BILLINGS, MONTANA
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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the Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report
Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of
APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
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Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
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BILLINGS, MONTANA AREA AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by
David S. Kircher
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Air Pollution Control Office
Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
Durham, North Carolina
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sincere gratitude is extended by the Air Pollution Control Office
to the many companies and individuals who contributed to this study.
A special thanks are due to G. E. Wadington and Mr. Ed Stowe of
the Billings Department of Health, who contributed invaluable assistance
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PREFACE
This report, which presents the results of an emission inventory
for the Billings Area, is another in a series of surveys outlining the
sources and emissions of air pollutants for major metropolitan areas
in the United States of America. These surveys, conducted by the
National Inventory of Air Pollutant Emissions and Control Branch of
the Air Pollution Control Office, provide estimates of the present
magnitude, extent and sources of air pollutant emissions and the
status of their control in the Study Area. The pollutants which the
reports consider include sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. These pollutants are delineated
with respect to source type, season of the year, and geographical
distribution within the Study Area. The general procedure for the
surveys is based upon the "rapid survey technique" for estimating air
pollutant emissions.
The reports are used to provide the basis of the engineering evalu-
ation in the designation of Air Quality Control Regions. The reports
are also included in a national emission inventory and will provide a
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction
Summary
Description of Study Area
Grid Coordinate System
Emissions by Category
Stationary Fuel Combustion
Steam-Electric
Industrial
Residential
Commercial-Institutional
Transportation
Motor Vehicles
Aircraft
Railroads
Solid Waste Disposal
Industrial Processes
Evaporative Losses
Automobiles
Gasoline Storage and Handling
Consumption of Solvents
Emissions by Jurisdiction
Emissions by Grid
Contribution of Point and Area Sources
Emission Densities
Page
1
3
8
13
16
16
16
17
18
18
22
22
23
27
27
30
30
30
32
32
34
34
34
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References ^g
Appendix A 5Q
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
IA Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Billings
Study Area 5
1A Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Study Area 6
2 Percentage of Contribution of Each Source Category to
Total Emissions 7
3 Area and Population Characteristics for the Study Area 12
4 Stationary Fuel Consumption in the Study Area 19
5 Average Chemical Analysis of Fuels Consumed in Study Area 20
6 Air Pollutant Emissions from the Combustion of Fuels
in Stationary Sources 21
7 Vehicle Miles of Road Travel for Road Vehicles in Study Area 24
8 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Sources 25
9 Air Traffic Activity in the Study Area 26
10 Solid Waste Disposal in the Study Area 28
11 Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal 29
12 Air Pollutant Emissions from the Most Significant Industrial
Processes 31
13 Hydrocarbon Emissions from Evaporative Loss Sources 33
14 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Carbon County 35
15 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Stillwater County 36
16 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Yellowstone County 37
17 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Point Sources 38
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1 Map of the Billings Study Area and Surrounding Cities 9
2 Detailed Map of the Billings Study Area 10
3 Population Density for the Billings Study Area 11
4 Orid Coordinate System for Study Area 15
5 Point Source Locations for Study Area 43
6 Sulfur Oxide Emission Density from All Sources 44
7 Particulate Emission Density from All Sources 45
8 Carbon Monoxide Emission Density from All Sources 46
9 Hydrocarbon Emission Density from All Sources 47
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INTRODUCTION
This report is a summary of the Billings, Montana area air pollu-
tant emission inventory conducted in April 1970. This emission inven-
tory was based upon calendar year 1969; the data and emission estimates
presented are representative of 1969 and should be considered as indi-
cating the conditions as existed during that year.
The Study Area and its extent, which was chosen on the basis of
the size and distribution of its population and its air pollution
sources, consists of three counties. This area covers approximately
6,500 square miles and had a 1969 population estimation of 97,200.2
A grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical dis-
tribution of emissions within counties. The Study Area was subdivided
into 35 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in the
heavily populated and industrialized areas to 1,600 square kilometers
in the rural areas.
All sources of emissions were classified into five categories :
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid waste disposal, in-
dustrial processes, and evaporative losses. Each of these source
categories was divided into two subgroups, point sources and area
sources. Facilities which emit large significant quantities of air
pollutants were considered individually as point sources. The many
remaining pollutant contributors such as motor vehicles, residential
and commercial fuel users, small industries, and on-site refuse burning
equipment were considered collectively as area sources. For this re-
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Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as fuel
consumption, refuse burning rates, vehicle miles, production data, and
control efficiencies and emission factors relating these indicators to
9
emission rates. The factors represent average emission rates for a
particular source category. Due to the fact that individual sources
have inherent differences that cannot always be taken into considera-
tion, discrepancies between the actual and estimated emissions are
more likely in individual sources than in the total emissions for a
source category.
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and
should not be interpreted as absolute values. The estimates are in some
cases partial totals due to the lack of emission factors and production
or consumption data. Despite these limitations though, the emissions
contained in this report are of sufficient accuracy and validity in
defining the extent and distribution of the air pollution emissions in
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SUMMARY
The annual emissions (tons) as estimated by the Billings Area Air
Pollutant Emission Inventory are:
Sulfur Oxides 27,470
Particulates 15,300
Carbon Monoxides 114,130
Hydrocarbons 23,710
Nitrogen Oxides 19,140
The following is a brief description of the air pollutant emissions
as presented in Tables 1A and IB.
