S02 AND NOv MEASUREMENTS
METROPOLITAN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
13-16 JULY 1971
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S02 AND N02 MEASUREMENTS
METROPOLITAN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
13-16 JULY 1971
Prepared for:
Environmental Protection Agency
Research Triangle, North Carolina
Contract No. 611-02-0124
Task B
By:
Environmental Mea.surcments, Inc
San Francisco, California
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION 1
EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES 3
RESULTS, TASK B ' 7
PERIMETER EMISSION SURVEYS 7
13 July 1971 - Fontana, California 7
14 July 1971 -- Etiwanda, California. . , 11
14 July 1971 - Fontana/Etiwanda, California. ... 21
15 July 1971 - Wilmington/Carson, California ... 21
16 July 1971 - Torrance, California 24
STACK MONITORING, ETIWANDA 24
REGIONAL SURVEYS 30
15 July 1971 - Ontario/Burbank/Long Beach 30
16 July 1971 - Pomona/Long Beach 32
CALIBRATIONS 32
N02 32
SO 2 35
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F I CURBS
1. Borringer Dual -Gas Correlation Spectrometer
Sighted on Htiwanda Power Plant
2. Kaiser, Fontana, S02 Total Burden
13 July 1971, 1430-1500 PDT
3. Kaiser, Fontana, SO 2 Mass Flow
13 July 1971, 1430-1500 PDT ............. 10
4. Kaiser, Fontana, SO? Total Burden
13 July 1971, 1500-1530 PDT ............. 12
5. Kaiser, Fontana, SO? Mass Flow
13 July 1971, 1500-1530 PDT ............. 13
6. Kaiser, Fontana, NO 2 Total Burden
13 July 1971, 1500-1530 PDT ............. 14
7. Kaiser, Fontana, N02 Mass Flow
13 July 1971, 1500-1530 PDT ............. 15
8, Southern California Edison, Etiwanda
S02 Total Burdens, 14 July 1971, 1020-1120 PDT ... 16
9. Southern California Edison, Etivanda
NO 2 Total Burdens, 14 July 1971, 1020-1120 PDT ... 18
10. Southern California Edison, Etiwanda
S02 Total Burdens, 14 July 1971, 1330-1430 PDT ... 19
11. Southern California Edison, Etiwanda
.. N02 Total Burdens, 14 July 1971, 1330-1430 PDT ... 20
12. Fontuna-EtiwaTxla Site, NO 2 Total Burden
SI; etc hod Alomi Flow Direction
14 July 1971/1430 PDT ............... 22
13. W:i iir.in^ton/Carson, California, S02 Total Burden
15 July 1971, Afternoon ............... 23
14. Wilmington/Carson, California, NO 2 Total Burden
IS July 1971, Afternoon ............... 25
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Page
16. Soutliern California Edison, Etiwanda
Monitoring Stack-Mouth Gas Concentrations
ivith the Cospec II . . 27
17. Southern California Edison, Etivanda
Second Western-Most Stack, Stack Exit SO? 28
18. Southern California Edison, Etiwanda
Second Western-Most Stack Concentration 29
19. Los Angeles Basin, NO? Total Burden
15 July 1971, 1000-1440 PDT 31
20. Los Angeles Basin, NO2 Total Burden
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TABLES
Pane
I Total S02 Emissions, Kaiser Stack Source
13 July 197]
IT Total S02 $ N02 Emissions, Etiwanda Power Plant
14 July 1971 17
III N02/S02 Calibrations :......... 34
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. SOz AND NO2 MEASUREMENTS
METROPOLITAN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA
13-16 JULY 1971
INTRODUCTION
Tests of infrared remote sensors produced by the General
Dynamics Company were in progress in the Los Angeles Basin
'*-».
in July 1971. Independent remote sensing data were desired
for comparison. Environmental Measurements, Inc. was Issued
a contract to measure sulfur dioxide in the vicinity of a.
power plant and an extended source of pollutants using a
Barringer Correlation Spectrometer.
