ATLANTA METROPOLITAN AREA
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ATLANTA AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by
David V. Mason
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE-
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
Durham, North Carolina
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We would like to thank all cooperating agencies that helped in the
gathering of the data for this report. In particular, we are grateful
for the use of data and personnel assistance furnished by the Air
Pollution Control Section of the Fulton Coufcty Health Department and
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE 1
INTRODUCTION 2
SUMMARY OF RESULTS 3
STUDY AREA 6
GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM 12
EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY 14
Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources 14
Emissions from Fuel Combustion. 18
Data Sources 18
Transportation 21
Road Vehicles 21
Aircraft 21
Railroads and Vessels 21
Solid Waste Disposal 21
Industrial Process Losses 22
EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION 30
EMISSIONS BY GRID 38
EMISSION DENSITIES BY GRID 44
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE • page
1 Summary of Air Pollution Emissions 5
2 Population Statistics 7
3 Industrial Establishments by County 8
4 Summary of Coal Consumption.... 15
5 Summary of Fuel Oil Consumption 16
6 Summary of Natural Gas Consumption 17
7 Chemical Analysis of Fuels 19
8 Summary of Emissions From Fuel Burning in
Stationary Sources 20
9 Vehicle-Miles travel in Atlanta Study Area 23
10 Gasoline and Diesel Consumption in Atlanta Study Area 24
11 Air Activity at the Atlanta Area Airports, 1968 25
12 Summary of Transportation Emissions 26
13 Refuse Balance for Study Area 27
14 Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal.... 28
15 Air Pollutant Emissions from Process Emission Sources 29
16 Summary of Emissions for Clayton County 31
17 Summary of Emissions for Cobb County 32
18 Summary of Emissions for DeKalb County 33
19 Summary of Emissions for Douglas County 34
20 Summary of Emissions for Fulton County 35
21 Summary of Emissions for Gwinnett County 36
2:2 Summary of Emissions for Henry County 37
23 Summary of Emissions from Point Sources 40
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1 Map of the Atlanta Study Area 9
Figure 2 Detailed Map of the Atlanta Study Area 10
Figure 3 Population Density Map 11
Figure 4 Grid Coordinate System for the Atlanta Study Area 13
Figure 5 Point Source Location Map 39
Figure 6 Sulfur Oxides Emission Density Map 44
Figure 7 Particulate Emission Density Map 45
Figure 8 Carbon Monoxide Emission Density Map 46
Figure 9 Hydrocarbon Emission Density Map.' 47
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PREFACE
This report, which presents the emission inventory of the Atlanta
metropolitan area, is another in a series of studies outlining the sources
and emissions of air pollutants for major metropolitan areas in the
country. These reports provide estimates of total emissions of oxides of
sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate
matter. The emissions of these pollutants are delineated with respect
to source type, season of the year as well as their geographical dis-
tribution within the area. These surveys are also intended to determine
the present level of emissions and status of their control.
The general procedure for these surveys is based on the rapid survey
technique. The Study Area is divided into grid zones that serve as the
basis for locating sources and reporting their emissions. All sources of
pollutants are divided into two subgroups--point and area sources. Sources
that emit large quantities of air pollutants are considered individually
and located specifically within the area. This latter group which generally
contains about fifty to one hundred sources typically includes large in-
dustries, power plants, and central refuse burning facilities. The remaining
multitude of sources are considered collectively as area source and their
emissions are reported as totals for grid zones. This category includes
motor vehicles, home heating, smaller industries, on-site refuse burning,
etc. The emissions in both cases are expressed in terms of tons of pol-
lutants for an average annual, summer, and winter day.
Emissions for the most part are estimated using various indicators
of pollutant emissions and average emission factors that are related to
these. This means that information and data are collected on fuel con-
sumption, refuse burning rates, vehicle miles and gasoline consumption,
as well as various production data. These are then translated into emission
2
estimates by use of average emission factors. These factors, for the most
part, represent average emission rates for a particular industry or fuel
type.
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INTRODUCTION
The information and data presented in this report were gathered in
cooperation with the acknowledged local agency during a survey conducted
in July, 1969. The data obtained in this study is for the most part,
representative of 1968 and emission estimates presented herein should be
considered as showing the conditions during 1968.