Sulfur Oxides: The largest portion of the sulfur oxides emitted
came from industrial process losses which accounted
for 83 percent of the total sulfur oxides. The
combustion of fossil fuels by stationary sources
accounted for an additional 15 percent of the sulfur
oxides emitted. The remaining 3 percent was distri-
buted under motor vehicles, and refuse disposal.
Particulates: The majority of the particulate emissions (80 percent)
came from process losses. An additional 9 percent of
the particulate losses came from stationary fuel com-
bustion and 10 percent from transportation sources.
Carbon Monoxide: In most metropolitan areas the largest source of car-
bon monoxide emissions is from automobiles and other
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Area because process losses contributed 52 percent
of the carbon monoxide emitted annually. Transpor-
tation sources including road vehicles, railroad,
and aircraft operations contributed 47 percent. The
inefficient burning of solid wastes provides a small
percentage of the total carbon monoxide emissions.
Hydrocarbons: Process losses were the primary source of hydrocarbon
emissions accounting for over 55 percent of the total.
Exhaust and evaporative losses (which includes losses
from the gas tank, carburetor, and engine crankcase)
from motor vehicles accounted for 28 percent of the
total hydrocarbon emissions. Other smaller evapora-
tive loss sources including gasoline storage and
handling, industrial solvent usage, dry cleaning
plants, and miscellaneous solvent usage collectively
accounted for 16 percent of total emissions.
Nitrogen Oxides: Process losses contributed 45 percent of the total
nitrogen oxide emissions while transportation con-
tributed an additional 30 percent. The remaining
25 percent of the nitrogen oxides came mainly from
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TABLE 1A SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA, 1969
Tons/Year
Source Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Other
Subtotal
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry
Steam-Electric
Utility
Residential
Commercial and
Institutional
Subtotal
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Subtotal
Process Losses
Evaporative Losses
GRAND TOTAL
Sulfur
Oxides
280
310
590
500
3,470
40
30
4,040
20
N*
20
22,820
--
27,470
Partic-
ulates
460
1,160
1,620
170
1,050
50
40
1,310
10
40
50
12,320
--
15,300
Carbon
Monoxide
45,350
8,730
54,080
10
80
60
40
190
250
220
470
59,390
--
114,130
Hydro -
carbons
3,820
2,770
6,590
10
40
10
10
70
10
90
100
13,030
3,920
23,710
Nitrogen
Oxides
3,370
2,300
5,670
1,020
3,310
280
180
4,790
50
30
80
8,600
--
19,140
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TABLE IB SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA, 1969
103 kg/year
Source Category
Transportation
Motor Vehicles
Other
Subtotal
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industrial
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial and
Institutional
Subtotal
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Subtotal
Process Losses
Evaporative Losses
CRAND TOTAL
Sulfur
Oxides
250
280
530
450
3,150
40
30
3,670
20
N
20
20,700
--
24,920
Partic-
ulates
420
1,050
1,470
150
950
50
40
1,190
10
40
50
11,180
--
13,890
Carbon
Monoxide
41,140
7,920
49,060
10
70
50
40
170
230
200
430
53,880
--
103,540
Hydro-
carbons
3,470
2,510
5,980
10
40
10
10
70
10
80
90
11,820
3,560
21,520
Nitrogen
Oxides
3,060
2,090
5,150
930
3,000
250
160
4,340
50
30
80
7,800
--
17,370
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TABLE 2 PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SOURCE CATEGORY TO
TOTAL EMISSIONS IN THE BILLINGS STUDY AREA
Source Category
Transportation
Motor Vehicles
Other
Subtotal
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial and
Institutional
Subtotal
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Subtotal
Process Losses
Evaporative Losses
TOTAL
Sul fur
Oxides
1.0
1.1
2.1
1.8
12.6
0.1
0.1
14.6
0.1
0.1
0.2
83.1
--
100
Partic-
ulates
3.0
7.6
10.6
1.1
6.9
0.3
0.3
8.6
0.1
0.3
0.4
80.4
--
100
Carbon
Monoxide
39.8
7.6
47.4
0.0
0.1
0.1
iQ.O
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.4
52.0
--
100
Hydro-
carbons
16.1
11.7
27.8
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.4
0.4
55.1
16.5
100
Nitrogen
Oxides
17.6
12.0
29.6
5.3
17.3
1.5
0.9
25.0
0.3
0.2
0.5
44.9
--
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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The Study Area for the emission survey of the Billings, Montana
Area consists of three counties--Carbon, Stillwater and Yellowstone
all in Montana. The three county area is located in the south-central
part of Montana. Figure 1 shows the location of the Billings Study
Area relative to other cities in its vicinity.