A Dual-Gas Correlation Spectrometer was used to measure
sulfur dioxide (S02) and nitrogen dioxide (N02) simultaneously
Data were gathered in Metropolitan Los Angeles. On July 13,
perimeter measurements were made on the premises and around
the Kaiser Steel Plant in Fontana. On July 14, perimeter
measurements and direct, stack-exit emission measurements
wore made of I'-promises at the Southern California Edison Power
Generating Station in Etiwanda.' On July 15 and 16, recon-
naissance surveys were conducted in the Long Beach-Wilnington
area to select an appropriate extended-source ?ite for future
work; enroutc, regional surveys of these gases were under-
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Results of this work are reported as Task B of Contract
No. 6H-OZ-0124. The work near the steel plant and the natural
gss fueled power plant resulted in an equal emphasis on
nitrogen dioxide and sulfur dioxide because of the presence
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EQUIPMENT AND PROCEDURES
The principal equipment used was the newly-introduced
Barringer Research Cospec II Dual-Gas Correlation Spec-
trometer (Model S3060, Figure 1). This portable, remote-
sensing instrument is intended for quantitative measurement
of S02 and N02 in an optical path between a suitable source
of visible and ultraviolet radiant energy, such as Rayleigh-
scattered daylight illumination or a quartz iodide lamp.
*>
;
FIGURE I
BARRINGER DUAL-GAS CORRELATION SPECTROMETER
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The Cospec instrument consists of a telescope to collect
light from the distant source, a two-grating spectrometer
for dispersion of this incoming light, a disc-shaped multiple-
slit mask and an electronics system. The disc "correlator"
functions as a high contrast reference spectrum for matching
against the incoming absorption spectra and is comprised of
rays of circular slits photo -etched in aluminum on quartz.
These slit arrays are designed to correlate with., sequentially
in a positive and negative sense, the absorption bands of
the target gas by rotation of the disc in the exit plane. The
light modulations so produced are detected by photomultiplier
tubes and processed in the electronics to produce a voltage
output which is proportional to the optical depth or burden
(parts per million-meters) of the gas cloud under observation.
The system automatically compensates for changes in varying
source light intensity for each channel.
In this application, the instrument was principally used
in an upward-looking (vertical) mode of operation. In such a
configuration the analog records, produced on a two-channel
strip chart recorder, represented the total burden of gas
overlie; ad :
, . .. . , ,
ppm-m - = ^tot al burden)
A knowledge of the vind velocity enables computation o
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includes the pJume o£ a single stack or an industrial site,
this calculation results in total emission rates. It is not
necessary to enter the source property. Normally a set of
roads is selected which completely encircles the source to
he studied. Several perimeter traverses arc conducted around
the isolated area, and simultaneously wind velocity meas-
urements are made. The mass flow (M) across each of the
boundary roads of the source is calculated by:
M = LvG
where M = mass f]ow (grams/second)
L = length of straight traverse section (meters)
v = wind velocity (meters/second)
G = average total burden (grams/square meter)
By adding all of the out-of-the-area rates and subtracting the
into-the-area rates, a net rate of average gas production is
determined. By repeating the traverse a number of times a
statistical sample is obtained which reduces errors due to
the finite traverse times and the changes in wind condition.
Without question wind is the .dominant variable in
measuring emissions.
For a coarse measure of the gas concentration at the
exit o.f: a stack., the correlation spectrometer is mounted on
a tripod and sighted at the stack exit. In this operation
mode it is possible to determine the presence or absence of
either gas and to give an approximation of the amount of this
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For this work, the Cospec was mounted in a Volkswagen
Microbus together with the two-pen Model 7100 Hewlett Packard
Strip Chart Recorder and a Cornell-Dubilier sign-wave inverter
to operate the recorder. (The Cospec II Spectrometer can
operate on DC or AC; because of the recorder the AC mode was
chosen.)
The system is calibrated by placing quartz cells con-
taining known quantities of each gas in the line of sight
within the instrument. These calibrations are made peri-
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RESULTS, TASK B
PERIMETER EMISSION SURVEYS
A number of perimeter surveys were conducted in and
about the major steel manufacturing facility owned by Kaiser
Steel Company in Fontana, adjacent to the electricity gener-
ation plant at Etiwanda owned by the.Southern California.
