SN 14838.000
Proposed Implementation Plan for the
Control of Particulates and Sulfur Oxides
for the
State of Indiana Portion
of the
Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate Air Quality Control Region
September
prepared for
National Air Pollution Control Administration
TRW i
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PROPOSED IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE
CONTROL OF PARTICULATES AND SULFUR OXIDES
FOR THE
STATE OF INDIANA PORTION
OF THE
METROPOLITAN CINCINNATI INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
SEPTEMBER 1970
Prepared for
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The wprk upon which the publication is based was performed by Resources
Research, Inc., a subsidiary of TRW Inc., pursuant to Contract No. CPA 70-29
with the National Air Pollution Control Administration, Environmental Health
Service, Public Health Service, Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section Title Page
1. DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION 1-1
1.1 General Characteristics 1-1
1.2 Topographical Features 1-3
1.3 Demography 1-3
1.4 Meteorological Data 1-6
1.4.1 Climatology 1-6
1.4.2 Data for the Atmospheric Dispersion Model 1-9
1.5 Emission Inventory 1-9
1.6 Regional Air Quality 1-15
1.6.1 Sampling Stations 1-15
1.6.2 Regional Distribution of Particulate Pollutants 1-21
1.6.3 Regional Distribution of Sulfur Dioxide 1-21
1.6.4 Air Quality Standards 1-36
1.7 Sampling Records in Indiana 1-36
1.7.1 Station Locations 1-36
1.7.2 Air Quality Data 1-38
2. CONTROL PLAN 2-1
2.1 Description of the Simulation Model 2-1
2.1.1 Atmospheric Diffusion Model 2-1
2.1.2 Control Cost Model 2-2
2.1.3 Control Strategies Model 2-2
2.2 Rationale for Selection of Optimal Strategy 2-3
2.2.1 Compatibility with Air Quality Standards 2-3
2.2.2 Regional Cost 2-3
2.2.3 Enforceability 2-4
2.2.4 Summary 2-4
2.3 Model Verification 2-4
2.3.1 Suspended Particulates 2-6
2.3.2 Sulfur Oxides 2-10
2.4 Control Strategy Selection 2-16
2.4.1 Particulate Control Strategies 2-16
2.4.2 Particulate Simulation Results 2-23
2.4.3 Sulfur Oxides Control Strategy 2-32
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
Section Title Page
2.5 Proposed Control Strategy 2-36
2.6 Timetable for Implementing Proposed Regulations 2-38
2.6.1 Adoption of Proposed Control Regulations 2-38
2.6.2 Enforcement of Control Regulations 2-39
3. LEGAL AUTHORITY 3-1
3.1 Scope of Discussion 3-1
3.2 General Discussion of the Powers of
Administrative Agencies 3-1
3.3 Criteria for Effective Air Pollution Regulation 3-2
3.4 Legislative Intent 3-2
3.5 Legislative Definition of "Air Pollution" 3-3
3.6 Powers of the Indiana APC Authority 3-3
3.7 Implementation of Emergency Actions 3-16
3.8 Organization of Regional Enforcement Activities 3-16
3.9 Interstate Planning and Services Authority 3-17
3.10 Summary of Legislative and Administrative Actions
Needed to Effect the Implementation Plan 3-17
4. CONTROL REGULATIONS 4-1
4.1 Existing Regulations 4-1
4.2 Proposed Regulations 4-14
4.2.1 General Provisions 4-14
4.2.2 Particulate Matter 4-14
4.2.3 Sulfur Oxides 4-15
4.2.4 Modified Regulations 4-16
5. EMERGENCY EPISODE AUTHORITY AND PROCEDURES 5-1
5.1 Comprehensive Emergency Episode Plan 5-1
5.1.1 Episode Criteria 5-2
5,1.2 Episode Communications 5-3
5.1.3 Episode Surveillance 5-6
5.1.4 Episode Legal Authority 5-11
5.1.5 Emission Reduction Plan 5-11
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(continued)
Section Title
5.1.6 Time Schedule for Emergency Episode Plan
Development
5.2 Interim Emergency Episode Plan
6. AIR QUALITY MONITORING
6.1 Objectives
6.1.1 Location of Sampling Stations
6.1.2 Frequency of Collection
6.1.3 Methods of Sampling
6.1.4 Data Handling and Analysis
6.2 Control of Emission Sources
6.2.1 Source Surveillance
6.2.2 Source Inspections - Field Operations
6.2.3 Schedule
6.3 Regional Data Bank
6.4 Air Quality Data Transmissions
7. RESOURCES
7.1 General
7.2 Calculated Man-Years
7.3 Funding
APPENDIX A Meteorological Data
APPENDIX B Indiana Air Pollution Control Law
APPENDIX C Regional Organizational Structure
5-12
5-12
6-1
6-1
6-2
6-5
6-5
6-5
6-9
6-9
6-11
6-12
6-12
6-13
7-1
7-1
7-1
7-5
A-l
B-l
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Number Title Page
1-1 Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate Air
Quality Control Region 1-2
1-2 Population Density in the MCIAQCR 1-5
1-3 Emission Inventory Grid Map Showing Locations
and Sizes of Areas into which Area Emissions
Sources were Grouped 1-11
1-4 Point Sources in the MCIAQCR Emitting More
than 10 Tons per Year of Either Pollutant 1-14
1-5 Sulfur Oxides Emission Density by Geographical
Areas 1-17
1-6 Particulate Emission Density by Geographical
Areas 1-17
1-7 Average Annual Particulate Concentrations
During 1967 - 1969 1-22
1-8 Annual Average SO Concentrations During
1968 - 1969 1-26
1-9 Location of Stations in Indiana Portion of
the MCIAQCR 1-37
2-1 Particulate Measuring Stations Used in
Model Verification 2-7
2-2 Particulate Diffusion Model Verification
(Winter Data , November 1969-January 1970) 2-8
2-3 Annual Geometric Mean Concentrations of
Suspended Particulate Pollutants as Measured
at Selected Sampling Stations and Annual
Arithmetic Mean Concentrations as Estimated
by Diffusion Model 2-9
2-4 Sulfur Oxides Measuring Stations Used in
Model Verification 2-12
2-5 Winter Sulfur Oxides Model Verification
(November 1969 - Janary 1970) 2-13
2-6 Annual Mean Concentrations of Sulfur Oxides
as Measured at Selected Sampling Stations and
Annual Arithmetic Mean Concentrations as
Estimated by Diffusion Model 2-14
2-7 Existing Emission Standards in the MCIAQCR
Based on Input Heat Capacity 2-17
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LIST OF FIGURES
(continued)
Figure Number Title Page
2-8 Additional Heat Input Type Standards Tested
in Proposed MCIAQCR Particulate Control
Strategies 2-20
2-9 Two Sets of Emission Standard Curves for
Industrial Process Type Emissions Used
in the Particulate Control Strategies
Evaluated for the MCIAQCR 2-21
2-10 Allowable Particulate Emissions Based on the
Potential or Uncontrolled Source Emissions
Applied to Industrial Process, Fuel Combustion,
and Solid Waste Disposal 2-22
2-11 Predicted Ground Level Concentrations
Following Application of Proposed Control
Strategy (1969 Emission Inventory) 2-29
2-12 Projected Ground Level Particulate Concentra-
tion Following Application of Proposed Control
Strategy (Projected 1980 Emission Levels) 2-31
5-1 Indiana Episode Sequence 5-4
5-2 Daily Advisory from Weather Bureau at Greater
Cincinnati Airport 5-9
5-3 Procedure for Developing the Emission Reduction
Plan 5-13
5-4 Indiana Emergency Episode Plan Time Schedule 5-21
6-1 Location of Proposed Air Quality Monitoring
in the MCIAQCR 6-6
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Number Title Page
1-1 Population Growth by County and for Selected
Cities 1-4
1-2 Monthly Mean Afternoon Mixing Heights (meters)
for the Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate
Air Quality Control Region 1-7
1-3 Seasonal and Annual Average Frequency of
Occurrence of Conditions Favorable for High
Pollution Values 1-8
1-4 Existing Sulfur Oxide Emissions in the MCIAQCR
by Source Category and Location Based on 1969
Emission Inventory 1-12
1-5 Existing (1969) Particulate Emissions in the
MCIAQCR by Source Category 1-13
1-6 MCIAQCR Sampling Stations 1-18
1-7 Quarterly Summary Statistics for MCIAQCR Study
November 1969 - January 1970, Pollutant:
Particulates 1-23
1-8 Quarterly Summary Statistics for MCIAQCR Study
November 1969 - January 1970, Pollutant: S02 1-27
1-9 MCIAQCR Sulfation Data, November 1969-January 1970 1-28
1-10 Air Quality Standards for the MCIAQCR 1-35
2-l(A) Existing Particulate Emission Standards for
Industrial Process Sources (City of Cincinnati
Regulation) 2-18
2-2 Initial Screening of Particulate Control Strategies 2-24
2-3 Detailed Rerun of Selected Group of Strategies
for the MCIAQCR 2-26
2-4 Particulate Emissions Following Application of
Proposed Emission Standards Based on 1969
Emission Inventory 2-28
2-5 Particulate Emissions Following Application of
Proposed Emission Standards Based on Projected
1980 Emission Levels 2-30
2-6 Ambient Sulfur Dioxide Concentrations as Measured
at the CAMP Station, Cincinnati 2-34
2-7 Effect of Proposed Sulfur Oxides Control Strategy
on MCIAQCR Emission Levels (1969 Emission
Inventory) 2-35
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LIST OF TABLES
(continued)
Table Number Title Page
2-8 Emissions Following Application of Proposed
Sulfur Oxides Control Strategy Based on 1980
Emission Projections 2-37
3-1 Analysis of Indiana Air Pollution Control Laws
and Regulations as of July 1970 3-5
3-2 Summary of Legislative and Administrative
Actions Taken to Effect the Implementation
Plan for the State of Indiana 3-18
5-1 Organizations Contacted During Episodes 5-3
5-2 Emission Reduction Plan Elements 5-14
5-3 Proposed Emergency Source Categories for the
MCIAQCR 5-15
5-4 Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate Air Quality
Control Region, Interim Emergency Episode Plan 5-16
5-5 Major Point Sources in the MCIAQCR 5-22
6-1 Projected Regional Air Quality Monitoring
Network 6-3
7-1 Input Characteristics of Indiana Needed for
Manpower Estimates 7-2
7-2 Summary of Man-Year Estimates for Indiana
Portion of MCIAQCR 7-3
7-3 Estimated Present Manpower Utilization by
Control Agency for Indiana and for the Total
MCIAQCR 7-4
7-4 Average Salary Estimates for Agency Operations 7-6
7-5 Estimated Expenditures for Indiana Portion of
MCIAQCR 7-7
7-6 Estimated Capital Expenditures for the Indiana
Program Within the MCIAQCR 7-8
A-l Meteorological Input Data for the Annual Season A-l
A-2 Meteorological Input Data for the Winter Season A-6
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LIST OF TABLES
(Continued)
Table Number Title Page
7-4 Summary of Estimated Man-Years for Ohio Portion
of the MCIAQCR 7-6
7-5 Average Salary Estimates for Agency Operations 7-7
7-6 Estimated Expenditures for Ohio Portion of the
MCIAQCR 7-8
7-7 Estimated Capital Expenditures for the Ohio
Program Within the MCIAQCR 7-10
A-l Meteorological Input Data for the Annual Season A-l
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1. DESCRIPTION OF THE REGION
1.1 GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
The Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate Air Quality Control Region
(MCIAQCR) was designated by the Secretary of the Department of Health,
Education and Welfare on May 2, 1969. The Region is comprised of approxi-
mately 3000 square miles of land area located in the extreme southwestern
portion of Ohio and the adjacent state of Indiana and the Commonwealth of
Kentucky (Figure 1-1). There is a total of nine counties, including the
territorial areas of all municipalities within the counties in the MCIAQCR,
namely:
Indiana
Dearborn County
Ohio County
Kentucky
Boone County
Campbell County
Kenton County
Ohio
Butler County
Clermont County
Hamilton County
Warren County
Current estimates place the population of the Region at approximately
1.5 million persons, of which about 500,000 reside within the City of
Cincinnati. The population within the Region is centered on Cincinnati
with nearly two-thirds of the populace living with 15 miles of the
confluence of the Ohio and Licking Rivers. Projections of future growth
indicate that the total population of the Region should increase to
1.8 million by 1975 and 2.0 million by 1980.
The MCIAQCR is primarily an industrial area with about one-third
of the total employment in manufacturing industries. The principal
industries are aerospace, soap products, automotive, primary metals,
fabricated metals, petroleum products, rubber, plastics, chemical,
and machine tool manufacture. Industry is concentrated along the
Mill Creek, Great Miami and Little Miami Rivers in Ohio, and the
Licking River in Kentucky.
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Figure 1-1. METROPOLITAN CINCINNATI INTERSTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
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The major sources of sulfur oxides are related to fuel combustion
with the most significant sources being the several large electric
generating plants located in the Region. Fuel combustion also contri-
butes heavily to the total emission of particulates, and again the elec-
tric power generating plants represent major point sources. Significant
amounts of particulates are also emitted by industrial fuel combustion
sources as well as industrial process losses. Solid waste disposal by
open burning is permitted within the Region; and as a result, such sources
emit large quantities of particulate pollutants.
1.2 TOPOGRAPHICAL FEATURES
The area in and around Cincinnati consists of an upland plain
about 900 feet above sea level which is cut by the flood plain of the
Ohio River. Hills and valleys are more pronounced in the southern
and western portions of the Region. The basin area within the flood
plain of the Ohio River is surrounded by steep bluffs rising 200 to
400 feet to the general level of the upland plain. These bluffs are
cut frequently by the valleys of small streams which produce a setting
of promontories and steep hills. In general, throughout the Region
the hills and valleys have only a minimal effect on air movement;
however, within the steep walled meandering valleys, the air flow is
strongly influenced by the surrounding terrain.
1.3 DEMOGRAPHY
Population statistics for each county and for six principal cities
within the MCIAQCR are presented in Table 1-1. The City of Cincinnati
with a population exceeding 500,000 accounts for one-third of the total
population of the Region. The four Ohio counties include over 80 percent
of the population in the MCIAQCR. Population density for the entire
Region averages 494 persons per square mile but varies from 52 persons
per square mile in Ohio County, Indiana, to 2384 persons per square
mile in Hamilton County, Ohio. The counties of Boone in Kentucky and
Warren in Ohio showed the greatest growth in the ten-year period
1960 - 1970. (Figure 1-2)
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1970
Increase
Land Area
(sq.mi.) 1960
1965
Estimated
1970 1975
Density
Persons/Sg.Mi^
Indiana
Dearborn Cty.
Ohio County
Kentucky
Boone County
Campbell County
Kenton County
Ohio
Butler County
Clermont Cty.
Hamilton Cty.
Warren Cty.
MCIAQCR
3
3
2
7
22
5
6
9
10
14
5
25
.0
.0
.7
.3
.6
.2
.6
.1
.6
.9
.6
.0
739
306
87
563
249
149
165
1751
471
458
414
408
3032
32
28
4
230
22
87
121
1,214
199
80
867
66
1,477
,936
,771
,165
,289
,033
,119
,137
,000
,897
,874
,214
,015
,225
34
29
4
242
25
90
127
1,319
221
96
934
77
1,606
,301
,901
,400
,584
,112
,336
,136
,421
,194
,697
,301
,229
,306
35,320
30,800
4,520
260,300
30,800
95,000
134,500
1,439,500
244,700
111,100
987,200
96,500
1,735,120
36,
31,
4.
278,
36,
99,
141,
1,550
268,
125,
1,040
115,
1,864
340
700
640
400
700
800
900
,000
300
600
,200
900
,740
48
100
52
462
124
638
815
822
520
242
2384
284
572
Percent of
Total Population
2.0
1.8
0.2
15.1
1.8
5.5
7.8
83.0
14.2
6.3
56.9
5.6
Source: Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana Regional Planning Authority
Table 1-1. POPULATION GROWTH BY COUNTY AND FOR SELECTED CITIES
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Residents Per Square Mile
Eliim more than 500
l':-:^x-:-l 100 to 500
less than 100
Figure 1-2. POPULATION DENSITY IN
MCIAQCR
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1.4 METEOROLOGICAL DATA
1.4.1 Climatology
Climate of the MCIAQCR is typically continental with a wide range of
temperatures from winter to summer. Summers are warm and rather humid,
with temperatures reaching 100°F or more one year out of three. Above 90°F
temperature occurs about 28 days each year. Winters are moderately cold
with frequent periods of extensive cloudiness. However, during an average
winter the temperature reaches zero or below only on two days.
The Region is subjected to frequent changes in the weather due to
the passage of numerous cyclonic storms in the winter and spring and
thunderstorms during the summer. Minimum precipitation occurs in the fall.
Nearly one-third of the yearly precipitation occurs during the summer months
when prevailing south-to-southwest winds on the western sides of the Bermuda
high carry warm, moist air from the Gulf of Mexico up the Mississippi and
Ohio Valleys. South-to-southwest flow predominates throughout the year
with average wind speeds at Greater Cincinnati Airport between 10 to 11 m.p.h.
from November to April, between 7 to 9 m.p.h. from May to September, and
9 m.p.h. over the year. Wind speeds within the city limits average about
2 to 3 m.p.h. lower than these recorded at the Airport.
Table 1-2 gives estimates of monthly mean afternoon mixing heights
in meters above ground, averaged over each month and the year as a whole.
These data, interpolated from values computed by Holzworth for the nearest
surrounding radiosonde observation stations, Joliet, Illinois, Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, and Nashville, Tennessee, cover the 10-year period 1946 -
1955. Table 1-3 shows seasonal and annual frequencies of noctural inversions,
nighttime cloud cover equal to or less than 3/10, nighttime wind speed equal
2
to or less than 7 m.p.h. The data, adapted from Hosier , apply to Greater
Cincinnati Airport. In the city, nocturnal inversions occur less fre-
quently than at the airport despite the higher frequency of light winds.
Holzworth, G.C., "Estimates of Mean Maximum Mixing Depths in the Contiguous
United States", Monthly Weather Review, 92, 5, 235-242 (May 1964).
2
Hosier, C.R., "Low-Level Inversions Frequency in the Contiguous United
States", Monthly Weather Review, 89, 319-339 (September 1961).
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January February March April May June July August September October November December
500 570 1020 1140 1250 1320 1550 1440 1200 950 670 520
Annual
1010
Table 1-2. MONTHLY MEAN AFTERNOON MIXING HEIGHTS (meters)
FOR THE METROPOLITAN CINCINNATI INTERSTATE AIR
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Winter Spring Summer Autumn Annual
(1) Inversions 25* 28 32 37 30
(2) Cloud Cover Equal
to or Less Than 26 36 55 54 42
3/10
(3) Winds Equal To Or 31 38 69 50 47
Less Than 7 m.p.h.
* Percent of Total Hours
Table 1-3. SEASONAL AND ANNUAL AVERAGE FREQUENCY OF
OCCURRENCE OF CONDITIONS FAVORABLE FOR
HIGH POLLUTION VALUES
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1.4.2 Data for the Atmospheric Dispersion Model
The dispersion model used for the development of control strategies,
discussed in Section 2, requires input of the following meteorological data:
Wind: direction and speed
Atmospheric stability
Average mixing height
Wind and stability are combined in a 480-unit, three-dimensional
frequency distribution based on 16 wind directions, six wind speed classes,
and five stability categories. The data used for this analysis are listed
in the Appendix in two tables:
Table A-l. DATA COVERING THE YEAR 1965 THROUGH 1969, TO ESTIMATE
AVERAGE ANNUAL GROUND LEVEL POLLUTANT CONCENTRATIONS
Table A-2. DATA COVERING THE THREE MONTHS NOVEMBER 1969 THROUGH
JANUARY 1970, FOR VALIDATING THE MODEL
Average annual and winter afternoon mixing heights for the five-year
period were determined to be 1315 meters and 680 meters, respectively. These
values, derived from radiosonde data for Dayton, Ohio, are higher than inter-
polated climatological data given in Table 1-2, which cover an earlier and
longer period of record.
The model also provides for a computation of effective stack height
3
based on Holland's Plume Rise Equation. Meteorological data required for
this computation include barometric pressure, here assumed to be 1000 millibars,
and mean ambient temperature, assumed to be 32°F, or 273°K.
1.5 EMISSION INVENTORY
In October 1968, the Division of Air Quality and Emission Data, National
Air Pollution Control Administration, completed an inventory of all sources
of air pollution in the nine-county MCIAQCR. A partial emission inventory
for the City of Cincinnati was completed by the Division of Air Pollution
Control and Heating Inspection in December 1968. Following this, in
October 1969, the Kentucky Air Pollution Control Commission conducted an
inventory of sources of pollution for Boone, Campbell and Kenton Counties.
The APC agencies for Ohio and Indiana conducted inventories in December 1969.
3Holland, J.Z., "A Meteorological Survey of the Oak Ridge Area," USAEC
Report ORO-99, Oak Ridge National Library, 1953.
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Information derived from all of the above surveys was used to compile
the comprehensive emission inventory'upon which this Implementation Plan
is based. All sources emitting more than 10 tons/year of pollutants
were treated as point sources. Those with emissions less than 10 tons/
year were included with the area emission sources.
The Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) grid system was used to locate
all sources of pollution in the Region. The basic grid for the Region is
100 x 100 kilometers (Figure 1-3). All points sources are located by their
easting and northing coordinates. Area sources of pollution are computed
for grids varying in size from 2.5 x 2.5 KM to 20 x 20 KM, the smaller
grid size being used in areas with high emission densities. Area source
grids are located by the easting and northing coordinates of the lower left
corner of the grid.
A summary of all point and area sources of emission is presented in
Table 1-4 for sulfur oxides and in Table 1-5 for particulates. * A total of
389,000 tons of sulfur oxides are emitted annually from all sources within the
Region. Fuel combustion for stationary sources accounts for nearly
375,000 tons or 96.4 percent of sulfur oxide emissions. More than 82 percent
of all sulfur oxides emitted in the Region comes from electric power
generating plants. Even though the MCIAQCR is basically a manufacturing
center, industrial process losses account for only 2 percent of the total
sulfur oxide emissions.
In excess of 172,000 tons of particulate pollutants are emitted into
the atmosphere within the MCIAQCR each year. Again, fuel combustion sources
represent the dominant contributors of particulates, accounting for 68
percent (117,600 tons/year). Electric power generating plants are
the single most important type of source in that they emit 80,8000 tons/
year or about 47 percent of all particulates. Industrial process losses
emit 25,000 tons and solid waste disposal 20,800 tons of particulates
each year. For solid waste disposal, 'open burning accounts for 18,400
tons of particulates each year. The geographical distribution of point
sources emitting more than 10 tons per year is presented in Figure 1-4.
It is apparent that the majority of the point sources are located in Ohio
with the greatest concentration of point sources in Hamilton County.
*The complete emission inventory has been supplied to NAPCA and only
summary tabulations appear in this report.
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4390
680 700 720 740
Shaded area composed of forty 1 km2 areas
760
Figure 1^3. EMISSION INVENTORY GRID MAP SHOWING
LOCATIONS AND SIZES OF AREAS INTO WHICH
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Source Category
Fuel Combustion, Stationary
Apartments, Commercial,
Government
Industrial
Power Plants
Residential
Fuel Combustion, Mobile
Gasoline Powered
Diesel Powered
Industrial Process Emissions
Solid Waste Disposal
Open Burning
Industrial
Commercial, Government
Municipal
Incineration
Industrial
Commercial, Government
Municipal
GRAND TOTAL
POLITICAL JURISDICTIONS
Cincinnati
10,845.88
5,765.54
4,463.39
0
616.95
1,299.65
984.09
315.56
0
550.81
113.23
110.23
3.00
0
437.58
0
47.03
309.55
12,696.34
Indiana
126,081.09
463.38
1,689.20
123,844.50
111.01
149.94
107.90
42.04
0
57.33
57.33
37.33
5.40
14.60
0
0
0
0
126,288.36
Kentucky
2,496.73
1,910.15
271.78
0
314.80
544.97
404.55
140.42
0
97.16
97.16
28.10
54.46
14.60
0
0
0
0
3,138.86
Ohio
230,716.90
4,956.40
28,253.75
196,041.50
1,465.25
2,895.74
2,153.08
742.66
8,584.80
2,552.54
2,453.99
335.14
224.50
1,894.35
98.55
0
0
98.55
244,749.98
TOTAL
370,140.60
13,068.47
34,678.12
319,886.00
2,508.01
4,890.30
3,649.72
1,240.68
8,584.80
3,257.84
2,721.71
510.80
287.36
1,923.55
536.13
0
47.03
489.10
386,873.54
I
M
t-0
Table 1-4. EXISTING SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS IN THE MCIAQCR BY SOURCE CATEGORY
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Source Category
Fuel Combustion, Stationary
Apartments , Commerci al ,
Government
Industrial
Power Plants
Residential
Fuel Combustion, Mobile
Gasoline Powered
Diesel Powered*
Industrial Process Emissions
Solid Waste Disposal
Open Burning
industrial
commercial, government
municipal
Incineration
industrial
commercial, government
municipal
GRAND TOTAL
POLITICAL JURISDICTIONS
Cincinnati
6,302.41
2,538.80
3,431.91
0
331 . 70
2,179.90
1,312.11
867.79
365.00
3,677.59
1,887.50
1,837.39
50.11
0
1,790.09
0
235.19
1,554.90
12,524.90
Indiana
25,092.55
190.72
1,222.00
23,633.75
36.08
259.47
143.86
115.61
91.25
1 ,201.37
1,201.37
622.27
90.00
489.10
0
0
0
0
26,634.64
Kentucky
1,251.27
833.93
265.13
0
152.21
1,692.04
539.39
1,152.65
7,489.80
1,905.37
1,905.37
468.50
907.62
529.25
0
0
0
0
12,338.48
Ohio
85,965.89
2,166.12
25,119.54
58,104.35
575.88
4,913.08
2,870.77
2,042.31
16,968.85
14,006.54
10,929.59
5,585.67
4,964.32
379.60
3,076.95
0
0
3,076.95
121,854.36
TOTAL
118,602.12
5,729.57
30,038.58
81,738.10
1,095.87
9,044.49
4,866.13
4,178.36
24,914.90
20,790.87
18,424.08
8,513.83
6,012.05
3,898.20
2,166.04
0
235.19
1,930.85
173,352.38
Table 1-5. EXISTING (1969) PARTICULATE EMISSIONS IN THE MCIAQCR
BY SOURCE CATEGORY (tons/year)
-------
Figure 1-4. POINT SOURCES IN THE MCIAQCR
EMITTING MORE THAN 10 TONS PER
YEAR OF EITHER POLLUTANT
-------
There are two power generating plants in Dearborn County, Indiana, and one
in Clermont County, Ohio. Emission sources located in the Cities of
Hamilton and Middletown, Ohio, are shown by separate clusters to the north
of the City of Cincinnati.
Contributions from area sources of emissions are presented in terms
2
of emission densities (tons/day/km ) for sulfur oxides (Figure 1-5) and
particulates (Figure 1-6). The two pollutants show the same geographical
pattern with areas of highest emission densities centered on the City of
Cincinnati and the northern Kentucky cities of Covington and Newport. The
Cities of Hamilton and Middletown in Butler County also show up as signi-
ficant area sources for both SO,, and particulates. Grid number 223 in
Boone County shows relatively high particulate emissions as a result of
aircraft activity at the Greater Cincinnati Airport.
1.6 REGIONAL AIR QUALITY
1.6.1 Sampling Stations
Measurements of ambient concentrations of particulates and sulfur
oxides have been made at various locations in the MCIAQCR since 1957. For
the most part, the sampling sites were located in or near the City of
Cincinnati and were operated for periods of one year or less on a project
basis. As a result, there is a paucity of data for the Region as a whole.
Table 1-6 lists the most recent sampling sites, identified by site
numbers used on NAPCA and state and local programs. Locations are shown
in UTM coordinates. At four locations, three in Cincinnati and one in
Covington, measurements made under federally sponsored programs span a
number of years. Station 106, operating under the Continuous Air Moni-
toring Program (CAMP) has an uninterrupted record dating back to 1961.
Three stations, Numbers 98 and 109 in Cincinnati and 105 in Covington,
are part of the National Air Sampling Network (NASN); the record for
Station 109 dates back to 1957.
Further data on sampling stations are given in connection with
specific projects and results discussed below.
-------
KENTON CAMPBELL
.05-.10
Figure 1-5. SULFUR OXIDES EMISSION DENSITY BY
GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS
-------
KENTON CAMPBELL
iii -05--10
Figure 1-6,
1-17
PARTICULATE EMISSION DENSITY BY
-------
Table 1-6. MCIAQCR SAMPLING STATIONS
STATION NUMBER
NAPCA State & Local
COORDINATE
(kilometer)
Easting Northing
oo
10
39
42
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
2
3
6
13
16
17
20
21
23
31
30
36
37
43
44
45
721.80
716.20
707.00
694.67
701.27
707.39
709.37
717.73
717.55
723.69
719.81
722.24
729.39
728.13
740.94
735.58
709.75
708.42
711.69
4331.90 Tenn;
4329.50 Newpi
4321.80 Erla;
4335.75 Nortl
4348.52 New :
4340.25 Monfi
4331.84 Seat.
4341.15 Seym<
4339.31 Laid
4349.82 Shan
4344.81 Lock
4339.72 Nati-
4327.69 Ande
4334.13 Newt.
4323.40 Amel
4314.80 New ]
4363.87 City
5362.39 Monr
4366.20 Kami
Name
Tennyson Pumping Station
Newport Mall
Erlanger City Hall
North Bend Fire Station
New Baltimore Fire Station
Monfort Heights Fire Station
Seaton High School
Seymour Fire Station
Laidlaw
Sharonville Elem. School
Lockland Fire Station
Nativity Elem. School
Anderson Township School
Newton Elem. School
Amelia Elem. School
New Richmond Fire Station
City Building
Monroe Elem. School
Hamilton No. Water Treatment
Plant
LOCATION
City or County
Cincinnati
Newport
Erlanger
North Bend
New Baltimore
Monfort Heights
Hamilton County
Hamilton County
Cincinnati
Sharonville
Lockland
Hamilton County
Hamilton County
Newton
Amelia
New Richmond
Hamilton
Hamilton
Butler County
State
Ohio
Kentucky
Kentucky
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
-------
Table 1-6. MCIAQCR SAMPLING STATIONS (continued)
STATION NUMBER
NAPCA State & Local
COORDINATE
(kilometer)
Easting Northing
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
98
105
106
107
109
110
111
112
113
114
202
46
47
52
53
54
55
56
58
59
2
712.20
712.03
723.57
723.69
727.75
728.42
725.46
733.05
740.12
711.60
715.60
714.40
712.20
715.00
685.00
714.30
687.10
615.10
742.10
712.80
4364.40
4361.45
4376.70
4374.77
4378.12
4376.08
4374.50
4381.58
4368.94
4341.60
4328.80
4331.60
4331.60
4331.20
4331.10
43333.30
4329.30
4329.20
4322.40
4335.40
Gran
Van :
Midd
Garf
Mane'
Cree
Pion
Fran
Leba
Coll
Covi
CAMP
Wast
Libr
Gree
WLW '
Lawr
IRS
Volu
High
Name
Grant School
Van Buren Elem. School
Middletown High School
Garfield Elem. School
Manchester Jr. High School
Creekview Elem. School
Pioneer Standard Electronics
Franklin High School
Lebanon High School
College Hill
Covingtnn NASN
CAMP
Waste Water Treatment Plant
Library
Greendale Utilities
WLW TV Tower
Lawrenceburg Police & Fire Station
IRS Building
Volunteer Fire Department
Highway Maintenance
LOCATION
City or County
Hamilton
Hamilton
Middletown
Middletown
Middletown
Middletown
Middletown
Franklin
Lebanon
Cincinnati
Covington
Cincinnati
Cincinnati
Cincinnati
Greendale
Cincinnati
Lawrenceburg
Covington
Amelia
Cincinnati
State
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Kentucky
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Indiana
Ohio
Indiana
Kentucky
Ohio
-------
Table 1-6. MCIAQCR SAMPLING STATIONS (continued)
STATION NUMBER
NAPCA State & Local
COORDINATE
(kilometer)
Easting Northing
H1
1
0
203
204
207
209
244
245
725.30
727.70
719.10
711.60
715.90
723.32
4337.90
4340.40
4336.30
4336.70
4326.70
4376.96
Name
French Bauer (Dairy)
Maderia Board of Education
Norwood Fire Station #2
Cincinnati Gas & Electric
Substation
Rockcastle Motor Sales
City Building Annex
LOCATION
City or County
State
Cincinnati
Maderia
Norwood
Cincinnati
Covington
Middletown
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Ohio
Kentucky
-------
1.6.2 Regional Distribution of Particulate Pollutants
Figure 1-7 shows isopleths of average annual ground level concentrations
of suspended particulates measured over a portion of the Region during 1967
to 1969. The observational records used to develop this figure include those
of the CAMP and NASN stations and the combined data of several measurement
programs irregularly spaced throughout the period. From Figure 1-7 it is
apparent that areas of high pollution are centered on Cincinnati and Newport,
Kentucky, the City of Hamilton and the vicinity of the Ohio and Indiana
border near the Ohio River. It will also be apparent, from the table of
Air Quality Standards in Section 1.6.4 infra, that these standards are
being exceeded over a significant part of the MCIAQCR. These indications
are further supported by a three-month study from November 1969 through
January 1970, results of which are shown in Table 1-7. All measurements
reported in micrograms per cubic meter were made by means of high volume
samplers ("hi-vols"). At one site, in Newport, Kentucky, soiling index
(smoke shade) measurements reported in COHs per 1000 linear feet were
made on an AISI tape sampler. These units are not used for Air Quality
Standards and no factor to convert them to equivalent micrograms per
cubic meter is universallly agreed upon.
