about
drinking water (e.g., our local health
department, state drinking water
program, and EPA).
&• Information on blood-lead level
testing, and recommendation to visit
a physician for further assistance.
There are a variety of effective ways to
communicate information to parents and
staff. Depending on the size of your
facility, some methods may be more
appropriate than others. In general, it is
a good idea to have materials available in
languages other than English or to
provide a contact for non-English
speakers, particularly if your community
has a large proportion of non-English
speaking residents. Consider the options
below when designing a communication
strategy for your lead monitoring
program.
*• Letters/Flyers - You can mail a letter
or flyer or distribute them to
children's parents or other caretakers
in person. A good letter or flyer will
* Take the fniitative;
Provide sttfwwa&w
, before you are asked,
,
information: -Provide
howst, accurate, srtd
information,
•9 Always speak with one
voice: St is 8 good idea to
person {provide a phoos
number!} to respwd to
interest in ywrtead
monitoftng program,
s: DJffersnt
members of yowr
community may have
different concerns &
viewpoint? on the
subject of tead testing.
Be positive, proactive,,
an<3 f anrieomtng when
working with ihe media.
Keep members of the
community up-to-date:
Shares every ptece of new
iofornwtian you have
about yew \*®&
monitaringpfagram,
Hava materials avaiiabi®
in lsng«a£«s other than
EngFtsh
15
describe the health effects of lead, your testing plan, your results or
when to expect results, and your planned next steps.
• Newsletter - If you have a regular newsletter, include an eye-
catching headline and a short description of your lead monitoring
program.
Email and Web sites - If you have an email distribution list for your
clients and staff, email is a great way to regularly update your
community about your lead monitoring program. If you have a Web
site, it is a good idea to include regular updates about your lead
monitoring program on your site, but also consider more direct
outreach, such as a flyer, email, or newsletter article, to make sure
your target community sees your lead monitoring program
information,
*• Presentation - If you are initiating a lead monitoring program
because of past problems or a significant risk of lead in your
facility's drinking water, an in~person presentation for children's
caretakers and staff is perhaps the most effective way to
communicate your message. It helps to send invitations announcing
the presentation and asking caretakers and staff to attend to make
sure you get your target audience in the room. An in-person
presentation gives you a chance to directly communicate your
commitment to safeguarding your drinking water, and it gives your
audience a chance to ask questions.
» Press Release - If you find a significant lead contamination problem
when you test, you may want to consider issuing a press release. It
is always a good idea to be proactive about communications with
the press. If you don't tell the media first, they may be more likely
to cast your story in a negative light.
For additional information on developing a communications strategy
and to see sample public notice materials, download the 3Ts for
Reducing Lead in Drinking Water in Schools: Revised Technical
Guidance by visiting www.epa.gov/safewater/schools.