Edison Company, and in search of an appropriate extended-
source location in the Long Beach area. The principal em-
phasis was at Fontana and Etiwanda; these data have been
digitized, and total burden and mass flow maps were produced
by computer for all the data gathered. Sketch maps of the
results obtained near Long Beach (Wilmington and Torrance)
were produced to show the presence of gas during these sur-
veys.
Wind data and computer calculations of all data are
included as an appendix,
13 July_19_71 - Fontana, California
The General Dynamics pollution monitoring equipment was
focused, from a location north of the plant, on a large single
smokestack just inside the boundary of the Kaiser Steel Plant.
Arrangements were made with Mr. G, L. Rounds, a. research
chemist v:ith Kaiser's Environmental Quality Control Department,
to measure total burdens directly adjacent to tho stack inside
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vehicle immediately adjacent to the stack, closer than
necessary. A road downwind approximately 75 meters due
east was chosen.
The total burden measurements obtained during six separ-
ate passes along this route are shown in Figure 2 on a map
of travelled routes within the steel plant. For clarity,
each traverse has been arbitrarily offset to the east for
ease of comparison. The calculated mass flow of these bur-
dens, using wind data obtained from a 40-meter high recording
anemometer (located only 100 meters eastward) are plotted
in Figure 3. The total emissions calculated from these flows
are summed in Table I; the sulfur dioxide was flowing from
this stack at an average rate of 3.1 metric tons per day
(0.13 metric tons per hour).
TABLE I
Total S02 Emissions, Kaiser Stack Source
13 July 1971
Tim3 Emission Rate
(PDT) (Metric Tons/Day)
1430 1.5
' 1435 4.6
1440 3.1
1445 '3.3
1450 3.6
1455 2.4
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LEGEND
SCALE: ;490 FT = i IN
46 M. - 1 CM
BURDEN: 100 PPM-M = i CM
300 MG/M2 = 1 CM
CNE PROFILE;
.-TJD: 27C" AT 3-5 M/S
O O Q
©
FIGURE 2
KAISER^ FONTANA
SULFUR DIOXIDE TOTAL BURDEN
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SOURCE
:r-.D
;CALE: 4QC FT = 1 IN
45 M = 1 CM
FLO//: EACH CM ON MAP =
1 METRIC TON/DAY
PER LI HEAR 10 M
v;i!!D: 2?0° AT 8,5 M/S
FIGURE 3
KAISER, FONTANA
SULFUR DIOXIDE MASS FLOW
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On completion of the stack traverses, Mr. Rounds sug-
gested that data downwind of the open-hearth furnaces might
show the possible presence of nitrogen dioxide. Figure's 4
and S show total burden and mass flow for the sulfur dioxide
downwind of this facility. Figures 6 and 7 show nitrogen
dioxide effluent from this facility. . (Tiie scale factor has
been increased by five because of the smaller emissions of
this gas.) Because of the micrometeorology inherent adjacent
to the very hot furnaces, buildings, and the many stacks and
billowing plumes, mass flow calculations using a single-
direction wind are considered invalid in computing the
emissions of this facility -- at this close distance. Never-
theless, these emissions were calculated and approximately
13.5 metric tons per day of S02 and 4.8 MT/D of NOz were noted
along the roadway closest to the hearth, and 13.5 MT/D of
S02 and 12.0 MT/D of N02 were located about 200 meters distant.
These must be considered very coarse approximations, but the
build-up of NO2 is noteworthy.