For purposes of this survey, the Study Area consists of seven counties
surrounding the city of Atlanta, Georgia. The entire area covers some 2100
square miles and includes a 1968 population of about 1,300,000 people. The
Study Area is subdivided into 61 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square
kilometers to 400 square kilometers.
Any individual source which had emissions significant to the overall
pollution was classified as a point source and located specifically in the
aforementioned grid zones.
The remaining single sources were added to the area sources and re-1
ported as grid totals.
Because of the inherent difference in type of equipment, operating
rates, control equipment, and efficiency of operation among the plants
and fuel users within a given category, the application of the emission
factors to any individual plant of even a smaller number of similar plants
or processes may result in a discrepancy between the actual and the esti-
mated emissions. However, the estimates of total pollutants from all sources
in the study area should be reasonably accurate since the emission factors
are based on average conditions.
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SUMMARY OF RESULTS
As estimated 650 thousand tons of the five pollutants are emitted
annually in the Study Area. The breakdown of these emissions by type
of pollutant and soured category are summarized in Table 1. The following
is a brief summary of pollutant emissions as presented in Table 1.
Sulfur Oxides
1968 Total - 69,000 Tons
Steam-Electric
Industrial Fuel
Road Vehicles
Other
91%
27o
27o
57o
Particulates
1968 Total - 47,000 Tons
Steam-Electric
Refuse Disposal
Transportation
Industrial Process
Other
477,
257»
157o
1070
37,
Carbon Monoxide
1968 Total - 414,000 Tons
Road Vehicles
Aircraft
Refuse Disposal
Other
897o
57o
57o
17o
Hydrocarbons
1968 Total - 61,000 Tons
Transportation
Industrial Process
Other
877o
117o
27o
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Nitrogen Oxides 1968 Total - 65,000 Tons
Steam-Electric 33%
Road Vehicles 33%
Industrial Process 13%
Aircraft 6%
Refuse Disposal 5%
Industrial Fuel 5%
Other 5%
MISSIONS BY POINT SOURCES
Oxides of Sulfur 94%
Particulates 75%
Carbon Monoxide 7%
Hydrocarbons 20%
Oxides of Nitrogen 54%
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TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FOR THE
ATLANTA STUDY AREA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Source Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Evaporation
Other
Combustion of Fuels by
Stationary Sources
Industry
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Industrial Process
Emissions
TOTAL EMISSIONS
Sulfur
Oxides
1,900
1,900
.
-- •
66,250
1,900
62,750
1,150
450
850
850
--
50
69,050
Partic-
ulates
7,000
3,350
*• •*
3,650
23,750
900
22,000
500
350
11,050
7,300
3,750
4,900
46,700
Carbon
Monoxide
384,500
363,000
—
21,500
1,550
50
500
750
250
20,400
400
20,000
7,900
414,350
Hydro-
carbon
52,650
29,250
18,200
' 5,200
400
--
200
150
50
1,300
100
1,200
6,600
60,950
Nitrogen
Oxides
25,250
21,650
--
3,600
27,750
3,100
21,800
1,600
1,250
3,500
900
2,600
8,750
65,250
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STUDY AREA
The Study Area for the emission inventory of the Atlanta Metropolitan
Area consists of seven counties--Clayton, Cobb, DeKalb, Douglas, Fulton,
Gwinnett and Henry. All counties, with the exceptions of Douglas and
Henry, are in the designated Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
around Atlanta. Douglas and Henry County were included to insure that
all counties that may have a high rate of growth in future years are in
the Study Area. Figure 1 shows the location of the Atlanta Study Area
relative to other cities in its vicinity. Figure 2 represents a more
detailed drawing of the Study Area.
The heaviest industrialized areas in the Study Area are located in
Fulton County. The industry is mainly oriented toward agricultural and
textile products (see Table 3) and unlike the northeastern sections of
the nation has very little heavy industry. ,
Although the total area is slightly over 2100 square miles, only some
110 square miles are at present urbanized. About 45 percent of the Study
Area's 1,300,000 people reside in Fulton County. The 1960 and estimated
1968 population of each county are presented in Table 2. Comparison of
the 1960 and 1968 populations for the countryshows an increase of 10.9
percent, where as the Atlanta Study Area increased by approximately 22.7
percent in the same period. A population density map of the Study Area is
shown as Figure 3.
