APPENDICES TO HANDBOOK OF FABRIC FILTER TECH
NOLOGY. VOLUME II. FABRIC FILTER SYSTEMS
STUDY
GCA Corporation
Bedford, Massachusetts
Dec ember 1970
• •;•..•;* • •
NATIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION SERVICE
Distributed ,., 'to foster, serve
and promote the nation's
economic development
and technological
advancement.'
-------
GGM1-70-17-G
APPENDICES TO
HANDBOOK OF
FABRIC FILTER TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME II
FABRIC FILTER SYSTEMS STUDY
Prepared by
GCA CORPORATION
GCA TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Bedford, Massachusetts
Contract No. CPA-22-69-38
December 1970
Prepared for
DIVISION OF PROCESS CONTROL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
-------
GCA-TR-70-17-G
APPENDICES TO
HANDBOOK OF
FABRIC FILTER TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME II
FABRIC FILTER SYSTEMS STUDY
Prepared by
GCA CORPORATION
GCA TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Bedford, Massachusetts
Contracf No. CPA-22-69-38
December 1970
Prepared for
DIVISION OF PROCESS CONTROL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
-------
GCA-TR-70-17-G
APPENDICES TO
HANDBOOK OF
FABRIC FILTER TECHNOLOGY
VOLUME II
FABRIC FILTER SYSTEMS STUDY
Prepared by
GCA CORPORATION
GCA TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Bedford, Massachusetts
Contract No. CPA-22-69-38
December 1970
Prepared for
DIVISION OF PROCESS CONTROL ENGINEERING
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
-------
FOREWORD
This document is submitted to the Department of Health, Education
and Welfare, National Air Pollution Control Administration, in partial
fulfillment of the requirements under Contract CPA 22-69-38. The
principal technical objectives under the contract were: (1) to evaluate
the status of engineering technology currently available to the researcher,
manufacturer and user of fabric filter systems; (2) investigate the current
practices in the application of fabric filtration; (3) investigate major
air pollution control areas which could be amenable to control by fabric
filtration; (4) make a critical review and engineering evaluation of the
major types of fabric filter devices currently available in order to
assess the strength and weakness of each type of device; (5) prepare a
comprehensive report containing the information collected in the task
areas cited above; and (6) develop five-year research and development
programs specifying the research and development efforts required to fill
the stated technical gaps. The results of the contract efforts are pre-
sented in the following four volumes:
| Volume I - Handbook of Fabric Filter Technology
Volume II - Appendices to Handbook of Fabric Filter Technology
Volume III - Bibliography of Fabric Filter Systems Study
Volume IV - Final Report of Fabric Filter Systems Study
The following professional staff members of the GCA Technology Divi-
sion contributed to the study and preparation of this report: Dr. Charles E.
Billings, Mr. Richard Dennis, Dr. Leonard M. Seale, and Dr. John Wilder.
The results of the contract efforts, partially presented in this document,
covered the period from January 1969 to January 1971.
Mr. Dale Harmon of the Process Control Engineering Division, National
Air Pollution Control Administration, served as the Contract Project
Officer.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDIX
1.1 TABULATION OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE USE OF 1.1-1
FABRICS FOR DUST AND FUME FILTRATION, AND
EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS TO FILTRATION THEORY
1.2 COPY OF JONES PATENT 1.2-1
1.3 PRINCIPAL U.S. MANUFACTURERS OF CLOTH FILTER 1.3-1
DUST AND FUME COLLECTORS
1.4 ESTIMATED 1968 AND 1969 FABRIC FILTER SALES 1.4-1
1.5 ESTIMATE OF THE FABRIC FILTER MARKET 1.5-1
1.6 FABRIC FILTER APPLICATIONS IN THE NON-METALLIC 1.6-1
MINERALS INDUSTRY
2.1 FORCE OF ADHESION BETWEEN SPHERE AND CYLINDER 2.1-1
IN LIQUID CONTACT
2.2 AEROSOL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE 2.2-1
2.3 COMPACTION EFFECTS IN GRANULAR MEDIA 2.3-1
2.4 SPECIFICATIONS FOR SELECTED FILTER FABRICS 2.4-1
2.5 SPECIFIC DUST-FABRIC FILTER RESISTANCE 2.5-1
COEFFICIENTS
2.6 EFFECTS OF FABRIC SURFACE ON DUST DEPOSIT 2.6-1
3.1 FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS' SUMMARY, 1969 3.1-1
3.2 EXAMPLE OF EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER'S SPECIFICA- 3.2-1
TIONS
4.1 GLOSSARY OF FABRIC TERMINOLOGY 4.1-1
4.2 SOME INORGANIC AND METAL FIBERS POTENTIALLY 4.2-1
SUITABLE FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE FILTRATION OR
CONTROL OF ELECTROSTATIC EFFECTS IN FABRICS;
4.3 CHART OF FIBER PROPERTIES, AND ELECTRICAL 4.3-1
RESISTANCE VS. HUMIDITY
4.4 1969 SUPPLIERS LIST, FILTER FABRICS AND RELATED 4.4-1
MATERIALS PLUS SUPPLIER BROCHURES.
5.1 MANUFACTURER'S GUIDELINES TO THE SELECTION OF 5.1-1
AIR/CLOTH RATIO FOR FOUR TYPES OF FABRIC
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
APPENDIX
6.1 HOPPER CONFIGURATION BIBLIOGRAPHY 6.1-1
6.2 SELECTED REFERENCES ON LIQUID FILTRATION 6.2-1
6.3 DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING EQUATIONS FOR 6.3-1
THE MULTICOMPARTMENT COLLECTOR
6.4 FIELD PERFORMANCE DATA FOR SELECTED FABRIC 6.4-1
FILTER INSTALLATIONS
7.1 CHECK LIST OF ITEMS FOR CAPITAL COST 7.1-1
ESTIMATES
7.2 COSTS OF SPECIFIC FABRIC FILTER APPLICATIONS, 7.2-1
8.1 TROUBLESHOOTING CHECKLISTS. 8.1-1
8.2 FABRIC AND SYSTEM OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS 8.2-1
8.3 OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS 8.3-1
8.4 MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE 8.4-1
DEVELOPMENT OF NEW APPLICATIONS,
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LIST OF FIGURES
APPENDIX
1.4 Figure 1. Relationship Between Estimated 1.4-9
Annual Sales and Total Number of Employees of
Fabric Filter Manufacturers (1968).
Figure 2. Relationship Between Estimated 1.4-10
Annual Sales and Total Number of Employees of
Fabric Filter Manufacturers (1969).
1.5 Figure 1. Estimated Growth of Fabric Filter 1.5-4
Manufacturing (1910-1969).
Figure 2. Trends in Cost of Fabric Filters, 1.5-6
$/ft2.
2.6 Figure 2.6a. Effect of the Fabric on the 2.6-3
Average Specific Resistance of the Dust Layer.
Figure 2.6b. Relation Between Specific Surface 2.6-3
Diameter of Particles Collected and the Voids
of the Collected Particle Layer.
6.3 Figure 1. Effect of Flow Variation on Pressure 6.3-7
Differential Curve (from Walsh and Spaite).
Figure 2. Flow Variation with Cycle Time for 6.3-8
Four Compartment Baghouse (from Walsh and Spaite).
Figure 3. Three Compartment Baghouse with 6.3-10
Intermittent Cleaning (from Robinson, et al.).
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LIST OF TABLES
APPENDIX
1.4 Table 1. ESTIMATED FABRIC FILTER SALES 1.4-4
VOLUME BY MANUFACTURER.
Table 2. ESTIMATED FABRIC FILTER SALES OF 1.4-8
MEMBERS OF THE IGCI (1969).
1.5 Table 1. ESTIMATED NUMBER OF FABRIC FILTERS 1.5-5
SOLD, BY YEAR.
1.6 Table 1. PROJECTED ESTIMATE OF DUST COLLEC- 1.6-4
TORS IN USE IN THE NON-METALLIC MINERALS
INDUSTRY BY TYPE AND TOTAL VALUE.
Table 2. SUMMARY OF PIT AND QUARRY SURVEY. 1.6-6
Table 3. REPORTED APPLICATIONS OF FABRIC 1.6-8
FILTERS IN THE NON-METALLIC MINERALS
INDUSTRY.
2.2 Table 2.2. RANGE OF AEROSOL SCIENCE AND 2.2-4
TECHNOLOGY.
2.4 Table 2.4a. STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR 2.4-3
FILTER FABRICS.
Table 2.4b. STANDARD STYLES AND SPECIFICA- 2.4-6
TIONS FOR FILTER FABRICS.
2.5 Table 1. SPECIFIC DUST-FABRIC FILTER 2.5-3
RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS.
3.1 Table 1. FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS' 3.1-3
SUMMARY 1969.
4.3 CHART OF FIBER PROPERTIES, AND ELECTRICAL 4.3-3
RESISTANCE VS. HUMIDITY.
6.4 FIELD PERFORMANCE DATA FOR SELECTED FABRIC 6.4-4
FILTER INSTALLATIONS.
7.2 Table 7.2a. USER SURVEY COST DATA. 7.2-3
Table 7.2b. LITERATURE SURVEY COST DATA 7.2-4
(1969 BASIS).
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
APPENDIX
8.2 Table 8.2 FABRIC AND SYSTEM OPERATIONAL 8.2-3
PROBLEMS.
8.3 OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS. 8.3-4
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APPENDIX 1.1
TABULATION OF THE EARLY HISTORY OF THE USE OF
FABRICS FOR DUST AND FUME FILTRATION, AND
EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS TO FILTRATION THEORY
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EARLY HISTORY OF FILTRATION FOR HEALTH PROTECTION
Date
ca 50 AD
ca 50 AD
ca 150 AD
Author
Pliny(R)
Dioscorides
(Gr)
Pollux(Egy)
1500 AD
1556
1656
1700
L. daVinci
Agricola
Stockhausen
Ramazzini
1613
1814
1811
1813
1822
Pignoria
Brise-Fradin
Thos. Wood
Geo. Prior
Thos. Abraham
Remarks
Recognition of problem with red oxide
of lead (minium) pigment in refiners;
loose bladders over face to prevent
inhalation.
Risks with minium refining, and
dangers of mining.
Recognized problem of dust in mines,
and used sack (woven) overhead, tied
around neck, with window bladder for
vision. Sack was utilized as air
filter.
Wet cloth covering mouth and nose.
Mentions asbestos cloth (ca. 700BC);
illustrates balloon flues for ZnO.
Firesetting (in situ calcining) to
aid in breaking rock, protect nose
and mouth with rags (to 200 B.C.).
Glass masks. Gypsum and lime workers
cover nose and mouth. Tobacco workers
cover nose and mouth. Bakers and
millers separate flour from bran with
sieves: flour inhalation, cover mouth
with linen bandage.
Had bakers cover mouth with towel.
Iron, filter box, filled with cotton
mounted on chest with tubes to re-
move mercury.
Wet cloth filter for grinding dust.
Bellows to blow away dust.
Respirator, magnetic guard, with 3
layers muslin over mouth and nose in
grinding, also wet cloths to collect
impinging dust, isolation of dusty
operations.
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Q
1828
1849
1899
1837-1859
1854
1855
1860-70
1866
1868
1871
1885
Roberts
Haslett
Federath
Jul. Jeffrys
Stenhouse
F. Watson
Pasteur
Shaw & Tyndall
John Tyndall
Prince
Woolen cloth plus moist sponge for
smok^. mask.
Woolen fabric for dust respirator.
ft
Respirators unsatisfactory, use cloth
over mouth and nose.
Medical respirator for mines.
Use of charcoal for filtration.
Charcoal filters in Guildhall
ventilation.
Germ theory of disease, heated Pt.
gauge, airborne infection described.
Charcoal, lime (CC>2) filter
First quantitative investigation of
fibrous filter efficiency -- "respi-
rator of cotton-wool," using light
scatter in Tyndall beam, strong
coverging.
Laboratory glass wool suggested as
filter, Oakum.
Hospital operating room bacteria
count 6300/cm^, filtration used to
remove.
EARLY CONTRIBUTIONS TO THE THEORY OF FILTRATION
1827
1905
Robert Brown
Einstein
Brownian Motion
Diffusion constant for
1921
1926
1930
Freundlich
Katz, et. al.
Bu. Mines.
Hansen
displacement by diffusion f(t).
Filter penetration illustrating maxi-
mum penetration at approximately
0.3um.
Efficiency approximately e where n
is no. of layers.
Resin filter, electrets (permanent
dipole).
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1931 Albrecht Inertial deposition on cylinders,
ideal fluid.
1.931 Sell Inertail deposition on cylinders,
ideal fluid.
1932 Whytlaw-Gray Inelastic collision of small particles
demonstrated.
1936 Kaufmann Direct interception, attempt at uni-
fied theory.
1938 Hill Carding resin-wool filters.
From 1940 onward, there are a large number of publications and patents
on filter materials, additives, configurations, fabrication, and testing,
many of which are considered in the Handbook.
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APPENDIX 1.2
COPY OF
JONES PATENT
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UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE.
8A.MUBL T. .TOXK8, OF NEW YOKK, X. Y.
IMPROVEMENT IN THE MANUFACTURE OF ZINC-WHITE.
Si>rciliu:ilion lorming [>»Tl of
Patent No. H.T.16, ilutnl Kt-lirn.iry '.'I, l-M.
To ntl'irhoiH' it mail rancrrn:
Jlc it. known tint I, SAMI KI. T. .loxi:s, of
the city, found y, and Slate of New York, have
invented (MTiaiii new and useful improve-
ment* in the method of collecting or saving
tlio volatile products of distillation or oxida-
tion of /inc. and other volatile metals; and I
do hereby declare that the following is :i full,
clear, and exact. description thereof.
Drawings arc hereinafter described.
My invention relates to the collecting or
Having of th« volatile products of distillation
or of oxidation of ziuc ami other volatile met-
als, which I propose to collect iu chambers or
bags constructed wholly or principally 01
closely-made cloth of cotton, woolen, lla\cn.
or other iibrous or textile material capable of
separating and retaining; the desired products,
while (he air or gaseous portion is to l>c forced
or drawn through the pores of the cloth by
means of a fiiu-blower or other suitable pro-
pelling or exhausting apparatus. This appa-
ratus shoald be placed in a main or large tube,
or in connection therewith. This main or
largo tube is to be in communication with the
several smaller pipes or tubes adjusted to the
retort or retorts or ovens and to the condens-
ing chamber or bag or bags, to be attached
thereto, and is intended for the double pur-
pose of drawing the vapors from the retorts
or ovens, us well as the atmospheric air ad-
mitted for the purpose of oxidizing the va-
pors at the small opening inthcoxidi/ing pipe
or chamber near the mouth of the j'etort, or
through an opening or open ings into the ovens
for Us admission, and these pipes communi-
cate with the main pipe, which forms the chan-
nel through which the oxidi/.cd products and
accompanying air mid gases are respectively
forced into or through the pores of (lie bag or
chamber, so that the atmospheric air or gases
may be propelled into the open air, while the
oxidized products will be retained in the bag
or chamber.
In the accompanying drawings, Figure I
represents a longitudinal elevation of the
straining apparatus which lias been success-
fully used; Fig. 2, a longitudinal vertical sec-
tion, and Fig. 'I a cross section taken at the
line A
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bans!ing apparatus, niul at the same time not
to prevent Hie escape «>f tho air and accompa-
nying gases, which will be by the. most, gentle
exhalation through the extended surfaces
formed by the sides of the receiving bag or
chamber, or otherwise the desired products
will eneapoat the sumo time and be lost. It is
Oidciit. therefoiv, thai.a single strainer of
moderate si/e will be ineflecl ive and unable- to
accomplish the collection of such rare snl>-
stances to any use-fill or desirable cxlcnl, and
that the extended surfaees of my receiving
bag or chamber, whos«> sides are composed
•Mitiivly or principally of the porous eloih,
will be adequate, thereto. A bag about eight
feil. in diameter and seventy feet long lias been
used lor the e<»lleelion of the while oxide of
x.iiio from sixty small retorts; hut if made
larger, better results will be attained; and. if
deemed advisable, the diameter of the bag
may be lessened,while its length should be iu-
ereused in proportion; or several bags may IK'
used instead of a single one; and so, also, in
respect toa chamber composed of poroussides
of cloth, should it be used in preference to a
bag.
It i« evident that a square or oblong cham-
ber may bo used instead of a bag, the princi-
pal portions of the top or sides or bottom part
of whieh may be formed of the straining-
cloth, as above described. Auair-lightcliaiu-
ber may also be used with a straining-bag
adapted'to its end and passing into the inte-
rior of the chamber, the end of the bag being
in communication with the main or tubes com-
mnuicat-ingwilh the relorts or ovens; and on
applying the exhausting apparatus at the
other end of I he chamber the same object may
be accomplished. ISesidescollecting the pro-
ducttiof ?.inc, it is evident that these collecting
bags or chambers may be used for other simi-
la r useful pn rposes.
1 mu aware that lamp blaek has been col-
lected by causiug it to deposit on the inner
surface of a series of canvas bsiga by causing
tho products of the combustion to pm>.Mlhri!ngh
AMrlesof Hitch hags, the upper endol'lliu la.st
of tLew-'rioft boiug open for iniliicin^ a cur-
rent; butthisemiiiotbeHiicL'CSHl'ully employed
for tho colledioti of the. volatile products of
I he dWillution or oxiilutiou of /inc. and other
volatile melnH for the ivason that there is a
great wftftle. by the. «-*cape at the open end of
tl>o oerieni ami I am also awaro that lamp i
black has been collce.led on lh<; inner surface
of a hood made of porous cloth covering a
vessel or receiver, the gases escaping through
the meshes or pores of the- cloth and deposit-
ing the lamp-black on the inner surface; but
this will not answer a pnictieal purpose'for
the culled ion of the volatile products of the
distillation or oxidation of /.inc and other vol-
atile metals, because the cloth hood so far im-
pedes the draft induced by rarefaction that
the collection will not be formed on the sur-
face of the cloth: and if the pores or meshes of
the eloth be made snlliciently large to induce
I he required draft, ihontliemetalliciiimes will
escape and be wasted: and I am also aw are
that it has been tried to effect I he separation
of the air and other foreign gases from the
gaseous products »f the disiillation of zinc by
drawing or forcing the air and foreign pases
through the pores or meshes of screens placed
in the collect ing chamber or the Hue; but this
has been found to be impracticable, (or the
reason that the amount of purfacc presented
by such screen or screens is insuilicient for the
separation, unless the e.ollecting-ehand»er be
inado of so great a capacity as to occupy an
amount of room too great for practical pur-
poses. 1 do not- therefore wish to be under-
stood as making claim, broadly, to the. use of
a screen or screens with forced enrrenl.H lor
the. separation of air and other foreign gases
from the gaseous products of distillation, nor
do I claim, separately, making the collecting-
chambers of woven cloth when this Is not
used in combination with the means of pro-
ducing a forced current; but
What 1 claim as my invention, and desire
to secure by Letters Patent, is—
The use of a porous or fibrous bag or receiv-
ing-chamber with porous sides or bottom, or
an air-tight chamber with a straining or po-
rous bag adapted to the inside thereof, uirtl
used in connection either with a blow ing »-r
exhausting apparatus, so that the products of
the distillation and oxigenation of x.iuc or
other volatile) metals may bo separated from
thuuccoinpanyiiigair and gases, which latter
will be forced or otherwise drawn through
tho pores of tho cloth bag or chamber and es-
cape into tho, atmosphere.
S. T. .IONIS*.
Witnesses:
('a\uu-x X. HvMi
K. ('. Uur.nuooK.
REPRODUCIBLI
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APPENDIX 1.3
PRINCIPAL U.S. MANUFACTURERS
OF CLOTH
FILTER DUST AND FUME COLLECTORS
(1950, 1954, 1961; for 1969 Listing
See Appendix 3.1)
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PRINCIPAL U.S.' MANUFACTURERS AND TYPES OF COLLECTORS - 1950
Name of Manufacturer
American WheelabraCor
and Equipment Company
Blaw-Knox
Day Company
Dracco Corporation
Northern Blower
Company
Pangborn Corporation
Pulverizing Machinery
Company
Richmond Manufac-
turing Company
W.U. Sly Manufac-
turing Company
Turner and Haws
Engineering Company
Address
Mlshawaka,
Ind.
Pittsburgh,
Pa .
Minneapol is
13, Minn.
Cleveland "> ,
Ohio
Cleveland 2,
Ohio
Hagers town,
Md.
Summit ,
New Jersey
Lockport ,
New York
Cleveland.
Ohio
W. Roxbury
23, Mass.
Trade Name
Of Unit
Dustube Dust
Col lectors
Blaw-Knox
J* rained hays
Aut oc lean Dust
Fi Iter
Multiha.; Fi Iter
and Automat ic
Filters
Norblo Standard
Bag Type and
Automatic Bak;
Type
"CH" Dust
Col lector
The Mikr,<-
Col lector
Niagara Dust
Collector.
Empire Dust
Col lector
Sly Dust
Filter
Aeroturn
Characteristics*
Vertical cloth dust tubes
Standard Unit Capacities
-270 to 47000 c.f.m.
Framed Bags -col lee t ion on
out. i
Vertical cloth dust tubes
with traverse ring Stand-
ard Capac i t ies- bb-4 to
16128 c.f.m.
Vertical cloth dust tubes
Cloth areas 800 to 16000
square feet
Vertical dust tubes Stand-
ard-1872 to 33726 c. f .m.
Automat ic-28SO to
34'>bO c. f .m.
Cloth covered wire mesh
screen frame. Collection
on outside ot ba,;. 1080
to 2S900 square feet
Single vertical felt bag
units with traverse ring.
Standard sizes 500 c.f.m.
up
Cloth tubes arranged in
circle to revolve. Max.
size 1M)0 sq. teet of
cloth
C loth ba>;s on screen
1 rame . Dust collects on
outside ot bag. Capa-
clt ies -1 K'l' to -.1888
c.f.m.
Single and multiple
vertical felt bags with
traverse ring. All sizes
custom built
Method of
Cleaning
Mechanical shaking at
top of dust tubes
Bag frames rapped by
motor drive
Reverse air )et oper-
ating through traverse
ring
Mechanical shaking at
top of dust tubes
Mechanical shaking at
top of dust tubes
Mechanical rapping of
frames with screen
beaters
Reverse air Jet oper-
ating through traverse
ring
Automatically cleaned
by reverse air and
rapping
Bags rapped mechanically
at top
Reverse air jet oper-
ating through traverse
ring
Collection on Inside of bag or tube unless otherwise noted.
From Sllverman, L., Filtration Through Porous Materials, Ind. Hygiene Q. 11:11 (March 1950).
-------
PRINCIPAL U.S. MANUFACTURERS AND TYPES OF,CLOTH FILTER
DUST AND FUME COLLECTORS - 1954"
NM md U*w» of ttwifacturv
taVianAlrHltrCwpiny, Inc.
tayltvlllt, Mntudn
tartan tholitrttor md Equlpunt
UlmtoolU. Hlnwoh
Onaa Corporation
Clmtltni, (Mo
Dunn Company
Ulmoli, N* Tort
G. A. KltlMtr Corpmy
UMOH Corporation
SyracuM, N* Tort
Tht fecUod Co*»ny
ClKlflMtl, (hlO
Hrthtm Blo«ir taptny
Cltwlnl, Ohio
fan^ttn Covporttlon
Mgirafexn, Ihrylml
Mwrlilng tachlnary Coip«iy
Sualt. tar .bray
Rlctand HnifKtirlrq Company
utu^yoi'Tt Not Tort
HUM***. OlKoraln
Trafc (to of I'Alt
A^jrt
Duatute&Ht Col later
BlfeHtaFmdte,
Mocletn Oust Filter
tfultlbegFllte- end
fertoBstlcfllte-
~^*tfi? (lilt list
Collators end Uhlf to
Bcdauh Bist Collector
.-»
hldBt
Mac lead Oiat Collstttr
Norblo St8«t&rd &!Q
Ban IjjD*
WOuot Col lector
CallKtc?
Stkro, etsndsrd
sls-ii 53 to 9ISS cq.ft,
tetiisd of Clssilng
Rmtsrae'tlr jst oparatlng
throuc^ t/^^Dd rlnou
tettanlctl (iiriilng rt top of
tot tubn.
8 >lr clean-
Ing applied In Automatic type.
If A: Shaking top of UMI >lth
slssjlttnsoua tack flM tlri
Unltlov: Altcrretlng pulsw of
back flci endorlury «lr.
ttochanlcnl Ehsklng at top of
dct bA;3.
Hanoi {taking et top of dirt
tuba.
Uxtanlcal chtklng of bjte t>po,
irachanlctl rcjjtnQ of ecnzn t)pa.
ttocnffilcel «ta!^a.
aacteetlcally sA top.
BJ?! rtsprf e Wte,
Ctmrctloit
CM Colladlrgjjnlt
St* <
Vaiical
30 (a
ctssritn) olta
Jun» nd HM Erqlwlng Co^Wir
Ivt Miry,
Hewl ^sAtiq si tettea d
. awto/»%
I folt de4 tea aMh
fcj^lesl cloth fete) rfth Intaral
Oflrol. Katov ^^ ff^r3.*a>JGt t^St slso
Mr%ltm*BI«ltlon
Mi Ttrt, NM Tirt
Q b £33 q.M. fc1 cotrol
csjr-D eluc&rj c-^sinSa feiaji ara fcs^ri>
J^tgljjig) CRij
""' rarSlel'fc"
ft.'J 3lc_i IB eiitlalaa gf.-fete, fll(3
ujral steJdsig rt ^ eTfef*~
fejas. tessi3-|s3
• Col ket(«n si In*)* of bugntfi callaibni cajjoi Suas EAd old fcib c^j-itiio
~Coll««lw«n««»ld.d
ft
rtey
*
From Billings, C.E., M.W. First, R. Dennis, and L. Silverman, Laboratory
Performance of Fabric Dust and Fume Collectors, U.S. Atomic Energy
Commission, Report NYO-1590,
Laboratory, August 31, 1954.
pp. 114, Harvard University Air Cleaning
-------
PRINCIPAL U.S. MANUFACTURERS OF CLOJH FILTER DUST
AND FUME COLLECTORS - 1961
Manufacturer
Ana r loan Air Filter
Co., Inc.
215 Central Avenue
Louisville, Kentucky
Blaw-Knox Co., Inc.
300 6th Avenue
Pittsburgh 22, Fa.
Tuy Company
?.0. Box 25
Minneapolis UO,
Minnesota
Oracoo Division
Puller Company
^063 East 116th St.
: level and 5, Ohio
Cuoon Company
'-U.7 East 2nd Street
llneola, L.I. , N.Y.
Trade Name
Amerjet
Glass Cloth
Collector
Airmat
Arrester
Blaw-Knox
Framed Bag
b
Type "AC"
Type "RJ"
Mult i -Bag
Filter
Uni-Bag
Filter
Glass Bag
Filter
UFV Bin
Vent Filter
UPS, M, A
Uniflow
Backwash
FD
Characteristics*
Vertical cloth dus^t
tubes with traverse
ring, standard sizes
85 to 2390 sq.ft.
Vertical glass cloth
tubes for high temp-
eratures, standard
sizes 1312 to 7130
sq.ft.
Vertical panels of
paper or fabric*
held in frames,
units of 150 to
6000 cfm.
Framed bags*,
standard sizes 560
to 30,080 sq.ft.
Vertical felt dust
tubers with traverse
ring, standard sizes
51 to 1218 sq.ft.
Vertical felt dust
sleeves^ with quick-
opening butterfly
valves, standard
sizes 58 to 6i|0 sq.
ft.
Vertical cloth dust
tubes, standard sizes
800 to 16000 sq.ft.,
glass bags and
special filters to
500,000 sq.ft.
Vertical cloth dust
tubes, 15 to 156
sq.ft.
Same, 60 to 1830 sq.
ft.
Vertical dust tubes
open at both ends.
Fiber dust bag
filter, 50 to 14.00
sq.ft.
Method of
Cleaning
Reverse air
Jet operating
through
traverse ring.
Pneumatic
collapse.
Frames rapped
at bottom by
manual or
motor
vibrator.
Bag frames
rapped by
beaters, vib-
rated by
motor. drive .
Reverse -air
jet operating
through self-
adjusting
traverse ring.
High velocity
reverse air
from pressure
blower through
quick opening
valve .
Hack flow air
supplied in
automatic type.
Sonic clean-
ing used with
glass bag and
special types.
Manual shaker
at top.
UFA with shake
and back flow
air.
Alternating
pulses of back
flow and
primary air.
Turn bag
inside out.
Billings, C.E., M.W. First, R. Dennis, L. Silverman, Laboratory Performance
of Fabric Dust and Fume Collectors. U.S. Atomic Energy Commission Report No.
NYO-1590, Harvard University Air Cleaning Laboratory, Revised January 1961.
-------
PRINCIPAL U.S. MANUFACTURERS OF CLOTH FILTER DUST
AND FUME COLLECTORS - 1961 (Continued)
Manufacturer
Trade Name CharacterIBtics*
Method or
Cleaning
Duatex Corporation
P.O. Box 2520
Buffalo 25, N.Y.
Roto-Jet Vertical felt duat Reverse-air Jet
tubes* with rotary operating through
arm reverse-jet air interior longi-
tube, standard tudlnal rotating
sixes 40 to SPOaq.ft. blow tube.
Induetaire Vertical cloth dust Reverse flow plus
tubes* with pressure pressure Jet.
jet nozzles, stand-
ard sizes 720 to
UP.OOP sq.ft.
Flex-Kleen Corp.
U06 S. Plymouth
Court
Chicago 5, 111.
Flex-Kleen
Vertical cloth duat
tubes* with compres-
sed air nozzles in
outlet header,
standard sizes 2P6
to 12PP sq.ft.
P.I sec. pulse of
1PP psi compress-
ed air per min.
(2 acfm/lCPP cftn)
John Wood Company
Bernardsville,
Hew Jersey
John Wood Cloth dust envel-
Fabric opes*. Standard
Filter sizes 250 to 1PPP
Shaker-Envelope sq.ft.
Shaker-Tube Vertical oloth dust
tubes, standard
sizes 9UO to 621P
sq.ft.
Reverse- Vertical cloth dust
Flow Tube tube, standard
sizes 6PPP to 8000
sq.ft.
Manual or auto-
matic shaking.
Automatic shaking
with reverse flow.
Automatio back-
flow air and flex
collapse.
Kindt-Collins Co.
12601 Elmwood Ave.
Cleveland 11, Ohio
Model 550
Master Dust
Collector
Model 12PP
Master Dust
Collector
Single cloth dust
bag for unit type
dust control,size
approx. 3C sq.ft.
Cloth covered wire
mesh screen frame*
for unit type dust
control, size
approx. 600 aq.ft.
Shut off flex
cleans.
Manual shaking.
Kirk & Blum Type W-Unlt
Manufacturing Co. Collector
28o8 Spring Orove Ave.
Cincinnati 25. Ohio
Single vertical
cloth bag approx.
900 cfm.
Flex to clean.
O.A. Klelsaler Co.
126 Ootthart St.
Newark 5, N.J.
Klelssler
Filter Dust
Separator
Vertical cloth dust
tubes, standard
sizes 100 to 15,672
aq.ft.
Mechanical ohak-
ing at top of
dus t • tube s .
Koppers Co., Inc.
Dust Filter Dept.
Baltimore 3, Md.
Aeroturn Vertical felt dust
Dust tubes with traverse
Filter ring, standard
size a 90 to 6l).00
sq.ft.
Pressure control-
led reverse -air
jet operating
through self-
adjusting traveras
ring.
Lamson Corp.
Syracuse 1, N.Y.
Exlaust Vertical cloth dust
tubes, standard
sizes 38 to 727 aq.
ft., for central
vacuum cleaning
systems.
Manual shaking at
top of dust tubes.
-------
PRINCIPAL U.S. MANUFACTURERS OF CLOTH FILTER DUST
AND FUME COLLECTORS -1961 (Continued)
Manufacturer
Trade Name Characterlstlc3a
Method of
Cleaning
MacLeod Company MacLeod Dust Cloth tube and
P. 0. Box U52 Collector screenw types,
Cincinnati lil. Ohio standard sizes 160
to 13,300 sq.ft.
Northern Blower Dlv. Norblo
Buell Engrg. Co. Standard
6U.09 Barberton Ave. Type
Cleveland, Ohio
Vertical cloth dust
tubes, standard
sizes 960 to 16,128
sq.ft.
Norblo Auto- Same, compartmented,
matlc Type 960 to 15,552 sq.ft.
Norblo Port- Similar, unit type,
able, Semi 36 to 720 sq.ft.
Norblo AG,
ALG
6"x9' or
Mechanical shak-
ing of tube type,
mechanical rap-
ping of screen
type. __
Mechanical or
compressed air
shaking at top
of dust tubes.
Same, compart-
mented cleaning.
Manual or mech-
anical shaking
at top.
Back flow air
collapse flex.
Pangborn Corp.
Hagerstown, Md.
Type "CH-2"
Type "CH-3"
Self-
Cleaning
Type "CM"
"CN" Unit
Type
Type "CO"
Pressure-Jet
Cloth covered wire
mesh screen frames*-,
standard sizes 1080
to 29,900 sq.ft.
Cloth covered wire
mesh screen frames*,
standard sizes UOO
to IU.100 sq.ft.
Vertical multiple
cloth tubes or bags,
standard sizes 1360
to 21,760 sq.ft.
Vertical multiple
cloth tubes or bags,
standard sizes 200
to 1000 sq.ft.
Vertical cloth
tubes 6" to ll|"
dia. adaptable to
high temp, service.
Mechanical rap-
ping of frames
with beaters.
Reverse air flow
through Integral
traversing
blower.
Mechanical shak-
ing at top of
tubes.
Mechanical shak-
ing at top of
tube s.
Combination
pressure-Jet and
reverse air
cleaning.
Persona Engrg. Co. Oval Bag
H592 Seidler Road Dust
Wtlloughbv. Ohio Arrester0
Pulverizing Mikro-
Machinery Dlv. Collector
American-Marietta Co.
Chatham Road
Summit, New Jersey
Mikro-
Pulsaire
Vertical felt dust
tubes with traverse
rings, standard
sizes 19 to 3360
sq;ft. in modules
of 130 sq.ft.
Vertical felt dust
tubes"-with Venturl
and compressed air
nozzle in outlet
header, standard
sizes in
multiples of 170
sq.ft.
Reverse-air Jet
operating
through traverse
ring.
0.1 sec. pulse
of 100 psi com-
pressed air per
min. (2 scfm/
1000 cfm).
-------
PRINCIPAL U.S. MANUFACTURERS OF CLOTH FILTER DUST
AND FUME COLLECTORS - 1961 (Continued)
Manufacturer
Reel Blow-Pipe
Manufacturing Co.
2929 Fifth Street
Berkeley 10. Calif
Ruemelln Manu-
facturing Co.
3860 North Palmer
Milwaukee 12, Wla.
W. W. Sly Manu-
facturing Co.
(4.700 Train Ave.
Cleveland 1, Ohio
Trade Name
Reea Duat
Arreator
*
Tubular Type
Dust Filter
Standard and
Automatic
Tubular Type,
Assembled
and Portable
Units
Intermittent
or Automatic
Continuous
Filter
Characteristics*
Vertical cloth dust
tubes, standard
alzes 300 to 15,000
sq.ft. approx.
Vertical cloth dust
tubes, standard
sizes 1000 to 9155
sq.ft.
Same, for unit
dust control, 53 to
755 sq.ft.
Cloth bags on screen
frames, standard
sizes 7U8 to 1570
sq.ft.
M6 IflOd Of
Cleaning
Mechanical shak-
ing at top of
tube with elec-
tric driven or
air motor driv-
en shaker. Back
flow air clean-
Ing In addition
to shaking
available In
automatic types.
Where glass or
other non-
natural fiber
filter fabrics
use non-shaklnc
bae collapse.
Mechanical
shaking at top
of dust tube.
Compartmented
cleaning in
automatic .
Manual or
mechanical
shaking.
Bags shaken
mechanically at
end. Cyclic
compartmented
Dynaclone
Unit Filter
Economy
Filter
Glass Cloth
Filter
Similar special type
bags* standard sizes
7^8 to 8976 sq.ft.
For unit dust
control, 2^2 to
1U96 sq.ft.
Similar, 176 to 352
sq.ft.
Compartmented bags
Smico, Inc.
500 N. MacArthur
Blvd.
Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma
Smico Suction Vertical cloth dust
Filter tubes, standard
sizes 380 to 2280 sq.
ft., 18-5" tubes per
compartment.
Standard Electrl-
cal Tool Co.
2U88 River Road
Cincinnati U, Ohio
Grind-Air-
Re s te r
cleaning in
continuous type.
Back flow clean-
ing air supplied
from outside
through travel-
ling roller
plenum.
Manual or
mechanical
shaking.
Same
Reverse air
_flex.
Tubes in each
compartment
lifted and
dropped with
simultaneous
back flow air.
Manual shaking
at bottom of
envelopes.
Unit type dust"
collector, with
vertical envelopes*,
standard capacities
2UQ to 800 efin.
-------
PRINCIPAL U.S. MANUFACTURERS OF CLOTH FILTER DUST
AND FUME COLLECTORS - 1961 (Continued)
Manufacturer
Trade Hame
Characteristics
Method of
Cleaning
Sterling Blower
Co.
791 Windsor St.
Hartford, Conn
Type "RH Duat
Collecting
Unit
Vertical cloth duat
tubes, standard
sizes 111 to 552
sq.ft.
Bags rapped at
bottom.
Tor it Manu-
facturing Co.
1133 Rankin St.
St. Paul 16, Minn
U.S. Hoffman
Machinery Corp.
Air Appliance Dlv
103 Fourth Ave .
Hew York 3, N.Y.
Torit Dust
Collector
•
Torit Auto-
matic Dust
Collector
Hoffco-Vac
Filter Duat
. Collector
Vertical cloth
envelopes*, for
unit type dust con-
trol, standard
sizes 30 to SOOsq.ft.
Vertical cloth dust
tubes, standard
sizes 380 to 2280
sq.ft.; 18 tubes
per compartment.
Vertical cloth dust
tubes, standard
sizes 18 to 905
sq.ft.
Manual or auto-
matic shaking
at bottom of
compartment.
Tubes in each
comparment lift-
ed and dropped
with simultan-
eous back flow
air.
Manual or
automatic
shaking.
Western Frecipi-
tation Division
Joy Manuf. Co.
P.O.Box 27W*
Los Angeles 5U>
California
Dualalre Dust
Collector
The rm-0-Flex
Dual vertical felt
dust tubes with
traverse rings,
stnadard sizes In
multiples of 226 to
511+ sq.ft.
Glass bags, standard
sizes In multiples
of 62 to 75 sq.ft.
to any maximum.
Reverse-air Jet
operating
through traverse
ring.
Back flow air
collapse flex,
cyclic corn-
par tmented
cleaning.
Wheelabrator
Corporation
Miahawaka, Ind.
Dustube
Collector
Automatic
Continuous
Vertical cloth dust
tubes, standard
sizes 9^0 to 11,750
sq.ft.
Same, compartmented
cleaning.
Mechanical
shaking at top
of dust tubes.
Same, cyclic
compartmented
Assembled
Units A,B
Same, for unit dust
control, 90 to 720
sq.ft. Standard
unit adaptable for
glass cloth or
filter aid.
cleaning.
Manual or
mechanical
shakers, special
cleaning.
Dust collection on inside of bags on all collectors except those
marked with an asterisk (»), where collection is on outside of
bag or envelope.
Taken from an. earlier listing, present manufacturing capability
unknown, no response to inquiry.
Taken from ASME listing, no response to inquiry.
-------
APPENDIX 1.4
ESTIMATED 1968 AND 1969
FABRIC FILTER SALES
-------
An estimate of the 1968 and 1969 sales of each of the U.S. producers
of fabric filters is presented in Table 1. Public financial data and
business publications were examined to obtain the reported total annual
sales and estimates of air pollution control equipment sales shown in
columns 2 and 4 of Table 1.