14 July 19TjL -_ Etiwanda , Cjali_f ornia
On 14 July, the General Dynamics crew focused on the
smokestacks at the Southern California Edison power generation
station at Etiwanda. EMI conducted a large number of traverse^
on Htiwanda Avenue and Airow Road downwind of the plumes but
off-premises of the power station. Both sulfur dioxide und
nitrogen dioxide were measured. Figure 8 shows the morning
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LEGEND
SCALE: 4oo FT = i IN
A8 M = i CM
BURDEN: ico PPM-M = i CM
300 MG/M2 = 1 CM
(N PROFILE)
WIND: 270° AT 8.5 M/S
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
FIGURE 4
KAISER, FONTANA
SULFUR DIOXIDE TOTAL BURDEN
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LEGEND
©
SCALE: 400 FT = 1 IN
48 M - i CM
FLOW: EACH CM ON MAP =
1 METRIC TON/DAY
PER LINEAR 10 M
WJND: 270° AT 8.5 M/S
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
©
0
© O
FIGURE 5
KAISER, FONTANA
SULFUR DIOXIDE MASS FLOW
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LEGEND
SCALE: 4oo FT - i IN
48 M = i CM
BURDEN: 20 FPM-M = i CM
40 MG/M2 = 1 CM
CN PROFILE)
WIND: 270° AT 8.5 M/S
Ml
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
© o ©
FIGURE 6
KAISER, FONTANA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE TOTAL BURDEN
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LEGEND
SCALE: Uoo FT = i IN
48 M = i CM
FLOW: EACH CM ON MAP =
0.2 (METRIC TON/DAY
PER LINEAR 10 M
WIND: 270° AT 8.5 M/S
OPEN-HEARTH FURNACES
fa r* . f-.
Vx Va' '._.. '* '
FIGURE 7
KAISER, F.ONTANA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE MASS FLOW
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ARROW ROAD
m
-i
m
rn
-I
LEGEND
SCALE: 1 MILE = i IN
534 M = i CM
BURDEN: 100 PPM-M = i CM
300 MG/Kr = 1 CM
CE PROFILE)
WIND: wsw-sw AT 4.5-5 M/S
9
©
SCE
o c?
S/-N BERNARDINO 3 LVD
FIGURE 8
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON, ETIWANDA
SULFUR DIOXIDE TOTAL BURDENS
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,1?^.
burdens for sulfur dioxide downwind of Etiwanda, again offset
for clarity. Figure 9 shows the nitrogen dioxide burdens.
S02 and N02 afternoon burdens are on Figures 10 and 11, respec-
tively. Mass flow calculations are listed in Table II; maps
were not produced because the wind data were not initially
available. (A scan of the appended calculations will show
an arbitrary one meter per second wind; the results were sub-
sequently multiplied by actual wind to produce the table.)
Total S02
Time
(PDT)
1020
1025
1030
1105
]110
1115
1120
1530
1345
1350
1422
TABLE II
NO 2 Emissions, Etiwanda Power Plant
14 July 1971
NO 2
SO 2
(Metric Tons per Day)
9.8
9.4
7.9
10.3
8.0
10.3
12.6
12.9
10.5
6.4
5.6
12.5
15.6
41.7
32.2
22.8
29.5
46.0
44.3
54.7
13.6
13.5
Average Rate of Flow
9.4
30.]
An average 9.4 MT/D of NO 2 and 30.1 MT/D of SO 2 were
put forth. It appears that fuel content and/or power load
changed frcm 1030 to 1345 houis because the emissions for
both NO 2 r.nd S02 .increased during this midday peri.od. The
scatter for S02 data are to some extent the result of
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ARROW ROAD
m
z:
o
LO
1
73
m
m
LEGEND
SCALE: 1 MILE = 1 IN
634 M = i CM
BURDEN: 20 PPM-M = i CM
40 MG/M2 = 1 CM
(E PROFILE;
WIND: wsw-sw AT 4.5-5 M/S
o S
SCI
FIGURE 9
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON, ETI WANDA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE TOTAL BURDENS
14 JULY 1971, 1020-1120 PDT
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SCALE
LEGEND
1 MILE = 1 IN
63'! M = 1 CM
BURDEN: 100 PPM.-M = i CM
300 MG/M2 = 1 CM
(E PROFILE,)
WIND: wsw AT 7-8 M/S
ARROW ROAD
SCE
e
SAN BERNARDINO BLVD
rn
-H
rn
m
FIGURE 10
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON, ETI WANDA
SULFUR DIOXIDE TOTAL BURDENS
I'l JULY 1971, 1330-1^30 PDT
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L_E_GEN_D
SCALE: 1 MILE = i IN
63*1 M = i CM
BURDEN: 20 PPM-M = i CM
>40 MG/M2 = 1 CM
CE PROFILE;
WIND: wsw AT 7-8 M/S
ARROW ROAD
SCE
SAN BERNARDINO BL.VD
rn
D
FIGURE 11
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON, ETI WANDA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE TOTAL BURDENS
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non-optimum tuning of this channel (see Calibration Section),
but the average readings are valid and consistent.