16
-------
A: Contact information
for Orinkino Water Programs
1 (800)426-4791
Consume frodMtt Safety C«mmbskm
-------
Mr. Thomas E. Artzumi, Chief
Environmental Management Division
Hawaii Department of Health
919 Ala Moana Bivd.
Room 300
Honolulu, HI 96314-4920
Phone: 808-586-4304
Fax: 808-586-4352
E-mail:
tarizumi@eha.heaith.state. hi. us
*Mr. Bii! Wong is the Chief of
the Safe Drinking Water Branch
(see address above, except Room 308)
Phone: 808-586-4258
Fax: 808-586-4351
E-mail: vwaterbiii@aol.com
Mr. Lance E. Nielsen, Manager
Drinking Water Program
Idaho Dept. of Environmental Quality
1410 North Hilton
Boise, ID 83706
Phone: 208-373-0291
Fax: 208-373-OS76
E-mail: iance.nielsen@deq.idaho.gov
Mr. Roger D. Selburg, RE., Manager
Division of Public Water Supplies
Illinois EPA
P.O. BOX19276
Springfield, IL 62794-9276
Phone:217-785-8653
Fax: 217-782-0075
E-mai!: roger.selburg@epa.state il.us
Mr. Patrick Carroll, Chief
Drinking Water Branch
Office of Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Management
P.O. Box 6015
Indianapolis, IN 46206-6015
Phone: 317-308-3281
Fax: 317-308-3339
E-mail: pcarroli@idem.in.gov
Iowa
Mr. Dennis J. Alt, Environmental
Program
Supervisor
Water Supply Section
Iowa Department of Natural Resources
401 SW 7th Street, Suite M
Des Moines, IA 50309-4611
Phone: 515-725-0275
Fax: 515-725-0348
E-mail: dennis.a!t@dnr.state.ia.us
*Mr. Steve Hopkins is Supervisor of
the Water Supply Operations
(see address above)
Phone: 515-725-0295
Fax: 515-725-0348
E-mail:
stephen.bopkins@dnr.state,ia.us
Mr. David F. Waldo, Chief
Public Water Supply Section
Bureau of Water
Kansas Dept of Health & Environment
1 000 SW Jackson St. - Suite 420
Topeka,KS 666 12-1 367
Phone: 785-296-5503
Fax: 785-296-5509
E-mail: dwa!do@kdhestate.ks.us
Ms. Donna S. Martin, Manager
Division of Water - Drinking Water
Branch
Kentucky Dept for Environmental
Protection
14 Reilly Road, Frankfort Ofc. Park
Frankfort, KY4Q6Q1
Phone:502-564-3410
Fax: 502-564-5105
E-mail: donna.marlin@ky.gov
Ms. Karen Irion, Administrator
Safe Drinking Water Program
Center for Environmental and Health
Services
Office of Public Health-
Louisiana Dept. of Health and Hospi-
tals •
6867 Blue Bonnet 8!vd.
Baton Rouge, LA 70810
Phone: 225-765-5046
Fax: 225-765-5040
E-mail: Kirion@dhh.is.gov
Ms. Nancy Beardsle/, Director
Drinking Water Program
Maine Department of Health and
Human Services
Division of Health Engineering
1 1 State House Station
Augusta, ME 04333
Phone: 207-287-5674
Fax: 207-287-4172
E-mail: nancy.beardsley@maine.gov
Mr. Sseid Kasraei, Manager
Water Supply Program
Maryland Dept. of the Environment
Montgomery Park Business Center
"1 800 Washington Blvd. - Suite450
Baltimore, MD 21 230-1 708
Phone:410-537-3702
Fax:410-S37-3157
E-mail: skasraei@rnde.state.md.us
Mr. David Terry, Director
Drinking Water Program
Massachusetts Department of
Environmental Protection
One Winter Street, 6th Floor
Boston, MA 02108
Phone: 617-292-5529
Fax: 617-292-5696
E-mail: david.terry@state.ma,us
Mr. James K. Cieland, RE., Chief
Water Bureau
Michigan Dept. of Env. Quality
P. 0. Box 30630
Lansing, Mi 48909-81 30
Phone:517-241-1287
Fax: 517-335-0889
E-mail: ctelandj@michigan.gov
Mr Doug Mandy, Manager
Drinking Water Protection Section
Minnesota Department of Health
Metro Square Building, Suite 220
P.O. Box 64975
St. Paul, MN 551 64-0975
Phone:651-215-0757
Fax: 651-215-0775
E-mail:
douglas.mandy@health.state.mn. us
Mr. Keith Alien, Director
Division of Water Supply
Mississippi State Department of Health
P.O. BOX1700
570 E. Woodrow Wilson Dr.
Jackson, MS 3921 5-1 700
Phone:601-576-7518
Fax: 601-576-7822 '
E-mail: ka!len@msdh.state.ms.us
Mr. Ed Galbraith, Director
Water Protection Program
Missouri Dept of Natural Resources
P.O. Box 1 75
Jefferson City. MO 651 02
Phone:573-751-6721
Fax: 573-751-1146
E-mail: ed.galbraith@dnr.mo.gov
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^S'Bj&^.^hS^^S'X^vgs wov«v*-.« %«N -ftfco-sx s-NSCt :RA^ ^ *X5^^*^38N:X sy>v;-™w-. \-.<, *.c\s»^,^XO^e*«