An estimate of the relative fraction of total sales for 1969 due to
fabric filters was made as shown in columns 6 and 8. The estimate for %
of total sales was applied to the reported or estimated 1969 total sales
to yield the probable fabric filter sales shown in column 7, unless no
publically available information was located, in which case it was assumed
the producer had 1969 sales of $100,000. For example, in line 5, American
Air Filter reported 1969 sales of the order of $82 million (J.V. Sherman,
Barron's, 16 February 1970), of which 21% was stated to be in air pollu-
tion control equipment. Since this producer has a well-developed broad
product line and major market position, it was assumed (conservatively)
that of the order of 1/5 of reported APCE sales were likely to be fabric
filters. This is approximately 4% of total sales, or $3.3 million for
1969. Estimates, or similar arguments, were applied to each producer as
shown in column 6 leading to estimated fabric filter sales shown in col-
umn 7. These estimates are believed to be reasonably conservative. Total
annual sales for 1969 are thus estimated to be $55.5 million.
The individual producers marked with an asterisk in Table 1 are mem-
bers of the Industrial Gas Cleaning Institute, the industry trade associ-
ation. The sales of these companies as estimated above, are shown separately
in Table 2, substantiating the statement made by Wilson, the president of
IGCI (1967) that IGCI member sales represent about 75% of total APCE sales.*
Figures 1 and 2 show the relationships between the number of employees
of fabric filter manufacturers and reported sales volumes (all products)
for the years 1968 and 1969. Aggregate 1969 sales of all producers where
*
Statement of E.I,. Wilson, President, Industrial Gas Cleaning Institute,
in Air Pollution - 1967 Air Quality Act Hearings, U.S. Senate, Ninetieth
Congress, First Session; on S. 780, Part 4, page 2629.
-------
I
4>
Table 1
ESTIMATED FABRIC FILTER SALES VOLUME BY MANUFACTURER
Estimated or Reported
Total Sales
1968 1969
Manufacturer Sales Empl. Sales Empl.
106$ 106$
Ace-Sycamore, Inc.
Aerodyne Mchy. -- -- 2 50
Corp.
Aget Mnfg. Co.
*
Air Preheater Div. -- 1150 ( ) 1150
American JUr 72b 3500 82b 3600
Filter*
Bahnson Co. -- 600 -- (600)
Buell Eng'g. Co., 12 350 12 (350)
inc.*
Buffalo Forge Co.* 50 2000 50 2000
Estimated 1969 Fabric Remarks,
Filter Sales Other Exchangi
% % Total Products Listed'
Sales 106$ FF Sales
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
4 3.3
0.1
25 3.0
2.5 1.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
5.9
0.2
5.4
2.2
-
Material handling
equipment
_
Heat exchangers, fans N
Heating/vent 'g/air N
conditioning fans, 21%
air poll'n. control
equip.'3 1/5 fabric
filters, est.
Textile machinery
Materials handling
equipment
Heating/vent 'g/air N
Carter-Day Co.
conditioning fans,
pumps, machine tools
10 375 10 375 10 1.0 1.8 Materials sizing,
handling, storage
tanks
Parent Company stock for Divisions indicated, N
of ownership not located.
bJ.V. Sherman, Barron's, Feb. 16, 1970.
• *
"Member IGCI
-------
Table 1 (Continued)
Estimated or Reported Estimated 1969 Fabric Remarks,
Total Sales Filter Sales Other Exchange
1968 1969 % , % Total Products Listeda
Manufacturer Sales Empl. Sales Empl. Sales 10 $ FF Sales
106$ 106$
Cinci. Fan Vent.
Co.
R.F. Cox Assoc.
*
Dracco-Fuller 60 2800
*
Ducon Co., Inc.
Dustex Corp. 7.6 700
Dusty Dustless
Env. R. Corp.
Hoffman A.F. Div. 12 360
Hydromation E. Co. 12
Johnson-March Corp.
Kice Met. Prod. Co.
Kindt-Collins Co. 3
Lamson Div. 17 1115
Macleod Co.
W.W. Meyer & Son
0.1
0.5
60 2800 10 6.0
1.0
11.5 700 10 1.2
(0.5) (15) 90 0.5
o+
12 360 10 1.2
12 -- -- 0.1
0.1
0.1
3 -- -- 0.1
17 1115 10 1.7
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.9
10.8
1.8
2.2
0.9
0+
2.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
3.1
0.2
0.2
_ — • _
_-
Materials handling, N
fans, kilns, mills,
etc .
--
Electro-mechanical A
equipment, instru-
ments , parts
•
--
Industrial vacuum 0
engineering systems,
blowers, separation
equipment
Washers, automatic
_-
--
Pattern shop sup-
ply, machinery
Pneumatic disposal N
systems, conveyors,
blowers
_-
-------
Table I (Continued)
Estimated or Reported
Total Sales
1968
Manufacturer
*
Pangborn Corp.
Perlite Corp.
Precipitaire
Div.*
Pulverizing M,
Sales
105$
30
--
(16)
14
Empl.
1000
--
(700)
300
1969
Sales
106$
45b
--
_-
18
Empl.
(1500)
--
25
480
Estimated 1969 Fabric Remarks,
Filter Sales Other Exchange
%
Sales 10 $
20 9.0
0.1
0
20 3.6
7» Total Products Listed3
FF Sales
16.2 Blast cleaning N
equipment; 1/5
fabric filters, est.
0.2
0 -- 0
6.3 Pulverizing equip- A
Div.
Rees BP Mnfg. Co.
Research-Cot-
trell*
41
500
58
600
0.5 0.9
10 5.8 10.4
Ruemelin Mnfg. Co. --
Systems Eng. Div. 6
Setco Ind. ( )
WW Sly Mfg. Co. 5
Sprout-Waldron
Co., Inc.
Sterling Blower
Co.
20
175
( )
180
900
14
( )
6
25
350
(100)
200
975
0.3 0.5
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
25 1.5 2.7
0.1 0.2
0.1 0.2
ment, 1/5 fabric
filters, est.
Air pollution con-
trol equipment;
1/10 fabric filters,
est; 207. of fabric
filter marketb
Sand blasting
machinery
Valves
Grinding machinery,
lathes, machine tools
Foundry cleaning
equipment, 1/4 fabric
filters, est.
Materials handling,
pulp and specialty
-------
Table 1 (Continued)
Manufacturer
Sternvent Co. ,
Inc .
Tailor & Co. ,
Inc .
*
Tor it Corp.
United McGill
Corp.
UOP Air Corp.
Div.*
Western Precip.
Estimated or Reported
Total Sales
1968 1969
Sales Empl. Sales Empl.
106$ 106$
_.
__
4 150 (4.5) (165)
17 650 17 650
(2.7) (100)
24b 275
Estimated 1969
Filter Sales
% 7=
Fabric
Total
Remarks ,
Other
Products
Exchange
Listed3
Sales 10b$ FF Sales
0.1
0.1
66 3.0
1 0.2
10 0.3
20 4.8
0.2
0.2
5.4
0.4
0.5
8.7
--
--
Laboratory
equipment
Pressure vessels
structures; heat
ing, vent'g, air
conditioning
--
--
--
--
, o
-
N
Air pollution con- N
Div.*
Wheelabrator
Corp.*
Young Mchy. Co.
76
3500
82
3500
4.1
7.4
100
100
0.1
0.2
trol equipment,
1/5 fabric filters,
est.
Abrasive blast A
cleaning equip;
207, air poll'n
control equip.,
1/4 fabric filters, est,
Materials hand-
ling equipment,
pulverizing mills
TOTAL
-------
Table 2
ESTIMATED FABRIC FILTER SALES OF MEMBERS OF THE IGCI (1969)*
1969 i 7o of Total Sales
SalesHj^y Estimated in Table 1
Air Preheater Div.
American Air Filter
Buell Engineering Co.,
Inc .
Buffalo Forge Co.
Dracco-Fuller
Ducon Co. , Inc .
Dustex Corporation
Pangborn
Precipitaire Div.
Pulverizing Machinery
Research Cottrell
Torit Corporation
UOP Air Corr. Div.
Western Precip. Div.
Wheelabrator Corporation
0.1
3.3
3.0
1.2
6.0
1.0
1.2
9.0
0
3.6
5.8
3.0
0.3
4.8
4.1
46.4
0.2
5.9
5.4
2.2.
10.8
1.8
2.2
16.2
0
6.3
10.4
5.4
0.5
8.7
7.4
83.4
*
Taken from Table 1.
-------
9900
• Dustex
— Carter-Day
'i'
• Pulv. Mchy.
10
ESTIMATED ANNUAL SALES IQ6$ { FY 1968)
Figure 1. Relationship Between Estimated Annual Sales and Total Number
of Employees of Fabric Filter Manufacturers (1968)
-------
SSOO
woo
2SOO
sooo
1300
1000
JOO
Lawon-Dltbold
Dracco*
Buffalo
Forge
'Sprout Ualdron
Pangborn
Duittx
Carter-Day
Unttad McClll
r .. • Pulvartilng Machinery
p^ Hoffman-Clarkaon
B»«H •Uaatern Preclpicat
• Rcaearch
Toung
'Atrodyqa
AAF
10
20
70
80
Figure 2. Relationship Between Estimated Annual Sales and Total Number
of Employees of Fabric Filter Manufacturers (1969)
-------
sales data were publicly available (22 firms) totaled $557 million, rep-
resenting reported employment of 20,245 persons. Based on estimated
fabric filter sales of $55.5 million, fabric filters represent about 10%
of the reported total sales volume.
-------
APPENDIX 1.5
ESTIMATE OF THE
FABRIC FILTER MARKET
-------
In order to obtain an estimate of the number of individual fabric
filters in use during the year 1969, previous data on industry growth
and sales were plotted as shown in Figure 1 and extrapolated back to
1910, the assumed beginning of commercial production in any quantity.
Numbers of fabric filter manufacturers were estimated from Curve A in
Figure 1, as shown in column 2 of Table 1. Estimates of probable annual
sales were obtained by year from the extrapolation of Curve C, Figure 1,
as presented in column 3 of Table 1 (at average mature industry growth
rate, Curve B).
The number of square feet of fabric represented by these estimated
annual sales was assumed to be represented by a gross average (1910-1970)
cost figure of $1 per square foot. Figure 2 illustrates the trend in
costs per square foot of filter surface from 1940 on, as presented by
the various sources indicated. In the 1940*s fabric filter systems
tended to be relatively small (less than 1000 sq. ft. on average), and
intermittently cleaned units were commonly employed. The average size
of commercially produced fabric filters (sq. ft. of cloth area per unit
sold) has tended to increase with the wider range of applications to which
fabric filters have been applied. Average filter size in the 1966-1968
period was estimated, from two independent sources, to be around 3000
sq. ft.
Figure 2 also indicates trends in costs as depending on cloth area.
The trend to multi-compartmented automatic units is evident in cost data
shown for around 1949-1950, resulting in slightly higher costs associated
with automatic dampers for periodic compartment closures, automatic rap-
pers or shakers, and programmed time or pressure operated switch gear.
The average air to cloth ratio in these applications was generally in
the range of 2-4 cfm. After 1950, the impact of continuous automatic
reverse jet technology resulted in smaller amounts of cloth (~10 times
more air volume handled per unit cloth area), but more mechanical parts
so the cost per square foot rose by a factor of nearly 10, as illustrated
for the 1965-66 cost data.
-------
4OOH
SOOO
IOOO
A- Kitlmatfil Numhor ol Fabric Filter Manufacturing
F Irtim.o
II. Ksl Inuitril IK Troiliici-r Mature Growth Rate. »
i:. K-t iin.ii, cl Annn.il Snlin. KK. Ilanm'-to-f langi* D
I". AV.T.II'.I Slzi' "I Col It-rtnr.* St>ld.O
n. M
9.0
I-JIO
l'»20
1950
I960
1970
1480
Figure 1. Estimated Growth of Fabric Filter Manufacturing
(1910-1969)
-------
Ln
I
TABLE 1
ESTIMATED* NUMBER OF FABRIC FILTERS SOLD, BY YEAR
YEAR
1910
1920
1930
1940
1945
1949
1950
1955
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968
1969
Est. No.
FF Mfrs.
2
4
6
10
13
16
17
21
28
29
31
32
34
35
37
40
42
44
Est .Ann. Sales
106 $
(0.31)
0.64
1.33
2.75
3.95
5.30
5.65
8.10
11.70
12.50
13.40
14.50
15.50
16.60
18.00
19.20
20.50
22.50
Est. Cum. No.
sq.ft. sold
0.31
5.07
14.89
35.21
52.46
71.51
77.16
112.41
163.11
175.61
190.01
203.51
219.01
235.61
253.61
272.81
293.31
315.81
Ave. Size
ft2
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
1450
1750
2100
2200
2300
2400
2500
2600
2650
2700
2850
3000
Est. Ann. No.
FF Sold
(775)
1065
1670
2750
3300
3790
3900
4630
5580
5700
5830
6050
6200
6390
6800
7120
7200
7500
Est. Cum.
No. FF
775
12140
27950
51390
66790
81160
85060
106,640
132,200
137,900
143,730
149,780
155,980
162,370
169,170
176,290
183,490
190,990
* Most conservative estimate, based on 1963, 1967 BDSA estimates of annual sales of FF, and IGCI
-------
Ln
l
»«i»t» tuiM-jtt. •».
VIMJ iDtmlttnt. 2:1
A19»J FulM'tnd Uvtrx-jic, 7:1 ». U
41963 Autowtlc Httvy Duty, 2:1 jfull
P>1965 CUil Flbrlc, AMD. rrtll. 2:1
'.ri.-Jtt, 7:1
*1960 Clu. r.brlc 2:1 **'
• 1932 Cemfutmtnti Autowtli
tfl932 Mv.r,.-J.t, 13:1
^1932 tettralttint, 3:1
O19A9 lat
Q1M!
C1949 Aut
»|940 iDtiraltttal
I
•rmltttat M| )
tnlttiat Envtlopt >Alr Cl»nU| H>n
oxtlc Camnttmnttt)
sopoo oopoo
-------
The increasing complexity of applications and designs currently
available is illustrated by the several cost data points for the period
1960-1970. For example, the relative costs of intermittently cleaned
collectors have increased by a factor of approximately 2 during the past
30 years. However, the figures tend to group around $1 per square foot.
Due to the changing technology and lack of knowledge on the distribution
of sales of the range of filter systems, it is assumed that an average
cost of $1 per square foot represents a reasonable compromise across the
60 year period.
This estimate was applied to the estimated annual sales from 1910
onward (column 3, Table 1) to provide an estimate of total annual filter
area sold. To reduce this to a reasonable consistent estimate of the
number of fabric filter collectors sold per year, the estimated average
size of collector sold per year (Curve D, Figure 1) was applied to the
cloth area represented by the annual sales volume, as shown in columns
5 and 6, Table 1.
The estimated cumulative number of fabric filters sold from 1910 on-
ward is shown in column 7 of Table 1, approximately 190,000 fabric fil-
ters. It is further assumed that all collectors produced prior to 1949
are no longer in use as a consequence of obsolescence, changes in tech-
nology, etc. The 1949 figure (81160) is subtracted from the 1969 figure
to yield a probable estimate of fabric filters in use in 1969 of order
100,000 units. The uncertainty associated with this estimate includes
the inability to estimate total sales within a factor of 2 (the lower
sales figures of Figure 1.12 of Volume 1 of this contract report, pro-
vided by BDSA, were used in the extrapolation of sales) and the uncertain
mortality of fabric filter use.
These estimates and a replacement rate of 5 percent (20 year life)
would result in a 1969 annual replacement sales of the order of 4000
units (0.05 x 81,160,-1949). In addition, increasing applications asso-
-------
elated with changes In industrial production technology, air pollution
control pressures, etc., would undoubtably account for the remainder of
the 7500 or so units estimated to have been sold in 1969.
I
The estimated number of fabric filters in use given in column 7 of
Table 1, can be compared with statements of sales in manufacturers'
literature. For example, one manufacturer referred in a 1957 brochure
to "over 40,000 ... dust filters now in use..." Another manufacturer
stated in 1956 product literature "More than 35,000 ... dust collectors
are now in use." By such comparisons it is concluded that the estimate
of 100,000 fabric filters in use is a reasonably conservative one.
A gross estimate of the total air and gas volume being tre_ated by
fabric filters in 1969 can be obtained by estimating the average air-to-
cloth ratio, and applying this to the total cloth area estimated to be
presently in use, 243 x 10 square feet. (Table 1, column 4, line 1969
minus line 1949). If the average air-to-cloth ratio is 3 cfm/s}. ft.,
the total volume of air being treated by fabric filters is of the order
of 750 x 106 cfm.
An estimate of the fabric market can be obtained as the sum of fabric
for new filters and replacement fabric. Estimated fabric sold annually
with new collectors is of the order of 20 x 10 sq. ft.. Replacement at
the rate of all fabric in three years gives 80 x 10 sq. ft. per year,
for a total annual rate of 100 x 10 sq. ft. Considering all types of
fabric, this would be approximately 10 x 10 pounds annually (about one
thousandth of the annual sales of all textiles). An average fabric is
2
assumed to cost of the order of $3 yd fabricated into filter elements
ready to install. This yields an estimated $33 million for the fabric
market associated with new product installations and replacements, again
with an uncertainty factor of perhaps 2. The size of the filter fabric
market is thus of the same order of magnitude as the annual sales of
fabric filters.
-------
APPENDIX 1.6
FABRIC FILTER APPLICATIONS
IN THE
NON-METALLIC MINERALS INDUSTRY
-------
The applications of dust collectors in the non-tnetallic mineral
industry (NMMI) were surveyed in 1967 by Pit and Quarry Publications, Inc.,
&
publishers of a major trade journal in the industry. Kostka, in des-
cribing the survey methodology, indicates:
"Questionnaires were sent to 2,250 producers picked
at random from our circulation list. The following
is the number of questionnaires sent to each seg-
ment of the industry:
140 Cement
1,200 Crushed stone
55 Gypsum
70 Industrial sand
150 Lightweight aggregate
80 Lime
65 Talc
500 Miscellaneous
2,250 TOTAL
o
"Replies were received from 374 producers, repre-
senting a 16.5 percent return.
"Because the use of dust collectors in crushed
stone operations is much less concentrated than
it is in some of the other segments of the non-
metallic minerals industry, a higher number of
questionnaires were sent to this segment. This
made it possible to pick up replies from enough
crushed stone producers using dust collectors to
come to some logical conclusions about their use
in plants of this type."
Table 1 presents an estimate of the total number of dust collectors
in use in the NMMI projected from the 16.5 percent return. It indicates
13,347 collectors being used in 6,252 plants, and a total industry invest-
ment of $351,000,000. Fabric filters are estimated at 7,454 units or
56 percent of the number of collectors in use. This estimate compares
favorably with an IGCI figure of 56 percent of sales for filters sold in
1967 as summarized in Table 1.5 of Volume I of this report.
*
Kostka, J.G., Dust Collector Survey, Pit and Quarry Publications, Inc.,
Chicago, 111. (1968).
-------
Table 1
PROJECTED ESTIMATE OF DUST COLLECTORS IN USE IN THE NON-METALLIC
MINERALS INDUSTRY BY TYPE AND TOTAL VALUE*
Mechanical Electro-
Bag (Dry) static
Precipitator
**
Cement 2
Crushed Stone
Gypsum
Industrial Sand
Lightweight Aggre-
gate
Lime
Refractories
Talc
***
Miscellaneous 2
TOTAL 7
,631
712
844
252
142
445
207
195
,026 2
,454 4
699
201
148
196
113
509
141
13
,763
,783
*
From Kostka, J.G., Dust Collector
Chicago, 111. (1968).
**
Cement distribution plants
appendix.
•kick
Asphalt plant collectors
258
0
34
0
0
21
10
0
0
332
Survey, Pit and
are not included; but
are not included.
Estimated
Scrubber Value
7 $200,192,000
194 14,356,930
0 7,410,000
0 3,080,000
113 3,984,074
191 36,676,000
89 19,364,000
0 1,020,500
0 64; 930, 000
778 $351,013,500
Quarry Publications, Inc.,
& \
see Table 2 of this ",;, 1
-• 1
. ft
H
i
$'&
-------
In considering replacement rate, Kostka estimates annual purchases
as follows:
"New plants, plant expansions, and modernization
of existing plants should result in an annual
expenditure of approximately 12 percent of the
present value of dust collectors in the non-
metallic minerals industry. This amounts to
about $42,121,600 a year."
As the cement component of the industry is the largest and has been esti-
mated to be growing at the rate of 5 percent per year, the annual require-
ment of 12 percent seems reasonable.
Fabric filter sales for the NMMI have been estimated from IGCI data
to represent $3,800,000 in 1967. This figure is less than 10 percent of
Kostka"s estimate for required annual investment in all types of dust
collection equipment. The number of fabric filters in use in the NMMI is
7,454 estimated by the Pit and Quarry survey, and annual sales of 12 per-
cent would amount to approximately 895 units. In contrast the IGCI survey
estimate of NMMI numbers sold in 1967 was 322 units. These estimates
differ by a factor of approximately 3 for a number of reasons which we
haven't been able to completely explain. While the IGCI survey was dir-
ected only to air pollution control applications the Pit and Quarry survey
asked whether the collector was purchased for reclaiming material, for a
pollution problem, or for both purposes combined. However the responses
were 7 percent, 23 percent, and 70 percent, respectively. Thus although
the term "pollution problem" can have a number of interpretations the
difference between surveys is apparently only 7 percent.
The Pit and Quarry report included numerous valuable statistics on
equipment manufacturer, average size and size range of filters and com-
partments, cloth area, gas volume, fabric type, dust characteristics,
dust loading, pressure drop, uses, temperature, etc. Certain data have
been extracted from Kostka's report and are presented in Table 2 for
further examination. Average fabric filter areas, gas volumes treated,
costs, etc. are indicated for each component of the industry. The total
estimated number of fabric filters (9,648) gives rise to an average col-
-------
TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF PIT AND QUARRY SURVEY
PLANTS
Est. No. In U.S.
No. Surveyed^ ,
Collector $ - Industry ($xlO )
Collector $ - per plant ($xlfl3)
APC Equipment per plant
No. of FT:
No. of Mech:
No. of ESP:
No. of Scrubbers:
Ave FT: A/C latlo
Temp.
ft*
cm ,
$/cm* .
Cost (SxlO )
Total FT: Number2
ftZ(x!06}
- CFM (x!0b)
Cost ($x!06)
Hfgrs: Lsrgest No. Installations
Second Largest No. Instal.
Fabric: Largest No. Instsllatlons
Second Largest No. Instal.
Cement1
494
53
225
1,100
9.7
(3.8]
[1.41
[.04]
1.5
305
22,000
33,400
1.40
46.6
4825
106
161
225
Norblo
Sly
Cotton
Dacron"
Crushed
Stone
2
479*
159
14.4
4.4
1.48
.09
0
.06
9.8
106
3,520
34,560
.50
17.3
712
.2.5
25.6
12.3
Sly
Dracco
Cotton
Dacron"
Gypsum
It*
7
7.4
65
7.4
1.3
.3
0
2.0
200
2,700
5,300
1.25
6.7
844
2.3
4.5
5.7
Wheel.
MlkroP
R
Dacron
Cotton
Industrial Lightweight
Sand Aocresate Lime
260
13
3.1
11
.9
.7
0
0
2.0
173
4,455 2
8,700 5
1.20
11.5
252
1.12
2.2
2.9
AAF
Pangborn
Cotton
Dacron"
166
24
4.0
14
.9
.4
0
.4
2.1
220
,600
,400
1.25
6.7
142
.37
.77
.96
Sly
Dracco
Cotton
Dacron
212
15
36.7
173
2.1
2.4
.1
.9
3.3
230
4,900
16,400
.90
14.7
445
2.2
7.3
6.5
Sly
AAF
Cotton
Dacron"
Refrac-
tories
47
7
19.4
412
4.4
3.0
.4
1.9
2.1
330
7,400
15.700
1. 00
15.7
207
1.5
3.2
3.2
Dracco
Rees
Cotton
Dacron"
Talc
65
10
1.0
15.7
3.0
.2
0
0
2.1
135
4,714
8,700
1.15
10.0
195
.92
1.7
2.0
Parsons
Paagborn
Cotton
Orion
Hlscellsneous
3
7552
70
64.9
86
2.7
1.5
0
.1
8.6
213
1,897
16,350
.75
12.3
2026
3.8
33.1
25.0
Sly
Vhael.
Cotton
OrlonR
Total
375
376
9648
121
239
284
Notes to Table 2
1. All Pit and Quarry estlsiates for cement plants (except thoie bracketed) have been adjusted to Include distribution as well as production
plants, an Increase of 2194 filters and 310 plants.
2. Plants having air pollution control equipment only. These sre reported ss 14.8 percent of Crushed Stone, 59.4 percent of Lightweight Aggre-
|ate, and 41 percent of all miscellaneous plants.
3. estimated fron survey ntatiatlcs reported.
-------
2
lector size of 12,600 ft. with a range from 1,900 (miscellaneous) to
22,000 (cement). Total cloth area is estimated to be 121 x 10 sq. ft.,
gas volume 239 x 10 cfm, and a fabric filter investment of $284 x 10 ,
or 1.19 $/cfm (2.35 $/sq. ft).
In any given industry there is a variety of similar processes and
operations. This is perhaps especially true of the NMMI in which about
25 different applications of fabric filters were reported. These are sum-
marized by industry segment in Table 3 and without doubt fabric filters
are used on other operations as well. Grinding, crushing, and screening
were the applications most commonly reported.
Further analyses of the Pit and Quarry survey NMMI data are made
elsewhere in this handbook in discussing fabric applications, cleaning
methods, etc.
-------
TABLE 3
REPORTED APPLICATIONS OF FABRIC FILTERS IN THE NON-METALLIC MINERALS INDUSTRY*
I
00
App i Ication
Bagging
Bins
Calcining
Conveyors
Crushing
Drying
Elevators
End Sow
Expander
General thru
plant
f,r Indlng
Hydrators
Ketc les
Kl Ins
Loading
Mills
Packing
Sanding
Screens
Shipping
Silos
Storage
Transfer
Venting
TOTALS:
Cement
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
9
Crushed Industrial Lightweight Refrat- M
Stone Gypsum Sand Aggregate Li TO- torlea Talc Misc.
X XX
X
X X
XX X
XX XXX
X XX
X
X
X
X
X X X X X X X
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X X XXX
X
XX X
X X
X
U 13 2 58546
No. Reporting
by Application
3
2
2
3
6
3
1
1
1
1
8
1
1
3
1
2
3
1
5
I
3
2
I
1
56
Rank
2
1
3
Proa Kostka, J.G., "Dust Collector Survey, Pit and Quarry Publications, Inc., Chicago III. (1968).
n>
Includes phosphate, kaolin, bentonlte, borax, pegmatite, insulation, a«.M-stos, fluorspar, kyanlte, filler's
-------
APPENDIX 2.1
FORCE OF ADHESION BETWEEN SPHERE AND
CYLINDER IN LIQUID CONTACT
-------
FORCE OF ADHESION BETWEEN SPHERE AND
CYLINDER IN LIQUID CONTACT
Larsen* analyzed first the case of two perfectly wetted spheres
(i.e., zero contact angle) with the wetted area small compared to the
size of the smaller sphere. His analysis is valid for almost any sphere
size ratio. Because the contact geometry for a large ratio is much like
that of a small sphere on a much larger diameter fiber, Larsen then correctly
inferred that his formula could be applied to fibers and smaller adhering
particles, although his formula is not exact for sphere-cylinder combinations.
Larsen's derivation preceded as follows.
Surface tension of the
liquid ring having radius C
creates a (negative) pressure
p in the fluid, giving rise
to a force of adhesion
F =
The pressure can be related
to surface tension Ts by
analyzing the forces on
an increment of the meniscus,
the ends of which are tangen-
tial to each sphere. The
tangential force along a length
of contact m is Tgm, and the
horizontal component TA of
that force is
Figure (b)
Similarly
TA = Tsm cos 4 = Tgm f
= Tsm cos 9 = Tsm
(2)
The pressure in the fluid is the sum of these forces divided by
the area S x m:
P =
(M)
(3)
*Larsen, R. I., The Adhesion and Removal of Particles Attached to Air
Filter Surfaces, Am. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. Jnl.. 19_, 265 (1958).
-------
However, S is related to C.
Since D* = (D - SA)2 + C2,
as long as SA is small (that
is, as long as SA2« 2DSA) ,
SB 2F
Figure (c)
Consequently
«! - C f 1 I M
S " 2 \ D F /
Equation (1) can now be evaluated:
(4)
(5)
It is convenient to define two ratios:
, _ Fiber (or larger sphere) diameter _ I)
D Particle (or smaller sphere) diameter F
. _ Contact ring radius _
C Particle (or smaller sphere ) diameter
o 71/9 9 91/2
Also E = (C + D ) ' and G = (C + F ) ' ;
It is a matter of substitution to show that
F = 2 7T Ts (2F)
( kd
which could be written
F = 2KT
(6)
(7)
Where D = 2 F is the particle diameter and k.. a geometric factor
s J-
depending only on K and K . For the case of a particle on a plane k =
oo, and if for k <•< 1, k1 becomes 1 and the force of adhesion predicted
agrees with those of simpler analyses.
-------
This result for a ring-shaped
wetted area (two spheres) as
shown in Figure (d) needs to
be modified for the ellipse
produced between sphere and
cylinder. Equation (3) for
pressure and the subsequent
evaluation of S and the
geometric factors remain
unchanged since Figure (b)
still represents one cross
section of a sphere and cylinder.
The pressure will be the same in
all parts of the ellipse.
However the area required for
Equation (1) is no longer
given by itC^ but is now
If C C1 where C1, the semi
major axis of the ellipse, has
yet to be formulated.
0
Small sphere, Large sphere,
ring contact elliptic contact
Figure (d)
-------
APPENDIX 2.2
AEROSOL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
-------
AEROSOL ENGINEERING AND SCIENCE
The range of interest in aerosol systems extends to almost every
field of science and technology. Studies may be directed wholly toward
theoretical solutions of fundamental problems or, on the other extreme,
to direct measurements of characterizing parameters in real systems.
Results of these studies are published in a wide variety of specialist
journals according to the subject of the research. Although the title
of the journal might not suggest an association with fabric filtration
per se, the treatment of specific aerosol systems often furnishes useful
guidelines for fabric filter research. A summary listing of several
scientific disciplines in which a knowledge of aerosol behavior is
important is given in Table 2.2.
There is a very large body of literature relating to particulate
*
systems and their behaviors :
Books on Fundamentals
There is not single book that serves adequately as a text, or as an
introduction, for the science of aerosols, whether in its theoretical
or its experimental aspect. A fairly rigorous account of most of the
fundamental properties of aerosols is provided by three classics taken
together:
N. A. Fuchs, The Mechanics of Aerosol, Pergamon, Oxford, 1964.
H. C. Van De Hulst, Light Scattering by Fine Particles, Wiley,
New York, 1957.
G. Herdan, Small Particle Statistics, Academic Press, New York, 1960.
For special topics, these may be supplemented by:
R. A. Bagnold, Physics of Blown Sand and Desert Dunes, Methuen,
London, 1940.
S. Flugge, Hanbuch der Physik, Bd. 48, Geophysik II, p. 254-369 and
479-537, Springer, Berlin, 1957.
J. C. Johnson, Physical Meteorology, Wiley, New York, 1960.
*This section is taken largely from an article of the same title by the
late J. R. Hodkinson, in Powder Technology, j^, 51 (1967), with modifica-
tions, and additions to 1970.
-------
TABLE 2.2. RANGE OF AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
FIELD
PHYSICS
Kinetic Theory
Physics of Fluids
Electromagnetic Effects
Electrostatic Phenomena
CHEMISTRY
Heterogeneous Reactions
Homogeneous Reactions
PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY
Colloid Chemistry
Interfacial Science
Rheology
Photochemistry
MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED
MECHANICS
Fluid Mechanics
REMARKS
Statistical mechanics, Brownian motion,
Coagulation
Gas dynamics, motion of particles,
flow viscous flow
Light scatter, laser radar
Plasma physics, optical properties
Charging, ionization, motion
nucleation
Catalysis, Combustion, Flame Chemistry
Generation of particulate phase,
Surface energy
Study of disperse systems in fluids
Agglomeration, Particle beams
Adhesion, condensation, adsprption
Accommodation for flux of various
molecular species
Aerosol modification of fluid properties,
non-Newtonian flow, macromolecules
Smog formation, radiation chemistry,
heterogeneous, homogeneous
Flow, property, aerosol particle inter-
actions, energy coupling and modifications
of fluid transport phenomena. Turbulent
flow.
-------
TABLE 2.2. RANGE OF AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (Cont)
FIELD
MATHEMATICS AND APPLIED
MECHANICS (Cont)
Mathematics
REMARKS
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
Electrical
Mechanical
Aeronautical, Astronautical
Chemical
Civil
Slow viscous flow, sphere and cylinder
problems, flow in a corner.
Low Reynolds Number
Hydrodynamics, drag.
Charging, collection, device develop-
ment for aerosols, control. Xerography.
Communication, powder technology,
combustion, collection and control
device development, gas dynamics in
jets, gas turbines, air induction
systems, clean room technology.
Rain; ice; clouds, air induction system
designs, aerosol jet-nozzle flow-energy
interactions, jet propulsion, ion
propulsion, interplanetary particle
flux, protection, spacecraft cabin
atmosphere aerosol definition, lunar
dusts.
Flow of fluids, rheology, Behaviour
of disperse system, Chemical process
engineering of disperse phases,
Properties of aerosol systems; col-
lection of aerosol systems, catalysis
combustion, condensation, Diffusion,
separations in gas-particle systems,
filtering, screening, kelletizing,
liquetting, lintering, fluidization and
conveying of powders.
Environmental engineering, Sediment
-------
TABLE 2.2. RANGE OF AEROSOL SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY (Cont)
FIELP
GEOPHYSICS AND ATMOSPHERIC
SCIENCES
Cloud Physics
Meteorology
Atmospheric Chemistry
and Radioactivity
Geophysics
REMARKS
PUBLIC HEALTH AND HYGIENE
Medicine
PUBLIC HEALTH -
AIR POLLUTION
Nucleation, condensation, fog, rain,
scavenging by rain, weather modifica-
tion (delib, inadvert)
Haze, fog, mist, transport, dispersion
and disposal in the atmospheric
reservoir
Transport in atmosphere, formation by
atmospheric processes, solar radiative
interactions, photochemical smog and
haze formation, deposition.
Geochemistry, photochemistry, chemistry
and physics of the interplanetary
spaces, planetary atmospheres, Light
and other energy transmission in the
atmosphere.
Inhalation, deposition, clearance,
and retention of aerosols, Therapeutic
aerosol generation and characterization
occupational and industrial medicine,
Physiological effects.
Industrial and occupational hygiene,
health physics, atmosphereic pollution,
confined compartment atmospheres,
residential dwelling and public air
hygiene, characterization and engineering
for control or protection of residents,
occupants, or workers, Clean room
technology for hospital treatment of
biological problems.
BIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL
AEROSOLS
Technical applications, aerosol
technology, military aerosols and
agents, production, release, character-
ization, control, Bioengineering,
Dissemination and transport of
agricultural and forestry pesticides,
herbicides.
-------
B. J. Mason, Physics of Clouds, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1959.
W. E. K. Middleton, Vision Through the Atmosphere, Univ. of Toronto,
1963.
L. Foitzik and H. Hinzpeter, Sonnenstrahlung und luftrubung, Akad.
Verlag, Leipzig, 1958.
E. G. Richardson (Ed.), Aerodyanmic Capture of Particles, Pergamon,
Oxford, 1960.
C. E. Lapple, Fluid and Particle Mechanics, Univ. of Delaware, 1956.
More elementary introductions to the subject or to parts of it,
the first five attractively written for the layman, are:
C. Orr, Between Earth and Space, Collier Paperback, 1961.
M. Minnaert, Light and Colour in the Open Air, Dover Paperback, 1954.
B. J. Mason, Clouds, Rain and Rainmaking, Cambridge Univ. Press, 1962.
A. Assailly, Les Poussieres, Presses Universitaires de France, 1956.
G. Sutton, The Science of Flight, Penguin Books, 1955, first 70
pages (out of print)
R. D. Cadle, Particle Size: Theory and Industrial Applications, Reinhold,
1965.
A. P. Avy, Les Aerosols, Dunod, Paris, 1956.
The electrical properties of aerosols are discussed in:
H. J. White, Industrial Electrostatic Precipitation, Addison-Wesley,
1963.
Much information on the fundamental physical and chemical properties
of aerosols is also to be found in the books mentioned below, as well
as in the substantial compendium:
C. N. Davies (Ed.), Aerosol Science, Academic Press, New York, 1966.
for which his notebook
C. N. Davies, Recent Advances in Aerosol Science, Pergamon, Oxford,
1965.
appears to have been a preliminary sketch.
-------
Books on Aerosol Measurement
Their titles notwithstanding, no existing book gives a comprehensive
account of methods of measuring aerosols or even a general review of
the physical principles that may be employed. The most widely used book
at present is probably:
H. I. Green and W. R. Lane, Particulate Clouds. Spon, London and
Van Nostrand, Princeton, 2nd edn., 1964.
which also contained much information on aerosol fundamentals and technology,
a breadth of subject matter inevitably achieved at the expense of depth
in some topics. Some of its deficiencies may be made good by reference
to Davies1 Aerosol Science mentioned above: and to the forthcoming publica-
tion of an extended version of
U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Handbook on Aerosols, 1949, also
see the original OSRD, NDRC, Div 10, Summary Technical Report.
The old stand-by for thirty years
P. Drinker and T. Hatch, Industrial Dust, McGraw-Hill, New York
2nd edn., 1954.
is now out of date in some aspects. The detailed
J. M. Dallavalle, Micromeritics. Pitman, London, 1948.
was especially good on particle-size distribution and sedimentation
analysis; its successor, might be taken as
R. R. Irani and C. F. Callis, Particle Size; Measurement. Interpreta-
tion and Application, Wiley, New York, 1963.
The book which succeeds it, is an elementary survey:
C. Orr and J. M. Dallavalle, Fine Particle Measurement, Macmillian,
New York, 1960.
Other introductory surveys of aerosol measurement are to be found
in
R. D. Cadle, Particle Size Determination, Interscience, New York 1955
C. N. Davies, Dust is Dangerous, Faber and Faber, London 1954.
Air Sampling Instrument Manual, American Conference of Governmental
Industrial Hygienist, 1014 Broadway, Cincinnati 2, Ohio.
-------
The greatest deficiency in the literature on aerosol measurement
is the total absence of any comprehensive and critical review of light
scattering methods. Van de Hulst's excellent theoretical treatise
mentioned above does not purport to discuss applications except in passing,
and nearly all the chapters on light scattering books mentioned in this
section are inadequate.
Books on Aerosols in the Atmosphere
The following books contain useful, if at times miscellaneous, informa-
tion on aerosol science measurement and technology associated with atmos-
pheric phenomena involving aerosols:
W. Fett, Per Atmospharischer Staub, VEP Deutscher Verlag der
Wissenschaften, 1958.
C. E. Jungle, Air Chemistry and Radioactivity, Academic Press,
New York, 1963
P. L. Magill, F. R. Holden and C. Ackley, Air Pollution Handbook.
McGraw-Hill, New York 1956.
R. Meldau, Handbuch der Staubtechnik, Vols. I and II, V.D.I. Verlag,
Dusseldorf, 1965 and 1958.
A. C. Stern (Ed.), Air Pollution, Academic Press, New York,
Vols. I, II, III, (1968).
M. W. Thring, Air Pollution, Butterworth, London, 1957
American Industrial Hygiene Association: Air Pollution Manual, Vol.
I: Evaluation, 1960, II Control Equipment, 1968.
B. Stoces and H. Jung, Staub und Silikosebe-kampfung im Bergbau.
Akademie-Verlag, Berlin, 1962.
W. Ordinanz, Staub im Betrieb, Hauser, Munich, 1958.
D. H. Slade (Ed), Meteorology and Atomic Energy - 1968. USAEC
Div. of Tech. Information (July 1968).