1.6.3 Regional Distribution of Sulfur Dioxide
Ambient air monitoring data for sulfur dioxide are scarcer than for
particulates, both on a regionwide and a local basis. In recent years,
however, several projects were undertaken to obtain measurements of sulfur
oxides, using sulfation networks, wet impingers ("bubblers"), and con-
tinuous SO- analyzers. Figure 1-8 shows isopleths of annual average ground
level concentrations of S09 derived from several projects in operation
during 1968-1969. Table 1-8 gives results for the three-month period
corresponding to Table 1-7. Table 1-9 also covers the period November 1969
through January 1970, but the data are measurements of sulfation taken from
a close network of stations. The station numbers are different from those
previously listed for the Region. Coordinates are given to the nearest
kilometer, measured from the origin at (660.0, 4290.0) in the UTM system.
-------
o HAMILTON
x
o
Figure 1-7. AVERAGE ANNUAL PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS
DURING 1967 - 1969 (micrograms per cubic
meter)
-------
Table 1 - 7 QUARTERLY SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR
MCIAQCR STUDY, NOVEMBER 1969 - JANUARY 1970
POLLUTANT: PARTICULATES yg/m3
ARITHMETIC
GEOMETRIC
I
ho
OJ
STATION
10
39
42
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
NUMBER OF
READINGS
31
29
29
30
30
30
30
28
28
30
30
30
30
31
21
29
28
MAXIMUM
178
342
191
221
191
228
263
248
281
154
426
225
108
122
131
143
244
MINIMUM
24
59
19
24
25
28
33
30
25
27
35
11
16
25
12
28
27
MEAN
77
162
62
78
71
74
70
119
126
75
136
95
53
63
67
82
85
STANDARD
DEVIATION
34
67
35
42
40
44
48
66
71
32
95
42
20
24
34
34
56
MEAN
70
148
55
69
63
65
61
102
108
69
111
85
50
59
58
74
73
STANDARD
DEVIATION
1.55
1.54
1.67
1.62
1.62
1.64
1.60
1.79
1.78
1.53
1.90
1.73
1.45
1.46
1.78
1.64
-------
Table 1 - 7 Continued
GEOMETRIC
to
-P-
STATION
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
98
105
106
107
109
no
111
112
NUMBER OF
READINGS
31
30
31
27
30
27
30
28
28
28
19
30
70
48
30
31
31
29
13
MAXIMUM
195
333
211
140
196
212
130
188
344
156
103
213
203
233
276
248
187
250
148
MINIMUM
15
28
27
28
49
37
26
15
50
20
21
29
52
49
26
35
26
40
41
MEAN
56
90
78
66
93
99
64
74
128
68
56
68
113
110
107
102
67
89
85
STANDARD
DEVIATION
41
74
39
27
35
45
26
37
65
32
23
41
66
44
60
49
36
50
35
MEAN
47
73
71
61
88
89
59
66
115
62
52
60
98
102
93
93
59
80
79
STANDARD
DEVIATION
1.80
1.81
1.55
1.51
1.43
1.63
1.50
1.70
1.61
1.59
1.53
1.65
1.79
1.45
1.71
1.53
1.64
1.54
-------
Table 1 - 7 Continued
ARITHMETIC
GEOMETRIC
I
N>
Ul
STATION
113
202
203
204
207
209
244
039
NUMBER OF
READINGS
28
31
25
22
27
30
24
725
MAXIMUM
219
443
160
228
244
211
196
Pollutant:
260
MINIMUM
31
39
31
48
42
30
50
ADDENDUM
Parti culates
0.00
MEAN
89
135
92
95
100
83
105
Units:
0.34
STANDARD
DEVIATION
46
86
31
40
47
47
36
Soiling Index,
0.39
MEAN
79
117
87
89
91
73
99
COHs/1000
0.22
STANDARD
DEVIATION
1.58
1.68
1.43
1.44
1.54
1.64
1.40
linear feet
-------
KENTON CAMPBELL
Figure 1-8. ANNUAL AVERAGE SC>2 CONCENTRATIONS
DURING 1968-1969 (micrograms per
cubic meter)
-------
Table 1 - 8
QUARTERLY SUMMARY STATISTICS FOR
MCIAQCR STUDY. NOVEMBER 1969 - JANUARY 1970
POLLUTANT: SO-
UNITS: ppm
GEOMETRIC
I
NJ
STATION
39
70
75
77
82
83
105
106
109
110
114
203
245
(NOTE)
NUMBER OF
READINGS
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
(3)
(3)
(1)
(3)
(1)
(1)
(2)
(1)
(1)
0)
(1)
(3)
6
513
30
22
1659
1906
29
1144
6
6
2079
5
27
25
28
1171
MAXIMUM
.018
.290
.130
.045
.150
.350
.040
.150
.025
.020
.250
.015
.075
.055
.040
.140
MINIMUM
.002
.000
.005
.010
.000
.000
.005
.000
.010
.005
.000
.005
.000
.005
.005
.000
MEAN
.008
.020
.028
.027
.023
.033
.016
.022
.016
.012
.031
.008
.027
.018
.021
.029
STANDARD
DEVIATION
.008
.027
.027
.011
.019
.037
.011
.026
.006
.005
.028
.004
.025
.012
.009
.024
MEAN
.005
.014
.020
.024
.018
.023
.013
.151
.015
.011
.023
.007
.017
.014
.018
.022
STANDARD
DEVIATION
2.78
2.44
2.37
1.58
2.08
2:29
1.93
2.59
1.44
1.60
2.18
1.67
3.14
1.95
1.73
2.28
1) Wet Impinger, West-Gaeke & Pate Technique
.2) Colorimetric, Continuous Analyzer
-------
Station
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
11A
12
13
14
15
16
17
17A
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
Table 1-9 MCIAQCR SULFATION DATA Nov. 1969-Jan. 1970
S0o/cm2/day
County
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Hami1 ton
Haini 1 ton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hami1 ton
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Boone
Boone
Boone
r>.- .-i >« r>
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Clermont
Clermont
Clomont
Clermont
Clermont
Clermont
Clermont
Clermont
Clermont
Clermont
Clermont
Clenr.ont
Clennonfc
Clerniont
Clcniiont
Clermont
Hamilton
Coordinates
25, 39
24, 37
23, 38
25, 38
26, 39
28, 41
29, 42
31, 42
32, 43
28, 46
27, 44
26, 42
24, 40
24, 41
24, 42
24, 39
22, 42
22, 41
21, 36
21, 34
24, 36
28, 39
30, 37
on
4- 'J J
28, 36
26, 37
22, 34
42, 35
42, 38
39, 40
35, 44
33, 43
31, 41
35, 37
30, 32
72, 32
73, 31
76, 31
76, 30
74, 31
74, 29
75, 26
75, 25
74, 27
75, 29
75, 30
76, 28
78, 27
81, 29
79, 34
74, 37
65, 40
Nov.
6
3
5
6
7
6
9
10
22
4
4
8
11
5
4
6
6
6
2
5
4
8
3
r
7
7
5
6
2
5
6
10
10
6
4
4
6
11
3
3
6
7
2
4
10
10
9
6
4
9
6
3
Dec.
11
6
12
10
6
12
10
13
15
8
6
6
9
6
8
10
11
11
6
10
6
15
6
n
12
12
14
6
7
11
11
11
10
6
4
3
2
3
2
5
4
6
2
9
8
12
11
4
6
5
3
"
Jan.
15
10
14
14
15
11
21
21
14
14
17
11
18
14
15
11
16
14
19
11
17
18
13
18
19
16
17
19
17
11
11
10
15
15
14
17
11
10
11
16
17
14
14
13
16
14
10
x*
11
6
10
10
9
11
17
15
19
9
8
10
7
11
10
11
6
10
8
14
7
11
12
10
13
10
11
13
13
11
7
6
6
9
7
6
9
7
6
6
12
12
12
10
7
10
8
5
1-28
-------
yg S02/cm2/day
Station
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
59A
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
76
77
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
90
91
92
93
93A
94
94A
County
Hami 1 ton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbel 1
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Campbel 1
Campbel 1
Campbel 1
Campbel 1
Campbel 1
Campbell
Campbell
Campbell
Hamilton
Clermont
Clermont
Hamilton
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Kenton
Hami ! ton
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Coordinates
65, 38
68, 37
70, 36
60, 36
65, 33
70, 32
69, 30
70, 31
72, 29
72, 28
70, 27
72, 26
73, 27
73, 28
72, 29
79, 17
77, 21
75, 21
73, 17
70, 18
66, 25
69, 23
72, 22
75, 23
63, 43
75, 34
79, 32
60, 45
38, 30
33, 35
27, 30
28, 26
28, 21
41, 25
50, 30
70, 39
38, 36
33, 41
37, 39
31, 40
31, 38
35, 33
26, 36
Nov.
3
5
6
4
5
4
4
5
2
2
6
2
3
4
3
3
3
3
3
8
6
4
6
3
7
6
5
5
7
5
5
6
6
7
6
5
11
7
13
6
5
Dec.
3
5
3
10
10
8
9
13
7
5
10
5
8
8
8
6
3
13
8
10
11
7
10
7
/
3
6
10
14
8
7
8
10
11
5
9
14
11
12
10.
13
7
Jan.
7
8
13
10
10
6
7
14
8
6
13
8
10
9
1C
8
8
13
9
13
14
9
12
9
10
22
14
15
17
10
12
16
15
18
14
24
19
13
18
19
12
T
4
6
7
8
8
6
7
11
,6
4
10
5
7
7
7
6
5
10
7
10
10
7
9
6
11
9
10
13
8
8
10
11
10
9
16
12
13
13
8
-------
2
pg 502/cm /day
Station
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
no
111
112
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
County
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Boone
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hami 1 ton
Hami 1 ton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hami 1 ton
Hamilton
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Dearborn
Hamilton
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
Butler
VJarren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Warren
Dearborn
Dearborn
Hamilton
Hami 1 ton
Hami 1 ton
Hamilton
Kenton
Coordinates
31, 29
27, 33 .
24, 35
23, 34
27, 32
43, 29
32, 57
29, 57
30, 50
33, 49
32, 48
34, 48
34, 47
33, 44
30, 45
22, 37
20, 47
15, 51
09, 60
19, 59
39, 59
30, 70
31. an
29, 89
39, 89
39, 79
39, 70
50, 68
59, 69
59, 80
51, 80
50, 90
60, 90
70, 89
79, 90
90, 90
89, 80
80, 81
70, 78
70, 70
79, 70
90, 70
25, 41
26, 40
65, 47
67, 50
59, 46
54, 43
47, 31
Nov.
6
5
4
3
5
6
9
5
2
9
6
8
9
14
9
3
2
3
5
3
-
8
3
5
7
9
8
6
6
9
5
6
4
6
6
6
2
8
6
10
6
5
11
8
5
6
8
10
Dec.
_
7
10
11
7
7
13
6
7
9
6
9
8
7
7
5
4
9
7
6
10
10
10
7
9
8
10
8
10
7
4
3
10
5
10
6
10
7
6
11
7
6
9
8
13
Jan.
15
15
18
10
8
14
10
11
16
12
9
18
10
13
14
11
16
18
19
18
12
14
14
12
22
13
14
13
14
9
15
12
14
11
13
18
15
13
14
13
16
12
X
10
13
7
- 6
9
8
10
11
8
6
9
6
10
7
10
12
13
'11
9
9
11
. 8
13
8
8
7
10
5
11
8
11
8
8
13
10
8
10
10
13
-------
2
yg S02/cm /day
Station
151
152
153
154
155
County
Hami 1 ton
Hami 1 ton
Clermont
Campbell
Hami 1 ton
Coordinates
58, 55
34, 45
75, 24
56, 39
61, 41
Nov. Dec.
7
7
Jan.
14
12
11
14
X
159 Kenton 57, 37 12
160 Hamilton 51, 41 5 10 14 10
161 Hamilton 52, 45 6 9 -
162 Kenton 55, 39 19 16
163 Hamilton 57, 49 19 9 16 15
164 Hamilton 51, 45 6
201 Dearborn 20, 37 4 4 13 7
202 Dearborn 19, 40 2 5 14 7
203 Dearborn 18, 42 68 18 11
204 Dearborn 16, 43 4 10 15 10
205 Dearborn 12, 44 5 10 13 9
206 Dearborn 09, 47 6 14 17 12
207 Dearborn 07, 40 2 8 15 8
208 Dearborn 13, 37 6 14 14 11
209 Dearborn 17, 35 6 8 14 9
210 Dearborn 13, 40 6 9
211 Deaicorn 11,41 3 6 158
212 Ohio 26, 23 4 5 . 13 7
213 Ohio 23, 30 4 9 13 9
214 Ohio 20, 26 23 10 5
215 Ohio 17, 23 6 5 13 8
216 Ohio 18, 18 ,6 10 14 10
217 Ohio 06, 18 6 7 14 9
218 Dearborn 04, 25 5 9 14 9
219 Dearborn 08, 30 3 8 117
220 Ohio 13, 26 "6 6 11 8
221 Dearborn 15, 31 5 11 14 10
222 Dearborn 13, 34 2 8
223 Dearborn. 07, 36 5 11 17 11
224 Dearborn 07, 48 6 12 16 11
250 Hamilton 60, 50 4 2 12 6
251 Hamilton 60, 56 2 5 12 6
252 Hamilton 60, 61 2 2 14 6
253 Hamilton 50, 61 2 4 18 8
254 Hamilton 50, 57 2 4
255 Hamilton 50, 51 3 3 14 7
-------
S02/cm2/day
St_atjjDn __ County _ Coordinates _ Nov. ________ Dec. ^ Jan. T
256 Hamilton 50, 45 5 3 14
257 Hamilton 50,' 40 - 12
258 Hamilton 40, 41 5 12
259 Hamilton 40, 46 7 14
260 Hamilton 40, 51 2 11
270 Hamilton 64, 51 11 17
271 Hamilton 54, 48 7
272 Hamilton 55, 45 5 14
273 Hamilton 57, 44 6 22
274 Hamilton 62, 47 12 15
275 Hamilton 45, 46 5 10
276 Hamilton 60, 53
277 Hamilton 53, 51
278 Hamilton 47, 42 10
279 Hamilton 44, 39
300 Clermont 73, 35 9 1 14 8
301 Hamilton 63, 35 4 4 12 7
302 Hamilton 71, 33 5 2 11 6
303 Clermont 76, 26 3 2 10 5
304 Clermont 77, 25 6 4 17 9
305 Clermont 80, 26 5 4 14 8
306 Clermont 80, 39 6 2 14 7
307 Clermont 90, 40 5 10 14 10
308 Clermont 89, 29 2 5 12 6
309 Clermont 73, 41 6 6 15 9
310 Clercoiit- 77, 38 3 2 14 6
311 Clermont 80, 36 7 5 15 9
312 Clermont 77, 35 6 2 15 8
313 Clermont 77, 33 8 2 17 9
314 Clennont 77, 31 4 2 10 5
315 Clennont 78, 28 8 2 18 9
316 Clermont 77, 27 5 9 10 8
317 Clermont 78, 26 2 2 94
318 Clennont 82, 25 5 2 15 7
319 Clermont 79, 23 10 4 14 9
320 Vermont 75, 33 11 2 18 10
-------
S02/cm2/day
Station County Coordinates Nov. Dec. Jan.
321
322
323
324
Hamilton
Clermont
Clermont
Hamilton
70,
80,
90,
67,
50
49
49
45
6
3
2
5
4
8
10
3
15
15
14
9
8
9
9
6
326 Boone 25, 32 15 6 11 11
327 Boone 38, 20 18
328 Boone 39, 10 16 6 15 12
329 Campbell 60, 39 6 8 13 9
330 Clermont 89, 20 2 4 , 13 6
331 Campbell 61, 30 9 10 14 11
340 Clermont 99, 09 5 13
341 Clermont 84, 14 6 9
342 Clermont 79, 19 49
343 Clermont 90, 59
344 Clermont 80, 59 5 ^9
345 Hamilton 69, 59 6 12
346 Hamilton 64, 45 10 17
347 Hamilton 64, 54 9 20
348 Hamilton 61, 54 9
349 Hamilton 54, 54 8 15
350 Hamilton 57, 52 7 15
351 Hamilton 55, 41 6
352 Hamilton 53, 40 10 15
353 Hamilton 54, 42 9 15
400 Campbell 66, 13 6 10
401 Kenton 51, 21 4 «
402 Kenton 61, 20 7 14
403 Kenton 53, 10 8 12
500 Hamilton 44, 55 18
501 Hamilton 58, 47 13
502 Hamilton 54, 46 17
503 Hamilton 56, 43 16
504 Hamilton 60, 42 10
505 'Hamilton 62, 40 12
-------
S02/cm /day
Station
County
Coordinates
Nov.
Dec.
Jan.
506
507
508
509
510
511
512
513
514
515
516
517
518
519
520
521
522
523
Hamilton
Hamilton
Campbell
Hami1 ton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hami1 ton
Hamilton
Hamilton
Clermont
Hamilton
Hamilton
Hami1 ton
Hami1 ton
Clermont
Hamilton
Hamilton
66, 42
55, 48
58, 42
60, 49
63, 39
51, 54
46, 58
54, 59
59, 59
65, 58
75, 47
69, 47
43, 49
43, 43
46, 52
73, 48
70, 43
75, 44
15
15
10
9
14
16
14
15
18
9
18
11
14
10
11
10
10
-------
Table 1-10. AIR QUALITY STANDARDS FOR MCIAQCR
(concentrations in micrograms per cubic meter)
State
Indiana
Kentucky
Ohio
SULFUR OXIDES
Annual
43 (AM)1
57(GM)2
43 (AM)
Monthly 24 Hours
286
143 286
286
1 Hour
1201
858
858
PARTICULATES
Annual
75 (GM)
65 (GM)
65 (GM)
24 Hours
1 Percent-*
200
180
200
Maximum
200
220
260
AM - Arithmetic Mean
"GM - Geometric Mean
-------
1.6.4 Air Quality Standards
The Air Quality Standards adopted by the States are shown in
Table 1-10. These are the goals which the implementation planning process
must be designed to achieve. Although the standards vary somewhat from
state to state within the Region, these discrepancies are not significant
enough to prevent effective regionwide planning for air pollution control.
Indeed, considering the transport of pollution from one section of the
Region to another, there appears to be no reason why control strategy
development cannot proceed on a regional basis leading to the eventual
adoption of uniform emission control regulations throughout the Region.
1.7 SAMPLING RECORDS IN INDIANA
1,7.1 Station Locations
In the two Indiana counties (Ohio and Dearborn) that are part of
the MCIAQCR, no air quality sampling stations have been in operation until
November 1969. At that time, two stations designed as Nos.,110 and 112
were established in Dearborn County. Their locations are shown in
Figure 1-9.
-------
Figure 1-9. LOCATION OF STATIONS IN INDIANA PORTION
OF THE MCIAQCR
-------
Both stations are equipped with high volume samplers (hi-vols) for
measuring suspended particulates. In addition, Station No. 110 is sampling
24-hour concentrations of S0_ bi-weekly by means of bubblers, analyzed by
the West-Gaeke technique.
1.7.2 Air Quality Data
Since the observational record is fragmentary, no data summaries of
significance are as yet available
-------
2.0 CONTROL PLAN
An Emission Control Strategy is made up of a set of compatible
emission standards. Each standard applies to emissions from a specific
type of operation (e.g., fuel combustion, industrial process, solid waste dis-
posal) ,and the summation of the several standards included within each strategy
defines allowable emission levels from each source in the region. In an air
quality control region made up of several political jurisdictions (states,
counties, or cities), each set may apply to a specific political jurisdiction
within the region. Separate emission control strategies are defined for
each pollutant.
2.1 DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMULATION MODEL
The simulation model used for strategy evaluation was the Implementation
Planning Program developed by TRW Systems Group under contract with the
National Air Pollution Control Administration, U. S. Department of Health,
Education and Welfare. This program uses three computer models to perform
an analytic evaluation of each proposed control strategy.
2.1.1 Atmospheric Diffusion Model
This model, operating on a data base consisting of a regional source
emission inventory and annual average meteorological data, produces expected
ground level pollutant concentrations on an annual arithmetic average basis.
Expected ground level concentrations are calculated at a large number
(200-250) of receptor sites throughout the region. Isopleth maps and other
visual displays of projected air quality are produced to aid in regional
evaluations. Existing air quality measurements are used to verify the
predicted concentration values so that further extrapolations and projections
can be made with some assurance (see Section 2.3). The atmospheric diffusion
model provides the key link between pollutant emissions and ambient air
quality necessary to make informed decisions relating to proposed emission
regulations. The diffusion model, by providing a set of factors relating
each emission source to receptor points throughout the air quality control
region, allows the effect of various degrees of emission reduction to be
examined in terms of expected ambient pollutant concentrations.
-------
2.1.2 Control Cost Model
A complete evaluation of an air pollution control strategy should
include consideration of the various control techniques and measures which
would be required by the emission reduction plan. This can be accomplished
by an examination of all the control alternatives available to each source
within the region. This examination should include not only the control
efficiencies expected from the various control measures but also an estimate
of the cost of each measure. Only with such information developed on the
basis of available control technology can a judgment be made concerning
the feasibility and cost of various emission reduction plans. The Control
Cost Model prepares a listing of applicable control techniques for each
pollution source identified in the regional emission inventory. This
listing defines the types of available devices or control measures and
estimates the control efficiency and cost of each. The data generated
by this model is utilized in the subsequent control strategy evaluation
section of the program.
2.1.3 Control Strategies Model
This model operates upon information produced by the two computer
models described above to provide summary compilations relating to the
regional effects of various control strategies. Control strategies consist
of a set of compatible emission standards covering all political jurisdictions
and source types included in the air quality control region. Emission
standards, the basic building blocks of control strategy, generally specify
maximum emission levels of a particular pollutant for certain source types.
A combination of emission standards covering all the sources of a pollutant
is thus an emission control strategy. By applying the emission reductions
which would be required under each strategy to the atmospheric diffusion
model described above, it is possible to estimate the ambient air quality
levels which would result. Also, the overall cost to the region of
bringing each source into compliance with the various emission standards
is estimated. The degree to which current control technology is able to
supply the required emission reductions is available for review. The
Control Strategies Model is capable of simulating a variety of control
alternatives available to regional control officials and provides them
information with which to judge the relative merits of each. Regional
growth predictions and other factors can also be analyzed with the model.
-------
The overall computer simulation program thus provides the user with
the type of data on which an informed judgment concerning air quality
control regulations may be based.
2-2 RATIONALE FOR SELECTION OF OPTIMAL STRATEGY
Several criteria are available with which to measure the desirability
of any control strategy. The use of the computer simulation modeling
technique aids control strategy selection by providing detailed technical
estimates of the regional effects of various alternative strategies. The
following is a list of the criteria used in selecting the optimum control
strategy in this Implementation Plan, together with a brief description of
how these criteria are compiled.
2.2.1 Compatibility with Air Quality Standards
Air quality standards for particulate and sulfur dioxide pollutants
have been adopted by the three states making up the MCIAQCR. The primary
purpose of emission control regulations is to bring ambient pollutant
levels into compliance. By simulation modeling of the emission reductions
required, a control strategy can be evaluated with atmospheric diffusion
calculations. The process leads to rejection of those strategies under
which emission levels remain too high to allow achievement of the desired
air quality.
2.2.2 Regional Cost
After one or more strategies have been found which will permit
attainment of air quality standards, the total cost of implementing
these emission standards must be considered. As was mentioned in
Section 2.1 tne simulation model being used provides an estimate of
cost based on available control technologies. If two control strategies
promise nearly equal ambient air quality, then the less costly of the
two would be the most desirable. In addition to the overall cost of
implementing a particular control strategy, some source categories may
experience greatly different control requirements under different strategies.
The computer simulation output enables examination of this phenomenon with
respect to important source categories.
-------
2.2.3 Enforceability
Certain types of emission standards may be easier for a control
agency to administer and enforce than others; even though equivalent
pollutant reductions are required. Field experience gained in actual
control agency operations is invaluable in making an evaluation of this
factor. The control agency resource requirements may well be influenced
by the type of emission standards ultimately adopted.
2.2.4 Summary
Each of the alternate strategies was evaluated according to the above
criteria and the optimum set of emission standards was selected. These
emission standards were used in formatting the proposed control regulations
(Section ik2).
2.3 MODEL VERIFICATION
The use of measured ambient pollutant data is an essential
step in the simulation process. The model verification or validation compares
model estimates of pollutant concentration with actual measured values. Several
potential errors in the atmospheric transport and diffusion calculations
may be examined and systematically accounted for by this procedure.
a) The pollutant emission inventory can be examined for consistency
with air quality measurements. Errors or omissions in the inventory
are often detected at this stage and may be corrected before
continuing with the strategy simulation exercise.
b) Topographic conditions peculiar to the air quality region may be
evaluated. While the diffusion model does not explicitly consider
terrain features, their effect on air quality may be accounted for
by the verification process.
The basic results generated by the model verification are a statistical
regression line relating measured to calculated ground level concentrations
and a correlation coefficient. Based on the correlation coefficient and the
number of measurement stations, it is possible to make a statistical estimate
regarding the validity of the model predictions compared with actual air
quality measurement. A high correlation coefficient (close to unity) indicates
that the diffusion model results correctly indicate the trend in pollutant
concentrations as measured in the region.
-------
The regression line relating predicted to measured pollutant concen-
trations is used to correct the model estimates. The two parameters of the
linear regression each have a particular meaning and interpretation in the
diffusion model verification.
y-Intercept - The regression line may be visualized by plotting
measured versus calculated concentrations on the
x and y axis, respectively, of a scatter plot diagram
(See figures 2-2 and 2-5). The y intercept, yo, is
the minimum value that may be predicted using the
regression line to relate calculated to measured con-
centrations. In this sense, y may be considered a
background concentration.
Slope - The slope of the regression line indicates the amount
of increase observed in the measured concentrations
(or in the concentration predicted using the regression
line) due to a given increase in that calculated by the
diffusion model.
The air quality data available for model verification in the MCIAQCR
consisted of the results of measurements made throughout the region during
the months of November and December 1969, and January 1970. The use of
seasonal air quality data as a basis for verifying a model designed basically
to predict average annual concentration values is open to question. Indeed
the results described in this section show that for the MCIAQCR it
was not possible to develop a useful model verification from the winter
period for sulfur dioxide.
In addition to the air quality data, several other types of information
were used during the model verification exercise. Meteorological data used
were the average winter mixing height as measured at the Dayton (Ohio)
Airport, and the wind direction and speed data for the three month period
collected at the Cincinnati Airport located in Covington, Kentucky. The
same sources of meteorlogical data were used in making the annual concen-
tration estimates based on the atmospheric diffusion model. In this case,
however, averages taken over five years were used rather than a specific
annual period. (See Appendix A for meteorological data.)
No specific effort was made to account for the topographic features
of the region in the model verification procedure.
-------
2.3.1 Suspended Particulates
Diffusion model verification for suspended particulates used air
quality measurements made by the 24 hour high volume filter technique. The
location of these stations is displayed in Figure 2-1. These stations
adequately cover the geographical area of the MCIAQCR. A number of model
verification runs were made based on the data collected from these stations.
During the initial runs, a number of errors in both the original emission
inventory and in the air quality data were detected. The errors were
corrected and a final verification run was made.
Figure 2-2 displays the results of this computation. This figure
shows the measured air quality data plotted against the model calculations
for the same location based on the emission inventory and meteorological
data. The line shown is the regression line calculated on the basis of
the data. The regression is highly significant in a statictical sense
(less than a 1% probability that no correlation exists). The background,
3
yo, value of 36 pg/m is also regarded as acceptable, i.e.,it represents a
reasonable approximation of background levels of suspended particulates, or
the irreducible level due to uncontrollable sources.
The results of using the regression line resulting from this
verification to project average annual concentrations are shown in
Figure 2-3. Available average annual measured concentrations (also
shown) correlated well with the model estimates. Figure 2-3 indicates that
the use of seasonal data (winter) for air quality measurements, meteorological
and emission data appeared fairly effective in the case of particulates.
Measurements of ambient concentrations of suspended particulate
pollutants have been made at various locations in the MCIAQCR since 1957.
For the most part, the sampling sites were located in or near the City
of Cincinnati and were operated for periods of one year or less. As a
result, there is a paucity of data for the Region as a whole. There are
four locations (three in Cincinnati and one in Covington) where data are
available for the year 1969. These four stations include three which
are a part of the National Air Sampling Network and the CAMP station.
The annual (1969) geometric mean concentrations at these stations are
shown on a map of the Region (Figure 2-3). Included on the map are the
geometric mean concentrations for the stations in the Northern Kentucky
Air Monitoring Network (July 1968 to April 1969) and the Cincinnati
-------
Figure 2-1. Particulate Measuring Stations
Used in Model Verification
-------
00
a
a
t-i
140-1
120-
100-
80-
60-
40-
70
20-
slope = .53
R = .85
20 40 60 80
Calculated (yg/m3)
100
120
140
160
Figure 2-2. Particulate Diffusion Model Verification
(Winter Data - November 1969 - January 1970)
-------
V-A.
KENTON CAMPBELL
1969 NASN, CAMP
o 1968/1969 Northern Kentucky Network
Concentration in yg/nr*
Figure 2-3. ANNUAL GEOMETRIC MEAN CONCENTRATIONS OF
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE POLLUTANTS AS MEASURED
AT SELECTED SAMPLING STATIONS AND ANNUAL ARITHMETIC
MEAN CONCENTRATIONS AS ESTIMATED BY DIFFUSION
MODEL
-------
School Study (October 1967 to May 1968).
In order to illustrate the geographical distribution of particulate
pollutants for the entire MCIAQCR, the measurement data must be supplemented
by estimates of concentration from the diffusion model. The isopleths
shown on Figure 2-3 represent annual arithmetic mean concentrations as
determined by the model using the 1969 emission inventory and climatological
data for the period 1965-1969. (See Section 2.1 for discussion of model.)