Figure 2 represents a more detailed drawing of the Billings Study
Area showing the major urban areas. It should be pointed out that the
boundaries of these areas do not correspond to city limits, but rather
give a general outline of the major clusters of population. The Study
Area occupies 6,500 square miles and contained an estimated 1969 popu-
lation of 97,200, which is approximately a 5 percent increase since
1960 (Table 3). The population density map (Figure 3) shows the
heaviest concentrations near the city of Billings.
TOPOGRAPHY3
The Billings Study Area is located in the borderline area between
the Great Plains and the Rocky Mountains. The general elevation of the
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t
MONTANA
i
9
Helena
A
BILLINGS STUDY ARiA
Casper
Cheyenne
J
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STILLWATER COUNTY
YELLOWSTONE COUNTY
CARBON COUNTY
Figure 2. Detailed map of the Billings study area.
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VI.
I I.
POPULATION DENSITY
persons/mi ^
n
10 - 50
m so . 100
IH too 1000
1000 - 8)00
Figure 3. Population density for the Billings study area, 1969.
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TABLE 3 AREA AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE BILLINGS
STUDY AREA
Political Jurisdiction
(Sq. Mi.>
Land Area
Population Average Population
1960 1969 Density (persons/mi) (1969)
Vellows tone County
Stillwater County
Carbon County
2,642
1,794
2,067
79,016 85,900
5,526 4,390
8,317 6,910
32
2
3
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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
A grid coordinate system, based on the Universal Transverse Mer-
cator Projection (UTM) was used in the Billings Study Area to indicate
the geographical distribution of emissions. A map showing the grid
coordinate system is presented in Figure 4.
The UTM System was chosen due to its advantages over other stan-
dard grid systems such as the Latitude-Longitude and State Plane Coor-
dinate systems. The major advantages of this system are that (1) it is
continuous across the country and is not hindered by political subdivi-
sions, (2) the grids are of uniform size throughout the country, (3) it
has world-wide use, and (4) the grids are square in shapea necessary
feature for use in meteorological dispersion models.
The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the
metric system. Each north-south and east-west grid line, as illus-
trated in Figure 4, is identified by a coordinate number expressed in
meters. Each point source and grid is identified by the horizontal
and vertical coordinates of their geographical center to the nearest
100 meters.
As shown in Figure 4, the Study Area was divided into 35 grids of
4 different sizes: 25, 100, 400 and 1,600 square kilometers. Grid
zones of different sizes are used to limit the number of grid zones and
yet allow a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of
emissions. The majority of the emissions is usually concentrated in the
populated and industrialized portion of a study area. Smaller grids are
placed over these areas in order to reflect abrupt changes in emission
within short distances.
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The use of grid zones smaller than 25 square kilometers is not
warranted because of the inherent inaccuracies in the data. Since
only a small percentage of the total emissions occur, in rural areas,
large grid zones are normally used to show the distribution of emissions
in these lightly populated portions of the Study Area.
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X, ST1LLWATER COUNTY
CARBON COUNTY
YELLOWSTONE COUNTY
7120W
70BO»
7040*
7000"
140"
i n » a a
Figure 4. Grid coordinate system for the Billing study area.
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EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
For the purposes of compiling the basic data and emission esti-
mates, the air pollutant sources were classified into the following
five categories:
1. Stationary fuel combustion
2. Transportation
3. Solid waste disposal
4. Industrial processes
5. Evaporative losses
Each of these categories is considered individually in this section
where data sources are given and methods of calculation discussed.
STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
The stationary fuel combustion category is concerned with any
fixed source which burns fuels for either space heating or process
heating. The four primary sources in this category are industrial
facilities, steam electric plants, residential housing and commer-
cial and institutional establishments.
Table 5 presents a summary of the fuels consumed in the Study
Area, and Table 6 provides an average chemical analysis of these fuels.
Data on the amounts of fuels used were obtained from local fuel
suppliers and distributors, which were compared to totals provided by
the local agency.
Steam-Electric Utility
METHODOLOGY: There is only one steam-electric power plant in the
Study Area. Specific information on fuel combustion was obtained for
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this plant. The primary fuel consumed was coal, although residual oil
and natural gas were also used.
RESULTS: Emissions from this utility are included in Table 6. This
category accounts for 64 percent of the sulfur oxides, 24 percent of the
particulates, 14 percent of the carbon monoxide, 20 percent of the hy-
drocarbons and 37 percent of the nitrogen oxides in the Study Area
from stationary fuel combustion.
Industrial
METHODOLOGY: Since in a rapid survey of industrial sources it is
impossible to contact every plant, other techniques must be used to
determine the contribution of industrial fuel combustion sources. In
order to do this, the total quantities of the various fuels used are
determined and the amounts used by the largest industries are found.
The remaining sources are considered collectively as area sources,
and their fuel use is based on the difference between the total and
the amount consumed by the largest sources.
The total quantities of residual and distillate fuel oil consumed
by industries were estimated using figures supplied by the local agen-
cy. Natural gas numbers were obtained from local suppliers who pro-
vided a breakdown by user category. Total coal consumption by indus-
trial sources was based solely on questionnaire data or personal
contacts made by the local agency.