14 July 1971 - Fontana/Etiwanda, California
During the afternoon a traverse was driven around both
the Southern California Edison and Kaiser facilities. The
route was travelled clockwise along Arrow Road to Citrus,
to San Bernardino, to Cherry, returning to Etiwanda, along
IVhitram. A sketch of the nitrogen dioxide total burden,
Figure 12, clearly shows the separation of two distinct-
plumes. The total burden is shown plotted to the northwest,
and the approximate boundaries of the plumes are shaded.
These data are not digitized, but a distinct increase
in nitrogen dioxide appears evident in this sketch. While
NO 2 was present upwind of both facilities, it was present
in very much lesser amounts than created by the plume.
15 July 1971 - Wilmington/Carson, Californi a
On this date .the Barringer equipment was used to locate
an extended-source site near Long Beach. A number of petrol-
eum refineries and industrial chemical sites were surveyd,
and a sketch o£ the principal sulfur dioxide total burden is
shown in Figure 15. Principal SO? emissions appear to be
coming from a Stauffer Chemical facility southeast of Alamedci
Street in Carson .
It was striking to note that minimum amounts of S0£
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FIGURE 12
FONTANA-ETIWANDA S ! TE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE TOTAL BURDEN
SKETCHED ALONG FLOW
"I i< M '! V ' '' ''f ~ '' '
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FIGURE 13 '
WILMINGTON/CARSON, CALIPORN I A
SULFUR DIOXIDE TOTAL 3URD2N
V.) JULY 1971, AFTERNOON
SKETCHED ALONG FLOW DIRECTION
x 5
\
\
X
\
j.:,LiLu,'
Mi /
'!'!
i.li
\.._
/
AM! -1 1
/HJ4 j_ 1 1 :
ll ; iTITCul
/ 1;
/ !!.
/ Hi'
;i).|ii /
j'l-1 !'i,
Tlrrrn
iff
! /
if
\
-------
and Shell refineries in this region. There was some gas
present, but it was not what was anticipated.
A sketch of the NO2 emission is shown in. Figure 14.
A site was selected near the Dominguez Hills which
would allow a two-mile traverse downwind of the general
petrochemical facilities.
STACK MONITORING, ETIWANDA
After the perimeter surveys on July 14, the correlation
spectrometer was placed on a tripod to view the stack exits
at Etiwanda. Figure 16 shows the two westerly stacks of the
generators, about one mile south from the viewing site. Ob-
servations were made of these and tv/o additional stacks to
the east.
The Cospec instrument was sighted on each stack exit
and, downwind of the stack, a vertical "slice" was made from
the horizon tc high above each stack. Sulfur dioxide was
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FIGURE I1!
WILMINGTON/CARSON, CAD FORNfA
NITROGEN DIOXIDE TOTAL BURDEN
15 JULY 1971, AFTERNOON
SKETCHED ALONG FLOW DIRECTION
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-------
'7
I ;
,- ' r-.-- -:' ''. ':.' / - **v^'-. -,-;;
f" '-'< -.:.. -- ^',*'-";', : """"l^c"-''-/
FIGURE 16
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON, ETI WANDA
MONITORING STACK-MOUTH GAS CONCENTRATIONS WITH THE COSPEC II
measured Iron the second western-most, stack (the left, stack
in Figure 16). No sulfur dioxiJe was measured emanating from
the other three stacks. Little if any nitrogen dioxide v.as
noted :< t the stack exit of any of the stacks, though it did
appear downwind.
-------
A twenty-minute temporal monitor of. sulfur dioxide is
shown in Figure 17; to record this, the instrument was left
to monitor concentration-pathlength just above and a few
meters downwind of the emitting stack. The average value
over the twenty-minute period was 275 parts per million-meters
'lOO-
ILI
T
< 300 -]
D_ .-N
~z. 'V
O '£.