M. Smith, Recommended Guide for the Prediction of the Dispersion
of Airborne Effluents. ASME, NY, 1968.
R. S. Scorer, Natural Aerodynamics. Pergamon, 1958.
J.C. Johnson, Physical Meteorology. Wiley, 1960.
O.G. Button, The Challenge of the Atmosphere. Harper, 1961.
W.I. Humphreys, Physics of the Air. (1940 republished 1964), Dover.
-------
Compendium of Meteorology. American Meteorological Society,
Boston, Massachusetts, 1951, Outstandingly good.
Other texts of interest for specific technical aspects included:
T. Hatch and P. Gross, Pulmonary Deposition and Retention of Inhaled
Aerosols, Academic Press, New York, 1964.
P. F. Holt, Pneumoconiosis, Arnold, London, 1957.
D. Birchon, Optical Microscope Technique, Newnes, London, 1961.
E. M. Chamot and C. W. Mason, Handbook of Chemical Microscopy,
Wiley, 1958.
C. H. Needham, Practical Use of the Microscope, Thomas, Springfield,
111., 1958.
L. C. Martin & B. K. Johnson, Particle Microscopy. Blackie, London,
1957.
A. H. Shapiro, Shape and Flow, Anchor paperback, 1961. Readable
background on airflow past obstacles and boundaries.
C. Orr, Between Earth and Space, Collier paperback, 1961, The Atmosphere.
M. Minnaert, Light and Color in the Open Air, Dover paperback, 1961,
readable background on light-scattering.
T. Allen, Particle Size Measurement, Chapman and Hale, Ltd., London,
1968.
H. E. Rose, The Measurement of Particle Size in Very Fine Powders,
Constable & Co., London, 1958.
W. E. Kuhn, Ultrafine Particles. Wiley, New York, 1963.
A. W. Adamson, Physical Chemistry of Surfaces, Interscience Publ.
New York, 1st Ed., 1960, 2nd Ed. 1967.
A. W. Zimon, Adhesion of Dust and Powder, Plenum Press, New York, 1969.
B. R. Fish, Ed., Surface Contamination, Pergamon, 1967.
V. G. Levich, Physicochemical Hydrodynamics, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
Prentice-Hall, Inc, New Jersey, 1962.
J. Happel and H. Brenner, Low Reynolds Number Hydrodynamics, Prentice-
Hall Inc., New Jersey, 1965.
L. Prandtr, Essentials of Fluid Dynamics, Hafner Publ. Co., New
York, 1952.
M. Van Dyke, Perturbation Methods in Fluid Mechanics, Academic
Press, New York, 1964.
C. Orr, Jr., Particulate Technology, Macmillan, 1966.
-------
Control of Aerosol Particles
Technical accounts of aerosol suppression, filtration and control
of industrial and urban air pollution are generally of limited scope.
Much information is contained in Chapters in the books by Drinker and
Hatch, Magill, Stern, Stoces and Jung, Meldau, and Ordinanz listed
above; also in the following:
S. K. Friedlander, et al, Air Cleaning Handbook, US AEC, 1951.
R. Jorgensen (ed.), Fan Engineering, 6th Edition, 1961, Ch. 23,
p. 549-590, Buffalo Forge Company, Buffalo, New York. A useful
outline of air cleaning.
J. H. Perry (ed), Chemical Engineers Handbook, 3rd edition 1951,
Dust and Mist Collection, Concise and authoritative with many
references. The presentation of this subject in a recent edition
of the Handbook is less detailed.
The following texts treat specific aspects of the subject in
greater detail:
K. Rietema and C. G. Verver, Eds., Cyclones in Industry, Elsevier
Pub. Co., Amsterdam, 1961.
P. A. F. White and S. E. Smith, High-Efficiency Air Filtration,
Butterworths, London, 1964.
G. Nonhebel, Ed., Gas Purification Processes, G. Newnes, Ltd.
London, 1964.
W. Strauss, Ed., Air Pollution, Wiley. 1970
W. Strauss, Industrial Gas Cleaning, Pergamon, 1966.
H. E. Rose and A. J. Wood, An Introduction to Electrostatic
Precipitation Theory and Practice, 2nd Ed., Constable London
1968; also see H. J. White's text cited previously.
J. A. Danielson, Ed., Air Pollution Engineering Manual, USDEW
National Air Pollution Control Administration, PHS Publication
No. 999-AP-40, 1967. (Presents information on air and gas
cleaning and particulate control equipment for many typical
applications).
Conferences on Aerosols
Conferences and meetings wholly or partly devoted to some aspect
of aerosol science or technology are fairly frequent especially in the
U.S.A. and in Germany. What is original is eventually published in
-------
the normal way. A few major international conferences have, however,
produced volumes of proceedings which contain valuable original material,
or are of historical interest as a record of the emphasis and interests
at different stages in the progress of aerosol science. There are:
The Physics of Particle-Size Analysis, Brit. J. Appl. Phys., Suppl.
No. 3 (1954).
Particle Size Analysiss Trans. Inst. Chem. Engrs. (London),
Suppl. to Volume 25 (1947).
The Physical Chemistry of Aerosols, Discussions Faraday Sco.
No. 30 (1960).
C. N. Davies (Ed.), Inhaled Particles and Vapours, Pergamon, Oxford
1961, Vol. I; Cambridge 1966, Vol. II; Vol. Ill, 1970.
M. Kerker (Ed.) Electromagnetic Scattering, Pergamon, Oxford, 1963
K. Spurny, (Ed.), Aerosols. Publishing House of the Czechoslovak
Academy of Sciences, 1965.
Unfortunately proceedings of many conferences do not receive wide
distribution, e.g., Physics of Aerosols, Condensation Nuclei, USAEC
Air Cleaning Conference^etc.
Periodicals on Aerosols
Many fundamental studies on aerosols are published in the Journal
of Colloid IF Science, Kolloid Zeit3ch.ri.ft. Colloid Journal (English
translation from the Russian), International Journal of Aerosol Science.
or in journals devoted to fundamental scientific disciplines such as
optics, physical chemistry, fluid mechanics, and atmospheric physics.
The papers in the journal Staub (= dust) are as variable in subject
matter as in quality, the majority being empirical and technological,
but its abstracts section is excellent and unequalled in its coverage.
Staub appears in English as well as in the German edition. Many
papers on aerosols are included in Chemical Abstracts but are not
always indexed as such. Journals concerned with air pollution,
industrial hygiene, mining, fuel technology, meteorology applied
optics, chemical engineering science, powder technology and others also
carry papers on aerosols.
-------
Classification of Aerosol Literature
There have been relatively few efforts directed to a complete
1 2
classification of aerosol literature. Strehlow and Scheffy prepared
annotated bibliographies on aerosols for the USAEC in 1950 and 1958,
respectively. Their acquisitions on meteorology and air pollution
were restricted in scope (independently estimated from a comprehensive
bibliography in 1954 at 3900 air pollution items). They list 1936
(Ref. 2) and 947 (Ref 3) items on aerosols up to 1955. No comprehensive
bibliography on aerosols has been published since 1955. The number
of articles and books produced in recent years indicates that the
total amount of information available is substantially greater than
4
at that time. Fuchs , who has proposed a classification system for
aerosol literature, suggests there may be in excess of 20,000 source
documents available dealing with aerosols. This figure is probably
low. No single source has been located having a complete retrievable
holding.
1. R. A. Strehlow, Bibliography on Aerosols, USAEC Report No. SO-1003,
University of Illinois, Contract No. AT(30-3)-28, February 28, 1951.
2. W. J. Scheffy, Bibliography on Aerosols, Supplement to SO-1003, USAEC
Report No. COO-1016, University of Illinois, Contract No. AT(ll-l)-
276, June 1, 1956.
3. S. J. Davenport and G. G. Morgis, Air Pollution, A Bibliography,
U. S. Bureau of Mines Bulleint 537, Washington, 1954.
4. N. A. Fuchs, An Attempt at a Classification of Aerosol Literature,
Staub, (English Transl), 2J3 (9), 1 (1968).
-------
APPENDIX 2.3
COMPACTION EFFECTS IN GRANULAR MEDIA*
*
(From a manuscript released by I.M. Kolthoff and I. Shapiro in December,
1962 for publication as an ASD Technical Documentary Report. Authors are
believed to have been associated with Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus,
Oh io.)
-------
A. Retrospection
The techniques of compounding and fabricating materials from powder
form is widely utilized in a number of industries, but the study of the under-
lying principles relating void content of powders with pressure has been
comparatively neglected. A literature survey on the compressibility of
powders reveals isolated attempts to make such studies, but, because of
limited scope and objectivity, such studies usually degenerated to the
formulation of empirical relationships of compressibility with pressure.
The applicability of these relationships has been found to be very limited,
hence the need for a systematic study of the compressibility of particulate
matter directed towards predicting properties of compacts as function of
pressure.
The objective of the program reported here was to examine a broad
spectrum of materials ranging in properties from "plastic" to "brittle" and
determine their compressibilities at ambient temperature. In order to
make comparisons of the compaction behavior of the various powders, it
was first necessary to set certain restrictions so as to reduce the number
of variables that would be encountered. Based on past experience, two re-
strictions were deemed necessary here. First, the particles must be of fairly
uniform size; mixed sizes will greatly influence the packing of particles. The
"uniform size" refers both to particles within a sample and to particles of
different powders. Second, in compressing the particles within a die, the
ratio of depth of compact to diameter of compact must be kept to a minimum
value (consistent with experimental measurements) in order to avoid die-
wall fractional forces. These two restrictions are mentioned here so that
when one reads the historical background on compression of powders, one
will appreciate how variables can be introduced without awareness on the
part of the experimenter. Only by isolating the variables can one make a
reasonable attempt to study the compaction behavior of various powders.
Unfortunately, in many of the previous studies such precautions were not
always taken; consequently, one must view published data with a certain
degree of suspicion.
B. Literature Review
A compendium of references to the literature on Powder Metallurgy
to 1950 is given by C. G. Goetzelj1' It is interesting to note that of the
many thousands of references only a handful refer to studies trying to eluci-
date the compaction behavior of powders. By far the greatest effort is found
in the field of Metallurgy; in the field of Pharmacy where the tableting of
pills is important, the effort has been practically nil. Interest in the field
of Ceramics is starting to be generated.
-------
Prior to 1940, the effort devoted to the study of the principles of
powder compressibility was exceedingly small. Dr. W. D. Jones wrote
the first prewar book(2) on the principles of powder metallurgy in 1937.
Bal'shin(3) presented his theory on the compaction of powders by applying
the concept of fluid mechanics.
In the decade 1940-1950, there was a flurry of activity in the field
with a number of articles, monographs, and symposia being published --a
great number of them related to the sintering phenomenon. J. Wulff(4) edited
the papers presented at the 1940 and 1941 Conferences on Powder Metallurgy
(held at M. I. T., Cambridge). At that time, the discussions on principles of
powder compaction were pretty sketchy. At the symposium held at Bay side,
L. I., New York, in August 1949 (articles edited by W. E. Kingston(5)), a
paper presented by R. P. Seelig gave a good account of the theories and con-
cepts on the fundamentals of pressing metal powders that had evolved during
the decade. During this period, several text-type books were authored by
Kieffer and Hotop, fa» 7) Hausner, W and Goetzel^9). The latter discusses the
theories advanced by Bal'shin, (3) Unckel, (10) Seelig and Wulff, f11) and Kamm,
Steinberg, and Wulff^^). Equations relating the porosity or density of com-
pacted powders with pressure were presented by Shapiro, '^^» *4) Smith, (15)
and KonopickyO6).
After 1950, the activity was sporadic with only a few papers devoted
to compaction phenomena appearing in the literature. A perusal of the papers
presented at the International Powder Metallurgy Conference, v 1?) New York,
I960, showed little advancement in the state of the art of cold (ambient tem-
perature) compaction -- the concentration of effort being on sintering and
hot-pressing. The best review of pressing of powders to date is given by
W. D. Jones (*&) m his text on Fundamental Principles of Powder Metallurgy
(I960). More recent articles dealing with this subject will be presented with
the detailed discussions in this report.
C. Background on Powder Compressibility
The compression of a loose powder in a die to form a coherent mass
is the foundation of powder metallurgy and ceramics. A number of theories
have evolved on the mechanism of compacting and the bonding forces holding
the compact together.
Seelig and Wulff' ' consider the compaction process of powdered metals
as consisting of three steps: (1) packing, (2) elastic and plastic deformation, and
(3) cold-working (with or without fragmentation). The authors stress that the
three steps do not follow each other in sequence, but may overlap each other,
and at least one of them may be absent under many conditions; e. g. , with pow-
ders such as lead and tin, steps one and three are of little significance, while
with hard powders such as chromium or tungoten carbide, step two is practi-
cally absent. In summary, the significance of any of the three steps depends
to a large extent on the plasticity of the powder used.
-------
In his review of the literature on pressing of metal powders, Seelig'*^)
summarizes the experimental work on the importance of die-wall friction with
the density distribution in a compact. In the case of long compacts, i. e. ,
high length to diameter ratio, the die-wall friction may be very appreciable,
so that from the standpoint of studying the compaction of powders it is neces-
sary to separate these frictional forces from other forces in the compact.
The effect of lubricants on nickel powder compacts also was studied' U)
The conclusion drawn was that die-wall friction was far greater than inter -
particle friction.
The bonding forces holding a compact together by cold pressing are
attributed to one or more of the following phenomena:' '' Attractive forces
(atomic), mechanical inter-locking, electrostatic forces, cold welding, local
melting, and vacuum created by expelling gases from the pores. Although
the measurement of bonding forces (by strength of compacts) is beyond the
scope of work described in this report, the results of the work do shed some
light on several of the possible bonding forces.
In the field of Ceramics there is a certain amount of parallelism to
Powder Metallurgy in the compression of powders. In both fields the prob-
lem is to achieve a coherent compact which can be handled -- usually for
further treatment such as sintering or firing. The principal difference be-
tween metals and ceramics is the physical characteristics of the powder --
though in some instances, this difference is not too sharply defined. In an
article on the role of powder density in dry-pressed ceramic parts, Berry,
Allen, and Hassett'^O) report that the total compaction of a pelleted ceramic
takes place in three principal stages: (1) formation of granules, (2) pressing,
and (3) firing. Although the first stage often is considered to be independent
of the others, these authors show that the properties of the powder exert a
major controlling influence on pressing and firing behavior. An interesting
conclusion of these authors is cited: "In conclusion, we wish to restate the
rather surprising fact that granular powders may contain as much as 70%
voids and only 30% solids. Therefore, if ultimate density is desired in a
ceramic body, the fundamentals of packing, void distribution, and compaction
must be understood and applied. " More recently, Cooper and Eaton'^*) have
studied the compaction behavior of four ceramic powders of widely different
hardness, but of essentially the same particle-size fraction. These authors
have attempted to explain the compaction process as a combination of two
processes, one caused by rearrangement of particles, or the filling of large
voids, and the second process by fragmentation (with or without plastic flow), '
or filling of small voids. The concept of particles sliding past one another
also is widely believed in powder metallurgy circles. '*°' Current findings
described in the experimental portion of this report reveals that this concept
may be incorrect.
-------
D. Conclusions and Summary of Theoretical and Experimental Program
Compressibility of powders takes place via plastic deformation, such
as in the case of magnesium, or via fragmentation, such as in the case of
thoria, or via a combination of the two types, such as in the case of moly-
bdenum disulfide.
For plastic materials the effect of pressure, p, on the porosity, P, of
a packing of powder whose initial bulked porosity is PQ, can be expressed
by the Shapiro-Konopicky Equation
P = P e"kiP
r- - ^oc
For other materials two terms of the general equation
P = Xa.e l
are required. One term whose influence is in the low-pressure range is
believed to be related to the porosity of the individual particles.
The initial or bulked porosity, PQ, is a function of particle size 'and
size distribution, particle shape, and porosity of the individual particle.
Photomicrographs taken during the compression process reveal that
particles do not slide past one another during compaction, regardless of
the type of compaction, i. e., plastic deformation or fragmentation. The
same mechanism applies in filling large holes or small pores in any one
system.
For unrestricted compression of an individual magnesium sphere the
ratio of load to bearing surface is a constant. For restricted compression,
such as in the case of a monolayer or polylayer of magnesium spheres,
greater loads can be sustained than for a single sphere of the same bearing
surface area.
When two curved surfaces of the same plastic material are compressed
together, the intersection of the two surfaces is a "flat" plane, thus the con-
cept of purely mechanical interlocking of particles as an explanation of co-
hesion of a pressed pellet does not appear valid.
Fragmentation of ceramic-type particles result in formation of many
fine fragments as well as several large fragments. The concept of fine
fragments falling away from the bearing surface in the initial stages of
compression may account for the changing slope of the logarithm porosity-
pressure curve.
-------
Compression of mixed powders results in the type of compression
basic to the single powders. In the case of mixtures of molybdenum di-
sulfide with ceramics, such as thoria or silica, the molybdenum disulfide
can "flow" around the ceramic particles.
The recompression effect observed for silica and its mixtures is
appreciable, may be related to the elasticity of the powder, and must be
taken into account in applying compressibility equations.
E. References
(1) C. G. Goetzel, Treatise on Powder Metallurgy, Vol. Ill, Interscience
Publ. , N. Y. ,
, (2) W. D. Jones, Principles of Powder Metallurgy, Edward Arnold
(Publishers), London, 1937
(3) M. YuBal'ihin, Vestnik Metalloprom 18. 124, (1938)
(4) J. Wulff, Editor, Powder Metallurgy, Am. Sc. Metals, Cleveland,
1942
(5) W. E. Kingston, Editor, The Physics of Powder Metallurgy, McGraw-
Hill Book Company, New York, 1951
(6) R. Kieffer and W. Hotop, Pulvermetallurgie und Sinterwerkstoffe ,
Springer, Berlin. 1943
(7) R. Kieffer and W. Hotop, Sintereisen und Sinterstahl, Vienna, 1948
(8) H. H. Hausner, Powder Metallurgy, Chemical Publishing Co. , N. Y. ,
1947
(9) C. G. Goetzel, Treatise on Powder Metallurgy, Vol. I, Interscience
Publishers, N. Y. , 1?49
(10) H. Unckel, Arch. Eisenhuttenw. 18, 16 1, (1945)
(11) R. P. Seelig and J. Wulff, Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs. 166,
492, (1946)
(12) R. Kamm, M. Steinberg, and J. Wulff, Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Met.
Engrs. 171, 439, (1947)
-------
(13) I. Shapiro, Doctoral Thesis, Univ. of Minnesota, 1944
(14) I. Shapiro and I. M. Kolthoff, J. Phys. and Colloid Chem. 5_1, 483,
(1947) '—
(15) G. G. Smith, Metal Ind. (London) J72. 427(1948)
(16) K. Konopicky, Radex-Rundschan, 141-8 (1948)
(17) W. Leszynski, Editor, Powder Metallurgy, Interscience Publishers,
N. Y., 1961
(18) ~W. D. Jones, Fundamental Principles of Powder Metallurgy, Edward
Arnold (Publishers) London, I960
(19) R. P. SeeliR, Trans. Am. Inst. Mining Met. Engrs. , 171. 506, (1947)
(20) T. F. Betrry, W. C. Allen, and W. A. Hasaett, Am. Ceram'. Soc.
Bull. 3B, 393, (1959)
(21) A. R. Cooper, Jr., and L. E. Eaton, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 45, 97,
(1962)
(22) T. Hatch and S. F. Choate, J. Franklin Inst. , 207. 369. (1929)
(23) I. Shapiro and I. M. Kolthoff, J. Phys. and Colloid Chem. , 52^
1020 (1948)
(24) D. R. Hudson, J. Applied Phys, 2£, 154(1949)
(25) R. K. McGeary, J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 44. 513. (1961)
(26) P. S. Roller, Ind. Eng. Chem., 22, 1206 (1930)
(27) J. Heuberger, Trans. Chalmers Univ. Technol. , Gothenburg, 98,
11 (1950)
(28) F. W. Vahldiek, C. T. Lynch, and L. B. Robinson, WADD Tech.
Rept. 60-705, dated Nov. I960
(29) H. Brandt, J. Appl. Mech. , 22_, 479(1955)
(30) S. Timoshenko and J. H. Goodier, Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-Hill
Book Company, New York, 1951, pp 372-7
-------
(31) L Fatt, J. Appl. Mech.. 24, 148 (1957); Bull. Am. Assoc. Petrol.
Geol. 42, 1914, (1958)
(32) H. H. Hausner and R. King, Planseeberichte fur Pulvermetallurgie,
J8, 28 (1960)
(33) R. W. Heckel. Trans. Metallurg. Soc. of AIME, 221, 671, (1961)
(34) I. Shapiro and I. M. Kolthoff, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 72, 776(1950)
(35) G. Martin, C. E. Blythe, and H. Tongue, Trans. Brit. Ceram. Soc.
23, 61. (1924)
(36) H. L. Ritter and C. C. Drake. Fml. Eng. Chem., Anal. Ed. 17, 782,
(1945)
(37) G. V. Raynor, The Physical Metallurgy of Magnesium and Its Alloys,
Pergamon Press, N. Y., 1959, p. 216
(38) C. Sheldon Roberts, Magnesium and Its Alloys, John Wiley and Sons,
N.Y., I960. p. 81
(39) I. Shapiro and I. M. Kolthoff, J. Physical and Colloid Chem. 52.
1319. (1948)
-------
APPENDIX 2.4
SPECIFICATIONS FOR SELECTED FILTER FABRICS
Some of the principal specifications for selected fabrics from two
fabric manufacturers are tabulated. These specifications are standards,
and some variation may be expected. When desired, other designs may also
be available.
-------
TABLE 2.4(a)
STANDARD SPECIFICATIONS FOR FILTER FABRICS
I
Co
Style
No.
1210
1215
1216
1217
1226
1227
1228
1400
1417
1418
U60
Fiber Air flow (Gurley)
-Material Permeability Mullen Weight
cfm/ft2 at 1/2 in. Burst, oz./sq.yd.
H«0 psi
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Orion Acrylic
D
Orion Acrylic
P
Orion Acrylic
P
Orion Acrylic
Industrial Filter Fabrics,
15-20
10-15
5-10
15-20
35-40
45-50
15-20
25-30
55-60
35-40
25-30
Engineered
310
240
230
300
200
260
280
255
275
315
255
Fabrics Corp.
9.7
9.7
9.7
9.7
8.2
10.4
11.9
6
11
11.7
14-16
, Division of
Count Weave
96x60
96x58
96x60
96x60
64x40
64x35
60x36
78x68
39x29
38x36
-
Schwartz
Sateen
Sateen
Sateen
Sateen
-
-
3x2
twill
Woolen
system
2x2 twill
Woolen
system
2x2 twill
Felt
Manufacturing
Finish
Plain
Siliconized
Flameproof
Napped
Napped Canton
flannel
Napped Canton
flannel
Napped Canton
flannel
Scoured, heat
set, calendered
Heat set,
homopolymer
Heat set,
homopolymer
Heat set, spun
acrylic grid
Co. ,
-------
TABLE 2.4 a (Continued)
NJ
-Style
No.
1506
1513
158
1613
1614
1616
1750
1753
1754
1756
1758
Fiber
Material
Nylon
Nylon
R
Nomex
Fiberglass
Fiberglass
Fiberglass
Wool
Wool
Wool
Wool
Wool
Air flow (Gurley)
Permeability
cfm/ft2 at 1/2 in.
H20
3-5
25-30
35-40
15-20
55-60
45-50
40-45
25-30
30-35
30-35
15-20
Mullen
Burst,
psi
740
635
525
605
465
595
185
255
255
270
270
Weight
oz. /sq.yd.
6.5
7.3
14
8.5
12
16
12-14
16-17
16-17
18-19
18-19
Count Weave
56x44 Plain sateen,
96x71 filament warp.
spun fin
Felt
54x42 Crov.
foot
43x30 3x1 twill
48x22 2x2 broken
twill
Felt
Felt
Felt
Felt
Felt
Finish
>
Spun Nomex
grid
Siliconed
graphite ISO's
1/2 warp & fill
Siliconed
graphite, ISO's
2/2 warp, bulked
1/4 fill
Siliconed
graphite, ISO's
2/2 warp, bulked
2/2 fill
Plain
Plain
Silicone
Plain
Flameproof
1803
Polypropylene
30-35
450
4.5
75x69
Twill
Scoured, heat
-------
TABLE 2.4a (Continued)
N5
I
Ul
Style
No.
1850
1851
1900
1905
1915
1950
1952
1953
1954
1955
1962
1964
Fiber Air flow (Gurley)
Material Permeability Mullen
cftn/ft at 1/2 in. Burst,
Polypropylene
Polypropylene
Polyester
DacronR ,Vycron
R R
Dacron , Vycron
Polyester
DacronR, VycronR
Polyester (Dacron )
Polyester (Dacron )
Polyester (Dacron )
n
Polyester (Dacron )
D
Polyester (Dacron )
p
Polyester (Dacron )
n
Polyester (Dacron )
H2°
25-30
35-40
15-20
40-45
12-20
10-15
25-30
40-45
15-20
15-20
30-35
25-30
psi
860
740
530
690
430
575
355
365
680
680
392
392
Weight
oz./sq.yd. Count
17-18
11-12
5.4 77x68
12.7 40x32
4.8 76x68
18.5
11-12
11-12
16-17
16-17
15
15
Weave
Felt
Felt
3x1
twill
Woolen
system
2x2 twill
3x1
twill
Felt
Felt
Felt
Felt
Felt
Felt
Felt
Finish
Dacron grid
Poly, grid
Scoured, heat
set, calendered
Scoured, heat
set, siliconed
Scoured, heat
set, siliconed
Heat set, un-
supported
Heat set,
DacronR grid
Heat set,
siliconed,
DacronR grid
Heat set,
DacronR grid
Heat set,
siliconed,
Dacron^ grid
Heat set, Dacro
Glazed 1 side,
-------
TABLE 2.4b
STANDARD STYLES AND SPECIFICATIONS FOR FILTER FABRICS
Designed
for
Fabric
Style Cleaning
No. Method
86 2B
C866B
C868B
C890B
C892B
865B
136B
137B
810L
811L
812B
15 OB
802B
895
960
723
165
852
853
850
190
Q53-870
Q53-874
Q53-875
Q53-878
Sh
Sh
Sh
RA
RA
Sh&RA
RJ
RJ
Sh
Sh
RA
RJ
Sh
Sh
Sh
Sh
RJ
Sh
Sh
RA
RJ
--
--
—
~ •
Weight
Oz/Sq. Yd.
10
12
12
5
5
10
18
11
10
10
4
15
11
10
10
10
12
8
10
4.5
14
9
16.5
9
14
Weave
Plain
2 AST
2x2 Twill
3x1 Twill
3x1 Twill
1x3 Crow Foot
Needled
Needled
2x2 Twill
2 AST
3x1 Twill
Needled
2x2 Twill
Plain
Satin
2 AST
Needled
Plain
2x2 Twill
3x1 Twill
Needled
C.F.
2x2 Twill
3x1 Twill
3x1 Twill
Air flow (Frazier)
Permeability
Count CFM/FT2 at 1/2 in. H
30x28
38x37
40x39
F72xF67
F66xF56
F71x51
—
--
38x33
39x37
F79xF70
—
34x36
26x21
95x58
35x37
--
29x26
40x37
F98xF79
--
F55xF52
F48xS22
55x52
F46xT24
55
40
32
25
12
33
35
70
60
37
28
37
42
150
13
32
50
60
32
18
40
14
55
52
55
nO Fiber
T»
DacronR polyester
DacronR polyester
DacronR polyester
Dacron polyester
DacronR polyester
Dacron_ polyester
DacronR polyester
Dacron polyester
MicrotainR acrylonitrile
MicrotainR acrylonitrile
MicrotainR acrylonitrile
Microtain acrylonitrile
Nylon polyamide
Wool/Dacron polyester
Cotton
Poly tain** olefin
Poly tain olefin
NomexR aromatic nylon
NomexR aromatic nylon
NomexR aromatic nylon
Nomex aromatic nylon
Glass
Glass
Glass
Glass
F - filament
T = texturized
RA = reverse air
S = spun Sh = shaker type cleaning
RJ = reverse jet
-------
APPENDIX 2.5
SPECIFIC DUST-FABRIC FILTER RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS
The following table lists specific resistance data available from
the fabric filtration literature, together with several parameters believed
to contribute to the determination of the specific resistance. Usually
the original reference provides additional insight into the variations of
specific resistance.
-------
SPECIFIC DUST-FABRIC FILTER RESISTANCE COEFFICIENTS
*
Ref.
127
148
149
Dust CharacteristicsJ
Type Size, urn
Fly ash 20, ave.
Fly ash
Fly ash
Fly ash
Stone dusts
Stone dusts
Cement dust Coarse
\ •*•***' /
Cement dust Fine(20)
Limestone Coarse
Limestone Fine
Fly ash 10, ave.
Fly ash
Fly ash
Fly ash
Fly ash
Fly Ash
Fly Ash
Fly Ash
|Type
Glass
Glass
Cotton
Cotton
1
Nomex Fil.
Poly pro.
Nomejc
TeflonR
Cotton
Sateen
Dacron^
Spun Orion
Spun
Acrylic
Cloth
Clean
Perm. (1)
17.5
15
22.5
30
17.5
25
20
60
Characteristics
Weight
oz.
4.5
4.3
5.4
8.6
9.5
5.77
5.7
9.8
Yarn
Type
Cont. Fil.
Cont. Fil.
Fil. Spun
Cont. Fil.
Spun
Fil. Spun
Spun
Spun
Threads
per in.
87
73
76
69
80
79
81
37
Filtering
Velocity, FPM
2.3
3.5
2.3
3.5
3.0
3.0
3.0
3.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
Specific ,
Resistance, K- (2)
7.0
12.0
4.3
7.8
2-13
4-6
6.1
7.6
9.7
14.1
11.5
6,2
7.8
8.7
5.8
7.7
5.8
5.8
For references, see Volume 1, Chapter 2.
(1) Permeability, CFM/ft2 at 0.5 in. H20
-------
(continued)
.Dust Characteristics
Ref. Type Size, urn
Cloth
Clean
Type Perm. (1)
126 AC Test Dust 5-10, ave. Nomex 18
" Acrylic 31
n Acrylic 24
" Acrylic 19
11 Acrylic 10
" Acrylic 29
" Olefin 13
" Nylon 26
" Polyester 26
" Polyester 37
" Polyester 1.6
" Polyester 75.5
" Polyester 24.5
" Polyester 17
11 Polyester 70
150 Petroleum
New /Used
Coke (Med. Surface Orion* 35/10
11 Cloth) Orion* 85/58
" Orion ? 60/33
" (Hi Surface) Orion J 100/50
Orion R 110/62
Characteristics
Weight
oz.
4.6
4.4
4.4
3.8
3.9
5.7
4.3
3.4
6.0
3.1
3.3
4.25
4.50
5.85
4.51
3.9
7.6
7.5
9.0
4.9
" (Low Surface) Fiberglass
Fresh MgO Napped side OrlonR 357/4.2
Fresh MgO Unnapped sd. Orion 357/8.1
4 oz.
4 oz.
Steel paint "Very Orion*
drums, abra- fine
aive blasted dust" Orion*
Yarn Threads
Type per in.
Filtering Specific
Velocity, FPM Resistance, K^(2)
5/20 2.0/2.6
5/20 0/3.4
5/20 2.9/2.3
5/20 2.1/9.2
5/15 16.5/13.5
5/20 1.0/1.3
5/20 1.5/5.2
5/20 5.0/14,5
5/20 1.2/2.1
5/20 1.5/1.9
5/-- 22.6/7
5/20 0/1.1
5/20 3.1/5.0
5/20 2.0/2.1
5/20 0.6/1.9
~3.4+ 17.1
Napped filament, 3/1 twill ~3.4+ 12.5
Knit, napped
Spun staple
~3.4+ 15.0
~3.4+ 7.4
Spun staple, napped 2s ~3.4+ 13.0
Spun fiberstock 3/2 twill 3.6 29.8
Napped filament, 3/1
Napped filament, 3/1
Hi twist-unnapped
Fiber stock -unnapped
Silica Gel 43%<10u "std" cotton
twill 7 234.0
twill 7 254.0
3.60 29.2
3.55 14.8
3.82 57.4
sateen cloth
"nd lime- 32%<44(j "std" cotton
2.90 0.43
tone sateen cloth
jel paint 2%<10K "std" cotton
3.78 5.3
•ns etc. sateen cloth _ _
LC. ...fences. s,ee Volu.me 1, Chapter 2.
at. f)
-------
(continued)
Dust Characteristics Cloth
Clean
Ref* Type Size,|am Type Perm. (1)
152 Quartz pwdr 72%<10^ Wool 510 61
1007o<25|i
Wool 410 68
Wool 610 22
Wool 650 38
727o<10n Polyacrylin- 40
1007c<25n itrile 360S
" 36 OR 42
" 410S 60
" 410R 55
11 376S 36
" 376R 38
727o<10n
1007o<25|a Glass 9.7
727o<10u
1007<,<25n Mesh 64
153 Quartz pwdr Nessel 1 62
Nessel 9S 14.5
Nessel 9R 23
Wool 51 59
Wool 65 41
PAN 36S 53
PAN 76 S 38
PAN 36 R 45
PAN 76R 35
"Lace" 30 65
Characteristics
Weight Yarn Threads
oz. Type per in.
11.4
13.3
14.5
15.2
8.0
8.1
O.I
9.2
10.3
10.3
10.3
5.4
13.7
13.7
11.7
14.9
7.7
10.0
8.2
10.5
45
Filtering Specific
Velocity, FPM Resistance, K2(2)
120 1.55
120 0.97
12C 1.50
120 1.89
120 3.8
120 3.8
120 4. 1
120 1.6
120 3.4
120 1.6
120 7.1
120 14.0
120 0.50
120 2.0
120 1.2
120 1.2
120 1.8
120 2.0
120 2.1
120 0.3
120 1.3
120 1.3
For references, see Volume 1, Chapter 2.
(1) Permeability, CFM/ft2 at 0.5 in. H20
-------
(continued)
Dust Characteristics
Ref. Type Size,nm
82 Ground Mica 5-lO^dia.
0.5n thick
Ground Mica 5-10(jdia.
0.5|j thick
Cloth
Clean
Type Perm. (1)
Fiber-
glass #3 7.86
Fiber-
glass #1 13.4
Characteristics ,
Weight Yarn Threads
oz. Type per in.
9.06 3/1 Crow ft. 55x58
8.41 3/1 Crow ft. 55x50
Ground Mica 5-10|_idia. 1&3 aver. (ave)
0.5n thick
Ground Mica 5-10|adia. " "
0.5u thick
Ground Mica 5-lO^dia. " "
0.5|i thick
Ground Mica 5-lOjjdia.
*> 0.5^ thick
V Ground Mica 5-10^ dia.
<* 0.5n thick
154 Carbon Blk Sub. m.
FeOx Sub. m.
FeOx Sub. m.
118 A.C. Fine 5u ave.
A.C. Course 30p. ave.
Fly Ash 15|j. ave.
155 Cu Smelter
(Zn.Pb,. ..)
Dacron A 28.1
DacronRB 14.6
n , R
Orion
n , R
Orion-
Orion
Cotton 6.4
Cotton 6.4
Cotton 6.4
Glass
(pilot)
Glass 58,76
(full scale)
5.5 3/1 Twill 82x62
6.1 3/1 Twill 82x76
Napped
Napped
Napped
Sateen, heavy
Sateen, heavy
Sateen, heavy
12.5 l-3Twill 36x34,
Filtering Specific
Velocity, FPM Resistance, K^(2)
2.0 15.3
2.0 24.2
6.0 19.3
4.0 8.8
2.0 3.5
2 21.5
2 15.1
2.8 20,000
2.54 2600-3100
2.54 69-84
3.34 62.3
5.33 27.1
5.33 38.0
2-3 300
36x32 1.57 37.
For rcf rences, see Volume 1, Chapter 2.
(1) P- ^ability, CFM/ft2 at 0.5 in.
-------
(continued)
156
157
Dust Characteristics
Cloth Characteristics
Reft
Type
Size, urn
Type
Clean
Perm. (1)
Weight
oz.
Yarn
Type
Threads
per in.
Filtering
Velocity, FPM
Specific
Resistance
,K2(2)
Fly Ash
El. Fnce
(Steel)
S. S. Porous
Disk
it
M
C
D
E
18.2
7.3
1.
Pore Mean 165(i
Pore Mean 65p.
Pore Mean 35|j.
18.5
18.5
18.5
Low Eff.
5.75
5.75
70%<5u
Orion
(3.)
(32)
158
Electric
to
•
U1
I
Cteel Fnce. ]
it
it
159 Atoms.
Talc(Nytal) (Load Var. )
Fly Ash
Fly Ash
Fly Ash
Fly Ash
160 Real Fly Ash (15^?)
it
"
"(& limes tone)
n
Polyester#0410 Low Surf. Area
Acrylic#0701 Med. Surf .Area
Acrylic#0714 High Surf. Area
New Cotton
Cotton (Sateen?)
Cotton Sateen(?)
Heavy Wool Felt
Lt.Wool Felt
OrlonR
Glass
Glass
Glass
Glass
Glass
(2.5)
(2.5)
(4.)
(1.7)
3.
8.4
7.6
6.5
13.0
2.26
2.26
(3.15)
(3.15)
(3.15)
37.8
19-64
12-30
~135.
27-46
44
63
77
17
10
7.6
12
16
16
Lab Fly Ash
Glass
2.26
4.2
(Analysis)
For references, see Volume 1, Chapter 2.
(1) Permeability, CFM/ft2 at 0.5 in. H20
-------
(continued)
N5
Ul
I
00
Dust Character!
if
Ref. Type Siz
161 NH4C1
16 2 Ground
PVC
163
164
165 Fly Ash
sties .Cloth Characteristics
Clean Weight Yarn Threads 1
e,nm Type Perm. (1) oz. Type per in. |
A Cotton 20 17.3 Full 29x28
B Cotton 21 11.9 Details & 39x31
C Cotton 19 13.0 Discussion* 44x20
(3) -*
Fiber grids only
Woolen
Filtering
Velocity, FPM
5-10
5-10
5-10
6
3.7
Extreme
10
Specific ,
Resistance, K_(2)
(57.)
(6.5)
(11.0)
42.6xA
11. 4x A
Hi
.3-. 77
166 Fly Ash 10-20^ Ash
and ~50p. Lime
Limestone
Ave: 33. 6u Glass 75 10 3x1 Twill
41. 3u Glass 75 10 54x30
37. 5p. Glass 75 10 54x30
36u Ave. 75
(47) pi 75
34u 75
3V
3(V
167 Crushed
Rock, Ore
"
"
75
75
R
Terelyene Napped
Polyester Flannel
" "
n ii
2.32
2.32
2.32
2.32
3.46
3.46
2.32
1.86
7.
(7)
(11)
16.9
7.4
11.3
15.7
18.0
25.8
16.9
5.0
1.92
12.7
7.2
"For .erences. see Volume 1, Chapter 2.
(1) .^ability, CFM/ft2 at 0.5 in. H20
-------
(continued)
N5
Ul
I
Dust Characteristics
Reft Type Size,^m Typ<
168 Stone Crushing
Foundry
misc.
Stone Chiseling
169 Lead Woo lei
"D&L"
Smoke
170 Foundry ~50^ Glass
Hydra ted
Lime Transp. ~15u Cotto
128 Fly Ash 3.2^
(<7u) Cotto
it
Cloth Characteristics
Clean Weight Yarn Threads Filtering
2 Perm. (1) oz. Type per in. Velocity, FPM
(3-4)
i "Plain" 1.95
1.45
.91
.57
1.4
1.0
.71
.5
wool (1952) 2.7
ti 3-5
n 15 9 Sateen 96x60 (0.7)
Specific
Resistance, K^(2)
2.7 Ave.
7.6 Ave.
3.2
197
106.
139.
110
61.5
133
112 .