There is an inconsistency in Figure 2-3 in that the measurement data
are presented as geometric means and the diffusion model estimates are pre-
sented as arithmetic'means. This inconsistency stems from the fact that
the annual air quality standards are expressed in terms of geometric means
3 3
(65 Mg/m for Kentucky and Ohio, 75 yg/m for Indiana) and the Martin-Tikvart
diffusion model provides only annual arithmetic mean concentrations. For
comparative purposes, the arithmetic means can be reduced by 10-15 percent
to obtain geometric means.
From Figure 2-3 it is apparent that there are large areas within
the MCIAQCR where the air quality standards for particulate pollutants
are being exceeded. Areas of high pollution are centered on Cincinnati
and Newport, Kentucky, the City of Hamilton and the vicinity of the Ohio
and Indiana border near the Ohio River.
This verified diffusion model was used to test various alternative control
strategies (Section 2.4).
2.3.2 Sulfur Oxides
Considerably more difficulty was experienced in obtaining a
satisfactory model verification for sulfur oxides. Problems relating to
data incompatibility with the diffusion model caused the simulation technique
to be abandoned for this pollutant.
Initial air quality data were available from fourteen measurement
sites for the three month winter period (November 1969 through January
1970). Three measurement techniques were used; West-Gaeke analysis
employing liquid impinger samplers, continuous conductimetric measurements,
and continuous colorimetric measurements. A satisfactory relationship
could not be developed between the different sampling and analytic
techniques used and it was necessary to restrict the model validation
-------
exercise to a single measurement type. At one station, number 106, both
West-Gaeke and continuous colorimetric measurements were made during the
three month study period. The results show that colorimetric measurements
3
gave average readings 50Mg/m higher than the West-Gaeke technique during
the three month period. Since the West-Gaeke method is widely regarded
as the standard method only these measurements were used in the model veri-
fication procedures.
Other sampling stations were not used because insufficient samples were
taken to provide a representative average of the sampling period. The result
of these restrictions was to reduce the number of air quality measuring sites
available for verification to seven and to reduce the geographical coverage
of the region.
Figure 2-4 shows the locations and identification numbers of the
sampling stations used in the model validation. The relationship between
measured and calculated sulfur dioxide concentrations at these sites is
shown in Figure 2-5. The regression line and its coefficients are also displayed
in this figure. This represents the best model verification which could be
obtained for the winter season based on the air quality data and emission
inventory available.
It was recognized that any acceptable verification of the model must
be applicable to annual as well as winter conditions before the simulation
of control strategies could be accomplished. An attempt was made to use
annual average sulfation plate data to verify the diffusion model. This
was unsuccessful because the sulfation data did not record a wide enough range
of air quality to yield a regression line slope that was significant in either
a statistical or practical sense.
Annual average pollutant concentrations were calculated for the
MCIAQCR based on the model verification presented in Figure 2-5. These
concentrations are presented in Figure 2-6.
The ambient air monitoring data for sulfur dioxide are more scarce,
both on a regiowide basis and locally, than vas the case for particulates.
Presentation of regional air quality must necessarily depend on measurements
gathered at relatively few stations. Some localized and short-term measure-
ments specific to this state are presented in Section 1.
-------
Figure 2-4. SULFUR OXIDE MEASURING STATIONS USED
IN MODEL VERIFICATION
-------
100-1
6
W)
0)
l-i
3
CO
ed
0)
60H
40 H
20H
v = 32.4
o
slope = .41
R = .89
20
40 60 80
Calculated (yg/m3)
120
140
Figure 2-5. WINTER SULFUR OXIDES MODEL VERIFICATION
(November 1969 - January 1970)
-------
KENTON CAMPBELL
NASN
o Northern Kentucky Network
Concentration in ug/m3
Figure 2-6. ANNUAL MEAN CONCENTRATION OF SULFUR OXIDE
AS MEASURED AT SELECTED SAMPLING STATIONS
AND ANNUAL ARITHMETIC MEAN CONCENTRATIONS
AS ESTIMATED BY DIFFUSION MODEL
-------
Figure 2-6 shows the available annual average sulfur dioxide
measurements taken in the MCIAQCR during 1968-1969. The Northern
Kentucky Network was operated from August 1968 through April 1969. The
National Air Sampling Network (NASN) sites shown represent averages for
the calendar year 1969. Also shown in Figure 2-6 are the annual average
isopleths predicted by the computerized atmospheric diffusion model. (See
Sections 2.2 and 2.3). It should be noted that the concentration values
show as model predictions (isopleths) and those from NASN stations are
presented as annual arithmetic means. Kentucky's sampling results are displayed
on an annual geometric mean since the adopted Air Quality Standard in
that state is in terms of a geometric mean. Comparison can be made between
the two sets of values by increasing the Kentucky values by about 20%.
It is obvious from an examination of Figure 2-6 that the model pre-
dictions and measured air quality data are not in agreement. The model
appears to be over-predicting by a factor of approximately two in the area of the
sampling stations. This indicates that the verification developed for the
diffusion model during the winter season is not applicable when projected
to annual average conditions. Unfortunately, the annual data presented
in this section was found to be inadequate for model verification because
of lack of range in sampled values and the lack of proper geographical
coverage. The results presented in Figure 2-6 are discussed further in Sections
2.3.2 and 2.4.3.
It was apparent from the comparison of verified model estimates and
annual average measurements (by the West-Gaeke technique) that the winter
verification which had been done did not accurately reflect the annual
average sulfur dioxide concentrations in the MCIAQCR. Since it was
impossible to verify the model on an annual basis it was decided to abandon
the computer simulation technique for the evaluation of sulfur oxide control
strategies.
-------
2.4 CONTROL STRATEGY SELECTION
2.4.1 Particulate Control Strategies
A total of 18 particulate control strategies was tested in the
simulation exercise. Each of these strategies specifies an allowable emission
level for each type of source within the region (e.g., fuel combustion,
industrial process and solid waste disposal).
1. Existing Control Regulations Through the Region
This strategy displayed the air quality resulting from complete
compliance with existing control regulations in the MCIAQCR.
Figure 2-7shows existing fuel combustion standards. Table
2-1 indicates existing standards for industrial processes
and describes existing solid waste disposal standards.
2. Most Stringent Existing Regulations Applied Through Region
Emission standards for fuel combustion, industrial processes,
and solid waste disposal were taken from the existing regula-
tions of Kentucky, Indiana, and Cincinnati, respectively.
3. Most Stringent Existing Fuel Combustion, Second-Most Stringent
Industrial Process Regulation
Emission standards for fuel combustion, industrial processes,
and solid waste disposal were taken from the regulations of
Kentucky, Indiana, and Cincinnati.
4. Most Stringent Industrial Process Regulation, Second-Most
Stringent on Fuel Combustion
Industrial process and solid waste disposal standard as for
Strategy 2, with Cincinnati's fuel combustion control standard.
5. Cincinnati Particulate Regulations Applied Throughout the Repion
6. Maximum Technology Control
This strategy allows fuel combustion sources to switch to
natural gas and eliminates all incineration. Industrial process
sources are controlled with the most effective control device,
usually in fabric filter or efficient electrostatic precipitation.
7. Maximum Technology Control without Fuel Switching
This strategy allows fuel combustion control with the best
-------
10
1
0.8
0.24
0.1
0.01
11 1111 if i ijy 11 ii | i i
"^^r--iiJN,
Indiana
«»-».
Stack Height (it.)
Kentucky
10
100 1000
Equipment Capacity Rating (10 BTU/hr)
10,000
100,000
Figure 2-7. Existing Emission Standards in the MCTAQCR Based on Input Heat
-------
Table 2 - l(.A) Existing Particulate Emission Standard
for Industrial Process Sources (.City of
Cincinnati Regulation!
Effective Height of Allowable Emissions
Process Vent, ft^ ' Ib/hr ^
Up to 50 k
75 10
100 17
125 . 27
150 Ho
175 53
200 68
225 88
250 110
275 130
300 160
(a)
Allowable Emissions for intermediate heights shall be
determined by linear interpolation.
(B) Standard for particulate emissions from incinerators:
O.U pounds of particulate matter per 1000 pounds of
discharged gases adjusted to 12 percent C0p. (City
of Cincinnati)
-------
available control device applied. Other sources are controlled
as in strategy number 6 above.
8. Maximum Technology Control'with Fuel Switching, Solid Waste
Disposal Control To Level of Existing Cincinnati Standard
9. Most Stringent Existing Regulations, Maximum Technology
Without Fuel Switching
Industrial processes and solid waste disposal are controlled to
same level as in Strategy 1.
10. Most Stringent Set of Control Standards, Not Maximum Technology
Stringent heat input curve for fuel combustion sources (Figure
2-8A) process weight curve for industrial processes (Figure
2-9A) and 0.05 grains/scf allowable emissions for incinerators.
11. Same As Strategy 10 with Relaxation of Solid Waste Disposal
Standard
Incinerator emission must be controlled to 0.2 grains/scf.
12. Same as Strategy 10 with Process Weight Standard for Industrial
Process Emissions as Shown in Figure 2-9B
13. Same as Strategy 11 with Process Weight Standard (Figure 2-9B
14. Same as Strategy 10 with Heat Input Standard for Fuel Combustion
Sources as Shown in Figure 2-8B
15. Same as Strategy 11 with Standard for Fuel Combustion (Figure
2-8B)
16. Same as Strategy 12 with Standard for Fuel Combustion (Figure
2-8B)
17. Same as Strategy 13 with Standard for Fuel Combustion (Figure
2-8B)
18. Potential Emission Standard
This standard relates the allowable emissions for each source
to its uncontrolled or potential emissions. Standard is applied
to all source categories and is displayed in Figure 2-10.
This set of strategies represents a blend of control standards
existing in the Region, theoretical maximum control levels, and control
standards developed and used in other parts of the country. Simulation of
-------
10
fl
P
£
0.6
ro
o t
1.15
en
o 0.11
3 0.1
o
ON
I
0.01
10
100 1000 4000 10,000
Equipment Capacity Rating (10^ BTU/hr)
100,000
Figure 2-8. Additional Heat Input Type Standards Tested in Proposed MCTAQCR
-------
100
30
10
(V)
10
W
cn
0.1
10
100
1000 10,000
Process Weight Rate (ib/hr)
100,000
1,000,000
Figure 2-9. Two Sets of Emission Standard Curves for Industrial Process Type
Emissions Used in the Particulate Control Strategies Evaluated for
-------
t-1
o
M
n
c
M M
ro M
ro £«£
M
C/l
en
M
§
T)
O
3
CL
O
Figure 2-10.
1000
300
ALLOWABLE PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BASED ON
THE POTENTIAL OR UNCONTROLLED SOURCE EMISSIONS
APPLIED TO INDUSTRIAL PROCESS, FUEL COMBUSTION, & SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
100
60
10
10
100
1000
10,000 30,000
100,000.
-------
these standards with the resulting ground level concentration values and
required emission reductions allows an informal choice regarding that set
of control standards most suited to the needs of the MCIAQCR.
2.4.2 Particulate Simulation Results
After the 18 particulate control strategies described in the previous
section were selected, a control strategy simulation was carried out. This
simulation predicted ground level particulate concentrations on the basis
of the verified atmospheric diffusion model discussed in Section 2.3.
Table 2-2 provides a brief summary of the results of this exercise.
The task at this stage was to select a small group of potentially feasible
control alternatives for further detailed analysis. The two receptor sites
noted in this tabulation were selected as being roughly descriptive of the
overall regional air quality.
Three relatively distinct groups of control strategies can be defined
in Table 2-2. The first group consists of Strategies 1 through 5 and essen-
tially represents various combinations of emission standards already being
applied in political jurisdictions within the MCIAQCR. In general, these
strategies had a fairly low regional cost and could be administered rather
easily. None of them, however, appeared to give promise of achieving regional
3 3
air quality standards of 65 yg/m (75 yg/m in Indiana). It was decided
that Control Strategy 1, existing regulations, should be included in the
more detailed strategy analysis.
Strategies 6 through 9 represented variations in maximum control
technology. In general, these strategies could be characterized by having
rather high regional control costs but producing acceptable air quality
values. Strategy 7 was included in the more detailed analysis since the
strategy should apply the most effective control techniques throughout
the region. The administrative acceptability of this type of regulation
was not great, but a view of the best control technology was desired in
the detailed analysis.
The third group of control strategies, Numbers 10 through 18,
represented various combinations of proposed or existing emission control
standards from throughout the country. All seemed to produce acceptably
low ground level concentrations. Strategies 14 through 17 also were rela-
-------
Selected Receptor Concentration
Strategy
Number
Existing
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
Regional Control Cost*
($ in millions)
1.7
3.0
2.7
2.2
1.9
20.0
6.4
5.9
5.6
7.0
6.9
7.2
7.0
3.7
3.5
3.9
3.7
not tested
264
134.8
80.0
79.5
79.0
79.8
79.3
63.5
67.7
71.0
71.5
65.1
65.3
64.9
65.1
68.8
64.5
64.2
64.3
(yg/m3)
269
141.8
83.7
82.9
82.6
83.3
83.0
66.5
70.9
75.7
76.6
68.5
68.9
68.3
68.8
71.5
67.8
67.2
67.6
*Control Cost of Point Sources Only
Table 2-2. INITIAL SCREENING OF PARTICULATE CONTROL
-------
tively low in cost and were considered feasible in terms of practical
administrative considerations. Strategies 15 and 18 were selected to
complete the group of four strategies for more detailed analysis. (Strategy 18
was not tested in the initial screening but was considered to be similar in
stringency to those in the 14 to 17 group.)
After the initial strategy simulation runs, a number of minor errors
in the emission inventory data base was discovered and corrected. Certain
suspected program malfunctions were also investigated. The more detailed
control strategy summaries cannot be compared with the output presented in
Table 2-2. The general results, however, were similar in both cases.
Table 2-3 presents more complete information on those strategies
selected during the initial screening procedure. The maximum receptor
concentration occurring after application of each strategy is presented.
Also, the emission reduction percentages are shown for both point and
area sources and the new emission rates for these categories.
Strategy 1, existing regulations, appears totally unlikely to achieve
satisfactory regional air quality and was dismissed from further consideration.
The maximum concentrations reported for the other control strategies
must be interpreted with a certain degree of care. Only for strategy 15 was
a reduction in area source emissions projected. This was done as a test to
determine the effect this factor had on receptor concentrations. It was felt
on the basis of reduction in open burning throughout the region and trend in
fuel usage toward natural gas and away from coal for small fuel users that
this degree of reduction would be reasonable for any of the three strategies.
On this basis the maximum concentration would be least (probably between 60
and 65) for Strategy 7. Strategy 18 would be essentially equal to Strategy 15.
Since all three control strategies appear to be able to achieve the regional air
quality standards within the limits of simulation modeling accuracy, the final
selection of a control strategy to be proposed for the MCIAQCR was left to practical
administrative and technical considerations.
Strategy 7 was considered to be quite difficult to administer and since
its regional cost nearly doubled that of the other two strategies, it was
eliminated.
-------
POINT SOURCES
Strategy
Number
Existing
1
7
15
18
Percent New Emissions Rate Percent New Emission Rate
Reduction (ton/day) Reduction (tons/day) $ x
72.
97.
89.
87.
3
1
2
1
386
102
11
41
49
.7
.5
.7
.8
.0
212.
212.
212.
33. 142.
212.
6
6
6
4
6
1.
6.
3.
3.
106
6
1
3
4
$/ton removed
15.
44.
26.
28.
Maximum
Receptor
(yg/m3)
150
137
76
69
81
.5
.9
.1
.2
.9
-------
Strategy 15 was chosen over Strategy 18 since it contains more familiar
types of emissions standards. For this reason it was considered .to be
politically more acceptable and administratively easier to handle.
A detailed breakdown of the emission reductions required under Strategy
15 is presented in Table 2-4. Examination of this table, coupled with a
review of particular source-control device combinations, lead to the conclusion
that although significant emission reductions are required, they are not
beyond the state-of-the-art in control technology.
An isopleth plot of ground level particulate concentrations after
application of this strategy, as shown in Figure 2-11. Comparison with the
plot of existing concentrations (Figure 2-6) graphically shows the improve-
ment in regional air quality expected following application of Control Strategy
15.
To insure that the selected set of control standards would indeed be
able to achieve and maintain acceptable air quality levels over the next
several years, an exercise was carried out to project emission rates to the
year 1980. These projections were based on economic projections for the
MCIAQCR supplied by the United States Department of Commerce. Factors with
which to scale existing emission levels were developed for each industrial
classification. The revised emission rates expected for the year 1980
are displayed in Table 2-5. Factors were developed to project emission levels
based on the 1969 emission inventory to a 1980 basis. These projections
were by industrial and commercial categories. The same percentage control
of emissions that is currently required was assumed to continue thooughout
the projection period. As can be seen, the overall regional emission rate
actually declines slightly during this ten-year period. The decline is
basically due to large increases projected for relatively nonpolluting
industrial classifications and to a change in regional fuel usage toward
increased use of natural gas and oil. Based on this anaylyis the emission
standards comprising Particulate Control Strategy 15 appears to be suitable
to the needs of the MCIAQCR. Figure 2-12 displays the projected ground level
concentrations for 1980.
-------
SOURCE CLASSIFICATION
Political Jurisdiction
Area
Apartment
Commercial
Government
Industrial
Fuel
Combustion
Process
Power
Plants
Solid
Waste
Total
Cincinnati
Existing
Controlled
% Reduction
Indiana
Existing
Controlled
% Reduction
Kentucky
Existing
Controlled
% Reduction
Ohio
Existing
Controlled
% Reduction
Region
Existing
Controlled
% Reduction
8030
5402
32.7
1679
1131
32.6
4526
3029
33.1
19012
12738
33.0
33248
22301
32.9
708
354
50.0
0
0
0
44
29
33.3
0
0
0
752
383
49.0
2464
650
73.6
894
117
86.9
18
18
0
22177
3099
86.0
25554
3884
84.8
365
365
0
91
91
0
7490
544
92.7
16,969
2,427
85.7
24,915
3,427
86.3
0
0
0
23,634
1,482
93.7
0
0
0
58,104
5,577
90.4
81,738
7,059
91.4
1555
376
75.8
489
0
100
529
0
100
5592
' 124
97.8
8165
500
93.9
13,122
7,147
45.5
26,787
.2,821
89.5
12,607
3,621
71". 3
121,855
3,966
80.3
174,371
37,555
78.5
I
N3
00
TABLE 2-4 . PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF
PROPOSED EMISSION STANDARDS BASED ON 1969 EMISSION
-------
KENTON CAMPB
Figure 2-11. Predicted Ground Level Concentrations Following
Application of Proposed Control Strategy
(1969 Emission Inventory)
Note: Annual Average Concentrations in
-------
SOURCE CLASSIFICATION
Political
Cincinnati
Indiana
Kentucky
Ohio
Region
Jurisdiction Area
Existing
Controlled
% Reduction
Existing
Controlled
% Reduction
Existing
Controlled
% Reduction
Existing
Controlled
% Reduction
Existing
Controlled
% Reduction
8030
5402
32.7
1679
1131
32.6
4526
3029
33.1
19012
12738
33.0
33248
22301
32.9
Apartment
Commercial
Government
741
369
50.0
0
0
0
55
36
33.3
0
0
0
796
405
49.1
Industrial
Fuel
Combustion
3467
912
73.6
1172
153
86.9
22
22
0
31467
4398
86.0
36128
5485
84.8
Process
434
434
0
139
139
0
9191
668
92.7
20279
2902
85.7
30043
414
86,2
Power
Plant
0
0
0
23,634
1,482
93.7
0
0
0
9,213
887
90.4
32,846
2,369
92.8
Solid
Waste Total
5209
1259
75.8
1639
0
100.0
1774
0
100.0
18732
416
97.8
27353
1675
93.9
17,881
8,377
53.2
28,262
2,905
89.7
15,567
3,756
- 75.9
98,703
21,342
78.4
160,414
37,380
77.3
K3
I
CJ
o
TABLE 2-5. PARTICIPATE EMISSIONS FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF
PROPOSED EMISSION STANDARDS BASED ON PROJECTED 1980
-------
KENTON/^ CAMPBELL
Figure 2-12. Projected Ground Level Particulate Concentration
Following Application of Proposed Control Strategy
(Projected 1980 Emission Levels)
Note: Annual Average Concentration in .yg/m3
-------
2.4.3 Sulfur Oxides Control Strategy
It was not possible on the basis of available air quality and emission
data to develop a suitable annual verification of the diffusion model for
sulfur oxides. (See Section 2.3.2.) Control strategy development for
this pollutant had to be undertaken by the use of rollback considerations.
(The computer simulation exercise, however, was still performed on a limited
group of control strategies. The amount of pollutant reduction required
under various emission reduction plans is necessary input to this strategy
section procedure. Four sulfur oxide control strategies were simulated
on a regional basis. Each of these strategies applied specific restrictions
to the fuels used within the MCIAQCR. The four strategies, in order of
increasing stringency, are defined as follows:
1. Limitation of all fuel to 1.25% sulfur content or less
2. Limitation of all fuel to 0.8% sulfur content or less
3. Limitation of all fuel to 0.3% sulfur content or less
4. Switch of all combustion sources to the use of natural gas
On an annual basis, the limited air quality data for SOo available
in the MCIAQCR indicate that ambient S02 levels are not exceeding the Air
o
Quality Standard (Ohio and Indiana) of 43 yg/m . On a short-term basis,
however, the existing levels exceed the standards. This is discussed in
more detail in Section 1.7.
During the three-month effort to collect data for this study
(November 1969 through January 1970) periods were observed during which the
average for 24 hours and for one hour were higher than allowed by the
standard. At sampling station number 77(located in Ohio),the maximum
hourly average was 1000 yg/m . This is compared with an Air Quality
Standard (Ohio and Kentucky) for the maximum one-hour average in any year
of 858 yg/m^. Since the sampling only covered a period of three months,
a minimum reduction of 14% in ambient air quality is required to comply
with air quality standards.
During this same period, sampling station number 70 (located in
Ohio) recorded a maximum 24-hour average of 371 yg/m . The maximum 24-
hour average allowed by the Air Quality Standards (in all jurisdictions*)
*0hio's standard specified that this value shall not be exceeded more
-------
is 286 yg/m^. An overall reduction in sulfur dioxide pollution levels of
23% will be required to bring this value into compliance with the standards.
The observations cited in this and the preceding paragraph indicate that air
pollution levels need to be reduced approximately 20 to 25%.
An examination of continuous air monitoring data collected over a
period of six months is shown in Table 2-6. These data also reveal the
existence of undesirably high, short-term, sulfur dioxide concentrations.
In particular, the hourly maximum for April 1970 was 1550 yg/m^. This value
exceeds the adopted air quality standard of 858 for this averaging time
by about 45%. These excessive short-term concentrations illustrate the
need for a regional reduction of sulfur oxides emissions.
A reduction of each sulfur oxide source in the region by the specified
percentage is not an administratively attractive nor technically sound
control alternative. Since the majority of this type of pollutant emission
is generated by fuel combustion, various control alternatives limiting
allowable fuel sulfur content were examined. Reduction of the allowable
sulfur content in fuels to 0.3% or 0.8% produced greater emission reductions
than would seem to be required by the observational data cited above. The
application of the existing City of Cincinnati fuel sulfur content regulation
throughout the region was determined to produce sufficient emission reductions.
This regulation has been proven to be technically and administratively
feasible in one of the political jurisdictions comprising the MCIAQCR and
is recommended in this implementation plan as the basis for a regionwide
sulfur oxides control strategy. A slight change to the existing Cincinnati
regulations is proposed for non-power plant fuel combustion sources. According
to the detailed emission inventory information compiled for this study,
nearly all smaller fuel users within the region are already using fuel with
less than 1.0% sulfur content. Accordingly, to prevent increases in emission
from these source categories, the proposed limitation on sulfur content in
fuels not used for electrical power generation is set at 1.0%.
Table 2-7 displays the emission reductions required by the adoption
of this strategy on a regionwide basis. By far, the greatest reduction in
sulfur oxide emissions occurs in the electric power generation source eater-
gory. This reflects the fact that these sources are the only significant
users of high sulfur fuels in the region. This pattern of emission reduction
-------
Table 2-6. <\MBIENT SULFUR DIOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS
AS MEASURED AT THE CAMP STATION,
CINCINNATI
Period
January 1970
February 1970
March 1970
April 1970
May 1970
June 1970
Arithmetic Mean
Concentration*
136
94
68
55
31
24
24-Hour
Maximum*
286
186
305
251
106
106
One-Hour
Maximum*
675
758
780
1550
638
492
*A11 concentrations are in units of yg/m .
-------
SOURCE CLASSIFICATION
Political Jurisdiction
Area
Apartment
Commercial
Government
Fuel Power Solid
Combustion Process Plants Wastes
TOTAL
Cincinnati
Indiana
Kentucky
Ohio
REGION
Projected
Controlled
% Reduction
Projected
Controlled
% Reduction
Projected
Controlled
% Reduction
Projected
Controlled
% Reduction
Projected
Controlled
% Reduction
7,227
7,227
0
1,204
1,204
0
3,029
3,029
0
12,632
12,632
0
24,093
24,093
0
1,576
1,576
0
0
0
0
102
. 102
0
0
0
0
1,679
1,679
0
3,398
3,398
0
1,328
1,328
0
0
0
0
25,017
20,856
16.6
29,743
25,582
14.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
8,584
2,609
69.6
8,584
2,609
69.6
0
0
0
123,844
50,895
58.9
0
0
0
196,052
93,206
52.5
319,896
144,102
55.0
390
390
0
14
14
0
14
14
0
2,047
2,047
0
2,467
2,467
0
12,592
12,592
0
126,392
53,443
57.7
3,146
3,146
0
244,334
131,352
46.2
386,465
200,534
48.1
NJ
Ln
Table 2-7. EFFECT OF PROPOSED SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL
STRATEGY ON MCIAQCR EMISSION LEVELS
(tons of pollutant/year)(based on
-------
appears to be consistent with the goal of reducing maximum short-term ambient
concentrations. Large emission sources are very important under the
unfavorable meteorological conditions which cause the highest hourly and
daily concentrations.
Table 2-8 displays the result of the projection of regional growth
and the associated sulfur oxide emissions to the year 1980. Despite pro-
jected regional population and commercial growth, the expected levels of
sulfur oxide emissions remain fairly constant. For this reason, it appears
that the proposed control strategy, as described above, will be adequate to
achieve and maintain air quality standards during this period.
2.5 PROPOSED CONTROL STRATEGY
The following emission control strategies were selected for adoption
throughout the MCIAQCR on the basis of procedures and considerations presented
in the preceding section (2.4). These strategies represent emission limita-
tion standards which, when adopted and enforced, should lead to acceptable
levels of both suspended particulate and sulfur dioxide as defined by the
regional Air Quality Standards. Legally enforceable control regulations
based on these emissions standards are presented in Section 4.2.
The proposed particulate control strategy consists of emission standards
covering three general categories of emissions sources:
Industrial Process Emissions
Sources within this category are allowed emissions based on
process weight as defined by curve A, Figure 4-11 covering
this source category. (This standard is fully defined in
Section 4.2, Proposed Control Regulations.)
Fuel Combustion Emissions
Allowable emissions are defined according to the curve B, Figure 4-10
for heat input versus mass particulate emission rate. (This standard
is also presented in Section 4.2)
Solid Waste Disposal
Incinerators are allowed emissions of 4 pounds/ton of refuse charged
and open burning is prohibited under the standard relating to this
source category.
The proposed regional sulfur oxides control strategy consists of those
emissions standards on which the regulations already in effect in the City of
Cincinnati are based. Two emission categories are considered by these
-------
SOURCE CLASSIFICATION
Political Jurisdiction
Area
Apartment
Commercial
Government
Fuel
Combustion
Process
Power
Plants
Solid
Wastes
TOTAL
Cincinnati
Projected
Controlled
% Reduction
Indiana
Projected
Controlled
% Reduction
Kentucky
Projected
Controlled
% Reduction
Ohio
Projected
Controlled
% Reduction
REGION
Projected
Controlled
% Reduction
7,227
3,431
52.5
1,204
547
52.5
3,029
1,423
52.5
12,632
6,000
52.5
24,093
11,402
52.5
1,569
1,569
0
0
0
0
138
138
0
0
0
0
1,708
1,708
0
4,883
4,883
0
1,741
1,741
0
0
0
0
35,058
29,238
16.6
41,683
35,847
14.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
13,041
3,963
69.6
13,041
3,963
69.6
0
0
0 -
123,844
50,900
58.9
0
0
0
76,536
36,355
52.5
200,381
90,171
55.0
1,306
1,306
0
47
47
0
47
47
0
6,858
6,858
0
8,259
8,259
0
14,986
11,190
25.3
126,837
53,652
57.7
3,215
1,609
49.9
144,127
77,540
46/2
289,167
150,077
48.1
I
U>
Table 2-8. EMISSIONS FOLLOWING APPLICATION OF
PROPOSED SULFUR OXIDES CONTROL STRATEGY
BASED ON 1980 EMISSION PROJECTIONS
-------
Industrial Process Emissions
Sulfur oxide emissions from industrial process are limited to
2000 parts per million by volume of the exhaust gas stream.
Acid plants shall control to 36 pounds/ton acid for sulfuric
acid plants.
Fuel Combustion Emissions
The maximum sulfur content of fuel used shall be 1.25% with 1.00%
being the allowable limit for smaller combustion sources.
2.6 TIMETABLE FOR IMPLEMENTING PROPOSED REGULATIONS
Implementation of control regulations logically divides into two
separate tasks. First, the new regulation must be officially adopted by
the responsible state agency. Second, field enforcement and control of
pollution sources affected by the regulation must be carried out. The
length of time required to carry out these actions are discussed in the
following two sections.
2.6.1 Adoption of Proposed Control Regulations
Indiana's Air Pollution Control Board has been granted by the State
Legislature all the powers necessary to hold public hearings, and adopt
control regulations», Since, no additional powers are needed, the process
will begin immediately. The following steps will be carried out in this
effort.
1. Prepare proposed control regulations in appropriate legal form
Section 4.2 of this document indicates the general form the
control regulations should take. Administrative considerations
may require redrafting. Time required will be one month.
2. Hold public hearings
This is a necessary step in assuring public acceptance and
cooperation with the expanded air pollution control activities
proposed in this document. This will be completed by November 2,
1970.
3. Final adoption
It will be necessary to incorporate changes or additions deemed
acceptable following the public hearings; and possibly a final
hearing would be necessary at this stage. This step will be
completed by January 4, 1971.
-------
2.6.2 Enforcement of Control Regulations
The primary portion of the Indiana enforcement program will be the
permit and source surveillance system described in Section 6.2. It is antic-
ipated that legislation proposed in Section 3 to all the Indiana APC Board
to set up and operate a permit system will be passed by the Legislature by
January 1971. It is anticipated that source registration and surveillance
procedures and the permit system will be fully operational within 18 months
following the adoption of the necessary legislation and regulations (i.e.,
by July 1972). State actions to begin to achieve compliance with the proposed
control regulations will begin well before this time.
Particulate emission sources should be brought substantially into
compliance with the new regulation by July 1972. There are no new control
technologies necessary to bring particulate emission sources into compliance
with the proposed standards. The approximate 18-month period allowed for
compliance after the adoption of the control regulations allows pollution
sources an opportunity to design, fabricate or purchase, and install
necessary control devices.
The regulations relating to sulfur oxides emissions control may
require a longer period in which to achieve compliance. Choice of the most
satisfactory control method is usually made by the source after all of the
various technical, economic, political and social factors are given serious
consideration. The options for fuel substitution are numerous. Natural
gas, low sulfur fuel oil, low sulfur coal, and coal-derived gas or oil are
available or can be made available at a price.. Although considerable pilot
plant work has been conducted and many processes are commerically available,
the application of full-scale flue gas desulfurization processes to coal-
fired power plants is limited. As soon as possible, but not later than six
months after the adoption of the proposed control regulations, the applicable
sources will be required to submit a control plan of how they will come into
compliance. The control plans should cover no more than a two-year period.