>-. 0.
I- CL
<
2:
UJ
o
o
(_)
200-
100 1_.
AVERAGE: 275 PPM-M
15^0
1550
TIME (PDT)
1600
FIC7URE 1?
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA EDISON, ETI WANDA
SECOND WESTERN-MOST STACK, STACK EXIT S02
The sighting telescope on. the Cospcc instrument had not
been aligned for this distance.so the exact stack exit probably
was not observed. The 275 ppm-m average value was likely not
observed at the stack exit. Therefore, it is not accurate to
-------
Figure 18 is a plot of true concentration at the specific
stack exit versus exit temperature for "various .possible stuck
widths. The family of curves is drawn on the basis of the ac-
tual field measurement as a function of the temperature correc
tion. By selecting the stack exit diameter, the corrected gas
concentration at the stack exit is read-off the curve at the
appropriate exit -temperature. These curves are included to
demonstrate the method, not to claim accuracy in the demon-
stration results.
700 -i
600 4
500
o
.LU
O
Z -N
o 2:
O Q_
CL
400 -
X
LU
300
200 -
100 -
2 METER STACK
3 METER STACK
METER STACK
5 METER STACK
100 200 300 ';oo 500
STACK EXIT TEMPERATURE (°C;
600
FIGURE 13
scuThER'-: CAL ] FOR:-: i A ED i so;;, t:7!v;AK:v\
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REGIONAL SURVEYS
Enroute from the principal site of operations in
San Bernardino County to Long Beach, two regional surveys
were conducted on the freeways of the Los Angeles Basin.
Vertical burdens were gathered, at highway speeds, during
late morning; principally nitrogen dioxide data was detected.
though some sulfur dioxide was noted in the Los Angeles Basin,
15 July 1971 - Ontario/Burbank/Long Beach
It was necessary to divert to Burbank for technical-
supplies so a route was selected along Interstate 10, to the
Hollywood Freeway (US 103), through the San Fernando Valley,
to Interstate 405 (the San Diego Freeway).
A significant amount of nitrogen dioxide was noted in
the Los Angeles Basin and is shown in Figure 19. This gas
virtually disappeared and visibility increased to about ten
miles in the San Fernando Valley. .The gas cloud was again
intersected south of Sepulveda Canyon, and a route along the
Interstate 10 (Santa Monica Freeway) and tiie Long Beach
Freeway again intersected the principal NO2 clcud. When
Long Beach was readied, the dominant sea winds produced clean
.air again.
No attempts wore made to relate these total burden data
to mass flow because of the distance covered and the signif-
icant topography traversed.
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i ': ' .'iii1 '
1-10
LOS Al.GLt.ui iJAii:.
NITROGcN UlOXIOii TOTAL :I.?L':.'J
15 JL'LY 1/71, 10oU-l-'l-,J CuT
Z.'j'l r." - 1C.1'
RO^;i: ?U i'r-:--M = I '.:'
n-j KG;:' = I ..;
-------
UUijaiiLj.!^
v
1
i j
!
J)
s
I!
i
i
t
ill
j.
i
1
!
LL
I r
I I
-?.'<' \
-------
i-10
i
J
.
i ,
!
i
ii
\
1 I1
!,
]
I
j
1,
to
t!ii
1 1 :
1 j
i'Jli1'
FIGURL 19
LOS ANGELES BASIN
NITROGEN DIOXIDE: TOTAL BURDEN
Ilj JULY 1971, 1000-I^i^O POT
\
?J.?-
SCALE: A MILES = 1 IN
2.57 KM - 1 CM
b 'J K U c N : ^0 P P ,M - r-1 -1C M
i;0 MG/M2 - 1 CM
W'ND. SV,' AT 10 MPiJ
-------
16 July 1971 - Pomona/Long Beach
On the following clay, a traverse was made along the
Pomona Freeway, encircling downtown Los Angeles, down to
Long Beach. The results of this day are shown on Figure 20.
