REVIEW OF FEDERAL AGENCY/NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION PARTNERSHIPS FOR STREAM RESTORATION Water Policy Branch Office of Policy Analysis Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency I I I I I I I ll U.S.EPA 14AA*. f °°de 3201 1202 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington DC 20460 MAY 1995 EPA 230/ 1995. ------- REVIEW OF FEDERAL AGENCY/NONPROFIT ORGANIZATION PARTNERSHIPS FOR STREAM RESTORATION Water Policy Branch Office of Policy Analysis Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation U.S. Environmental Protection Agency MAY 1995 ------- TABLE OF CONTENTS I PREFACE AND ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS i 1. INTRODUCTION 1 Purpose of Study 1 Summary of Approach 1 Summary of Findings 5 Organization of Report 5 2. CASE STUDIES OF STREAM RESTORATION PROGRAMS 6 AMERICORPS AND NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SERVICE & CONSERVATION CORPS 8 BRING BACK THE NATIVES INITIATIVE 13 RIPARIAN-WETLAND INITIATIVE FOR THE 1990's 19 RISE TO THE FUTURE FISHERIES PROGRAM 25 RIVERS, TRAILS, AND CONSERVATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM 30 SAVE OUR STREAMS PROGRAM 35 SECTION 319 NONPOINT SOURCE PROGRAM 39 3. CONCLUSIONS 43 Advantages 43 Disadvantages 45 Opportunities for Future Cooperation 45 n ------- 1. INTRODUCTION This study is part of the ongoing work on stream restoration being conducted by EPA's Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation (OPPE). A previous OPPE report, Compendium of Federal Programs with Stream Restoration Activities,1 compiled up-to-date information on federal agencies engaged in programs that currently conduct, or are authorized to conduct, stream restoration. The compendium documents numerous stream restoration activities that are currently conducted at the federal, state, and local levels throughout the nation. OPPE is distributing the compendium to encourage dialogue and cooperative efforts on stream restoration activities among federal agencies as well as state and local agencies and nonprofit organizations involved in stream restoration. This report presents a more detailed review of selected stream restoration programs, with particular focus on cooperative efforts between federal agencies and nonprofit organizations associated with those programs. Purpose of Study The purpose of this study was to review federal stream restoration programs and existing cooperative efforts between federal agencies and private, nonprofit organizations for stream restoration activities. Another purpose was to evaluate the advantages and opportunities available for promoting stream restoration activities through cooperative efforts between federal agencies and the private, nonprofit sector. Summary of Approach The OPPE report, Compendium of Federal Programs with Stream Restoration Activities, identifies 21 programs involving 12 federal agencies that currently conduct, or are authorized to conduct, stream restoration. Written information about these programs was reviewed and some programs were contacted to determine whether their stream restoration activities currently involve cooperative efforts with private, nonprofit organizations. Selected nonprofit organizations were also contacted to identify whether any additional stream restoration initiatives exist that involve cooperation among such organizations and federal agencies. Based on this review, at least 12 established or new programs were identified that currently involve cooperative efforts between federal agencies and nonprofit organizations. Exhibit 1 presents a list of the 12 stream restoration programs that involve cooperative efforts. This exhibit includes examples, not an all inclusive listing, of nonprofit organizations involved in cooperative efforts with each stream restoration program. 'U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Policy, Planning and Evaluation, Compendium of Federal Programs with Stream Restoration Activities, January 1995. 1 ------- Exhibit 1. List of Stream Restoration Programs that have Cooperative Efforts between Federal Agencies and Nonprofit Organizations Name of Program Federal Agencies Nonprofit Organizations AmeriCorps U.S. Environmental Protection Agency; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service; U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service National Association of Service & Conservation Corps; Coalition to Restore Urban Waters Appalachian Clean Streams Initiative U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Surface Mining International Association of Fish and Wildlife Agencies; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (expected soon) Bring Back the Natives Initiative U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management; U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; Trout Unlimited Fisheries Across America U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Partners for Wildlife/Private Lands Habitat Assistance and Restoration Program U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service Ducks Unlimited; Quail Unlimited Restore our Southern Rivers Southern Rivers Council: U.S. Forest Service Region 8, Tennessee Valley Authority, Office of Surface Mining, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, National Biological Service, National Park Service, U.S. Geological Survey, Natural Resources Conservation Service National Fish and Wildlife Foundation; The Nature Conservancy Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the 1990's (Fish and Wildlife 2000) U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management The Nature Conservancy; Trout Unlimited; Ducks Unlimited; Public Lands Restoration Task Force of the Izaak Walton League ------- Exhibit 1. List of Stream Restoration Programs that have Cooperative Efforts between Federal Agencies and Nonprofit Organizations (continued) Name of Program Federal Agencies Nonprofit Organizations Rise to the Future Fisheries Program U.S. Department of the Interior, U.S. Forest Service; U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management Trout Unlimited; American Fisheries Society; American Sport Fishing Association; Federation of Fly Fishers; Bass Anglers Sportsman Society; Amerifish Corporation Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service; Federal Emergency Management Agency Association of State Wetland Mangers; Association of State Floodplain Managers; American Rivers; America Outdoors; River Federation; River Network; Coalition to Restore Urban Waterways Save Our Streams Program U.S. Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service The Izaak Walton League of America; America's Clean Water Foundation; Appalachian Community Fund Section 319 Nonpoint Source Program U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds Pacific Rivers Council; Trout Unlimited Taking Wing/Get Wild! U.S. Department of Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service National Audubon Society; Ducks Unlimited; The Nature Conservancy; National Fish and Wildlife Foundation Seven programs were selected for further review and preparation of a case study on the use of partnerships or cooperative efforts with nonprofit organizations to conduct stream restoration activities. These programs were selected as good examples of such partnerships based on discussions with individuals involved in stream restoration programs in both federal agencies and nonprofit organizations. The seven programs selected for more detailed review are: Bring Back the Natives Initiative; Americorps and National Association of Service & Conservation Corps; Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the 1990's; Rise to the Future Fisheries Program; ------- Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program; Save Our Streams Program; and Section 319 Nonpoint Source Program. Each selected stream restoration program was reviewed to determine and summarize, where applicable, the following program characteristics: Background: Date of establishment and estimated timeframe of program; Geographic area where stream restoration activities are authorized; and Goals and objectives of the program. Description of Stream Restoration Activities: Types of stream restoration activities; Monitoring activities, if any; and * Examples of projects and resulting benefits. Description of the Partnership: Roles of the federal agency and the private, nonprofit organization in conducting stream restoration activities under the partnership; Major components and mechanisms of cooperative efforts with private, nonprofit organizations (e.g., types of cooperative agreements); and Readily available information on levels of resources shared under the partnership (e.g., number of projects, number of staff/volunteers, budgets or expenditures, in-kind services). Analysis of the Partnership: Advantages of the partnership; Disadvantages, if any; and * Additional opportunities for partnerships. ------- Finally, the results of the case study research were used to evaluate the advantages and opportunities for future cooperation between federal agencies and the private, nonprofit sector to support stream restoration activities. The findings, which are presented in Chapter 3, are summarized briefly below. Summary of Findings The results of the case study research indicate that numerous advantages are associated with partnership arrangements between federal agencies and nonprofit organizations for stream restoration activities. Partnerships serve as an effective mechanism for the sharing of information and resources between different entities to leverage the resources available for stream restoration. Federal agencies offer a wealth of technical expertise pertaining to stream restoration and management to complement the expertise of nonprofit organizations. In turn, nonprofit organizations possess site-specific and regional knowledge, as well as an established volunteer network, which federal agencies may lack. Nonprofit organizations usually contribute in-kind services and labor for stream restoration activities under such partnerships. In addition, some nonprofit organizations (e.g., Trout Unlimited) are directly involved in fundraising activities. Legislation, memorandums of understanding (MOUs), or cooperative agreements serve as the basis for all of the partnerships discussed in the case studies. MOUs and cooperative agreements outline the roles, objectives, and responsibilities of each agency and organization for effective communication among everyone involved. Several programs, such as Bring Back the Natives and Rise to the Future, have established full-time Coordinator positions under MOUs to manage these partnerships. Opportunities exist for more partnerships between federal agencies and nonprofit organizations for stream restoration activities. For example, the Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program receives three to four times the number of applications than it can fund. Although funding availability limits the number of projects that can be accomplished, utilizing partnerships to leverage additional funds for stream restoration activities can help federal agencies address unmet needs. Organization of Report This chapter discusses the purpose of the study, and presents a summary of the approach and the findings. Chapter 2 presents the case studies of selected stream restoration programs that involve cooperative efforts between federal agencies and nonprofit organizations. Chapter 3 presents the results of the evaluation of opportunities for future cooperation on stream restoration among federal agencies and the private, nonprofit sector. ------- 2. CASE STUDIES OF STREAM RESTORATION PROGRAMS This chapter presents the seven case studies of selected stream restoration programs that involve cooperative efforts between federal agencies and nonprofit organizations. Exhibit 2 provides a comparison of program characteristics for the seven programs examined in this study. Exhibit 2. Characteristics of the Selected Stream Restoration Programs I I I I I I I I I Program AmeriCorps Bring Back the Natives Initiative Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the 1990's Rise to the Future Fisheries Program Location 38 states and the District of Columbia Nationwide (39 sites from 1992-1994); public land managed by the BLM and FS BLM land in western states FS land; 483 projects in 1992 Funding Grant award to EPA under President Clinton's National Service Program BLM funding supplemented by TU matching funds Funds appropriated by BLM; additional funds raised by various nonprofit organizations Funding distributed from the FS Division of Wildlife and Fisheries Legislation/ MOUs Community Service Act of 1990 Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976; Cooperative Agreement between BLM and TU signed in 1993 Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976; MOUs between state BLM and TNC offices Granger-Thye Act of 1950; Collection Agreement between FS andTU Program Focus EPA Neighborhood Improvement Project conducts urban stream restoration activities Watershed restoration to re-establish native fish species Management and restoration of riparian-wetlan d areas on BLM land Improvement of the quality of fisheries habitats on FS land Distinguishing Characteristics Engages young people in productive work Combines restoration activities with improved land management practices Goal to restore 75 percent of riparian- wetland areas to proper functioning condition by 1997 Action plan developed to implement fisheries and habitat restoration ------- Exhibit 2. Characteristics of the Selected Stream Restoration Programs (continued) Program Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program Save Our Streams Program Section 3 19 Nonpoint Source Program Location Non-federal lands 37 states 50 states Funding Funding from NPS Recreation Resources Assistance Division Funding from IWLA Federal grant program Legislation/ MOUs Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968; MOUs drawn up at the local level MOU between IWLA and NRCS signed in 1993 Section 319(h) of the Clean Water Act Program Focus Open space needs including river corridors, trail systems and connections, and greenways Public education on water quality issues; collection of data for streams and rivers Prevention and control of nonpoint source pollution Distinguishing Characteristics Program acts as a catalyst that organizes and facilitates community- based restoration projects Encourages the "adoption" and monitoring of streams to preserve water quality Grants to states to implement nonpoint source management programs List of Acronyms: EPA: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency BLM: Bureau of Land Management FS: U.S. Forest Service TU: Trout Unlimited MOU: Memorandum of Understanding TNC: The Nature Conservancy NFS: National Park Service IWLA: Izaak Walton League of America NRCS: Natural Resources Conservation Service ------- AMERICORPS AND NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF SERVICE & CONSERVATION CORPS I I I I I I I I I BACKGROUND The National Association of Service & Conservation Corps (NASCC) is the membership organization for youth corps programs. Since its founding in 1985, NASCC has served as an advocate, clearinghouse, and source of assistance for the growing number of state and local youth corps around the country. Corps programs engage young people, generally 16-25 years old, in paid, productive, full-time work which benefits the young people in their communities. Corps members usually work in crews or teams of eight to twelve with a paid adult supervisor who sets and models clear standards of behavior. Youth corps crews undertake a wide range of work projects. More than 100 youth corps operate in 38 states and the District of Columbia. Some of these programs are statewide; the majority are locally-based. Most corps operate year-round, although some operate only during the summer. Nationwide, more than 26,000 young adults serve each year in youth corps. Although youth corps have originated throughout the nation since 1976, only since the advent of NASCC has there been a national informational clearinghouse and advocacy voice for youth corps. NASCC is a nonprofit organization governed by a board of directors composed of corps program directors throughout the United States and prominent citizens. NASCC receives support from membership dues and registration fees, as well as from foundations and corporations. NASCC's primary mission is two-fold: to strengthen the quality of existing youth corps programs and to promote the development of new ones. During 1992 and 1993, the National and Community Service Act of 1990 provided funding for corps through grants to states. In September 1993, the National and Community Service Trust Act (P.L. 103-82) was signed into law by President Clinton. The premier program funded by the Act is known as AmeriCorps and currently enrolls 20,000 participants nationwide through a network of 350 programs, including some 50 youth corps. The Act allows corps to apply for funding through statewide population-based and competitive grants and to serve as partners with federal agencies in national service projects. On June 20, 1994, the White House announced a grant award of $1.8 million to the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to conduct ten AmeriCorps projects under President Clinton's new National Service Program. Of that amount, $820,000 supports stream restoration projects in four sites. The AmeriCorps grant makes EPA a key player in the implementation of two priority areas for National Service: improving neighborhood environments and reducing community hazards. EPA's projects involve 135 AmeriCorps members in conducting high-priority environmental improvements in low-income, disadvantaged communities located in nine states and the District of Columbia. Designed as pilots, all projects can be expanded and replicated in other communities in the future. U.S. EPA Headquarters uuioi, Mail code 3201 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW 8 Washinotcn DC 20460 ------- DESCRIPTION OF STREAM RESTORATION ACTIVITIES The EPA AmeriCorps Neighborhood Improvement Project currently involves youth corps in four sites in urban stream restoration activities, with partners that include the Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program of the National Park Service, and the Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). The Americorps Neighborhood Improvement Projects are located in the East San Francisco Bay area in California; Newark, New Jersey; Tacoma, Washington; and Atlanta, Georgia. All four sites are receiving technical assistance and training in stream restoration techniques. In addition to the stream restoration work, AmeriCorps members are working with local agencies to reduce health hazards from sources such as lead, radon, and carbon monoxide in the communities they are serving. The Washington Service Corps (WSC) and the Metropolitan Parks District of Tacoma are currently conducting the Swan Creek Restoration Project, located along the east side of Tacoma, Washington. Swan Creek is a heavily degraded, 12-mile tributary of the Puyallup River located in the sub-basin of a major urban watershed. The primary goal of this project is to complete habitat restoration projects that will enable the return of salmon to the creek's traditional spawning sites. Stream restoration activities include the construction and installation of in-stream structures, erosion control, the repair of trails and construction of an elevated walkway in a wetland area to protect fragile habitat, and the planting of native trees in riparian areas. Project partners include the City of Tacoma, the U.S. Geological Survey, the Puyallup Tribe of Indians, the Private Industry Council, the NRCS, the Tacoma Housing Authority, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Northwest Watershed Education Alliance, Pierce County Surface Water Management, and U.S. EPA Region X. The Washington Conservation Corps, a sister program of the WSC, has also conducted numerous stream restoration projects on U.S. Forest Service land and maintains a cooperative agreement with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service to conduct a range of wetland and stream restoration projects at several refuges, with the overall objective of improving habitat values for wildlife. The Greater Atlanta Community Corps Neighborhood Improvement Project was originated to produce neighborhood improvements by restoring urban waterways, reducing exposure to lead and radon, and creating a more liveable community. This project includes work in neighborhoods located in an empowerment zone in Atlanta, Georgia, which has the largest public housing concentration in the nation. Stream restoration activities include conducting stream surveys and water quality monitoring, stream bank stabilization using soil bioengineering techniques, planting native trees to replace non-native vegetation and stabilize erosion, the construction of a new linear trail for recreational access, and broadening support for a proposed Chatahooch.ee River Greenway. The project also includes efforts to increase the awareness of risks related to childhood lead poisoning and lower the risk of radon-induced lung cancer. ------- DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTNERSHIP The AmeriCorps Swan Creek Restoration Project is funded by an AmeriCorps grant to the EPA. This grant provides for 85 percent of the living wages for the AmeriCorps volunteers, while 15 percent of the project funding comes from the local community. The Swan Creek project is managed by a steering committee with representatives from various organizations representing conservation districts, municipal agencies, and local community groups, under the overall direction of the WSC and the Metropolitan Park District of Tacoma. The steering committee provides training, technical expertise, recruitment assistance, monitoring, and evaluation services. AmeriCorps members are responsible for conducting the stream restoration work and public outreach efforts, while the WSC will provide administrative services and work closely with the Metropolitan Park District of Tacoma. EPA Region X will continue its participation through providing staff for the steering committee. For the Greater Atlanta Conservation Corps Neighborhood Improvement Project, the Greater Atlanta Conservation Corps is responsible for the recruitment, training, and supervision of the team members for the implementation of this project. Technical assistance on the project has included training sessions with the Atlanta Adopt a Stream Program, the Atlanta Bureau of Pollution Control, the Coalition to Restore Urban Waters, Sotir and Associates, the Southeastern Radon Training Institute at Auburn University, and the Southeastern Lead Training Institute at the Georgia Institute of Technology, and U.S. EPA Region IV. Local matching funds have been provided by the National Park Service and Fulton County in return for restoration work being performed on land under their jurisdiction. AmeriCorps members are planning new projects for the second year of the Greater Atlanta Conservation Corps Neighborhood Improvement Project, which include the construction of a boardwalk and a trail at a nature preserve to protect threatened and endangered species, and restoration of a partially channelized stream to support the creation of Freedom Park. EPA Region IV will continue its support of lead and radon risk reduction efforts, while the Office of Air and Radiation's Indoor Air Division will support a new education and outreach initiative to reduce the risks of carbon monoxide poisoning targeted to susceptible individuals in low income communities. As another example of a case in which a youth corps program carries out watershed and stream restoration projects for a different federal agency, the Cooperative Agreement No. 1422-E950-A2-0003 between the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), Montana State office, and the Montana Conservation Corps, Inc. (MCC) provides procedures and guidance for coordination and cooperation between the BLM and the MCC. The objective is to establish job training partnerships to enhance job training experience for young adults between the ages of 16 and 23 years. The partnership seeks to identify BLM projects that will assist in training, developing, and educating selected young adults in the principles of resource management and conservation. Under the cooperative agreement, the MCC has responsibility for assigning MCC crews to projects, providing transportation, equipment, tools, and materials. The MCC must also handle the administrative records for participants in the program, pay the administrative and operating expenses for maintaining the program, provide and maintain bodily injury and liability insurance coverage for all MCC members, and provide the BLM with each MCC representative's job descriptions and MCC's written employment policies relating to job 10 ------- performance and personal conduct. The BLM will provide natural resource management, conservation, or community service work projects that are designed to maintain, improve, or develop facilities or provide services on BLM managed land. BLM employees are expected to provide technical direction for crew and crew leaders, but not to displace any currently employed workers. Also, BLM is expected to provide available tools and equipment as per the project task order and reimburse the MCC for all agreed upon costs. ANALYSIS OF THE PARTNERSHIP Corps recognize that a great deal of technical expertise resides within federal agencies. In order to carry out projects well, corps need a linkage to these agencies. Since the EPA and the states already have cooperative relationships for addressing nonpoint source pollution, it is important for corps to carry out work within that context. Youth corps provide not only suitable employment, but also training, with the objective to expose corps members to careers in the environment. Because youth corps are community-based, this assists federal agencies in realizing their outreach goals. For example, at-risk, minority youth are conducting stream restoration projects where they live, which contributes to community building and the self-esteem of corps members. Since youth corps projects depend for some support on reimbursement from work sponsors, some federal agencies can provide this reimbursement. Also, the AmeriCorps stream restoration projects serve as a model for youth corps to do additional work with EPA in the future. Working in partnership with federal agencies requires an understanding of the language and structure within each agency. It is sometimes difficult to achieve numerous objectives at once, which includes completing projects in the community, satisfying the work sponsor, and providing a good work and learning experience for corps members. Opportunities exist for additional partnerships between the NASCC and federal agencies. In fact, one of the purposes of AmeriCorps is to get different groups to interact with one another. For example, youth corps would like to assume a large part of the nonpoint source pollution control efforts administered by the EPA under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act and are interested in working in urban and rural areas with the NRCS through its small watersheds program. Youth corps are also interested in assisting the NRCS and the Bureau of Reclamation with conducting a more environmentally sensitive approach to flood prevention through stream restoration, along with assisting the U.S. Forest Service, the National Park Service, and other federal land management agencies to achieve ecosystem and watershed management goals. In order to forge these partnerships, youth corps need to prove themselves by bringing their current successes to the attention of high-level people at federal agencies for support to launch more demonstration projects or broad-based efforts to involve youth corps. Additional authority or direction from Congress may be required to reflect the belief that youth corps involvement is a good idea. 11 ------- SOURCES OF INFORMATION Personal communication with Andrew Moore, Director, Government Relations, National Association of Service & Conservation Corps. Personal Communication with Susan Handley, EPA Region X Volunteer Monitoring Coordinator. Personal Communication with Scott Bowles, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. "National Service Initiative Project Proposal, Draft." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Youth Corps Profiles 1993, National Association of Service & Conservation Corps. 