^i^V^^s^S^^?^^^
&\!*£^^!j3i£s£^^
Mr. Jon Diilard, Bureau Chief
Public Water and Subdivisions Bureau
Montana Dept. of Environmental
Quality
Box 200901
1520 East Sixth Ave.
Helena. MT 53620-0901
Phone: 406-444-4071
Fax: 406-444-1374
E-mail: jdiliard@mt.gov
Mr. Jack L Daniei, Administrator
Environmental Health Services Section
Nebraska Health and Human Services
System
301 Centennial Mat! South, 3rd Floor
RO. Box 95007
Lincoln, NE 68509-5007
Phone:402-471-0510
Fax: 402-471 -6436
E-mail: jack.daniel@hhss.ne.gov
Mr. Andrew Huray, Chief
Public Health Engineering Section
Nevada State Health Division
1179 Fairview Drive
Carson City, IW 89701
Phone: 775-687-6353
Fax: 775-687-5699
E-mail: ahuray@nvhd.state.nv.Lis
Mr. Rene Pelietier, Program Manager
Water Supply Engineering Bureau
Dept. of Environmental Services
Post Office Box 95
6 Hazen Drive
Concord, NH 03302-0095
Phone:603-271-3434
Fax: 603-271-5171
E-mail: rpei!etier@des.state.nh.us
* Ms. Sarah Pillsbury is Drinking Water
Administrator
(see address above)
Phone:603-271-1168
Fax: 603-271-2181
E-mail: spillsbury@des.state.nh.us
Mr. Barker Hamill, Chief
Bureau of Safe Drinking Water
New Jersey Department of
Environmental Protection
P.O. Box 426
Trenton, NJ 08625
Phone: 609-292-5550
Fax: 609-292-1654
E-mail: barker.hamili@dep.state.nj.us
Mr. Fernando Martinez, Chief
Drinking Water Bureau
New Mexico Environment Department
525 Camino De Los Marquez
Suite4
Santa Fe. NM 87505
Phone: 505-827-1400
Fax: 505-827-7545
E-mail:
fernando_martinez@nmenv.state.nm.us
Mr. Jack Dunn, Director
Bureau of Public Water Supply
Protection
New York Department of Health
Flanigan Square, Rrn. 400
547 River Street
Troy. NY 12180-2216
Phone:518-402-7650
Fax: 518-402-7659
E-mail: jmd02@heaith.st ate. ny. us
Ms. JessicaG. Miles, RE., Chief
Public Water Supply Section
North Carolina Dept. of Env. and
Natural Resources
1634 Maii Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1634
Phone:919-715-3232
Fax: 919-715-4374
E-mail: Jessica, mi ies@ncmait.net
Mr. Larry \. Theien, Program Manager
Drinking Water Program
ND Dept. of Health
1 200 Missouri Avenue, Room 203
P.O. Box 5520
Bismarck, ND 58506-5520
Phone: 701-328-5257
Fax: 701-328-5200
E-mail: lthelen@state.nd.us
Mariana islands
Mr. John I. Castro, Director
Division of Environmental Quality
Commonwealth of the Northern
Mariana islands
Post Office Box 501 304
Saipan, MP 96950-1 304
Phone: 670-664-8500
Fax: 670-664-8540
E-mail: deq.director@saipan.com
*Mr. Joe M. Kaipat is the Manager of
the Safe Drinking Water Branch
(see address above)
Phone: 670-664-8500
Fax: 670-664-8540
E-mail: joe.k3ipat@saipan.com
Mr. Mike G. Baker, Chief
Division of Drinking and Ground
Waters
Ohio EPA
Lazarus Gov't Center
P.O. Box1049
Coiumbus. OH 43216-1049
Phone:614-644-2752
Fax: 61 4-644-2309
E-mai I: mi ke. faaker@epa. st ate. oh. us
*Mr. Kirk Lerfheit is Assistant Chief of
Drinking Water in the
Division of Drinking and Ground
Waters
(see address above)
Phone:614-644-2769
Fax: 614-644-2309
£-mai!: kirk.leifheit@epa.state.oh.us
Oklahoma
Mr. Jon L Craig, Director
Water Quality Division
Department of Environmental Quality
707 North Robinson
Suite 8100
P.O. Box 1677
Oklahoma City, OK 73101 -1677
Phone: 405-702-8100