Therefore, by July 1973 the sources will be in compliance. During this
period, the data from the air quality monitoring network will be closely
observed to determine the exact trends in the sulfur dioxide concentrations
in the Region. If this data indicates that additional control is needed,
the Implementation Plan will be modified accordingly.
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3. LEGAL AUTHORITY
3.1 SCOPE OF DISCUSSION
This section will address itself to legal deficiencies and remedies
of the various aspects of air pollution control as they relate to the
State of Indiana. Generally, the discussion will be confined to the
adequacy of legal authority of the regional entity to fully implement
a control program, including the organization of regional enforcement
activities, promulgation and enforcement of regulations, and implementation
of emergency action. However, the legal aspects of the proposed emission
and control regulations are not discussed in this section.
In general, the format of this section is designed to identify the
legal problems which exist in Indiana and the legislative and regulatory
action necessary to remedy the deficiencies found in the respective programs.
3.2 GENERAL DISCUSSION OF THE POWERS OF ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCIES
It is the general rule that the powers of administrative agencies
are limited by the intent of the legislature as expressed in the statutes.
That is to say that administrative agencies have no inherent powers.
However, legislative intent may give rise to implied powers and the
courts, in interpreting the powers of such agencies, are not limited by
the mere words of the statute. This is especially true where the adminis-
tration of health and safety is concerned. It is a general principle of
law that every grant of power carries with it the reasonable use of necessary
means for its effective execution. Thus an administrative agency has every
power which is indispensable to the powers specifically granted.
Notwithstanding liberal construction as regards health legislation, it
is best to expressly endow the agency with the powers necessary to carry out
the intent of the legislature. For while the courts may uphold an agency's
exercise of implied power, such litigation is time consuming and ought not
to be encouraged by lack of legislative specificity. On the other hand,
the intent of the legislature may be defeated by subsequent litigation if
that body fails to express its intent in the statute.
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3.3 CRITERIA FOR EFFECTIVE AIR POLLUTION REGULATION
Compliance with the requirements discussed in the previous section
requires that legislative criteria be set. That is, a check list of all
the necessary elements of effective air pollution control legislation must
be presented to determine that adequate authority is given the agency.
Thus, statutes relative to air pollution regulation must be analyzed
to determine that the legislature has expressed its intent and has defined
"air pollution" so as to permit the administrative agency to act to prevent
conditions which threaten to endanger the public health prior to the occur-
rence of actual injury. Additionally, the state agency must have sufficient
authority to adopt emission regulations and other control regulations, imple-
ment emergency action, gather and evaluate air quality and emissions data,
require reporting of information, require permits to construct, require permits
to operate, grant and repeal variances, inspect facilities, test facilities,
issue orders, hold hearings, subpoena witnesses and evidentiary materials,
impose penalties, obtain injunctions, and grant enforcement powers to local
agencies.
3.4 LEGISLATIVE INTENT
Legislative intent has been expressed in the Indiana Air Pollution Control
Laws. In general, the language provides for protection of public health and,
consistent with economics and industrial development, the protection of public
enjoyment of the states' air resources.
Indiana Statute §35-4601 states:
"It is the intent and purpose of this act to maintain the purity
of the air resource of the State, which shall be consistent with
protection of the public health ...."
While qualifying language has been adopted as regards the intensity of
control, it is clear that the protection of public health is unqualifiedly
declared to be the public policy.
1. Indiana Stat. §36-4601.
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3.5' LEGISLATIVE DEFINITION OF "AIR POLLUTION"
Adequate air pollution control can only be realized if the adminis-
trative agency has the power to act to protect welfare and property as
well as health and, in addition, to prevent conditions which reasonably
threaten the public health and welfare. Therefore, it is necessary that
the legislative definition of "air pollution" be sufficiently broad to en-
2
compass the above factors. Indiana state law defines air pollution
broadly enough to include those conditions which are injurious to
property, or which unreasonably interfere with the comfortable enjoyment of
life and property. However, the definition does not include those conditions
which threaten to be injurious.
It could be argued that a threat of injury interferes with comfortable
3
enjoyment. While it has not been seen that the original definitions sub-
stantially impaired the agencies' ability to cope with situations which posed
a mere threat to the public health or welfare, legislative clarification is
4
preferred. The following statutory change will be adopted:
Indiana Stat. §35-4602 (c);
"Air Pollution" is presence in the outdoor atmosphere
of one or more air contaminants in sufficient quantities
and of such characteristics and duration as is or threatens
to be injurious to human, plant, or animal life or to
property, or which unreasonably interferes with the com-
fortable enjoyment of life and property.
The amendment to the Indiana Act can be adopted early in 1973.
3.6 POWERS OF THE INDIANA APC AUTHORITY
Indiana's Air Pollution Control Act as amended through 1969, establishes
a State Air Pollution Control Board which is generally empowered to adopt
and enforce regulations, with the assistance of the State Board of Health.
Primary responsibility for air pollution control is at the State level. The
original 1961 act impaired the State's authority to act however, and the
restricting language was subsequently deleted by the Legislature in 1969.
The same Legislature amended another section of the 1961 Act so as to again
restrict state enforcement action. That 1969 revision, in effect, grants
jurisdiction to the State Board only after an air quality jurisdiction fails
2. Indiana Stat. §35-4602 (c).
3. "Comfortable enjoyment" is a term which signifies mental quiet as well as
physical comfort.
4. Underlining indicates new material; * indicates deletion.
5. Indiana Stat. §35-4601, et seq.
6. Opinions of the Attorney General of Indiana, 1966, No. 32, p. 221.
7. Indiana Stat. §35-4608 (e).
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Q
to enforce the local ordinance. Even after such failure is proven, con-
sultation with the local authority is a condition precedent to lawful enforce-
ment action by the State Board. The requirements of proof as to failure of
enforcement, and the consultation requirement tend to hinder state enforce-
ment efforts.
The Act provides the Board adequate authority to adopt emission regu-
lations and other control regulations. While, on its face, the Legislature's
9
statement of intent seems to limit the Board's authority in this regard,
the general rule is that enabling health legislation will be liberally con-
strued in order to effectuate the purpose of the enactment. No apparent
authority exists to enable the Board to require the reporting of information,
adopt a permit system, or conduct source testing. However, a liberal con-
struction of the Act indicates that the Board could engage in such regulatory
action provided the action was reasonable and consistent with the general
intent of the Act. An analysis of the legal authority of the Indiana APC
Board as of July, 1970, is summarized in Table 3-1.
The enabling legislation requires that the State APC Board must adopt
regulations before effective control authority is vested in the fields of
emergency action, information reporting, permit systems, and variances. As
of July, 1970, the legislative power grant had been exercised only as regards
construction permits. To this extent, the State Board has inadequate authority
to act in the other areas mentioned above. That is to say, it has legislative
authority to regulate but lacks administrative authority.
Action is proposed to remove the restraints imposed upon the State Board
where local ordinances are adopted. While local enforcement activity is to be
8. The language of §35-4608 (e) reads as follows:
(e) When an air quality jurisdiction, or administrator thereof fails to
enforce the local ordinance which affords protection to the public equal
to that provided by state law, the Control Board, after consultation with
that jurisdiction or administrator may take such appropriate action as
may be necessary to enforce applicable provisions of state law. (As
amended by Chapter 357, Acts of 1969).
9. Indiana Stat. §35-4601.
10. Blue v Beach, 155 Ind. 121, 56N.E. 89, (1900).
11. The Board is empowered to adopt and promulgate reasonable rules and
regulations consistent with the general intent of the Act and necessary
to carry out the purposes of the Act. Indiana Stat. §§35-4604 (A) (3).
12. Indiana APC Board Regulation APC-1.
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TABLE 3_!
ANALYSIS OF INDIANA APC LAWS AND REGULATIONS AS OF JULY, 1970
Desirable or Essential Powers
Agency Possessing
Specific Power
Statute Expressly Conferring
Specific Power or Regulation
Implementing General
Conferral of Power
1. Definition of air pollution
in State Law must be suffici-
ently broad to enable the
agency to protect welfare and
injury to property as well as
health
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4602(c)
2. Under the definition of air
pollution, the agency must be
able to control and prevent
conditions which threaten or
endanger the public health
or welfare before the
occurrence of actual injury
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4602(c),
Further clarification of the
statute is desirable
3. Power to hold public hearings
relating to any aspect of the
administration of air pol-
lution laws and regulations
APC Board
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TABLE 3-1. Continued
Desirable or Essential Powers
Agency Possessing
Specific Power
Statute Expressly Conferring
Specific Power or Regulation
Implementing General
Conferral of Power
4. Power to adopt, amend and
repeal rules and regulations
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4604(A) (3)
5. Power to enforce the law by
appropriate administrative
and judicial proceedings, in-
cluding injunctive relief
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4604(A) (4)
6. Power to compel the attendance
of witnesses at hearings and
other administrative pro-
ceedings (subpoena power)
APC Board
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TABLE 3_]_> Continued
Desirable or Essential Powers
Agency Possessing
Specific Power
Statute Expressly Conferring
Specific Power or Regulation
Implementing General
Conferral of Power
7. Power to gain access to rec-
ords relating to emissions
of air contaminants
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4604 (A) (3),
U)
Power to compel the pro-
duction of books and records
for use in administrative pro-
ceedings (subpoena power)
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §§35-4604(A) (4)
and 63-3021
Power to secure necessary
technical information by
contract or otherwise
Chap. 397. Acts, 1969,
Item 2 under "Other Operat-
ing Accounts for Services
by Contract". (This is
under the biennial
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TABLE 3-1. Continued
Desirable or Essential Powers
Agency Possessing
Specific Power
Statute Expressly Conferring
Specific Power or Regulation
Implementing General
Conferral of Power
10. Power to prepare comprehensive
plans for the control of air
pollution
State Board of Health
Ind. Stat. §35-4604(8) (2)
i
oo
11. Power to collect and dissemi-
nate information concerning
air pollution (including con-
duct of studies, investiga-
tions and research)
State Board of Health
Ind. Stat. §35-4604(B) (3)
12. Power to establish ambient
air quality standards and
emission standards for all
or parts of the State
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4604(A)
and §35-4604a
Air Pollution Control
Regulations APC-9 (Air
Quality Standards)
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TABLE 3-1. Continued
Desirable or Essential Powers
Agency Possessing
Specific Power
Statute Expressly Conferring
Specific Power or Regulation
Implementing General
Conferral of Power
13. Power to classify air con-
taminant sources and require
reports from such classes
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4604(A) (3),
General conferral of
authority
y3 14. Power to establish a permit
^° system for the construction
and operation of new sources
and control apparatus as well
as for the alteration of exist-
ing sources and control
apparatus
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4604 (A) (3)
General conferral of
authority
Air Pollution Control Regu-
lation APC-1 (New Installa-
tions only)
15. Power to inspect, subject to
legal limitations regarding
search warrants, the loca-
tions of contaminant
sources
State Board of Health
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TABLE 3-1.Continued
Desirable or Essential Powers
Agency Possessing
Specific Power
Statute Expressly Conferring
Specific Power or Regulation
Implementing General
Conferral of Power
16. Power to conduct tests of
emissions of air contaminants
from any source
State Board of Health
Ind. Stat. §35-4604(B) (9)
Implied from language of
statute.
I
I1
o
17. Power to utilize variances
Subject to careful procedural
and substantive controls
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4604(A) (3)
General Conferral of
authority
18. Power to provide for the con-
fidentiality of information
acquired from private sources,
without unduly restricting
ability to enforce the
applicable law
APC Board
Air Pollution Control
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TABLE 3_1> Continued
Desirable or Essential Powers
Agency Possessing
Specific Power
Statute Expressly Conferring
Specific Power or Regulation
Implementing General
Conferral of Power
19. Power to exercise emergency
authority to limit or elimi-
nate emissions from stationary
sources with minimum delay
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4605
20. Power to impose penalties for
air pollution violations
APC Board
Ind. Stat. §35-4607(b)
21. Power to receive and admin-
ister grants or gifts made for
the purpose of carrying out
the statute and regulations
State Board of Health
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TABLE 3-1.Continued
Desirable or Essential Powers
Agency Possessing
Specific Power
Statute Expressly Conferring
Specific Power or Regulation
Implementing General
Conferral of Power
22. Power to advise, consult, coop-
erate and enter into agree-
ments with the governments
and agencies of the adjacent
States, and any interstate or
regional agency representing
any such State or political
subdivision
APC Board
State Board of Health
Ind. Stat. §§53-1101 et seq.
I
(-
NJ
23. Power to take any action
necessary to carry out
statute and regulations
None
24. Power to delegate performance
of duties to a subordinate
agency
Ind. Stat. §35-4608 APC Act
does not limit authority of
-------
encouraged, such authority should be concurrent with, and not in lieu of,
state authority. The recommended legislative action, therefore, will consist
of the deletion of subsection (e) of Indiana Statute §35-4608. Such action
will not impair effective local control of air pollution.
Further action is deemed desirable in regard to the delegated powers
of the Indiana Air Pollution Control Board and the State Board of Health.
Specific authority is granted for adequate regulation in the area of information
reporting, permit system, and source testing. It is proposed that the above-
mentioned powers be given the State Board of Health by amendment to Indiana
Stat. §35-4604 (B) as follows:13
(B) Powers and Duties of the State Board of Health - The
duty and power to assist and cooperate with other groups in-
terested in and affected by air pollution is hereby vested in
the State Board of Health and such Board is hereby empowered to:
(1) Advise, consult and cooperate with other agencies in the
State, towns, cities and counties, industries, other states and
the federal government, and with affected groups in the prevention
and control of new and existing air contamination sources within
the State.
(2) Encourage and conduct studies, investigations, and research
relating to air pollution and its causes, effects, prevention, con-
trol and abatement.
(3) Collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution,
its prevention and control.
(4) Encourage voluntary cooperation by persons, towns, cities,
and counties or other affected groups in restoring and preserving a
reasonable degree of purity of air within this State.
(5) Encourage authorized air pollution agencies of towns, cities
and counties to handle air pollution problems within their respective
jurisdictions to the greatest extent possible.
(6) Provide technical assistance to towns, cities, or counties
requesting same for the furtherance of air pollution control.
(7) Represent the State of Indiana in any and all matters per-
taining to plans, procedures, or negotiations for interstate com-
pacts in relation to the control of air pollution.
(8) Accept and administer grants or other funds or gifts for the
purpose of carrying out any of the functions of this Act.
(9) Enter at all reasonable times in or upon any private or public
property except private residences for the purpose of inspecting and
investigating conditions * and conducting tests on any air con-
taminant source to determine compliance with this Act.
(10)Require the person responsible for any air contaminant source
to file reports with the State Board of Health containing information
as to location, size, and height of air contaminant outlet, and rate,
13. Underlining indicates new material; * indicates deletion.
-------
duration, temperature, and composition of the air contaminant.
(11) Prohibit the installation, alteration, or use of any air
_ccmt_aminant source, or the, appurtenant equipment thereto, unless an
.appropriate permit therefore has been obtained from the State Board
of Health.
(12) Adopt rules and regulations with respect to the issuance of
permits.
(13) Investigate complaints received by it or referred to it by the
Control Board, make such reports to the Control Board of its investi-
gations as it deems advisable and participate, on behalf of this
State, in proceedings or public hearings before the Control Board.
(14) The State Board of Health is authorized to budget and receive
duly appropriated monies for expenditures to carry out the pro-
visions and purposes of this Act.
In addition, specific authority will be given to the State APC Board to
grant and repeal variances from the Board's emission standards. The amendatory
language appears in subsection (5) of Indiana Statute §35-4604 (A) and should
read substantially as follows:
§35-4604 (A) - Powers and Duties of the Air Pollution Control
Board. The duty and power to administer and carry out the ad-
judicatory provisions of this Act hereinafter set forth in this
Section is hereby vested in the Air Pollution Control Board and
such Board is hereby empowered to:
(a) Any person who owns or is in control of any plant, building,
structure, process or equipment may apply to the (agency) for a
variance from rules or regulations. The (agency) may grant
such variance if it finds that:
1. The emissions occuring or proposed to occur do
not endanger or tend to endanger human health or
safety; and
2. Compliance with the rules or regulations from which
variance is sought would produce serious hardship
without equal or greater benefits to the public.
(b) No variance shall be granted pursuant to this Section
except after public hearing on due notice and until the
(agency) has considered the relative interests of the applicant,
other owners of property likely to be affected by the dis-
charges, and the general public.
(c) Any variance or renewal thereof shall be granted within
the requirements of subsection (a) and for time periods and
under conditions consistent with the reasons therefor, and
with the following limitations:
1. If the variance is granted on the ground that there
is no practicable means known or available for the adequate
prevention, abatement or control of the air pollution
involved, it shall be only until the necessary means for
prevention, abatement or control become known and
available, and subject to the taking of any substitute
or alternate measures that the (agency) may prescribe.
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2. If the variance is granted on the ground that
compliance with the particular requirement or require-
ments from which variance is sought will necessitate the
taking of measures which, because of their extent or cost,
must be spread over a considerable period of time, it
shall be for a period not to exceed such reasonable
time as, in the view of the (agency) is requisite for
the taking of the necessary measures. A variance granted
on the ground specified herein shall contain a timetable
for the taking of action in an expeditious manner and
shall be conditioned on adherence to such timetable.
3. If the variance is granted on the ground that it is
justified to relieve or prevent hardship of any kind other
than provided for in terms 1 and 2 of this subsection, it
shall be for not more than (one) year.
(d) Any variance granted pursuant to this Section may be
renewed on terms and conditions and for periods which would
be appropriate on initial granting of a variance. If complaint
is made to the (agency) on account of the variance, no renewal
thereof shall be granted, unless, following public hearing on
the complaint, the (agency) finds that renewal is justified.
No renewal shall be granted except on application therefor.
Any such application shall be made at least (sixty) days prior
to the expiration of the variance. Immediately upon receipt
of an application for renewal the (agency) shall give public
notice of such application in accordance with rules and
regulations of the (agency).
(e) A variance or renewal shall not be a right of the appli-
cant or holder thereof but shall be in the discretion of the
(agency). However, any person adversely affected by a variance
or renewal granted by the (agency) may obtain judicial review
thereof by a proceeding in the (appropriate court). Notwith-
standing any provision of Section 12 of this ordinance, judicial
review of the denial of a variance may be had only on the
ground that the denial is arbitrary or capricious.
(f) Nothing in this Section and no variance or renewal
granted pursuant hereto shall be construed to prevent or
limit the application of the emergency provisions and procedures
of Section II of this ordinance to any person or his property.
(g) Any hearing held under the provisions of this Section
shall conform with the relevant requirements set out in Section
12 of this ordinance.
The above amendments will be presented for adoption during the 1971
session of the Legislature.
In addition to the above legislative action, it is necessary for the
State APC Board to adopt and promulgate regulations for the implementation
of emergency action, information reporting, operation permits and variances,
This will be done by late 1970.
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3.7 IMPLEMENTATION OF EMERGENCY ACTION
As has been indicated in section 3.6, Indiana has sufficient legislation
for the implementation of emergency action. In this section, we shall con-
sider this phase of the air pollution control program in greater detail.
Enabling legislation for the implementation of emergency action was
14
passed by the Indiana Legislature in 1969. The statute provides authority
for the technical secretary of the State Board of Health, to determine that
air pollution in an area constitutes an unreasonable and emergency risk to
the health and safety of those in the area. Thereupon the determination
shall be communicated to the Governor who may, by proclamation, declare an
emergency and order immediate abatement of contaminant emissions. In addi-
tion, the Governor may request the State Attorney General to initiate in-
junctive proceedings or to take such other action as may be necessary.
The procurement of temporary injunctions, an ex parte proceeding,
in cases where health hazards are imminent, can be realized within a short
time so as to effectively cope with the emergency situation. The necessary
evidentiary material is discussed in Section 7.0 The next section, 3.8,
indicates that Indiana may enter into regionwide agreements for episode control.
3.8 ORGANIZATION OF REGIONAL ENFORCEMENT ACTIVITIES
The Indiana APC Board may engage in effective intrastate enforcement
activities through the authority of the state's Air Pollution Control Act15
and the state's Constitution. Local political subdivisions only have
such powers as granted by statute and state agencies such as the APC Board
retain superior jurisdiction notwithstanding local programs. Therefore the
Board may establish a regional organization to enforce state standards in
Ohio and Dearborn Counties.
Indiana's APC Board may participate in an interstate planning endeavor
with the air pollution authorities of Kentucky and Ohio through the authority of
that state's Interlocal Cooperation Act.
14. Indiana Stat. §35-4605.
15. See section 5.6.1, supra.
16. See section 5.6.1, supra.
17. Indiana Stat. §53-1101 et. seq.
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No lagislative action is required for the proposed organization of re-
gional operations within the Indiana portion of the MCIAQCR.
3.9 INTERSTATE PLANNING AND SERVICES AUTHORITY
Interstate cooperation in the form of planning and computerized
support services is a necessary element of the proposed regional structure.
Services may be generally provided by contract with the City of Cincinnati
and by contract with an interstate planning authority. Existing Ohio Law
permits any board of county commissioners and the legislative authority
of any municipality to cooperate with other such entities in Ohio and
in sister states to create by agreement an interstate regional planning
commission. The various political subdivisions in Indiana are empowered
to enter such agreement pursuant to the authority given them by the state's
19
Interlocal Cooperation Act.
In light of an analysis of existing state laws applicable to MCIAQCR,
it appears that the Regional Commission will have adequate authority to con-
duct a program of information exchange and air pollution control planning
and coordination. Ohio law, ORC §713.33 (A), states that the "commission
may make studies, maps, plans, and other reports relative to the region
and shall recommend procedures and policies to the appropriate authorities,
based on physical ... conditions and trends, to promote ... the general
health, welfare, convenience, and prosperity of the people of the region."
(Emphasis supplied.)
3.10 SUMMARY OF LEGISLATIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS TAKEN TO EFFECT
THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN
The preceding discussion pointed out the legal and administrative
deficiencies which exist in the Indiana Programs, and the proposed remedial
action. This is summarized in the following table.
18. Ohio Rev. Code §§713.30 et seq.
19. Indiana Stat. §§53-1101 et seq.
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TABLE 3-2
SUMMARY OF LEGISLATIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE ACTIONS TAKEN TO
AFFECT THE IMPLEMENTATION PLAN FOR THE
STATE OF INDIANA
Responsible
tody
Potential
Effective
Date
Purpose
Discussed
on P. No.
legislature
.egislature
legislature
APC Board
APC Board
APC Board
APC Board
Interstate
Agreement
^egislature
Feb. 1973
Jan. 1971
Jan. 1971
Sept.
1970
Oct.
1970
Oct.
1970
Dec.
1970
Aug.
1973
Jan. 1971
Amend Ind. Stat. §35-4602 (c)
to define air pollution
sufficiently broad to abate
prior to actual occurrence of
in j ury
Amend Ind. Stat. §35-4604 (B)
to give the State Board of
Health power to require the
reporting of information,
adopt a permit system for new
and existing installations,
and conduct source testing.
Amend Ind. Stat. §35-4604 (A)
to give the State APC Board
power to grant variances
Emergency Action procedures
Information reporting
Use permits
Variances
Interstate control of
episodes
Amend Ind. Stat. §35-4608 (e)
to provide effective state
jurisdiction where local
APC program exists.
3-3
3-13
3-14
3-15
3-15
3-15
3-15
3-16
3-13
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4. CONTROL REGULATIONS
4.1 EXISTING REGULATIONS
The current control regulations for the State of Indiana are as
follows.
-------
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL BOARD
OF THE
STATE OF INDIANA
PROPOSED AIR POLLUTION CONTROL REGULATIONS
New installations or new potential sources of air pollution will
be subject on the effective date of these regulations to the limits
contained therein. All persons must comply within one year with
Regulation APC 2. Existing installations which are sources of air
pollution must within one year submit a program and timetables to
comply with Regulations APC 3, APC U, APC 5, APC 6 and APC 7.
DEFINITIONS
The following terms as used in these Rules and Regulations shall,
unless the context otherwise requires, have the following meanings:
AIR CONTAMINANT - Particulate matter, dust, fumes, gas, mist, smoke
or vapor, or any combination thereof, but excluding uncombined water.
AIR CONTAMINANT SOURCE - Any and all sources of emission of air
contaminants, whether privately- or publicly-owned or operated. Without
limiting the generality of the foregoing, this term includes all types of
business, commercial and industrial plants, works, shops and stores, and
hydrocarbon combustion plants, power generating plants, and steam heating
platts and stations, building and other structures of all types, including .
single and multiple family residences, apartments, houses, office buildings,
hotels, restaurants, schools, hospitals, churches, and other institutional
buildings, aircraft, automobiles, trucks, tractors, buses and other motor
vehicles, garages and vending and service locations and stations, railroad
locomotives, ships, boats and other water-borne craft, portable fuel-
burning equipment, incinerators of all types, indoor and outdoor, refuse
dumps and piles, and all stack and other chimney outlets from any of the
foregoing.
AIR POLLUTION - Presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or more air
contaminants in sufficient quantities and of such characteristics and
duration as to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or to property,
or which unreasonably interefere with the enjoyment of life and property.
ASME - The American Society of Mechanical Engineers.
ASTM - The American Society for Testing and Materials.
AUXILIARY FUEL FIRING EQUIPMENT - Equipment to supply additional heat,
by the combustion of an auxiliary fuel, for the purpose of attaining
temperatures sufficiently high (a) to dry and ignite the waste material,
(b) to maintain ignition thereof, and (c) to promote complete combustion of
combustible solids, vapors, and gases.
BACKYARD INCINERATION - The burning of material originating on the
premises of single and multiple family residences.
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BIAST FURNACE - The furnace and equipment used in the smelting
process in which primarily oxygen is removed from the ore and molten
metal produced with gas as a by-product. The furnace and equipment
consists of, but is not limited to, trie furnace proper, charging equip-
ment, stoves, bleeders, gas dust catcher, gas cleaning devices and
other auxiliaries pertinent to the process..
BOARD - The Air Pollution Control Board of the State of Indiana.
BASIC OXYGEN FURNACE (EOF) - A furnace in which the melting and
refining of iron are accomplished by the high velocity addition of
large quantities of high purity oxygen to the atmosphere above the surface
of the metal bath. The metal is held in a tiltable vessel with a basic
refactory lining. Such a furnace includes furnace proper, oxygen lance,
scrap and flux charging units, iron transfer units, gas collecting and
cleaning equipment and stacks and any other auxiliaries pertinent to the
process,
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT - The quantity of heat required to raise one
pound of water from 59 degrees F to 60 degrees F. (Abbreviated B.T.U.,
BTU or Btu.)
BY-PRODUCT COKE PLANT - A plant used in connection with the
distillation process to produce coke in which the volatile matter is
expelled, collected, and recovered. Such plant consists of, but is not
limited to, coal and coke handling equipment, by-product chemical plant
and other equipment associated with and attendant to the coking chambers
or ovens making up a single battery operated and controlled as a single
unit.
CARBONACEOUS FUEL - Any form of combustible matter solid, liquid,
vapor or gas, consisting primarily of carbon containing compounds in
either fixed or volatile form which are burned primarily for their heat
content.
CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT - A unit composed of a reactor, regenerator
and fractionating tower which is used to convert certain petroleum
fractions into more valuable products by passing the material at elevated
temperature through a bed of catalyst in the reactor. Coke deposits
produced on the catalyst during cracking are removed by burning off in the
regenerator.
COMBUSTiON FOR INDIRECT HEATING - The combustion of fuel to produce
usable heat that is to be transferred through a heat-conducting materials
barrier or by a heat storage medium to a material to be heated so that the
material being heated is not contacted by, and adds no substance to the
products of combustion.
ELECTRIC FURNACE - A furnace in which the melting and refining of
metals are accomplished by means of electric energy.
ENGINEER - Any person meeting the requirements as set forth in
Chapter lU8, Acts of 1935, Indiana General Assembly, as amended, and who is
registered under the Act as a Professional Engineer. He shall be the person
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who designed or is responsible for the design of the equipment or
air pollution control devices and preparation of the plan documents«
EQUIPMENT - Fuel burning, combustion or process devices or
apparfttua including incineratoro, fuel-bujfning *qulpm*n%, r«fU*«-
burning equipment used for the burning of fuel or other combustible
material from which the products of combustion are emitted. Also
this shall include apparatus which generates heat and may emit
products of combustion; and manufacturing chemical, metallurgical
or mechanical processes which may emit smoke, particulate matter or
other air contaminants. Processes are defined as equipment according
to this regulation.
EXCESS AIR - That air supplied in addition to the theoretical
Quantity necessary for complete combustion of ft.1.1 fuel and/or
combustible waste material present.
EXISTING EQUIPMENT - Equipment under construction, installed or
operated on the effective date of these regulations. Any existing
eauipment which subsequent to the effective date of these regulations
is altered, repaired or rebuilt at a cost of 30$ or more of its
replacement value shall be deemed new equipment. The cost of air
pollution control equipment and of its installation is not to be
included as a cost of altering, repairing or rebuilding existing
equipment.
FOUNDRY CUPOIA - A stack-type furnace used for melting of metals
consisting of, but not limited to, furnace proper, tuyeres, fans or
blowers, tapping spout, charging equipment, gas cleaning devices and
other auxiliaries.
FOUNDRY OPEN HEARTH - An open hearth furnace as defined herein
but used in the foundry industry.
GARBAGE - Animal and vegetable matter such as that originating in
houses, kitchens, restaurants and hotels, produce markets, food service
and processing establishments, and greenhouses.
GAS CLEANING DEVICE - Facility designed to remove air contaminants
from equipment exhaust gases.
HEATING AND REHEATING FURMCE - A furnace in which metal is heated
to permit shaping or forming, or to achieve specific physical properties,
HEATING VALUE - The heat released by combustion of one pound of
waste or fuel measured in BTU's on an as received basis.
INCINERATOR - Combustion apparatus designed for high temperature
operation in which solid, semi-solid, liquid, or gaseous combustible
wastes are ignited and burned efficiently and from which the solid .
residues contain little or no combustible material.
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OPEN BURNING - Any burning of combustible materials wherein the
products of combustion are emitte'd directly into the open air vdthout
passing through a stack or chimney.
OPEN HEARTH FURNACE - A furnace in which the melting and refining of
metal is accomplished by the application of heat to a saucer-type or
shallow hearth in an enclosed chamber. Such furnace consists of, but is
not limited to, the furnace proper, checkers, flues, and stack and may
include a waste heat boiler, an oxygen lance, and other auxiliaries per-
tinent to the process.
PARTICULA.TE MATTER - Any material, except water, that exists in a
finely divided form as a liquid or solid.
PERSON - Any individual, partnership, co-partnership, firm, company,
corporation, association, joint stock company, trust, estate, political
subdivision, or any other legal entity, or their legal representative, agent,
or assigns.
PLAN DOCUMENTS - Reports, proposals, preliminary plans, survey and
basis of design data, general and detail construction plans, profiles,
specifications and all other information pertaining to the equipment.
POLITICAL SUBDIVISION - Any municipality, city, incorporated town,
village, county, township, district or authority, or any portion or
combination of two or more thereof.
PROCESS - Any action, operation, or treatment and the equipment used.in
connection therewith, and all methods or forms of manufacturing or processing
that may emit air contaminants.
PROCESS WEIGHT - The total weight of all materials introduced into any
source operation. Solid fuels charged will be considered as part of the
process weight but liquid and gaseous fuels and combustion air will not.
PROCESS WEIGHT RATE - (a) For continuous or long-run steady-state
source operations, the total process weight for the entire period of
continuous operation or for a typical portion thereof, divided by the number
of hours of such period or portion thereof.
(b) For a cyclical or batch source operation,
the total prbcess weight for a period that covers a complete operation or an
integral number of cycles, divided by the hours of actual process operation
during such a period.
When the nature of any process or operation or the design of any equipment
is such as to permit more than one interpretation of this definition, the
interpretation that results in the minimum value for allowable emission shall
apply.
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REFUSEIncludes garbage, rubbish and trade wastes.
RINGELMANN CHARTThe chart published and described in
the U. S. Bureau of Mines Information Circular 8333, and on
which are illustrated graduated shades of gray to black for
use in estimating the light-obscuring power of smoke.