101
8.9
0.83
2.4
7.1
10.4
12.7
'rcr references, see Volume 1,, Chapter 2.
(1) Permeability, CFM/ft2 at 0.5 in. H20
-------
APPENDIX 2.6
EFFECTS OF FABRIC SURFACE ON DUST DEPOSIT
-------
Additional indication of the effect of surface nap in opening the
structure of the deposited dust and in lowering the flow resistance of the
deposit has been given by Kimura and linoya in Figures 2.5 a. b. In these
figures the effect of velocity is not extractable, although velocity is
stated to have been varied ten-fold in the experiments. The type of dust
used was not stated, nor were the fabrics identified. The data were not
identified as being from a fabric filter operating at equilibrium.
Figure 2.5a indicates that at ~1 percent dust accumulation the permea-
bility of the accumulated layer is low and increasing with added accumu-
lation. A maximum permeability is reached near ~10 percent dust accumu-
lation. With deep accumulation the permeability approaches a constant
value. The reasons for these trends are not apparent and may reflect the
particular aerosol used. More to be expected is the effect in Figure 2.5b
of particle size on the porosity of the deposit: Small particles formed
a more open structure.
100
li
K O
velocity, V,
I «• K> OM/M6
I
0.001 0.01 (
OUST COLLECTED ON FILTER, !6/*»
8
I
o
40
•0
•O
to
•t
»4
cloth
O.I Of
0.5 I 2 S 10 ZO 50
SURFACE OUMCTIft C* MftTICLES, OH MlwoM
Figure 2.6a. Effect of the Fabric
on the Average Specific Resistance
of the Dust Layer.
Figure 2.6b. Relation Between Specific
Surface Diameter of Particles Collec-
ted and the Voids of the Collected
Particle Layer.
*
N. Kimura and K. linoya, Chem. Eng. (Tokyo) 29, 166 (1965), cited in
K. linoya and C. Orr, Jr., Source Control by Filtration in Air Pollution
V. IIIjA.C. Stern, Ed., Ch. 44, p. 419, Academic Press. New York (1068)
-------
APPENDIX 3.1
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS' SUMMARY, 1969
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characteristics
Method of Cleaning
I
CO
Ace-Sycamore, Inc.
448 Dekalb Avenue
Sycamore, Illinois 60178
Aerodyne Machinery Corp.
6330 Industrial Drive
Hopkins, Minnesota 55343
The Air Preheater Company
A Sub. of Combustion Eng.
Wellsville, New York 14891
Aget Manufacturing Company
1408 E. Church Street
Adrian, Michigan 49221
Vibro Stream
VS Series
Reverse Air
Stream
RAS Series
Super Jet Stream
SJ Series
HPE
RSI
Ray -Jet
Filter Kop
FH Series
FT Series
one bag cleaners, to 100 ft , several types
outside filtering, upward, flow bags with
twist-on support cages
625-18000 ft2 and up
Modular, multi-compartment, continuous.
625-18000 ft2 and up
Modular, multi-compartment, continuous.
8-800 ft2
Preassembled, continuous
1400-18432 ft2 and up
modular, multi-compartment, continuous.
Inside Filtering, upward flow bags;
20COft2 and up. Continuous. (Glass bags.)
Outside filtering, upward flow bags
450-3600 ft2 in 15 sizes
continuous, panel construction,
diaphragm manometer.
Upward flow bags;
700-2800 ft2, Modular
One compartment, intermittent
Inside filtering, up or downward flow bags;
120-383 ft2
one compartment, intermittent
Ungle-bag collectors, 100-1700 CFM
ibppcrs and support stands
Manual
Vibration at top plus forced
reverse flow; pneumatic timei
Reverse pulse;
pneumatic timer.
Reverse pulse, 3-10CFM
100 psi; adjustable
solid state timer.
Reverse pulse and bag
expansion. Adjustable
solid state controls.
Reverse flow plus reverse
pulse. Solid state controls
Reverse pulse, automatic,
adjustable timer
Shake, manual or powered.
shake, manual or powered.
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characteriseics
American Air Filter CO., Ir.c
215 Central Avenue
Louisville, Kentucky 40208
Amerjet
Model C
Amerpulse
Amertherm
Amertube
Arrester
Arrestall
.let hod ot Cleaning
Inside filtering, downward flow tubes;
310-2390 ft2
continuous, cylindrical
Outside filtering, downward flow bags;
61-4400 ft2
continuous, downflow of dirty air.
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
1320-9660 ft2
continuous, cylindrical
primarily with glass cloth
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
1339-10,008 ft2; intermittent.
Manometer
Also 1334-11,675 ft2; continuous
Envelope type
80 or 150 ft2
Intermittent
Envelope type
30-180 ft2
Intermittent.
per module
Reverse jet, choice of
2 carriage speeds.
Reverse pulse, automatic,
adjustable, 1 to 3 SCFM
per 1000 CFM.
Reverse flow plus collaps
Automatic
Shake, timer.
Shake, timer,
reverse flow option.
Vibration, automatic
Shake, manual
Bahnson Company
1001 South Marshall Street
Winston-Salem, N. Carolina
Collecto-card
Inside filtering, tube
Approximately 1000 ft
for textile room use.
primarily
Shake, manual
Buell Engineering Co., Inc.
Northern Blower Division
6409 Barberton Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44102
Norblo
- Automatic typ
--Series 39
--Series 54
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
Modular
Continuous access _
696 ft2 and up, 480 and 936 ft modules
1879 ft2 and up, 1296 ft2 modules
Vertical shake plus small
reverse flow, by adjustable
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characteristics
.K-thoc! M Cleaning
-Intermittent
--Series 6B
—Series 40
—Series 56
-Portable
—Series 6B
New-Cleaire
—Series 56-9
-Shakerless
Intermittent
360, 720 ft2
960 ft2 and up
1344 ft2 and up
36-135 ft ; intermittent.
360, 720, 1080 ft2
Intermittent; ultrafiltration
via filter aid
1512 ft2 and up
696 ft and up; Modular
Compartmented, continuous.
Mainly for glass cloth
Vertical shake, timer.
Shake, manual
Shake, usually during
plant shutdown
Reverse flow plus collapse.
timer
Buffalo Forge Company
490 Broadway
Buffalo, New York 14204
Aeroturn
-Type B
-Type S
Inside filtering, downward flow tubes;
405 ft and up
Modular; continuous access
Also 90-225 ft2 units.
Upward flow, inside filtering bags;
628 ft and up
314 and 628 ft2 modules
Intermittent; manometer
Also continuous access, 1 to 4
compartments.
Reverse jet
Shake, powered;
manual initiation.
Same,or automatic.
Carter-Day Company
655 19th Avenue, N.E.
Minneapolis, Minn. 55418
Day
-CS Type
-RJ Type
Outside filtering, upward flow^ oval envelopes
2
Oval envelopes, 58-1530 ft
Continuous; cylindrical
Outside filtering, upward flow, oval
envelopes
58-1530 ft2
continuous, cylindrical
Reverse flow plus 80 psig sonic
reverse pulse, continuous
with timer option.
Reverse flow with damper
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characteristics
Method of Cleaning
-RT
and RTR Type
-AC Type
Daynamic
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
50-660 ft2
Intermittent
Inside filtering, downward flow tubes;
50-1217 ft2
Continuous
Continuous
Fans, blowers, airlocks, convpyors
custom system design
Shaker
Blow-ring reverse jet
Reverse pulse plus
reverse flow
Cincinnati Fan and Ventllatoi
6521 Wiehe Road
Cincinnati. Ohio 45237
Co.
Dust Master
Portable one-bag unit with
cyclone, about 6 ft2
Manual
U>
M
I
R. F. Cox Associates
Essex, Mass.
Inside filtering, upward flow;
2
300 ft and up
Shake, powered, manual
initiation
Dracco Division
Fuller Company
124 Bridge Street
Catasauqua Pa. 18032
Plenum Pulse
Uni-Filter
Mark II
Class Cloth
Retro Pul si-
Outside filtering, upward flow bags;
2
up to 500 ft per module
compartmented, continuous
cylindrical or regular
Upward flow bags;
2
(vacuum type) 100-600 ft
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
720 ft and up
compartmented
Inside filtering, upward (low bags or down-
ward flow tubes;
80-180 ft2 per bag;
compartmented
Inside filtering, upward flow b.ins;
(vacuum type); l<)0" , .'<«"• it -»«i'i 1« s
Reverse pulse,
adjustable timer.
Shaker, with isolation
Shaker, powered, with
isolation
Reverse air collapse with
isolation; sonK cleaning;
ad justable t inter.
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY. 1969 (Cont.)
Manufacturer
Trade Name
u>
I-"
I
Cl.aracttrist ics
Cleaning
Ducon Company, Inc.
157 East Second Street
Mineola, Long Is land, NY
11500
Dustex Division
American Precision Industrie
2777 Walden Avenue
Buffalo, New York 14225
Dusty Dustless
2914 E. Genesee Street
P. 0. Box 86
Baldwinsville, N.Y. 13027
Atmosfilter
UFV Bin Vent
UFS Unit
Uniflow
FD
1
Inductaire
RA
Silo Vents
Batcher Vents
Clean-A- Batch
Dust Houses
Inside filtering, upward flow;
Ultraf iltration equipment
1800-16200 ft2
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
2
20-200 ft ; intermittent
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
40-200 ft ; intermittent
Inside filtering, downward f 1 jw tubes
880 ft2 and 1320 ft2 modules
Continuous
Inside filtering, upward flow, large bags
2
50-400 ft ; intermittent.
For larger particles.
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
800 ft and up
Modular; continuous. Custom designs
Ouside filtering, upward flow bags;
225-8500 ft2
Continuous, designed for felts.
Inside filtering upward flow bags;
Intermittent
85-250 ft2
' 12, 18 ft2
400 -1500 ft2
500 -6000 ft2
Shake, manual or motor
Shake, Manual or motor
Reverse flow alternating
with primary flow; adjustable
timer.
Manual inversion
Forward pulse at top*
plus induced vacuum.
Quick reverse flow
Automatic via timer.
Shake, powered
Timer.
Manual .
Timer
Tim<»r
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characteristics
Method of Cleaning
Environmental Research Corp.
3725 N. Dunlap Street
St. Paul, Minn. 55112
Flex-Kleen Division
(Research Cottrell, Inc)
407 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60605
Fluidizer, Inc.
Hopkins, Minr .
Hoffman A.r i-. Filtration Div.
Clarkson Industries Inc.
P. 0. Box 214
Eastwood Station
Syracuse, New York 13206
Hydromation Engineering Co
3920i Amrhein Road
Livonia, Michigan 48105
Johnson-March Corporation
3018 Market Street
Philadelphia, P.i. 1 li 1 04
Series H
-HI
-HA
-HC
Flex-Kleen
-FK Series
-CT Series
-UD Series
-RA Series
-BV Series
Ultrajet
Dustuctor
HoffcoVac
Series Ml'.
Inside filtering, upward flow bags
392 - 3136 ft2
625 ft and up
Intermittent or continuous;
Modular
125 - 1300 ft2
Intermittent, top inlet, open or
closed cylindrical housing.
Outside filtering, upward flow bags;
Continuous; felt
7
58 - 1200 ft , cyclone inlet
15 - 2000 ft2, also cylindrical
2
Up to 10,000 ft est; modular
320 - 960 ft2, modular
17 - 250 ft2 (binvent type)
Outside filtering, upward flow bags;
Continuous
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
Intermittent
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
2
30, 63 ft , intermittent
Portable
Top inlet housing; tubes
100 - 1000 ft2
Continuous
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
^50 - 1250 ft?
Continuous or int iTnu t tent
Shaker, non-automatic or timed.
Shaker, reverse flow,
or both; automatic
Automatic option
Reverse pulse,
Adjustable timer.
Vortex induction of reverse
flow air with pulse
Shake
Shake, Manual or Powered
Reverse pulse;
Timer
Reverse flow or shake;
t imer.
OJ
I-1
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (cont.)
Manufacfurer
Trade N
Characteristics
.U-th'.c! •( Cleaning
Kice Metal Products Company
2040 South Mead Avenue
Wichita, Kansas 67211
Kindt Collins Company
12651 Elmwood Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44111
Lams on Division
Diebold, Inc.
306 Lams on Street
Syracuse, New York 13201
Macleod Company
125 Hosteller Road
P. 0. Box 452
Cincinnati, Ohio 45421
Series 1000
Dynajet-
- Series C
- Series S
- Series R
- Series M
Master
Model 550
Ventomatic
Exldust
Type SV
Unit Type
Tube Type
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
1,750 - 21,000 ft2
Modular, continuous access
Outside filtering, upward flow bags;
Continuous
2
10-86 ft ; compact
2
75-930 ft ; floor type, square housing
2
75-891 ft ; round housing
cyclone inlet option.
170 ft and up;
170 or 233 ft2 modules
Single bag cleaner
20 ft2 est.
Air control damper
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
38 - 727 ft2
Envelope;
880 - 13,300 ft2; intermittent
Also continuous, via automatic
damper control
Envel ope ;
180 - 1500 ft ; intermittent
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
800 - 6560 ft2
Reverse flow via adjustable
timer (shaker option).
Reverse pulse, adjustable
Pneumatic timer and controls
Collapse, manual shake
*
Shake, manual or automatic
Shake, manual or
motored.
Shake, manual or motored
Shake
-------
FABRIC FIIIER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
Maiufacrurer
Trade Na
Characteristics
Method of Cleaning
R. C. Mahon Company
6565 East Eight Mile Road
Warren, Michigan 48234
Envelope type, upward flow;
2
265 ft and up
Conventional sectional type
Reverse pulse
Shake
W». W. Meyer and Sons, Inc.
8262 Elmvood Avenue
Skokie, Illinois 60076
Felt Tubes 85-930 ft , continuous
Mobile dust collectors
Rotary air lock feeders
Reverse pulse
Co
i-1
i
t-*
O
Pangborn Corporation
P. 0. Box 380
Hagerstown, Maryland 21740
Envelope;
Type CH-3 400 ft and up
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
2
Type CM 1360 ft and up; modular
Intermittent, 6 tubes per element
Envelope;
Type CH-2 *080 ft2 and up
Intermittent or continuous
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
Type CO Modular 1000 est ft and up
Continuous
Unit Type CN Similar to Type CM. 200 to 1500 ft
Envelope;
Unit Type CD 180 to 720 ft2. Intermittent
Inside filtering, upvard flow *iags;
Type CT 1770 - 6726 ft", intermittent,
manometer
Outside filterinr, upward I low haus;
Poisi-pulse pneumatic control
Reverse flow, from continuous
traversing blower
Shake, periodic
Motor-driven rapping
of screens
Reverse flow
alternating with reverse
pulse; adjustable timer
Shake, periodic
Hand vibration
shake adjustable
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characteristics
Method
'.Icar.inj;
- compact
- square
- round
- modular
Totalaire
11 - 85 ft'
77 - 930 ft2
2
77 - 892 ft, cyclone inlet option
510 - 3350 ft2; 510 or 670 ft2 modules
Untrafiltrati on via filter aid;
std. units or custom design
Fume control noods, duccs.
Fiber, fabric RkD. all types of cloths
Shake, once in 2 to 3
years.
Perllte Corporation
200 E. Duttonmill Road
Chester, Pa. 19014
Type "H"
Inside filtering, downward flow, tubes
continuous
compartmented
Reverse flow, electric
timer for separate draft
fan on each compartment.
Precipitair Pollution Controjl, inc
Chimney Rock Road
Bound Brook. N. J. 08805
Inside filtering; downward flow, tubes
with sewn-in rings
Reverse flow
Pulverizing Machinery Div.
The Slick Corporation
10 Chatham Road
Summit, N. J. 07901
Mikro-pulsaire
- Modular
- Binvent
- Cylindrical
« itq't
Mikro-collector
Mikro-Custom
Outside filtering, upward flow bags;
Continuous
340 ft and up, in 100 to 200 ft2 modules
25-84 ft2
42 - 900 ft2
112 - 930 ft2
Inside filtering; downward flow tubes;
2
25 ft and up; continuous
Inside filtering; upward flow bags;
2
3300 ft and up; compartmented
Reverse pulse, timer.
Reverse jet.
Reverse jet via pulsed outlet
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characteristics
Method of Cleaning
Reej ilow Pipe Manufact. Co
2929 Fifth Street
Berkeley, California 94710
Standard
AE Series
ANS Series
Unit Collectors
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
1400 - 22,400 ft2
Intermittent
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
700 - 22,400 ft2
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
1500 - 24,000 ft2
Cont inuous
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
380 - 860 ft2
Intermittent, integral fans.
Also; Conveyors, valves, blowers
Shake, electric
Shake, electric, automatic
Reverse flow, automatic
Manual, electric shake
Research Cottrell, Inc.
P. 0. Box 750
Bound Brook, N. J. 08805
Air Shake
Shake-Kleen
II
Uni-Kleen
Flex-Kleen
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
3927 - 15,700 ft2 std, and up
continuous, intermittent
1600 - 12,800 ft2 std.
Intermittent, modular
4,800 - 19,200 ft2 std
continuous, modular
'.95 - 1860 ft2
Intermittent
- See Flex-Kleen Corporation
Also valves, damper, conveyors, shaker
drives, timers.
Shake by air between
rows of bags; automatic
Shake, mechanical
Semi or full automatic
via adjustable timer
Shake, mechanical
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
u>
!-•
i
»-•
u>
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characteristics
Ruenelln Harm fact. Co.
3860 North Palmer SCreet
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53212
Systeas Engineering and
Manufacturing Co. (SEMCO)
6330 Washington Avenue
P. 0. Box 7634
Houston, Texas 77007
Setco Industries, Inc.
5880 Hillside Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45233
Tubular Types
- Unit, Portab
- Standard
Semco
DC-Large
DC-Remote
DC-Mini
DCV
Types 7 AR,
7 GAR & AB1
Method of Clean ing
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
53 - 755 ft2
Intermittent
1000 - 9155 ft2
- Intermittent - one compartment
- Continuous - two or more compartments
Outside filtering, upward flow, supported
bags;
Continuous; removable manifold
header for quick bag change
1250 - 3112 ft2
72 - 780 ft2, cylindrical
8-30 ft2 cylindrical
72 - 780 ft2 (binvent). cylindrical
Envelope, suspended
50 ft est.
Shake, manual or
electric
Shake, powered,
timer.
Reverse pulse,
5-15 psig, adjustable timer
Manual
(also disposable)
Seversky Electronatom Corp.
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York, New York 10020
Inside filtering, upward flow, bags;
200 ft and up
Modular
Reverse flow, collapse
or shake
W. W. Sly Manufact. Co.
P. 0. Box 5939
Cleveland, Ohio 44101
Pactecon
- PC Series
- PS Series
Dynaclone
- A Type
- B Type
- C Type
Envelope types, supported
88 - 1065 ft2; modular
Continuous
Intermittent
Continuous
2244 ft2 and up, 3 tiers
1496 ft2 and up, 2 tiers
748 ft2 and up, 1 tier
Reverse pulse series; timer
Shake, manual
Reverse flow from traveling
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characteristics
Method of Cleaning
Smico, Inc.
500 N. MacArthur Blvd.
Oklahoma City, Okla.
Sprout-Waldron & Co. Inc.
Muncy, Pennsylvania 17756
Sterling Blower Company
771 'Windsor Street
Hartford, Connecticut
Stemvent Company, Inc.
12 Van Dyke Street
Brooklyn, New York, 11231
Tailor end Company, inc.
2403 State Street
Bettendorf, Iowa 52722
Intermittent
- 360 type
- 260 type
- Unit
Economy
Suction
Multi-tube
Series type
BV
Type "R"
Cabinet Type
- 200 Series
- 1000 Series
Filtertube
Controlled Cycl
Intermittent
2
, 1122 ft and up, 3 tiers, modular
2
748 ft and up, 2 tiers, modular
2
242 ft and up, 1 tier
2
176 - 352 ft ; intermittent
Also hoppers and support stands.
Reverse pulse cleaned model
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
2
74 or 100 ft , intermittent
Removable tube frame for quick change
of tubes.
2
46 - 453 ft ; intermittent
12 - 27 ft2 single bag
Inside filtering, upward flow bags;
111 - 552 ft2
Intermittent
Envelope, suspended. Intermittent
32 - 120 ft2
700 - 1200 ft2
Inside filtering, upward flow, bags;
426 - 1800 ft ; Intermittent.
manometer
Also inside filtering downward flow
tube-cyclone combination.
Inside filtering, upward flow, bags;
: 400 ft est and up; modular
Shake and reverse flow
Auto - or semieutoffEtic
Shake, manual
Shake, manual or powered
Flex
Flex
Rap at tube bottom
Shake, manual or powered
Automatic option
Shake, powered
Reverse p'tlse with
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
i
f-1
Ul
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characteristics
Method of Cleaning
Torit Corporation
1133 Rankin Street
St. Paul, Minnesota 55116
United McGill Corporation
Dust Collector Division
883 North Cassady Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43219
UDP Air Correction Div.
P. 0. Box 1107
Darien, Cor- .ctlcut 06820
Joy Manufacturing Company
Western Precipitation Div.
P. 0. Box 2744 Terminal Annexe
I.os Angeles, California
Unit types,
10 Models
RF
VAV
MHS
High Temp
Aeropulse
Pulse Flo
-C8
-MB
, • i r-i-n-l li-x
Continuous. Controlled tube tension
Rotary lock feeders for high pressure
transfer.
Envelope, suspended.
30 - 1200 ft2
Intermittent
Also hoods and flexible ducting
Envelope, continuous
Enve1ope
Inside filtering, upward flow bags; compact
Inside filtering, upward flow, bags
Outside filtering bags;
4200 - 22,000 ft2, modular
Continuous access.
Systems including fans, etc. also
available. Organic fabrics.
Outside filtering, upward flow, bags
Continuous access from outside
75 - 1135 ft2, (cylindrical)
1130 - 11,300 ft ; modular, continuous
access
Inside filtering, upward flow, bags;
coropartroented
Adjustable timer,
controlled re-start
Shake, manual or
powered
Reverse flow,
pressure control
Adjustable vibration
Shake
Reverse flow
Reverse pulse;
fan with chopper;
adjustable timer.
Reverse pulse in sealed
bat;. Adjustable timer.
Kivi-rsi- I I ow
-------
FABRIC FILTER MANUFACTURERS SUMMARY 1969 (Cont.)
Manufacturer
Trade Name
Characterist ics
,-ltthod of Cleaning
Wheelabrator Corporation
Air Pollution Control Div.
400 South Brykit Street
Mishawaka, Ind. 46544
Dustube
- Model 112-D
and 126-D
- Model 70-AC
and 70-BC
- Continuous av
Ultra-Jet
Ultra-Filtratioi
Inside filtering, upward flow, bags
2
893 ft and up; intermittent
or continuous, manometer
273 - 730 ft2
2
omatic type, 10,000 ft est. range.
Outside filtering, upward flow, bags
Continuous
Same equipment but with pre-treated
cloth plus filter aid.
Also hood and duct designs.
Shake, powered
Automatic
Timed shaker.
Reverse pulse.
Young Machinery Company
Painter St. and Schuyler Ave
Muncy, Pennsylvania 17756
Uni-cage
- VC
- Modular
- Horizontal
Shaker-type
Outside filtering, bags
Continuous
39 - 1523 ft ; cylindrical, upward flow
2
780 ft and up; modular, upward flow
2
27 - 368 ft Horizontal tubes
Inside filtering, upward flow, bags
94 - 631 ft2
Intermittent
Air locks, solenoid values, timers.
Reverse pulse; adjustable
solid-state ti:aer.
-------
APPENDIX 3.2
EXAMPLE OF EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER'S SPECIFICATIONS
-------
Shake-Kleen Fabric Filter Dust Collector
Unless otherwise noted, items described in the attached proposal
shall meet with the specifications as listed below:
FABRICATION
Housing - All panels to be fabricated of #14 gauge mild steel sheets conforming
to the latest ASTM specifications. All sheets to be flanged and
punched for bolted assembly. Adequate structural stiffeners to be
shop applied to meet design requirements. Appropriate panels to
have cutout and framing to accept 18" x 36" access door.
Hopper - To be fabricated of #14 gauge mild steel sheets conforming to the
latest ASTM specifications. Sheets to be shop assembled using
welded construction; flanged and punched for field bolting to the
housing. All pressure holding welds to be gas tight and to be applied
in such a manner as to minimize distortion of the metal. Hoppers
include hinged access hatch and flanged discharge opening. Adequate
stiffeners to be shop applied to meet design requirements.
Floor - To be fabricated of #10 gauge mild steel sheets conforming to the
latest ASTM specifications. All sheets to be flanged and punched
for bolted assembly. Each floor section includes one access walkway
l'-6" wide. Adequate 5" diameter holes are machine punched into
floor panels to accept filter bags. Shop applied stiffeners to be
attached to meet design requirements.
Structural Supports - All necessary columns, beams, secondary bracing and
base plates to be designed and fabricated in accordance to ASTM A-36
latest edition. All connections shall be capable of resisting the
moments, shears, and axial loads to which they would be subjected
by the maximum load.
Catwalks and Platforms - Expanded metal catwalks 2'-6" wide designed in
accordance with ASTM standards to withstand maximum allowable
loads. All catwalks to include rod type handrail with midrail and
kick plate.
Ladder & Cage - Bar type stringer with 3/4" diameter rungs spaced at l'-0"
centers. No more than 15'-0" of ladder shall be installed without.
the addition of a safety cage, .ipproximately 2'-0" in diameter, con-
structed of bar stock hoops and rails.
*
Courtesy of Research Cottrell, Inc.
-------
Ducts & Piping - Fabricated of welded 14 gauge mild steel construction. Ducts
may be round or rectangular depending on the design requirements,
but both types will be adequately stiffened to safely accept the design
requirements. All connecting flanges to be in accordance with Research-
Cottrell standards.
Bolts - All necessary structural bolts shall be of proper size and quality as
to meet the latest ASTM specifications.
Shop Paint - All fabricated steel surfaces to be properly cleaned and given one
shop coat of machinery gray enamel.
Welding - Welding electrodes shall conform to section 3 of the "Standard Code for
Arc and Gas Welding in Building Construction". Section 4 of this code
shall be followed for the technique of welding employed, the appearance
and quality of welds made, and the method used in correcting defective
welds.
Shaker Mechanism
The Research-Cottrell shaker mechanism is designed to deliver a combination of
horizontal and slight vertical motion at the top of the filter bags, resulting in a
rolling wave action transferred throughout the bag. The motion is created by
a mechanism assembled on a mounting plate and bolted to the side walls of the
collector casing. The drive mechanism consists of the following items:
A. Totally enclosed, fan cooled ball bearing, polyphase squirrel
cage induction motor, 1800 RPM, 230/460 volts - 60 cycle -
3 phase current.
B. Single or double groove cast iron sheaves (depending on the collec-
tor size) coupled by V-belts to drive shaker mechanism at
400 R.P. M.
C. Eccentric cam shaft, secured in place by two ball bearing
pillow blocks, rotated by the driven sheave.
D. Hanger type bearing mounted on the eccentric portion of the
cam shaft to translate rotary motion of cam shaft to lateral
motion for shaker.
-------
E. 3/4" diameter connecting rod, threaded at both ends, joins
eccentric bearing to a rod end bearing with teflon seat. Rod
end bearing connects to the filter bag hanger assembly.
Filter Bag Hanger Assembly
Filter bags are suspended on individual 'J1 hooks welded to rocker frames.
Each rocker frame supports two row« of bags and is made up of two structural
angles spanning the 8 ft. width of the collector, supported by two pillow blocks
with self-aligning, self-lubricating, graphite bearings. At the center of each
rocker frame, below the frame center line is attached a rigid connecting
shaft which connects all the rocker frames to the shaker mechanism connecting
rod. All the connections between the connecting shaft and the rocker frames
are made with pillow blocks with self-aligning, self-lubricating, graphite bearings.
A 3/4"diameter shoulder bolt fastens the connecting shafts to the pillow block
bearings.
Filter Bags
Each filter bag is specifically designed and manufactured for your dust type
to insure maximum filtering efficiency, together with long range life expectancy.
Within the bottom cuff of each bag is sewn cadmium plated steel coil spring
rings. These rings are installed in such a manner that by compressing the
bottom ring and inserting it through the floor of the collector and releasing,
it will expand (leaving the floor plate between the rings), thus causing a dust
tight seal between the hopper and the collector housing.
At the top of each bag is sewn a 12" strap and positive grip buckle. For the
installation, the strap is looped over the 'J1 hook, on the hanger assembly,
and back through the buckle. By pulling on the remaining end of the strap,
the desirable bag tension may be easily secured.
-------
APPENDIX 4.1
GLOSSARY OF FABRIC TERMINOLOGY
-------
GLOSSARY OF FABRIC TERMINOLOGY*
Absorption. The property to attract
and hold gases or liquids within
the pores of a fiber, yarn or
fabric. (See also adsorption).
Adsorption. The attraction of gases,
liquids, or solids to surface areas
of textile fibers, yarns or fabrics.
Backing. The yarn system which
produces the lower or back structure
in a fabric.
Basket Weave. A plain weave with two
or more warp and filling threads
interlaced to resemble a plaited
basket. Produces a flat appearance,
porosity, and looseness or "give"
in a fabric. Can be heavy or light
weight and made of any fiber.
Body. The compact, solid or firm feel
of a fabric.
Bolt. The entire length of cloth from
the loom, rolled or folded, of
varying length.
Bulking Processes. These are recent
developments in treating man-made
yarns, principally filament.
Building processes fluff up yarns,
giving soft, pleasant textures
and opaque effects to both knitted
and woven fabrics.
Cabled Yarn (U.S.A. Cord). Yarn
produced by twisting together two
or more plied yarns.
Calendering. A process for finishing
cloth by applying heat and pressure
from rollers.
Canvas. Cotton, linen, or man-
made yarn fabricated in an even,
heavy, firm weave for sails
and industrial purposes.
Carding* An operation which opens
and cleans fibers, separates
the individual fibers, and
delivers them in sliver form or
as a carded web.
Cellulose. A carbohydrate of
complex molecular structure
which forms the chief frame-
work of plant cells and walls.
Used as a principal basic raw
material for all existing com-
mercially successful processes
for making rayon and acetate.
Cloth, Backed. A term referring
to cloth which, in addition to
the face fabric, holds under-
neath a layer, either of extra
filling or extra warp, adding
weight.
Combination. A term which may refer
to yarns or to fabrics: (1) A
combination yarn may be composed
of two or more yarns having the
same or different fibers or twists:
one yarn may have a high twist,
the other little or no twist; one
may be viscose, the other acetate
yarn. (2) A combination fabric
is one which employs the above
yarns, e.g., mossy crepes,
romaines, alpacas, etc.
Combing. The process of straigntening
of fibers and extraction of short,
broken fibers, neps and foreign
matter.
*From J. J. Press, Man-made Textile Enclyclopedia, Textile Book Publishers,
Inc., Div. Interscience Press Inc., New York (1959)
-------
Compliance. In fibers, elongation
produced by any load. Inverse
of stiffness, considered to
affect the feel of fabrics as
they are squeezed in the hand.
Ability to yield under stress;
the ratio of change in strain
to the change in stress which
produces it; the reciprocal of
the textile modulus.
Conditioning: The process of
putting materials into the
condition of proper moisture
content.
Cord. The product formed by
twisting together two or more
ply yarns.
Count.(1) Cloth: number of warp and
filling yarns per inch in woven
cloth. (2) Yarn: size or
weight per unit length of yarn.
(3) Number of wales and courses
per inch in a knit fabric. (4)
Count of Reed: The number of
spaces per unit width of reed.
(5) Term designating the number
of wires per unit area of card
clothing.
Cover Factor. Fraction of the sur-
face area which is covered by yarns
assuming round yarn shape. The
value indicates the compactness of
the weaving of a given yarn system
(warp or fill).
Creep. The gradual deformation
resulting from application of a
load or stress to a material.
Creep is subdivided into the
two following types: primary
creep, which is recoverable after
a more or less extended time and
secondary creep, which is not
recoverable and represents true
plastic flow.
Creep Recovery: The gradual recovery
of form of a material after removal
of stress.
Crimp. Fiber: The waviness in fibers,
e.g., certain wools and man-made
staple fibers. (2) Yarn: Also
curvature produced in warp or filling
yarn by weaving.
Deformation, Permanent. The residual
change in shape of a specimen after
removal of an applied stress. Some-
times this includes removal of
internal strains, e.g., relaxing
strains which have been created by
drying under tension, by wetting,
and redrying without tension.
Denier. Name of an old French coin
formerly used in weighing silk
yarns to determine fineness. The
term denier is now also used as
the unit of weight expressing the
size of most man-made yarns and
fibers. The weight, in grams, of
yarn or fiber is the denier.
The lower the denier, the finer
the yarn. For example, 50 denier
rayon is twice as fine as 100
denier rayon.
Density, Linear. Mass per unit
length expressed as grams per
centimeter, pounds per foot, or
equivalent. See also yarn number.
Double Weave. A cloth woven with
two systems of warp or filling
threads so combined that only one
is visible on either side.
Doubling. (1) The operation of
combining several strands to
form a single strand without
twisting. (2) Plying or twisting.
-------
Duck. A comparatively firm, heavy,
plain weave, cotton or man-made
yarn fabric, weight per square
yard 6-50 oz. There are two
general types of duck based on
construction: (1) Regular duck,
in which both the warp and filling
yarns are plied and unsized,
such as numbered, army, hose, and
belting duck. (2) Flat duck,
in which the warp yarns are
single, sized, with two strands
of yarn woven as one warp end,
interlacing as a unit with one
filling yarn which is either
single or plied.
Elasticity. That property of a
material by which it recovers
its original size and shape
immediately after removal of the
stress causing deformation.
Elongation. The deformation in
the direction of load caused
by a tensile force. Elongation
is expressed as a percentage
of the original length and it
may be measured at any specified
load or at break.
Extension. The longitudinal strain
in a tensile test, that is, the
elongation expressed as a fraction
of the initial length.
Fabric. A collective term applied
to cloth no matter how constructed
or manufactured and regardless of
the kind of fiber from which made.
In structure it is planar produced
by interlacing yarns, fibers, or
filaments. Textile fabrics include
the following varieties: bonded,
braided, felted, knitted, and woven.
Fabric, Laid. A fabric made without
filling yarn whose parallel warp
yarns are held together with a
bonding material.
Fiber. (1) General: The fundamental
unit in the fabrication of textile
yarns and fabrics. (2) Specific:
A unit of flatter characterized by
having a length at least 100 times
its diameter or width, and, with
the exception of noncrystalline
glass fiber, having a definitely
preferred orientation of its
crystal unit cells with respect
to a specific axis. (3) Textile:
Fibers that can be spun into a
yarn and made into a fabric by
interlacing in a variety of methods,
including weaving, knitting, felting,
braiding, and twisting. The essential
requisites for fibers to be spun
into yarn include a length of
at least 5 mm., pliability, cohesive-
ness, and sufficient strength.
Other properties, more or less
desirable, include elasticity,
fineness, uniformity, durability
and luster.
Filament. A variety of fiber having
an extreme length, not readily
measured. Note: the extreme length
of filaments permits their use
as yarns with little or no
additional twist and without the
spinning operations required to
convert fibers to yarns.
Filling. (1) Yarn running from
selvage to selvage at right angles
to the warp in a woven fabric.
(2) Yarn to be used as filling in
weaving. Note: Filling, yarn is
also designated as "weft" and
occasionally as "woor."
-------
Finishing. General term for variety
of processes by which woven fabrics
are converted into finished goods.
Bleaching, mercerizing, application
of resins, printing, calendering,
singeing, shearing, and dyeing are
some of the finishing processes.
Flannel. A fabric with a characteristic
soft or napped surface cover, plain
or twill weave. May contain woolen,
worsted, cotton, or man-made fibers.
Flexibility. (1) That property of
a material permitting it to be flexed
or bowed repeatedly without under-
going rupture. (2) A term relating
to hand of fabrics, and referring
to ease of bending, ranges from
pliable (high) to stiff (low).
Friction, Surface. A term relating to
the hand of fabrics, and referring
to resistance to slipping offered
by the surface. Ranges from
harsh (high) to slippery (low).
Fulling. The process in the finishing
of woolen cloth of interlocking
wool fibers to a dense, felty
condition by means of friction,
heat, and moisture. Also termed
milling. In limited quantities
man-made staple may be blended
with wool without adversely
affecting this operation.
Gray Goods (Also Grey or Greige Goods)
Woven or knitted fabrics which have
received no bleaching, dyeing, or
finishing treatment.
Grex. A yarn number defined as
weight in grams of 10,000 m of
yarn.
Hand. Term used to described the
touch or "handle" of fabrics.
Harness. The frame holding heddles
in a position in the loom during
weaving. Also known as shaft.
Heat Setting. Most thermoplastic
fibers can be set to any form
by heat treatment and will then
be dimensionally stable until
again heated to or above the
setting temperature.
Knitting. The art of producing
fabric on more than one needle
by method of interlooping one
or more yarns.
Length, Breaking. The calculated
length of a yarn which has
just sufficient mass to break
of its own weight. This term
is used widely on the continent
and is expressed in kilometers.
Load, Breaking. The maximum load
developed in a test specimen
during a strength test carried
to rupture.
Loom. A weaving machine for
producing a fabric by interlacing
warp and filling yarns.
Mat, Bonded. A sheet or random web
of fibers held together by
a bonding agent.
Mechanical Fabrics. A large class
of heavy fabrics used in various
industries. E.g., sheeting for
the laundry supply trade, drill
for oil and chemical filters,
and duck for the tent and
awning trade.
Modulus of Elasticity. The load
required to stretch a specimen
of unit cross-sectional area
a unit amount. Expressed in
dynes per sqtipre ' i
kilograms per squar.. mi L1 iiueL<.•!.,
or pounds per square Inch.
-------
Modulus. The ratio of change in
stress to change in strain in
the initial straight line portion
of a stress-strain curve following
the removal of any crimp. The
ratio is calculated from the stress
expressed either in force per unit
linear density or force per unit
area of the original specimen,
and the strain expressed either
as a fraction of the original
length or the strain expressed
as percentage elongation.
Monofil, Monofilament. Any single
filament of sufficient size to
function as a yarn in normal
textile operations. Monofils
as low as 8 den. are in common
use.
Multifilament. A trade term
loosely used to described filament
yarns having more than the normal
number of individual filaments for
a particular fabric or in a
given style season. Multifilament
yarns produce exceptionally soft
fabrics.
Nap. The hairy surface of a cloth
produced by raising, gigging,
or napping.
Pile Fabric. Fabric with cut or
uncut loops which stand up on the
surface. Not to be confused
with napped fabrics that have
brushed surfaces. E.g., velvets,
plushes, corduroys, and most
woven and tufted floor coverings.
Plain Weave. The simplest of the
fundamental weaves producing a
fabric pattern in which each
warp yarn passes alternately over
and under one filling yarn.
Ply. (1) The number of single yarns
twisted together to form a ply
yarn. Also the number of ply
yarns twisted together to form
a cord. (2) The individual yarn
in a ply yarn or cord. (3) One
of several layers of fabrics.
Satin. A fabric with a lustrous
surface. Fabric with satin weave.
Originally silk, now made extensively
in rayon and other man-made fila-
ment yarns in many qualities.
Scrim. A coarse, open fabric
of plain weave. Used for cur-
tains and backing material in
high strength papers, for needle-
work. Also made in bonded non-
woven fabric.
Setting. Stabilizing (1) the dimen-
sions of cloth or (2) the twist
in yarn.
Shrinking. Treating any type of
fabric so as to remove most of
the tendency to shrink.
Slippage. The sliding or slipping
of the warp threads along the
filling threads (or vice versa)
in a woven fabric of very smooth
yarns or loose weave. Sometimes
useful in fabrics where extended
bias stretch is wanted.
Spinning. (1) General: The process
of making yarns or cordage from
fibers, tow, or liquid materials.
(2) Yarn from fiber: The formation
of a yarn by a combination of
drawing or drafting and twisting
operations applied to prepared
fiber masses such as rovings.