Fax: 405-702-8101
E -mai I: jon. craig@deq.state.ok. us
•"Mr. MikeS. Harrell is Administrator of
the Public Water Supply Program
(see address above)
Phone: 405-702-8158
Fax:405-702-8101
E-mail: mike.harreil@deq.state.ok.us
Mr. David E. Island, Manager
Drinking Water Program
Office of Public Health Systems
Oregon Department of Human
Services
800 NE Oregon St. - Rm. 61 1
Portland, OR 97232
Phone:503-731-4010
Fax: 503-731 -4077
E-mai I: david.e. !eland@st at e. or. u s
Mr. Jeffrey A. Gordon, Chief
Division of Operations Management
and Training
Bureau of Water Standards and Facility
Regulation
Department of Environmental
Protection
P.O. Box 8467
Harrisburg, PA 1 71 05-8467
Phone:717-772-4018
Fax: 717-772-3249
E-rnail: jegordon@state.pa.us
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Ms. digs Rivera, Director
Public Water Supply Supervision
Program
Puerto Rico Department of Health
Office of the Secretary
Nacional Plaza Building
431 Ponce Oe Leon Ave.
9th Floor -Suite 903
HatoRey,PR00917
Phone: 787-643-3903
Pax: 787-758-6285
E-mail: orivera@salud.gov.pr
Ms. June A. Swallow, P.E., Chief
Office of Drinking Water Quality
Rhode Isiand Department of Health
3 Capitol Hill, Room 209
Providence, Ri 02908
Phone:401-222-6867
Fax: 401 -222-6953
E-maii: junes@doh.state,ri.us
Mr, Alton C Boozer, Chief
Bureau of Water
South Carolina Dept of Health &
Environmental Control
2600 Bui! Street
Columbia, SC 29201
Phone: 803-898-4259
Fax: 803-398-3795
E-mail: boozerac@dhec.sc.gov
Mr. Rob Kittay, Administrator
Drinking Water Program
Division of Environmental Regulation
SO Dept. of Env. and Natural Resources
523 East Capital Ave, Joe Foss B!dg
Pierre. SD 57501 -31 81
Phone: 605-773-4208
Fax: 605-773-S286
E-mail: rob.kittay@statesd.us
Mr, W. David Draughon, Jr., Director
Division of Water Supply
Tennessee Dept. of Environment &
Conservation
401 Church Street
L&CTower, 6th Floor
Nashville, TN 37243-1549
Phone 615-532-0152
Fax: 615-532-0503
E-mail: david.draughon@state.tn.us
Mr. E, Buck Henderson, Manager
• Public Drinking Water Section
Water Supply Division
Texas Commission on
Environmental Quality
P.O. Box 13087 (MC- 155)
Austin, TX 78711-3087
Phone: 512-239-0990
Fax: 512-239-0030
E-mail: ehenders@tceq.state, tx. us
Mr. Kevin W. Brown, Director
Division of Drinking Water
Utah Dept. of Environmental Quality
P.O. Sox 144830
Salt Lake City, UT 841 1 4-4830
Phone:801-536-4188
Fax: 801-536-1211
E-mai!: kwbrovvn@utah.gov
Mr. Jay L Rutherford, P.E., Director
Water Supply Division
Vermont Dept. of Env. Conservation
Old Pantry Building
103 South Main Street
Waterbuty, VT 05571 -0403
Phone:802-241-3434
Fax: 802-241-3284
E-mail: jay.rutherford@state. vt.us
Islands
Mr. Leonard Reed, Assistant Director
Division of Environmental Protection
Dept. of Planning & Natural Re-
sources
Wheatley Center 2
St. Thomas, VI 00802
Phone: 340-777-4577
Fax: 340-774-5416
* Mrs. Christine M. Lottes is Supervi-
sor of Public Water System Supervi-
sion (PWSS)
Dept. of Planning & Natural Resources
Water Gut Homes 11 18
Christiansted, St. Croix, VI 00820-
5065
Phone: 340-773-0565
Fax: 340-773-931 0
Mr. Jerry Peaks, Director
Office of Drin ki ng Water
Virginia Department of Health
1 09 Governor St.