Rl'BlUSHSolids not considered to be highly flammable or
explosive such as, but not limited to, rags, old clothing,
leather, rubber, carpets, wood, excelsior, plastics, paper,
ashes, tree branches, yard trimmings, furniture, tin cans,
glass, crockery, masonry, and other similar materials.
SALVAGE OPERATIONSAny business, trade or industry en-
gaged in whole or part in salvaging or reclaiming any product
or material, such as, but not limited to, metals, chemicals,
shipping containers, or drums.
SINTERING PLANTThe plant used in connection with the
process of fusing fine particles of metallic ores causing
agglomeration of such particles. Such plant consists of, but
is not limited to, sintering machines, handling facilities, wind
boxes, stack and other auxiliaries pertinent to the process.
SMOKESmall gas-borne particles resulting from incomplete
combustion, consisting predominantly, but not exclusively,
of carbon, ash and other combustible material, that form
a visible plume in the air.
SMOKE MONITORA device using a light source and a light
detector which can automatically measure and record the
light-obscuring power of smoke at a specific location in the
flue or stack of a source. Measuring and recording to be at
intervals of not less than 15 seconds.
SOURCE OPERATIONThe last operation preceding the emis-
sion of an air contaminant, which operation: (a) results
in the separation of the air contaminant from the process
materials or in the conversion of the process materials into
air contaminants, and (b) is not an air pollution abatement
operation.
STACK OR CHIMNEYA flue, conduit or opening permitting
particulate or gaseous emission into the open air, or con-
structed or arranged for such purpose.
STANDARD CONDITIONSA gas temperature of 70 degrees
Fahrenheit and a gas pressure of 14.7 pounds per square
inch absolute (psia).
STANDARD CUBIC FOOT (SCF)The standard cubic foot is
a measure of the volume of one cubic foot of gas at standard
conditions.
STANDARD METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREA (SMS A)
The county which has at least one city with a population of
. at least 50,000 and the contiguous counties which contain the
suburban areas for these cities.
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TECHNICAL SECRETARYThe Technical Secretary of the
Air Pollution Control Board of the State of Indiana.
THEORETICAL AIKThe exact amount of air required to sup-
ply the required oxygen for complete combustion of a given
quantity of a specific fuel or waste.
TKADE WASTEAll solid or liquid material or rubbish result-
ing from'cb'rislruc'tion, building operations, or the prosecution
of any business, trade or industry such as, but not limited to,
plastic products, chemicals, cinders and other forms of solid
or liquid waste materials.
REGULATION APC 1
Reports, Flans and Specifications
Any person planning to construct a new installation which
will or might reasonably be expected to become a source of
air pollution or make modifications to an existing installation
which will or might reasonably be expected to increase the
amount or change the effect or the character of air con-
taminants discharged, so that such installation may be ex-
pected to become a source of air pollution, or planning to
install an air-cleaning device shall submit a report, plans
and specifications for approval prior to initiation of con-
struction.
The following listed installations are exempted from the
submission of reports, plans and specifications:
a. Comfort heating equipment, boilers, water heaters, air
heaters, and steam generators with a rated capacity of
less than one million BTU per hour.
b. Fuel-burning equipment and incinerators used singly or
jointly by occupants of dwellings containing four or less
apartment units.
c. Comfort ventilating systems.
d. Unit space heaters.
e. Vacuum-cleaning systems used exclusively for commercial
or residential housekeeping.
f. Laboratory hoods which exhaust to outer air.
g. Exhaust systems for controlling steam and heat.
h. Fuel-burning equipment using as fuel only natural gas,
or L.P. gas, or a mixed gas distributed by a utility in
accordance with the rules of the Public Service Commis-
sion of the State of Indiana.
Reports, plans and specifications filed for approval shall in-
clude the following:
a. Expected composition of effluent stream both before and
after any cleaning device, including emission rate, con-
centration, volume and temperature.
b. Expected physical characteristics of particulates.
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c. Size, type and performance characteristics of air-cleaning
devices.
d. The location and elevation of the emission point and
other factors relating to dispersion and diffusion of the
air contaminant in the outer air, and the relation of the
emission to nearby structures, window openings, and
other information necessary to appraise the possible ef-
fects of the effluent.
e. When necessary to ascertain compliance, the location of
planned sampling points and the tests to be made of the
completed installation by the owner.
f. Any other reasonable and pertinent information that may
. be required by the Board.
Any information relating to secret processes, methods of
manufacture, or production submitted in connection with re-
ports, plans and specifications or testing shall be protected
communications and shall not be released or. made public
without the express permission of the person supplying the
information.
The Board, at its discretion, may accept in lieu of detailed
plans and specifications a certificate that the proposed air
pollution control device will operate in accordance with the
emission limitations of the Rules and Regulations.
REGULATION APC 2
Open Burning
No person shall conduct a salvage operation by open burning
except on written approval of the Board. The Board must
seek advice and guidance of local authorities before issuing
such approval.
No person shall burn any refuse in any open fire except
as follows:
a. Camp fires and fires used solely for recreation purposes
where such fires are properly controlled by a responsible
person.
b. Backyard incineration.
c. Burning of rubbish on a farm, derived from an agricul-
tural operation, when the prevailing winds, at the time of
burning, are away from populated areas and no nuisance
is created.
d. Open burning, in remote areas, of highly explosive or
other dangerous materials for which there is no other
known method of disposal or for special purposes when
approved by the Board.
The exceptions apply in all areas where they are not pro-
hibited by local ordinances or by other officials having juris-
diction such as local fire officials.
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REGULATION APC 3
Smoke and Other Visible Emissions
The Ringelmann Chart shall be used for grading the light-
obscuring power of smoke. No person shall operate any com-
bustion installation so as to produce, cause, suffer or allow
smoke to be emitted, the appearance, density or shade of
which is darker than No. 2 of the Ringelmann Chart. When
cleaning a fire or blowing tubes, smoke which is not darker
than a No. 3 Ringelmann Chart may be emitted for a period
or periods not exceeding five minutes in any 60-minute period,
such emissions shall not be permitted on more than six
occasions during any 24-hour period. When building a new
fire, smoke not darker than a No. 3 Ringelmann Chart may
be emitted not to exceed ten minutes on one occasion per
day. The Board, at its discretion, may accept an extension of
the time period and number of such time periods per day.
When a breakdown of equipment or a change of fuel results
in smoke darker than a No. 2 of the Ringelmann Chart, the
Board shall be notified immediately.
The opacity of any color equivalent to the Ringelmann Chart
may be used as prima-facie evidence in determining process
emissions but may be refuted by approved stack emission tests
or other evidence acceptable to the Board.
REGULATION APC 4
Combustion for Indirect Heating
Emission of particulate matter from the combustion of
fuel for indirect heating shall be limited by the ASME Standard
No. APS-1, dated June 15, 1966, "Recommended Guide for
the Control of Dust Emission-Combustion for Indirect Heat
Exchangers." For purposes of this Regulation, the maximum
allowable emission shall be calculated using equation (15) in
this Standard with a maximum downwind ground level dust
concentration of 50 micrograms per cubic meter for a 30- to
60-minute time period. Figure 2 of the Standard may be used
to estimate allowable emissions. However, irrespective of
stack height, the maximum allowable emission for any stack
shall be 0.6 pounds for new equipment and 0.8 pounds for
existing equipment of particulates per million BTU input.
REGULATION APC 5
Process Operations
No person shall operate any process so as to produce, cause,
suffer or allow particulate matter to be emitted in excess of
the amount shown in the following table. Exceptions are com-
bustion for indirect heating, incinerators, open burning, exist-
ing cement kilns, existing catalytic cracking units, and exist-
ing foundries.
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Allowable Rate of Emission Based
on Process Weight Rate1
Process
Weight
Rate
I.bs/Hr Tons/Hr
100
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
5,000
6,000
7.000
8,000
9,000
10,000
12,000
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
6.00
Rate of
Emission
Lbs/IIr
0.551
0.877
1.40
1.83
2.22
2.58
3.38
4.10
4.76
5.38
5.96
6.52
7.58
8.56
9.49
10.40
11.20
12.00
13.60
Process
Weight
Rate
Lbs/Hr Tons/Hr
10,000
18,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
200,000
1,000,000
2,000,000 1
6,000,000 3
8.00
9.00
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
60.00
70.00
80.00
100.00
500.00
,000.00
,000.00
Rate of
Emission
Lbs/Hr
16.5
17.9
19.2
25.2
30.5
35.4
40.0
41.3
42.5
43.6
44.6
46.3
47.8
49.0
51.2
69.0
77.6
92.7
When the process weight exceeds 200 tons/hour, the maxi-
mum allowable emission may exceed that shown in the table,
provided the concentration of participate matter in the dis-
charge gases to the atmosphere is less than 0.10 pounds per
1,000 pounds of gases at standard conditions.
Existing cement manufacturing operations equipped with
electrostatic precipitators, bag niters, or equivalent gas-clean-
ing devices shall be allowed to discharge concentrations of
particulate matter in accordance with E=8.6 P°-6T below 30 tons
per hour of process weight and E=15.0 P°5 over 30 tons per
hour of process weight.
Existing petroleum catalytic cracking units equipped with
cyclone separators, electrostatic precipitators, or other gas-
cleaning systems shall recover 99.97% or more of the circulat-
ing catalyst or total gas-borne particulate.
Interpolation of the data In this table Tor process weight rates up to 60,000
Ibs/hr shall be accomplished by use of the equation E = 4.10 P°-c", and Inter-
polation and extrapolation of the data for process weight rates in excess of
60,000 Ibs/hr shall be accomplished by use of the equation E 55.0 PH-U-W,
where E=rate of emission in Ibs/hr and P=process weight In tons/nr.
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REGULATION APC 6
Existing' Foundries
No person shall operate any existing foundry so as to pro-
duce, cause, suffer, or allow particulate matter to be emitted
in excess of the amount shown in the following table. All
new foundries shall not exceed the requirements of Regulation
APC 5.
Allowable Emissions from Foundry Cupolas
(Existing Emission Sources)
Process Weight Rate Allowable Emission
of Particulate Matter
Lbs/Hr Lbs/Hr
1,000 3.05
2,000 4.70
3,000 6.35
4,000 8.00
5,000 9.65
6,000 11.30
7,000 12.90
8,000 14.00
9,000 15.50
10,000 16.65
12,000 18.70
16,000 21.60
18,000 22.80
20,000 24.00
30,000 30.00
40,000 36.00
50,000 42.00
60,000 48.00
70,000 49.00
80,000 50.50
90,000 51.60
100,000 52.60
REGULATION APC 7
Incinerators
No person shall cause or permit the emission of particulate
matter from the stack or chimney of any incinerator in excess
of the following:
a. Incinerators with a maximum refuse-burning capacity
of 1,000 or more pounds per hour, 0.4 pounds of particulate
matter per 1,000 pounds of dry exhaust gas at standard
conditions corrected to 50% excess air.
b. All other incinerators, 0.7 pounds of particulate matter
per 1,000 pounds of dry gas at standard conditions cor-
rected to 50% excess air.
c. No incinerator shall emit or produce smoke in excess of
the requirements in Regulation APC 3.
All new incinerators shall be multiple chamber or equivalent
incinerators.
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REGULATION APC 13
Maximum Allowable Concentrations for
Sulfur Dioxide Emissions for the State of Indiana
and Federally-Designated Metropolitan
Interstate and Intrastate Air Quality Control Regions
In accordance with the provisions of the Federal Clean Air Act of
Public Law 'yO-lhS>) select high-population density areas of the State of
Indiana ha\e been designated as Intel-state and Intrastate Air Quality
Control Regions. In such areas, ambient c.ir quality standards and emission
standards to achieve these air quality standards are essential. It is
also essential that ar.iDierit air quality in all other less densely populated
parts of the State be established for the purpose of protecting public
health and welfare.
Cpmbuction of Fuels for Indirect Heating
Etaission of sulfur dioxide from the combustion of fuel for
indirect heating shall be limited to sixty (60) percent of the
maximum allowable particulate matter as covered in Regu)stion
APC k. For purposes of this Regulation, reference ca.n be made
to AST'S Standard No. AP3-1, dated June 15, 1566, "Kecocmended
Guide for the Control of Dust Enissiori-Cocibustion for Indirect
Heat Exchangers." Figure 2 of this ASKE Standard, using the
60 percent factor, may be used, to estimate maximum allowable
emissions. Hovcrer, .-i-rre^.ppctive of stpck height the ~axiTj.m
allowalvIs.e sulfur dioxide emission per million Btu. input shall
be 0.3'5 pounds for new equipment and O.U# pounds f'O7' existing
equipment. In addition, where fuel combustion operations utilize
a number of stacks of the sane height, the rraxiraum allowable
emission (estimated^as being frcra one f.tack) shaLl be divided
nuir.ericfe.lly by n , where "n" is the mirier of sts.cks. For
a total plant load utilizing stacks of unequal height, weighted
factors may be used to obtain an equivalent stack height.
Process Operations
Dnission of sulfur dioxide from any sources, except those
covered by the preceding paragraph, shall be limited'to 0.05
percent by volume of the exhaust gases. Dilution of the exhaust
gases to circumvent the intent of this Regulation shall be
considered grounds for irrxi.edi.atc- action on the part of the Board
to start injunction proceedings.
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TABLE 2
ALLOWABLE RATE OF EMISSION BASED ON
PROCESS WEIGHT RATE
a,b
Process Weight
Rate
Lb/Hr Tons/Hr
100
200
400
600
800
1,000
1,500
2,000
2,500
3,000
3,500
4,000
5,000
6,000
7,000
8,000
9,000
10,000
12,000
0.05
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.75
1.00
1.25
1.50
1.75
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
6.00
Rate of
Emi ssion
Lb/Hr
0.551
0.877
1.40
1.83
2.22
2.58
3.38
4.10
4.76
5.38
5.96
6.52
7.58
8.56
9.49
10.4
11.2
12'.0
13.6
Process Weight
Rate
Lb/Hr Tons/Hr
16,000
' 18,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
70,000
80,000
90,000
100,000
120,000
140,000
160,000
200,000
1,000,000
2,000,000
6,000,000
8.00
9.00
10.
15.
20.
25.
30.
35.
40.
45.
50.
60.
70.
80.
100.
500.
1,000.
3,000
Rate of
Emission
Lb/Hr
16.5
17.9
19.2
25.2
30.5
35.4
40.0
41.3
42.5
43.6
44.6
46.3
47.8
49.0
51.2
69.0
77.6
92.7
"Sections of major importance with reference to this table are sections 2024,
2027, 3213, 3214, and 6112.2.
Interpolation of the data in this table for process weight rates up to 60,000 Ib/hr
shall be accomplished by use of the equation E = 4.10pu< , and interpolation and
extrapolation of the data for process weight rates in excess of 60,000 Ib/hr shall
be accomplished by use of the equation:
E = 55.
p '
- 40, where E = rate of emission in Ib/hr and
P = process weight rate in tons/hr.
Section 6112.4 Any volume of gases passing through and leaving an air pollu-
tion abatement operation may be substituted for the source gas volume of the source
operation served by such air pollution abatement operation, for the purposes of
section 6112.3, provided such air pollution abatement operation emits no more than
40% of the weight of particulate matter entering thereto; and provided further that
such substituted volume shall be corrected to standard conditions and to a moisture
content no greater than that of any gas stream entering such air pollution abatement
operation.
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4.2 PROPOSED REGULATIONS
e
It is proposed that selected portions of the existing State regulations
be modified and that additional regulations be added where necessary.
4.2.1 General Provisions
Regulation APC 1 does not adequately provide for a comprehensive
permit system. The regulation will be modified to include provision for
both a construction permit and operating certificate for new and existing
sources rather than mere approval of plans and specifications. See
Section 4.2.4 for the proposed modifications.
Existing regulations do not provide for registration of emission
information, source testing, approval of control plan and compliance
schedules and control of nuisance. The additions to existing regula-
tions are proposed in Section 4.2.4.
4.2.2 Particulate Matter
Open Burning
Existing Regulation APC 2 currently exempts backyard burning AND
rubbish burning on a farm. These exemptions will be deleted from
this regulation for application in the Cincinnati Interstate
AQCR.
Visible Emissions
Regulation APC 3 currently regulates black smoke emissions
according to the Ringelmann No. 2 scale and other color air
contaminants by equivalent opacity. However, opacity regulations
can be refuted by the violator using stack emission tests or
other evidence. It is proposed that Regulation APC 3 be
strengthened by reducing allowable smoke emissions to Ringelmann
No. 1 in accordance with current technology and deleting exceptions
to opacity regulations to enhance field enforcement aspects of
the regulation.
Fuel Burning Equipment
Existing Regulation APC 4 is not consistent with modern control
technology. Regulation APC 4 will be substituted by the proposed
Regulation APC 4. (See Section 4.2.4.)
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Process Equipment
Existing Regulation APC 5 is consistent with the control strategy
except for the exemptions. Exceptions for cement kilns, catalytic
cracking units and foundries will be deleted from Regulation APC 5.
Incinerators
Existing Regulation APC 7 for incinerators is not completely
consistent with the control strategy. This regulation will be
rewritten to require all incinerators to meet an emission
standard of 0.2 pounds of particulate matter per 100 pounds of
refuse charged on a mass emission rate basis. The regulation
will also incorporate changes in design and operational require-
ments. See Section 4.2.4 for the proposed Regulation APC 7.
Fugitive Dust
There currently are no regulations for control of fugitive dust.
Refer to Section 4.2.4 for Regulation APC 9
4.2.3 Sulfur Oxides
Fuel Equipment
No regulations are in effect for control of sulfur oxides from
the use of fuels. The proposed regulation APC 10 is intended
to implement the control strategy selected. (See Section 4.2.4.)
Process Equipment
No regulations are in effect for control of sulfur oxides from
industrial process operations. Since no sources exist in the
Indiana portion of the Region, none are proposed at this time.
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4.2.4 Modified Regulations
(REVISED) REGULATION APC 1
General Provisions
A. PERMITS AND OPERATING CERTIFICATES
(1) Any person planning to construct a new installation which will
or might reasonably be expected to become a source of air pollution
or make modifications to an existing installation which will or
might reasonably be expected to increase the amount or change the
effect or the character of air contaminants discharged, so that
such installation may be expected to become a source of air pollution,
or planning to install an air-cleaning device shall submit a report,
plans and specifications for approval prior to initiation of construction.
No person shall commence construction until receipt of a valid
construction permit from the Director.
(2) No person shall cause or permit the. use or operation of a
new installation or air-cleaning device for which a construction
permit is required without first obtaining an operating certificate
from the Director.
(3) No person shall cause or permit the use or operation of an
existing installation or air-cleaning device without obtaining an
«
operating certificate from the Director within six months of the
adopted date of these regulations or an approved control plan in
accordance with Section B of this regulation.
(4) The following listed installations are exempted from the submission
of reports, plans and specifications:
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a. Comfort heating equipment, boilers, water heaters, air
heaters, and steam generators with a rated capacity of less
than one million BTU per hour.
b. Fuel-burning equipment and incinerators used singly or
jointly by occupants of dwellings containing four or less
apartment units.
c. Comfort ventilating systems.
d. Unit space heaters.
e. Vacuum-cleaning systems used exclusively for commercial or
residential housekeeping.
f. Laboratory hoods which exhaust to outer air.
g. Exhaust systems for controlling steam and heat.
h. Fuel-burning equipment using as fuel only natural gas, or
L.P. gas, or a mixed gas distributed by a utility in accordance
with the rules of the Public Service Commission of the State of
Indiana.
(5) Reports, plans and specifications filed for approval shall
include the following:
a. Expected composition of effluent stream both before and
after any cleaning device, including emission rate, concentration,
volume and temperature.
b. Expected physical characteristics of particulates.
c. Size, type and performance characteristics of air-cleaning
devices.
d. The location and elevation of the emission point and other
factors relating to dispersion and diffusion of the air
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contaminant in the outer air, and the relation of the emission
/
to nearby structures, window openings, and other information
necessary to appraise the possible effects of the effluent.
e. When necessary to ascertain compliance, the location of
planned sampling points and the tests to be made of the
completed installation by the owner.
f. Any other reasonable and pertinent information that may be
required by the Director.
(6) Any information relating to secret processes, methods of
manufacture, or production submitted in connection with reports,
plans and specifications or testing shall be protected communcations
and shall not be released or made public without the express
permission of the person supplying the information.
(7) The Director, at his discretion, may accept in lieu of detailed
plans and specifications a certificate that the proposed air
pollution control device will operate in accordance with the
emission limitations of the Rules and Regulations.
B. CONTROL PLAN AND TIME SCHEDULE
Except as otherwise specified, compliance with the provisions of these
«.
regulations shall be according to the following time schedule:
(1) New Installations
All new installations shall comply as of going into operation.
(2) Existing Installations
All existing installations not in compliance as of the effective
date of these regulations shall be in compliance within six months
of the effective date of these rc-gulal ions unless the owner or
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person responsible for the operation of the installation shall
e
have submitted to the Department in a form and manner satisfactory
to it, a control plan and schedule for achieving compliance, such
plan and schedule to contain a date on or before which full
compliance will be attained, and such.other information as the
Department may require. If approved by the Department, such date
will be the date on which the person shall comply. The Department
may require persons submitting such a plan to submit subsequent
periodic reports on progress in achieving compliance,. In no event
shall the control plan and schedule exceed two and one-half years from the
adopted date of these regulations.
F. SUBMISSION OF EMISSION INFORMATION
The Director may require the submission of air pollutant information,
from any or all potential sources for purposes of maintaining an air
pollutant emission inventory. Such information shall be provided on
forms furnished by the Department.
G. MEASUREMENT OF EMISSIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANTS
(1) The Director may require any person responsible for emission
of air contaminants to make or have made tests to determine the
emission of air contaminants from any source in order to obtain
an operating certificate or whenever the Department has reason to
believe that an emission in excess of that allowed by these
regulations is occurring. The Department may specify testing
methods to be used in accordance with good professional practice.
The Department may observe the testing. All tests shall be
conducted by reputable, qualified personnel. The Department shall
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be given a copy of the test results in writing and signed by the
.'
person responsible for the tests.
(2) The Director may conduct tests of emissions of air contaminants
from any source. Upon request of the Department the person
responsible for the-source to be tested shall provide necessary
holes in stacks or ducts and such other safe and proper sampling
and testing facilities, exclusive of instruments and sensing
devices as may be necessary for proper determination of the
emission of air contaminants.
H. AIR POLLUTION NUISANCES PROHIBITED
(1) No person shall cause or permit the discharge from any source
whatsoever such quantities of air contaminants or other material
which cause injury, detriment, nuisance, or annoyance to any
person or to the public or which endanger the comfort, repose,
health, or safety of any such person or the public or which cause
injury or damage to business or property.
(2) Nothing in any part of these regulations concerning emission
of air contaminants or any other regulation relating to air
pollution shall in any manner be construed as authorizing or
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legalizing the creation or maintenance of a nuisance.
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(REVISED) REGULATION APC 4
,'
RESTRICTION ON EMISSION OF PARTICULATE MATTER
FROM FUEL BURNING EQUIPMENT
A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
(1) This regulation applies to installations in which fuel is
burned for the primary purpose of producing heat or power by
indirect heat transfer. Fuels include those such as coal, coke,
lignite, coke breeze, fuel oil, and wood but do not include refuse.
When any products or by-products of a manufacturing process are
burned for the same purpose or in conjunction with any fuel, the
same maximum emission limitations shall apply.
(2) The heat content of coal shall be determined.according to
ASTM method D-271-64 Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of Coal or
Coke or ASTM method D-21-5-62T Gross Calorific value of Solid Fuel
by the Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter, which publications are made a
part of this section by reference.
(3) For purposes of this regulation the heat input shall be the
aggregate heat content of all fuels whose products of combustion pass
through a stack or stacks. The heat input value used shall be the
ii
equipment manufacturer's or designer's guaranteed maximum input,
whichever is greater. The total heat input of all fuel burning
units on a plant or premises shall be used for determing the maximum
allowable amount of particulate matter which may be emitted.
(4) The amount of particulate matter emitted shall be measured
according to the American Society of Mechanical Engineer's Power
Test Codes - PTC-27 dated 1957 and entitled Determining Dust
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Concentrations in a Gas Steam, which publication is made a part
of this section by reference.
B. EMISSION LIMITATIONS
(1) No person shall cause or permit the emission of particulate
matter, caused by combustion of fuel in fuel-burning equipment,
from any stack or chimney in excess of the quantity set forth in
the following Figure 1
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O
I
fd
NJ
OJ
bd
i-3
0.11
0.01
10
100 1000
Equipment Capacity Rating (10° BTU/hr)
10,000
100,000
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(REVISED) REGULATION APC 7
RESTRICTION ON EMISSIONS FROM INCINERATORS
i*
A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
(1) This regulation shall apply to any incinerator used to dispose
of refuse or other wastes by burning and the processing of salvable
material by burning. Notwithstanding definitions in other regulations,
as used in this regulation the word refuse includes garbage, rubbish,
trade wastes, leaves, salvable material, agricultural wastes, and
other wastes. The word incinerator, as used in this regulation,
includes incinerators and other devices, structures, or contrivances
used to burn refuse (as defined herein) or to process refuse by
burning.
(2) The burning capacity of an incinerator shall be the manufacturer's
or designer's guaranteed maximum rate or such other rate as may be
determined by the Director in accordance with good engineering
practices. In case of conflict, the determination made by the
Director shall govern.
(3) The amount of particulate matter emitted from any incinerator
shall be detewmined according to the National Air Pollution Control
Administration publication, "Specifications for Incinerator Testing
at Federal Facilities" which publication is made part of this
regulation be reference.
(4) For the purposes of this regulation the total of the capacities
of all furnaces within one system shall be considered as the
incinerator capacity.
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B. EMISSION LIMITATIONS
(1) No person shall cause, suffer, or allow to be emitted into the
open air from any incinerator, air contaminants the appearance,
density, or shade of which exceed No. 1 of the Ringelmann Chart, or
an equivalent opacity.
(2) No person shall cause, suffer, or allow to be emitted into the
atmosphere from any incinerator or to pass a convenient measuring
point near the stack outlet, fly ash in the gases to exceed 0.20
pounds per 100 pounds per hour of rated capacity.
C. DESIGN-OPERATION REQUIREMENTS
(1) No residential or commercial single-chamber incinerator shall
be used for the burning of refuse for a period in excess of eighteen
(18) months after the adopted date of this regulation.
(2) All new incinerators and all existing incinerators after January
1, 1972 shall be multiple-chamber incinerators, provided that the
Director may approve any other type of incinerator if he finds that
the emissions do not exceed those allowed in this regulation.
(3) No person shall operate or cause or permit the operation of
any incineratoV at any time other than between the hours of
10:00 A.M. and 4:00 P.M. This restriction shall not apply to
incinerators having a refuse-burning capacity of five (5) tons
per hour or more.
(4) Incinerators, including all associated equipment and grounds,
shall be designed, operated and maintained so as to prevent the
emission of odors.
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(PROPOSED) REGULATION APC <*
RESTRICTION OF EMISSION OF FUGITIVE DUST AND GASES
A. No person shall cause or permit the handling or transporting or
storage of any material in a manner which allows or may allow unnecessary
amounts of particulate matter to become air-borne.
B. No person shall cause or permit a building or its appurtenances
or a road, or a driveway, or an open area to be constructed, used,
repaired or demolished without applying all such reasonable measures as
may be required to prevent particulate matter from becoming air-borne.
The Director may require such reasonable measures as may be necessary to
prevent particulate matter from becoming air-borne including but not
limited to paving or frequent cleaning of roads, driveways and parking
lots; application of dust-free surfaces; application of water; and the
planting and maintenance of vegetative ground cover.
C. When dust, fumes, gases, mist, odorous matter, vapors, or any
combination thereof escape from a building or equipment in such manner
and amount as to cause a nuisance or to violate any regulation, the
Director may order that the building or equipment in which processing,
handling and storage are done be tightly closed and ventilated in such
a way that all air and gases and air- or gas-borne material leaving
the building or equipment are treated by removal or destruction of air
contaminants before discharge to the open air.
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(PROPOSED) REGULATION APC 10
^
RESTRICTION OF EMISSIONS OF SULFUR DIOXIDE
FROM USE OF FUEL
A. GENERAL PROVISIONS
(1) This regulation shall apply to any installation in which fuel is
burned and in which the sulfur dioxide emission is due largely to
the content of the fuel burned, and in which the fuel is burned
primarily to produce heat or power by indirect heat transfer.
(2) For purposes of the regulation, a fuel-burning installation is
any single fuel-burning furnace or boiler or other unit, device, or
contrivance in which fuel is burned or any grouping of two or more
such furnaces or boilers or other units, devices, or contrivances
on the same premises or otherwise located in close proximity to each
other and under control of the same person. The capacity of such
installations shall be the manufacturer's or designer's guaranteed
maximum heat input rate.
(3) The method for determining the percent of sulfur in coal shall
be that described in ASTM D-271-64, Standard Methods of Laboratory
Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke or equivalent method approved
by the Direct»r. The method for determining the heat content of
coal shall be described in ASTM D-271-74, Standard Methods of
Laboratory Sampling and Analysis of Coal and Coke or D-2015-62T,
Tentative Method of Test for Gross Calorific Value of Solid Fuel
by the Adiabatic Bomb Calorimeter. All coal analyses and heat
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contents are to be made on a d,ry basis. Moisture content of coal
is to be determined in all cases and results reduced to facilitate
calculations of actual pollutants. The method for determining the
sulfur content of fuel oil shall be that described in ASTM D-129-64
Standard Method of Test for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by the
Bomb Method. The method for determining the heat content of fuel oil
shall be that described in ASTM D-240-64 Standard Method of Test
for Heat of Combustion of Liquids by Bomb Calorimeter or other
method giving comparable results. The testing methods specified
in the subsection A (3) are hereby made a part of this regulation,
by reference.
(4) The Director is authorized to take samples of any fuel by any
appropriate means for the sampling of the quantity which he finds,
at any reasonable time or place, for purposes of determining
compliance with this regulation. Where applicable, the following
methods will be used.
For coal: ASTM: D-492-48 (1958), Standard Method of Sampling
Coals Calssified According to Ash Content
ASTM: D-2013-64T, Tentative Method of Preparing
Coal Samples for Analysis
ASTM: D-2234-65T, Tentative Method for Mechanical
Sampling of Coal
For oil: ASTM: D-270-64, Standard Method of Sampling Petroleum
and Petroleum Products
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B. PROHIBITIONS
(1) No person shall burn, sell or make available for sale for
burning in fuel burning equipment, any fuel containing in excess
of 1% sulfur by weight after July 1, 1971 except for fuel combustion
units having heat capacities in excess of 200 million BTU/hour; for
these units, fuel in excess of 1.25% sulfur by weight are prohibited.
(2) Any person offering to sell or deliver fuel or any person
responsible for fuel burning equipment, shall, upon request, submit
to the Department such ana /ses of the fuel as may be required to
determine compliance with these regulations.
(3) It shall be unlawful for any person to import, sell, offer for
sale, expose for sale, exchange, deliver or transport for use and
consumption in the State of Indiana or to use or consume in the State
of Indiana any fuel which does not meet the requirements of this
regulation.
(4) Fuels in excess of the limits set out in B(l) above may be burned,
sold or made available for sale for burning in fuel burning equipment
on which control equipment to desulfurize stack gases has been
installed or other methods or devices are used that will produce
results equivalent to those that would have resulted from the burning
of fuel containing one percent or less sulfur by weight without these
added control features and for which approval for use has been
obtained from the Director.
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5. EMERGENCY EPISODE AUTHORITY AND PROCEDURES
The purpose of an Emergency Episode Plan is to prevent the ambient
concentrations of pollutants from ever reaching levels where it appears
that the health, safety, and welfare of the community may be in danger.