12 ------- BRING BACK THE NATIVES INITIATIVE BACKGROUND The Bring Back the Natives (BBN) Initiative was conceived in 1991 by Dr. Jack Williams, the National Fisheries Program Manager at the Bureau of Land Management (BLM). A partnership between the BLM, the U.S. Forest Service (FS), and the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) was formed and support for the program began during the same year. With the help of Cindy Deacon-Williams, then Assistant Fisheries Program Leader, FS-Washington Office, BBN has expanded and is now in its fourth fiscal year of operation. The BLM and the FS manage nearly 70 percent of all public lands in the nation. One of the most valuable services produced on these lands is high quality water and its associated riparian and aquatic resources. These lands provide many of the best remaining opportunities to conserve our aquatic biological diversity. They provide habitat for 68 percent of the 87 species and subspecies of fishes that are listed as threatened or endangered pursuant to the Endangered Species Act. BBN is designed to improve the status of native fish (both game and non-game) and other aquatic species on public lands through riparian area rehabilitation, watershed restoration, and species reintroduction. BBN projects span administrative boundaries (federal, state, and interested private landowners) to implement watershed restoration projects. Through grants from the NFWF, the BBN Initiative also provides financial support to projects on private land. Headwaters, small creeks, and tributaries of larger rivers often provide the last quality habitat for many native aquatic species. BBN uses these areas as the cornerstone for efforts to restore and maintain habitat that supports at-risk fish stocks and to rebuild the productive capacity of native fish populations. By coupling habitat restoration activities with improvements in land management, BLM helps protect and conserve the long-term viability of endemic aquatic species and the habitat upon which they depend. Criteria for approval for BBN projects include changes in past land use practices that have degraded watersheds, a commitment to habitat restoration and monitoring, and the presence of local partners to facilitate implementation of such projects. Partnerships are a critical component to the success of the BBN Initiative. TU is a national organization dedicated to the conservation of America's coldwater fisheries resources and their habitats. TU is organized into state councils, with chapters within each state council. Approximately 35 councils and over 400 chapters exist nationwide. The NFWF is a nonprofit organization dedicated to the conservation of natural resources - fish, wildlife, and plants. The NFWF was established by Congress in 1984 to forge partnerships between the public and private sectors and to support conservation activities. 13 ------- DESCRIPTION OF STREAM RESTORATION ACTIVITIES Habitat restoration, species reintroduction, and improved land management associated with BBN projects enhances water quality, aids in the recovery of endangered and threatened plant and animal species, expands and diversifies quality recreational and fishing opportunities, and benefits riparian-dependent species in each watershed that is revitalized. BBN projects address a host of habitat issues, which include broodstock operations, the special needs of populations of threatened and endangered species, and the preservation of unique gene pools, such as Paiute and Greenback Cutthroat Trout. The BBN implements upland, riparian, and in-stream restoration approaches, along with revised land management practices, to eliminate the source(s) of degradation. For example, riparian recovery for a watershed may include combinations of riparian pasture and exclusion fences, water developments away from the stream, riparian plantings, and implementation of new rotational grazing schemes to aid in a more rapid recovery of affected areas. From 1992-1994, stream restoration work under the BBN Initiative included 39 sites, with some projects conducted as multi-year efforts. In 1993, the BBN Initiative funded projects in over 25 watersheds, including the Red River in Idaho and the Kern River in California. The Red River acquisition, restoration, and education project is a multi-year effort to revitalize the Red River watershed and its native fish species and provides a complete watershed approach to native species restoration. The land acquisition project, a key portion of a larger watershed improvement program, involved a 314-acre ranch, which has 1.5 miles of the Red River flowing through it. The 1.5 mile stretch of river is a spawning area for Chinook Salmon, as well as rearing habitat for the native Steelhead, Westslope Cutthroat, Bull Trout, and Mountain White Fish. The goal of the restoration project is to improve stream conditions to support wild and natural populations of these species. The restoration effort will improve an additional four miles of the Red River, benefitting both fish and wildlife. The final improvements will be accomplished through long-term investments in the future through an information and education program. The goal of the Kem River Project is to determine the needs and accomplish the recovery of the Little Kern Golden Trout (Threatened), Kern River Rainbow Trout (Candidate), and Volcano Creek Golden Trout (Candidate). A principal objective is to determine the true distribution of the Kern River Rainbow Trout. The results will provide an accurate map detailing current distribution of the species which in turn, will aid in the determination and planning for species restoration. Ongoing genetic analysis will be used to verify the recovery of populations that have been restored. Educational information regarding these unique species will be created for public dissemination. BBN funds are supporting fish collection, genetic analysis, interpretive signing, and monitoring of the program. This long-term restoration program will eventually provide over 130 miles of riverine habitat for these three species of trout. California can expect to recover a precious, living resource. An upcoming BBN project, the Salt Creek/Dos Palmas Area of Critical Environmental Concern on BLM land, involves the creation of 215 acres of marsh habitat suitable for the protection, perpetuation, and expansion of two endangered species. Activities associated with this project include the draining of ponds to remove non-native predator and competitive fish species and to facilitate the necessary re-engineering and filling of ponds to achieve appropriate 14 ------- depths and surface elevations. The construction of concrete gate structures and the placement of grouted riprap are required, along with the reconstruction of levees to separate each pond. Flashboard stairs, large diameter PVC pipe and associated connections must also be purchased and installed. The BBN Initiative uses an ecological approach to reintroduce native aquatic species. Approximately one-half of BBN projects are renewed on an annual basis, in keeping with the vision of a watershed approach to stream restoration. Pre- and post-monitoring data are available for certain projects. BBN encourages public involvement and outreach through community-based environmental education at the local watershed level in addition to other forms of outreach including interpretative signing brochures, watchable wildlife (aquatic species), and published papers. DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTNERSHIP In April 1993, David Nolte, an active TU member and former Oregon Council Chairman for TU, was hired as the TU/BBN Program Coordinator to link TU volunteer fisheries work with efforts to improve federal land management policies, especially with respect to timber harvest and mining practices and to facilitate close interaction with federal agency officials. In July 1993, TU signed a cooperative agreement with the BLM to assist in the implementation of specific restoration efforts under the BBN Initiative. The authority for this cooperative agreement is derived from the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (P.L. 94-579). The primary objective of the cooperative agreement is to provide for restoration efforts associated with the maintenance and improvement of fisheries and riparian habitat. Another important objective of the agreement is to increase effective communications and assist in the implementation of specific restoration efforts under this initiative between the BLM and interested groups. According to the TU/BLM cooperative agreement, TU is required to: Establish a National Cooperative Project Specialist position with responsibility for facilitating a more rapid implementation of BBN projects; Contribute matching funds and support for the three-year period of the agreement to maintain the National Cooperative Project Specialist position in accordance with OMB Circular A-110 Attachment E; Produce, publish, and distribute a strategic program document outlining the development and implementation of cooperative habitat enhancement projects developed under the BBN Initiative; and * Have the Project Specialist complete and submit an annual and financial accountability report to BLM no later than February 29th of the following year. 15 ------- The BLM is required to: I I I I I I Cooperatively, as an equal partner, assist TU in the identification, selection, and funding of appropriate projects; Provide clerical support at the Division of Wildlife and Fisheries, Washington office, and other assistance on an as needed basis; Provide advance payments of reimbursements to TU in accordance with Section VI of the agreement and applicable OMB Treasury Circular No. 1075. According to this agreement, BLM committed $18,000 to the BBN Initiative to support the National Cooperative Project Specialist position. TU was required to match this amount. This agreement also included provisions for an extension of two years. In April 1994, BLM committed $53,000 for FY 1994 to support the increased workload of the aquatic restoration program, the Wild Trout V Symposium, and the International Trout Stream Habitat Improvement Workshop according to a modification to the cooperative agreement. The modification also provided $53,000 in BLM funds for FY 1995. TU is required to match these funds. The key to the fiscal arrangement between the BLM and TU is the raising of private sector funds to serve as a match for BLM projects. Since April 1993, when David Nolle began as Program Coordinator, he has raised $529,492 for BBN projects. Thus, a BLM commitment of $124,000 for the project specialist position has led to $529,492 of private sector cash donations to the program. The cooperative agreement ends on September 30, 1995 and the amount of private sector money is likely to be higher than this amount as funds continue to be raised. In addition to the TU/BLM partnership, the FS and TU implemented a national partnership in December 1987 to enhance the conservation and management of cold water fisheries and their ecosystems. This partnership was the first formal agreement ever designed between a federal agency and a conservation group that bridged a shared commitment to the resource through coordinated funding of a partnership position and on-the-ground projects, free exchange of technical expertise, and enthusiastic encouragement to get the job done. The FS provides technical information and education for fisheries management, while the TU builds public involvement and concern for the resource. Currently, the FS and TU have formalized agreements to work together for the benefit of fisheries resources on over 108 national forests and more than 132,500 stream miles. These agreements cover 95 percent of all coldwater stream miles on the National Forests, including those in Alaska. NFWF serves as the umbrella organization for matching funds. The NFWF awards Challenge grants using its federally appropriated funds to match private sector funds. Under the Challenge Cost-Share Grant Program, the NFWF is required to raise $1.50 of direct non-federal contributions for every $1.00 in federal matching funds this year for FY 1995. The requirement was a 1:1 match in BBN's first year while the requirement was a $1.40 to $1.00 match last year. A clause in the grant agreement restricts the BLM and FS from raising funds for BBN directly, since federal match money cannot be matched directly with federal money. However, in-kind services can be contributed directly to the BLM and FS. The NFWF contributed a total challenge grant of $850,000 in FY 1994 to BBN. Of this amount, $500,000 in Challenge Grant funds were raised by the BLM and $350,000 were matching funds provided by the NFWF. 16 I ------- ANALYSIS OF THE PARTNERSHIP Partnerships under the BBN Initiative are constrained because the need for restoration activities far exceeds the amount of grant funds available for leveraging. For example, in the FY 1995 proposal cycle, the Coquille River Watershed project in Oregon, sponsored by the BLM, requested $575,767 in NFWF matching funds. This meant that they had identified enough partners and commitments equaling more than $860,000 in order to obtain the matching funds for restoration activities. The entire grant budget that year is approximately $600,000, so NFWF could not fully fund their request. However, the need exists and the partnerships are in place. NFWF was only able to provide $45,000 in matching funds for the Coquille River Watershed project this fiscal year. Clearly, restoration needs outstrip the amount of grant monies available from NFWF. Any future appropriated funds that could increase this match amount would be very effectively leveraged for on-the-ground projects through the BBN Initiative. I I I I I I In general, greater contact among cooperators at the regional level leads to better communication and increases the effectiveness of the partnership. The most profound impact of the partnership takes place at the local level, where people discover the resources they need to solve resource management problems. In addition, people can develop an understanding and an increased awareness of stewardship and ownership issues. The success of BBN depends on the willingness of public partners to match TU's commitment to no-nonsense, on-the-ground habitat restoration efforts. From the results of a survey conducted by the BBN Program Coordinator, TU's participation has greatly improved on-the-ground recovery efforts. One disadvantage cited by the BBN Program Coordinator is the difficulty in adjusting the scheduling for starting field work and for obtaining grant funds. Nevertheless, there is certainly a need for more federal agency and nonprofit organization partnerships for stream restoration. At the annual meeting of Trout Unlimited on September 23, 1994, the FS Deputy Chief Gray Reynolds commented on the benefits of the BBN Initiative, as well as the need for continued expansion of the BBN Initiative. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Personal Communication with Mary Knapp, USDA Forest Service. Personal Communication with David Nolte, Bring Back The Natives Program Coordinator, Trout Unlimited. Personal Communication with Kate Costenbader, Trout Unlimited. Personal Communication with Gris Batchelder, Program Administrator, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation. Trout Unlimited Annual Report 1993. 