(3) Filament yarn: The extrusion
by pressure through a spinneret of
a liquid or solution into a
-------
coagulating medium which produces
a solid filament or filaments.
(4) Yarn from filament tow:
The formation of a yarn from
filaments by the combination
of cutting or breaking together
with drafting and twisting in
a single series of operations.
Staple. (1) A term denoting the
average length of any species of
fibers. (2) In the case of man-
made fibers, spinnable lengths
cut from filaments. Does not
include fibers from cut waste.
(3) Sometimes used as an index
of quality or fineness as
"long staple." (4) Any fabric
or article sold year after year
in contrast to a novelty.
Stitch. In knitting, the manner
of interlooping of the yarns.
Common stitches are the plain,
tuck, welt, and float stitch.
Strength, Breaking. The ability
of a material to resist
rupture by tension.
Stress. Force per unit area of
cross section, e.g., Ib. per
square inch, kilograms per
square millimeter. The area
is generally that of the
unstrained specimen and, unless
otherwise stated, it is the
area of cross section of the
solid fiber material.
Tenacity. (1) A measure of yarn
strength. (2) Tensile stress
expressed in terms of force
per unit linear desnity as
grams per denier, or grams
per tex.
Thread: (1) Strand of yarn. (2)
Sewing: A variety of yarn,
normally plied, characterized
by a combination of twisting
and finishing with solid or
semisolid, wax-like materials
to secure a smooth compact strand
which is quite flexible but
presents no loose fibers. (3)
The ply of yarns, sometimes referred
to as the number of threads, as
two thread for two ply.
Tow. (1) In man-made fibers, a
heavy multifilament strand
suitable for cutting into staple
or flock, or for conversion into
spun yarn. (2) In bast fibers,
the short fibers removed by
hackling.
Twill. A weave characterized by
diagonal lines or ribs produced
by staggered floats. Warp face
twills have prevalently warp
floats on the face, filling face
twill has filling floats. One
of the basic weaves; permits heavier
denser cloth than plain weave.
Twist. The turns about their axes
of fibers, yarns, or cords.
Expressed in turns per unit of
length or, less commonly, by
the helix angle in reference to
the diameter of the yarn.
Warp. (1) The yarn running length-
wise in a woven fabric. (2) A
group of yarns in long lengths
and approximately parallel, put
on beams or warp reels for further
textile processing including
weaving, knitting, twisting,
dyeing, etc.
-------
Weave. (1) A particular method
or pattern of weaving, such
as plain weave, twill weave,
leno weave, etc. (2) A
woven fabric. (3) To form,
as a textile, by interlacing
yarns or similar strands of
material; specifically, to
make a fabric on a loom by
interlacing warp and filling
yarns.
Woof. See filling.
Yarn. A generic term for continuous
strands of textile fibers or
filaments in a form suitable for
knitting, weaving, or other-
wise intertwining to form a
textile product. It may comprise
(a) a number of fibers twisted
together, (b) a number of
filaments laid together with twist
(a zero-twist yarn) (c) a number
of filaments laid together with more
or less twist, or (d) a single
filament-without twist,
a monofilament. Note: Varieties
include single yarn, plied yarn,
cord, twine, sewing thread, etc.
Yarn Number. A measure of linear
density. Two systems are in current
use: (1) Direct yarn numbers
(equal to specific linear density) :
, Observed linear density
Yarn Number = — -: — „ ' . „
Linear density of a No. 1 Yarn
Direct yarn numbers are based on weight
per unit length.; (2) Indurect yarn numbers
(equal to the reciprocal of the specific
linear density).
Yarn, single. An aggregate of twisted
fibers or filaments. Two or more
single yarns twisted together
form a ply yarn.
-------
APPENDIX 4.2
SOME INORGANIC AND METAL FIBERS
POTENTIALLY SUITABLE FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE
FILTRATION OR CONTROL OF ELECTROSTATIC EFFECTS IN FABRICS
-------
INORGANIC FIBERS
trademark
description
source
AVCERAM
FIBERFRAX
HMG 25
HYFIL
LEXAN
USA continuous filament ceramic tired fibers
-------
Inorganic Fibers (continued)
If a ilfirt.tr k
description
source
Avco
Basic Carbon
Carborundum
New Products
Branch
VILI.WYTE USA fdyon Mjm.;ni yarn for conversion into carbonized or Midland-Ross
yrapnitned fabrics yarns chopped libers carbonized or
graphiti/ed product is used in ablative materials resist high
temp missilt; parts corrosive chemical handling, insulation
WHISKffIS Generic term foi single crystal fibers
UNNAMED USA boron filaments
USA 99 5% pure carbon yarn, neutral pH. as flexible as
wool yarn can be woven, knit, braided, wound, variable
electrical resistivity corrosive resistant
USA boron nitride staple similar to graphite in crystal struc
lure, with advantage of lubricity and mechanical properties.
density 1820 good elastic modulus, whiteness, with-
stands temperatures in inert atmosphere to 5000°F .in air or
oxygen to1800°F chemically men. abrasive resistant, di-
elei tncally strong uses high temperature composite re
mforcement of steel and other metals, aerospace thermal
shiulds space suits ind dust collector bags (SI 75 per Ib )
USA carbon and graphite 600 dr filament yarn. 720 fila Carborundum
meits per ply chopped fibers, tapes, and fabrics. 100% Graphite
pure elemental carbon, strong, flexible, thermal stability to Products Div.
5700°F . unaffected by thermal shock, suited for uses in
automatic winding equip . weaving, knitting machines, aero
space ablatives, resistance heating, electrolysis, filtration
USA silicon carbide coated carbon/graphite fiber, increased Carborundum
oxidation resistance at high temperatures, better mechanical Graphite
bond in resin composites, ablative heat shields, rocket noz- Products Div.
zles ($250-5500 per Ib )
USA silicon carbide single crystal fibers called "whiskers . Carborundum
high-tensile strength, resist temperatures to 2200°F; rein- New Products
forcing agent for light weight metals, ceramics, plastics Branch
I $2 50 per Ib )
British high-strength graphite fiber produced from polyacryl- Courtaulds
onitnle. aircraft and aerospace structures requiring high
strength and stiffness with minimum weight, shear properties
Exclusive sales licensee with option to manufacture in USA Hercules
USA boron filaments
General Elec.
Chemical-Metallurgical Div.
USA boron filaments
USA boron filaments in early development
USA and British graphite fiber made from acrylic fibers
General Technologies
Monsanto
Morganite
Royal Aircraft
British pioneering work on new types of carbon fibers which
when mixed with resin or plastic are said to be stronger than
steel, see also HYFIL. page 129
USA high-purity graphite filaments and fibers in develop Space Age
ment NASA R/D contract, missiles, space ships and stations
USA sapphire whiskers S3.500 per Ib Thermo-kinetic
USA boron filaments U.i«"8* Aii
-------
METAL FIBERS
trademark
description
BRUNSMET
CHROMEL R
FYREL
GIMP
GLOWETTE
HOSKINSMFS
UNNAMED
USA stainless steel filament yam staple slivei slum tibeis
web 8 12 25 micion Types 304 310 316 347 a'su mckei
base super alloy lor woolen, cotton systems permanent
non-static carpets app filter bags with small percentage
of filament yam in blends high temp use applicat'ons ele<
resistance heating reflective uses webs compacted media
USA ductile nickel chmmium heat resistant alloy lediluy
drawahli! to small dia filaments available as bunched 01
bundle didwn yam individual filaments 0 5 mil dia and
larger can be knit wvn braided by conventional machines
Or stretch broken and blended with other fibers for static
free fabrics withstands temp of 2 000°F non flammable to
2.500 F space suits space ie entry deceleratoi devices
antenna membranes see also t-YREl
USA fabric woven from multifil yarns composed of fine
metal filaments such as CHROMEL R. for flexible, high
strength, thermodurable fibrous expandable aerospace struc-
tures, also for high temperature md uses
USA multifil or monofil synthetic core wrapped edge to
edge with flat metallic yarns, cotton core also used for
heavier wvn fabrics, braid trim
USA patented metallic yarn, textured or bulky appearance.
wvn . knit uses, braids, trims
USA continuous filament stainless steel alloy yarn, any fil
size and count. produced via bundle drawing. as little as 0 1
per cent woven into fabric eliminates static and repels dirt.
facilitates cleaning of material, reduces dust pick up
Japanese metal fibers developed to withstand 90O°C . melt-
spinning process: 30 micron dia. fibers produced from tin.
lead, tin-lead alloys, silver, experimenting with copper.
1.20O°C melting point: 5 micron fiber production possible:
space suits, parachutes, nonflammable furnishings, carpets
Swedish ultra-fine steel fibers, possible use: temperature-
controlled carpets: corespun yarns with steel filament cen-
ters proposed as source of radiant heat for draperies: core-
spun yarns with polyester and glass fibers have been pro-
duced, with metal serving as either core or wrapper
Brunswick
Hoskms
Fabric Research
Metlon
Rich-Flex
Hoskms
Nagoya Institute
Unknown
-------
APPENDIX 4.3
CHART OF FIBER PROPERTIES, AND
ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE VS. HUMIDITY
-------
CHART OF FIBER PROPERTIES, AND ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE VS. HUMIDITY*
I
(.0
"""" i ^ ."-i.^-:
Dimensions of fibers
Continuous length
Staple length, in
Width, »
Specific gravity
Tensile strength
At 21 "C and 65% R H..B g. /denier
Teunty at 21'C and 65% R.H., p.B.i.
Wet, per cent of strength at 21'C. and 65% R.H.
1' It i mate elongation si 2l*C., 65% R.H., per cent
Recovery from strain*
Strain, per cent
Recovery, per cent
Modulus of elasticity
Static method,' 10" dynes/cm.'
Htatic method,' g./denier
Velocity of sound method,' 10' 'dynes/em.'
Velocity of sound method,* g./denier
Stiffoess.' average, g. 'denier
Toughness indei.' ( -cm./denier em.
Moisture regain at 21'C and 65% H H , per cent
Yes Yea
16/16-7 15/16-7 i
11-46 11-46
1.30-1 35 < 1.30-1.35
1.1-1.4 1 3-1.8
18,000-23,000 22,000-30,000 ,
60-45 50-75 ,
23-30 45-50 '
1
2 20 —
94 23 —
30-4.8 . 30-48
26-41 , 26-41
61 6.1
52 52
5.2 3.3
0 1U j U 38
63-65 *> 3-« 5
Billing in water,' per cent j & 30 6-30
Refractive indei '
Epvloo' ! 1 47» 1 478
Omega- ' 1 473 1 473
Dielectric constant i3.fi at 60 c (MI (r% K 11 )
5.0 at 60 c (at 50% KM ,
Effect of age flight lorn of tensile strength
Effect of hett ;
Strength loss temperature, *F. 194-225 194 225
Softening temperature. V. 397-406 , 397-406
Effect 6* suoiigjit, prolonged exposure Loss of tensile strength
Hasan suet to mildew* 'Resistant
Effect of strong seid* .Decomposed
. i
Effect of w**k aeid* lOissolved by certain weak or
< game acids, such u acetic
Effect of *Uoa« alkalis* JBaponined
Etset of ww* abatis*
Little or no effect for short pe-
riods cold; saponification on
' long standing or hot
Ms si or orgMM solvent* ! Insoluble in dry cleaning sol-
! vents generally; swollen or
! dissolved in acetone, ethyl
| acetate, siany kelonea and
eaters, glacial aeetir acid,
phenol, and some chlorinated
solvents. Softened in alcohol
Dr-«d
Special acetate dyestuffs; se-
lected vats aad sao colon
Eiya (Fortkuj
Ye*
Experimental i
3-9 \
1.52
7.0 j
138,000 ,
85 ;
6
2 5
82 67
20 4-24 5
152-183
—
—
120
0.21
10 0- 11 5
IK '28
1.547
1 513
6.0 at 60 c (at 50%
It H )
Virtually none
*
—
More than rotcin
Decomposed
Resistant
Swelling and mer-
rerisation; loss of
strength in hot
concentrated
Little effect
Cupranaoonua bjrao
Yea
:jcperunent*l
About 11
1 54
1.7-2 3
33.000-42,000
59
10-17
5 15
48 32
9.2
68
—
__
14
0 14
11 fl
1* 134
1 54*
1 527
—
Virtually none
*
-
Loss of tensile
strength
Attacked
Disintegrated by
hot dilute or cold
concentrated
Similar to viscose
Swelling and loas of
strength
Little effect if di-
lute
Resistant | Resistant
Generally dyesusedjSame as for viscose
for cotton i rayon
sons aeid and btsse dyes;}
' pigment dye*; aorvenl ( swell -
| ing) dyeing
fefd«T , IMiM IMMitjr Hi»fa UMOU
1
Cu>»a»nh_»t
Ikf ! E^mfOa I
! ' '
yea , yea yea Y«. y™ i —
1-8 1-8 | No
10-43 ' S.4-43 1 10-15
- - | 1-4
ll-C 16-43 ' 14-43
1.50-1 54 , 1.5U-I.54 1.90-1 54 j 1.14 l.|4 i 1 14
i i ; i
M'*"*IVto*1
No
1^6
15-41
1.21
15-24 ; 2.4-3(1 3.0-40 4 5-« 0- \ 60-78- 40-4.8' l.l-l.l
2S,(ltlO 47, (100 ' 47.000-5K,000 58.000 7»,Wif) 65.000«1,ODO . 88,000-114,000 58,000-70.000 17, 000-19, 100
44-54 j 56-63 ' 55-65 SMO «5-«J 85-W «0
15-3(1 j 10-20 | B-20 25-31- 15-23- SJ-4S-
JO-iS
'i 20 ' 2 20 ' 2 15
28-4- -
82 30 : 82 30 . 82 37 100 100 100 —
' i :
849 1 12 5 : ll.»-23 6
48-68 i 03 i 74-176
— — t —
About 40 — : —
11.*- 13 i 20 j aO-13 k | — — ' —
S6-96 147 ( 150-252 About 60 : — ' —
87 17 '25 14 17- 26 52- 6-15-
0.23 0 ^ ; 0.25 0. 54-11 7tr ' O.SfM) 99- 0 79-0. BO-
1 f-
100 «7.l
I. If
Xf
—
—
2.8
0.11
115-166 115-166 ' II 5 16 6 4045 , 10
45-H2 45 82 i 45-X2 At*,ut 2 20
1 547 1 547 ( 1 547 1 547 ' —
1 521 1.521 1.521 ' 1.521 —
- : 40at 1 kr. (»t 1»%H.H i
i : 20.0 >t 1 kc. (well
Slight yellitwmf .None Son.
' —
— i.Melti about at 48O-«tickj kt 4U
Lou of tensik Btreofth
AttukMi
Similar to cotton
Strength detenu. .Lion on prolonged contact or
hot
Swelling and loaf of itnngtb
No affact cold; reduced •treoctb hot or on pro-
longed eonUet
Reaistaot
Bom* IOM of Btrengtb. No diaeoloration
Not attacked
Diaintegrated by eonceatrated mineral acid*
Oeoerally good reeiataace
Virtually none
NOD.
Unaffected by dry cleaning aolTanta. Bofablt iA
•OHM phaoolic compounda and in eoec. (90%]
i formic aeid
Aeid 'for ti&ting only): baeic; direct; vat; n«pb- Acetate and aeid are pujeiied nnalljr, but matt
thoU;Buirur ; othar elaiaai are abo oaad
ISO
478-483
8lo« daUrioratioci ai>l
aUtuu
ReaManl
Vary raaiataot
Reeiataat
Vary r«iB«m
PT-I-*-^
All g>ul 17P«, baikBl.
lag botk MM nil
-------
FttMM Stay.* •*•** ' Hie* tmmrit) '• tor* 1
Dimene4on. of ftfcen
Contin«oue length
Staple length, in.
Width, ,
Speeiie gravity
Teneile .trengio
, 21-C-. 66% R.H.. gYden
P-..I
Wet. 7, of 21 -C, 66% R.H.
I'll, elong , 21-C , 65r0 R.H , °J
Recovery from strain*
Strain, per otnt
Recovery, per cent
Modulo, of elaetidty
Static method.* 10" dynee/em.'
g./denier
Velocity of aouad method*
10" dymee/em.'
g./denier
BtUfnee.,' average, g./denier
Toughnoee index,* g.-cm./denier
cm.
Moieure regain at 21 ID. and 66%
R.H . per oral
Swelling in water,1 per cent
Refractive index
Epaik>n>
Omega'
Dielectric eonetent
Elect of age
Elect of heal
Strength lorn temperature, "T.
Softening temperature, *F.
Ef eel of eonlight, prolonged expo-
•ere
lamrnnn. In •irlhr'
Beran.nt. to milrlew-
eEeet of nrong aeide
Ef o« of TCS!*. acid.
Btet at KX.J antarke
I»eet of wc*k alkakee
BbM of ergar^i aWvearl.
Ye. ' —
— 1 up
11-2J 18-25
1.38 1.38
4 2-5.0- 3.6-4.0-
74. 000-89,000 64. 000-72.0003
100 - 100
22-30- 38-48-
28 -
97 80 - 1
— — i
About W —
— —
About 120 —
14-23- 7-11-
0.55-064- 076-086-
0.4
Virtually none
_
—
3 8.1 60 c. (dry)
None
—
MelU about at 480, nick.
.1416
Some loea of etrength. No
diacoloration.
i Not attacked
Not attacked
' Very ronrtant to molt
minenl acid. Dirinte-
' grated by 9>%e>lfwic
| Virtually Men :
Uodarato rmJUenx
• wk-jo cold DirJale
| grated at boil
\ Good re-rUac.
! Oeoenlly UMiTecUd.
i ootmble in eome pheo-
; ooeataapn.ni'.
i
i
Yfe Yea -
- l-«
16-18 ln-18 16-18
1 33-1.36 1 33-1.36 1.33-1. 36
20-28 3.6-4.4 04-0.7
1,000-48.000,56,000-76,000 10,000-12,000
100 100 100
14-35 !>-» 10-13
2 20 - -
W 63 — —
3.3-1.5* 3.3-4.5* 3.3-4.5*
28-30' 28-3S1 J8-39'
— _
— — _
»6 22 5.8
0.30 0 36 0 04
000
000
1 536 1 536 1.536
1 536 1 536 1.536
—
None
—
MelU at 290, abrink. at IB
None
Not attacked
Not attacked
Stable
Steble
Stable
Stable
Soluble ia keteoee and aeme chlorinated
hydrocarbon.- eweUe and eeftomi ia
ether., eeieri. anrmalie hydrocar-
bon., dioiaM, propykMC oxie.
•*• • * • _4(k _^i _< — . • - —I
Ye.
No
90-1300
1.68-1.75
1.1-2.9
25.000-60,0011
100
29-35
(oriented)
—
~~
0.3-1.7
2-11
—
—
1C
0 20
0
0
1 00-1.63
1.60-1 (3
3.0-6.0 at 60 e.,
1 ke., 1 me.
Slight
1 90-200
Sbrinke at 160-
260; eoften. at
240->»
Darkena alightly
Not attacked
Not attacked
Stable
Stable
Stable to mowt;
limited reaiat-
axwe to am-
Slabl.
Swelled or eof-
UMd by oxy
a
Yeiwtrug
-------
CHABT ut fiutm
"-"*
Di-M.tMKM.1 o* fiber*
CowMiaooa* -raft).
at-Mpit Ictifih, in.
W-dU,,
Speeiie gravity
T«>..J.t Mtmt-ft..
At 21 *C sad 66% R H , f./denier
Tenc-ty at 21T. sad 66% R.H.. p.s.i.
Wtt. per cent of strength at 21 "C. and 65%
R.H
rUim-ae elongAtion »t 65% K.H , |*er cent
MrKtvi...
Vf-e
No
290-1300
0.92
1 -0-2.5
11,000-30,000
100
20-flO
(oriented)
Recovery from it run* !
l-kraio per cent
Recovery, per «nl
SiodoiM of elasticity
dttUK metbod.'lO1* dyrw-M/cm.1
St»ut method , index,' g.-rin /denier cm.
Mutrnurc regain -i 21'C Mid 65% R.H ,
•y
96
. —
. —
-
2-12
03
0
per --*ni
,*i««lliLif m «.ier * per cent ; 0
fU.r-.tUvi: indei 1
Lpsiioo*
OB-ftf**
f^tele--;*-" c'jr-)l*flt
_
_
_
j
rJTr-et •>( -ft
f
VirtuaJly none
under norma
\ conditions
i
E.I.XI of beet i
trkrenfth la., temperature, *F. j
.-•krfieaiBg tdnpermture, *F.
Uwt of Minliclu, prolonfBd exposure
R4--,n-aee to moth.'
i
5% ahrinkap
at I6&*; melta
at 230-250*
Some IOM of
unale for
etoar; much
I«M for fif
mented. No
darkening
Not attacked
lUe-fUaet to mildew* 'Not .tlteked
i
CoOna t
No
1/2-2 1/2
12-X
1 50-1.55
2.1-6.3
42,000-125,000
110-130
3-10
2 5
74 ' 45
5 7-11.2
42-82
—
_
60
0 16
8.5
44-19
1 5DO
Si*. j Wool i da*
|
400-1300 yard.1 No | Ye.
Ye. | 1 1/2-15 ' Up to 18
9-11
1.25-1.35
2.8-5.2
45,000-83,000
75-95
13-31
2 20
92 33
84-12.9
76-117
14.4
130
18
0.44
11.0
30-41
1 591
1 533 1 1.538
—
Virtually none
*
_
LOM of tenaile
Undmey for
white, to
yellow
4.2 at 500 kc.,
4 me .10 me
Blijht yellow
iD(; llitnt
IOM of ten
•lie
*
_
Lo. of tenrile
«a*ect«d more
than cotton
i
Not attacked
May lie at
tacked, hut
more reahrt
' ant than woo
10-70 j 5-10
1.28-1.33 ' 2.54
1.0-1.7 7.7
17,000-28.000 250,000-315,000
76-97
30-50
99
2.5-3 15
!
2 20 1 3'
99 «3
100
2.7-3.9 ] 68.9
24-34
5.1
44
3 9
0.25
17 0
32-38
1.550
307
74
331
300
0 13
0
0
1 55 ± 0 01
1 547 1 55 * 0.01
4.2 at 13 me
500 kr , 120
kc.
4 8 at 20 kc.
5.4 at 8 kc.
Slight yellow
ing, .light
IOM of ten
0.3 at 01) r
0.3 at 1 me.
5.6 at 10 me
5.6 at 37 me.
None-
lile i
1
• INo IOM at 475;
i 50% IOM at
685
; 1380-1550
\
LOM of tenaile, None
dyeing af-<
feetexl; leM ,
affected than,
cotton
1
Attacked Not attacked
;
!
Attacked. jNot uaually ' JMey lie at- Sot attacked
Mpeeially attacked < tacked.
ilaiaed
! more re-
I ajatant
| i than cotton
pToptrtici Mlrwaye-" | 1
Yervreaut Diaiot«grat»d iDiMOlwld j
Effect ol. iron, «,d. „, . b, hTdi. :
i lute or cold !
coocen-
: tr.ted :
—t
Dea.roy.dbT A
boool-
tttri>;ra-
utaatto
othan
. . ., Very res«t- iSuble .f F-irly re-wt- Ita--.tt.- 1"
Eflect of weak M.d» ^ , ^^ : Mt
strength j j |
det*rior.* i
lion if hot
„ , \>rv rfflist- Swelliog »nd r>i«-olved
Meet of strong >lk.liM M( .nerceni.-
tion
Verv rniiBt - Little effect Attacked if
Kffect of .-rak .Ikalie. .« • kot
Atudted \l
Attacked if
hot
UMkMlbT
•»*-•
fteark..!
•otpkaa-
phorU
AbM
Ittaeked
Ittackrfif
hot
«nlul,lr Re.iata»t Keai.tant ReaUtaat taojilb..
KnVct ,,f .ir..mc »lvent. >»^* a" |
I60T. in i I
»nm* Hnl 1
, 'O™""' i |
Pigollnled ItUaic, direct, jAcid, buic, JAeid. bw«e,
"J" u«d l*f,,re« mordant. : direct, , dire«t,
tru»K,n .ulfur, vat, ! mordant, moltUnt,
i nanhthola napbthola, , »at
i val '
Reain-booded
pigment.;
aboothar
dye. oa*u
onooatMl
-------
CHABT or FI»M P.UIFEBTTU—^'o
-o
I
DU PONT TBrLOH TlTMAFUIOIOiTn.TL.mB FlBaW
^icm '// .'"li
l Yarn Propertitl
Sp-ritic |[r»vity
TMWilfitn-nRth-
Tvn»euy*
LUmitBtiiin*
Wet nlrcnctb*
23
42,70Rlh«. pervq. io.
1.45 g. prr deoier
.».2%>t bre-vk
F^u»l lo dry itren^w
75 3% of dry
Wet flon|talion*
I)r> loop. »n
can be be»Uet— food flex »nd
n — DOB brittle
40&-W5T.
(>nl\ Averted b> fluorine CM tuid
b> chlorine triBuoride >l hifh
ii-mpcrature aod prtwur* «ml
l>> moltcn-.,lk»li mrtal*
Nonflammable but nelU witk
decn'npont ioo
Zero
Mo»t nomrrttable fiber known
Filwr 11 alipprr)'— few materi.U.1
•lick io it with M)y degree of
adhewon
LOWMI of *ay fiber known.
Boiled off yarn, dynamic .28.
•latic .30
Excellent
Very poor
Tan to brown — can be bleached
white in •ironn «i*idiiin|
nun* ml acid
B. Room Ttm?tnt*n PrtftrUtt of Nbn /rtm
after Effenn to Bot, Sxtrtmtl* Catnmm
Control .
Concentrated UifiO., 5
bleachiog at «00'F
ConcentraWd H£O. + UNO,
houn at 320*F.
25% caiutic, 4 hour, at MO*F.
<*>n exporare to elevated temperature*, TeflOB lb*r
Bhnnki moderately. However, this ahriDkace doM Dot am-
tinue with continued expoMre. and fabric* may be mt»-
factorily pre-ahrunk by brief treatment above the inte»d«d
•ervice temperature.
r jv»fA
j^i-TBttttar! 'SGS?
70
MO
300
400
4U
475
no
WO
00
SCO
25.0
la.O
13.3
11.3
11.7
_
Zero .treoftb
temperatura
TraMition tem-
perature
1 40
0»
0 17
0 15
"sas-
M
a
xr
a
0.14 a
0.11
n
o.iot i
o.iot } -
(Botid pi)
—
New* Below, K I. d» Po.t de Nawxn * Co.. Im...
May, 11*4.
•Calculated from fabric aueurlk. ex«(H «Wn
indicated.
t Meawred on nlamrat* Mtaf atro
JO*
022fDtom Nylon
50 55 €0 65 70 79
RELATIVE HUMIDITY (X)
80
S5
Resistivity of aingle fibers at 30°C. as a function of
relative humidity. (Hersh, S. P. and Montgomery D. J.:
-------
APPENDIX 4.4
1969 SUPPLIERS LIST
FILTER FABRICS AND RELATED MATERIALS
PLUS
SUPPLIER BROCHURES
-------
1969 SUPPLIERS LIST
FILTER FABRICS AND RELATED MATERIALS
Part 1.
This list resulted from a survey in 1969 by GCA Technology Division as a portion
of the Fabric Filter Systems Survey. Included are manufacturers of filter
fabrics, sewers and suppliers of the finished filter elements {see Part 2
of the Appendix), and manufacturers of fibers used in fabric filtration.
These firms are representative of those supplying the fabrtc filtration industry.
A complete listing of textile fiber sources is contained in "Guidebook to
Man-Made Textile Fibers and Textured Yarns of the World" by A. A. Dembeck,
The United Piece Dye Works, 111 West 40th St., New York, New York,3rd Ed.
(1969).
Footnotes to the following Table: -
(1) Processor and supplier of fabrics; capability for controlled porosities.
(2) Supplier of filter system components other than fabrics.
(3) Also polyallomer.
(4) No recent information received.
(5) Also needle punch synthetic.
(6) Also vinyon, or vinylidene chloride* PVC.
(7) Silicone fiber lubricants.
(8) Lofted nonwoven.
(9) Also paper.
(10) Asbestos paper for corrugated air filters.
(11) Also "filter media".
(12) Teflon or silicone for coated glass fabrics.
(13) Graphite fiber, and/or carbon fiber.
(14) Metal fiber woven separately or with asbestos, glass, or synthetics.
(15) Sintered fiber metals.
(16) Also triacetate.
-------
1969 Suppliers List:
Filter Fabrics and
Related Materials
Albany Felt Company
American Combining Corp.
American Viscose Div. FMC Corp.
American Enka
Brunswick Corporation
Burlington Glass Fabrics Co.
The Carborundum Company
Celanese Fibers Marketing Co.
Cherastrand Corp.
Clark-Schwebel Fiber Glass Corp.
Coast Mfg. Div., Hexcel Corp.
Crane Cochrane
W. W. Criswell Co.
Deer ing -Mil liken, Inc.
Dow Chemical Co.
E. I. du Pont de Nemours
Eastman Chemical Products, Inc.
Edward H. Best & Company
Exeter Manufacturing Co.
Fabrics Specialties
The Felters Co.
Filter Media Products, Pangborn
Filtration Fabrics Div, Ametek
GAF Corp., Ind. Prod. Div.
•c* «> /
^v*« «•* /
* •Otl** 0 / .» /
0«- /,
X
X
x
x
x
x i
i
i
v 1
x
Ix
X
X
X
X j
ix
X
X
X
X
X
1
:x
X
x
i X 1
i
X
! !x
; |
'
x
;
:o
:
,(2
(5)
-Al
x
. t
X
/pe
X
All t
x
-A
•*•
x
x
pe
x .
1
1
i
1
\l typ
I
1 !
s -
M typjss-
. x x •
x :
,
X
X
!
;
>w
X
X
X
1
14) ! 1
i
i
1
X .X
:x
X
X
i
!x
i
I • X
X
X
l :
i
-------
<*>>°AV<* ^*% eVV'VVs^^V*
Manufacturer ^VV.o^X»V\«VVV G°VV\P>^\^
General Filter Co.
General Electric Co.
Hitco
Huyck Metals Co.
Industrial Rayon
C.O. Jelliff Corp.
J. P. Stevens & Co., Inc.
Johnson March
The Kendall Co.
Kressilk Products, Inc.
Lennox Industries, Inc.
Libby Owens Ford Glass Fiber Co.
Menardi and Company
Micro tron Corp.
Mil -An Mfg. Corp.
Modern Dust Bag Co., Inc.
National Filter Media Corp.
Nlcolet Industries, Inc.
Owens /Corning Fiberglas Corp.
Pallflex Products Corp.
Polymer Research Corp.
PPG Industries
Schwartz Mfg. Co.
Troy Mills, Inc.
x
i
'• X
X
X
'.X
'
[ X
1 X
X
'• x
i
X
x ;'
x
i
i
(7)
(15)
x
i
j
!
X
x
x (8)
j
1
i
(11
, i
'• (2
X
X
x
X X
1
All t
All t
X
X
rpe
rpe
x , x
x
i
;
All type})
•?:
l
i
1
All Type*
X '
i
X
X
'
X
tea
X
X
X
1,
X
x
fly
x
x
X
x
' x
X
X
X
al
x
X
X
X
X X
. type
i
X
X
1
X
X
X
x '
X X , X
x x ': x
XXX
;
X
X :
XXX
X X
*&&&&&At/S
X
X
X
X
X
1
(
'
i*
I X
!
x 1
1
!
X
X
X X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
;
x
X
X
X
X
1
X
' ' \
I
| X
* I \
i
X , ;
I
i
| i
X '
1
1
]
1
j (9)
(9)
1
i
i
i
i
i
(2)
-------
Manufacturer
Uniglass Industries
j> Union Carbide Corp.
•
i Uniroyal Inc.
& West Point Pepperell
Western Felt Works
Whitehouse Products Inc.
X
1
X
,
X
X
! x
x 1
,
X
X
X
X
x
1 ! :
i
i .
: I
x
X X i X
,
X | 1 X
X
X
X
X X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
• 1
1
1
1
' X
1
1
(13
1
I
1
(4)
1
-------
Albany Felt Company
1373 15 road way
Albany, New York 11201
Coast Mfg. Div., Hexel Corporation
11711 Dublin Boulevard
Dublin, California 94566
AmerLean Combining Corporation
72-36 Burchell Avenue
Arverne, New York 11692
Crane-Cochrane
Post Office Box 191
King of Prussia, Pennsylvania 19406
American Viscose Corporation
FMC Corporation
350 Firth Avenue
New York, New York 10018
W. W. Criswell Company
800 Industrial Highway
Post Office Drawer 32
Riverton, New Jersey 08077
American Enka
Rocky Hill
Connecticut 06067
Deering, Milliken, Inc.
1045 Sixth Avenue
New York, New York 10018
Brunswick Corporation
Technical Prods. Division
132 Second Avenue
Needham Heights, Mass. 02194
Dow Chemical Company
Midland
Michigan 48640
Burlington Glass Fabrics Company
New York
New York 10018
E. I. Dupont de Nemours and Company
Industrial Fabrics Section
902 Wilmington Trust Building
Wilmington, Delaware 19898
Carborundum Company
Buffalo Avenue
Niagara Falls, New York 14303
Eastman Chemical Products Inc.
Kingsport, Tennessee 37662
Celanese Fibers Marketing Company
Barclay Downs Drive
Charlotte, North Carolina 28209
Edward H. Best and Company
210 Lincoln Street
Boston, Massachusetts 02111
Chemstrand Corporation
350 Fifth Avenue
New York, New York 10018
Exeter Mfg. Company
Industrial Glass Cloth Division
1451 Broadway
New York, New York 10018
Clark-Schwebel Fiber Glass Corporation
Post Office Box 408
Anderson, South Carolina 29621
Fabrics Specialties, Inc.
1362 W. Sixth Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
-------
The Felters Company
22 West Street
Millbury, Massachusetts 01527
J. P. Stevens & Company, Inc.
1460 Braodway
New York, New York 10036
Filter Media Products Division
1'he Pangborn Corporation
Hagerstown, Maryland 21740
Johnson March Corporation
3018 Market Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Filtration Fabrics
A Division of Ametek, Inc.
552 Twelfth Avenue
East Moline, Illinois 61244
The Kendall Company
95 West Street
Walpole, Massachusetts 02081
GAF Corporation
Industrial Products Division
140 West 51 Street
New York, New York 10020
Kressilk Products Inc.
420 Saw Mill River Road
Elmsford, New York 10523
General Filter Company
Post Office Box 350
Ames, Iowa 50010
Lennox Industries, Inc.
Marshalltown
Iowa 50158
General Electric Company
Silicone Products Department
Waterford, New York 12188
Libby-Owens Ford Glass Company
811 Madison Avenue
Toledo, Ohio 43624 '
Hitco
1600 W. 135th Street
Gardena, California 90249
Menardi and Company
1201 W. Francisco Street
Torrance, California 90502
Huyck Metals
Mil ford
Connecticut 06460
Microtron Corporation
Post Office Box 15335
Charlotte, North Carolina 28210
IRC Fibers Division
Midland - Ross Corporation
Painesville, Ohio 44077
Jeliff Corporation
354 Pequot Road
Southport, Connecticut 06490
MIL-AN Mfg. Corporation
29 Crescent Street
Brooklyn, New York 11208
Modern Dust Bag Company, Inc.
Ill E. Railroad Avenue
West Haverstraw, New York 109C>
-------
Nat. Filter Media Corporation
Moorestown, New Jersey 08057
Uni-Royal Inc.
350 Columbia Road
Winnsbow, South Carolina 29180
Nicolet Industries, Inc.
Wissaliickon Avenue
Ambler, Pennsylvania 19002
West Point Pepperell
111 West 40th Street
New York, New York 10018
Owens/Corning Fiberglass Corporation
Fiberglass Tower, One Levis Square
Toledo, Ohio 43601
Western Felt Works
4115 Ogden Avenue
Chicago, Illinois 60623
Pallfelx Products Corporation
Kennedy Drive
Putnam, Connecticut 06260
Whitehouse Products Inc.
360 Furman Street
Brooklyn, New York 11201
Polymer Research Corporation
Brooklyn
New York 11234
PPG Industries
(Formerly Pittsburgh Plate Glass)
One Gateway Center
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15222
Schwartz Manufacturing Company
Two Rivers
Wisconsin 54241
Troy Mills, Inc.
18 Monadnock Street
Troy, New Hampshire 03465
Uniglass Industries
1407 Broadway
New York, New York 10018
Union Carbide Corporation
270 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10017
-------
Part 2 of Appendix 4.4
DATA SHEET AND BROCHURE OF A TYPICAL FILTER ELEMENT SUPPLIER*
DUST COLLECTOR TUBE DATA SHEET
Company Ncimo
Address
1. Manx of dust collector system _
Mv .tsurt'irent s of tu^e or bag (blueprint pre ft rr«.d)_
3 MdUiial uii d (A«.r ylic/Or Ion, Polytstcr/Dacror , Nylon, Nomex, Rayon,
PolypropyIon , GLaaS, Wool, Silk, Cotton -- other)_
u.. vJ-:avr.e ^Fiain, Twill. Satir, Felt, t'tc.)
5. Weight per square yard, thickness, thread count
6, Permeability (C.F.M./sq., ft. at dif f 0,5 inches of watc-r)_
7, Treatment (Graphite, Teflon, Silicon-:, ttc.)
8 Maxin-.Jtn operating temperature
9, Is there dry or moi^t air? (check one)
iO . Arr- chert mineral or organic arids?(cht?ck one)
(sptt. ify)
11- Are ttv..re alkalies?
12. Are theie. oxidizing agents?
13.. Are there solvents?
14 . Stcic L oands or other retaining rings or ropes
15. Estimated annual usage Quantity per ord.-r
Piease mail the completed data sheet, together with applicabl v
drawings, Camples or other information.
Courtesy of Bemis Company, Inc.
-------
STANDARD REPLACEMENT BAGS AND TUBES
(Pictured are some of the many standard replacement bags and tube* made by Bemla)
Count on Bern Is to supply the replacement bags and tubes necessary to keep your dust collecting system operation at
peak efficiency. Bern is can supply any type of bag you require.
Following are descriptions of standard bags and tubes for some of the widely used dust collecting systems. Yours may
operate more efficiently with types of materials offered by Bemis. Let us consult with you on your specific requirements
AMERICAN AIR FILTER
Baste construction: Open both ends. Endless extension coll
spring ring Inserted In each cuff.
AMERICAN WHEELABRATOR
Bute construction: Hem top, strap top (12" to 14" In length).
or open top lor plug. Steel band spring ring in cuff.
DAY-HERSEY-MIKRO
Basic construction: Day and Mersey tubes are open at both
ends. Mlkro tubes may have both ends open >r have a disc
sewn in one end with the other end raw. Butt seam with tape.
Available with or without special tin-coated copper static wire.
DRACCO
Basic construction: Tubes or bags (V-top, triple-hook top or
regular top).
FULLER
Basic construction: One open end with a rope Inserted In a
double cuff. Other end Is closed by sewing In a disc with a Vk -
diameter hole In center. Metal ring sewn to outside In center ol
tube.
(From a Beml8 Coo^any, Inc. brochure.)
NORBLO
Basic construction: Both ends open wtth s rope Inserted In s
double cuff. Widths of cuff differ according to application.
PANGBORN
-*-.
Baste construction: Single-compartment or mum-compartment
bag. Close cell sponge neoprene cord In bottom hem.
PARSONS
D3
Basic eonetrucUon: Open at one end with either a rope hi the
cuff or an endless extension coll spring ring Inserted. Other end
closed with grommets In each comer. Available with or without
an oblong metal ring sewn to the outside, near the clossd end.
and with or without tin-coated copper static wire.
SLY
Baste construction: A. EE or ED —36* x 43M". A stogie-
compartment bag with a 33V*' metal red Inserted to each hem.
Three holes In bottom of bag, seven holes to hem and one hole
in each ear.
B. Realst-0-Wear — 34V*' x 464f. A three-compartment beg
similar In construction to Type EE and ED except for addition
of a false bottom for Inserting a (million and vertical stitching
for compartments. Patented by W. W. Sly Manufacturing Co..
which has licensed Bemla.