The quantities of all fuels used by individual industries was
found by the local and federal agencies and then subtracted from the
totals to determine area source fuel use.
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RESULTS: Coal and residual oil were used by industrial sources in
the Study Area. The consumption of these fuels is summarized in Table 4.
Table 6 shows the relative contribution of each fuel to the total
emissions from stationary fuel combustion. Industrial sources account
for 33 percent of total sulfur oxide emissions from stationary fuel
combustion, 50 percent of the particulates, 8 percent carbon monoxide,
22 percent of hydrocarbons, and 43 percent of nitrogen oxides.
Residential
METHODOLOGY: Natural gas, distillate fuel oil, and coal were the
primary fuels used for residential home heating. There were homes
heated by other fuels, but they represent a small percentage of the
total. Data on the amount of natural gas used for domestic heating
was supplied by the local utility companies and compared with the rapid
survey technique of estimating the fuel used for home heating.^ Dis-
tillate oil and coal consumption data were estimated based on data updated
from the 1960 Census of Housing.
RESULTS: Emissions resulting from residential fuel combustion are
relatively low for all pollutants. However, since coal is usually not
burned efficiently in homes, carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are high
in relation to other residential fuel emissions. The contribution to
total emissions from stationary fuel combustion by domestic heating was
less than, 18 percent for particulates, 3 percent for sulfur oxides,
45 percent for carbon monoxides, 30 percent for hydrocarbons, and 12
percent for nitrogen oxides.
Commercial-Institutional
METHODOLOGY: Commercial and institutional establishments in the
Study Area used distillate oil, natural gas, and coal. Data on the
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TABLE 4 STATIONARY FUEL CONSUMPTION IN THE BILLINGS STUDY AREA, 1969
Fuel Type
Coal (tons/year)
Steam-Electric Utility
Commercial -Institutional
Residential
Subtotal
Residual Oil (103 gallons/year)
Steam-Electric Utility
Industry
Subtotal
Distillate Oil (103 gallons/year)
Commercial -Ins ti tutional
Residential
Subtotal
Natural Gas (106 cubic feet/year)
Steam-Electric
Indus try
Commercial -Institutional
Residential
Subtotal
Carbon
County
--
615
899
1,514
--
--
92
138
230
--
2
175
291
468
Stillwater
County
512
749
1,261
123
185
308
--
1
101
168
270
Yellowstone
County
72,000
512
749
73,261
756
9,700
10,456
300
451
751-
637
6,253
2,430
4,049
13,369
Total
72,000
1,639
2,398
76,037
756
9,700
10,456
515
751
1,289
637
6,256
2,706
4,509
14,108
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TABLE 5 AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OP FUELS CONSUMED IN THE
BILLINGS STUDY AREA, 1969
Type Fuel
Type Source
% by Weight % by Weight
Ash Content Sulfur Content
Coal
Residual Fuel Oil
Distillate Fuel. Oil
Industrial
Domestic-Commercial
Industrial
Domestic-Commercial
Industrial
Domestic-Commercia1
3.1
3.1
N
N
N
N
0.5
0.5
3.0
2.0
0.32
0.32
N = Negligible
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TABLE 6 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF FUELS
IN STATI0NARY SOURCES IN THE BILLINGS STUDY AREA
(Tons/Year)
Fuel
Coal
Fuel Oil
Gas
GRAND TOTAL
User Category
Industrial
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial and
Institutional
Industrial
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial and
Institutional
Industrial
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial and
Institutional
Sulfur
Oxides
N
684
22
15
499
300
17
11
1
N
N
N
1,550
Par tic -
ulates
N
71
7
6
111
3
3
3
56
4
42
25
330
Carbon
Monoxide
N
18
59
40
9
N
N
N
1
N
N
N
130
Hydro -
carbons
N
7
11
8
9
1
1
N
N
N
N
N
40
Nitrogen
Oxides
N
720
9
6
349
39
4
18
669
124
261
156
2,360
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total amounts oC these fuels used in the area as well as the consumption
at individual establishments were obtained from power companies, fuel
associations, and local agencies.
RESULTS: The use of coal at commercial and institutional
establishments accounted for 2 percent of the sulfur oxides, 10 percent
of the particulates, 31 percent carbon monoxide, 20 percent hydrocar-
bons, 8 percent nitrogen oxides emitted from stationary fuel combustion
sources.
TRANSPORTATION
Three types of transportation sources of pollution are considered
in this survey, motor vehicles, aircraft, and railroads. Motor vehicles,
which are by far the most significant source of pollutants in the trans-
portation category, are further subdivided according to type of fuel,
gasoline or diesel.
Motor Vehicles
About 1.9 million miles per day were traveled by motor vehicles in
1969 in the Billings Study Area. Table 7 shows the miles traveled for
gasoline and diesel vehicles for each county in the Study Area. In the
Billings Area approximately 55 million gallons of gasoline and 3 mil-
lion gallons of diesel fuel were consumed for highway purposes in
1969.
Vehicle miles per county were calculated from Montana averages for
annual miles of travel per vehicle and the number of vehicles registered
in the county. The vehicle miles were then apportioned by grid using
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maps of vehicle mileage on the primary roads in the counties supplied
by the Montana Highway Commission.