Richmond, VA23219
Phone: 804-864-7488
Fax: 804-864-7520
E-mail: jerry peaks@vdh.viginia.gov
Ms. DeniseAddotta Clifford, Director
Office of Drinking Water
WA Department of Health
7211 Cleanwater Lane, Bldg. 9
P.O. Box 47828
Qlympia, WA 98504-7828
Phone:360-236-3110
Fax: 360-236-2253
E-rnaii: denise.clifford@doh.wa.gov
Mr. Waiter Ivey, Director
Environmental Engineering Div.
Office of Environmental Health
Services
West Virginia Dept. of Health and
Human Services
81 5 Quarrisr Street, Suite 41 8
Charleston, WV 25301
Phone:304-558-6715
Fax: 304-558-0289
E-rnaif: walterivey@wvdhhr.Ofg
Ms. Jill D. Jonas, Director
Bureau of Drinking Water and
Groundwater
Wisconsin Department of Natural
Resources
P.O. Box 7921
Madison, Wl 53707
Phone: 60S-267-7545
Fax: 608-257-7650
E-mail: jiil.jonas@dnr.state.wi. us
Mr. John Wagner, Administrator
Water Quality
Dept. of Environmental Quality
Herschler Building
4th Floor West
Cheyenne, WY 82002
Phone: 307-777-7055
Fax: 307-777-5973
E-mail: jwagne@state.wy.us
*Wyorning's Drinking Water Program
is managed by EPA Region VIII
24
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The Lead Contamination Control Act (LCCA), which amended the Safe
Drinking Water Act, was signed into law on October 31, 1988(P.L. 100
572). The potential of water coolers to supply lead to drinking water in
schools and child care centers was a principal focus of this legislation.
Specifically, the LCCA mandated that the Consumer Product Safety
Commission (CPSC) order the repair, replacement, or recall and refund
of drinking water coolers with lead-lined water tanks. In addition, the
LCCA called for a ban on the manufacture or sale in interstate
commerce of drinking water coolers that are not lead-free. Civil and
criminal penalties were established under the law for violations of this
ban. With respect to a water cooler that may come in contact with
drinking water, the LCCA defined the term "lead-free" to mean:
"not more than 8 percent lead, except that no drinking water
cooler which contains any solder, flux, or storage tank interior
surface which may come in contact with drinking water shall be
considered lead free if the solder, flux, or storage tank interior
surface contains more than 0.2 percent lead."
Another component of the LCCA was the requirement that EPA
publish and make available to the States a list of drinking water
coolers, by brand and model, that are not lead-free. In addition, EPA
was to publish and make available to the states a separate list of the
brand and model of water coolers with a lead-lined tank. EPA is
required to revise and republish these lists as new information or
analyses become available.
Based on responses to a Congressional survey in the winter of 1988, three
major manufacturers, the Halsey Taylor Company, EBCO Manufacturing
Corporation, and Sunroc Corporation, indicated that lead solder had been
used in at least some models of their drinking water coolers. On April 10,
1988, EPA proposed in the Fee/era/ Register (at 54 FR 14320) lists of
drinking water coolers with lead-lined tanks arid coolers that are not lead-
free. Public comments were received on the notice, and the list was
revised and published on January 18, 1990 (Part III, 55 FR 1772). See
Table B-2 for a list of water coolers and lead components.
Prior to publication of the January
1990 list, EPA determined that Halsey
Taylor was the only manufacturer of
water coolers with lead-lined tanks.'
Table B-1 presents a listing of model
numbers of the Halsey Taylor drinking
water coolers with lead-lined tanks
that had been identified by EPA as of
January 18, 1990.