WESTERN PRECIPITATOR
Basic ueaelrinUmi: Both ends open with flberglaas or asbestos
rope Inserted In double cuff, or fiberglass drswcord In one cuff
-------
APPENDIX 5.1
MANUFACTURER'S GUIDELINES TO THE SELECTION OF
AIR/CLOTH RATIO FOR FOUR TYPES OF FABRIC COLLECTORS
(1) Shaking Bag Collector
(2) Glass Cloth Collector usually employing
reverse flow plus collapse cleaning
(3) Reverse Jet Collector
(4) Reverse Pulse Collector
-------
| 4-1 RATIO
! MATERIAL
iCa:C5-:a[d
,Feer!s
• FPK
W.n
|Leath.er Dust
IT
yjoply Air
iv. -.od D'jst. Chips
1
i
OPERATION
1
2,3,4,5,6,7
2,3.4,5,6.7
2, 3, 4. 5 6, 7
1.7,8
1,4.6,7
13
1.6.7
31 RATIO
MATERIAL
Asbestos
Aluminum Dust
Fibrous Mat'l.
Cellulose Mat'l.
Gypsum
Lime(Hydrated)
Perlite
Rubber Chem.
Salt
Sand*
Iron Scale
Soda Ash
Talc
MachmmgOperation
IUT TIN& - 1 MIXING - 4
'RiJ'jHiNO -2 SCREENING -5
5JL VEP'ZING - 3 STORAGE -6
2.5/1 RATIO
OPERATION
1,7.8
1.7.8
1,4.7,8
1,4.7,8
1.3,5.6.7
2,4,6.7
2.4.5.6
4.5,6,7,8
2.3.4,5 6,7
4.5,6.7 9.15
1,7.8
4,6,7
3,4.5.6,7
1,8
CONVEYING - 7
GRINDING -8
SHAKEOUT -9
MATERIAL
Alumina
Carbon Black
Cement
Coke
Ceramic Pigm.
ClayS Brick Dust
Coal
Kaolin
Limestone
Rock, Ore Dust
Silica
Sugar
OPERATION
2,3,4
4,5,6
3,4,5
2,3 5
4,5,6
2,4,6
2,3,6
4,5,7
2 1 4
2,3,4
2,3.4
3,4,5
FURNACE FUME - 10
REACTION FUME- 11
DUMPING - 12
5,6
7
6.7
6
7
12
7,12
5,6,7
5,6,7
5,6,7
6,7
21 RATIO
MATERIAL
Ammonium Phos-
phate Pert.
Diatomaceous
Earth
Dry Petrochem.
Dyes
Fly Ash
Metal Powders
Plastics
Resins
Silicates
Starch
Soaps
OPERATION
2.3,4,5.6.7
4.5,6,7
2,3.4,5,6,7,14
2,3.4,5,6.7
10
2,3,4,5,6,7,14
2,3 4,5,6 7.14
2 3 4 5,6 7 14
2,3,4.5.6,7.14
6,7
3,4,5,6,7
1.5, 1 RATIO
MATERIAL OPERATION
Activated Charcoal
Carbon Black
Detergents
Metal Fumes,
Oxides and
other Solid
Dispersed
Products
2.4,5.6 7
11.14
2,4,5.6.7
10,11
INTAKE CLEANING - 13
PROCESS - 14
BLASTING - 15
o
M
O
M
H
O
B FINENESS FACTOR
MICRON SIZE
i " "ioo"~
50- !00
10-50'"
3-10
1-3
• 1
FACTOR
"1.2
1.1
1.0"
.9""
.8
.7
C DUST LOAD F
Loading GR. CD. FT.
1 - 3
4 - 8
9 - 17
18-40
> 40
ACTOR
Factor
1.2
1.0
.95
.90
.85
This information constitutes a guide for commonly encountered situations and should not be con-
sidered a "hard-and-fast" rule. Air-to-cloth ratios ore dependent on dust loading, size distribution,
particle shape and "cohesiveness" of the deposited dust. These conditions must be evaluated for
each application. The longer the interval between bag cleaning >he lower the air-to-cloth ratio
must be. Finely-divided, uniformly sized particles generally form more dense filter cakes and re-
quire lower air-to-cloth ratios than when larger particles are interspersed with the fines. Sticky,
oily particles, regardless of shape or size, form dense filter cakes and require lower air-to-cloth
ratios.
EXAMPLE: Foundry shakeout unit handling 26000 CFM and collecting 3500 #/ hr. of sand. The
particle distribution shows 90% greater than 10 microns. The air is to exhaust to room
in winter, to atmosphere in summer.
T5no */ • 60 (*'.»• • ?Annn cu FT x 7nnnGB/ is? GR
JOUU /„ „ . OU •„•]( . ^OUUU MIN A /UUU /£ l-)-/ CU. FT.
*C~hnrt A *} 1 rntin fhnrf R Fnrtnr 1 0 f~hnrf C QS- ^ v 1 v OS 7 O nir
to cloth ratio. 26000 --:- 2.9 = 9,000 sq. ft. Use size 1-600 Shaking Bag Aeroturn with
9,420 sq. ft. of filter area.
*
BAG AEROTURN SELECTION
-------
how to size a Dracco glass-cloth dust collector
The size of a Dracco glass-cloth dust collector is determined
primarily by the volume of gas to be handled and the air to
cloth ratio as illustrated in Table B on this page. Select the
air to cloth ratio best suited to a particular application and
use the following formula to obtain the net cloth area.
air volume
air/cloth ratio
net cloth area
After determining the net cloth area, refer to Table C on
this page for available standard sizes. Table C gives the total
net cloth area for four through twelve compartments, hous-
ing 60 through 120 bags per compartment.
Refer to dimension Tables Ai and A2on page 13 (for suction
or pressure type units) to determine ground area required.
Note: For any given net cloth area, there are several choices
for unit size. The actual selection will depend upon the total
cost, ground area available, and maximum allowable fluctua-
tion of system resistance. Generally, the overall cost of a
collector decreases as fewer compartments are used. This is
true until a point is reached, beyond which the individual
compartments have increased in size sufficiently to require
additional supports.
For an immediate estimate, contact a Fuller representative.
Table B:
Sizing data for typical applications
Ratio
1:1-1.3:1 Carbon Black Generator Furnace and
Channel Black.
1.5:1-1.8:1 Electric Furnace and Ferro Alloy Furnaces;
Most Metallurgical Fume.
1.8:1-2:1 Cement and Lime Kilns. Wet and Dry
Process; Open Hearth and Oxygen-Lanced
Open Hearth Furnaces and Smelters.
2:1-2.3:1 Clinker Coolers, Refractory Kilns and
Furnaces; Coal-Fired Boilers (Power Plant).
2.3:1-2.5:1 Special Application Only.
Fuller offers a choice of methods of dislodging accumulated dust fron, ^lass-cloth bags.
Each method is designed to minimize damage to delicate glass fibers and extend bag lif •'.
Application and space requirements generally determine the method to be used Reverse
air cleaning, em ploying bag collapse and inflation, is recommended fora majority of ylass
clQth'd'usTcoTrecto'r applications, the SONIC CLEANING and BO ft 6 M "JET methods ',!>•:•
recommended to supplement reverse air cleaning where dust particles are difficult to
dislodge or where higher air-to-cloth ratios are desired.
* From Fuller Company Bulletin DCB-1B.
-------
(3) AIR/CLOTH RATIO SELECTION FOR REVERSE JET EQUIPMENT
*
HOW TO USE
In order to select Filter
Ratio, three conditions per-
taining to your specific dust
collection job are needed.
They are:
ia. The approximate percent-
jage, by weight, of dust par-
! tides 10 microns or smaller.
b. Dust content of the air
entering the Aeroturn Collector
expressed in terms of grains
(7000 per Ib.) per cubic foot.
Use average or normal values
for both dust and air quantities.
c. Specific gravity of the
material to be collected.
1. From appropriate point on
vertical scale A draw horizontal
line intersecting sloping line B,
2. From appropriate point on
vertical scale C draw horizontal
line intersecting the sloping
line which represents the proper
specific gravity range for the
material to be collected.
3. Now, draw a straight line
between points selected in steps
1 and 2 above. The intersection
of this line with horizontal
scale D gives the Filter Ratio.
This value may now be used in
- the Size Selection Chart, on the
J next page, to determine the
Aeroturn Dust Collectors appli-
cable to your requirement.
* From Buffalo Forge Co. Bulletin AP650.
-------
(4) AIR/CLOTH RATIO SELECTION FOR REVERSE PULSE EQUIPMENT'
"...The application of this Guide is to high performance, high filter
rate (or velocity) collectors which usually use a felt media combined
with frequent and thorough cleaning. Examples are pulse jet types and
blow ring (i.e., reverse jet) style units The Guide consists of
five factors which are multiplied together to arrive at a filter rate."
TABLE A
Multiplier
A 15*
Coke Mix
M Cardboard Dust
Cocoa
A Feedf
Flour
_ Grain
Leather Dust
Sawdust
* Tobacco
R
1
A
I
S
72
Asbestos
Buffing Dust
Fibrous &
Celluloslc
Material
Foundry Shakeout
Gypsum
Lime (Hydrated)
Perllte
Rubber Chemicals
Salt
Sand
Sandblast Dust
Soda Ash
Talc
JO
Alumina
Aspirin
Carbon Black
(Finished)
Cement
Ceramic Pigments
Cloy & Brick Dusts
Coal
Flourspar
Gum, Natural
Kaolin
Limestone
Perchlorates
Rock Dust, Ores
and Minerals
Silica
Sorbic Acid
Sugar
9.0
Ammonium
Phosphate-
Fertilizer
Coke
Dlatomaceous
Earth
Dry Petro-
chemicals
Dyes
Fly Ash
Metal Powder
Metal Oxides
Pigments,
Metallic and
Synthetic
Plastics
Resins
Silicates
Starch
Stearates
Tannlc Acid
6.0**
Activated Carbon
Carbon Black
(Molecular)
Detergents
Fumes and other
dispersed
products direct
from reactions
Powdered Milk
Soaps
•In general physically and chemically stable materials.
"Also includes those solids that are unstable in their physical or chemical state due to hygroscopic nature,
sublimation and/or polymerization.
TABLE B
APPLICATION FACTOR B
NUISANCE VENTING 1 .0
Relief of transfer
points, conveyors,
packing stations,
etc.
PRODUCT COLLECTION 0.9
Air conveylng-vent-
Ing mills flash
driers classifiers,
etc.
PROCESS GAS FILTER- 0.8
ATION
Spray driers, kilns,
reactors, etc.
TC"'
•F
75.
07
TABLE C shows temperature effect
as related to amount of cloth fabric
required.
* From R. F. Frey and T. V. Reinauer, Pulverizing Machinery
"New Filter Rate Guide", Air Engineering, 30 (April 1964).
-------
TABLE D
FINENESS
Over 100 micron
50 to 100 micron
10 to 50 micron
FACTOR D
3 to 10 micron
Under 3 micron
1.2
1.1
1.0
0.9
0.8
TACTO*" t
TABLE E shows dust load effect,
and shows typical performance curve
of a pulse jet or blow ring collector.
A. This factor is obtained from
. Table A. It is a function of
the material itself, combin-
ing many of the items that
effect filtration. Laboratory
test can determine this fac-
tor, but field experience on a
given material is far superior
since longer operating
periods are sometimes neces-
sary to arrive at true equi-
librium. The normal datum
used is operation at ambient
temperature with average
10-50 micron dust and ap-
proximately 10 grains/cu. ft.
load from a nuisance class
application.
B. An application factor. Obvi-
ously, process operation with
attendant upsets must be
treated differently than sim-
ple venting. This factor at-
tempts to classify common
applications.
C. The temperature effect. Ex-
perience has shown more
cloth is required with in-
creased temperature ap-
proximately as shown on
Curve "C". The explanation
is probably a gas viscosity
increase with temperature.
This is eventually counter-
acted by reduced density,
hence the curve is asympto-
tic to a value of approxi-
mately 0.7 at 250° or more.
D. The fineness factor. This ob-
vious factor needs little ex-
planation. It is sometimes
difficult to divorce fineness
from the character of the
material. Fume in general
has a low "A" factor because
of fineness.
E. The dust load curve. This
curve is the typical perform-
ance curve of a pulse jet or
blow ring collector plotted at
a constant differential pres-
sure. It usually becomes
asymptotic to a given cfm/
Sq. Ft. which means that
above a certain loading, nor-
mally in excess of 100
grains/Cu. Ft., a given col-
lector can handle more ma-
terial without lowering cfm/
Sq. Ft. The probable reason
for this is the fact that the
air becomes saturated with
dust, much as it can become
saturated with water and
simply cannot hold more,
thus the bag surfaces re-
ceive a saturation - limited
rate of accumulation per
unit time.
EXAMPLE:
Given: 36000 acfm effluent from
a spray drier
Plastic Resin Dust 20 to
30 /( average size (fines
present to 0.5 /t) 1500
Ibs/Hr.
Required: Filter Rate
1500 7000
Grains/Ft." - — x --
60 36000
4.9
Solution: A - 9.0
B = 0.8
C - 0.78
D = 1.0
E = 1.0
Filter Ratio - 9.0 x 0.8 x 0.78 x
1.0 x 1.0 - 5.6 cfm/Sq. ft.
Approximately 6500 Sq. Ft.
MIKRO-PULSAIRE required.
-------
APPENDIX 6.1
HOPPER CONFIGURATION BIBLIOGRAPHY
-------
HOPPER CONFIGURATION BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. A. W. Jenike, plow of Solids in Rnlk • Handling Systems. Bull. No. 64,
Eng. Experiment Sta., Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City (1954).
2. A. W. Jenike, P. J. Elsey, and R. H. Woolley, Flow Properties of Bulk
Solids, Proc. ASTM 60, 1168 (1960).
3. Y. Lee, Flow of Coal in Hoppers, Combustion. 20 (1960).
4. A. W. Jenike. Gravity Flow of Bulk Solids^ Bull. No. 108, Eng. Experi-
ment Sta., Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City (Oct. 1961).
5. A. W. Jenike, Gravity Flow of Solids, Trans. Instr. Chem. En^. (London)
40, 264 (1962). ;
6. C. A. Lee, Hopper Design up to Date, Chem. Eng.. 75 (April 1963).
7. A. W. Jenike, A Flow-No Flow Criterion in the Gravity Flow of Powders
in Converging Channels. Forth Int'l. Congress on Rheology. Brown
Univ., Prov. R.I. (1963).
8. 0. Richmond, Gravity Hopper Design, Mech. Eng., 46 (Jan. 1963).
9. A. W. Jenike, Storage and Flow of Solids, Bull. No. 123, Eng. Experi-
ment Sta., Univ. of Utah, Salt Lake City (1964).
10. A. W. Jenike, Steady Gravity Flow of Frictional-Cohesive Solids in
Converging Channels, J. Appl. Mech 31. Trans ASME 86, Series E, p. 5
(1964).
11. A. W. Jenike, Why Bins Don't Flow, Mech. Eng., p. 40 (May 1964).
12. J. R. Johanson and H. Colijn, New Design Criteria for Hoppers and Bins,
Iron and Steel Eng., p. 85 (Oct. 1964).
13. W. Bruff and A. W. Jenike, Silo for Ground Anthrasite, Power Techno1. 1,
252 (1967).
14. F. Forbes, J.E. Binning, and P.O. Hanson, Applying the Principles of
Scientific Bin Design, Mining Eng.. p. 69 (May 1968).
15. H. Colijn and P. J. Carroll, Bins and Feeders Require Integrated
Design, Mining Eng., p. 70 (May 1968).
16. T. M. Larimer, Stainless Steel Conical Hoppers Aid Pulverized Coal
Flow. Mining Eng.. p. 73 (May 1968).
17. P. L. Bernache, Flow of Dry Bulk Solids on Bin Walls, Trans ASME. _J
of Eng. for Industry, p. 489 (May 1969).
18. J. R. Johanson, Feeding, Chem. Eng. 76 (22), 75 (Oct. 13, 1969).
-------
APPENDIX 6.2
SELECTED REFERENCES ON LIQUID FILTRATION
-------
E.B. Besselievre, The Treatment of Industrial Wastes, McGraw-Hill Book
Company, New York (1969).
J.M. Chalmers, L. R. Elledge. and H.F. Porter, Filters, Chem. Engg., 191
(June 1955).
A.S. Foust, L.A. Wenzel, C.W. Clump, L. Maus, and L.B. Andersen, Principles
of Unit Operations, Wiley & Sons, Inc.. New York (1960).
H.P. Grace, Resistance and Compressibility of Filter Cakes. Chem. Engg. Prog.
49:6, 303 (June 1953).
J. Happel and H. Brenner, Low Reynolds Number Hydrodynamics, Prentice-Hall,
Inc., New Jersey (1965).
W.L. Ingmanson, Filtration of High-consistency Fiber Suspensions. Tappi
4_7:12, 742 (December 1964).
C.E. Lapple, Fluid and Particle Mechanics, U. of Delaware, Newark. Delaware
(1956).
R.E. Monahan, The Resistance to Flow of Perforated Plates and Wire Screens.
Pulp Paper Mag, of Canada 66 ;1, T33 (January 1965).
N. Morash, M. Krouse, and W.P. Vosseller, Removing Solid and Mist Particles.
Chem. Engg. Prog. 63:3. ''0 (March 1967).
R.W. Nelson, Approximate Theories of Filtration and Retention, Tappi 47:12.
752 (December 1964).
R.H. Perry, C.H. Chilton, and S.D. Kirkpatrick, Perry's Chemical Engineers'
Handbook, McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 4th Edition, pg. 19-54 (1963).
A.E. Scheidegger, The Physics of Flow through Porous Media, MacMillan Company,
New York, Revised edition (1960).
E. Tonjes, Fume Filters for the Roofing Industry, Air Repair 5:1, 21 (May 1955)
A.C. Wrotnowski, Nonwoven Filter Media, Chem. Engg. Prog. 58:12. 61 (December
1962).
F.A. Zenz and D.F. Othmer, Fluidization and Fluid-Particle Systems. Reinhold
-------
APPENDIX 6.3
DEVELOPMENT OF OPERATING EQUATIONS
FOR THE MULTICOMPARTMENT COLLECTOR
-------
In Chapters 6 and 2 the dependency of filter drag on pressure drop
across the filter and on filtering velocity is discussed in detail for a
single compartment. It is shovn there that the single compartment drag
is predictable if the residual drag and the specific resistance of the
additional deposited material can be predetermined. Since this statement
applies to any single compartment, the same is true for the compartments
of a multicompartment collector. However, additional equations are required
to combine the separate compartments into an operating whole. Furthermore.
each compartment affects the performance of the other compartments by taking
more or less than its average share of the distributed flow, depending on
whether its instantaneous drag is more ot less than its average drag. Con-
sequently the operating equations for a multicompartment collector, al-
though fundamentally the same as for a single compartment, appear to be
much more complex.
In a multicompartmented baghouse, the individual compartments may be
considered resistant elements arranged in parallel with a common driving
force, the filter pressure differential. The resulting volumetric flow
rate is comparable to current flow in amperes. For an electrical system of
parallel resistances, (R.. ,R2- . . ,R ) the resistance (R) of the system may be
calculated from the equations:
- , i = l...n 6.3.1
Likewise, the effective drag of a baghouse (S) may be expressed as a
function of the drag of each compartment (S.. ,S_, . . .S ) according to the
equation:
A , -i A.
— = N — , i = l...n 6.3.2
S _, S.
where A is the total filter area of the house, and A ,A7,...A are the
filter areas of the compartments.
The generation of differences in filter drag within a multicompart-
mented baghouse may be illustrated by considering an ideal situation in
-------
which total flow, particulate load and size distribution, and gas temperature
are constant, and variations in pressure losses to and from the individual
compartments are negligible. When an installation is first put on stream
under these conditions, the drag will be essentially the same in all of the
various compartments as governed by the permeability of the fabric. How-
ever, when a cleaned compartment is subsequently used for filtration, its
drag will be less than that of the other compartments so that deposition
of dust in this unit will proceed faster than in the other compartments.
Subsequent filtration will alter the velocity pattern since, for any small
increment of time, the amount of dust deposited in each compartment will be
proportional to the average velocity in that compartment at that time.
Hence, the drag of the cleaned unit will increase more rapidly than the
drag of the other units, resulting in a rapid decrease in average velocity
through this compartment. Eventually an equilibrium distribution of filter
drag will develop.
With reference to Figure 6.53 of Volume 1, at time t a freshly cleaned
3
compartment comes on stream, at t, one compartment is at its terminal
condition and taken out of service for cleaning, and at t the compartment
is returned to service. Considering the filter areas of all compartments
as equal, for the overall system the condition at t is the same as at t .
c a
Thus, the process is cyclic. Utilizing equation 6.8 of Volume 1, it can be
shown that at time t.
where Se» is the drag of the house at time t, , S is the terminal drag of
the compartment to be cleaned, and ) — represents the combined drag for
*
the remainder of the compartments.
As soon as the compartment is removed for cleaning,
n-1 \ 1 , „ .
S— / s" 6-3.4
*"2 ~*
•v
G. W-Walsh and P. W. Spaite, Characterization of Industrial ! .''br'c V_i l>
Robert A. Tuft Sanitary Engineering Center, U.S. Public Ili-alih -'.'-vice.
Cincinnati, Ohio, pros on Led at Uie ASN1! WinLei: Ami:... i ,'
-------
assuming the combined drag for the remaining compartments has not changed.
Se is the drag of the house after the compartment to be cleaned has been
taken off-stream. (There may be added resistance to flow if the velocity
rise in the remaining compartments causes deposit resistance increase. )
Equations 6.3.3 and 6.3.4 may be combined to give:
f—T^-r 6-3-5
\ S '
which is readily solved for the terminal drag of a compartment.
A similar treatment may be applied to solve for the residual drag of
a compartment (S ) in which case the final equation is:
n "ll -L A T A
sr-sr=s 6-3-6
14
where Se, and S6l are the effective drags of the baghouse at times t, and
t when the house pressure differential is Ap, and Ap.., respectively.
The residual velocity, uf , may be calculated from Sei and S as follows:
^Pl
S = — - 6.3.7
el uf
£ O Q
D • J • O
therefore,
uf S
6.3.9
where uf is the average (total fabric) velocity with all compartments in
service.
The previous discussions have been limited to performance of an ideal
baghouse. Variations from ideal conditions do not detract from the utility
of using filter drag as a property of the system to facilitate quantitative
-------
evaluation of a baghouse. Due to the nature of the fans used on most in-
stallations, a variation in flow rate occurs as the drag of a baghouse
changes. An analysis of flow rate with cycle time is, therefore, a crit-
ical step in the characterization technique. For a fabric filter systan
with a large number of units, operating with short cycle times, the flow
variations will be minimized. When the number of compartments is small.
the changes for significant flow differences are great, and they may com-
pletely obscure the true performance as reflected in pressure differential
data alone.
To illustrate this, consider the pressure differential curves for a
four-compartment fabric filter system collecting fume from an electric-
arc furnace, as shown in Figure 6.3.1. Two curves are shown on this figure;
the solid curve represents average pressure differentials recorded in the
field; the dotted curve represents the pressure differentials that would
have existed if flow and v's were constant. It can be seen that there are
material differences between respective values. The first curve tends to
indicate very little change in pressure drop with time, while the second
shows the opposite.
To obtain the curve representing constant flow conditions, it was
necessary to correlate the volume of gas flow with cycle time, as shown in
Figure 6.3.2. Filter drag values were then calculated and these values used
to obtain the pressure differentials that would exist if flow had been
maintained constant.
Entrance and exit losses to compartments also introduce slight errors
in characterization since the pressure differential across such elements
is not directly proportional to flow. Therefore, when a compartment is
put on stream and a redistribution of gas takes place, the resistance of
the inlet and outlet elements of those compartments continually in service
will change to a small degree. Where the number of compartments is large
(say 6 or greater) and where frequent cleaning is employed, the gas volume
to be redistributed will be relatively small and the changes negligible.
-------
10.0
u;
OJ
CO
LJ
X
o
z
UJ
o:
LaJ
U_
8X)
6.0
4.0
COMPARTMENT
ON-STREAM
r'
\ 1
iONSTANT FLOW
COMPARTMENT
OFF-STREAM
r
-VARIABLE
FLOW
UJ
o:
D
CO
CO
LJ
cr
Q.
2.0
10 15 20
TIME (MINUTES)
L
25
30
Figure 6.3.1 Effect of Flow Variation on Pressure Differential Curve
-------
I
CO
*u,uuu
*E 30,000
^o
£
3
U- -^^-..n.
2- 20,000
<
K-
UJ
_J
2 10,000
1 1 1 1 1 1
AVERAGE VELOCITY WITH
FOUR COMPARTMENTS ON -STREAM
2.8 fpm — .
\ / — 2.4 fpm
3 JO fpm-^ ^ — 3.1 fpm
AVERAGE VELOCITY WITH
THREE COMPARTMENTS ON -STREAM
1 1 1 1 1 I
5 10 15 20 25 30
TIME ( MINUTES )
Figure 6.3.2 Flow Variation with Cycle Time for Four Compartment Baghouse
-------
In the unusual situations where a more exact value of the residual drag of
the filter media in the compartment brought on stream is desired, it can be
calculated from the maximum velocity at the start of filtration, as previously
defined, and from additional pressure differentials measured from the clean
air side to the dirty air side of the filter media in the individual compart-
ment.
&
Robinson, et al, have presented an analytical model for pressure drop
performance of the 3-compartment fabric filter pilot unit (500 cfm) shown
in Figure 6.4.7 of Volume 1. Flows through individual compartments followed
the patterns shown in Figure 6.3.3. Part I shows the flow distribution when
compartment 1 comes back on stream after cleaning. This compartment, be-
cause of its low filter drag, carries the greatest portion of the total
flow. In the same filtering interval, compartments 2 and 3 exhibit great-
er drag and experience less flow because of dust filtered since their last
cleaning. Curves in Parts 2 and 3 show all compartments in the second and
third filtering intervals after compartment 1 has been cleaned. The three
curves marked compartment 1 show the flow distribution for this compartment
during one complete filtration cycle.
The three curves in a single part of the figure represent the flow
through three compartments in a single interval. They also represent the
flow conditions that would exist in any one compartment during three
successive filtering intervals. Put another way, the three curves of Part
1, which represent flow ;hrough compartment 1 immediately after cleaning.
flow through compartment 2 in the second interval after cleaning, and flow
through compartment 3 in the third interval after cleaning, are identical
to the curves representing flow through compartment 1 in the first, second,
and third successive filtration intervals.
Analysis of such curves using experimental data from the pilot unit
established that the time-flow curves for all compartments could be fitted
to exponential equations of the form:
Q = atX 6.3.10
*
J. W. Robinson, R. E. Harrington, and P. W. Spaite. A New Method for Analysis
of Multicompartmented Fabric Filtration) Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering
Center. U.S. Public Health Service. Cincinnati. Ohio, for presentation at
the AIChE 58th National Meeting. Dallas. Texas (February 1966).
-------
I
t—'
o
PART 1
COMPARTMENT NO. I OK STREAM
AFTER CLEANING
^COMPARTMENT NO.
UJ
K
o
-j
u.
COMPARTMENT NO 2
COMPARTMENT NO 3
TIME
PART 2
COMPARTMENT NO. 3 ON STREAM
AFTER CLEANING
.^COMPARTMENT NO 3
COMPARTMENT NO I
COMPARTMENT^ NQ. Z. -
_..--"
0 TIME
COMPLETE FILTERING CYCLE
t.
PART 3
COMPARTMENT NO 2 ON STREAM
AFTER CLEANING
* .COMPARTMENT NO 2
COMPARTMENT NO 3
COMPARTMENT NO
TIME
Figure 6.3.3 Three Compartment Baghouse with Intermittent Cleaning
-------
where coefficient (a) and exponent (x) were essentially constant over the
time of filtration. Because the dust accumulation rate is proportional
to Q, integration of these equations enabled an empirical determination of
deposit weight and thus of drag for individual compartments, as functions
of (a), (x), and time. Using considerations similar to those discussed
above, these drags could be combined to give the overall drag of the system.
The values of (a) and (x) were different for each of the three intervals
shown in Figure 6.3.3. Furthermore, each value although constant over the
interval of filtration was empirically determined to depend on inlet concen-
tration, flow rate, and interval duration as well as on two to four empirical
constants. Once all these constants were determined the overall drag
of the system could be determined as a function of time. However, these
constants may vary from system to system, with the number of compartments,
etc.
Thus, this particular method of analysis as a ready and general method
remains to be demonstrated.
-------
APPENDIX 6.4
FIELD PERFORMANCE DATA FOR SELECTED
FABRIC FILTER INSTALLATIONS
-------
Within the fabric filtration literature are numerous references to
specific installations of filter equipment, each in a specific industrial
plant location. Most of these references do not provide enough technical
data to be useful to persons having similar application interests, and only
contribute to the statistics of filter distribution and use. Some references
however do provide a wealth of technical detail, and these are tabulated
with primary data in the following pages. These literature references are
supplemented with data gained during the GCA survey of representative filter
installations. It will be recognized that many of the reported values for
efficiency, pressure differential, etc. are transitory and further, may be
based on the opinions of the personnel interviewed, rather than tests.
Explanation of Selected Column Headings:
Efficiency: Collection efficiency (percent) _
Concentration: Inlet concentration of dust to the filter (grains/ft )
K-value: Specific resistance of the deposit, in. H20/(lb./ft2-fpm)
Continuous: Is the process served by the filter operated continually?
Steady: White the process operates, is the gas flow approximately constant?
Pressure Differential: Average pressure across the filter
Cloth Name: Gl = glass Va = various fabrics reported
Wo = wool Da = Dacron^ Dy = DynelR
Co = cotton Ny = nylon Or = Orion
Nom= Nomex^ Polyp ° polypropylene
Filter Type: I = dust collected on the inside of the filter element
0 = collected on the outside
U = upward flow through the filter house
D = downward flow
Cleaning Mechanism: RFC = reverse flow accompanied by flexural collapse
V = vibration
RF = reverse flow with little or no flexure
Sh = shake
RP = reverse pulse
RJ = reverse jet ring
Son = sonic cleaning
Cloth problems: see footnote table
Baghouse problems: see footnote table
Costs: apply to the overall system
References: see footnote bibliography
-------
FIELD PERFORMANCE DATA FOR SELECTED FABRIC FILTER INSTALLATIONS
s
Category, Boat one, v°
Proceaa ^
Contention
Coal Aah-Boller
Coal Aah-Boller 99.5
Coal Aah-Boller
Coal Aih-Lab
Coal Aih-Leb 99.9
Oil Aah-Boller 99.9
Oil Aati-Boller
Municipal Incln. 99.8
Municipal Incln. 96.5
Rafuaa Incln. 99.6
Food and Feed
flour Mill 99.9
Inorganic Cheaicala
Lie* Kiln
Llae Kiln
Do Unite (MgO) Milling
Alumina Handling
Kypochlorlte Mfgr.
Chroniuf Salta
Onanic Cheaicala
Carbon Black Mfgr 99.5
Carbon Black Mfgr. 99.99
PVA Handling 99+
Mlac. Reain Handling
Ron Metallic Minarala
Cenent Kiln-Dry 99.8
Cee«t Klln-Dry(t) 99.6
Caaent Kiln-Wet 99.9
Cuent Kiln-Wet 99.5
Canent Kiln-Wet
Count Kiln-Dry
C*nent Kiln-Wet(f) 99+
Ceoent Milling
Caaant Loading
Co-^nt Bagging
iVaent - General
Scocco Claaalfying
Stucco Conveying
Stucco Board Trial
CUaa Frit Shelter
CUaa Mfgr. Handling
Abraatve Mgr.
Aapbalt Rack Proc. 99.9
Ajafcalt Rack Proc. 100
" "*>alt Rock Proc.
K//
20 1.9 8.5
(7)
10 3.0 (8)
16 Va.
.013 (4.7)
Va. .46 25.
Va. .33 180.
.25
10 14 4.3
7.5 9.
5 8.6
40 7.0 (670.)
100 9 K 0.2
50 2.3 15
15 56
25 38
3 .05 (25)
L !....?: !:!...
r
10 10.
10 2.8
10 12.
(15) .5 12
(S.) ?o
10
10
5
40
Var .7 9
.3
100
27
5 1.6 (1.7)
(20)
/*/ , s
270 -NY 20 2.3 5.6
- Y Y 1. (2.5) 4
- Y Y 10 (3.) (2.5)
Aab N N - .032 4.0 (3)
Anb M Y Y .50 8. (5)
300 Y Y Y 2.5 7.7 3.2
285 Y Y Y 820 K 6.5 5.7
(500) - Y N .375 5 4
480 Y N N 14 2.5 3.6
410 - N N 5.3 (10) 3.7
110 N Y Y 8.4 8.6 4.5
500 N Y Y 140. 2.3 5
(450) 2.1
150 N Y M 3.3 0.7 3
Anb M N Y 0.11 1.9 1.8
Amb - Y - 10. ' 3.3 3
26 2.4 5
425 - Y Y 43. 1.6 7.5
375 - Y Y 18. 1.1 5.8
Aab Y Y S 14. 10. (5)
Aab N Y N 4. 2.7 3
510 ... 300
510 - Y Y 300 2.0
320 ... 146
600 - Y Y 140 2.0 (7)
550 - Y Y 95 2.1 3
650 - Y Y 2.5
525 - Y Y 343 1.5 4
325 - Y - 10 1.8 2.5
An* N II Y 2.2 1.8
Aab H M N 8.3 2.5 2.5
Var - - - (.03) 3.0 3.
220 N M Y 6 7.5 2.7
200 -NY 10
140 N N N 7 3.4
185 ... 9.3 2.2
Anb - Y H .17 2.3 3
Aa* - - - Var 2.5 3
400 ... 41. 7.5
150 II - - 30. 9.0 3.5
Anb N K N 10
&///+ /
Gl - I.D RFC
Gl (2) RFC.V 7
Gl I.U RF '
Va I.D Sh :
Wo O.U RP ,
Cl I.U,D RFC
Gl 1. I.U RFC 8,7
Gl >1 O.U RF
Gl >2 I.U RFC 19
Ho 1.5 I.D RJ .1
1
Gl 1.2 I.U RFC.FP 3,5
Gl 2.
Da 1. I.U RF 2,3,4.5,6 1
Da .25 O.U RP 8,7 6
Dy .6 I.U Sh , 3,7 5,21
Wo I.D RJ j
Cl 1. I.U RF 1 13,11
Gl 2. I.D. BF,Sh ' 3,5 19 \\
Wo .33 I.D RF 7,8,13 10*
Co 1. I.U Sh . 1,7,12 5,21
Gl
Cl 2.0 I.U RFC
Gl
Gl 3.0 RFC
Gl (2) I.U RFC
Gl (2) I.U RFC 2,14 5
Gl 1 I.D R?C 3
Co 1 I.U Sh 1,12,6 21
Co 3 Env. RF 7 6
Co .75 Env. RF 1 19,20
Var. Var. I.D Sh 1
Da 2.5 O.U RP ; 3,5
Co 3 Env. RF 21
Co 3 I.U Sh 10.7 21,17
Da (3)
Co .33 O.D Sh 10
Co 1 Sh 1,3 16,17
•y (2) O.U RP ;
Wo I.D RJ '
Co (5) I.U ft 21
// ,
*///
2.3* .46
2.01
2.36 .20 .07 .39
7.% .12 .26
1.80 (.06) (.14)
.07 .43
50. 10.00
.07 .39
.18 .33
.12 .22
.07 .24
3.33
1. 16 .14 .17
.36
.21
1.30 .M .27
.11
.36
14
'/
1,2,3.4
PC*
7,6,1,10,4
11
12,13,14
15,14,14
i7,u,tc
PC
19
K
PC
20
PC
21, PC
PC
22
23, 24, PC
23 24 PC
K'
PC
...
23
26
23
27
28
PC
PC
PC
PC
29,30
, PC
31
PC
31
PC
PC
32
33
-------
FIELD PEHPORMANCE DATA (continued)
Iron and Steel .
Foundry Cupola
Foundry Cupola
Electric Furnace 99
Elecrric F,O.L.
Electric F,O.L. 75
Electric Furnace 97
Electric furnace
Electric F/O.L.
Electric Furnace 98+
Electric F,O.L. Shop99
. ILL inc. FjO.L. Step
Iron and Steel (Contd. )
. O.F(-Potnpey) 99. 9
b.C.F.-Reladling
B.O.F. -Re ladling
Open Hearth 99.5
Sinter Drop Off
Shake out, Shot Blast
Ptrlitt- Expansion
Son -Ferrous Metals
Zinc -Cone. Roasting 99+
Zinc-Sintering
Zinc-Fuming Kiln
Zinc-Muffle Fnce.
Zinc -Galvanizing
Copper-Primary Smelt.
Copper -"F Unroof en" 99. 8
Copper -Secondary Smelt.
Copper-Secondary Smelt.
Copper -Converter 99+
Copper-Blast Fnce. 99+
Lead Blast Fnce. 99.8
Uad Slag Fuming 99.7
Uad Blast Fnce. 99+
Aluminum Spray Disposal
Beryllium Sinter Hi ',
Miscellaneous
Fibrous Grinding
>totor ROOD 94.
'.'Itraf iltration,
.70 120.
20 (2)
1 .33 715.
2.3
.5 .18
(1) 2.7
1 .76 45
.5 (50)
•5 (49)
.09 (100)
10 -54 65
.(.5) 2.2
75 .5 (120)
80 .5 233
(5) .8 35
Var 1.9 12
7 3.
Var
8 4. 50
(50) 7.8 7
2 (.2) 180
1.7 65
I
.75
(1) 8. 40
(100) 1.8 (15)
(1) 1.2 18
(1) 3
(1) 4
(1) J-3 57
(2) 100 .7
(5) .0008
Var. .7 5
450 -UN 120 2.1 7.5
275 - N N
225 H Y N 60 1.43 6
275 N Y N 340. 2.5
140 - N N 110 4. 4
400 - Y N 80 1.5
110 -UN 115 2.8 1.9
150 170 1.9 2.4
140 26 1.9 3.5
175 700 (3) (6)
195 - 1 N 525 1.95 5.8
215 - - N 46 1.8 (8.5)
- N N 1 4.5 (6)
200 - N N 100 .2.5 8.2
430 - N N (100) 2.0 3.3
285 - - - 240 2.3 5.0
Amb N N N 12 5.0 (6)
225 - - - 3.0
450 Y Y - .8 3.0 7.5
200 - Y - 90. 2.3 3.5
400 Y Y - 100. 3.0
180 ... 30 1.8
Amb N-N 36 2.7 4
450 - - - 200 .9 9
400 - - - 4 (2.7) 6.5
250 - - - 300 1.5
600 - Y N 3.6 .6 3
350 Y N N 150 1.3 7
375 - Y - 190 1.25 9
225 ... 260 2.4 6
250 ... 195 3.5 6
275 ... 25 1 2
(400) ... .002 3 1.7
- - - 60 17 7
250 ... 40 20
Amb N N N 10 6
Aab N Y Y 48 5.9
A* N - - 162 6.0
Gl 0.3 I.U Sh
Or ' Sh
Da (1.5) I.U RFC
Da I.U RFC
Var 1.5 RF.RP
Gl 2.5 I.U RF
Or 2.5 I.I' Sh
Gl I.U RFC
Or I.- Sh
Or I.U Sh
Gl 4 I.v RFC
(Da) X, RF.Sh
Co. Da Sh
Da (1) I.U Sh
Gl (2) I.U RFC,Soi
Gl 2 I.I' RFC
Co 1.6 I.D RJ
Da Sh
Gl (1.5) RFC
Or (1.5) I.U RFC.Sh
Norn 2 Sh
Or Sh
Co 7.5 Sh
Cl 2 .1) Sh.RFC
Gl 2 .U RFC
Or .U Sh
Gl 1 .U Sh
Mon 3.5 .U Sh
Gl .67 I.U Sh
Or (1.5)
Or (1.5)
D« 1.75 I.U RF.Sh
Gl RF
Wo 3wkl RJ
?°1«.? !:?....??