17 ------- "Integrated Ecosystem Management into the FS/TU Partnership," Remarks made at the Annual Meeting of Trout Unlimited, Bozeman, Montana, September 23, 1994, by Deputy Chief Gray Reynolds. "Industry Wins with Bring Back the Natives Restoration Plan," by Andrew Martin, ASA Bulletin, No. 455, January/February 1995, p. 5. Assistance Agreement, Cooperative Agreement No. 1422P852-A3-0012, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, July 16, 1993. Amendment of Request for Application/Modification of Assistance Agreement, No. 1422P852-A3-0012, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, April 11, 1994. 18 ------- RIPARIAN-WETLAND INITIATIVE FOR THE 1990's I I I I I I BACKGROUND The Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the 1990's was developed as a blueprint to manage and restore riparian-wetland areas on lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM), U.S. Department of the Interior. The BLM manages approximately 23.7 million acres and 182,000 miles of riparian-wetland areas, which represents 8.8 percent of the total lands managed by BLM, including Alaska, and 0.7 percent of the total lands excluding Alaska. The geographic location of this Initiative includes Alaska and the 11 contiguous western states, plus small tracts in Minnesota, Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Louisiana, and Mississippi. The Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the 1990's was institutionalized by the signing of the Riparian Area Management Policy in 1987 by the Director of the BLM. The Policy established objectives to maintain, restore, and improve riparian values to achieve a healthy and productive ecological condition for maximum long-term benefits. The Initiative recognizes that riparian-wetland areas are biologically, economically, and environmentally valuable, and takes an interdisciplinary approach to their management. The Riparian-Wetland Initiative sets a series of goals and strategies to restore healthy conditions on the riparian-wetland areas managed by the BLM, with an overall goal of restoring 75 percent to proper functioning condition by 1997. The Riparian Wetland-Initiative establishes four general goals scheduled for implementation through 1995: Goal 1: Restore and maintain riparian-wetland areas so diat 75 percent or more are in proper functioning condition by 1997. The overall objective is to achieve an advanced ecological status, except where resource management objectives, including proper functioning condition, would require an earlier successional stage. Goal 2: Protect riparian-wetland areas and associated uplands through proper land management and avoid or mitigate negative impacts. The objective is to protect, acquire, and expand key areas to provide for their maximum public benefit, enhancement, and efficient management. Goal 3: Conduct an aggressive riparian-wetland information and outreach program, which includes training, and research. The objective is to promote the value and importance of healthy riparian-wetland areas. Goal 4: Improve partnerships and cooperative restoration and management processes in implementing the Riparian-Wetland Initiative. The objective is to provide funding alternatives for high-priority projects. This overall national strategy cuts across several BLM programs and complements other BLM plans such as Waterfowl Habitat Management on Public Lands, A Strategy for the Future; Fish and Wildlife 2000; and Recreation 2000 for an interdisciplinary, multi-program, and cooperative effort. 19 ------- DESCRIPTION OF STREAM RESTORATION ACTIVITIES I I I I I I I The BLM continues to make progress in meeting the goals of the Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the 1990's. The following summary of accomplishments, based on data collected through FY 1994, demonstrates how the BLM is creating a healthier riparian-wetland ecosystem in the western United States. In FY 1994, the BLM: Completed 182 activity plans and prepared or revised an additional five resource management plans that deal with riparian issues; Inventoried 183,600 acres (or 5,345 miles) of riparian-wetlands in the contiguous western states and 20,000 acres of wetlands and 15 miles of riparian stream systems in Alaska; Completed an assessment of the functioning condition status for riparian-wetland areas on 4,109 miles (or 143,265 acres), which includes 4,094 miles (or 123,265 acres) in the contiguous western states; Developed 645 new riparian-wetland improvement projects; Maintained 698 existing riparian-wetland projects; Monitored 538 management plans with riparian-wetland objectives; Acquired 24,534 acres of riparian-wetland areas, primarily through land exchanges and donation; Presented a Riparian Stewardship Award, which recognizes those who help the BLM carry out its Riparian-Wetland Initiative, to the Trout Creek Mountain Working Group for their efforts in improving habitat for threatened Lahontan Cutthroat Trout; Conducted 143 in-stream flow assessments to determine the water quantity needed to support healthy riparian-wetland values; Managed 100 areas with riparian values through partnerships, primarily with state and private cooperators; and * Completed numerous training, public outreach and research efforts to promote awareness of the importance of healthy riparian-wetland areas. As an example of cooperative improvement projects, the BLM worked with volunteer groups to improve stream stabilization on BLM land in Trapper Creek, Colorado. Several hundred hours were spent over a few weekends planting willows, repairing in-stream structures for watertables, and building and maintaining fences to improve livestock distribution. Trout Unlimited provided labor and financial contributions. This project resulted in an improved watershed condition and an increase in available cutthroat habitat. 20 ------- DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTNERSHIP As of FY 1994, 10 states in the western United States have riparian-wetland partnerships with a nonprofit organization. The role of the BLM varies according to the needs of specific projects. Typically, the BLM develops projects on publicly owned land and manages the financial contributions. In other instances, the nonprofit organization assumes the lead role on the project and the BLM provides staffing and logistics assistance. As an example of the type of partnerships that the BLM has developed, the BLM California State Office and The Nature Conservancy (TNC) California Field Office signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) in June 1984, under the authority of Section 307 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (P.L. 94-579). The purpose of the MOU is to define areas of interest and cooperation in the administration of lands in the State of California that support significant elements of biotic diversity. It also describes common objectives between the California TNC and the BLM California State Office and provides for the establishment, implementation, and review of Cooperative Management Agreements (CMAs) for specific projects. According to the MOU, past experience has demonstrated that the establishment and implementation of CMAs have provided protection to biotic resources hi a more efficient and effective manner than if either party acted independently. By January 31st of each year, TNC and the BLM California State Office provides a list of recommended projects that are appropriate for CMAs. TNC and BLM review these proposals and pursue projects of mutual interest. TNC and BLM meet each year to discuss the progress made on each CMA in effect within the state for the previous year. The CMAs: Are consistent with BLM and TNC overall land use and management plans for the lands involved; Are considered an integral part of BLM's ongoing multiple use program; Do not affect existing organizational authorities; Specify areas of public land on which cooperative management will be implemented; Provide for plant, fish or wildlife habitat improvements and/or modifications and other facilities as appropriate; * Serve as the final documentation, except for environmental assessment work, for site-specific projects proposed in the CMA; Detail management actions to be taken; Detail funding responsibilities between organizations; Detail management responsibilities between organizations; and 21 ------- Include a monitoring plan. For example, TNC asked the BLM to join them in protecting rare oak wetland habitat along the Cosumnes River Preserve in California. This project included public land adjacent to the TNC's Cosumnes River Preserve. The BLM assisted TNC with planting oak, cottonwood, willow, and other riparian species. Other activities included maintenance of the diversity of fish and wildlife species and establishment of an environmental education visitors center. It is BLM's policy to consult with the public, private organizations, other government agencies, academic institutions, and others on riparian-wetland matters to exchange knowledge, experience, and technology. This includes consulting with other Federal, state, and local entities on regulatory and permitting matters. Outreach activities have been expanded to encourage more private individuals, groups, and government agencies to work jointly on riparian-wetland enhancement projects. Cooperation and partnership efforts have been organized with the Public Lands Restoration Task Force of the Izaak Walton League of America, Inc., Trout Unlimited, The Nature Conservancy, and the Montana, Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona Riparian Councils, among others. Organizations are working with the BLM's Volunteer Program to encourage and facilitate valuable volunteer assistance. Such volunteer assistance not only helps to complete projects and perform required maintenance, but it also heightens public appreciation of the value of riparian-wetland resources. A coordinated, cooperative effort was promoted with private landowners, resource users, nonprofit organizations, government agencies, and the interested public. As a result, many land users and groups volunteered time and labor to help the BLM complete riparian-wetland projects. The Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) of 1976 (P.L. 94-579) authorizes the BLM to form cooperative agreements on public lands. According to provisions of FLPMA, contributions or donations of money, services, and property for the management, protection, acquisition of public lands may be accepted. Under the 1988 appropriations act, BLM first received funding of $250,000 to accelerate the Riparian-Wetland Initiative. During FY 1989, BLM spent approximately $6.3 million on riparian area management, of which $1.5 million represented increased funding and $4.8 million was from base funds diverted from other activities. Approximately $8.1 million was spent in FY 1990, of which $1.9 million represented increased funding and $6.2 million was base funding. In FY 1992, the BLM spent $11 million. Funding for FY 1993 was $12.1 million. The FY 1994 appropriation was $18.8 million. An estimated 20 to 30 percent of funding is used for on-the-ground riparian restoration and riparian protection (e.g., fencing to restrict livestock access). The approximate cost to achieve the riparian part of this initiative was estimated at $85 million from 1991 to 1995. A total of 300 additional riparian positions of various skills will be required. The wetland management part of this initiative will require approximately $10 million for inventory, coordination and partnerships, and planning habitat development over the next 10 years. Also, it is estimated that it will cost approximately $32 million to implement the planned 22 ------- riparian-wetland expansions and acquisitions over the next 20 years. In summary, the total cost was estimated at $127 million, plus $2 million annually for wetland maintenance. I I I ANALYSIS OF THE PARTNERSHIP Because riparian-wetland ecosystems do not begin or end at landownership boundaries, a cooperative management effort is absolutely essential. To be successful, every riparian-wetland management effort requires cooperation and coordination with all affected parties. At the national and regional levels, the goals of the both the federal agency and the nonprofit organization are met, especially regarding resource management. On the local level, there is site-specific enhancement of resource values (i.e., threatened and endangered species, and rare habitat) as well as improved water quality, improved flow regulation and floodplain control, and an increase in the potential for public recreation along stream corridors. Joint funding ventures, such as Challenge Cost-Share Funding Programs, permittee contributions, and other private assistance are excellent approaches to financing high-priority management projects. Such opportunities extend existing funding and confirm effective partnerships. FLPMA allows for the BLM to accept funds from private nonprofit organizations for these type of management projects. The success of BLM's restoration efforts hinges to a large degree on a spirit of cooperation and partnership with public land users, private landowners, conservation groups, and other agencies. The BLM estimates that contributions from private organizations increase BLM's management capability by a factor of at least three times, if not greater in some instances. Problems may arise in such partnerships when the BLM and the nonprofit organization have different expectations on what should be done on a project. For example, a nonprofit organization may envision additional activities on public land. Problems may also arise between conservation organizations and user organizations. However, these issues can be resolved through increased interaction. For example, a multi-agency group was formed between the BLM, ranchers, and conservation organizations on Trout Creek in Oregon under a BLM cooperative research management plan. Since there is a tendency for groups with different agendas not to work together, the Trout Creek plan provided a structure for various groups to reach a consensus on how to manage the Trout Creek allotment. Over a period of several years, everyone agreed to a management policy, with the exception of one environmental group. That environmental group filed a lawsuit against the BLM, but the judge ruled in BLM's favor. According to the BLM, there are unlimited opportunities for partnerships between Federal agencies and nonprofit organizations for stream restoration, as well as other conservation efforts. On public land, there is no activity where nonprofits are not involved in some capacity. 