Since the LCCA required the CPSC to
order manufacturers of coolers with
lead-lined tanks to repair, replace, or
recall and provide a refund of such
coolers, the CPSC negotiated such an
agreement with Halsey Taylor through
a consent order published on June 1,
1990 (at 55 FR 22387). The consent
agreement calls on Halsey Taylor to
provide a replacement or refund program that addresses all the water
coolers listed in Table B-2 as well as "all tank-type models of drinking
water coolers manufactured by Halsey Taylor, whether or not those
models are included on the present or on a future EPA list." Under the
consent order, Halsey Taylor agreed to notify the public of the
replacement and refund program for all tank type models. Currently, a
company formerly associated with Halsey Taylor, Scotsman Ice
Systems, has assumed responsibility for replacement of lead-line
coolers previously marketed by Halsey Taylor. See below for the
address of Scotsman Ice Systems.
Scotsman Ice Systems
775 Corporate Woods Parkway
Vernon Hills, IL 60061
PH: (800) SCOTSMAN or 800-726-8762
PH: (847) 215-4500
'Based upon an analysis of 22 water coolers at a US Navy facility and subsequent data
obtained by EPA, EPA believes the most serious cooler contamination problems are
associated with water coolers that have lead-lined tanks.
26
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Halsey Taylor Water Coolers With Lead-Lined Tanks2
The following six model numbers have one or more units in the model series with lead-
lined tanks:
WM8A WT8A GC10ACR GC10A GC5A RWM13A
The following models and serial numbers contain lead-lined tanks:
WM14A Serial No. 843034 WM14ASerial No. 843006 WT11A Serial No. 222650
WT21 ASerial No. 64309550 WT21 ASerial No. 64309542 1114ASerial No. 64346908
Water Coolers With Other Lead Components
EBCO Manufacturing
•' All pressure bubbler water coolers with shipping dates from 1962 through 1977 have
a bubbler valve containing lead. The units contain a single, 50-50 tin-lead solder joint
on the bubbler valve. Model numbers for coolers in this category are not available.
» The following models of pressure bubbler coolers produced from 1978 through 1981
contain one 50-50 tin-lead solder joint each.
CP3 DP1SW DPM8
DP16M DP5S C10E
WTC10 DP13M-60 DP14M
DP20-50 DP7SM DPI OX
CP3-50 DP13M DP3RH
CP10 DP20 DP12N
7P 13P
PX-10 DP7S
CP10-50 CP5
DP13A DP13A-50
DPSF CP3M
DP7WM DP14A-50/60
DPM8H DP15M DP3R DP8A
DP13SM DP7M DP7MH DP7WD
CPSM DPI BMW DP3R DP14S
EP10F DP5M DP10F CP3H
EP5F 13PL DP8AH DP13S
'Based upon an analysis of 22 water coolers at a US Navy facility and subsequent data
obtained by EPA, EPA believes the most serious cooler contamination problems are
associated with water coolers that have lead-lined tanks.
Halsey Taylor
•' Lead solder was used in these models of water coolers manufactured between 1978
and the last week of 1987:
WMA-1
S3/5/10D
SOVT/SCWT-A
BFC-4FJ7F/4FS/7FS
SWA-1
S300/500/100D
DQDHC-1
•t The following coolers manufactured for Haws Drinking Faucet Company (Haws} by
Halsey Taylor from November 1984 through December 18,1987, are not lead free
because they contain 2 tin-lead solder joints. The model designations for these units
are as follows:
HCSWT HC14F H06W HWC7D HC8WTH HC14FH HOW HC2F HC14WT
HC14FL HC14W HQFH • HC14WTH HC8FL HC4F HC5F HC14WL HCBF7D
HC4FH HC10F HC16WT HCBF7HO HC8F HC8FH HC4W HWO
If you have one of the Halsey Ta^or water coolers noted in Table B-2, contact Scotsman
Ice Systems (address and phone noted on page 26) to learn more about the
requirements surrounding their replacement and rebate program.
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