Co .1 Sh
Co 9. I.U Sh
Or Sh
3.7 8,21
21
V
3,14 21
3 21,1
14 21
3 5
2 6.21
1 10,20
4,11
19
14,7.5.3 18
7,3
12,3
7
14.2,3
4
4,1 21,8
3.7,13
13
7
6 11
.1,7
1,18 17,21
(7.30) .53 .94
>3.90 .15 (.17)
2.62 .45 .17 .86
.09
2.86
4.85 .26 .19
(4.0)
(5.20) .20
.52
3.60 1.65
1.14
1.38
5.20 1.15
5.70 1.48
11.00 .24
.35
45
34, 35, 36, PC
35,36,37
PC
37
38
| 39,40,PC
41, PC
42
43
44.45
PC
48
PC
49.50,39.24
PC
PC
51
52
S3
54
55
56,57
58,59
60!<>1
62,63
64, PC
65, PC
PC
66.67
66,67,64
PC
68
69
107,331
13
PC
PC
I7V7J
I
Ul
-------
FOOTNOTE TABLE
REPORTED CAUSES OF BAG FAILURE AND BAGHOUSE SYSTEM DIFFICULTIES
No. Descriptions of Bag Failure
1 Interstitial D/F abrasion
2 Chafe
3 Flexure wear
4 Pinholes
5 Seams fail
6 Tension
7 Blinding
8 Cage, wire, ring, abrasion wear
9 Sewing
10 Tear at top
11 Cleaning carriage, bag wear
12 Heat
13 Hard Cementitious deposits, cracks
No. Descriptions of Baghouse No.
Difficulties
1 Bags too loose 13
2 Seams blow 14
3 Threads abrade 15
4 Holes, pinholes near bot..shot holes 16
5 Chafe on housing 17
6 Piping, elbows abrade
7 Flexure wear, abrasion 18
8 Burn holes, burn baghouse 19
9 Blinding 20
10 Cage, ring wear 21
11 Unable to enter to maintain or
service during operation
12 Hole detection or effluent monitor 22
Descriptions of Baghouse
Difficulties
Ring fatigue
Hood inlet control poor
Cloth abrasion
Seals around cloth-metal collars
Screw conveyors, hoppers stick-
ing and holdup
Seeper
Condensation
Internal mechanism wear
External mechanism wear, timer,
shaker, fan, brgs, doors, seals,
wall failures
Hygroscopicity
-------
REFERENCES TO APPENDIX 6.4
1. Borgwardt, R.H., R.E. Harrington, and P.W. Spaite, "Filter Character-
istics of Fly Ash from a Pulverized Coal-Fired Powerpl.", Annual
Meeting, APCA, No. 67-35 (1967).
2. Gosselin, A.E. and L.W. Lemon, "Bag Filterhouse Pilot Installation on
a Coal-Fired Boiler," Preliminary Report and Objec.,Proc. Am. Power
Conf. . 28., 534 (1966).
3. Air Preheater Co., Inc., "Evaluation of Fabric Filter as Chem. Contact-
tor for Control of S02 from FlueGis ," Final Reprt. Part 1, for NAPCA,
Contract No. PH22-68-51 (28 Aug. 1969).
4. Borgwardt, R.H., R. E. Harrington, and P.W. Spaite, "Filtration Char-
acteristics of Fly Ash," JAPCA, 387 (June 1968).
5. Sommerlad, R.E., "Fabric Filtration (Start of the Art)," A.P.- Elec.
Gen. Sem., Grad. Sch. U.S.D.A. and PHS, USDHEW (March 1967).
6. Lemon, L.W., "Cleaner Atmosphere by Bag Filtration of Power Plant
Stack Effluent, Mecar Symposium, Tech. and Social Problems of AP. N.Y.,
37 (Feb. 24, 1966).
7. Durham, J.F., "Filtration Characteristics of F.F. Media," unpublished
(Feb. 1969).
8. Borgwardt, R.H., and J.F. Durham, "Factors Affecting the Performance
of Fabric Filtration," A.I.CH.E. Annual Meeting, N.Y. (Nov. 1967).
9. Walsh, G.W., and P.W. Sprite, "An Analysis of Mechanical Shaking in
Air Filtration, JAPCA 12,2, 57 (Feb. 1962).
10. Stephan, D.G. and G.W. Walsh, "Residual Dust Profiles in Air Filtra-
tion," IndJ_jind_^ng_:_CheTn._ 52_: 12 , 999 (De 1960).
11. Dennis, R. and L. Silverman, "Fabric Filter Cleaning by Intermittent
Reverse Air Pulse," ASHRAE Semi-Annual Meeting, St. Louis, Mo. (Jan. 1962)
12. Gosselin, A.E., "The Bag Filterhouse for Oil-Fired Power Plants,"
JAPCA 15, 4, 179 (April 1965).
13. Walsh, R.T., "Boilers, Heaters, and Steam Generators," A.P. Eng.
Manual, USPHS:999-AP-40, Cincinnati, 547 (1967).
14. Gosselin, A.E., "Pilot-Plant Investigation of the Bag Filterhouse for
Control of Visible Emissions'.' Proc. of the Am. Pwr. Conf. 26. 128 (1964).
15. Felgar, D.N. and W.E. Ballard, "First Years Experience with Full-
Scale Filterhouse at Alamitos Generating Station, Electric World,
(circa 1966).
-------
16. Bagwell, F.A., L. F. Cox, and E.A. Pirsh, "Design and Operating Ex-
perience with a Filterhouse Installed on an Oil Fired Boiler,"
JAPCA 19:3, 149 (March 1969).
17. O'Connor, C. and G. Swinehart, "Baghouse Cures Stack Effluent," Power
Engineering, 58 (May 1961).
18. Rogus, C.A., "Control of Air Pollution and Waste Heat Recovery from
Incineration," Public Works, 100, (1966).
19. C.E.A.G., Misc. CEAG Brochures.
20. Lewis, C.J. and B.B. Crocker, " The Lime Industry's Problem of Air-
borne Dust," JAPCA:19, 1, 31 (January 1969).
21. Wheeler, D.H. and J.V. Day, "Planned Program Achieves Affective APC
at Gramercy," Eng. and Min. Jnl. 161, 6, 200 (June 1960).
22. Palmer, L.C. and G.E. Best, "Air Pollution Control in a Chromium Chem-
icals Plant," Ind. Hygiene Q. (Dec. 1953).
23. Drogin, I., "Carbon Black," JAPCA 18:4, 216 (April 1968).
24. Peterson, C.M. and K.T. Whitby, "Fractional Efficiency Characteristics
of Unit Type Collectors," ASHRAE Jnl. 42 (May 1965).
25. Kreichelt, T.E., D.A. Kemnitz, and S.T. Caffe, "Atmospheric Emissions
from the Manufacture of Portland Cement," PHS No. 999-AP-17 NCAPC,
Cincinnati (1967).
26. Harrison, B.P., "Baghouse Cleans 500 Cement Kiln Gases," Air Engineer-
ing. 14 (March 1963).
27. Plass, R.J. , "Comp. of the Cottrell Electro. Pptr. and the Silicone
Glass Bag Filter," Proc. Seminar on Elec. ^>tn , Penn State U., Univ.
Park, Pa. (Dec. 19607!
28. Pit and Quarry, "Hot Kiln Gases in Glass Cloth Bags, (October 1958).
29. Spaite, P.W. and R.E. Harrington, "Endurance of Fiberglass Filter
Fabrics," JAPCA:17. 5, 310 (May 1967).
30. Spaite, P.W., J.E. Hagan, and W. F. Todd, "A Protective Finish for
Glass-Fiber Fabrics',1 Chem. Eng. Prog. 59. 4, 54 (April 1963).
31. Spinks, J.L., "Frit Smelters," Air Pollution Eng. Manual, USPHS 999-
AP-40, Cincinnati, 743 (1967).
32. Berg, "Dust Filter Reclaims 10,000 Ib. H. of Hot Asphalt Plant
Aggregate," Chem. Processing, 47 (April 1968).
-------
33. Hayes, S.C., N.M. McGrane, and D.B. Perils, "Visual Clarity in Kiln
Discharge Gases," JAPCA:5, 3, 131 (Nov. 1955).
34. Hammond, W.F. and J.T. Nance, "Iron Casting," Air Pollution Manual,
USPHS 999-AP-40, 258 (1967).
35. Kohn, H. , "Theory and Practice of Dust Elimination Through Fabric Fil-
ters ,"_S£aub_. (Trans .)_2JL_, 9 (September 1961).
30. Walters, C.C., "Air Pollution Control for the Metals Industry,"
Republic Steel Corp., Cleveland, Ohio (June 4, 1968).
37. American Foundrymen's Society, "Control of Emissions from Metal
MeltingOperations1,1 The Society, Golf and Wolf Roads, Des Plaines, 111.
(1955).
38. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, "Air Pollution
in the Iron and Steel Industry, O.E.C.D. (1963).
39. Chapman, H.M., "Experience with Selected Air Pollution Control Instal-
lation at Bethlehem Steel," JAPCA 13:12, 604 (December 1963).
40. Schubert, H. , "550°Hot Gas from Elect. Steel Furnace Cleaned by Glass-
Fabric Baghouse," Air Engineering, 33 (May 1961).
41. Bintzer, W.W., "Design and Operation of a Fume and Dust Collector System
for Two 100 Ton Elec. Furnace," Iron and Steel Engineer, 115 (Feb. 1964).
42. Campbell, W.W., and R.W. Fullerton, "Development of an Electric Furnace
Dust Control System," JAPCA 12; 12, 574 (Dec. 1962).
43. Brief, R.S., A.H. Rose and D.C. Stephan, "Properties and Control of
Elec. Arc. Steel Furnace Fumes," JAPCA 6:4, 220 (Feb. 1957).
44. Wilcox, M.S. and R. T. Lewis, "A New Approach to Pollution Control in
an Electric Furnace Melt Shop," I & S Engr., 113 (Dec. 1968).
45. Air Engineering, "How J&L S. Steel Shop Removes 9 Tons of Dust a Day,"
Air Eng., 18 (June 1968).
46. Finney, J.A. and J. Decoster, "A Cloth Filter Gas Cleaning System for
Oxygen Converters," Iron & Steel. Eng., 133 (March 1965).
47. Muhlrad, W., "Baghouse Dust Collection of Brown Smoke from an Oxygen
Converter," Stahlund Eisen 82: 22, 1579 (Oct. 1962).
48. Thaxton, L.A., F.A. Lindahl, and K.J. Aken, "Kish and Fume Control and
Collection - Basic Oxygen Plant," APCA Paper 69-214, (1969).
49. Herrick, R.A., "A Baghouse Test Program for Oxygen Lanced Open Hearth
Fume Control," JAPCA 13:1, 28 (Jan. 1963).
-------
50. Herrick, R.A., J.W. Olsen, and F.A. Ray, "Oxygen-Lanced Open Hearth
Furnace Fume Cleaning with a Glass Fabric Baghouse" JAPCA 16;1, 7
(Jan. 1966).
51. Vincent, E.J., "Perlite-Expanding Furnaces," Air Pollution Eng. Manual,
USPHS 999-AP-40, Cincinnati, 351 (1967).
52. Landucci, L.P. and R.E. Eyre, "Pilot Plant Filtration of Zinc Suspen-
sion Roaster Gases," Can. Min. & Met. Bull. 703 (Oct. 1962).
53. Kunkle, R.E., "Eliminating Mechanical Shaking of Dust Filter Bags,"
JAPCA 13:6, 274 (June 1963).
54. DuPont Company, "Change to New Filter Material Boosts Plant Air Clean-
ing Capacity," Product Info. Serv., E.I. DuPont de Nemours and Co.,
3 (1969).
55. Thomas, G., "Zinc-Melting Processes," Air Pollution Eng. Manual,
USPHS 999-AP-40, Cincinnati, 299 (1967).
56. Lemke, E.E., Hammond and Thomas, "Air Pollution Control Measures for
Hot Dip Galvanizing Kettles," JAPCA 10:1, 70 (Feb. 1960).
57. Thomas, G., "Zinc-Galvanizing Equipment," Air Pollution Engineering
Manual, USPHS 999-AP-40, Cincinnati (1967).
58. Robertson, D.J., "Filtration of Copper Smelter gases of Hudson Bay
Mining and Smelting Co. Ltd., " Can. Min. & Met. Bull., 326 (May 1960).
59. Pring, R.T., "Recent Installations of Glass Bag Filters," Industrial
Hygiene Foundation, 25th Annual Meeting, Oct. 26-27, 1960.
60. Arras, K., "The Glass Cloth Filter in Copper Smelting,"(Ger)_Z.
Erzbergbau & Met. 20:8, 355 (Aug. 1967).
61. VDI-PHS, USDHEW, "Restricting Emission of Dust from Copper-Scrap
Smelters," VDI No. 2102 (Jan. 1960).
62. Watts, D.L., and J.F. Higgins, "New Baghouse Installation for Clean-
ing Smelter Gases at Phelps D.R. Corp.," JAPCA 1.2^:5, 217 (May 1962).
63. Air Engineering, "Zinc Oxide Emissions at Baltimore Smelter Controlled
by D.C. System," Air Eng., 18 (Nov. 1967).
64. Allen, G.L., F.H. Viets, and L.C. McCabe, "Control of Metallurgical
and Mineral Dusts and Fumes in L.A. County, Calif.," U.S. Bur. of
Mines Info. Circular 7627 (April 1952).
-------
65. DuPont Company, "Air Filter Problems of Copper Refinery Ended by Dur-
ability of Nomex," Product Information Service, E.I. DuPont de
Nemours & Co., (Nov. 1968).
66. Hargrave, J.H.D. and A.F. Snowball, "Recovery of Fume and Dust from
Metallurgical Gases at Trail, B.C.," Can. Min. &Met. Bull.. 366
(June 1959).
67. Bainbridge, R., "Lead Blast Furnace Gas Handling and Dust Collection,"
J. of Metals, Trans. AIME, 1302 (Dec. 1952).
68. Matsak, V.G., "The Utilization of Air Dust and Smoke Purification
Equipment," in USSR Literature on Air Pollution and Related Disease,
USPHS TT60-21475, 141 (1960).
69. Egorova, L.G., A.S. Sakhiev, A.B. Bassel and N.S. Kosareva, "Use of
Bag Filters for Removing Fine Metal Particles from Air Suspension,"
Soviet Powder Metallurgy and Metal Ceramics, 22:9» 774 (Sept. 1965).
70. Harris, W.B. and M.G. Mason, "Operating Economics of Air Cleaning
Equipment Utilizing the Reverse Jet Principle',1 Ind. & Eng. Chem. 47:12,
2423 (Dec. 1955).
71. Caplan, K.J., "High Eff. Colin, of Radioactive Dust," Htne.& Ventilating,
79 (Feb. 1951).
72. Stevens, C.H., "Environmental Engineering in Handling Toxic Materials,"
Air Engineering, 30 (Oct. 1967).
73. Dennis, R. , G.A. Johnson, M. W. First and L. Silverman, "How Dust
Collectors Perform," Chem. Engineering, 196 (Feb. 1952).
74. Clement, R.L.."Selection, Application and Maintenance of Cloth Dust
Filters," Plant Engineering, p. 24 (circa 1965).
-------
APPENDIX 7.1
CHECK LIST OF ITEMS FOR CAPITAL COST ESTIMATES
-------
CHECK LIST OF ITEMS FOR CAPITAL COST ESTIMATES
Land:
Surveys
K««
Property cost
Site development:
Site clearing
( trading
Ro»ds, arc«M and oo-eito
Walkways
R*Jlroad«
Fence
Parking areas
Other paved areas
Wharvr* ariil piers
Recroationat facilities
Landscaping
PtocfM Imildmirv
J.irt at« rp-iuiri-dl Include in earn an r<*')uim) substructure, superstructure-*.
platform?, ."tipports. st*ir«a>>, ladder*. accem way*. cram*. monnraih.
hoi.«t«, f!«>v»lors
Aunliary *"ii Mings:
Admini'triUimi and office
Medical or duipciiNiry
< 'aft- tern
' iar age
Product warehouse* si
Part* IT More* warrli.tnw
Mmntf nstirf nhiipn — i-livfrir. piping, thr^t mrtal, machitif, welding. fmrp*'ii-
;> ptanU)
IVrtvnnrl '.u;i lin
I >u*i c
A;r "i
• 1 i-i ran-dillv fr»m rSefkr-l flow -.hi^ta
< iffirt- (unitiarr aixt equipment
i Vi IT.J . ,]i]ipmpni
i
Aut'iriH'tiv. h«AW nuintciunrr aiiii >ar I m»tefnl-h»j»dtinit tyjuipment
htl'nr:tti>r\ f>(j\iipini nt
I ..i-kiT- :iti.| l.irkiT-rnom r>*-nchf^
* :,ir:n;'- • •|uipnn-ni
>li.'lvf«. l'in«, pallrts, Imnd trurkn
1'iniiu <';ir!'i'ii •ir*-l, a!t-i\ , r;vt iron, l«*a.l, Iine«l. aluminum, copper.
1 1* i-fiiciil. rrr;iiiur, |'l;i5tir. rglit»or. rfinfi»r<^«l cDnfrete
Pi|v !i;,n';fr!t. fittings, Milvca
tiLHtrutnmt p.-iin'la ... ,
(•'liTirical -punrh, -(witrh^. nmtor-i. conduit, wire, fittmipi, fe««era. «round-
nw, instnitnent and control wiring
tilitinf
H.nlrr plant
Itinri'Tut'T
A«h iliKpivul
Boiler fi*(Hl- water treatment
Klcrtric generation
}• lectric sutietations
P^friarration plant
Air pUnl
i.
Pr-marv w-urr treatmrnt -filtmtion. rnfteiilatmn, aeration ...
Spr n,i.i-\ w;it"f treatment — dfiomuition, ilcnuneraliiAtion, pH and nwd-
.^ waste piiniping s
S»nitary-waste numpmg sUtioa
lrupounder<. rullectioo trains
Waste treat men'.
Storm iiewera
Yard di5tnl>ution and Tacilitm (outnide/ h«ttcry limits):
Pmcww pipe linwi— st«ara. eondeDsate, water, «as. furl nil. air fo» i*.—
mcnt. and tlectric I mo
Kiw-nutrnal and finished-product handlinc e imrat-^(e*«|on. Ku«.
ronvevir^, alrveyon, cranes
Raw- material and finished-product -^tofaar — Uaks, sphen*. dniM. (KM.
Fin- 1 rertMvint, hlemhna, and storaipJ
Pro.li!. i |-« Imu sUtient illow»oiM
Kumpment rrntuls (tor roinirurtion)
PrrtiniiiLi nni" Tir run^ruction)
Inl.ttiu-i rn-- for modification* and eitra ranstructtoo work durioi ftartop
W-K-uremeiit. expediting, and inspection
Travel anil living expense
Itrpr.-H-irliun!i
( '.irniiiijru^tioiifl
.-vale model
• titanic fuclutect an
-------
APPENDIX 7.2
COSTS OF SPECIFIC FABRIC FILTER APPLICATIONS
Table 7.2a User Survey Cost Data.
This data was collected during a GCA survey of about
fifty fabric filter installations in a wide variety
of applications, as indicated. Additional data relating
to the operation of these filter systems may be found
in Chapter 8 of Volume I.
Table 7.2b Literature Survey Cost Data.
This data was extracted from many direct literature
references to specific fabric filter applications.
Because in most cases the literature was not specific
as to what cost items were included, the reader is
referred to the data sources.
Table 7.2c Typical Costs of Basic and Control Equipment Installed
in Los Angeles County.
This Table is taken directly from the literature. Baghouse
costs as listed are believed to represent the installed
cost of the complete system including fan, ducting, etc.
-------
TABI£ 7.2a USER SURVEY COST DATA
~J
I
Code
No.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
7. 1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.6
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
8.1
8.2
8.3
8. 4
8.5
8.6
8. 7
8. 8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
10.1
Dust
Fly Aah
Fly Ash
Ash
Ash
Flour
Dolomite
Hypochlorite
Aluminum Hydrate
Carbon Black
Carbon Black
Resin, Fiber
?VA
Cement Clinker
Cement
Cement
Cement
Cement
Lime
CaS04
Wsllboard
Stone
Abrasive
Raw Materials
Fe, Zn Oxides
Fe, Zn Oxides
TetOi
Fe203
F 0
Klsh
Fe, Coke,
Sand, FeO
Fe, FeO
Atmos.
ZnO
Be. BeO
Pb pbo
ZnO, PbCl
Misc. Oxides
Filler. Fiber
Total
Cost
Instlln.,
1969
Basis
Process KS
Oil Comb. 2190
Coal Comb.
Mun. Incin.
Mun. Incin. 29
Milling 19.8
Kiln 11.5
Transport 9.4
Transport 5.15
Mfgr.
Mfgr.
Transport
Transport 20
Cooler 1440
Mill 20.4
Bagging 10.8
Kiln
Transport
Kiln 1140
Dryer
Trim Saw
Crushing
Transport
Glass Mfgr.
Bagging 5.3
El. Fnce. Shop 2530
Elec. Furnace 512
Elec. Furnace 176
Elec. Furnace (20.4)
Elec. Furnace 147
Elec. Furnace 233
Cupola
Cupola 880
Pouring 412
Sinter Line 235
Casting Clean. 35.2
Grinding
Motor Room Vent.
Brass Smelting 134
Sinter, Machine
Smelt. 291
Blast Furnace 119
Cu Refining 910
Plastics Molding
Annual Ma int.
Size
ft2
147,500
3,400
75
5,520
976
4.590
3,020
58
33,175
15,900
2,190
1,340
102,000
5.440
3,370
194,400
1,500
65,800
800
2,040
2,000
72
390
290,000
59,600
19,600
13,000
44,200
42,000
2,000
63,600
4o!oOO
98,500
2,390
4,640
6,400
2,080
25,600
153,600
116,000
1,660
Cost,
$/ft2
14.9
5.25
20.3
2.5
3.11
89
15.
14.
3.75
3.2
17.3
13.5
8.7
8.5
9.0
(1. 57)
3.3
5.5
13. 8
10.3
2.4
14.7
20.9
11.4
.78
7.8
Size
KCFM
820
10
0.3
13.6
8.4
3.3
10
0.1
42.5
17.9
4
14
275
10
8.3
300
1.8
140
6
7
(6)
0.17
0.75
645
80
46
(32}
\^*/
115
60
25
120
100
241
12
48
3.6
40
25
190
150
10
Cost,
$/CFM
2.7
2.14
2.4
3.5
0.94
51.
1.43
5.2
2.0
1.3
8. 1
7.0
3.9
6.4
3.8
1. 28
3.9
7. 3
4.1
1.0
2.9
37.
11.6
.63
6.1
Air/
Cloth
Ratio
6.
3.
4.5
2.5
8.6
(0.7)
3.3
1.9
1.6
1.1
2.7
10.4
2.5
1.8
2.5
1.5
2.3
7.5
3.4
2.5
2.3
1.9
2.2
1.3
3.4
2. 3
3
1.4
12. 5
2. 1
2.5
2.4
5.0
10.5
0.6
20
1
1.2
1.3
6
(Cloth and
All Labor)
$
57.500
650
1,200
4,450
1.000 10
22.100
5.850
1.120
3.800
3.100
1.500
275
46 . 200
200
1.300
(1.200) (
(50)
142,800
(7. 900)+ (
(5,000)+ (
1,370
9, 250
9^300
135 000 ]
(18,000)+ (
3,650
1,225
4,400 1
4,900
210,000 1
80,400
(4,300)
$/CFM
.070
.078
.36
.445
.52
.33
.28
.27
.31
. 18
.13
.33
.033
.185
.20)
.29
.078
. 10) +
• 11)+
. 043
08
.16
1 71
. L&J
.075)+
.304
.23
.20
.11
.535
.43
Total
Annua 1
Use,
Hours
8000
1100
8000
8000
8000
1100
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
8000
1350
8000
570
8000
5700
5700
1900
6000
8000
8000
8000
8000
200
8000
2850
8000
A -tnn
4 JUU
800
8000
2300
5200
8000
8000
8000
8000
5000
3800
T>200°F
yes
yes
yes
yes
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yas
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
No
No
No
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Vo«
I 68
Yoa
C8
No
Yes
No
No
Yes
Yes
Yea
Yes
Yes
Yes
No
Fabric
Life I
2 yr
10.5 mo
>2 yr
1.5 yr
1 yr
7 mo
3 mo
1 yr
2 yr
1 yr
4 mo
1 yr
9 mo
1 yr
3 yr
1.2 yr
2.5 yr
3 yr
4 yr
1 yr
4 mo
5 yr
2.5 yr
3 yr
3 vr
j yr
2< vr
• J Yc
>1.5yr
H mos
>6mo
2 yr
1.6yr
13 yr
>9yr
-------
Table 7.2b
LITERATURE SURVEY COST DATA (1969 BASIS)
*
Ref. Part icu late Source
5
5
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
1 f\
12
13
13
14
15
16
17
17
18
19
19
20
21
22
22
23
23
9Zi_
24
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
?<;
Elec. Steel Furnace
Elec. Steel Furnace
Elec. Steel Furnace
Oil-fired Boiler
Lime Kiln
Steel Blast Furnace
Uranium Plant
Cement Kiln
Cement Kiln
p . V * In
Elec. Steel Furnace
Incinerator
Incinerator
Iron Cupola
L.D. Steel Proc.
Phosphate Roaster
Elec. Steel Furnace
Open Hearth Fnce
Heavy Chem. Ind'y
Lead Blast Fnce
Lead Slag Fuming
Elec. Steel Fnce.
Asphalt Plant
Cement Kiln
Elec. Steel Fnce.
Iron Cupola
Iron Cupola
1? 1 Q O Ct~^^l T^Tl f* G>
£1 1.CI- • OL.CCX £ lll»C •
Elec. Steel (Shop)
Sinter Windbox
Sinter Windbox
Sinter Handling
Sinter Handling
Basic Oxygen Fnce.
Basic Oxygen Fnce.
Basic Oxygen Fnce.
On on Hoat-f-Vi Pnr»0-
Stated
System
Gas Instlln.
Flow Cost
(KCFM) ($/CFM)
60
110
25
820
100
110
93
300
140
Ann
62
140
64
55
60
71
130
50
60
262
193
107
40
146
90
13
16.9
70 L.
I \f . H-
110.
105
630
48
250
288
600
892
A<;
1.033
1.043
2.20
4.60
1.80
2.60
1.46
3.90,
K
1.37b
i rn
-L • \J*J
1.29
3.09
3.81
4.50
4.74
1.70b
1.80
5.10
1.66
5.25
5.80
2.18
7.50
.85C
2.64C
3.43
1.78
•» 07
•j . £. /
1.81
_ ___
Est
Total
Instlln. Annual Air
Cost 0 & M* Power
2.43
2.44
2.20
4.60
1.80
2.60
1.46
3.90
2.37
1. 03
1.29
3.09
3.81
4.50
4.75
2.70
1.80
5.10
1.66
5.25
5.80
2.18
7.50
1.35
2.94
3.43
1.78
•a 07
•j . £• /
1.81
2.84
2.25
5.20
2.64
5.57
4.00
3.84
v qs
____
.92
.20
1.40
.39
____
.36
M •• • «
.37
.72
.45
.15
.27
.52
.30
.23
.31
.19
.41
1 is
JL . A.J
.40
.44
.26
.77
.38
.42
.39
.37
7Q
.25
.22
.24
.085
-.___
____
____
.14
•• • •• ••
.30
.53
-___
.115
.25
....
____
.13
.25
-___
-___
Fabric
Purch.&
Labor
1380
2190
2120
125K
____
(95K)
(4500)
____
• « • ••
(7000)
____
16. 5K
(5600)
21K+
5.7K+
11.7K+
____
Fabric
Life
(yr.)
5.
5.
1.5
1
2
1+
3.5
..___
3
••««•»
1+
1+
3
5
3.5
3
1-5
1.5
* _ • _
(continued)
-------
Table 7.2b (contd)
Ref. Particulate Source
Stated Est
System Total
Gas Instlln Instlln Annual Air
Flow Cost Cost O&M x Power
($ per ($ per
(KCFM) ($/CFM)($/CFM)CFM-yr) CFM-yr)
Fabric
Purch.& Fabric
Labor Life
($/set) (yr.)
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
M**
M**
M**
Open Hearth Furnace
Open Hearth Furnace
Elec. Steel Fnce.
Elec. Steel Fnce.
Elec. Steel Fnce.
Elec. Steel (Shop)
Elec. Steel (Shop)
Coal-fired Boiler
Open Hearth Fnce.
Elec. Steel Fnce.
135
350
60
230
350
125
750
3100
50
325
3.21
3.00
3.92
3.59
3.48
3.70
2.83
2.47
4.25 4.25
0.57 0.57
.54
.42
.65
.47
.43
.56
.32
"•••• — « — •
• _••• -.«_••
• «•••» •*«••.
* For references, see Chapter 7, Volume 1.
** Miscellaneous sources of data, private communications, etc.
x Total annual operating and maintenance costs as stated are assumed to include
electric power, labor, and fabric. 50% of fabric purchase costs are excluded
where possible, as tax credit; labor includes 10070 of wages as overhead.
a Stated costs apparently exclude duct costs and labor.
b Stated costs apparently exclude duct costs.
c Stated costs apparently exclude labor costs.
All other costs apparently include fan. ducting, and labor.
-------
Tab Ir 7.2c TYPICAL COSTS OF BASIC AND CONTROL EQUIPMENT
INSTALLED IN LOS ANGELES COUNTY
NJ
SOURCE
Airblown asphalt system
Asphalt concrete batching plant
Asphalt saturator
Asphalt tile production
Borax drying and classifying
Bulk gasoline loading rack
Carbon black plant
Catalytic reforming unit
Ceramic tile production
Chip dryer, aluminum
Chrome plating
Coffee roaster
Concrete batching plant
Core oven
Crucible furnace, yellow brass
Crude oil distillation unit
Cupola, gray iron
Debonder
Deep fat fryer, food
Delayed coker unit
Drum reclamation incinerator
Electric arc furnace, steel
Electric induction furnace, brass
Enamel frit drying
Fiberboard production
Fire retardant manufacturing
Fish meal system
Fixed roof storage tank for gasoline
Flue- fed incinerator
Fluid catalytic cracking unit
Galvanizing kettle
Grit blasting machine
Insecticide manufacturing
Insulation production, including
cupola, blow chamber and curing
oven
Liquid hydrogen manufacturing
Lithographing oven
SIZE OF COST OF BASIC TYPE OF CONTROL COST OF CONTROL
EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT (dollar*) EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT (dollars)
500 bbts/batoh
200.000 Ibs/hr
6 It x 65 ft ! B ft
5.000 lt»/hr
10.000 Ibs/hr
667.000 gals/day
2.000 gals/day
2.400 bbls/day
8.000 Ibs/hr
2.500 Ibs/hr
4 !i > 5 ft » 5 ft
3 tons/hr
900.000 Ibs/hr
8 It « 8(t x 12ft
4 furnaces $ 850 Ibs
each/heat
37.000 bbls/hr
48 inch 10
27 inch ID
500 brake shoes /hr
1000 Ibs/hr
9300 bbls/day
60 bbls/hr
200 bbls/hr
18 tons/heat
2000 Ibs/hr
1500 Ibs/hr
12.000 Ibs/hr
1000 Ibs/hr
8-20 tons/hr
80.000 btals
Most sizes
40.000 bbls/day
7400 bbls/day
4 fl » 30 ft • 4 ft
6 GU ft
1000 Iba/hr
5000 Ibs/hr
32 tons/day
240 ft/mm
10,500
150.000
40.000
150.000
1.000,000
88.000
5.000
265.000
200.000
3.000
2.000
35.000
125.000
4.000
2.500 (each!
3.060.000
40.000
25.000
1.800
15.000
4.000.000
10.000
25.000
75.000
75.000
25.000
10.000
25.000
100.000
50.000
4.000-7.000
7.460.000
1.747.500
25.000
9.300
10.000
13.000
UB2.000
71.000
Artertovmei
Scrubber
Scrubber and electrostatic precipitator
Baghouse
Baghouse and scrubber
Vapor control system
Baghouse
Flare and sour urater oiidizer
Scrubber
Afterburner
Scrubber
Cyclone and afterburner
Baghouse
Afterburner
Baghouse
Vapor control system
Baghouse and quench tank
Baghouse and quench tank
Afterburner
Afterburner
Scrubber (serving 3 cokersi
Afterburner
Afterburner
Baghouse
Baghouse
Baghouse
Electrostatic precipitalor
Baghouse
Scrubber
New floating roof lank
Afterburner
Electrostatic precipitator .
CO boiler
Cyclones
Slowdown systems, vapor manifold and flare
Electroataiic precipiiaior. vapor manifold
and flare
Baghouic
BaghouM
Bsgtauae
Baghouae. Krubtaar and afterburner
Flat*
AnerWMr
, 3.000
10.000
50.000
5.000
10.000
50.000
5.000
6.000
10.000
3.000
100
8.000
10.000
1.500
17.000
10.000
67.000
32.000
300
1.500
386.000
2.000
5.000
45.000
2.700
3.000
15.000
2.000
50.000
112.000
2.600
1.040.000
1.770.080
186.000
363.000
131.000
3.000
1.700
3.000
30.000
17.700
16.000
-------
Table 7.2c (Continued)
•~J
fO
I
SIZE OF COST OF BASIC TYPE OF CONTROL COST OK i.nNTROL
SOURCE EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT (dollars) EQUIPMENT EQUIPMENT (.K.llars)
Multiple-chanter mciiMrMor
industrial and commercial
Multiple-chamber incinerator.
pathological
Multiple-chamber incinerator.
•ire reclamation
Multiple-chamber incinerator.
with continuous feed bm
Natural gas plant
Oil-water separator
Open hearth furnace, steel
Phosphate fertilizer production
Phthahc anhydride manufacturing
Pipe coating, including spuming.
•rapping and dipping
Pneumatic conveyors (minerals)
Pot furnace, type metal
Rendered grease processing
Rendering cooker and drier, (batch)
(tendering cooker system.
(continuous)
Mock crushing and siting
Rotogravure press
Rubber Banbury mi«er
Sandblast room
Sewage treatment digestion
Sewage treatment headwords
Sewage water reclamation
Sewer pipe manufacturing
Ship bulk loading
Smoke generator and smokehouse
Sulfuric acid plant
Sulfur recovery plant
Sweat furnace, aluminum
Synthetic rubber manufacturing
Synthetic solvent dry cleaner
Varnish cookers (2)
(tailboard production
Ufct/r*
SOObs/hr
6000lbs/hr
SOIbs/hf
200 Ibs/hr
100 Ibs/hr
1000 Ibs/hr
250 Ibs/hr
3000 Ibs/hr
20.000.000 cu ft/day
300.000 bbls/day
350 obis/day
3500 obis/day
60 tons/heat
2000 Ibs/hr
25,000.000 Ibs/yr
4-10 lengths /hr
200 to 5000 Ibs/hr
16.000 Ibs
6 ions/day
4 tons/batch
15 tons/'hr
300.000 Ibs/hr
5 color 44 inch web
1000 Ibs/hr
8 ft 1 12 ft > 8 It
900.000 gals/day
250.000.000 gals/day
17,000.000 gals/day
20.000 Ibs/hr
2500 tons/hr
11 ft > 12 ft > 11 It
250 tons/day
Two parallel units. 65
tons/day, each .
10 tons/day
2840 Ibs/day
8000lbs/day
3000 Ibs/hr
30.000 tons/yr
60 Ibs/batch
250 gal Ions each
60.000 Ibs/hr
800
6.500
75.000
1.000
4500
1200
15000
5000
45.000
220.000
170.000
17000
32000
200.000
10.000
1 .200.000
23.500
2000
9OOU
10000
10000
100000
75000
340000
25000
1600
.800.000
550.000
1.500.000
1.000.000
500.000
18.000
1.900.000
1.400.000
265.000
30,000
60.000
3.500
1.600.000
14.000
4.000
1.500.000
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
Vapor manifold and Mare
floating root
Cover
Floating roof
Electrostatic precipitator
Baghouse
Afterburner and baghouse
Scrubbers
Cyclone and baghouse
Afterburner
Contact condenser and afterburner
Surface condenser and afterburner
Surface condenser and afterburner
Scrubber
Activated carbon filter
Baghouse
Baghouse
Water seals and flares
Covers
Covers and aeration tanks
Baghouse
Baghouse
Precipitator. scrubber and afterburno}
Electrostatic precipitatur
Incinerator
Incinerator
Incinerator
Incinerator
Afterburner and baghouse
Vapor manifold and flare
Activated carbon filter
Afterburner
Baghouse
-
"
"
"
"
•
5,000
80 , 000
700
8,000
150,000
5,000
195,000
32,000
2 ,000
3,000
2 ,500
15,000
2 5 , 000
2,000
40,000
3,000
3,000
7,000
20,000
25,000
10,000
168,000
42,000
150,000
30,000
5,000
1,000
1,000
3,500
250,000
3,000
5,500
100,000
-------
APPENDIX 8.1
TROUBLESHOOTING CHECKLISTS
The following extractions of operating and maintenance suggestions
from the brochures of three fabric filter manufacturers are typical of
those in current manufacturer's manuals. While each brochure was pre-
pared for a specific type of equipment and was not intended to be a
general guide, the comments have some general applicability.
-------
(1) TROUBLESHOOTING CHECKLIST FOR FABRIC FILTERS*
"Condition: High differential pressure (Note: Most installations are de-
signed for differential pressure of 3 to 4 in. A differential pressure of
1 in. to 6 in. can be considered normal).
1. Improper compressed air supply (80 to 100 psig is required. More
effective cleaning is possible with pressures up to 110 psig).
2. Improper timer operation. Make sure all valves are being activated.
Check for sticking timer relay.
3. Improper solenoid valve operation. A leaking diaphragm will reduce
cleaning energy by slowing or preventing valve opening.
4. Leaky airlock or dust discharge valve can overload collector by
preventing dust discharge.
5. Moisture blinded bags. Recovery is often possible by running the
cleaning mechanism without moving air through the collector from one to 30
hours.
6. Considerable dust in the clean air plenum (from a previously leaky
bag, etc ) can reduce cleaning effectiveness by impregnating the bags in the
reverse direction.
7. Static electricity can cause a high differential pressure. Increase
humidity if possible.
8. Make sure blow tubes are installed correctly (field assembly units).
9. Collector overloaded by too much air. Check fan speed. Check
damper adjustment and system design.
" Condition; Seepage - Visible discharge
Points to check and remedy:
1. Improperly installed bags.
2. Loose bag clamps.
3. Torn bags or holes in bags.
4. Improper sealing of tube sheet joints (field assembled units).
5. Missing or loose venturi rivets.
* Primarily for pulse cleaned equipment; from Mikro-pulsaire Instruction
Manual, Pulverizing Machinery Corp.
-------
"Condition: Insufficient suction on exhaust hood or system
Points to check and remedy:
1. Fan direction of rotation incorrect. Fan will pump air ineffi-
ciently if wrong direction.
2. Check for high differential pressure (see above).
3. Slippage on fan belts?
4. Leaking duct work? Access doors? Explosion doors? Discharge
valve on air lock?
5. Clogged duct, or closed gate, or damper.
6. Duct size or run other than original design.
7. Poor system design?
"Condition: Unable to maintain compressed air pressure
Points to check and remedy:
1. Dirty solenoid valve sticking open Clean and check pilot plunger.
2. Short circuit in wiring keeping one or more valves open.
3. Sticking timer relay, or pulse longer than 0.15 seconds.
4. Faulty or too small a compressor, and/or pipe leaks.
5. Solenoid valves require a minimum of 5 psig to close. A long com-
pressed air run after the shut-off valve can prevent the required 5 psig
from developing. Solution to this would be provision of reservoir and
shut-off valve near the collector.
"Condition: Filter cylinder problems (blinding, poor life, etc.)