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TABLE 2 POPULATION FIGURES FOR THE ATLANTA STUDY AREA
Percent
1960 1968 Increase
Fulton County 556,326 605,700 8.8
DeKalb County 256,782 336,800 31.1
Cobb County 114,174 167,600 46.7
Henry County 17,619 24,500 39.0
Gwinnett County 43,541 56,500 29.7
Clayton Bounty 46,365 75,300 62.4
Douglas County 16,741 24,900 48.7
TOTAL 1,051,548 1,291,300 22.7
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TABLE 3 NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHMENTS IN ATLANTA
STUDY AREA BY COUNTY, 1960
Food and Tobacco
Textiles
Paper & Printing
Chemicals
Lumber & Wood
Stone & Gravel
Primary & Intermediate
Metals
Electrical Machinery
Transporation &
Ordinance
Instruments &
Miscellaneous
Fulton DeKalb
County County
71 1
63 2
78
40
26 1
22
32
37
18
17
Cobb Henry Gwinnett
County County County
3—3
7 3 10
5 -- 2
7
72--
212
2 -- 3
32 —
1
1 -- -r
Clayton
County
2
2
2
--
2
2
5
1
--
1
Douglas
County
--
3
--
2
--
—
•--
—
--
--
-------
Raleigh
NORTH CAROLINA
Augusta
ATLANTA STUDY AREA
miles
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I
ruLiun tuunii y
L.-J
-| HENRY COUNTY
_J
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POPULATION DENSITY,
persons/mi 2
< 200
200 - 500
500 - 1,000
1,000 - 3,000
3,000 - 10,000
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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
Grid coordinates based on the Universal Transverse Mercator System
were used in this study to show the geographical distribution of sources
and emissions. As shown in Figure 4, the Study Area was divided into 61
grids of three different sizes--25,100 and 400 square kilometers.
Different size grids are used to limit the number of grid zones and
yet allow a satisfactory definition of geographical gradation of emissions
in areas where the majority of pollution occurs. For this reason, the
25 kilometer grids are used in the downtown areas where the emission
densities should change abruptly within short distances. In areas
primarily rural in nature, the use of small zones are not as important.
As illustrated in Figure 4, each grid line is identified by a
coordinate number. The north-south and the east-west coordinates are
expressed in hundreds of meters.
The point sources in the Study Area are identified by both
horizontal and vertical coordinates to the nearest 100 meters. The
grids are identified by the coordinates of their geographical center.
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10
I
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EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
For the purposes of compiling the basic data and emission estimates,
the air pollutant sources were classified into the following four categories:
1. Fuel combustion in stationary sources
2. Transportation
3. Solid-waste disposal
4. Industrial process losses
Each of these categories are considered individually in this section
where data sources are given and methods of calculation are discussed.
It is important to note that the estimates presented herein and
especially in the process loss category are, in most cases, partial totals.
This stems from the inavailability of emission factors as well as appro-
priate production data. In the case of hydrocarbon emissions where gaso-
line evaporation was included but solvent evaporation was not, the totals
are considerably lower than actual values. The results should be viewed
with these limitations in mind.
Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources
Although all df the three major fuels are consumed within the Study
Area, natural gas is the most significant. As shown in Tables 4-6, approxi-
mately 2 million tons of coal, 560 thousand barrels of oil, and 76 billion
cubic feet of natural gas were consumed in the Study Area. The breakdown
of fuel consumption by user category and by jurisdiction is also shown in
these tables.
The three steam-electric generating plants within the Study Area
consumed 97 percent of the total coal utilized by all sources. Industry
and residential need very little coal since natural gas is so abundant.
Distillate fuel oil is consumed mainly in residential heating pur-
poses. Residual fuel oil is consumed almost entirely in industrial oper-
ations with a small portion of the total used by commercial and institu-
tional establishments.