23 ------- SOURCES OF INFORMATION Personal Communication with Ron Huntsinger, BLM Chief Hydrologist. Annual Report of Accomplishments, Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the 1900's, Fiscal Year 1994, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Annual Report of Accomplishments FY1992, Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the I900's, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management. Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the 1990's, U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management, September 1991. Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976, 43 USC 1737. Memorandum of Understanding between the Bureau of Land Management, California State Office and The Nature Conservancy, California Field Office. 24 ------- RISE TO THE FUTURE FISHERIES PROGRAM BACKGROUND Fisheries management has been part of the National Forest program since 1897. Recognizing the authority of state agencies to regulate and manage fish populations, the U.S. Forest Service (FS) focuses on management of fish habitat and angling opportunities. To improve the quality of fisheries habitat on National Forest System (NFS) lands, the Rise to the Future (RTTF) Fisheries Program was initiated in 1987 by the FS. The RTTF program was developed and implemented to work with partners to improve the quality of fisheries habitats on the NFS, recover threatened and endangered species, and improve the quality of aquatic habitats. It was also designed to provide for increased fishing opportunities for all anglers on the NFS. An action plan was approved to carry the direction of the program to the field and to assist the Regions, Forests, Districts, and Stations in its implementation. Its purpose was to: Enhance fisheries program identification by increasing the awareness of fish habitat management; Use the best management practices for increasing habitat management efficiency; Increase public participation in, and awareness of, fisheries management within the FS; Incorporate valid economic techniques in the decision making process; and Maintain a highly skilled workforce of fisheries biologists with a broad understanding of aquatic ecosystems. In early 1989, the FS developed the Recreational Fisheries Policy to further increase emphasis on recreational fishing on the NFS. It was designed to form an internal partnership between the RTTF and the National Recreational Strategy, where both programs serve the recreational angler. In 1990, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) joined the FS in signing the Policy, which set in motion the strengthening of existing programs and partnerships in the management of recreational fishing on almost one-half billion acres of federally administered lands. DESCRIPTION OF STREAM RESTORATION ACTIVITIES The RTTF Fisheries Program action plan includes an increased emphasis on recreational fishing as outlined in the new FS/BLM Recreational Fisheries Policy, coordinates management direction for aquatic threatened and endangered species with the "Every Species Counts" action plan, and addresses new emphasis areas that have surfaced through program growth. The action plan is divided into five categories, which include Program Development, Technical Capabilities, Cooperation and Public Information, Fish and Fishing Economics, and Fisheries Personnel. 25 ------- One major type of stream restoration activity involves land management due to road building work. RTTF installs culverts, ladders, and removes barriers to restore the natural gradient to the stream. Another major type of stream restoration activity conducted under RTTF is the fencing of riparian areas to prevent or repair damage from elk and cattle along the stream bank. Other stream restoration activities include the stabilizing of stream banks to improve trout waters, building rock and gravel reefs for spawning walleyes, and constructing fish ladders for the passage of migrating salmon over barriers. FS research on fish habitat is merged with the states' information on fish populations to ensure a resource base for maintaining and expanding fishing opportunities. Beyond biological research, the FS works on improving fishing and boating access for forest anglers. Example RTTF projects in three FS regions are described below. Southwestern Region, Apache-Sitgraves National Forest. More than 100 volunteers provided food, labor, and money to help build 38 fish structures on the West Fork of the Black River, Thompson Creek, and Burro Creek on the Springerville Ranger District. Several partners provided matching funds of $6,000 and labor for this RTTF project. The partners included the Arizona Boys Club, the Arizona Fly Casters, the Arizona Game and Fish Department, the Desert Fly Casters, the Tucson Fly Fishing Club, and the Tucson Old Pueblo Chapter of Trout Unlimited. The project was implemented to stabilize eroding streambanks, provide hiding cover and pools for fish, and eventually allow for the recovery of native Apache Trout. Log and rock structures emplaced will stabilize eroding streambanks while structures known as "willow cribs" will stop bank cutting as well as provide fish cover under overhanging willows. Eastern Region, White Mountain National Forest. Fryeburg Academy students and Saco Valley Anglers (Trout Unlimited) worked with the Saco Ranger District on a continuing RTTF activity, the Slippery Brook Watershed Stabilization Project. Improvements were made on 150 feet of stream, such as revegetation of native grasses and willows and placement of stream channel log deflectors and streambank rock. In addition, brook trout habitat was improved with the placement of cover logs and one "lunker" structure to provide hiding cover and winter refuge for juvenile and adult trout. Pacific Northwest Region, Williamette National Forest. A project was initiated to provide passage to Sweetwater Creek for bull trout. A custom culvert excludes brook trout from upstream passage into the creek while allowing for re-establishment of bull trout. Partners and project contributions include the Eugene Water and Electric Board ($15,375), the Oregon Council of the Fly Fishing Federation ($4,800), the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife ($17,375), and the Oregon Department of Transportation ($16,250). In addition, volunteer scuba divers from local clubs helped conduct surveys. The partners are developing an interpretive sign of bull trout habitat and life history for visitors, while the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife is seeding the creek with spawners and eggs. 26 ------- DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTNERSHIP The RTTF program is administered through the FS' Division of Wildlife and Fisheries. Funding is distributed from the Division at the national level to the regional level, then from the regional level to the forest level, and finally from the forest level to the forest district level, which ultimately initiates projects. Funds are used to pay for projects outright or supplement challenge cost-share contributions. Typically, nonprofit organizations contribute labor, time, technical ideas, and equipment, as well as enthusiasm and a unique site-specific knowledge. Through RTTF, the FS has developed strong partnerships with major fisheries conservation groups, government agencies, researchers, and the angling public to protect, restore, and enhance aquatic habitats. Partnerships also support monitoring of river, stream, and lake habitats and interpretive, educational, and recreational opportunities for forest visitors. In 1992, partners assisted the FS in completing 483 RTTF projects. Formal agreements have been made with many groups, such as the American Fisheries Society, The American Sport Fishing Association (formerly known as the Sport Fishing Institute), Federation of Fly Fishers, Trout Unlimited (TU), Bass Anglers Sportsman Society, and Amerifish Corporation. The FS and TU formalized a partnership agreement in December 1987, which brought over 70,000 fishing enthusiasts in over 400 TU chapters in the United States together with the 125 National Forests for the purpose of maintaining and enhancing the productivity of coldwater habitats on NFS lands and to improve coldwater fisheries and their ecosystems. Moreover, a National FS/TU Partnership Coordinator position was established to coordinate TU volunteer efforts on National Forests. The establishment of a National Partnership Coordinator provided an opportunity for a partner to share costs for the first time in a full-time position with the FS. The FS has assigned employees work with the states and professional societies before, but this was the first time a formal arrangement had been made with a volunteer group. This position facilitates more effective communication and technology transfer between TU and FS. The FS pays for the salary of the National Partnership Coordinator as specified in the Collection Agreement. The Collection Agreement was signed by the FS and TU under the provisions of the Granger-Thye Act of April 24, 1950 (16 U.S.C. 572). According to a draft of the Forest Service Partnership Program between TU and FS for FY 1994-1995, program objectives include the facilitation of TU participation in National Forest planning, coordination of Habitat Conservation Assessments for sensitive cutthroat trout species, and publication of technical documents on conducting cooperative fish habitat projects with the FS under cooperative agreements. A total of $45.5 million was spent on RTTF programs in 1992, with $18.5 million for inland fish programs and $27 million for salmon and steelhead programs. In 1992, 928 miles of streams were improved for the inland fish program and 487 miles of streams were improved for the salmon and steelhead program. The 1993 appropriations for RTTF amounted to $53.9 million. In 1986, the U.S. Congress established the Challenge Cost-Share Program, a unique venture in which the state and private sectors share in both the management and cost of Federal habitat improvement programs. The program is designed to encourage direct public involvement 27 ------- in managing wildlife and fish habitats on national forests and grasslands. Congressional funding of FS Challenge Cost-Share projects is contingent upon receipt of matching contributions from conservation groups, private enterprises, individuals, or other public agencies. Through the Challenge Cost-Share Program, the FS contributed $1.8 million each to the inland fish program and the salmon and steelhead program in 1992. This produced 462 miles of stream improvement for the inland fish program and 265 miles of stream improvement for the salmon and steelhead program. The fisheries budget for the NFS has quadrupled since 1986, reaching $41 million in 1991. The fisheries research budget has increased to $4.2 million during the same period. Total funds for the FS fisheries management program in FY 1994 total over $54 million. ANALYSIS OF THE PARTNERSHIP Since the TU-FS agreement took effect, local and regional partnerships were developed in 22 states with 99 National Forests. TU has become an effective partner in lobbying Congress for increased funding for the RTTF program. From a $5 million budget for fisheries in FY 1986, a sizeable increase to $33 million for FY 1990 and $41 million for FY 1991 has occurred. The number of positions for fisheries biologists within the FS rose from 113 in 1986 to 230 in 1991 as a direct result of the RTTF program. TU has been a prime contributor in supporting these increases in budget and personnel. RTTF has been successful in establishing the FS as a fisheries habitat management agency, as evidenced by the creation of a new FS position for Regions 1, 4, and 6 to coordinate the management of the Columbia River Basin anadromous fisheries, and in accomplishing significant on-the-ground work in cooperation with partners to improve aquatic habitats and increase fishing opportunities. RTTF has also increased public awareness of the important role that the FS has in fish habitat management along with awareness of the increased availability of fishing opportunities. TU has become more technically aware and educated in fisheries management, and the FS has benefitted from more public involvement and concern for the resource. Public and internal FS awareness of fisheries programs has greatly improved with the RTTF program. The RTTF program has elevated the visibility of National Forest fisheries resources and has identified high demand for their use. Increased fisheries staffing from RTTF has greatly improved the quality of fisheries resource management on the NFS. RTTF has clearly focused the FS' emphasis on working with the public and meeting their needs through improvement of the cooperative partnerships with TU and Bass Anglers Sportsmen Society, increased awareness of the needs of disabled anglers, and greater emphasis on angling in general and in improving the resource base for the serious angler. The many internal and external partnerships have undoubtedly improved the process of fulfilling program goals and objectives. Because of increased participation by partners, more people are informed which creates a more open working atmosphere. It also improves the accountability of the projects. However, regulations that oversee partnerships may become more 28 ------- complex with stricter interpretation of a federal law, the Federal Advisory Committee Act. More opportunities for these types of partnerships definitely exist; the contacts need to be initiated. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Personal communication with Mary Knapp, Assistant National Fisheries Program Leader, U.S. Forest Service. "Conservation Partnerships for Coldwater Fisheries Habitat," Donald A. Duff, USDA Forest Service, Partnerships for Habitat Improvement: Challenge Cost-Share Program 1992 Report, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, May 1993. Rise to the Future: Action Plan for the '90s, USDA Forest Service, April 1991. "Rise to the Future, The Fisheries Program of the U.S. Forest Service." Sharing the Commitment: Partnerships for Wildlife, Fish, & Rare Plants on the National Forests, United States Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 29 ------- RIVERS, TRAILS, AND CONSERVATION ASSISTANCE PROGRAM BACKGROUND The Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance (RTCA) Program within the Recreation Resources Assistance Division of the National Park Service (NFS) helps state agencies, communities, and nonprofit organizations plan for open space needs such as river corridors, trail systems, greenways, long-distance trail connections, and statewide inventories of rivers and trails. The Recreation Resources Assistance Division was formed in 1981, with RTCA projects starting in 1987. The mission of the RTCA program is to advocate and assist community-based action on behalf of rivers, trails, and open space. RTCA's priorities and objectives are to: Help create systems of greenways, trails, and river corridors as tools for protecting landscapes and providing recreation; Bring people opportunities for close-to-home outdoor recreation and connections to nature; Strengthen grassroots conservation and recreation organizations and partnerships; Increase the numbers of rivers and landscapes protected and trails established; Expand NPS involvement with a diversity of cultural groups; and Protect the ecosystems and enhance the communities of which National Parks are a part. In general, the RTCA program can serve an important role by advocating agency and organizational programs to local communities and linking the appropriate programs to interested restoration planning initiatives. RTCA works to strengthen cooperative partnerships with agencies and organizations that conduct restoration research, provide educational guidance, coordinate implementation of conservation plans, and develop policies on watershed planning and restoration. Since the mission of the RTCA program is to assist local communities in protecting resources they consider important, most of the projects occur on non-federal lands. In 1994, RTCA began working on 40 new projects and provided hands-on assistance on over 150 projects nationwide. RTCA relies on partnerships with state and local governments and private organizations to accomplish its objectives. DESCRIPTION OF STREAM RESTORATION ACTIVITIES To date, the most significant contribution that RTCA has made in the restoration field is the facilitation of community input in developing plans to improve degraded resources. The RTCA program provides technical assistance with river, trail, and greenway planning, regional 30 ------- assessments, and conservation workshops and consultations. Specifically, the NFS lends expertise in consensus-building, trail design, and river access; helps states or large metropolitan regions inventory and evaluate their significant river and trail corridors; and provides training, advice, and information on river and trail conservation techniques. Restoration project strategies complement river protection management and recreation development actions initiated by RTCA. Because NFS assistance is requested by the local communities or states, most of the stream restoration programs are site- or watershed-specific. As such, the RTCA program is committed to improving public awareness about comprehensive watershed planning and identifying options for resource conservation and improvement. Since the focus of RTCA projects is relatively short-term in nature, ranging from 12 to 30 months, the NFS is not directly involved with stream monitoring. Stream monitoring is usually conducted by the local community. RTCA staff are located in each of the seven NFS area offices and at the NFS headquarters offices in Washington, DC. Because the focus of restoration in each area varies with the natural, cultural, and political influences of a particular area, each area RTCA office is involved in different aspects of restoration planning. For example, the focus for the Mid-Atlantic, the Mid-West, the Pacific Northwest, and the Rocky Mountains has been on retrofitting existing structures, flood loss reduction, stream bed improvement for fish habitat, and runoff reduction, respectively. One example of a notable stream restoration project is Santa Rosa Creek, located in California. The Santa Rosa Creek Master Plan outlined a community vision and strategy to preserve, restore, and re-establish part of the creek as a place for human use and appreciation. The plan addressed multiple objectives such as fish and wildlife habitat, flood control, recreational opportunities, and transportation alternatives. RTCA staff helped to establish an interjurisdictional public/private master planning team, developed the organizational strategy, served as the information broker of both interdisciplinary experts and creek restoration techniques, convened and facilitated workshops, and helped to write and edit the final report. Another exemplary stream restoration project is the Grand Junction Colorado Riverfront Plan. The local community sought redevelopment of the waterfront, which had been subject to neglect. The urbanized riverfront was virtually inaccessible, lined with junkyards, chemical storage facilities, and urban mill tailings. RTCA assisted the community of Grand Junction in developing a vision and action plan that led to establishment of a community park that includes bike trails, river access, and restored wetlands while removing mill tailings and incompatible uses. RTCA, in cooperation with the Association of State Wetland Managers and the Association of State Floodplain Managers, developed a report entitled "A Casebook in Managing Rivers for Multiple Uses." It highlights seven projects that utilize a multi-objective river corridor management approach. Key information about each project is described, including a summary of important planning and implementation aspects, a description of innovative design and technical solutions with illustrations, and a discussion of institutional arrangements and successful partnerships. 31 ------- Following the devastating 1993 Midwest Flood, RTCA, in partnership with the Federal Emergency Management Agency, began working in Iowa and Missouri on multi-objective floodplain management planning. RTCA staff are helping communities with plans to mitigate long-term flood losses and lower repeated disaster claims. These efforts have focused on community planning for floodplain areas following buyout and relocation efforts. Plans for these newly established open spaces include developing recreational trails, establishing river access, and restoring wetlands and riparian areas. DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTNERSHIP Based on the program's mission and objectives, the most appropriate role for the RTCA is to act as the catalyst that organizes and facilitates community-based river, trails, and greenway restoration projects and links interested communities with technical experts to discuss the specific resource issues facing that community and to develop restoration action plans. The NPS's highly skilled staff provide resource and planning expertise to help state and local partners: Inventory and assess their valuable wildlife, recreational, and historic resources; Promote citizen-based planning through workshops, surveys, and other innovative public participation techniques; Develop compelling visions and realistic plans for resource protection and recreation development; Promote partnerships among government agencies, private organizations, and landowners; and Achieve results by defining strategies and finding resources. Under the RTCA program, NFS planners assist where help has been requested. Over 350 project sponsors sought RTCA assistance in 1994. As such, the program is "client driven," where local project cooperators set goals and agendas with NFS aid, provide the funding, and conduct the ground work. The NFS contributes staff time for technical assistance with river, trail, and greenway planning to national and local cooperators as a form of cost sharing. However, the RTCA program does not provide any grant funding. Usually a memorandum of understanding (MOU) is drawn up at the local level, which sets clearly defined goals. On occasion, informal agreements also take place. Components of the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-542), the National Trails System Act of 1968 (P.L. 90-543), and the Outdoor Recreation Act of 1963 (P.L. 88-29) provide the NFS with legislative authority to work at the local level. Section 11 of P.L. 90-542 specifically authorizes technical assistance to state and local governments. Typically, the nonprofit organizations at the local level conduct most of the work and the role of the NPS usually includes minimal support for the drafting of an agenda and assisting in the production of a final publication. The nonprofit organizations that the NPS most often works 32 ------- with on stream restoration activities include the Association of State Wetland Managers, the Association of State Floodplain Managers, American Rivers, America Outdoors, River Federation, River Network, and the Coalition to Restore Urban Waterways. Current staffing for the RTCA program is 90 people in some 20 field offices. The RTCA program budget has been approximately $7 million for the past three fiscal years. ANALYSIS OF THE PARTNERSHIP According to the guiding principles of the RTCA program, all projects are conducted cooperatively. Without partnerships, the RTCA program could not exist. Therefore, the nonprofit organization element of these partnerships remains very important. A modest federal investment in the form of NFS staff time returns many times its cost in on-the-ground results. When the NFS gets involved in a project, the effort often snowballs and attracts more and more cooperators, volunteers, staff, and funds from other federal, state, local, and private sources. Bringing these additional resources to a project can significantly leverage the federal investment in NFS staff time. A significant advantage of the partnership arrangement between the NFS and nonprofit organizations is that it allows the vision of local conservation efforts to take place in the community with technical assistance from the NFS to aid in its development. Since local communities or nonprofit organizations retain ownership of the land, they do not fear unnecessary interference by federal agencies. Also, the NPS's involvement can increase the recognition and significance of local projects. The strong track record NFS brings to local efforts creates credibility and helps communities attract financial support. Sometimes, simply having the NFS appraise a resource can draw more visibility and caring to it. There are no disadvantages with the partnership arrangement, other than problems that may occur when groups do not fulfill their commitments. However, this should be minimized through the use of MOUs. Since the NFS receives approximately three to four times the number of applications than it can assist through the RTCA program, there is a significant need for more partnerships with other federal agencies and additional nonprofit organizations to leverage the federal funds authorized for the RTCA program. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Personal Communication with Wendy Malamut, National Park Service, Western Regional Office. Personal Communication with Charlie Stockman, Conservation Planner, National Park Service. Land Conservation Through Public/Private Partnerships, Lincoln Institute of Land Policy, 1993. 33 ------- "Planning Assistance For Ecological Restoration Through the National Park Service, Rivers Trails and Conservation Assistance Program," by Wendy Malamut, National Park Service, July 1994. Rivers, Trails & Conservation Programs 1992 Annual Report, U.S. Department of Interior, National Park Service. Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program 1993 Annual Report, National Park Service, Western Regional Office. Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance 1994 Annual Report, National Park Service. 34 ------- SAVE OUR STREAMS PROGRAM BACKGROUND The Izaak Walton League of America (IWLA) has been dedicated to protecting and restoring the water quality of the rivers and streams of America for over 70 years. The IWLA is a national nonprofit organization formed in 1922 by 55 fishermen who banded together to save the Mississippi River. Currently, the IWLA has more than 51,000 members nationwide and 400 local chapters. The Save Our Streams (SOS) Program was founded by the IWLA in 1969 as a grassroots river protection and restoration program and has expanded to several thousand projects in at least 37 states. The SOS Program encourages individuals or groups interested in preserving water quality to do so by "adopting" a stream of their choice and agreeing to monitor it for a year or longer. Moreover, the SOS Program serves as an umbrella program linking government and nongovernmental organizations to assist in protecting water quality through cooperative partnerships. The goals of the SOS Program are twofold: to educate the public about water quality and to collect vital data on the condition of rivers and streams. The goals of public education and collection of water quality data are considered equally important. An educated and motivated public is critical to protecting the health of rivers and streams while information on the status of those waterways is needed to recognize and solve pollution problems. DESCRIPTION OF STREAM RESTORATION ACTIVITIES The goal of the SOS statewide programs conducted by the IWLA is to initiate and develop volunteer monitoring efforts in a state over a period of several years. After this period, states are likely to adopt this program because of the valuable information provided by the monitoring data. West Virginia, for example, adopted the SOS monitoring program at the end of FY 1994 and the Commonwealth of Virginia is expected to adopt the SOS program soon. In Tennessee, however, the SOS program was discontinued because of insufficient funding. A list of suggested stream restoration activities from the Virginia SOS Program includes, but is not limited to the following: Holding a stream cleanup; Distributing brochures to local fanners and homeowners on conservation practices; Preventing streambank erosion and restoring shade cover; Investigating local industries to check discharge permit compliance; Involving others in the SOS Program; Inspecting local construction sites; and Reviewing proposed development plans. The IWLA has developed simple, cost-effective, and scientific methods of biological water quality monitoring and watershed inventory. SOS methods have received extensive review 35 ------- and approval by the scientific community, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and state governments, and have provided vital data to state water quality monitoring programs. The SOS program uses biological/and or chemical monitoring techniques to assess the quality of a stream or river. SOS monitors look for problems which might lead to the deterioration of the stream such as erosion, sewage leaking into the