Points to check and remedy:
1. Check operating temperature (e.g. 180 deg. for wool).
2. Check operating humidity, free moisture, etc. (relative humidity
is too low if static electricity occurs).
3. Check for shrinkage, free moisture, etc.
4. Review physical and chemical characteristics of material and gas
stream.
5. Check for hopper bridging. Material buildup into the bag area can
overstress elements.
6. Incorrect bag retainer installation ca-i earc'-- ha". r >y allo >
friction between adjacent eleiio ils n.- betwc,.•;
Make sure tubes are installed vertically. "
-------
(2) "THE CARE OF A DUST CONTROL SYSTEM*
"Dust control systems have, in the past, been subject to an unusual
amount of neglect and disregard after installation. Possibly most of this
is due to the fact that the installation in itself is non-productive; its
chief function in most cases being the abatement of a nuisance. Many times,
also, the responsibility of upkeep has been shouldered onto an already over-
burdened millwright who has had to neglect the dust control installation in
order to keep actual production machinery in operation. Many times, upon
being questioned about the performance of such equipment, the superintendent
will say "It's working fine, we haven't looked into it for several years."
This is obviously an altogether wrong attitude to take.
"The responsibility for the operation and maintenance of dust control
equipment should be placed in the hands of a competent mechanic, who should
make observations, as pointed out below, either monthly or semi-monthly.
He should make dated reports in duplicate, with one copy for the plant man-
ager, the other for his own records. The neglect of a seemingly unimportant
repair may cause excessive damage to the installation and require a lengthy
shut down.
"A test of collecting efficiency should be made semi-yearly, at least,
by a competent individual using recognized technique in dust counting.
Possibly your insurance connection includes this service. U.S. Public Health
Bulletin No. 217 entitled "The Determination and Control of Industrial Dust"
explains fully the various methods used. It also contains other pertinent
information. This bulletin may be obtained from the Superintendent of Docu-
ments, The United States Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., for
15 cents in cash.
"Daily Attention ("Dustubes"): By watching the permanent manometer on the dust
collector, the proper time for operating the shaking device can be determined.
See your repair and instruction book for further details. Hoppers should be
emptied daily. Exhaust fans must not be in operation while cleaning.
"CHECKING POINTS
1. Inspect all hoods and piping for wear by abrasion. This will naturally
occur at the portion of the hood where dust is thrown by the force of the
operation which creates it. If the interior of the hood is visible, the path
of the material can be noted from the appearance of the metal. Backs of
elbows and bends in pipe lines and main lines, opposite the entrance of branch
pipes will receive the greatest wear.
Hoods should also be checked for any structural damage caused by impact with
the product being processed. Hood doors should fit tightly. Leaks in pipe
* From "Manual of Engineering Information", American Wheelabrator and
Equipment Corporation, Catalog #72-A.
-------
lines can be detected by noting breaks in soldered joints, etc. Such leaks
can often be located approximately from the hissing sound of inrushing air:
Soap suds applied to doubtful points with a brush will definitely locate the
leak. By tapping on the bottom of the pipe with a light hammer or other
metal object, dust accumulation can be detected by the dead thud, as com-
pared with the hollow sound of a clean pipe. Make sure that the cleanout
slides fit tightly. Check the blast gates for proper setting and wear.
Also see that the pipe supporting members are in shape.
2. Check the pipe connections to the collector housing and the seams of the
housing proper for leaks, as explained above. Be sure that the hopper valve
works freely and that it seats tightly.
3. Enter the clean air side of the collector ("Dustubes") with a flashlight
or extension light and check for dust leaks made evident by the excessive
accumulation of dust in certain spots. Replace worn tubes immediately.
Check shaking device for wear and lubrication. At bi-monthly intervals, enter
the dusty air side of the collector, and note the condition of baffles, etc.,
as well as the condition of the cloth from this side.
4. Check the condition of fan bearings and lubrication. If unusual vibra-
tion is noted, examine the rotor for wear or accumulation of dust on the
blades. Also be sure that the rotor is tight on the shaft, and that it has
not slipped to one side of the housing. A tight inspection door on the
housing side will facilitate inspection. See that the joints in the scroll
of the fan are bolted tightly, and do not show excessive wear.
5. Check the suction and volume readings with the pilot tube and manometer.
Compare these with the original readings at time of installation. Be sure
that readings are taken under duplicate operating conditions as nearly as
possible. Two sets of readings should be taken, one just after the operation
of the shaking device, the other just before the next shaker operation. "
-------
(3) OPERATING GUIDE
OPERATION*
'&s a final check before starting equipment, review installation instructions
and drawing which give operating conditions for which equipment is intended.
Should conditions be other than stated on drawing, it is recommended you con-
tact the Flex-Kleen Corporation or its nearest representative to determine
whether equipment will function properly under the existing conditions. If
a manometer is furnished, it should be connected with one end above and one
end below bag plate, so it will show the pressure drop across bag filter.
After collector has operated two hours on a heavy dust load or eight hours
the "VALVE ON TIME" should be readjusted. This is done with the inspection
door open so the flexing action can be observed while collector is handling
air. "VALVE ON TIME" will have to be turned very slightly to obtain maximum
shock with dust loaded bags. Close inspection door and after thirty minutes
operation check pressure drop. If within four to six inches of water, the
"VALVE OFF TIME™'cycle is correct. A pressure drop of less than four inches
of water indicates the "VALVE OFF TIME" cycle can be increased, thus saving
on compressed air. Should pressure drop be greater than six inches, it will
be necessary to decrease "VALVE OFF TIME" cycle until pressure drop is within
acceptable four to six inches of water range.
"MAINTENANCE
Daily visual inspection of the clean air discharge, will assure you of early
warning of bag failure. A dirty discharge means a broken bag, holes in the
bags, or loose bag clamps. It is recommended the filter bags be inspected
after 2480 hours operation or three months continuous operation. Normal bag
life varies considerably and it is recommended that records be maintained so
that bag replacements can be scheduled for regular plant shutdowns rather than
waiting for signs of bag failures. It has been found to be more economical
to replace all bags rather than one at a time, once bags begin to show signs
of wear. Should timer require repairs which are too difficult for available
personnel, a reconditioned timer may be ordered from the Flex-Kleen Corpora-
tion. The charges for the reconditioned timer will be based on the cost of
repairing and reconditioning the returned timer. When ordering any parts,
bags or timers, be sure to give serial number and model number of collector.
"IN CASE OF TROUBLE --
Things to Check and Solution
1. Dirty Discharge
a. Filter bags, check for holes and replace worn bags.
b. Bag clamps. Make certain clamps are completely tight.
c. Improperly installed bags. Review bag installation instructions.
* From Flex-Kleen Corporation Bulletin No. 1010. Primarily for pulse
cleaned equipment.
8T T
-------
2. High Pressure Drop
a. Timer. Check cover lights to make certain it is operating and
at proper frequency.
b. Solenoid valves not opening. Look for loose wires, dirt clogged
in valves.
c. Wet filter bags. If compressed air has water in it, use after
cooler or water trap on line. Check dew point of dust laden
air and insulate collector if necessary.
d. Dust discharge valve.
e. Compressed air supply. 90-100 psig for optimum results. Use
air receiver or larger line if pressure insufficient.
3. Insufficient Air Capacity or Suction
a. Check point 2 above.
b. Blower speed.
c. Partially closed blast gate.
d. Leaking pipe and elbows.
e. Plugged pipes.
f. Inoperative discharge valve.
4. Poor Bag Life.
a. Operating temperature.
b. Filter ratio.
c. pH of dust.
d. Dew point of air, if high it may be necessary to insulate
collector. "
-------
APPENDIX 8.2
FABRIC AND SYSTEM OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
Explanation of Column Headings;
Code No.: Fabric Filter Installation Survey Code
Ap :
*max
Particle
Abrasiveness:
Problem
Category:
Maximum Pressure Drop Observed
across the Fabric, (inches of water)
Very Abrasive, Abrasive, Moderately
Abrasive, Not Abrasive
See Table 8.1 of Volume 1 for
Explanation.
-------
TABLE 8.2 FABRIC AND SYSTEM OPERATIONAL PROBLEMS
oo
•
Is}
U>
Code
Mo. Du»t
Process
Fabric
Particle Area,
ft-2
Total
Annual
Size,
ft
A/C
Ratio
Fabric
Mat'l.
Cleaning
Method
Particle Fabric
Abraalveness Life
S/CFM
LL
l.l
1.2
1.3
1.4
2.1
4.1
4.2
4.3
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
7.1
7.2
7.3
7.4
7.5
7.5
7.7
7.8
7.9
7.10
7.11
7.12
8.1
8.2
8.3
8.4
8.5
8.6
8.7
8.8
8.9
8.10
8.11
8.12
8.13
9.1
9.2
9.3
9.4
9.5
Fly ash
Fly ash
Ash
Ash
Flour
Dolomite
Hypochlorlte
Aluminum Hydrate
Carbon Black
Carbon Black
Resin, Fiber
PVA
Cement Clinker
Cement
Cement
Cement
Cement
Liae
CaS04
Va llboard
Stone
Abrasive
Raw Materials
Fe, Zn Oxides
Fe, Zn Oxides
Fej03. . .
Fe203. . .
Fe203. . .
F*2®3- • •
Fe2<>3
Fe203
Kish
Fe, Coke,...
Sand, FeO
Fe, FeO
Atoos.
ZnO
Be, BeO. ..
Fb, PbO. ..
ZnO, PbCl
Misc. Oxides
Oil Comb.
Coal Comb.
Mun. Incln.
Mun. Incln.
Milling
Kiln
Transport
Transport
Mfgr.
Mfgr.
Transport
Transport
Cooler
Mill
Bagging
Kiln
Transport
Kiln
Dryer
Trim Saw
Crushing
10
100
147,500
3,400
75
5,520
976
4,590
3,020
58
33,175
15,900
2,190
1,340
102,000
5,440
3,370
194,400
1,500
65,800
800
2,040
2,000
Transport < 10- 100
Class Mfgr.
Bagging
El. Fnce. Shop
Elec. Fnce.
Elec. Fnce.
Elec. Fnee.
Elec. Fnce.
Elec. Fnce.
Cupola
Cupola
Pouring
Sinter Line
Casting Clean.
Grinding
Motor Room Vent
Brass Smelt.
Sinter, Machine
Smelt.
Blast Fnce.
Cu Refining
<200
(10)
~10
1-10
.5-10
2yr
I.Syr
1 yr
7 mo
3 mo
1 yr
2yr
lyr
4 mo
1 yr
9 mo
1 yr
3yr
1.2 yr
2.5 yr
3 yr
4 yr
1 yr
4 mo
4 yr
2. Syr
3 yr
3 yr
2. Syr
>l. Syr
4 DO
>8mo
2 yr
1.6yr
13. yr
>9yr
e
c
c.d.a
b
a
c d
c,e a.b
d
a
c .e
10.1 Filler. Fiber
Plastics Molding 50-500 1,660
Amb
Cotton
Shake
VA
1 mo
.43
a,c,d,e
-------
APPENDIX 8.3
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS
-------
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS
In this appendix the operational problems reported in Section 8.3
and listed according to industrial application in Appendix 8.2 are re-
grouped according to type of problem. There are 23 such problem categories,
Explanation of column headings:
Survey Code: Fabric filter installation survey code
Mfgr: Fabric Filter manufacturer:
A: American Air Filter
C: Carter-Day
D: Dustex
F: Flex-Kleen
H: Hydromation
N: Norblo
P: Pangborn
S: Sly
W: Wheelabrator
* Hmd: Homemade
Proc: Industrial process creating the dust or fume.
P.S.: Particle size, in microns.
Temp: N = not over 200°F; Y = Yes, over 200°F.
Dust Abrasive Rating: VA = Very abrasive; A = Abrasive;
M = Moderately abrasive; N = Not abrasive.
-------
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS
oo
Survey
Category Code
la (8)
4.1
9.2
7.10
7.3
5.3
10.1
8.8
7.6
Ib (TO)
4.1
7.2
8.8
7.6
Mfgr.
Size of Unit
Sq. ft. cfm
Xl°"?A/c R)
Dust-related abrasion
N
C
P
S
W
P
w
D
Flexure
N
N
W
D
4590
2080
3366
2190
1660
63 , 600
65 , 800
wear failure
4590
5440
63 , 600
65 , 800
, wear
3'30.7
4°20
"(2.5)
8'32.5
42.7
106
12°2.1
14°2.3
3'30.7
101.8
12°2.1
140, ,
Proc. Dust P.S.
CaO 40
BeO 1
Hdlg Abr. 50
Hdlg P. Gem. 10
Hdlg PI. 50
Resin.
Fibr. 50
plaf il.
Cupola 10
Kiln CaO
CaO 40
Mill PC
Clinker
Cupola 10
Kiln CaO
Temp
N
Y
N
N
N
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Dust Abrasive
Rating
A
-
VA
VA
M
M?
-
A
A
VA
-
„ A
Fabric
in
Use
Dacron
Poly-
prp. felt
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Glass
Glass
Dacron
Cotton
Glass
-------
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS (Continued)
Survey
Category Code
8.5
9.4
4.2
7.7
5.2
2.1
Mfgr.
W
W
N
F
Hmd
C
Size
Sq. ft
44 , 240
153,600
3020
800
15,900
976
of Unit
cfm
xlO"^ . Proc.
(A/c R)
1153 Q El Fnc
190 2 Bl Fnc
'
10. . Hdlg
j . J
67 Hdlg
/ • ->
17.9
'
8.4Q , Mill
o . b
Dust P.S.
Steel 1
Fume
Cu,
PbCl,...
Hypo- 100
chlor .
Gyps. 7
Cbn < .1
Blk
Flour 15
Temp
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Dust
Abras ive
Rating
N
N
A
A
N
N
Fabric
in
Use
Orion
Glass
Dynel
R
Dacron
Glass
Wool Felt
Ic (4) Seeping
5.2
8.4
10.1
8.5
Id (14) Bl
7.2
5.1
Hmd
W
P
W
inding
C
W
15,900
10,040
1660
44,240
2080
33,175
17.9
'
32 Elec
Fnc
106
1153 0 Elec
Fnc
4°20
42'51.6 -
Cbn < .1
Blk
Fe203... -
Fibr, 50
plafil.
Steel 1
Fume
BeO 1
Cbn < .1
Blk
Y
Y
N
N
Y
Y
N
N
M?
N
-
N
Glass
OrlonR
Cotton
OrlonR
Polypro
felt
-------
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS (Continued)
Survey
Category Code
7.10
5.4
5.3
4.3
10.1
9.3
00
w 2.1
4.2
8.12
9.4
7.8
7.5
le (6)
9.1
8.4
Mfgr.
P
CD
W
F
P
Hmd
CD
N
P
W
P
s
Burning,
Hmd
W
Size
Sq. ft.
1340
2190
58
1660
25,600
976
3020
-
153,600
2040
1496
heat
6400
10,040.
of Unit
cfm
xl°"3(A/c R)
"""2.5
1410.4
42.7
1 9
A. • s
106
25.
8'48.6
10 3
•J • J
-
1 QO
73.4
2'161.82
3'60.6
323.0
Proc.
Hdlg
Hdlg
Hdlg
Hdlg
-
Mill
Hdlg
Fndry
Bl
Fnc
Sawing
Hdlg
Smelt
Elec
Fnc
Dust P.S.
Abr . 50
PVA 3
PI 50
resin
Alum. 100
Hyd.
Fibr , 50
plafil
PbO,
SnO. . .
Flour 15
Hypo- 100
chlor.
Casting
Cleaning
Cu,
PbCl...
Gypsum oo
P.
Cement
ZnO
Fe2°3
Temp
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
Y
N
N
Y
Y
Dust
Abrasive
Rating
VA
A
Mildly
VA
M?
N
N
A
A?
N
A
A
N
N
Fabric
in
Use
Cotton
Wool
Felt
Cotton
Dacron
Felt
Cotton
Dacron
Wool Felt
DynelR
Cotton
Glass
Cotton
Cotton
Glass
Glass
-------
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS CCont inuc-d)
Survey
Category Code Mfgr
7.2
5.3
8.1
9.4
If (6)
4.1
oo 9.1
u>
^ 8.11
8.4
7.2
5.3
lg (4)
5.4
8.5
N
W
W
W
Holes ,
N
Hmd
A
W
N
W
Size of
Sq.ft.
5440
2190
63,600
153,600
Unit
cfm
Xl°-3(A/c R)
101.8
42.7
12°2.1
19°1.2
Proc.
Mill
Hdlg
-
Bl
Fnc
Dust P.S.
PC
Clinker
PI. 50
Resin.
Cupola 10
Cu,
PbCl
Temp
Y
N
Y
Y
Dust
Abrasive
Rating
VA
Mildly?
-
N
Fabric
in
Use
Cotton
Cotton
Glass
Glass
pinholes, shot holes
4590
6400
2390
10,040
5440
2190
3'30.7
3'60.6
125.0
323.0
101.8
42.7
-
Smelt
CaO 40
ZnO
Fndry Clean,
Casting shake
Elec
Fnc
Mill
Hdlg
Fe203
PC
Clinker
PI. 50
resin.
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
A
N
A
N
VA
Mildly?
Dacron
Glass
Cotton
Glass
Cotton
Cotton
Hygroscopic ity
CD
W
1340
44,240
1410.4
1143.0
Hdlg
Elec
Fnc
PVA 3
Steel 1
Fume
N
N
A
N
Wool. Felt
-------
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS (Continued)
oo
oo
Size of Unit
Survey Sq.ft. cftn
Category Code Mfgr. xlO'3 . Proc. Dust P.S. Temp
1.3
8.12
lh (5)
5.2
7.3
5.3
8.8
1.3
li (e)
9.3
1.3
9.4
2a (2)
4.1
5.2
Exptl 75 0.3. ,.
H • 3
P ... ..__
Condensation
Hmd 15,900 17. 9l
S 3366 8.32 5
W 2190 40 7
i • /
W 63,600 1202 l
Exptl 75 0>34 5
Cake hardening
Hmd 25,600 25.
Exptl 75 °'34 5
W 153,600 190
i. * fc
Seams, sewing
N 4590 3.3. 7
u • /
Hmd 15,900 17.9
Incin. Ash
Fndry Clean- - N
Casting ing
Cbn < .1 Y
Blk
Hdlg P. 10 N
Gem.
Hdlg PI. 50 N
resin.
Cupola 10 Y
Incin. Ash
PbO, - Y
SnO...
Incin. Ash
Bl Cu, - Y
Fnc PbCl
CaO 40 N
Cbn < .1 Y
Blk
Dust Fabric
Abrasive in
Rating Use
N Glass
A? Cotton
*
N Glass
VA Cotton
Mildly? Cotton
Glass
N Glass
N Dacron
N Glass
N Glass
A Dacron
N Glass
-------
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS (Continued)
Size of Unit
Survey Sq.ft. cftn
Category Code Mfgr. x!0"3 . Proc. Dust P.S. Temp
2b (4)
7.11
5.4
7.8
7.7
3a (3)
4.1
7.2
OO
w 4.2
i
3b (1)
4.1
3c (5)
5.1
4.3
7.6
5.2
5.4
Tears at top
S 72
CD 1340
P 2040
F 800
Chafe
N 4500
N 5440
N 3020
Tensioning
Support abrasion
W 33,175
F 58
D 65,800
Hmd 15,900
CD 1340
0.17. Hdlg Sands 200 N
fc • J
141(K4 Hdlg PVA 3 N
7. , Sawing Gyps. » N
67 Hdlg Gyps. 7 Y
/ • J
3.3Q ? - CaO 40 N
10. s Mill PC - Y
L'ti Clinker
103 3 Hdlg Hypo- 100 N
chlor.
42.5 , - Cbn < .1 Y
l* Blk
0.1 Q Hdlg Alum. 100 N
Hyd.
140. . Kiln CaO - Y
i . j
17.9. . Cbn < .1 Y
lmL Blk
14, „ , Hdlg PVA 3 N
Dust Fabric
Abrasive in
Rating Use
VA Cotton
A Wool Felt
A gotten
A Dacron
A Dacron
VA Cotton
A DynelR
N Glass
VA DacronR Fe
A Glass
N Glass
A Wool Felt
-------
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS (Continued)
Survey
Category Code Mfgr.
3d (1)
7.3
Carriage
S
Size of
Sq.ft.
wear
3366
Unit
cfm
Xl°"3(A/c R)
8'32.5
Proc.
Hdlg
Dust P.S.
P. 10
Cem.
Dust
Abrasive
Temp Rating
N VA
Fabric
in
Use
Cotton
3e (2) Seals around collars
7.10
5.3
P
W
4a (4) Difficult
5.1
oo
V5 5.2
i-1
o
7.3
10.1
4b (3)
5.1
8.4
5.3
W
Hmd
S
P
-
2190
entry
33,175
14,900
3366
1660
"2.5
42.7
42'51.6
17'91.1
8'32.5
101.6
Hdlg
Hdlg
Elec
Fnc
Hdlg
-
Abr . 50
PI. 50
Resin
Cbn < .1
Blk
Fe2°3
P. Cem. 10
Fibr 50
PI fil
N VA
N Mildly?
Y N
Y N
N VA
N M?
9
Cotton
Cotton
Glass
OrlonR
Cotton
Cotton
Hole detection
W
W
W
33,175
10,045
2190
42'51.6
323.0
42.7
Elec
Fnc
Hdlg
Cbn < .1
Blk
Fe2°3
PI 50
Resin
Y N
Y N
N Mildly
Glass
OrlonR
-------
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS (Continued)
oo
10
I
Category
4c
4d ...
4e
Survey
Code Mfgr.
(6)
7..10
7.3
10.1
8.5
9.4
7.8
(4)
8.11
7.3
2.1
8.5
(10)
7.2
7.9
2.1
Size of Unit
Sq.ft. cfm
Xl°-3(A/c R)
Proc.
Dust P.S.
Temp
Dust
Abrasive
Rating
Fabric
in
Use
Hopper holdup
P
S
P
W
W
P
Internal
A
S
CD
W
External
N
A
CD
"2.5
3366 8.32>5
1660 106
44,240 1153<0
153,600 190j. 2
2040 73>4
mechanism
2390 12,
j • U
3366 8.3,, _
A • J
976 8-48,6
44,240 H53i0
mechanism
5440 I0l
2002
976 8.40 .
Hdlg
Hdlg
Elec
Fnc
Bl Fnc
Sawing
Fndry
Cast
Hdlg
Mill
Elec
Fnc
Mill
Crash
Mill
Abr . 50
P. Cem. 10
Fibr, 50
Pl.fil.
Steel 1
Cu,PbCl
Byps.
C lean
Shake
P. Cem. 10
Flour 15
Steel I
P.C.
Clinker
Stone 100
Flour 15
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
N
VA
VA
M?
N
N
A
A
VA
N
N
VA
A
N
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
OrionR
Glass
Cotton
Cotton
Cotton
Wool Felt
Orion
Cotton
Cotton
-------
OPERATIONAL PROBLEM CATEGORY ANALYSIS (Continued)
Survey
Category Code
10.1
8.8
8.5
9.4
4.2
8.12
oo
7.8
1
Mfgr
P
W
W
W
N
P
P
h-1
10 5a (4) Ducting
4.1
4.3
7.6
7.5
N
F
D
S
Size of Unit
Sq.ft. cfm
Xl°'3(A/c R)
1660 106
63,600 1202 l
44,240 1153 Q
153,600 190
3020 103 3
-
2040 73>4
abrasion
4590 3.30<7
58 0.11>9
65,800 1402 3
1496 2.16, ..
1.82
Proc.
—
- .
Elec
Fnc
Bl
Fnc
Hldg
Fndry
Sawing
-
Hdlg
Kiln
Hdlg
Dust P.S.
Fibr. 50
Pl.fil.
Cupola 10
Steel 1
Cu, PbCl -
Hypo- 100
chlor.
Casting
Ang
Gypsum °o
CaO 40
Alum. 100
Hyd.
CaO
P. Cem.
Temp
N
Y
N
Y
N
N
N
N
N
Y
N
Dust
Abrasive
Rating
M?
-
N
N
A
A?
A
A
VA
A
A
Fabric
in
Use
Cotton
Glass
OrlonR
- .
Glass
DynelR
Cotton
Cotton
Dacron
1^
Dacron Felt
Glass
Cotton
5b (3) Inlet control
7.10
8.5
8.6
P
W
A
'2.5
44,240 1153 Q
42,000 60L 4
Hdlg
Elec
Fnc
Elec
Fnc
Abr . 50
Steel 1
Fume
Steel 1
Fume
N
N
Y
VA
N
N
Cotton
OrlonR
j^
Dacron
-------
APPENDIX 8.4
MAINTENANCE PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED IN THE DEVELOP-
MENT OF NEW APPLICATIONS
-------
The following three accounts taken from the literature describe the
kinds of problems typically encountered when pollution control equipment
such asafabric filter system is being developed for an industrial effluent
for which there is little background experience.
8.4a Iron and Steel Industry: Sinter Plant Discharge (1968)
8.4b Combustion: Oil-fired Power Plant Boiler (1968)
8.4c Non-ferrous Metals Industry: Copper Smelter (Pilot and
Full-scale Equipment) (1960)
8.4a Sinter Plant Discharge - U.S. Steel Corporation at its Gary, Indiana
works replaced an inadequate dust control system in the sinter plant. Part
of the replacement equipment was a fabric filter system in the discharge
area of one of three sinter strands. An induced draft fan took dust from
18 pick-up points to an upward-flow, inside-filtering, collapse-cleaned
baghouse. Dust from the hoppers went through a rubber dribble to a conveyor
belt, and then to a wetting system for return to process.
*
a direct quote:
The following is
"Design and Operating Data
Volume of air:
Suction:
Pressure drop across bags:
Number of hoppers in collector:
Bags per hopper:
Total number of bags:
Bag Size:
Diameter:
Length:
Type Bag:
Estimated Life of bag:
Bag Permeability:
Air to cloth ratio - normal:
Air to cloth ratio - one
compartment cleaning:
Air temperature:
Theoretical Design Efficiency:
172,000 CFM at 255 deg. F.
12 inches of water
4 inches of water
10
88
880
11 1/2 inches
32 feet 21/4 inches
Fiberglass
12 mos. - actual 17 mos.
12 to 20 CFM/Sq. Ft. of cloth
2.17 CFM/Sq. Ft. of cloth
2.41 CFM/Sq. Ft. of cloth
175 deg. F to 300 deg. F.
Excess of 99.0 percent
%T. A. Young, Gary Steel Works Experience with Dust Control at No. 3
-------
"Maintenance
Once a fabric bag collector is put into operation, the key to keeping
it runningi properly is routine inspection and maintenance of the bags. A
manometer is located at each compartment to measure the pressure drop across
the bags. An excessively high or low reading indicates a fault in the
cleaning system for a particular compartment. Immediate steps should be
taken to correct the irregularity.
"Routine visual inspection of the bags are made each week during the
sinter machine schedule down turn. They are inspected for small holes and
wear, tension, and tightness of clamps at both ends. Bag tension is very
important for efficient cleaning of the air, dumping of the bags, and bag
life. .
"Not enough tension causes excess flapping and creasing during the
dumping cycle. The bag life will be greatly impaired by "super cleaning"
of the bottom section. In addition, the crust built up inside the bag in
the upper section may not be broken which will cause poor efficiency of the
bag. If the bags are too tight, the fabric will be stressed and cause
premature failure. Also, very poor cleaning will be obtained because there
is not enough flexing.
"The proper tension is just enough to form several small crevices so
that the bag periphery takes the shape of a star during the cleaning cycle.
At Gary, we are using fiberglass bags to collect hot sinter dust, utilizing
a tension of 80 Ibs/sq. inch. This point is stressed because, depending on
the fabric, weave, and type of dust, it could range from 30 to 120 Ibs/sq.
inch.
"Whenever expected life of the bags has been reached and signs of
wear start to develop in several of the bags, Gary's practice is to start
changing all of them one compartment at a time. This takes approximately
sight weeks, with three qualified personnel working a normal work week.
By following this procedure, it is not likely that all the bags will fail
at the same time, making the collector inoperative.
"A facility that operates continuously is not maintenance free.
There are many electrical and mechanical components to maintain in an
automatic system. Of primary concern is the proper functioning of the inlet
and outlet butterfly valves and timer that controls the valves. In addition,
the entire system must be maintained as tight .as possible by replacing
seals and patching holes in ducts when necessary."
8.4b Oil-fired Boiler - Southern California Edison Company in 1957 began
pilot plant studies on the control of fly-ash from an oil-fired power plant.
These led to a full-scale installation in 1965 of a bag house with 1272
fiberglass downward-flow inside-filtciring, collapse-cleaned bags:
-------
Volume of air: 820,000 CFM at 258°F
Pressure drop across bags: 5.7 inches of water
Number of hoppers in collector: 12 compartments
Bags per hopper: 106
Bag size: 11.5 inches diameter, 38.75' long
Life of bags: one year estimated
Air/cloth ratio: 5.7:1. normal - 6.5:1 with one
compartment out
Deflation cleaning air/cloth ratio 3.5:1
Because of a variety of difficulties the start-up period for this
equipment extended at least into the fourth year of operation. These diffi-
culties are summarized below; although they 4o not represent normal routine
operational or maintenance practices, they are probably typical of the prob-
lems connected with the use of dust control equipment in a new field. In
this case control of oil fly ash was made especially difficult by the small
particle size, and by the requirement for alkaline additive ahead of the
filter for protection of the fabric. In retrospect it appears that a large
part of the start-up difficulty could have been avoided by consideration of
the effects of moisture on the fabric.
^
"Operating Experience
The operating history of the filterhouse can be divided into five
periods, based upon complete bag replacements or major changes to system
components...
"Period 1 - January 1965 to September 1965
Initial operation was unsatisfactory* Problems were encountered with
bag failures, high bag and system pressure drops, uneven gas and additive
distribution and pneumatic ash removal. A portion of the bag failures
resulted from mechanical conditions .such as inadequate attachment at the lower
tube sheet or excessive flutter in local zones cf high turbulence. However,
the major cause of the failures was attributed to fabric deterioration
associated with wetting of the bags by moisture condensed from flue gas
which leaked into the filterhouse during off-stream periods while the boiler
remained in operation. To eliminate the flue gas in-leakage, an operating
procedure utilizing the deflation fans and manually positioned dampers was
devised to provide an air seal during off-stream periods.
As corrective measures for the uneven flow distribution and high system
pressure drops, turning vanes were installed in the inlet and outlet ducts.
and the flow area of the filter-house outlets was increased. A second defla-
tion fan was added to increase the deflation flow with the expectation of
improving reverse flow cleaning effectiveness...
F. A. Bagwell, L. F. Cox, and E. A. Pirsh, Design and Operating Experience
with a Filterhouse Installed on an Oil Fired Boiler, JAPCA 19; 3, 149 (March. 1969)
-------
"Period II - September 1965 to March 1966
During this interval, bag failures attributable to mechanical causes
essentially were eliminated, and average bag life was much improved over that
experienced in Period I. However, after about 3 months of operation, discol-
oration and stiffening of the fabric was noted along the deflation creases.
Random bag failures commenced about a month later and. after 5 months of
operation, the frequency of failures reached the point that replacement was
considered necessary...After 3 months of operation, the pressure drop
across the bags adjusted to 320 MW reached a value of 9.5 in. w.g. which
was considerably higher than the expected value of 4.0 in. w.g.
...analyses indicated that moisture from the atmosphere had been absorbed
by the cake when the filterhbuse was out of service and cold. There were
strong indications that the discoloration and stiffening of the fabric
were associated with these outages.
...To improve operating flexibility during periods of low load operation,
when moisture could be absorbed by the filter-cake, a cold air bypass was
installed around the air preheater to control gas temperature to the filterhouse
at low loads.
"Period III - March 1966 to September 1966
Prior to operation, a new set of filterbags made from continuous fila-
ment fiberglass fabric was installed. It was believed that these bags might
have better cake release properties which would result in a lower pressure
drop, but this did not prove -to be the case. Instead, the measured pressure
drop was more than 50 percent higher than that experienced with the bulked
fiber fabrics previously used... Following only 3 weeks of operation with
this set of bags, the unit was taken out of service for a 2-month period for
a scheduled turbine overhaul..
...Within 3 weeks after return to service, bag failures became so numerous
that the run was terminated. , The premature failure of the bags was attri-
buted primarily to fabri : deterioration during the long out-of-service period
on the filterhouse.
"Period IV - September 1966 to November 1967
Continued development could not be justified if improved bag life could
not be obtained. Therefore, the decision was made to concentrate on bag
life during this run. Operating changes to reduce pressure drop were
deferred in view of the unknown effects on bag life.
...The bags selected for this operating period were of bulked fiber fiber-
glass fabric with a silicone-tefIon finish and were identical to those that
had given the best results in previous runs...
In view of the deleterious effects of f i Iterhotise out a;><':; mi b,->>', life.
continuity of operation was maintained at the expense, oi norm;! I flexibility
in unit loading and outage scheduling. An extensive research program i IK-hid-
ing regularly scheduled collection of fabric and fi ! t ore ake sample;; I rom
-------
selected locations also was conducted during this operating period. The
fabric properties and the chemical composition of the filtercake were eval-
uated to detect fabric deterioration and abnormal changes in filtercake
chemistry...
The positive effect of this emphasis on bag life is evident from the
operating record which shows that the filterhouse was operated over a 7-1/2
month period during which it was in service 92 percent of the time.
...modifications to reduce maintenance and operating costs, to decrease
pressure drop, to improve operating control and to further extend bag life
were justified.
1. New deflation fans with more than twice the capability of the original
fans were installed. Experience on the pilot and the prototype units
showed that better cleaning and. hence, lower bag pressure drops were
possible with higher deflation flows...
2. A new ash handling system was installed At the original
lower deflation flows, up to 50 percent of the material removed from
the bags was recirculated through the deflation system to the inlet of
the filterhouse...
3. Electric heaters were installed to maintain the filterhouse at a temp-
erature of 200 F during off-stream periods...
4. The seal air system was improved through installation of duct work,
dampers and controls to permit application of seal air from the main
control room. ..
5. A new alarm system was installed to detect plugging of additive feed
lines to the individual compartments...
"Period V - November 1967 to March 15, 1968
Following completion of the alterations and the installation of a new
set of bags, the filterhouse was returned to service....Alterations to the
filterhouse resulted in satisfactory performance. Specific observations
include...
1. The high deflation fan capacity has contributed to a lower average bag
pressure drop. After 4 months of operation, the average bag pressure
drop corrected to full load (320 MW) was 5.7 in. w.g. This compares with
a pressure drop of 8.4 in. w.g. after a similar interval of operation
in the Period TV....The deflation fans have been used to maintain a
3.5:1 flow ratio for cleaning throughout this period, but the higher
deflation flow caused one problem not previously encountered. During
deflation, the bags in some of the compartments collapsed completely
between the first and second rings which inhibited cleaning of the re-
mainder of the bag. The constriction was eliminated by reducing the
spacing between rings in the lower portion of the bag.
-------
2. The new ash handling system has functioned satisfactorily resulting in
greatly reduced manpower requirements. During limited testing, the
efficiency of the dust collectors was 88 percent which is higher than
expected. This is probably the result of particle agglomeration which
occurs within the filtercake.
3. With the heaters maintaining specified compartment temperatures during
off-stream periods, the bag condition is much better than that in any
of the previous four Periods. There has been practically no discolora-
tion or stiffening of bag material...
4. The new automatic seal air system has worked satisfactorily on 15
separate occasions.
5. The new compartment additive feed alarm system has proved reliable..."
8.4c Copper Smelter - The Hudson Bay Mining and Smelting Company, Ltd. found
that an electrostatic precipitator handling gases from a reverberatory fur-
nace and other plant operations was not satisfactory. As an alternative.
part of the gas was diverted through other cleaning equipment, and the re-
mainder was passed first through the precipitator and then through a baghouse.
with good results.
2 R R
First a pilot baghouse was tried, having 26,208 ft of Orion , Dacron
fabrics. Over a one year period, only one incident marred the operation: a
period of low gas temperature resulted in corrosive destruction of both types
of fabric. A glass baghouse also on trial in parallel continued to operate,
however, demonstrating the feasibility of filtration at a temperature above
the dewpoint:
Pressure across bags: 6 to 8 inches of water
Bag size: 5 inches diameter by 9.33 ft. long
Air/Cloth ratio: 2:1 to 3:1
Temperature: 225 to 450°F
Bag cleaning cycle: Shake for 30 sec at 16 min intervals
Dust load: 1,100 Ibs. per day.
"During the course of this work familiarity was obtained with details
which were of critical importance to glass bag life. It was found that
flexing or creasing quickly breaks the high tensile strength fibres and
creates a hole in the bag. Handling should therefore be kept to a minimum
both during handling and after the bags are in operation. Attrition between
bags or with a metal surface soon develops a weakened area in which holes
develop. Bag spacing in relation to other bags and compartment walls is
-------
then-fore of concern and must be accompanied by proper tailoring. Unless
the bag 0*am Is adjusted to result in an even circumferential tension on
hanging, a ''banana" effect results when the bag is inflated and attrition
occurs in spite of ample spacing. A deep cuff which extends above the floor
nipple end of the bag and hence absorbs the flexing acXion imparted by the
shaking mechanism in two layers of cloth was found to extend bag life in our
design."*
From the piloc study a 205.000 SCFM collector was designed having 120
compartments each with 154 upward-flow, inside-filtering bags as sized above
2
cor a total of 221,760 ft . A variety of fiberglass fabrics were tested,
i ^t only two were found Adequate, both 1-3 twill, stapb-filled, siliconized
2
fabrics with 12.2 and 12.9 oz/yd weight, and 76 and 58 CFM permeability at
5 inches of water.
In operation the fabric was cleaned by automatically reverse pressur-
izing and collapsing the bags for 30 seconds, and then popping them open.
After an 8 hour period of this repeated cleaning, during which time the
differential pressure gradually increased from 6 to 12 inches of water, the
bags vere mechanically shaken and the 8 hour period repeated. In one year
of operation, 43 percent of the bags were replaced for reasons not detailed.
Bag spacing was stressed as beirg influential of bag life, however.
An orthogonal pattern was developed having tows, 5 and 6 deep beside the
walkway. For these 5" bags, the optimum center-to-centcr spacing was 6 1/4
to 7 inches.
The entire system, recovering over 35 tons of fume daily, required 80
man-hours of "operating labor" per day. The success of the system was
attributed to the use of glass cloth.
*
P. J. Robertson. Filtration of Copper Smelt IT Cases at Hudson Ray Mining
and SmtlUni; Co., Ltd., Can. Hln. nml Met. Bull., 326 (May l%0>.
-------
STANDARD TITLE PAGE l ' Repo(t No' ^y^/^^!^/
FOR TECHNICAL REPORTS APTD-0691 '/////////,
4. Title and Subtitle
FABRIC FILTER SYSTEMS STUDY - VOLUME II
APPENDICES TO HANDBOOK OF FABRIC FILTER TECHNOLOGY
">. Authorts)
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
GCA Corporation
GCA Technology Division
Bedford, Massachusetts
12 Sponsoring Agency. Name and Address _ _ _
Division of Process Control Engineering
National Air Pollution Control Administration
U. S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, PH£
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
Washington, D. C. 20201
3. Recipient's Catalog No. |
i
5. Report Date
December 1970
6. Performing Organization Code
8. Performing Organization Kept. No.
10. Project/Task/Wofk Unit No.
IT. ColSract7G"ra"nfN"o7
CPA 22-69-38
13. Type of Report & Period Covered
14. Sponsoring AgenFy~$o"de ~ ~
\
is. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
This document contains appendices to the results of a study directed to
the definition of two alternative five-year research and development
programs for fabric filter systems used in air pollution control ap-
plications.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis, (a). Descriptors
Air pollution control equipment
Filters
Filter materials
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18. Distribution Statement
Un1i mi te d
U NCI A*.:, I MTU
X).Security Class. (
UNCLASSIFIED
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DISCLAIMER
This report was furnished to the Air Pollution
Control Office by
GCA Corporation
6CA Technology Division
Bedford, Massachusetts
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