The contribution to the total vehicle pollution by diesel powered
vehicles was determined by assuming that approximately 2.3 percent of
the total vehicle miles traveled were by diesel powered vehicles. This
was checked by estimating the diesel fuel consumption in each county.
Emissions from motor vehicles are a function of the speed at which
the vehicle travels. Average speeds of 10-20 mph were assumed for
downtown areas, 20-30 mph for residential areas and 30-45 mph for the
rural areas to calculate vehicle emissions.
From all transportation sources, motor vehicles accounted for 47
percent of the sulfur oxides, 28 percent of the particulate, 82 percent
of the carbon monoxide, 58 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 60 percent
of the nitrogen oxides. Gasoline powered motor vehicles contributed a
greater percent of all pollutants than diesel powered motor vehicles.
Emissions from transportation sources are summarized in Table 8.
Aircraft
Table 9 shows the air traffic activity at the airport in the Study
Area. An estimate of the number of flights by engine type was supplied
by the traffic controller at the airport and the Civil Aeronautics
Board and summarized in Table 9.
The air pollutant emissions from aircraft include all phases of
operation (taxi, take off, climb out, landings) that take place below
an arbitrarily chosen altitude of 3,500 feet. Emissions at cruise al-
titude (above 3,500 feet) were not considered in this inventory.
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TABLE 7 VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL FOR ROAD VEHICLES IN BILLINGS
STUDY AREA PER DAY, 1969
Gasoline Diesel
Jurisdiction Vehicle Miles Vehicle Miles Total
Yellowstone 1,551,000 35,000 1,586,000
Stillwater 118,000 3,000 121,000
Carbon 171,000 4,000 175,000
TOTAL 1,840,000 42,000 1,882,000
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TABLE 8 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES
(Tons/Year)
Source
Road Vehicles
Gasoline
Diesel
Evaporative Losses*
Subtotal
Aircraft
Jet
Piston
Turboprop
Subtotal
Railroads
GRAND TOTAL
Sulfur
Oxides
210
70
280
N
N
N
N
310
590
Partic-
ulates
280
180
460
260
40
10
310
860
1,630
Carbon
Monoxide
45,250
100
45,350
260
7,980
20
8,260
470
54,080
Hydro-
carbon
3,600
220
2,970
6,790
200
1,510
10
1,720
1,060
6,600
Nitrogen
Oxides
3,010
360
3,370
180
370
10
560
1,730
5,660
*Evaporation not included in grand total.
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TABLE 9 AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY IN THE BILLINGS STUDY AREA
1969 (100 Flights/Year)
Type Aircraft
Billings
Jet 1 Engine
Jet 2 Engine
Jet 4 Engine
Fan Jet 2 Engine
Fan Jet 3 Engine
Fan Jet 4 Engine
Turboprop 2 Engine
Turboprop 4 Engine
Piston 1 Engine
Piston 2 Engine
Piston 4 Engine
21
12
120
10
0
100
50
44
606
202
91
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Emissions from aircraft are included in Table 8. Aircraft is a
significant contributor to carbon monoxide, hydrocarbon and nitrogen
oxides emitted from transportation sources.
Railroads
Railroad operations (mainly locomotive) consume about 16 million
gallons of diesel fuel per year within the Billings Study Area. The
majority of this fuel is consumed during switching operations.
Emissions from railroad operations are contained in Table 8.
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Approximately 171,500 tons of refuse were generated during 1969
within the Study Area. Table 10 presents a solid waste balance for
the Study Area, showing the various methods of disposal and quantities
disposed of by each method.
All three counties had on-site incineration and open burning. The
majority of municipal refuse was disposed of in landfills or non-burning
dumps. A refuse disposal rate of 10 pounds/capita-day (7 pounds resi-
dential, 3 pounds industrial) was used for Yellowstone County. In Carbon
and Stillwater Counties a rate of 7 pounds/capita-day was used due to
lack of industry in these areas.
Table 11 presents the air pollutant emissions from solid waste dis-
posal. This source does not contribute significantly to the total emis-
sions for the Study Area.
-------
TABLE 10 SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES, 1969
Jurisdiction Incineration Open Burning Landfill Total Generated
(tons) (tons) (tons) (tons)
Carbon 647 4,328 3,865 8,840
Stillwater 360 2,800 2,450 5,610
Yellowstone 45,070 550 111,380 157,000
TOTAL 46,077 7.678 117.695 171.450
-------
TABLE 11 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL, 1969
(Tons/Year)
Category
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
ulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbons
Nitrogen
Oxides
Incineration
Municipal
On-site
Subtotal
Open Burning
On-site
Dump
Subtotal
GRAND TOTAL
0
20
20
N
0
N
20
0
10
10
40
0
40
50
0
250
250
220
0
220
470
0
10
10
90
0
90
100
0
50
50
30
0
30
80
-------
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
The Study Area has relatively few heavy industrial complexes. From
an air pollution standpoint, one sugar beet refinery, three petroleum
refineries, five asphalt batching plants, one sulfur plant, two meat
packing plants, and several grain elevators were the most significant
process sources. Table 12 presents a summary of the emissions.