stream, abandoned storage drums, trash, or oil slicks. The SOS Program provides guidelines on how to identify harmful stream conditions, as well as methods to combat them. Finally, SOS monitors are required to provide support with efforts related to stream habitat, land uses in the watershed, and other germane information. Volunteers can sign up to monitor a particular river or stream by completing a Stream Doctor database survey in their SOS kit in states which pay the IWLA for this service. This information is managed by the SOS database called Stream Doctor. When a volunteer signs up to conduct a project, SOS staff verify that the adopted river is not currently being monitored by other volunteers. If the river is already adopted, SOS staff ask the volunteer to work in cooperation with the other volunteers in order to avoid a duplication of effort and to avoid damage to the resource through excessive monitoring. For example, SOS monitoring stations are usually spaced at least a quarter mile apart and are monitored only once every two months to minimize disturbance of the river bottom. The key to the SOS Program's success is that all materials have been written to be easily understood by a lay audience; scientific issues and terms are clearly explained. All materials in the program receive extensive field testing and review before they are printed. A 28-minute VHS training video takes volunteers step-by-step through the monitoring procedure and explains the volunteer's role in monitoring and protecting rivers and streams. SOS monitoring results have led to improved stream protection at the local and state level. In Charlottesville, Virginia, for example, a group of children taught a developer how to monitor water quality in the local area, which made him more aware of the consequences of his activities. Priority clean-up stream sites in northern Virginia were changed based on nonpoint source SOS monitoring information. Also, the state of West Virginia implemented stricter management practices for forestry operations because SOS monitoring information detected soil erosion impacts from forestry activities. DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTNERSHIP A Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) was made and entered into by the IWLA and the Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) in March 1993. The purpose of this MOU is to encourage and support volunteer water quality activities to accomplish the common objectives, goals, and missions of the IWLA and the NRCS. The IWLA and the NRCS share the common objective of improving public awareness of the need to conserve and protect resources. The NRCS will request assistance from the SOS national office and local chapters of the IWLA for volunteers, public education, and monitoring efforts. 36 U.S. EPA Headquarters Library Mail code 3201 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington DC 20460 ------- The NRCS has a nationwide network of 3,000 local offices that provide communities with technical advice, training, and demonstration of best management practices to protect water quality. The IWLA provides the NRCS with a unique communication link to a community, which includes water quality monitoring, restoration needs, and volunteer assistance through its 400 local chapters and computer database of 5,000 SOS contacts. The NRCS helps volunteers become active in supporting the conservation programs of the NRCS, conservation districts, and local communities through its Earth Team volunteer program. The Earth Team program was established by the 1985 Farm Bill (P.L. 102-142) and USDA Departmental Regulation 4230-1. These authorities provide a method for citizens to contribute to the NRCS for the protection of natural resources and authorize payment for incidental expenses incurred by volunteers, such as tort coverage for liability and travel expenses. According to the MOU, the IWLA will provide the NRCS with literature, equipment, and technical advice for implementing water quality improvement programs. NRCS will promote the use of IWLA information and techniques in its field offices and encourage participation by Earth Team volunteers in conducting monitoring and restoration of rivers and streams. More specifically, the NRCS has agreed to perform the following tasks under the MOU: Promote in the field offices, the use of NRCS' "Water Quality Indicator's Guide" and course in Water Quality Resource Assessment, which incorporates SOS procedures. Provide leadership in the development of individual state MOUs with state NRCS offices. Provide oversight of the volunteer program to ensure that activities reflect program objectives when volunteers are signed up under the Earth Team banner. Provide supervision, direction, administration, and training, as needed. Encourage others to become Earth Team volunteers to accomplish mutual goals. In turn, the IWLA is expected to: Promote the Earth Team Volunteer Program of NRCS in a manner that enhances its credibility, importance, and goals; and Provide appropriate literature, equipment, and technical advice for implementing biological water quality monitoring programs in rivers and streams. Technical assistance is the most common type of resource that is shared between the NRCS and the IWLA under the MOU. The NRCS provides advice on hydrology and appropriate plant species for stream habitat restoration projects, as well as information on erosion control measures. The IWLA is responsible for promoting community organization and environmental education while conducting stream habitat restoration and water quality 37 ------- monitoring. There is no transfer of funds involved in this MOU. Any transfer of funds for the purposes of this MOU is authorized by separate agreements from the MOU. Staffing for the SOS Program in the IWLA consists of a full-time Program Director, a full-time Biologist/Engineer, a full-time Outreach Coordinator, and a part-time Salesperson/Administrative Assistant. A typical annual budget is $250,000, but it can vary from $100,000 to $600,000 in grant funding, depending on the type of activities that may occur in a given year, such as organizing conferences and distributing publications. In addition, 95 percent of the grants are dedicated for very specific purposes. The sources of funding for individual grants are varied, which include private foundations, industry and their associated foundations, and federal, state, and local governments. A small amount of funding also comes from personal donations and from the sale of IWLA publications. Funds from sales publications are dedicated to pay for the salary of the part-time Salesperson/Administrative Assistant. ANALYSIS OF THE PARTNERSHIP The MOU serves as a formal agreement between the IWLA and the NRCS that helps each entity meet their mutual goals and objectives. In general, each entity provides technical knowledge and materials that the other entity would like to acquire. This facilitates a better working relationship at the local level, which makes the work easier for everyone involved. More specifically, the SOS program provides the NRCS with access to water quality monitoring expertise, along with direct citizen involvement. The SOS program provides the NRCS with the link to the citizens and the issues of local concern. The IWLA provides the NRCS with technical expertise in soil science and botany, as well as donations of materials. There are no disadvantages to speak of with this partnership arrangement. However, mutual respect and credibility between the two organizations is essential. Opportunities for partnerships between the IWLA and another federal agency may exist in the western United States for stream restoration efforts with the Bureau of Land Management. SOURCES OF INFORMATION Personal communication with Jay West, Technical Coordinator, Izaak Walton League of America. Karen Firehock, "The Save Our Streams (SOS) Program," in Proceedings Watershed '93, A National Conference on Watershed Management, March 21-24, 1993, Alexandria, Virginia, pp. 447-450. Memorandum of Understanding Between The Izaak Walton League of America and the U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, MOU A-3A75-3-114, March 31, 1993. 38 U.S. EPA Headquarters Library Mail code 3201 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington DC 20460 ------- SECTION 319 NONPOINT SOURCE PROGRAM BACKGROUND Section 319(h)(l) of the Clean Water Act authorizes the basic Federal grant program for the management of nonpoint sources of water pollution. Congress added Section 319 to the Clean Water Act in 1987, to establish a national program to control nonpoint sources of water pollution. Under Section 319, states address nonpoint pollution by developing nonpoint source assessment reports, adopting management programs to control nonpoint source pollution, and implementing the management programs. Section 319(h) authorizes the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to award grants to states to assist them in implementing those management programs or portions of management programs that have been approved by the EPA. The states finalized their assessment reports and management plans over a 18-24 month period. The EPA has four broad objectives in awarding grants to states under Section 319 of the Clean Water Act. These are to: Support state activities for abating or preventing nonpoint source pollution that have the greatest likelihood of producing early, demonstrable water quality results, and reducing ecological and health risks in areas of greatest concern; Award and manage nonpoint source grants in a manner that encourages and rewards effective performance by the states; Institutionalize state and local nonpoint source programs; and Encourage strong relationships among federal, state, and local nonpoint source and nonpoint source related programs and activities to create long-term program effectiveness. Section 319(h)(l) authorizes grants only for the purpose of assisting states in implementing nonpoint source management programs. Eligible types of program implementation activities listed in Section 319(b)(2)(B) include nonregulatory or regulatory programs for enforcement, technical assistance, financial assistance, education, training, technology transfer, and demonstration projects. The EPA issued guidance in December 1987 entitled Nonpoint Source Guidance, which established the process for state submissions and EPA approval of state nonpoint source assessment reports and management programs. Although funding was authorized in 1987, Congress appropriated the first Section 319 grant funds in FY 1990. All states now have EPA-approved assessment reports. In addition, as of April 1993, EPA has fully approved 51 state (including territories) management programs and has approved portions of another six state management programs. Two Indian tribes have approved assessment reports and management programs. 39 ------- DESCRIPTION OF STREAM RESTORATION ACTIVITIES A watershed-based approach is recognized by EPA headquarters and the regions as important for effectively addressing problems caused by nonpoint source pollution. One of the national priorities for setting preliminary and final Section 319(h) grant award amounts and awarding Section 319(h) grants is to promote comprehensive watershed management, including the establishment and maintenance of protective corridors such as greenways, filter strips, and wetlands along streams, lakes, and estuaries, and the use of conservation easements and other land conservancy measures. Other stream restoration activities include riparian area revegetation, fencing to prevent livestock from grazing along the shorelines, and the installation of in-stream structures. In-stream/near-stream restoration activities are an important component of an overall watershed restoration strategy, but should not be used without consideration of physical and biological processes. According to the EPA guidance, each watershed project should include some form of monitoring to evaluate effectiveness. DESCRIPTION OF THE PARTNERSHIP The U.S. EPA has overall program management and grant administration responsibility for the Section 319 program. EPA also provides technical assistance and expertise with water quality monitoring, stream restoration activities, and aquatic resource and fisheries management. The recipients of the Section 319 grants, the state water quality agencies, are responsible for the development and implementation of projects. The state water quality agencies may initiate sub-agreements with other units of state governments, such as the state Fish and Game Departments, or with local conservation districts as well as nonprofit organizations. Nonprofit organizations involved with the Section 319 program, such as the Pacific Rivers Council and Trout Unlimited (TU), provide technical expertise, as well as public outreach and volunteers. Section 319 of the Clean Water Act serves as the formal grant agreement between the U.S. EPA and the state water quality agencies. Sub-agreements between the state water quality agencies and nonprofit organizations are not required as a condition within the grant agreement, but are very much encouraged. The Eightmile Creek Restoration project in Nevada is an example of such a partnership. This project involved numerous partners, including the Nevada Department of Environmental Protection, U.S. Forest Service Humboldt County, Foundation for North American Sheep, Nevada Division of Forestry, National Fish and Wildlife Foundation, Trout Unlimited, and private organizations. Eightmile Creek is an ecologically sensitive area because it provides habitat for a Federally listed threatened species, the Quinn River strain of the Lahontan Cutthroat Trout. The lower reaches of the Eightmile Creek drainage are degraded due to heavy livestock use, wildfires, and a 100-year flood event which occurred in 1983 and took the channel down to the bedrock in some reaches and denuded the riparian zone. The degraded area continues to be exposed to some livestock use due to the lack of allotment boundary fence separating the 40 ------- drainage from the adjacent grazing allotment. The project will restore the perennial creek by excluding cattle through fencing, protecting stream banks, planting upland areas affected by wildfire, and monitoring for effectiveness of these best management practices. The Duck Creek restoration effort is a good example of integrating social and environmental needs. Duck Creek is a three-mile stream in Juneau, Alaska. Urban development has caused severe degradation of salmon habitat and water quality. Section 319 funds, along with other funding sources, are supporting a holistic watershed restoration effort in the Duck Creek watershed. Federal, state, and local agencies are coordinating activities for this effort. Several schools and nonprofit groups are actively involved with the agencies through Section 319 funding. For example, Miller House, a residential center for adolescent youth-at-risk, has collected in-stream water quality data for several years and annually assists in information distribution for the stream clean-up and Earth Day events. The Southeast Alaska Guidance Association, a community service and jobs training organization for young adults, is a key group for implementing on-the-ground restoration projects, such as fencing and revegetation. The first Section 319(h) grants totalling $40 million were appropriated in FY 1990. Subsequent funding for Section 319(h) grants was $50 million in FY 1993, $80 million in FY 1994, and $100 million for FY 1995. A nationwide summary of Section 319 project descriptions for each EPA region is presented in: U.S. EPA, Office of Water, Section 319 Success Stories (EPA #841-8-94-004), November 1994. ANALYSIS OF THE PARTNERSHIP Sub-agreement arrangements allow for state government units to work with nonprofit organizations, who bring a unique and focused perspective to each partnership. By nature, government units should have a broad perspective of natural resources management issues. In contrast, nonprofit organizations view specific issues, such as water quality, fisheries habitat, and other related impacts in a local context. Therefore, nonprofit organizations usually provide solid technical and scientific advice from an advocacy perspective. Partnership arrangements with more cooperators and people involved sometimes present a greater challenge to focus on accomplishing specific goals. More time is required to coordinate with everyone, which may lengthen the time period for project implementation. This could be viewed as a short-term disadvantage, which may be develop into an advantage over the long-term. Nevertheless, more opportunities for similar partnerships exist. 