The objective of this Emergency Episode Plan is to temporarily control
sources within the Indiana portion of the MCIAQCR during episode periods
when dilution is not adequate to prevent high ground level concentrations
of pollutants. Planning for emergency episodes assures that the reduction
of emission from sources is conducted in a well-structured manner with
minimum inconvenience to the emitters as well as the citizens of Indiana.
The Emergency Episode Plan is presented in the following sections.
The Plan is designed for the emergency control of particulates and
sulfur oxides. Emergency episode plans for other pollutants such as
carbon monoxide, oxidants, and nitrogen oxides will be submitted to the
Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
The proposed Emergency Episode Plan is viewed as a mechanism that
will eventually be sensitive to all air contaminants which may be
hazardous to human health during episodes. This is to say, the Plan
that is outlined for development is designed with an awareness of the
future requirements of the State. The intensity of study which supports
the development of the proposed Plan is justified on the grounds that
the emergency control of pollutants, in addition to particulates and
sulfur oxides, will be eventually coordinated by one common Plan.
5.1 COMPREHENSIVE EMERGENCY EPISODE PLAN
The comprehensive Emergency Episode Plan is an outline of the steps
that will be taken by Indiana to establish a viable episode organization.
The Plan is based on the MCIAQCR episode organization as presented in
Appendix C of this report. Since episodes are regional problems,
cooperation among the jurisdictions in the MCIAQCR will be mandatory.
The utilization of the MCIAQCR EOCC* will assist the cooperative effort.
The comprehensive Plan is viewed as an outgrowth of the interim
Plan which is presented in Section 5.2 The interim Plan calls for a
number of specific actions which are recommended for episode avoidance.
*Emergency Operations Control Center
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The comprehensive Plan, once developed, will replace parts of the interim
Plan with an approach which is based on scientific and engineering fact.
The comprehensive plan will provide for intensive evaluation of the emission
sources as well as air quality and meteorological parameters to determine a
Plan that is sensitive to the needs of the Indiana portion of the MCIAQCR.
c i ]_ Episode Criteria
The following episode criteria will trigger preplanned emergency
actions in the Indiana portion of the MCIAQCR:
1. Status: "Forecast" - An internal watch will be activated
on the basis of a Weather Bureau HAPPA* or equivalent
indication that a high air pollution potential will exist
for the next 36 hours.
2. Status: "Alert" - At the initiation of, and periodically
during a "Forecast" period, air quality information for
the preceding 24-hour period will be reviewed. If for
any consecutive 24-hour period the average sulfur dioxide
level is equal to or exceeds 0.10 ppm and the soiling
index for the same period is equal to or exceeds 2.0 COHs,
an "Alert" status is established.
3. Status: "Warning" - If for any consecutive 24-hour period
during an "Alert", the average sulfur dioxide level is
equal to or exceeds 0.25 ppm and the soiling index for
the same period is equal to or exceeds 4.0 COHS, a
"Warning" status is established.
4. Status: "Emergency" - If during the "Warning" period, it
appears imminent that for a 24-hour period, the average
sulfur dioxide level will equal or exceed 0.40 ppm and the
soiling index for the same period will equal or exceed
6.0 COHs, an "Emergency" status is established.
5. Status: "Termination" - Once declared, any status reached
by application of these criteria will remain in force
until the criteria for that status are no longer met.
At such time, the next lower status will be resumed. This
procedure will continue until the episode is terminated.
Emergency actions will be taken by each state when any monitoring
site within the MCIAQCR records ambient air quality in excess of that
designated in the criteria. Adverse air quality need not be regionwide
to trigger emergency control actions. Also, the Alert, Warning, and
Emergency stages can and should be activated on the basis of deteriorating
air quality alone; a High Air Pollution Potential Advisory need not be
in effect.
*High Air Pollution Potential Advisory
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The entire Emergency Episode Plan operates around the relationship
between the measured air quality during the episode and the predetermined
levels established by the episode criteria. The relationship between
criteria and the remainder of the Plan is illustrated in Figure 5-1.
r i o Episode Communications
J JL £ * ---- . ...
Indiana, as a member of the Air Pollution Control Officers Committee*
will actively participate in MCIAQCR episode activities. Through the EOCC ,
the field inspection team and the State air pollution officials will be
in direct contact with the organizations listed in Table 5-1.
Table 5-1. ORGANIZATIONS CONTACTED DURING EPISODES
Legal Authority Neighboring Jurisdictions
Emission Sources Other State and Local Governmental
Air Quality Data Sources
u *. i i r. News Media
Meteorological Data Sources
. NAPCA
Telephone Company
5.1.2.1 Communications Center
The objective of the MCIAQCR EOCC is to serve as the facility
for reception and processing of data relating to. air pollution episodes
and for determination of avoidance actions. It will accept information,
process raw information into intelligence data, and determine corrective
actions. The implementation of specific source control actions will be
left to the individual states.
During air pollution episodes, the MCIAQCR EOCC will be manned
by the staff of the City of Cincinnati and personnel from the state agencies
in Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana. Other specialists such as physicians may
also be called upon to volunteer their services during the serious stages
of episodes. In general, they will recommend appropriate actions as well
as assist in the interpretation of air quality data, meteorological factors,
public health effects, and engineering considerations.
*Abbreviated APCO
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METEOROLOGICAL
MONITORING
STAGE
STAGE 2
STAGE 3
STAGE 4
State of Indiana
AIR
MONITORING
HIGH AIR
POLLUTION
POTENTIAL
ADVISORY
FORECAST
METEOROLOGY CONDITIONS ONLY
AGENCY PREPARE FOR
POTENTIAL EPISODE
ADVISE MAJOR SOURCES
CONDITION*
CONTINUES
I
ALERT
NO ACUTE HEALTH EFFECTS,BUT
PREVENTIVE ACTION REQUIRED
PUBLIC ANNOUNCEMENT
FUEL SWITCHING
CURTAIL INCINERATION &
BURNING
POLLUTANTS
REACH
1ST LEVEL
CONDITION*
CONTINUES
WARNING
PRELIMINARY HEALTH HAZARD
SELECTIVE CURTAILMENT
OF INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES
POLLUTANTS
INCREASE
TO 2ND LEVEL
CONDITION*
CONTINUES
EMERGENCY
DANGEROUS HEALTH HAZARD
MAJOR CURTAILMENT OF ALL
ACTIVITIES IN COMMUNITY
POLLUTANTS
INCREASE
TO 3RD LEVEL
*Whl le poor meteorological conditions will continue to be present,
a formal HAPPA statement by ESSA is not a requirement.
Figure 5-1. INDIANA EPISODE SEQUENCE
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The staff requirements for episode actions under the comprehensive
Episode Plan will be similar to the staff identified for the interim Plan
in Table 5-5. All of the staff, except for the technicians, field
inspectors, and enforcement personnel (who have field responsibilities)
will report to the EOCC when so directed. Staffing schedules will be
determined by the APCO Committee so that the Center will be manned on a
24-hour basis during the more severe stages of an episode. During each
episode, a team will be selected to prepare a post-episode report. This
team will coordinate with NAPCA in preparing such a document.
Nearly all communications will be conducted over standard
telephone lines. Dedicated telephone lines may be installed to assure
communications with such organizations as: major sources of pollution,
ESSA, and NAPCA. Such channels may be required because of the heavy
load that will be placed on the regular telephone system during episodes.
A fleet of two-way radio equipped automobiles will be needed
for air quality inspection, source inspection, and enforcement to maintain
continuous contact with the field and to assure adequate surveillance
of the emergency conditions.
Equipment needed in the EOCC in addition to standard items such
as conference tables, typewriters, and calculators include wall charts
and maps for display of:
Air Quality Data
Meteorological Information
Source Control Data
Traffic Flow Patterns
Essential equipment for the EOCC will be purchased and installed according
to the time schedule presented in Section 5.1-".
5.1.2.2 Communications Manual
A Communications Manual will be developed to simplify the procedure
of communicating with the organizations listed in Table 5-1. The Manual
will specify the operations to be followed by each member of the EOCC
operating staff at each episode stage. The Manual will also identify the
steps to be taken by the field personnel.
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A series of prepared press releases will be included in the Manual
for immediate release during the early stages of an episode. Procedures
for publicizing these messages and other specially prepared announcements
will be clearly presented.
The Communications Manual wil1 be completed by July 1971.
5.1.3 Episode Surveillance
5.1.3.1 Air Quality Monitoring
During episodes, short-period averages of air quality measurements
will be available from four fixed stations described in Section 6.1. Three .
of these sites are in Ohio and one in Kentucky. Initially, only the exist-
ing CAMP station located near downtown Cincinnati will be in operation; but
all four should be operative by September 1, 1971, the season of greatest
episode probability.
Continuous sulfur dioxide analyzers at each site will permit
averages to be obtained for sampling periods as short as 15 minutes and
running sums, averages, or combined indices over longer periods as required,
updated hourly.
Tape Samplers will be used to provide soiling measurements at all
sites. They will be equipped with recorders for real-time measurements
and easier retrospective analysis. Normal sequential sampling interval
is two hours; however, the sampling time will be reset for hourly or
half-hourly intervals when ambient concentrations are high.
Concentrations of suspended particulates will be measured by
hi-vol samplers, one at each station. During non-episode periods, hi-
vols will be set to take a midnight-to-midnight reading on a schedule
of operation yet to be determined. One schedule under consideration calls
for hi-vol operation every third day. However, during episodes, hi-vols
will be operated at maximum frequency consistent with the work load.
5.1 3.2 Meteorological Monitoring
During episodes periods, both predictive and observational
weather information may be required. The revised Federal Mesometeorological
Plan developed by the U.S. Environmental Science Services Administration
(ESSA) provides for the establishment of an ESSA Meteorological Support
Unit (EMSU) for the MCIAQCR. This unit consist of an urban (air pollu-
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tion) meteorologist, a technical assistant, and two technicians. The
technicians normally take two low level soundings a day, one near day-
break and one early in the afternoon near the time of maximum imixing
height. During episodes one or two additional soundings may be taken.
Low level soundings provide vertical profile data on temperature
and wind and derivative data such as mixing height, transport wind, and
ventilation index. They differ from ordinary rawinsonde observations in
that they utilize a slow-rising balloon to allow high resolution and
terminate at 10,000 feet. An observational site for taking low level
soundings has not yet been determined. Sites that are representative
of urban conditions are preferred to the airport sites used for ordinary
rawinsodes.
The target date for EMSU implementation is during fiscal year
1972. However, shortage of funds and qualified manpower has resulted in
long delays in establishing EMSU units at many designated regions. As
an interim arrangement, therefore, meteorological support will be pro-
vided by the existing Weather Bureau facility at Greater Cincinnati
Airport, located in Boone County, Kentucky. This office is directed to
establish close working relations with air pollution control agencies
and related interests in the metropolitan Cincinnati area. Since the
present office is responsible for the full spectrum of weather services
to the community as well as support to aviation, it lacks the resources
for a complete service to air quality control activity such as the EMSU
specialists can provide. However, as a minimum the Weather Bureau office
will furnish observational data and up-to-the-minute local advisories
adapted from the High Air Pollution Potential Advisory (HAPPA), which
is issued by the National Meteorological Center (NMC) at Suitland,
Maryland.
The HAPPA message is disseminated over Teletype Service C daily
at 12:20 E.S.T. The criteria for issuing an advisory are so restrictive,
particularly with regard to a minimum size for the affected area, that
local communities may not be alerted by this means against limited
incidents of high pollutant concentrations. Hence, service that is
tailored to the needs of the region will go beyond mere adaptation of
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HAPPA messages. As a first step, arrangements will be made to have a
daily air pollution potential sheet prepared by the Weather Bureau at
Greater Cincinnati Airport and the data routinely telephoned to the
Cincinnati Division of Air Pollution Control or to a specified coordi-
nating office such as the Cincinnati Regional Office of the State of
Ohio control agency. Data will be adapted from the 7:00 a.m. rawinsonde
run taken at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Dayton, which is the closest
reporting station for upper air temperature and wind data. When air
pollution measurements reach or are expected to reach specified levels,
the receiving office will relay the meteorological data and other
pertinent information to the State agencies of Indiana, Ohio, and
Kentucky. A sample informational sheet is shown in Figure 5-2.
When the EMSU unit becomes operative, it will take over the
responsibility for preparing, disseminating, and applying the daily
air pollution potential sheet. Furthermore, the HAPPA program is
expected to be decentralized, so that advisories will be better
geared to local situations. Under this new arrangement, advisories
for the MCIAQCR will originate from the Cleveland, Ohio Forecast Office.
In addition to the low level soundings that the EMSU unit will
provide, pilot balloon ascents are made at the Greater Cincinnati Airport
and at Standiford Field, Louisville, Kentucky, at 0100 and 1300 E.S.T.
Observational data from Louisville are often indicative of conditions
in the Cincinnati area a few hours in advance. During episodes, surface
data from the following locations may also be useful:
Lunken Airport
Abbe Observatory (now operated by University of Cincinnati)
MCIAQCR Surveillance Network: Four Primary Stations
(See Section 6.1.1.)
One or more developmental types of instrumentation such as the radiothermo-
sonde (scanning radiometer) and acoustical soundings may become operational
in the near future.
It is still uncertain how these observational data will be utilized
during an air pollution episode. They may be important input in short-
period prediction models that are expected to be available. Certain
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Figure 5-2. DAILY ADVISORY FROM WEATHER BUREAU
AT GREATER CINCINNATI AIRPORT
Date
AIR POLLUTION POTENTIAL SHEET
I. Temperatures (°F)
a. Maximum yesterday
b. Minimum this morning
c. Maximum this afternoon
II. Mixing Height (meters)
a. Maximum yesterday
b. Minimum this morning
c. Maximum this, afternoon
d. Minimum tomorrow morning
e. Maximum tomorrow afternoon
URBAN
RURAL
III.
Base
Inversion Data (a.m.) (1. Surface, 2. Aloft)
Base Top
URBAN
Top
Tx needed
to break
Tx needed
to break
1.
2.
1.
2.
IV. Winds
URBAN
RURAL
a. Surface at 1000 LST
b. Surface forecast
c. Morning AW (Actual)
d. Afternoon AW (Forecast)
e. Yesterday's observed AW
(Noon)
(6-7 p.m.)
Kt.
Kt. .
Kts.
_m/sec.
m/sec.
m/sec.
m/sec.
m/sec.
m/sec.
_m/sec.
m/sec.
V. Cloudiness
a. Today until 7p.m.
b. Tonight (7p.m. until 7a.m.)
VI. Ventilation
a. This afternoon(AW x MXHT)
m2/sec
VII. Index
a. This morning (actual)
b. This afternoon (forecast)
c. Tomorrow morning (forecast)
AMOUNT (0-10)
URBAN
RURAL
Tomorrow afternoon (forecast)
NOTE:
AW = average ventilation wind through the mixing layer
TX = Maximum Temperature
MXHT = Mixing Height
-------
developmental models of this type are predicated upon winds that vary in
space and time. Interim application of these data remains qualitative
and subjective and should be handled by an experienced meteorologist.
5.1.3.3 Data Handling
Data acquired during episodes will be handled as described in
Section 5.1.4.However, the greater frequency and shorter sampling inter-
vals prescribed for episodes will require a much heavier workload than
normal. The extra level of effort involved both in observational pro-
cedures and in data reporting, reduction, and analysis will be consistent
with manpower and program funding limitations. In light of criteria that
have been established for determining whether manual and semi-automatic
networks should be converted to telemetered real-time data reduction
systems, the planned network does not yet warrant real-time operation.
However, the need and justification for this type of operation will be
periodically reviewed.
5.1.3.4 Source Inspection
Under episode conditions, it is the principal field duty of the
enforcement personnel to ascertain that the Emission Reduction Plan
described in Section 5.1.5 is being executed. The available tools and
procedures to exercise this function are the same as those used in
normal operations (see Sections 6.2.1 and 6.2.2) except that emphasis will
be placed upon quick action and rapid response measures. Equipment
needed for communications is specified in Section 5.1.2
Verification of compliance is sometimes difficult. For example,
Ringelmann and opacity tests are of little use when a sulfur dioxide
episode occurs. Since an effective control technology for particulates
is available today and reduction of visible emissions will inevitably
result after outlay of funds, effort and public resolve, the major
problem will become the enforcement of sulfur dioxide emission reduction.
Violations might sometimes be traced through monitoring station measure-
ment, but conclusive evidence must be obtained at the points of emission.
It may be necessary to enter the premises of a suspected violator armed
-------
with necessary legal instruments and test equipment. Remedies may then
come too late to affect the source of the episode. More direct, faster,
legally admissible techniques for determining the amount and type of
gaseous emission by scanning the plume from a distance will aid in
achieving compliance with the Emission Reduction Plan.
5.1.4 Episode Legal Authority
Enabling legislation necessary for the implementation of emergency
action exists in Indiana. The discussion of episode legal authority is
presented in Section 3 of this report.
5.1.5
Emission Reduction Plan
The objective of an Emergency Episode Plan is the temporary reduction
of emissions during episodes. The Emission Reduction Plan (ERP) is that
part of the total episode plan which directs the orderly and equitable
control of source emissions. The ERP builds upon and utilizes the other
parts of the episode plan that have been previously presented in Section 5.1,
that is: episode criteria, surveillance networks, communications center,
and legal authority.
An ERP objectively and quantitatively evaluates all sources within
a region and selects the sources for control. The criteria for selection
include technical feasibility and economic reasonableness of emergency
control and minimal disruption of community activities-
The ERP for the Indiana portion of the MCIAQCR will be developed
promptly after the submission of this Implementation Plan. Through
engineering and economic analyses of the sources in the two-county area
a series of optimum emergency control strategies will be developed.
Cooperation among the numerous jurisdictions in the MCIAQCR is
imperative in developing the Emission Reduction Plan. This is so because
(1) the Plan, once adopted, must be executed on a regionwide basis and (2)
economices of scale will result by having one central unit, the APCO
Committee, responsible for all episode avoidance activities of the Region.
Thus, in developing the Emission Reduction Plan for the MCIAQCR, some
specific responsibilities will be performed by the Committee
-------
and others by the individual States. The separation of tasks and the
procedure for developing the ERP is,illustrated by the flowchart in
Figure 5-3. The elements of the Emission Reduction Plan are summarized
in Table 5-2.
To curtail emissions during episodes, a set of emergency strategies
for achieving rapid step-wise reductions will be developed. Progressively
more stringent control strategies will be specified for each episode
level as greater emission reduction is required. Substantial background
information will be necessary to determine the essential strategies.
As indicated in Figure 5-3, Emergency Control Questionnaires will
be used in conjunction with Emission Reduction Guides to obtain the
required technical and cost information from selected sources. The
plans submitted by the surveyed sources will be reviewed and approved by
the air pollution control agency of each state. Plans that are not
acceptable will be returned to the source. If the source does not resub-
mit a plan, the air pollution control agency will make the necessary
revisions. Such adjusted plans will be enforced during episodes.
Once alternative strategies have been evaluated, the optimum
strategy will be announced to sources and the public with additional
information on recommended procedures for acting and communicating
during episodes.
5.1.6 Time Schedule for Emergency Episode Plan Development
The development of the Emergency Episode Plan will require significant
time and effort to complete. A time schedule for the completion of essential
requirements of the Plan is presented in Table 5.4 The schedule is based
on estimates which assume State personnel will begin actively developing
the Plan soon after the adoption of the Implementation Plan.
5.2 INTERIM EMERGENCY EPISODE PLAN
Since the comprehensive Emergency Episode Plan will not be immediately
available, an interim Plan will be adopted to protect the citizens of the
Region. Specific actions for control control, agency personnel, and
relevant organizations have been developed for the MCIAQCR and the states
-------
Air Pollution
Control
Officers
Committee
Select Emergency
Source Categories
Develop
Emission
Reduction
Guides (ERG)
Develop
Emergency
Control
Quest. (ECQ)
I
I>
L^J
State
of
Indiana
Develop
Survey
Procedures
Survey
Candidate
Sources
eview
Source Control
Plans
Develop Source
Status Report
Procedure
Not
Acceptabl<
Acceptable
Evaluate
Control Plans
for All Sources
Periodically
Update Plans
& Strategies
Prepare
Alternative
Emergency
Strategi es
Figure 5-3.
PROCEDURE FOR DEVELOPING THE
EMISSION REDUCTION PLAN
Announce
Most Probable
-------
Emergency*
Source
Category
II & III
IV
Emission Reduction Guides Emergency Control Questionnaires
Detailed process and fuel
combustion analysis
per source category;
extensive review of con-
ventional and emergency
control techniques
Review of fuel combustion
and incineration operating
techniques and emergency
control alternatives
None
Complete examination of emissions
control alternatives and direct
and indirect effects on emitters,
region, and nation
Quantification of emission
curtailment alternatives and
effectiveness
None
Source Surveys
Questionnaire followed
by visitation and con-
sultation
Questionnaire reviewed
by telephone if necessary
None
Source Status Report
Detailed report of
immediate ability to
control plus impact
of actions on other
sources and region
Observation of fuels
used
Observation of traffic
density
emergency Instruction
Notification
Detailed instructions
to source emissions
control and communi-
cate responsibility
during episode
Instructions on required
actions during episode
Instructions on required
actions during episode
*See Table 5-3 (which directly follows) for the proposed Emergency Source
Categories for the MCIAQCR
-------
Table 5-3. PROPOSED EMERGENCY SOURCE CATEGORIES FOR THE MCIAQCR*
ESC-I: INDUSTRIAL AND STEAM ELECTRIC POWER
Food and Kindred Products
Furniture and Fixtures
Paper and Allied Products
Printing, Publishing and Allied Industries
Chemicals and Allied Products
Petroleum Refining and Related Products
Stone, Clay, Glass and Concrete Products
Primary Metals Industries
Fabricated Metal Products, except Ordnance, Machinery and
Transportation Equipment
Machinery, except Electrical
Electric, Gas, and Sanitary Services (except incinerators)
ESC-II: COMMERCIAL FACILITIES
Commercial
Office Buildings
High-Rises
Hospitals
Private and Professional Schools
Construction
ESC-III;GOVERNMENTAL FACILITIES
Governmental Offices
Municipal Incinerators
Schools
Military Bases
ESC-IV: TRANSPORTATION AND RESIDENTIAL
Automobiles
Airlines
Mass Transit
Private Dwellings
*See Table 5-2
-------
TABLE 5-4. METROPOLITAN CINCINNATI INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION, INTERIM EMERGENCY EPISODE PLAN
Section I
EPISODE CRITERIA
High Air Pollution Potential
Advisory (hours)
Air Quality
Measurements
(24-hour '
Averages)
Particulates
(COH/1000 LF)
Sulfur Dioxide
(ppm)
(F)
FORECAST
36
No specified level
No specified level
(A)
ALERT
None needed
2.0
0.10
(W)
WARNING
None needed
4.0
0.25
(E)
EMERGENCY
None needed
6.0
0.40
Section II
INTRASTATE EPISODE AUTHORITY
Authorized State AP Official
State Governor(or AP Commissioner)
State Attorney General Office
(F)
FORECAST
Alert staff
No action
No action
(A)
ALERT
Activate "alert" staff and
announce "alert"
No action
Nc action
(W)
WARNING
Activate "warning" staff
Announce "warning"
Assist enforcement procedures
(E)
EMERGENCY
Activate "emergency" staff
Announce "emergency"
Assist enforcement procedures
Ul
I
Section III
EPISODE SURVEILLANCE
Air Quality Monitoring
Meteorological Monitoring
Data Handling
Source Surveillance
(F)
FORECAST
Increase measurement frequency
Increase frequency of measurements
Evaluate incoming data and
prepare wall charts
No action
(A)
ALERT
Maintain hourly measurements
Maintain frequency of measurements
Evaluate incoming data and
prepare wall charts
Inspect major sources
(W)
WARNING
Maintain hourly measurements
Maintain frequency of measurements
Evaluate incoming data and
prepare wall charts
Follow plan for source
inspection
(E)
EMERGENCY
Maintain hourly measurements
Maintain frequency of measurements
Evaluate incoming data and
prepare wall charts
Follow plan for source
-------
H
cr
M
Ul
I
o
o
3
rr
SECTIOH IV
TTATE I^TTION REDUCTION PLANS
Control Strategist
Power Generating
Other Fuel Burning Sources
Industrial
Commercial
Processing
Residential
Fuel Suppliers
Incineration
Municipal
Commercial
Residential
Open Burning
Manufacturing
Cont inuous
Batch Process
Commercial
Entertainment
Office Work
Business
Government
Schools
General Office
Construction
Motor Vehicles
Public Transportation
(F)
FORECAST
Review emission reduction plans
inform of conditions
No action
No action
No action
No action
No action
Alert
No action
No action
Alert
No action
Alert
No action
No action
No action
No action
No action
Ho action
No action
No action
(A)
ALHTT
Request "alert" control
Substantial reduction - fuel
switch or load shift
Fuel svitch - limit cleaning and
start-up;partial shutdown
Substantial reduction
Fuel switch; limit cleaning and
start-up
No action
Provide assistance to customers
Maximum reduction
Maximum reduction
Prohibit operations
Prohibit operations
Minimum reduction
Minimum reduction
No action
No action
No action
No action
No action
Shut down dust production
activities
No action
No action
(W)
WARNING
Request "warning" control
Maximum reduction - fuel switch
or load shift
Fuel switch - limit cleaning and
s tart- up ; part i al s hut down
Maximum reduction
Fuel switch; limit cleaning and
start-up
Limit electrical consumption and
reduce room temperature to 65°F
Provide assistance to customers
Prohibit operations
Prohibit operations
Prohibit operations
Prohibit operations
Maximum reduction
Partial shutdown
Prepare to shut down
Prepare to shut down
Prepare to shut dovn
Prepare tc shut down
Prepare to shut down non-
essential activities
Prepare to shut down all
activities
be stopped
Ho action
(E)
EMERGENCY
Request "emergency" control
Maximum reduction - fuel switch
or load shift
Maximum possible reduction
Maximum possible reduction
Maximum possible reduction
.
reduce room temperature to 65°?
Provide assistance to customers
Prohibit operations
Prohibit operations
Prohibit operations
Pr ohib it ope rat i ons
Maximum reduction or curtail
operations "
Curtail operations
Shut down
Shut down
Shut down
Shut down
Shut down non-essential
activities
Shut down all activities
Prevent all but emergency travel
to downtown
-------
Table 5-4. (continued)
SECTION V
EPISODE COMMUNICATIONS
(from emergency operation contra! center to:)
Federal Facilities
Emission Sources
News Media (puDlic)
Hospitals
Police Department
Telephone Company
NAPCA
ESSA (U.S. Weather Bureau)
State Governor (or AP Commissioner)
State Pepartnent of Traffic 1 Highway
C
S
C
C
S
C
C
C
S
5
(F)
FORECAST
Not notified
Inform selected sources
Not notified
Not notified
Not notified
Not notified
Report conditions
Request meteorological info.
Not notified
Not notified
(A)
ALERT
Contact through NAPCA
r epresentat ive
Contact through news media and
telephone
Send press release "AM
Recom:ena precautionary measures
Alerted
Alerted
Report conditions
Request meteorological info.
Report condit ions
Alerted
(w)
WARRING
Contact through NAPCA
representative
Contact through news media and
telephone
Send press release "W"
Recommend precautionary measures
Request enforcement assistance
Request emergency procedures
Report conditions
Request meteorological info.
Request "Warning" Announcement
Request traffic reroute
(E)
EMERGENCY
Contact through NAPCA
representative
Contact through news media and
telephone
Send press release "E"
Recommend precautionary measures
Request enforcement assistance
Request emergency procedures
Request assistance
Request meteorological info.
Request "emergency" announcement
q
NOTE:
C = announcement resulting from APCO Committee dicision
-------
Table 5-4. (continued)
SECTION VI
EMERGENCY EPISODE STAFF
"OCC Director
Chief Chemist
Chief Engineer (Strategist)
Chief Compliance Officer
Program Management, Chief
Control Engineers
Meteorologist
Chemists
Technicians
Inspectors
Clerical
Records Analysts
Physicians (volunteers)
Communication Specialists
State Police Department
E
E
E
S
E
S
E
S
S
S
E
E
E
E
S
(F)
FORECAST
Alerted
Alerted
Alerted
Alerted
No action
No action
Issue local air pollution
advisories
No action
Collect air quality samples
No action
Record data and operate
telephones
Review emergency control data
No action
No action
No action
(A)
ALERT
Direct staff, communicate with
state official, review public
announc emen t
Coordinate air quality monitoring
and analysis
Determine optimum source
control strategy
Coordinate Field inspections
Coordinate data handling effort
Assist sources and evaluate
control status
data, evaluate data.
Analyze samples
Collect and evaluate air quality
samples
Source inspections
Record data and operate
telephones
Supply strategist with data and
maintain wall charts
Ho action
Prepare special press releases
Review enforcement procedures
(w)
WARNING
Direct staff, communicate with
announcement
Coordinate air quality monitoring
and analysis
Determine optimum source
control strategy
Coordinate field inspections
Coordinate data handling effort
control status
data, evaluate data
Analyze samples
Collect and evaluate air quality
samples
Source inspections
Record data and operate
telephones
Supply strategist with data and
maintain wall charts
Consult with Director
Assist with enforcement
-------
in the MCIAQCR. The actions are presented in Figure 5-4. The following
aspects of the Emergency Episode Plan are presented for the Forecast,
Alert, Warning, and Emergency stages:
I. Episode Criteria
II. Intrastate Episode Authority
III. Episode Surveillance
IV. State Emission Reduction Plans
V. Episode Communications
VI. Emergency Episode Staff
The interim Emergency Episode Plan heavily depends upon voluntary
compliance of major sources within the MCIAQCR. Nearly all sources are
candidates for emergency control during episodes. A list of the ma.lor
point sources is presented in Table 5-5. Only three of the sources
in Indiana have particulate or sulfur oxide emission rates equal
to or greater than one ton per day. The pollutant emission rates
were determined by the NAPCA emission inventory for the MCIAQCR.
The interim Plan includes the required actions to be taken by
each source category at specific stages of an air pollution episode.
The Plan is based on general knowledge of the source types and the
ability of such sources to control emissions during episodes.
At the present time, the engineering and economic information about
each source within the MCIAQCR is not available to determine scientifically
the optimum strategy or series of preferred strategies. Short-term episode-
meteorological diffusion models for regions are not available at this time
to test the adequacy of the proposed interim Plan. Without analytical tools
to evaluate the effectiveness of the Plan, a philosophy which stresses
the protection of the health of the citizens has been taken. Thus, a
relatively stringent Plan is recommended. When meteorological tools are
developed and are practical for a region the size of the MCIAQCR, such
will be incorporated into the comprehensive Emergency Episode Plan.
A selected emergency emission reduction strategy may be used when
an episode is discovered in one localized area. The most efficient and
economical strategy in such a case will be the emergency control of sources
within the immediate geographical area or control of nearby sources that
are directly affecting the episode.
-------
Tasks:
July Dec. July Dec. July
j 1970 | 1970 I 1971 [ 1971 [ 1972
Dec.
1972
July
1973
Develop Emergency Operations
Control Center
Develop Emission Reduction Plan
Figure 5-4. INDIANA EMERGENCY EPISODE PLAN
-------
Table 5-5. MAJOR POINT SOURCES IN THE MCIAQCR
Sulfur Oxides Particulates
bource (tons/year) (tons/year)
INDIANA
Dearborn Dump No. 4 0.03 1.13
Jos. E. Seagram & Sons, Inc. 3.64 2.45
Indiana & Michigan Elec. Company 339.30 64.75
(Tanners Creek Station).
-------
Whenever possible, sources in similar source categories will be
treated equally. The factors of: (1) effectiveness of temporary
control, (2) the required response time for emergency control, and
(3) economic impact on the source will all be considered in deter-
mining the interim ERP, when such factors are known.
Although the interim ERP will be based on voluntary compliance
of major point sources, temporary injunctive relief can be requested
through local courts when sources will not voluntarily comply with
control orders.
Until the recommended air quality monitoring network is
operational, the existing network will satisfy the need for episode air
quality determination.
Meteorological information will be obtained from the U.S. Weather
Bureau. Additional meteorological information, if needed, will be
obtained through private sources.