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
Three source categories were considered for evaporative losses--
automobiles, gasoline storage and handling, and the consumption of sol-
vents. The hydrocarbon emissions from all sources by evaporative losses
are shown in Table 13.
Automobiles
Automobile evaporative losses include gas tank and carburetor
evaporation and engine crankcase blowby. Since 1963, most new auto-
mobiles were equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valves
that reduced hydrocarbon emissions from the crankcase by about 90 percent,
Since 1968 the closed crankcase ventilation system required on new cars
has reduced emissions by an additional amount.
Since there exists a lag time in automobile replacement, it was
assumed that a percentage of the automobiles were not equipped with PCV
valves or closed crankcase ventilation.
The hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles were calculated from the
number of gallons of gasoline used in each county and apportioned onto
grids by vehicle mileage using the same methods as for motor vehicles
-------
TABLE 12 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE MOST SIGNIFICANT
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES*, 1969
(Tons/Year)
Industry
Grain Elevators
Meat Packing
Asphalt Batching
Petroleum Refining
Oil Rerefining
TOTAL
Sul fur
Oxides
--
--
17,850
17,850
Par tic -
ulates
300
450
50
9,960
--
10,760
Carbon
Monoxide
--
10
57,600
20
57,630
Hydro-
carbons
--
__
12,660
--
12,660
Nitrogen
Oxides
--
--
6,140
--
6,140
*If only one individual company is involved information is withheld to avoid
divulging confidential information.
-------
discussed earlier. Evaporative losses from automobiles accounted for
12.5 percent of the total hydrocarbon emissions from evaporative losses
in the Study Area.
Gasoline Storage and Handling
There are four major points (excluding evaporation from the motor
vehicle1) of hydrocarbon emissions in the storage and handling of gaso-
line.
They are:
1. Breathing and filling losses from storage tanks
2. Filling losses from loading tank conveyances
3. Filling losses from loading underground storage
tanks at service stations.
4. Spillage and filling losses in filling automobile gas
tanks at service stations.
The evaporative losses from storage and the subsequent handling of
gasoline and diesel fuel accounted for 3 percent of the total evapora-
tive losses.
Consumption of Solvents
This category included the consumption of solvents at dry clean-
ing plants. Organic solvents emitted from these operations were deter-
mined by assuming an emission rate of 2 pounds/capita/year for any
cleaning plants. The consumption of solvents by this category ac-
counted for only one percent of the hydrocarbon emissions in the Study
Area.
-------
TABLE 13 SUMMARY OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS
FROM EVAPORATIVE LOSSES, 1969
Hydrocarbon Emissions
Type of Source Tons/Year
Gasoline Storage and Handling 740
Industrial Solvent Evaporation N
Dry Cleaning 210
Other N
Automobile 2,970
TOTAL 3.920
-------
EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
The previous section presented the air pollutant emissions by source
category. In order to show the contribution of each county to the pol-
lution in the entire Study Area, their emissions are summarized in Tables
14 through 16.
As can be expected, the most heavily populated and industrialized
counties contribute the most total air pollutants regardless of the
category. Note that due to rounding, totals may not add in Tables 14-16.
EMISSIONS BY GRID
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air pol-
lutant emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were appor-
tioned on the grid coordinate system. The emissions were divided into
two source groups--point and area sources. Twenty-one point sources
are identified individually with respect to location and emissions.
Each of the point sources emitted a significant amount of pounds per
average annual day of any pollutant in relation to most sources of
pollution in the Study Area.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF POINT AND AREA SOURCES
Figure 5 shows the location of all point sources in the area.
Collectively, the 21 point sources account for 84 percent of the
particulates, 59 percent of the hydrocarbons, 60 percent of the carbon
monoxide, 94 percent of the sulfur oxides, and 62 percent of the nitro-
gen oxides.
-------
TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN CARBON COUNTY*
Tons/Year
Source Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Other
Subtotal
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry
Residential
Commercial and
Institutional
Subtotal
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Subtotal
Process Losses
Evaporative Losses
GRAND TOTAL
Sulfur
Oxides
9
30
40
N
11
7
19
N
2
2
N
'
60
Partic-
ulates
15
84
100
N
6
4
10
3
34
37
102
--
250
Carbon
Monoxide
1,101
46
1,147
N
22
15
38
14
183
198
604
--
1 »9»9Q
Hydro-
carbons
101
104
206
N
4
3
7
N
64
65
120
183
580
Nitrogen
Oxides
113
171
284
N
21
15
37
N
23
24
11
--
360
*Totals may not add due to rounding.