41 ------- SOURCES OF INFORMATION Personal Communication with Elbert Moore, Chief, Watershed Section, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10. Personal Communication with Dov Weitman, Chief, Nonpoint Source Control Branch, Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Summary of Section 319(h) Wetlands and Riparian Projects, Fiscal Years 1990 and 1991, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, March 1992. 42 ------- 3. CONCLUSIONS The seven case studies in this report describe partnerships among federal agencies and nonprofit organizations for stream restoration activities and illustrate the types of opportunities that currently exist for similar cooperative efforts. In some cases, such as the NFS' Rivers, Trails, and Conservation Assistance Program, partnerships serve as the primary focus of the program. For other programs, such as the Bring Back the Natives Initiative conducted under an agreement between BLM and Trout Unlimited, cooperative agreements serve as a mechanism to increase the effectiveness of both partners in meeting their stream restoration goals. This section summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of these cooperative efforts and evaluates opportunities for future cooperation between federal agencies and the private, nonprofit sector to support stream restoration activities. Advantages Partnerships between federal agencies and private, nonprofit organizations offer a wide range of advantages. These advantages are summarized below. Leveraging Resources. Partnerships between federal agencies and nonprofit organizations for stream restoration activities are very effective mechanisms for leveraging the resources available for stream restoration. Budget shortfalls have limited the ability of some federal agencies to respond to stream restoration needs. Contribution of funds or in-kind services from nonprofit organizations can increase the amount and type (e.g., dollars, hours of staff or volunteer time) of resources for conducting stream restoration. Additional resources provided by nonprofit organizations may also allow implementation of larger, and perhaps more ecologically significant, restoration projects. Larger restoration projects can result in greater ecological protection than numerous, small parcel restoration efforts. Increased Expertise. A successful partnership brings together the different strengths in technical expertise of all parties. Sharing technical expertise in restoration project planning, design, and implementation can help ensure more successful restoration projects. Improved Goal Development. A shared vision that all partners can agree to contributes to more successful and ecologically beneficial restoration projects through better prioritization of restoration needs and the use of longer range planning in project implementation. The expertise of nonprofit organizations active in stream restoration efforts can help agencies develop realistic restoration goals and objectives. 43 ------- Public Education. The efforts of nonprofit organizations to work with volunteers, local businesses, and community leaders can lead to heightened awareness of stream issues in a local community. Nonprofits can provide access to the local community and volunteers that federal agencies may lack. In addition, nonprofits may be in a better position to work with landowners to encourage better riparian zone management because landowners would not have concerns about a possible regulatory role as with federal agencies. Increased Political Support. Through working with the public and community leaders, and using their established network of contacts, nonprofit organizations can help build political support for restoration projects. Increased political support, in turn, helps to raise the funds necessary to implement restoration projects and for long-term management of restored streams to ensure the sustained success of federal investments in stream restoration. Increased Accountability for all Partners. Clearly assigned responsibility for monitoring and reporting on restoration projects can provide a mechanism for assuring accountability for successful completion of restoration plans and projects. By becoming active in evaluating the effectiveness of federal agency efforts to protect and restore streams, nonprofits can help make mid-course adjustments and focus attention on important ecosystem health issues. Documentation of Benefits. Nonprofit organizations can coordinate and provide support for monitoring efforts that might be difficult for a federal agency to conduct given current fiscal constraints. Monitoring data collected by volunteers can provide valuable information on water quality and the health of stream ecosystems. Ability to Respond Quickly. Ad-hoc cooperative efforts can respond quickly to protect and restore streams threatened with further degradation. Nonprofit organizations such as The Nature Conservancy may have the skills and resources necessary to take quick action where a federal agency may not be able to respond as rapidly. Flexibility. Nonprofit organizations may be able to use innovative techniques where a federal agency may be prohibited from doing so by law or regulation. In such cases, nonprofits can contribute by testing new approaches that may later become accepted and disseminated by the government. Advocacy. Nonprofit organizations can use federal agency involvement in stream restoration projects to validate their restoration goals in a community. In turn, nonprofits can serve as advocates for federal stream restoration programs to support restoration at specific sites or increased funding to implement a program's restoration goals. 44 U.S. EPA Headquarters Library Mail code 3201 1200 Pennsylvania Avenue NW Washington DC 20460 ------- Disadvantages Several possible disadvantages that should be given consideration in establishing partnerships are listed below. Differing Goals and Expectations. Because the program activities of a federal agency are often restricted by legislation or agency mission, a nonprofit organization may not be able to accomplish all of its goals through cooperative efforts. In addition, differing restoration goals for a specific site can lead to conflict without an effective mechanism for reaching a consensus. Timing and Coordination Issues. There may be difficulties in the scheduling of on-the-ground work if uncertainties exist regarding the timing and amount of federal funds that will be made available for a restoration project. For example, funding schedules may not coincide with field seasons. Additionally, a greater number of partners requires more coordination and may lengthen schedules for project completion. Turf Consciousness. It may be difficult to reach a clear consensus in circumstances where turf consciousness, both interagency and between federal agencies and nonprofit organizations, is an issue. In addition, agency officials may have concerns if it appears that nonprofits are setting the agency agenda. Federal Advisory Committee Act. The Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA) of 1972 (P.L. 92-463) regulates the formation and operation of advisory committees by federal agencies in the Executive Branch. Under FACA, any decision making that occurs under partnerships formed between federal agencies and nonprofit organizations must involve all parties. Otherwise, the decisions could be considered legislatively invalid under FACA. Federal agencies and nonprofit organizations should clearly state the purpose of each meeting to avoid any misinterpretation of intentions. Opportunities for Future Cooperation Through partnerships, federal agencies and nonprofit organizations can leverage resources, authority, and expertise for stream restoration activities. The states and local governments also have important roles in many of these partnerships. The greatest opportunity for future cooperation among government and nongovernmental organizations is the ability of partnerships to support a watershed approach to making decisions for the protection and management of streams and other aquatic ecosystems within a watershed. Implementation of the Watershed Protection Approach is currently a priority for EPA's water program and it emphasizes the involvement of all stakeholders in a watershed. Partnerships that assist in developing a common understanding of the roles, priorities, and responsibilities of all parties concerned about a watershed can allow these parties to identify priority areas for stream restoration. Partnerships may also allow interested parties to plan larger restoration projects instead of piecemeal, small parcel restoration efforts. Larger, contiguous restoration projects can result in greater ecological protection than numerous, fragmented individual projects. A 45 ------- truly comprehensive watershed approach can only succeed with cooperation of all of the interested parties with jurisdiction over, and interest in, the aquatic ecosystem. Most nonprofit organizations involved with stream restoration currently use a holistic, ecosystem approach where possible. Nonprofit organizations, such as Trout Unlimited, also have an interest in watershed and river basin management that dovetails with recent federal agency focus on ecosystems and watersheds. Trout Unlimited's involvement in the Bring Back the Natives Initiative has been instrumental in this program's continued emphasis on restoration of entire river ecosystems to benefit native fish species. The BLM's Riparian-Wetland Initiative focuses on improving the status of riparian-wetland ecosystems and works with numerous nonprofit organizations to execute riparian-wetland enhancement projects. Many states are currently involved in stream restoration and their participation is critical to the success of future cooperative efforts. State programs that involve project prioritization and site selection activities may be linked with federal/nonprofit organization partnerships. Because of the tendency of such state programs to use statewide or regional planning in their project implementation, especially if established prioritization criteria account for regional or other aquatic resource values, they could assist in directing funds to the highest priority stream restoration needs on non-federal lands. Including these state programs in partnerships could move stream restoration toward a more coordinated strategy where restoration efforts would respond to broader regional goals and advance planning, or even regional ecosystem restoration. Longer range planning for entire river corridors, for example, can assist in identifying priority areas and identifying which agency or organization is best positioned to assume the different roles necessary to restore individual sites within those larger areas. Greater use of formal understandings that set forth the roles of different partners should be established to facilitate communication and consensus building. Written documentation of the consensus, division of responsibilities, costs, and funding can help avoid conflict and encourage coordination among partners. Memorandums of Understanding and cooperative agreements serve as the foundation for stream restoration activities between federal agencies and nonprofit organizations. These agreements outline the objectives, roles, and responsibilities of each participant. The objectives within such agreements usually describe specific stream restoration and habitat preservation goals, which often include an effort to increase communication among participants. Roles and responsibilities typically cover the establishment of new job positions (e.g., a coordinator between the participants), selection of projects, provision of labor and equipment, technical assistance, publication of reports, administrative tasks, and the funding of job positions and projects. Such agreements provide the basis for the sharing of resources and knowledge. New legislative authority for formal cooperative agreements could assist in developing additional partnerships for stream restoration. Most of the agreements discussed in this report have been derived from legislative authority. For example, the BLM has formed cooperative agreements and memorandums of understanding for the Bring Back the Natives Initiative and the Riparian-Wetland Initiative for the 1990's under the authority of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) of 1976 (P.L. 94-579). FLPMA authorizes BLM to form cooperative agreements for work on public lands and allows for the contribution of funds and services for BLM projects. 46 ------- |