-------
6. AIR QUALITY MONITORING
6.1 OBJECTIVES
Ambient air sampling is required to assess current air quality, determine
the degree of improvement necessary and measure the results of control and
abatement actions. A second major requirement is for the provision of in-
telligence prior to, during, and following actual or potential air pollution
episodes in order to determine emission curtailment tactics for episodal
avoidance.
Requirements are divided into two categories, based on desired averaging
times:
Contaminant concentration on a schedule; intermittent hourly/daily
basis
Continuous real-time monitoring providing 15-minute average
concentrations and running averages of one hour, eight hours,
and 2k hours
Based on these criteria, two types of air quality monitoring sites
are required. These are designated as primary and secondary monitoring
stations.
The following are the pollutants of immediate concern, the techniques
for monitoring, the type of equipment needed, averaging time, and data
summary report period for primary and secondary monitoring sites.
Monitoring
Technique
Primary Monitoring Station
Sensor
Averaging
Time
Colorimetric
or
Coulometric
Continuous
Hourly
Pollutant
Sulfur Dioxide
Particulates
Wind Speed**
*One-Hour averaging during episodes
**Taken at several selected sites (to be determined)
Report
Period
Monthly
Filtration
(Suspended)
Filtration
(Soiling)
Anemometer
Wind-Vane
Intermittent
Continuous
Continuous
Continuous
2^-Hour
2-Hour*
Hourly
Hourly
Quarterly
Monthly
Monthly
Monthly
-------
Secondary Monitoring Station
Pollutant
Monitoring
Technique
Sulfur Dioxide Colorimetric
Particulates
Filtration
(Suspended)
sensor
Averaging
Time
Hourly
Intermittent
(daily, 2U
samples)
Intermittent 2^-Hour
Report
Period
Monthly
Quarterly
6.1.1 Location of Sampling Stations
Air quality monitoring sites represent pollutant density in their
immediate area (normally within a radius of 1/2 - 3/U mile around the site),
are directly influenced "by the proximity of emission source.^ (emission
density), and monitor the impact of pollutants on people working of living
in their immediate area (dosage). Therefore, each projected station has
been evaluated according to these three considerations as follows:
Pollution Density*
Based on real and simulated pollutant averages, annual levels of
suspended particulates and sulfur oxides were plotted according
to multiple concentration ranges. These were classified as values
greater than, equal to, and less than approved Air Quality
Standards.
Population Density*
Based on 1968 data, population density was plotted by three
categories; high, median, and low.
Emission Density*
Based on emissions inventory data (1969) compiled for this report
for suspended particulates and sulfur oxides, annual emission
densities were plotted. These are representative of high, median,
and low levels of source concentrations.
Table 6-1 presents the projected regional air quality monitoring
network. Each site is des.cribed by category and evaluated according to
the above noted criteria. Its location in the AQCR is fixed and its
actual or scheduled start-up is listed. The numbers and general locations
of sampling sites were selected to represent the best judgment regarding
the allocation of resources necessary to meet the previously stated sur-
veillance objectives.
*Maps showing the pollutant concentrations, population density, and emission
density are presented in Section 1 and we:'e used in determining sampler
placement.
-------
TABLE 6-1. PROJECTED REGIONAL AIR QUALITY
MONITORING'NETWORK
Station
Type
o Primary
o Primary
o Primary
o Primary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
Pollution
Density
H
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
L
X
X
Population
Density
H
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
L
Emission
Density
H
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
L
X
X
X
Location
Central and Ann
Streets, Cincinnati,
Ohio
Drake Hospital
Galbraith Road
Cincinnati, Ohio
Main and Dayton
Streets, Hamilton,
Ohio
600 5th Street
Newport , Kentucky
1055 Laidlaw Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio
General Protestant
Orphanage, Madison
Road, Cincinnati , Ohio
Parkland & Twain
Saylor Park
Cincinnati, Ohio
800 Bauer Ave.-B.H.S.
Batavia, Ohio
Galbraith & Blue Ash
Deer Park, Ohio
E. Uth St. - F.H.S.
Franklin , Ohio
Sharon & Winton Roads
Greenhills, Ohio
230 S. Elm Street
Harrison, Ohio
25 Oakwood Avenue
Lebanon, Ohio
Start-Up
Date
Jan. ,
1962
Jan. ,
1971
April,
1971
Jan. ,
1971
Jan. ,
1968
April,
1971
July ,
1971
July,
1971
July,
1971
Jan. ,
1971
July,
1971
Jan. ,
1971
Jan. ,
1971
-------
TABLE 6-1 Continued:
Station
Type
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
o Secondary
Pollution
Density
H
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
L
X
X
X
Population
Density
H
X
X
X
M
X
X
X
X
X
X
L
X
X
X
Emission
Density
H
X
X
X
X
X
X
M
X
X
L
X
X
X
X
Location
State & Hill Streets
Miamitown, Ohio
12 Uo Central Avenue
Middletown, Ohio
N.E. Fire Dept. ,
Market Street
Nev Richmond, Ohio
U.S. 50 & St. Rt. 128
North Bend, Ohio
Talawanda High School
Chestnut Street
Oxford, Ohio
Short & E. Williams
Lawrenceburg, Indiana
State Route 56
Rising Sun, Indiana
7th and Scott Street
Covington, Kentucky
505 Commonwealth Ave.
Erlanger, Kentucky
Veterans Hospital
Ft . Thomas , Kentucky
Rt. 20
Petersburg, Kentucky
U.S. 25 & Stevenson
Road
Walton , Kentucky
Start-Up
Date
Jan. ,
1971
April ,
1971
July,
1971
July,
1971
Jan. ,
1971
Jan. ,
1970
Jan. ,
1971
Jan. ,
1968
Jan. ,
1967
Jan. ,
1971
July,
1971
Jan. ,
1971
-------
Figure 6-1 graphically displays the network configuration. Superimposed
on the display of sampling location isan isopleth projection of predicted
annual arithmetic average particulate concentrations. (See Section 2.2.)
This display indicates that areas of maximum pollutant concentrations will
"be adequately sampled by the proposed network.
6.1.2 Frequency of Collection
Data will be collected on a continuous basis from all automatic S0_
analyzers utilized. Sequential samplers will measure S0? for 2k consecutive
one-hour periods every'third calendar day.
Twenty-four hour concentrations of suspended particulates will be
collected on all hi-vol samplers utilized every third calendar day.
Soiling particulates will be collected continuously at two-hour
intervals at all primary monitoring stations.
6.1.3 Methods of Sampling
Prescribed methods of measuring and monitoring atmospheric sulfur
oxides are referenced from Public Health Service Publication No. 999-AP-6
(196^). The methods for atmospheric sampling and analyses of suspended
particulate matter are referenced from the APCA Recommended Standard Method,
APM-2.5 (1967). The methods for atmospheric sampling and analysis of
soiling particulate matter are referenced from the APCA Recommended Standard
Method, APM-2.1.
6.1.U Data Handling and Analysis
6.I.U.I Suspended Particulates
Following the 2^-hour sample collection period, filters from the
high volume samplers are sent to the Analytical Laboratory operated in
Indianapolis by the Division of Air Pollution Control. A laboratory
technician determines the concentration of particulates and records the
value and the appropriate identification information on data record forms.
Routine monthly and annual reports as well as specialized data analyses
-------
HAMILTON ~ .80
KENTON | CAMPBELL
O
Primary Station
O Secondary Station
Figure 6-1. Location of Proposed Air Quality Monitoring
Stations in the MCIAQCR.
Superimposed are Ground Level Particulate
Isopleth Concentrations (See Section U.2).
(Concentrations shown represent annual
arithmetic mean values in u/m^.
-------
are prepared manually. Consideration is now being given to the development
of a computerized data handling system. Such a system would, of course,
be designed to handle data from all State air monitoring activities.
6.1.4.2 Sulfur Dioxide
The sequential samplers used to determine sulfur dioxide
concentrations yield 2k one-hour average samples. These samples are
forwarded to the laboratory in Indianapolis for analysis. Presently,
all data handling including the preparation of monthly and annual
reports and special data analyses is done manually.
When and if a computerized data handling system is developed
for the air monitoring activities conducted statewide by the Commission,
data from the sequential samplers will also be handled by automated
techniques.
6.1.U.3 Episode Sampling
During conditions of high or potentially high air pollution,
the primary sampling stations, none of which are located in Indiana,
will be of foremost importance. The Episode Control Officer may,
however, direct collection of special samples at the two secondary
stations located within this State. These samples would be analyzed
at a central laboratory within the MCIAQCR rather than at Indianapolis,
since rapid utilization of the air quality data is of the utmost impor-
tance in emergency situations.
-------
are prepared manually. Consideration is now being given to the development
of a computerized data handling system. Such a system would, of course,
be designed to handle data from all State air monitoring activities.
6.1.U.2 Sulfur Dioxide
The sequential samplers used to determine sulfur dioxide
concentrations yield 2k one-hour average samples. These samples are
forwarded to the laboratory in Indianapolis for analysis. Presently,
all data handling including the preparation of monthly and annual
reports and special data analyses is done manually.
When and if a computerized data handling system is developed
for the air monitoring activities conducted statewide by the Commission,
data from the sequential samplers will also be handled by automated
techniques.
6.1.U.3 Episode Sampling
During conditions of high or potentially high air pollution,
the primary sampling stations, none of which are located in Indiana,
will be of foremost importance. The Episode Control Officer may,
however, direct collection of special samples at the two secondary
stations located within this State. These samples would be analyzed
at a central laboratory within the MCIAQCR rather than at Indianapolis,
since rapid utilization of the air quality data is of the utmost impor-
tance in emergency situations.
-------
This page is blank.
-------
6.2 CONTROL OF EMISSION SOURCES
This function of the total air pollution control effort encompasses
both Engineering and Enforcement services personnel. It includes tvo
separate systems, each system being made up of two programs as follows:
Source Surveillance
(a). Source Identification and Registration
(b). Permit to Construct
(c). Permit to Operate
Source Inspection - Field Operations
(a). Fuel Burning Sources, Industrial Sources
(b). Complaint Investigations and Field Patrol
6.2.1 Source Surveillance
All new or existing control apparatus and/or appropriate equipment
used within the Region will be required to obtain a Permit to Construct
and/or a Permit to Operate. This mechanism will guarantee source identi-
fication and registration. The following apparatus and equipment will be
required to obtain Permits:
All control apparatus
Equipment used in a manufacturing process involving surface
coating, including but not limited to spray and dip painting,-
roller coating, electrostatic depositing or spray cleaning
which emits air contaminants into the open air and in which
the quantity of material used in any source operation is in
excess of 10 pounds in any one hour.
Equipment used in a manufacturing process involving metal
cleaning or surface preparation, including but not limited
to degreasing, etching, pickling, or plating which emits air
contaminants into the open air from a tank or vessel, the
capacity of which is in excess of 100 gallons.
Equipment, used in a manufacturing process, with some exceptions
to be defined, which emits air contaminants into the open air
either directly or indirectly and in which the combined weight
of all materials, excluding air and water, introduced into any
one source operation is in excess of 50 pounds in any one hour.
Liquid storage tanks, reservoirs, and containers, used for
the storage of acids, solvents, diluents or thinners, inks, -
colorants, lacquers, enamels, varnishes, liquid resins and
having a capacity in excess of 10,000 gallons.
Pneumatic material handling or conveying systems.
-------
Commercial fuel burning equipment in which the rate of solid
fuel burned is in excess of 1,000,000 BTU's in any one hour.
Any equipment used for the burning or incineration of non-
commercial fuel or process by-products in the form of liquid,
solid, or gas.
Any incinerator, except incinerators constructed, installed,
or used in one or two family dwellings or in multi-occupied
dwellings containing six or less family units, one of which is
owner occupied.
Prior to issuance of a Permit to Operate, an engineer will observe
the equipment in operation at design capacity. At that time, the equipment
will be checked with the plans and specifications previously submitted.
During the inspection, observations will be made to determine that:
the equipment is physically located as shown on the equipment
location drawing,
the equipment is constructed as indicated in the application,
the equipment is capable of operating in compliance with the
applicable rules and regulations of the State Air Pollution
Control Agency,
* source testing is or is not necessary.
Based on the engineers' inspection and evaluation of the equipment and
process as well as relevant source test results, a recommendation will
be made by the engineer regarding the issuance or denial of permit to
operate. After review and approval of the recommendation, action will
be taken by the State Agency to approve or deny the Permit to Operate.
Source testing capability to support the Permit to Operate program
currently exists in the Cincinnati Agency, for the Ohio Program.
It will be developed or expanded in the Kentucky and Indiana state agencies.
This capability will consist of trained personnel (normally a two-man team)
and equipment for determining particulates ,sulfur oxides, and other gaseous
emissions.
A person desiring to construct or alter and operate any equipment
capable of emitting air contaminants will be required to apply for a
Permit to Construct from the appropriate air pollution control agency.
The agency will furnish application forms, written instructions, and
information required for proper filing. The application will be logged,
dated, and assigned an identification number. All information pertinent
-------
to the application, including data and drawings, will be submitted to an
air pollution control engineer for review and evaluation. Based on the
engineer's review, the application will be approved and the applicant may
proceed with construction, or the applicant will be requested to confer with
the engineer to discuss questionable aspects of the application. In the
event that disagreements cannot be resolved by submission of additional
information, minor changes in the proposals, or an acceptable explanation
by the applicant, the application will be denied.
This mechanism will be installed and operated by the
Necessary emissions inventory data will be abstracted at the local level
by the State Agencies for entry into the Regional Data Bank. The State
will reserve the right to negate Permits to Operate issued to sources
which are found in violation of State regulations.
6.2.2 Source Inspections - Field Operations
Equipment installed, placed in operation, and issued a Permit to
Operate will then come under the jurisdiction of Enforcement Services
personnel. This group is responsible for policing sources of air pollution
within its area of jurisdiction to insure compliance with applicable rules
and regulations of the agency.
Each Enforcement Unit will encompass the following functional
activities:
Industrial Inspections
Continuously inspect assigned manufacturing plants
Prepare source inventories
Check compliance with permit system and conditions of variances
in assigned industries
Investigate breakdowns
Investigate complaints made against assigned industries
Field -Patrols
Patrol assigned zones including highways and waterways for all
visible violations from stationary and mobile sources
. Enter and cite all plants where visible violations are observed
Keep under surveillance plants on referral from other sections
Answer public complaints
-------
C ommun i c at i ons
Maintain and operate radio transmitter and receiver 2k hours a
day for:
a. Complaints, instructions, and data to mobile units
b. Declaration of alerts to specified industries and all
mobile units
c. Receipt and recording of data from air monitoring stations
6.2.3 Schedule
The Source Surveillance System vill be completely implemented and
operational by January 1973.
The Field Operations and Inspection Systems will be operational
by January 1972.
6.3 REGIONAL DATA BANK
A regional data bank will be established and maintained by the City
of Cincinnati agency. In order to maximize the utility of collected data
in planning and decision making, a total data management system will be
developed. Following is a brief summary of the elements of such a system
and an estimate of the monthly computer time.
t Air Quality and Meteorological data (Operational by July 197l)
It will be necessary to develop a series of ten computer programs to
handle the routine processing of air quality and meteorological data. The
air quality monitoring system will yield in excess of 50,000 measurements
each month. It will be necessary to convert these data to engineering
units, validate the data, update master files, and prepare routine data
tabulations and statistical summaries. The monthly computer usage will
be ten hours.
These programs will provide a continuing evaluation of the progress
toward the attainment of air quality standards. In addition, the programs
will provide frequency distributions of pollutant concentrations, relation-
ships among air quality and meteorological parameters, geographical
distribution of pollutants, and the like. The monthly computer usage will here
be six hours. Approximately two hours per month of an x - y plotter will
be utilized.
-------
Emission Inventory (Operational by January 1971)
The data bank will maintain a current inventory of all sources of air
pollution. Such data is necessary to show progress being made in the
reduction of total emissions to the atmosphere. A series of k-6 computer
programs will be developed to handle this data; the actual update of the
inventory will result from the data collected through the operation of the
Permit System. File update will require four hours of computer time per
month.
Permit System (Operational by January 1971)
To maintain control of sources of air pollutants, a permit system
will be established. Administration of this system will require a series
of 3-1+ computer programs. Monthly computer time required will be four
hours per month.
Diffusion Modeling (Operational by January 1972)
In order to assess the adequacy of emission regulations, it is
necessary to supplement measurements of air quality with estimates of air
quality derived from a mathematical model of atmospheric diffusion.
Computer programs are available from NAPCA. Minor modifications will be
made to adapt these programs to the RCA Computer. Diffusion modeling
will be performed on an annual basis and will require 20 hours per year.
6.1* AIR QUALITY DATA TRANSMISSION
Routinely, data from the continuous analyzers will be manually reduced,
punched on input cards, and stored in the computer. No extensive telemetry
system will be initially employed.
However, a telephone interrogation system for the automatic monitors
at all primary sampling stations will be installed as the stations are
activated. This system will consist of a telephone, data processing set,
and a teletype printer located at the control center (Cincinnati Air
Pollution Control Agency). A data transmission set and a computer-
serializer unit will be located at each remote site. A command from the
control center, generated by dialing the unlisted phone of the field station,
-------
will signal the data transmission set which then activates the computer-
serializer unit. This unit takes a millivolt signal from the appropriate
automated monitor and converts it to a signal compatible with the Bell
System transmissions equipment. At this point, the transmission set sends
a signal over the Bell System's lines to the central control station. The
signal is then processed and displayed by means of a teletype printer.
After processing sequentially through the available field monitors, the
computer-serializer generates a disconnect pulse for the completion of
the sequence.
The major objectives of this system are:
Routine interrogation of field stations to establish the
priority of maintenance requirements. A more efficient
utilization of the instrument technician will be achieved,
thus resulting in the overall reduction of manpower needs.
Frequent interrogation during emergency episode periods
to provide the EAC with a link to "real-time" data.
-------
7. RESOURCES
7.1 GENERAL
The enactment of enabling legislation and the adoption of emission control
regulations will not of themselves accomplish the air quality goals set forth
in this Implementation Plan. Realization of these goals depends to a great
extent upon the ability of the control agencies to enforce abatement programs.
Such enforcement, in turn, is contingent upon the availability of adequate
resources, the most crucial resource being manpower.
In the determination of manpower requirements, the NAPCA model was used.
Briefly, this model uses four area characteristics (land area, population, number
of manufacturing establishments, and capital expenditures) to establish man-years
of effort required to support some fourteen functions carried out by a control
agency.
The organizational structure of the various control agencies within the
MCIAQCR is an important factor in determining the required resources. An
analysis of the various organizational alternatives considered in the preparation
of this Implementation Plan is presented in Appendix C.
The following two sections present the control agency requirements for the
Indiana portion of the MCIAQCR as determined by the manpower model. All
funds will be provided by the state with matching federal funds and all
personnel will be hired by the Indiana State Agency. All state operations will
be directed from the central offices in Indianapolis.
7.2 CALCULATED MAN-YEARS
Area characteristics for each county are presented in Table 7-1. The
manpower model was used to estimate man-years of effort required in the
entire Indiana portion of MCIAQCR. A summary of the output from the manpower
model is presented in Table 7-2. A total of 3.1 man-years of effort is
required to sustain an adequate control program for the four county area.
A summary of man-years which existed at the end of FY 1970 (June 30, 1970)
is presented in Table 7-3. It is apparent that the manpower presently
committed to the four county control agencies are far from adequate. Assuming
that the necessary funding discussed in the following section is available,
the recruitment of the necessary personnel presents a serious problem.
-------
TABLE 7-1 . INPUT CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIANA NEEDED FOR MANPOWER ESTIMATES
County (ies)
Indiana
Dearborn
Ohio
Total
Region Total
Area
(Sq. Miles)
306
87
393
2707
Population
(1970 est.)
30.8 x 103
4.5 x 103
35.3 x 103
1.735 x 106
Manufacturing
Establishments
33
6
39
2172
Capital
Expenditure
($)
6
2.2 x 10
8 x 10"
2.2 x 106
94.6 x 106
-------
TABLE 7-2 . SUMMARY OF MAN-YEAR ESTIMATES FOR INDIANA PORTION OF MCIAQCR
FUNCTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10 .
11.
12.
13.
14.
Monitoring
Primary
Secondary . ,
Total
Inspections
Complaints
Permits
Policy
Training
Special Studies
Emission Estimates
Engineering Reports
Administration
Data Processing
Source Testing
Instrumentation
Laboratory
PREDICTO'R
0
3
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
i.
0.
0.
0.
04
3
02
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
7
8
MANPOWER FACTOR
0
0
2
1
9
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.5
.2
.8
.0
.7
.22
.12
.06
.05
.06
.59
.09
.10
.25
.35
CALCULATED
MAN-YEARS
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0
6
6
1
3
2
3
2
1
1
1
7
1
1
2
3
Total 3.1
-------
TABLE 7-3 . ESTIMATED PRESENT MANPOWER UTILIZATION. BY CONTROL AGENCY
FOR INDIANA,.AND FOR THE TOTAL MCIAQCR
CONTROL PROGRAM
Management
Policy
Training
Administrative
Sub-Total
Enforcement
Inspections
Complaints
Source Registration
Sub-Total
Engineering
Permits
Emission Est.
Source Test.
Reports; Reg.
Sub-Total
Technical Services
Monitoring
Special Studies
Data Processing
Instrumentation
Laboratory
Sub-Total
TOTALS
STATE AGENCY
INDIANA
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.1
0
0
0
0.1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0.9
7-4
REGIONAL
TOTALS
2.6
1.6
2.6
6.8
11.0
2.4
5.3
1.1
8.8
0.2
3.3
1.1
0.0
4.6
1.0
0.0
0
0.0
1.0
2.0
-------
Approximately two additional full time men are required to adequately staff
the Indiana portion of the MCIAQCR. These personnel will be hired over the
period FT 1971 through FY 1973.
7.3 FUNDING
The funding required to support the Indiana Control Agency operating in the
MCIAQCR is projected upon the basis of the staffing presented in Table 7-2.
Salaries for the various categories of personnel are based upon information
contained in the NAPCA Program and Financial Needs Report for the MCIAQCR
(Table 7-4). Salalies are burdened by an overhead factor equivalent to
one third of the base salary. Overhead includes such things as; fringe
benefits, facilities and support, and additional operating expenses (travel,
utilities, consumables, etc.).
A summary of costs for three years beginning with FY 1971 is presented
in Table 7-5. The goal is to reach the required level of peration by FY 1973
when it is estimated that in excess of $69,000 will be necessary. This
represents about a three-fold increase over the existing level of funding.
The sources of revenue which will produce the projected level of
funding are uncertain as of the writing of this report. It is assumed that
basic program support will remain at the state level. Furthermore, it is
assumed that present Federal grants will be extended and two for one matching
funds will be provided for new monies put forth by local or state jurisdictions.
A summary of the capital expenditures necessary to support air monitoring
activities over the period FY 1971 to FY 1973 is presented in Table 7-6. The
total is distributed over each of the three fiscal years in Table 7-5.
-------
TABLE 7-4 . AVERAGE SALARY ESTIMATES FOR AGENCY OPERATIONS
Management Activities Annual
Professional (25%) $ 16,000
Non-Professional (75%) 8,000
Enforcement Activities
Inspectors 10,000
Engineering Activities
Engineers 14,000
Technical Services
Chemists (40%) 10,000
Technicians (60%) 5,000
Fringe Benefits, Facilities and Support,
plus Additional Operating Expenses 33 1/3 % of Base
Salary
-------
Table 7-5. ESTIMATED EXPENDITURES FOR INDIANA PORTION OF MCIAQCR
Fy 71
72
73
Management Operations
Salaries
Operating Expense
Facilities and support
16,000
5,300
500
21,800
20,000
6,600
500
27,100
24,000
7,900
500
32,400
Enforcement Operations
Salaries
Operating Expense
Facilities and support
5,000
1,700
500
7,200
5,000
1,700
500
7,200
5,000
1,700
500
7,200
Engineering Operations
Salaries
Operating Expense
Facilities and support
7,000
2,300
5.000
14,300
7,000
2,300
1.000
10,300
7,000
2,300
1.000
10,300
Technical Service Operations
Salaries
Operating Expense
Facilities and support
Expenditures for Agency
10,000
3,300
7.000
20,300
63,600
10,000
3,300
4.000
17,300
61,900
12,500
4,100
3.300
19,900
69,800
Expenditures for Region
1,083,400
1,230,350
1,472,450
-------
TABLE 7-6 . ESTIMATED CAPITAL EXPENDITURES FOR THE INDIANA PROGRAM
WITHIN THE MCIAQCR
ITEM
INDIANA
REGIONAL TOTALS
Air Monitoring Network
Continuous Station
Shelter
Cont. S02 (Recorder)
Tape Sampler
Hi-Vol Sampler
S02 Bubblers
$72,000
48,000
16,000
4,000
1,200
2,800
Intermittent Station
Hi-Vol Sampler
S02 Bubblers
Misc. Static
Laboratory Equipment
Computer Facilities
(Time Sharing)
TOTALS
$2,200 (2)
600
1,500
100
$10,000
1,000
$23,400 (21)
6,300
15,700
1,000
$50,000
5,000
$15,400
$244,000
-------
APPENDIX A
TABLE A-l
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA FOR THE ANNUAL SEASON
Stability Class 1
WINDSPEED CLASS
WIND DIRECTION
N
NNE
NE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
.0001
.0
.0002
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0000
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0001
.0002
.0
.0001
.0001
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
.0001
.0
.0001
.0002
.0003
.0003
.0001
.0003
.0002
.0001
.0002
.0002
.0
.0001
.0002
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A-l (Continued)
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA FOR THE ANNUAL SEASON
Stability Class 2
WINDSPEED CLASS
WIND DIRECTION
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
w
WNW
NW
NNW
1
0.0009
0.0007
0.0012
0.0007
0.0007
0.0002
0.0004
0.0010
0.0020
0.0013
0.0010
0.0008
0.0009
0.006
0.0005
0.0003
2
0.0016
0.0010
0.0020
0.0012
0.0025
0.0012
0.0013
0.0013
0.0021
0.0020
0.0021
0.0028
0.0020
0.0010
0.0010
0.0012
3
0.0006
0.0008
0.0008
0.0014
0.0015
0.0010
0.0006
0.0006
0.0010
0.0012
0.0010
0.0018
0.0014
0.0011
0.0007
0.0009
4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A-l (Continued)
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA FOR THE ANNUAL SEASON
Stability Class 3
WINDSPEED CLASS
1IRECTI
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
ON 1
0.0005
0.0003
0.0005
0.0006
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0003
0.0010
0.0013
0.0009
0.0007
0.0005
0.0002
0.0002
0.0002
2
0.0012
0.0014
0.0012
0.0009
0.0017
0.0010
0.0016
0.0010
0.0025
0.0036
0.0028
0.0022
0.0022
0.0006
0.0010
0.0008
3
0.0041
0.0019
0.0031
0.0032
0.0030
0.0025
0.0016
0.0017
0.0039
0.0052
0.0072
0.0073
0.0076
0.0039
0.0023
0.0016
4
0.0007
0.0003
0.0003
0.0005
0.0010
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0.0006
0.0010
0.0016
0.0012
0.0013
0.0008
0.0001
0.0002
5
0.0001
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0001
0.0001
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A-l (Continued)
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA FOR THE ANNUAL SEASON
Stability Class 4
WINDSPEED CLASS
DIRECTION
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
1
0.0004
0.0003
0.0004
0.0006
0.0005
0.0004
0.0004
0.0011
0.0016
0.0012
0.0008
0.0010
0.0009
0.0010
0.0008
0.0002
2
0.0051
0.0035
0.0054
0.0050
0.0062
0.0051
0.0044
0.0043
0.0103
0.0077
0.0074
0.0071
0.0076
0.0041
0.0047
0.0033
3
0.0138
0.0089
0.0101
0.0114
0.0127
0.0082
0.0099
0.0091
0.0210
0.0211
0.0196
0.0156
0.0177
0.0130
0.0089
0.0061
4
0.0134
0.0070
0.0065
0.0058
0.0056
0.0039
0.0028
0.0036
0.0119
0.0186
0.0244
0.0184
0.0262
0.0193
0.0138
0.0070
5
0.0009
0.0005
0.0002
0.0003
0.0002
0.0003
0.0001
0.0001
0.0008
0.0028
0.0039
0.0029
0.0052
0.0036
0.0010
0.0005
6
0.0002
0.0001
0.0001
0.0
0.0
0.0001
0.0001
0.0
0.0001
0.0003
0.0010
0.0008
0.0012
0.0001
0.0001
0.0001
-------
TABLE A-l (Continued)
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA FOR THE ANNUAL ASEASON
Stability Class 5
WIND DIRECTION
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
WINDSPEED CLASS
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
.0023
.0033
.0034
.0039
.0058
.0055
.0047
.0045
.0148
.0131
.0102
.0035
.0029
.0021
.0017
.0009
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
.0067
.0079
.0088
.0107
.0114
.0098
.0088
0.0092
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
.0215
.0261
.0166
.0078
.0089
.0047
.0055
.0025
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
3
.0046
.0030
.0030
.0045
.0043
.0016
.0011
.0017
.0039
.0039
.0060
.0041
.0063
.0035
.0029
.0014
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
5
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
.0
-------
TABLE A-2
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA FOR THE WINTER SEASON
Stability Class 1
WINDSPEED CLASS
WIND DIRECTION
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0 .
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A-2 (Continued)
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA FOR THE WINTER SEASON
Stability Class 2
WINDSPEED CLASS
WIND DIRECTION
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0005
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0009
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0
0.0
2
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
3
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A-2 (Continued)
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA FOR THE WINTER SEASON
Stability Class 3
WINDSPEED CLASS
WIND DIRECTION
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
1
0.0000
0.0005
0.0001
0.0005
0.0000
0.0000
0.0000
0.0001
0.0005
0.0011
0.0002
0.0011
0.0000
0.0001
0.0001
0.0007
2
0.0005
0.0
0.0009
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0005
0.0009
0.0005
0.0009
0.0018
0.0014
0.0009
0.0009
0.0014
0.0023
3
0.0005
0 . 0005
0.0005
0.0009
0.0005
0.0
0.0014
0.0
0.0014
0.0009
0.0027
0.0009
0.0027
0.0018
0.0009
0.0023
4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A-2 (Continued)
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA FOR THE WINTER SEASON
Stability Class 4
WINDSPEED CLASS
WIND DIRECTION
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
1
0.0015
0.0005
0.0001
0.0000
0.0000
0.0010
0.0005
0.0010
0.0015
0.0024
0.0034
0.0011
0.0016
0.0006
0.0010
0.0001
2
0.0100
0.0050
0.0082
0.0032
0.0032
0.0046
0.0059
0.0041
0.0128
0.0091
0.0118
0.0146
0.0146
0.0087
0.0105
0.0100
3
0.0255
0.0123
0.0087
0.0068
0.0105
0.0137
0.0087
0.0091
0.0246
0.0150
0.0219
0.0173
0.0392
0.0319
0.0250
0.0114
4
0.0228
0.0041
0.0027
0.0014
0.0014
0.0064
0.0041
0.0055
0.0132
0.0150
0.0291
0.0314
0.0442
0.0364
0.0246
0.0137
5
0.0009
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0014
0.0082
0.0059
0.0105
0.0055
0.0032
0.0009
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0005
0.0014
0.0005
0.0009
0.0
0.0
0.0
-------
TABLE A-2 (Continued)
METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA FOR THE WINTER SEASON
Stability Class 5
WINDSPEED CLASS
WIND DIRECTION
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
1
0.0014
0.0016
0.0009
0.0025
0.0020
0.0034
0.0022
0.0018
0.0069
0.0051
0.0104
0.0075
0.0022
0.0020
0.0013
0.0007
2
0.0023
0.0036
0.0023
0.0027
0.0064
0.0118
0.0077
0.0050
0.0109
0.0128
0.0196
0.0077
0.0073
0.0027
0.0082
0.0046
3
0.0036
0.0023
0.0018
0.0046
0.0018
0.0009
0.0014
0.0014
0.0032
0.0032
0.0109
0.0041
0.0087
0.0073
0.0055
0.0014
4
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
6
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
-------
APPENDIX.B .