-------
TABLE 15 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN STILLWATER COUNTY
Tons/Year
Source Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Other
Subtotal
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry
Residential
Commercial and
Institutional
Subtotal
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Subtotal
Process Losses
Evaporative Losses
GRAND TOTAL
Sulfur
Oxides
14
31
46
N
11
7
19
N
N
N
N
70
Partic-
ulates
25
85
110
N
4
3
8
1
N
1
125
250
Carbon
Monoxide
1,733
46
1,780
N
18
12
31
7
13
21
737
2,770
Hydro -
carbons
160
106
266
N
4
2
6
N
17
17
147
215
650
Nitrogen
Oxides
182
173
355
N
13
12
26
N
4
4
14
400
-------
TABLE 16 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN YELLOWSTONE COUNTY
Tons/Year
Source Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Other
Subtotal
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry
Steam-Electric
Utility
Residential
Commercial and
Institutional
Subtotal
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Subtotal
Process Losses
Evaporative Losses
GRAND TOTAL
Sulfur
Oxides
253
249
502
500
3,470
18
12
4,001
22
N
23
22,816
--
27,340
Par tic -
ulates
422
993
1,416
167
1,054
42
27
1,292
4
4
8
12,094
--
14,810
Carbon
Monoxide
42,512
8,633
51,146
10
83
19
13
128
229
23
253
58,045
--
109,570
Hydro-
carbons
3,559
2,558
6,117
9
37
4
2
54
11
8
19
12,765
3,521
22,480
Nitrogen
Oxides
3,077
1,956
5,033
1,018
3,307
240
153
4,719
45
3
49
8,297
--
18,100
-------
TABLE 17
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES IN THE BILLINGS STUDY AREA 1969
TONS/DAY
10 GR
2 5
2 5
2
2
4
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
9
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
10
HC
1190
1190
1190
1160
1155
1160
1145
1145
1097
1140
1128
1128
1128
1128
VC
70765
70765
70795
70755
70720
70715
70736
70734
707 0
70741
70722
70722
70722
70722
S
14.0
6.7
0.0
0.0
9.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
SOX
W
14.1
6,7
0.0
0.0
9.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
A
14.1
6,7
0.0
0.0
9.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
S
18.99
0.00
0.03
0.03
2.89
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
82
00
22
00
00
01
34
08
03
PART
W
19.00
0.00
0.03
0.03
2.89
0.
0.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
90
04
27
00
00
01
34
08
03
A
19.00
0.00
0.03
0.03
2.88
0.86
0.02
1.25
0.00
0.00
0.01
0.34
0.08
0.03
CO
SWA
54.79 54.80 54.80
HC
NOX
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.23
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.22
0.00
0.01
0.00
0.02
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.10
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
2 10 1145 70730 10.7 11.6 11.3
2 11 1097 707 5 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 11 1097 707 5 0.0 0.0 0.0
1.47 1.90 1.72 102.99 103.03 103.02
0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.34 0.34 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 16 1075 70698 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 16 1035 70675 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 25 925 70590 23.9 24.0 24.0 6.79 6.82 6.81 0.00 0.00 0.00
SWA SWA
14.09 14.10 14.10 10.89 10.91 10.90
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
9.09 9.09 9.06
0.00 1.03 0.58
0.00 0.52 0.29
0.00 0.51 0.29
0.00 0.02 0.01
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00
11.79 11.83 11.82 0.95 2.28 1.70
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
-0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
8.79 8.79 8.79 4.96 5.30 5.15
-------
TABLE 18 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMI SS IONS FROM ALL SOURCES IN THE BILLINGS STUDY AREA, 1969
TONS/DAY
SOX PART CO HC NOX
GRID AREA SWA SWA SWA SWA SWA
I 617.7 0.4 0.5 0.5 1.2 1.2 1.2 3.2 4.1 3.6 1.9 2.1 2.0 2.5 2.6 2.6
2 617.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.9 2.5 2.1 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.4
3 617.7 0.0 0.0 a.O 0.1 0.2 0.2 1.0 1.1 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
4 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 2.7 2.3 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2
5 9.6 21.0 21.1 21.0 19.2 19.2 19.2 59.6 61.3 60.2 15.0 15.3 15.1 11.3 11.7 11.5
6 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 22.9 23.0 23.0 4.7 4.7 4.7 1.6 1.6 1.6
7 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
8 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0
9 9.6 9.6 9.6 9.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 1.0 1.3 1.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 9.2 9.2 9.2
10 9.6 11.3 13.0 12.2 4.7 5.7 5.2 157.5 177.2 164.9 21.5 24.5 22.7 5.4 11.7 8.7
11 9.6 0.2 0.6 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.7 21.3 29.0 24.2 3.1 4.1 3.5 1.3 2.6 2.0
12 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
13 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
14 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
15 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
16 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4
17 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
18 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
19 9.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3
20 9.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 10.4 14.1 11.8 1.7 2.2 1.9 0.9 1.2 1.0
21 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
22 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
23 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
24 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0-0 0.0 0.0
25 9.6 24.0 24.1 24.0 6.9 6.9 6.9 3.5 4.7 3.9 9.5 9.7 9.6 5.4 5.9 5.6
-------
TABLE 18 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES (cont.)
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1
1.2 1.4 1.3 0.7 1.0 0.8
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3
0.5 0.6 0.5 0.1 0.2 0.1
0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2
TOTAL 68.7 71.4 70.2 40.2 41.7 41.0 299.0 339.3 314.2 64.3 70.4 66.6 42.6 52.3 47.5
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
9.