CALIBRATIONS
The Dual-Gas Correlation Spectrometer is easily cali-
brated by inserting centimeter-thick quartz cells in the
optical path. Thus, three points of calibration for each
gas are available (two cells plus their combination). For
sulfur dioxide the -cell values are 78 and 412 parts per
million-meters; for nitrogen dioxide, the values are 61 and
166 parts per million-meters.
A record of the calibration values was kept during the
course of the tests. In each case the low value, high value,
and combination cells were placed in the optical path and
the average millivolt signal was measured for several
seconds or more. Table 3 is a list of the calibrations
noted in ppm-m per millivolt.
NO 2
The nitrogen dioxide channel operated excellently during
the entire test. The deviation in average value throughout
'the tests was minor, and the 0.32 ppm-m per millivolt appeared
to be a reliable value for data reduction. N02 measurements
were feasible from sunup to sundown.
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'I 1
'!>
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FIGURE 20
LOS ANGELES BASIN
NITROGEN D10X1 DC TOTAL BURDEN
16 JULY 1971, 1000-1200
Li
/
\
\
_LE_G_ENp_
SCALE: '4 MILFS - 1 IN
2.57 KM - 1 CM
BURDL-N: 20 PPM-M = 1 CM
40 MG/M:- - 1 CM
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TABLE III
N02/S02 Calibrations
(ppm-m per millivolt)
Date Hoinr N0_2 §£2
13th 1030 2.07
1110 1.67
1138 0.31 1.53
1225 0.29 1.69
1257 0.32 1.56
1452 0.31 1.42
1600 0.31 2.25
1630 0.31 1.20
13th Average 0.31 1.67
14th 1004 0.33 1.56
1.92
1.73
1.62
1004
1125
1314
1332
1430 .
1439
1457
1500
1540
1607
0.33
0.33
0.32
0.31
0.37
0.31
0.31
0.31
0.34
0.35
1.56
1.56
1.75
1.29
1.11
14th Average . 0.33 1.57
15th 0950 0.34 2.02
1105 0.32 1.66
1245 0.31 1.51
1338 0.31 1.31
1445 0.32 1.20
1530 1.72
15th Average 0.32 1.57
16th 0953 0.35 1.58
1325 0.32 1.32
1503 0.33 1.44
16t.h Average 0.33 1.45
4 DAY AVERAGE 0.32 1.59
Common Full NO2 SO? 0
Scale Values ppm-m mg/M2 ppm_-u ng/M"_
] volt 320 640 1590 4800
500 mv 160 320 800 2400
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SO 2
S02 values were 1.59 ppm-m per millivolt ± 30 percent.
The reason for this broader range is two-fold: 1) Some
calibration values were included before adequate ultraviolet
light was available in the morning or after it had set in
the afternoon. These values tend to create less sensitive
readings. 2) More importantly perhaps is that the S02
channel was tuned to a less -sensitive -than-optiurn position.
This fact did not reduce the validity of the S02 data, but
they were more noisy than they should have been. The re-
peatability of the calibration, and the "real-time" cali-
bration procedures, confirm the data. Nevertheless, a set-
screw had vibrated loose during shipment; this allowed the
grating to shift to a less-sensitive position. After these
tests this was noted, and a sensitivity of 0.41 ppm-m per
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!?;!';'>,
CONCLUSION
Measurable amounts o£ sulfur dioxide and nitrogen di-
oxide were present downwind of the two principal sources
under study in Task B. The dispersal pattern of the nitrogen
dioxide plume was traced for four miles.
Relatively small amounts of sulfur dioxide were noted
emanating from the Kaiser and one Etiwanda Power Plant stack.
Noteworthy \\ras the presence of nitrogen dioxide very
close to the stationary stack sources. This reactive air
pollutant appeared only a few tens of meters downwind of the
source. One possible explanation might be the presence of
large amounts of ozone in the atmosphere causing an immediate
chemical change in the effluent of nitrogen oxide.
The correlation spectrometer was used to seek out an
extended source for future work on this task. Virtually
all industrial facilities in the metropolitan Long Beach area
were rapidly evaluated using perimeter traverse techniques.
Enroute between sites, regional air pollution maps were
produced across the Los Angeles Basin. These maps give a
relative basis to the source measurements, which were the
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