Indiana Air Pollution Control Law
Chapter 171, Acts of 1961, as amended
Indiana General Assembly
Air Pollution Control Board of the State of Indiana
1330 West Michigan Street
Indianapolis 46206
-------
INDIANA AIR POLLUTION CONTROL LAW
Chapter 171, Acts of 1961 as amended by Chapter 357, Acts of 1969
Be it enacted by the General Assembly of the State of Indiana:
SECTION 1. It is the intent and purpose of this act to maintain the
purity of the air resource of the State, which shall be consistent with pro-
tection of the public health and welfare and the public enjoyment thereof,
physical property and other resources, flora and fauna, maximum employ-
ment and full industrial development of the State. The Control Board
shall safeguard the air resource through the prevention, abatement and
control of air pollution by all practical and economically feasible methods.
It is declared that local and air quality basin control programs are to
be supported to the extent practicable as essential instruments for the
securing and maintenance of appropriate levels of air quality.
It is further declared that this can be done most effectively by focus-
ing on goals to be achieved by a maximum of cooperation among all
parties concerned and that codes, rules and regulations established under
the provisions of this act should be clearly premised upon scientific
knowledge of causes as well as of effects.
The State Board of Health shall provide assistance on air pollution
matters to towns, cities and counties. (As amended by Chapter 357, Acts
of 1969.)
SEC. 2. The following tenns as used in this Act shall, unless the
context otherwise requires, have the following meanings:
(a) "Control Board" is the Air Pollution Control Board of the State
of Indiana.
(b) "Person" is any individual, partnership, co-partnership, firm,
company, corporation, association, joint stock company, trust, estate,
municipality, or any other legal entity, or their legal representative,
agent or assigns.
(c) "Air Pollution" is presence in the outdoor atmosphere of one or
more air contaminants in sufficient quantities and of such characteristics
and duration as to be injurious to human, plant or animal life or to
property, or which unreasonably interfere with the comfortable enjoyment
of life and property.
(d) "Air Contaminant" is dust, fumes, gas, mist, smoke, or vapor, or
any combination thereof.
(e) "Air Contaminant Source" is any and all sources of emission of
air contaminants, whether privately or publicly owned or operated. With-
out limiting the generality of the foregoing, this term includes all types
of business, commercial and industrial plants, works, shops and stores, and
heating and power plants and stations, buildings and other structures of
-------
all types, including single and multiple family residences, apartments,
houses, office buildings, public buildings, hotels, restaurants, schools, hos-
pitals, churches and other institutional buildings, automobiles, trucks,
tractors, buses and other motor vehicles, garages and vending and service
locations and stations, railroad locomotives, ships, boats and other water-
borne craft, portable fuel-burning equipment, incinerators of all types,
indoor and outdoor, refuse dumps and piles, and all stack and other
chimney outlets from any of the foregoing.
SEC. 3. There is hereby created an administrative board to be known
as the Air Pollution Control Board of the State of Indiana.
The powers and duties of the Air Pollution Control Board shall be
vested in a seven (7) member board. The Secretary of the Indiana State
Board of Health shall serve as an ex-officio member of said Board. The
remaining six (6) members shall be appointed by the Governor, one (1)
of whom shall be a physician who holds an unlimited license to practice
medicine in the State of Indiana, one (1) shall be a qualified graduate
engineer registered in Indiana, one (1) representing agriculture, one (1)
representing industry, one (1) representing municipal government and
one (1) representing the general public. The appointed members' terms
of office shall be four years except that the terms of those first appointed
shall expire as follows:
one at the end of one year after date of appointment,
one at the end of two years after date of appointment,
two at the end of three years after date of appointment,
and
two at the end of four years after the date of appointment as desig-
nated by the Governor at the time of appointment. The terms of all
members shall continue until their respective successors have been duly
appointed and qualified. If a vacancy occurs in the appointed member-
ship, the Governor shall appoint a member for the remaining portion of
the unexpired term created by the vacancy. The Governor may remove
any appointed member for cause. The ex-officio member of the Control
Board shall serve without additional compensation. Other members of
the Control Board shall be paid mileage and a per diem of fifteen dollars
($15.00) for each and every day, or part of a day, in actual attendance at
any meeting or hearing of the Control Board, which per diem and mileage
shall be valid claims against the Division of Health and Preventive Medi-
cine of the State Department of Health (also known as the State Board
of Health).
The Control Board shall hold at least two (2) regular meetings each
calendar year at a place and time to be fixed by the Board. The Control
Board shall select at its first meeting following the passage of this Act,
one of its members to serve as chairman and another of its members to
serve as vice-chairman. At the first regular meeting in each calendar
year thereafter, the chairman and vice-chairman for the ensuing year
shall be elected. The Secretary of the State Board of Health shall appoint
-------
from the staff of the State Board of Health a qualified sanitary engineer
registered in Indiana as technical secretary of the Control Board. He
shall receive no additional compensation for such services and during the
interim between meetings of the Control Board he shall handle such cor-
respondence, make or arrange for such investigations and surveys and
obtain, assemble or prepare such reports and data as the Control Board
may direct and authorize. Special meetings may be called by the chair-
man or by two (2) members of the Control Board by delivery of written
notice at the office of each member of the Control Board. Four (4)
members of the Control Board shall constitute a quorum.
SEC. 4. (A) Powers and Duties of the Air Pollution Control Board.
The duty and power to administer and carry out the adjudicatory
provisions of this Act hereinafter set forth in this Section is hereby
vested in the Air Pollution Control Board and such Board is hereby
empowered to:
(1) Make investigations, consider complaints and hold hearings.
(2) Enter such order or determination as may be necessary to effectu-
ate the purposes of this Act. If the Control Board shall find that the
condition of air pollution exists, as that term is denned herein, such
order may require the taking of such action as is indicated by the
circumstances to cause the abatement of such condition.
In making its orders and determinations hereunder, the Control Board
shall take into consideration all the facts and circumstances bearing upon
the reasonableness of the emissions involved including, but not limited to:
(a) The character and degree of injury to, or interference with,
comfort, safety, health, or the reasonable use and enjoyment of property;
(b) The social and economic value of the activity causing the
emissions; and
(c) The practicability, both scientific and economic, of reducing or
eliminating the emissions resulting from such activity.
The order or determination of the Control Board may include such
advisory recommendation as the Control Board may deem appropriate for
the control of emissions from any air contaminant source and the
reduction of the emission of air contaminants.
(3) Adopt and promulgate reasonable rules and regulations con-
sistent with the general intent and purposes of this Act declared in Sec-
tion 1 hereof and necessary to carry out the provisions and purposes of
this Act. All rules and regulations shall be adopted and promulgated
in accordance with the provisions of the statutes of this State concerning
the establishment and promulgation of rules and regulations. .
(4) Bring appropriate action to enforce its final orders or determi-
nations under the Indiana Administrative Adjudication and Court Review
Act. Such action shall be brought in the name of The Air Pollution
Control Board of the State of Indiana.
-------
(B) Powers and Duties of the State Board of Health.
The duty and power to assist and cooperate with other groups inter-
ested in and affected by air pollution rs hereby vested in the State Board
of Health and such Board is hereby empowered to:
(1) Advise, consult and cooperate with other agencies of the
State, towns, cities, and counties, industries, other states and the federal
government, and with affected groups in the prevention and control of
new and existing air contamination sources within the State.
(2) Encourage and conduct studies, investigations and research
relating to air pollution and its causes, effects, prevention, control and
abatement.
(3) Collect and disseminate information relating to air pollution,
its prevention and control.
(4) Encourage voluntary cooperation by persons, towns, cities and
counties or other affected groups in restoring and preserving a reasonable
degree of purity of air within this State.
(5) Encourage authorized air pollution agencies of towns, cities
and counties to handle air pollution problems within their respective
jurisdictions to the greatest extent possible.
(6) Provide technical assistance to towns, cities or counties
requesting same for the furtherance of air pollution control.
(7) Represent the State of Indiana in any and all matters pertain-
ing to plans, procedures, or negotiations for interstate compacts in
relation to the control of air pollution.
(8) Accept and administer grants or other funds or gifts for the
purpose of carrying out any of the functions of this Act.
(9) Enter at all reasonable times in or upon any private or
public property except private residences for the purpose of inspecting
and investigating conditions relating to the pollution of the air of this
State.
(10) Investigate complaints received by it or referred to it by
the Control Board, make such reports to the Control Board of its investi-
gations as it deems advisable and participate, on behalf of this State, in
proceedings or public hearings before the Control Board.
(11) The State Board of Health is authorized to budget and
receive duly appropriated monies for expenditures to carry out the
provisions and purposes of this Act.
SEC. 4a. The Control Board shall adopt and promulgate rules and
regulations which shall create air quality basins based upon scientific
study of geographical, topographical, meteorological data, and shall adopt
and promulgate standards for ambient air quality for each basin to
effectuate the purposes of this Act. (As amended by Chapter 357, Acts
of 1969.)
SEC. 4b. (a) As the state of knowledge and technology relating to
the control of emissions from motor vehicles may permit or make appro-
-------
priate, and in furtherance of the purposes of this Act, the Control Board
may provide by rules and regulations for the control of emissions from
motor vehicles provided that the Control Board shall, prior to the estab-
lishment of such rules and regulations pertaining to the control of
emissions from motor vehicles, forward to each member of the Indiana
General Assembly a copy of such proposed rules and regulations. Such
rules and regulations may prescribe requirements for the installation and
use of equipment designed to reduce or eliminate emissions and for the
proper maintenance of such equipment and of vehicles. Any rules or
regulations pursuant to this section shall be consistent with provisions of
federal law, relating to control of emissions from the vehicles concerned.
The Control Board shall not require, as a condition precedent to the
initial sale of a vehicle or vehicular equipment, the inspection, certifica-
tion or other approval of any feature or equipment, designed for the
control of emissions from motor vehicles, if such feature or equipment
has been certified, approved or otherwise authorized pursuant to federal
law.
(b) Except as permitted or authorized by law, no person shall fail
to maintain in good working order or remove, dismantle or otherwise
cause to be inoperative any air pollution control system or mechanism
which is used solely to control air pollution of a motor vehicle and
required by rules or regulations of the Control Board to be maintained in
or on the vehicle. Any such failure to maintain in good working order
or removal, dismantling or causing of inoperability shall subject the
owner or operator to suspension or cancellation of the registration for
the vehicle by the Commissioner of the Bureau of Motor Vehicles. The
vehicle shall not thereafter be eligible for registration until the emission
control equipment of the motor vehicle has been restored, replaced or
repaired and is in good working order.
(c) The remedies and penalties provided in this section shall
apply to violations hereof, and no provision of Section 7 (b) of this Act
shall apply thereto.
(d) As used in this section "motor vehicles" shall mean "vehicle
subject to inspection" as defined by Section 2, Subsection (e), Acts of
1967, Chapter 317. (As amended by Chapter 357, Acts of 1969.)
SEC. 5. The discharge into the outdoor atmosphere of air contami-
nants so as to cause air pollution and create a public nuisance is contrary
to the public policy of the State of Indiana and the provisions of this Act.
Air pollution may at certain times and places so seriously affect the
public health and so threaten the population as to warrant emergency
powers to prevent or minimize disasters of unforeseen proportions. If the
technical secretary of the Control Board, in consultation with the Secre-
tary of the State Board of Health of Indiana, determines that air pollu-
tion in any area constitutes an unreasonable and emergency risk to the
health and safety of those in the area, such determination shall be imme-
diately communicated to the Governor. The Governor may, by proclama-
tion, declare that an emergency exists and order all persons causing or
6
-------
contributing to the air pollution to reduce or discontinue immediately the
emission of air contaminants. Not more than 24 hours thereafter the
Attorney General of the State of Indiana, at the request of the Governor,
shall initiate injunctive proceedings in the appropriate court against the
person or persons causing or contributing to the air pollution to stop the
emission of contaminants causing such pollution or to take such other
action as may be necessary. If such action is not commenced within such
24-hour period, the Governor's proclamation shall become void. (As
amended by Chapter 357, Acts of 1969.)
SEC. 6. The Air Pollution Control Board may hold a hearing with
respect to any suspected violation of the provisions of this Act.
(1) upon its own motion,
(2) upon complaint filed with the Board by any person, and
(3) upon complaint filed with the Board by the appropriate officer of
any town, city or county or of the State Board of Health.
Notice of hearing, the conduct of such hearing and appeal from any
order or decision of the Control Board shall be in accordance with the
provisions of the Indiana Administrative Adjudication and Court Review
Act, as amended.
SEC. 7. (a) It shall be unlawful to refuse to comply with any rule,
regulation or order of the Control Board, or to in any manner hinder,
obstruct, delay, resist, prevent or in any way interfere or attempt to
interfere with the Control Board of the State Board of Health, and its
personnel in the performance of any duty hereunder, or refuse to permit
such personnel to perform their duty by refusing them, after proper
identification or presentation of written order of the Control Board,
entrance at reasonable hours to any premises.
(b) Any person who violates any provision of this Act or any
such regulation or order of the Control Board shall be deemed guilty of
a misdemeanor and may be punished by a fine of not to exceed five hun-
dred dollars ($500) per act of violation. Each day that the court may
find the defendant in violation of the Act shall be a separate offense.
(As amended by Chapter 357, Acts of 1969.)
SEC. 8. (a) Nothing within this Act shall prevent towns, cities or
counties from enforcing local air pollution ordinances consistent with the
provisions of this Act, or from enacting or enforcing more restrictive
ordinances to further the expressed purposes of this Act.
(b) For the maintenance of the quality of the air resource, the
board of commissioners of any county may enact and enforce ordinances
controlling air pollution. Such ordinances shall not include municipalities
with an air pollution ordinance pursuant to the provisions of this Act.
(c) Any town, city or county within an air quality basin may
administer its air pollution control program in cooperation with one (1)
or more town, city or county of this State, in accordance with the
provisions of the Interlocal Cooperation Act.
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(d) Each air pollution control agency shall submit such annual
reports as may be requested by the Control Board.
(e) When an air quality jurisdiction, or administrator thereof,
fails to enforce the local ordinance which affords protection to the public
equal to that provided by state law, the Control Board, after consultation
with that jurisdiction or administrator, may take such appropriate action
as may be necessary to enforce applicable provisions of state law. (As
amended by Chapter 357, Acts of 1969).
SEC. 9. If any section, subsection, sentence, clause, phrase, or word
of this Act is for any reason held to be unconstitutional, such determina-
tion shall not affect the validity of any of the remaining portions of
this Act.
SEC. 10. This Act shall be in full force and effect on or after
January 1, 1963.
NOTE: Since Chapter 357, Acts of 1969, contains an emergency
clause, it shall be in full force and effect on or after March
15, 1969.
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APPENDIX C
REGIONAL ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
PURPOSE OF REGIONAL EXAMINATION
An effective air pollution control program must be based on a complete
technical evaluation of the conditions in the control area. This evaluation
is necessary but not in itself sufficient. The question of political control
and administration of the control agency among and within the various juris-
dictions is also vital to the development of a functioning program.
Two closely related problems had to be resolved for this Implementation
Plan with regard to the acceptability on a political level of its recommen-
dations for an air pollution control regional organization:
1. The MCIAQCR overlaps three states; Ohio, Kentucky, and Indiana,
with a total of nine counties in the three states. Instead of
one authority which could impose an implementation plan on subor-
dinate political subdivisions, this study dealt with three
independent sovereign states. Agreement to cooperate had to be
obtained, with no single authority that could force consent.
2. Each part of the MCIAQCR is located in two distinct areas, its
state and the region. NAPCA understandably is looking primarily
toward a regional plan, because MCIAQCR is one airshed. Each
state, however, looks upon its portion of the region as simply
a part of the state. Each state board has state-wide responsi-
bility for air quality. The two, three, or four counties of the
state which happen to be located in the region are no different,
in the eyes of each state board, than any other counties in the
state.
These basic problems had been anticipated in the development of the
Plan. A methodology was developed by which various organizational alterna-
tives could be tested (Section 3.3). This procedure was carried out to insure
that completed Implementation Plans would be both technically and politically
feasible.
ORGANIZATIONAL ALTERNATIVES
Four organizational alternatives were considered in performing the
political acceptability analysis:
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1. Interstate Compact. All control agency functions would be
delegated by the states with Federal approval to a central
interstate agency.
2. Interstate Agreement. All of the program except legal enforcement,
which would be retained by the states, would be handled by an
interstate agency. This organization avoids the need for Congres-
sional approval of a compact.
3. Intrastate Enforcement with a Central Cooperating Mechanism.
Basic control authority and operations are retained at the state
level.
4. County Enforcement with a Central Cooperating Mechanism.
Each of the above, except the compact, provided a number of suboptions
which had to be considered. A description of these .four basic plans, in-
cluding legal considerations and the organization's function in the control
of emergency episodes was prepared.
These four alternatives were selected to represent possible methods
of controlling and administering an air pollution control program in the
MCIAQCR. The following analytic effort was undertaken to determine which
of these alternatives would be most appropriate in terms of citizen and
political acceptance within the Region.
ANALYSIS
In order to determine which of the above alternatives would best
meet the needs of the MCIAQCR, it was necessary to present them to a cross-
section of area citizens and leaders. A seminar technique was utilized
for this purpose since a full explanation of the various organizations could
be presented. The seminar also provided a forum for discussion and comments
regarding the various alternatives. A seminar was scheduled for each of the
three states and a group consisting of members of the state legislature, the
state air pollution control board, city officials, and concerned citizens
was invited to attend. The seminar plan provided for a morning session in
which the alternatives, including their legal Implications and plans for
emergency episode control were explained. Following lunch, the study team
answered questions from the participants and generally noted the reactions
to the proposals, and thus got a feedback as to what was considered to be
the most acceptable organizational alternative.
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The Ohio Seminar was held on April 3, 1970 at the Holiday Inn,
Downtown, Cincinnati and although attendance was somewhat below expectations,
the meeting was considered to be a success. The participants did react and
did provide the staff with clear ideas concerning their views on what was
acceptable. To verify whether or not this reaction represented also the
feeling of concerned legislative leaders, one staff member met separately
with selected legislators.
The substance of the Ohio reaction was that Ohio's agreement to an
interstate compact was contingent upon agreement by the other states. The
general consensus was that a plan for intrastate enforcement by the state
board would be preferred.
The next seminar, scheduled for April 17, 1970 in Indiana, had a
substantially larger guest list than that for Ohio. However, in spite of
this larger list of invitees, practically no reservations were received
even in response to telephone followup. The meeting was therefore canceled.
The reasons appeared to be most important: (1) a conflict of dates with
another meeting, and (2) indifference to the interstate aspects of air
pollution control. Only two small Indiana counties are included in the
MCIAQCR, with a total population of 30,000. Other Indiana and Kentucky
counties contiguous to these counties are essentially rural, with no serious
pollution problems. Furthermore, the state board had been reasonably active
for some time, and apparently was thought to be equal to the task.
The Kentucky meeting, April 24, 1970 at the Holiday Inn in Covington,
produced a turnout of 50, plus staff. This turnout resulted from several
causes: (1) a high level of interest in pollution control, (2) an expanded
list of invitees; and (3) inclusion of Indiana residents who had been
interested in a meeting, but had not been able to attend when originally
scheduled.
The same format was followed as at the Ohio meeting, but with a
larger audience, greater participation resulted. The message was un-
mistakable. Kentucky was proud of its control program, and wanted no part
of a compact or any other device that might dilute the authority and
responsibility of the State Board. The audience was virtually unanimous in
insisting on a state program (alternative 3), with a willingness to cooperate
with other states provided this cooperation did not dilute state responsibility.
The Indiana citizens shared the Kentucky viewpoint.
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The basic objective of this phase of the analysis was thus satisfied
with the identification of intrastate control programs with some interstate
cooperation as the desired organizational form.
Nevertheless, the two meetings had come to grips only with the basic
plan. Assuming control by the state boards in their receptive areas, two
questions remained:
1. To what extent, and in what areas, would there be coopera-
tion among the states?
2. Through what mechanism would this cooperation be exercised?
To resolve these problems, a third meeting was called, this time
limited to representatives of the three state boards, the City of Cincinnati,
one concerned legislator, and representatives of the Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana
Regional Planning Authority, the recognized planning agency for the nine
counties of the MCIAQCR.
The various representatives quickly agreed that cooperation was
necessary. They pointed out that for many months, they had cooperated through
an ad hoc device known as the Air Pollution Control Officers Committee.
They also agreed that, to the extent interstate planning would be needed
after implementation, this would require an interstate mechanism.
As a group, the meeting failed to define any role for the OKI Regional
Planning Authority. This perhaps came about because of the existence of one
well-established agency, the City of Cincinnati, in the heart of the region.
The City, as will be described more fully in sections 5 and 8 of this report,
is recommended as the agent of the State of Ohio under contract for air
quality control in the four Ohio counties. It has expertise. It also has
a powerful data processing unit, with ample capacity to serve as the regional
data bank. The consensus was that the City of Cincinnati agency is a more
logical data bank, so that this data can be most useful particularly in
emergency episode control.
ORGANIZATIONAL RECOMMENDATIONS
The seminars indicated which of the various organizational alternatives
would be politically viable in the MCIAQCR. Based on the procedure described
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above, the following general recommendations are presented. ( Sections
3, 6, 7, describe in some detail how these recommendations are to be imple-
mented. )
1. Responsibility for air quality control in the MCIAQCR should be
lodged in the respective state boards.
2. The Ohio and Kentucky boards should establish district offices
within the region, with appropriate staff. Indiana should
continue to operate from its present headquarters in Indianapolis.
3. Ohio can best develop a capability by contracting with the City
of Cincinnati and other municipal air pollution control agencies
to service the four Ohio counties.
4. Coordination of efforts among the three states should be
achieved as follows:
a. The City of Cincinnati, as part of its contract with
the Ohio Board, should assume responsibility for
maintaining a regional data bank.
b. The existing Air Pollution Control Officers Commit-
tee should continue its existence as a cooperation
mechanism.
c. This Committee should establish its meeting place
in the offices of the OKI Planning Authority. The
staff of the Planning Authority should be used for
staff to the Committee when necessary. Whenever
interstate planning or any other unforeseen studies
are necessary, the staff of the Planning Authority
should be used.
d. While responsibility for air pollution control
rests with the three respective boards, the OKI
Regional Planning Authority board is the only
existing mechanism for bringing together the
elected officers of the counties comprising MCIAQCR.
As such, this board could be used as necessary by
the state boards as a means of determining local
attitudes.
5. Financing of air quality control is a matter for each state
board.
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EPISODE ORGANIZATION
The Air Pollution Control Officers Committee will have overall
responsibility for promoting interstate planning for air pollution
episodes. Because the Committee will have numerous, diverse responsi-
bilities, a separate, subordinate organization is expressly recommended
for episode planning purposes. This organization will be called the
Region Episode Board. The Board will be comprised of one member from
each state in the MCIAQCR. It is possible that members of the Committee
may serve as members of the Episode Board. Alternatively, a member
from the state agency expressly responsible for state episode planning
may be a superior candidate for the Board position.
The Board will have planning and operating responsibilities. During
the first few years, the Board will be responsible for developing episode
avoidance procedures for the Region. Such procedures are briefly outlined
in Section 5 of this report. The board will also assume limited responsi-
bilities for actions during episodes. The actions will be in the form of
recommendations to each state at the more severe stage of an episode
(i.e., actions which have interstate consequences such as restrictions
on automobile travel or shutdown of commercial business activity).
The Board will routinely (e.g., bi-monthly) neet to perform the
necessary planning functions. During episodes, the Board will conduct
emergency meetings when the Alert stage is reached.
The Board will meet in the office of the OKI Planning Authority
for routine meetings. Meetings during episodes will be held at the
office of the City of Cincinnati air pollution agency or , when developed,
the Ohio District Office for the MCIAQCR.
Staff members from the three states will be used to coordinate and
conduct background studies for the purpose of developing an Emergency
Episode Plan. When possible, members of the OKI staff will also parti-
cipate.
See Section 5.1.1 for further discussion on the MCIAQCR Episode
Organization.
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One regional Emergency Operations Control Center (EOCC) will serve
the MCIAQCR. The required facilities will be located in the City offices
in downtown Cincinnati, Ohio.
The routine operation of the EOCC will be conducted by the
City of Cincinnati staff. During non-episode periods, such operations
are minimal. The routine watch of air quality and meteorological
conditions will be a part-time responsibility of one of the professional
staff. Under normal conditions there will be no extensive distribution
of air quality or meteorlogical data to any of the state organizations.
The presently active Air Pollution Control Officers Committee
will have overall responsibility for promoting interstate planning for
air pollution episodes. The Committee will have planning responsibilities
during non-episode periods and will participate in decision-making
operations during episodes. During an 18 month period after the submission
of the Implementation Plan, the Committee will be responsible for
developing episode alert procedures for the Region. Such procedures
are briefly outlined in Section 5 of this report. The Committee
will routinely meet to perform the necessary planning functions. Such
meetings will be held at the EOCC.
The manner in which the members of the Committee organize
during episodes is dependent upon the size of the geographical
area affected by the episode. There are essentially two distinct
cases; localized episodes and regionwide episodes. Under both
situations, all surveillance information will be received and
evaluated by the MCIAQCR EOCC. In the case of a localized episode
(i.e., an episode which affects a part of one state), the control
officers will communicate via telephone; but episode actions will
be taken only by the control official in the state affected. When
a regionwide episode occurs, the members of the Committee will meet
at the MCIAQCR EOCC to plan unified actions.
The episode organization for the MCIAQCR will operate effectively
because of uniformity of episode criteria and control actions by the
states. The combined air quality monitoring networks of the three
states involved will effectively serve the EOCC.
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Staffing and funding the EOCC by the three states is a consideration
that will be resolved by the Air Pollution Control Officers Committee.
Naturally, each state will contribute agency personnel to help run the
EOCC during episodes. The size of the staff and procedures followed will
be determined by the Committee and published in the Standing Operating
Procedures for the EOCC.
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EXISTING INTERSTATE COOPERATION
Representatives of the governmental jurisdictions encompassed by
the MCIAQCR are acutely aware of the necessity for a coordinated program
to control air pollution in the Region. Following the designation of the
Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate Air Quality Control Region, an Air
Pollution Control Officers Committee was formed for the Region. Following
are excerpts from the document which established the Metropolitan
Cincinnati Interstate Air Quality Control Region Air Pollution Control
Officers Committee.
. . . This document, concurred in by representatives of the
air pollution control agencies of the States of Ohio and Indiana,
the Commonwealth of Kentucky, and the City of Cincinnati, Ohio,
is designated to set forth basic policies of interjurisdictional
cooperation in the area designated by the Secretary of Health,
Education and Welfare as the Metropolitan Cincinnati Air Quality
Control Region (hereinafter referred to as the "Region"). The
purpose of this document is to establish a flexible mechanism
whereby the control officers within the Region can readily exchange
information and data of common interest, and coordinate, insofar
as possible, each other's control programs so as to achieve
optimum utilization of data and avoid unnecessary expense and
duplication of effort. This document is intended to set forth
an informal arrangement by and between the control officers of
the aforesaid agencies, and the policies expressed herein should
not be construed to be official policy of any of the control
agencies represented.
Policies and Procedures
I. Name: The organization shall be known as the Metropolitan
Cincinnati Interstate Air Quality Control Region - Air Pollution
Control Officers Committee (hereinafter referred to as the
"Committee").
II. Membership: Representatives of the following governmental air
pollution control agencies shall be members of the Committee:
The State of Ohio
The State of Indiana
The Commonwealth of Kentucky
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The City of Cincinnati, Ohio
III. Designated Representatives: For purposes of giving notice,
meetings, exchanging data and other pertinent information, etc.,
the following are designated as the Representatives for each respective
control agency:
The State of Ohio -
The State of Indiana -
The Commonwealth of Kentucky -
The City of Cincinnati, Ohio -
IV. Federal Representation: Due to the impact of the Air Quality
Act on the control efforts of the various agencies having jurisdiction
within the Region, and the desire of the representative control officers
to be informed of federal activities and available technical assistance
which may inure to each other's benefit, it is felt that federal
representation on the Committee would be appropriate and advantageous.
Therefore, it is mutually agreed that an official of the National Air
Pollution Control Administration shall be invited to attend and
participate in all activities of the Committee, such official's
name upon designation to be appended to this document.
V. Organization, Meetings, Minutes:
A. Organization - The organizational conduct of the Committee
meetings shall be as informal as possible. The Committee shall
have no permanent chairman or secretary, but shall, at the
discretion of the members, delegate such responsibilities and
duties in an equitable manner.
B. Meetings - It is felt that the purposes of the Committee
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can, for the most part, be achieved by routine correspondence
and telephone communications. Therefore, the Committee shall
have no regularly scheduled meetings, but shall meet at a
mutually agreeable time and place on the call of one of the
members when matters of importance arise.
C. Minutes - Minutes of Committee meetings shall be recorded
and distributed to the members by the person designated as the
secretary for the meeting.
VI. Program Coordination: The representative control officers
will attempt, insofar as possible, to establish program efforts within
the Region consistent with the following practices and procedures:
A. Reference System - Data points shall be keyed to the
Universal Transverse Mercator System referenced to principal
coordinates of 39° 12' 30" latitude, and 84° 27' 30" longitude,
which locate a central point in the Region in the vicinity of
U. S. Interstate 1-75 and Amity Road, Cincinnati, Ohio. Graphic
presentations of data using a grid system shall be consistent with
Universal Transverse Mercator System, with grid size, depending
on need, ranging from one to twenty-five square kilometers.
B. Air Quality Monitoring - Preferred general practices for
air quality monitoring shall be determined by the Designated
Representatives for:
1. Equipment
2. Sampling Schedules
3. Laboratory Procedures
4. Data Reporting Factors
C. Emission Information - Point source emission data shall,
insofar, as practicable, be obtained and reported in a consistent
manner.
VII. Exchange of Information: It is the intention of the Committee
members that information and data of common interest should be freely
exchanged between the representative control agencies. Such exchange shall
be directed to the Designated Representative for each respective control
agency. Without limiting the scope of exchange, the following matters will
form the basis of interjurisdictional exchange of information and data:
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A. Legislative and Administrative: The representative control
agencies shall exchange copies of enabling legislation, adopted
regulations or ordinances, annual reports, and any other pertinent
information relative to control activities within the Region.
B. Proposed Standards - The representative control agencies shall
forward prior to publication copies of proposed ambient air quality
and emission standards applicable to any portion of the Region
for the Committee member's review and comment. Notice of any
public hearings held relative to the adoption of said standards
shall be given the Committee through each control agency's
Designated Representative.
C. Air Quality Monitoring Data - The representative control
agencies shall exchange summary tabulations of air quality
monitoring results for each agency's jurisdiction on a periodic
basis as such summaries become available.
D. Source Emission Data - Insofar as consistent with the
confidentiality requirements of each control agency's enabling
legislation, specific point source emission information shall
be available for any Committee member's review in the offices
of the agency possessing such information. Mass emission data
not making specific reference to any particular plant or
industry will be freely exchanged between the Committee members
through the Designated Representatives.
VIII. Expression of Intent: The undersigned hereby witness that
they concur with the aforesaid purposes and objectives, and that they
recognize the desirability and indeed the necessity of coordination of
technical matters in interstate areas of joint interest and concern. It
is understood that no legal liabilities or other binding committments
are hereby made, but that a positive intent for cooperation in all the
above matters is expressed .
I si Samuel I. Lord, Jr. 11/10/69
Kentucky Air Pollution Control Comm.
/s/ A. C. Offutt, M.D. 11/25/69
Indiana Air Pollution Control Board
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/s/ E. W. Arnold, M. D. 12/69
Ohio Air Pollution Control Board
/s/ R. L. Krabach 12/69
City of Cincinnati Air Pollution
Control Board
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