9.
38.
38.
38.
617.
154.
154.
617.
617.
6
6
6
6
6
7
4
4
7
7
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.2
0.0
0.1
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.1
0.5
0.1
0.1
0.3
0.2
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.0
0.2
0.9
0.0
0.8
4.2
0.9
1.0
1.3
1.2
0.0
0.3
1.2
0.0
1.1
5.4
1.2
1.2
1.4
1.4
0.0
0.3
1.0
0.0
0.9
4.7
1.0
1.1
1.4
1.3
-------
Each source is identified by source category, grid number, and
horizontal and vertical coordinates.
Plant Identification Key
1 = commercial source
2 = industrial
3 = institutional
5 = dump
7 = airport
The emissions of sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, hy-
drocarbons, and nitrogen oxides are shown for an average annual day,
average winter day (December, January, February) and average summer
day (June, July, August). The appendix presents the method of cal-
culating these three averages.
Area sources are sources of emissions that are insignificant by
themselves, but as a group may emit a large portion of the area's total
pollution. Examples of area sources are motor vehicles, residences,
light commercial and industrial establishments and backyard burning.
The emissions from area sources have been added to that for point
sources to obtain total emissions from all sources by grid, as shown
in Table 18. The emissions from all sources are also shown for an
annual average winter and summer day.
EMISSION DENSITIES
In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of
pollutants by grids, emission density maps have been prepared. Emis-
sion densities were obtained by summarizing the annual area and point
source emissions for each grid and dividing this total by the land
area of the grid. Figures six to ten show the variation of emission
-------
densities for the respective grids throughout the Study Area. As expected
the emissions generally follow the pattern and degree of urbanization.
Emission densities for CO and HC are higher in the grids with the higher
populations and corresponding higher vehicular activity.
Sulfur oxides, particulates, and nitrogen oxide emission densities
are highest in the grids of higher populations and industry, corres-
ponding to greater stationary fuel combustion and vehicular activity.
-------
TIM"
POINT SOURCES
D STEAM-ELECTRIC POWER PLANT
O INSTITUTION
A AIRPORT
INDUSTRY
Figure 5. Point source locations in the Billings study area.
-------
* « * it
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS
ton/mi* - day
0.0-0.01
0.01 - 0.05
0.05-0.10
0.10 - 1.0
1.0-3.0
Figure 6. Sulfur wide emission density from all sources in ttie Billings study area.
-------
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS
ton/mi2 . day
1 0.0 - 0.01
r ,1 o.oi -o.io
i^-^L-j
HJ 0.10-0.50
|H 0.50 - 1.0
i 1.0 - 2.0
Figure 7. Particulate emission density from all sources in the Billings study area.
-------
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS
ton/mi* doy
0.0 - 0.05
0.05-0.10
0.10 -0.50
1.0 - 5.0
5.0 - 18.0
Figure 8. Carbon monoxide emission density from all sources in the Billings study area.
-------
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS
»on/mi* - day
0.0 - 0.01
0.01 - 0.05
|H 0.05-0.10
0.10 - 0.50
0.50 - 2.5
Figure 9. Hydrocarbon emission density from all sources in the Billings study area.
-------
TV.
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS
ten/mi - day
0.0 - 0.01
0.01 -0.05
0.05-0.10
0.10-0.50
0.50 - 1.5
Figure 10. Nitrogen oxide emissions from all sources in the Billings study area.
-------
REFERENCES
1. Ozolins, G. and R. Smith, Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
Community Air Pollution Emissions, DHEW, PHS, October 1966.
2. Duprey, R.L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
DHEW, PHS, 1968.
3. Local Climatoligical Data, U.S. Department of Commerce, 1969.
4. Ozolins, op. cit., p. 43-45.
5. 1968 National Survey of Community Solid Wastes Practices, DHEW,
PHS, Bureau of Solid Waste Management and Private communication
with NIAPEC Branch.
-------
APPENDIX A
METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL
AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. )
Days of Operation
e.g. A plant: consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while operating
365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and
2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was estimated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating and 85 percent
for process heating. From this information, the annual
average emission for carbon monoxide would be the following:
A e 100,000 Tons/year x 3 Ibs. CO/Ton coal
365 Days/year x 2,000 Ib./Ton
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
WINTER AVERAGE (W)
W = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Winter Operation
Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Winter Degree Days
7, Fuel Used
365
W = I 100.000 x 2.800
90 x 4",800
Total Degree Days for space heating
Fuel used for process heating
x 0.15
100,000
365
o.8f| 5-
3
000
W = 0.49 Ton/Day
SUMMER AVERAGE (S)
S « Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Summer Operation
Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Summer Degree Days
x
365
Total Degree' Days
% Fuel used for process heating
7, Fuel Used
for space heating
S = 0.35 Ton/Day
0
4,800
0.15
100,000
365
2,000
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APPENDIX B
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply
By..
To Obtain
Feet
Miles
Square Feet
Square Miles
0.3048
1609
0.0929
2.59
Meters
Meters
S
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