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TABLE 4 SUMMARY OF COAL CONSUMPTION IN ATLANTA STUDY AREA,
1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Fulton County
DeKalb County
Cobb County
Henry County
Gwinnett County
Clayton County
Douglas County
TOTAL
Residential
12,300
3,700
5,100
1,900
3,800
2,200
1,500
3(9,500
Commercial
8,000
--
--
--
—
2,500
--
10,500
Steam-
Industrial Electric
20,000 40,000
__
1,900,000
--
__
--
__
20,000 1,940,000
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TABLE 5 SUMMARY OF FUEL OIL CONSUMPTION IN ATLANTA
STUDY AREA, 1968 (BBL/YEAR)
Fulton County
DeKalb County
Cobb County
Henry County
Gwinnett County
Clayton County
Douglas County
TOTAL
Residential
89,000
45,000
37,000
8,000
2,800
16,000
4,000
201,800
Commercial
90,000
20,000
10,000
1,000
3,000
5,000
1,000
130,000
Industrial
130,000
--
17,000
—
8,000
7,000
__
162,000
Steam-
Electric
--
—
7,000
--
--
--
--
7,000
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TABLE 6 SUMMARY OF NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION IN ATLANTA
STUDY AREA, 1968 (106 cu. ft./Year)
Steam-
Residentlal Commercial Industrial Electric
Fulton County 14,000 13,000 19,000
DeKalb County 6,400 2,000 1,000
Cobb County 2,300 1,000 1,800 12,800
Henry County 300 100 400
Gwinnett County 500 300 500
Clayton County 900 500 6W-
Douglas County 200 100 200
TOTAL 24,600 17,000 23,500 12,800
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Industrial sources consume 30 percent of the natural gas tn the
Study Area; residential heating 31 percent and commercial and institu-
tional 22 percent. The natural gas consumed by steam-electric plants
accounts for only about 17 percent.
Average values for the sulfur and ash contents of the fuel used are
4 5
summarized in Table 7. '
Emissions from Fuel Combustion
Air pollutant emissions resulting from fuel combustion in stationary
sources are listed in Table 8. The emissions are presented for industrial,
steam-electric utility, residential, and commercial and institutional
sources.
The emissions from fuel burning are mainly accounted for by coal
combustion. Coal contribution ranges from 99 percent of the sulfur
oxides to 70 percent of the oxides of nitrogen caused by fuel combustion.
The major users of coal in the region are the steam and electric utilities.
The emissions caused by other user categories are minimal since
most consume large quantities of natural gas instead of coal and high
sulfur residual fuel oil.
Data Sources
Fuel consumption data for the Study Area were obtained from diverse
sources. Natural gas numbers were obtained from the Atlanta Gas Light
Company. They were provided on an area wide basis with a breakdown by
industry, residential, commercial and institutional source category.
Coal consumption data in the five county area was obtained mainly
from the individual point sources. Residential coal by county was
estimated from the number of dwelling units using coal and the total
number of degree days for the area. This method is described in detail
in the Rapid Survey Technique.
Oil consumption was gotten in much the same manner as coal. An
emission survey already completed by the Fulton County Health Department
was also used.
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TABLE 7 CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FUELS BURNED IN ATLANTA STUDY AREA
Percent Percent Percent
Sulfur Ash Volatile
Coal 1.7 7.3 35.7
Residual Fuel Oil 1.65
Distillate Fuel Oil .21
Natural Gas .0008
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TABLE 8 SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM BURNING OF FUELS IN
STATIONARY SOURCES, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
User Category
Coal
Industrial
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial
Totals
Fuel Oil Industrial
Steam -Electric
Residential
Commercial
Totals
Gas Industrial
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial
Totals
GRAND TOTALS
Sulfur
Oxides
1,490
62,740
980
340
65,550
370
10
160
100
640
10
—
10
--
20
66,210
Par tic -
ulates
510
21,870
220
130
22,730
80
--
40
40
160
300
90
230
160
780
23,670
Carbon
Monoxide
30
480
760
260
1,530
10
--
10
10
30
10
--
10
—
20
1,580
Hydro-
carbons
10
190
150
50
400
10
--
10
10
30
--
--
N
--
--
430
Ni trogen
Oxides
190
19,420
120
40
19,770
350
20
60
200
630
2,500
2,340
1,430
990
7,260
27,660
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Transportation
Two types of transportation sources of air pollution are considered
in this survey-road vehicles, and aircraft. Road vehicles, which are
by far the most significant source of air pollution in this category,
are further subdivided according to type of fuel--gasoline and diesel.
Road Vehicles
The miles of travel by motor vehicles in the Study Area are sum-
marized in Table 9. Very little vehicle-mile data was available in the
Atlanta area with exception of vehicle counts done by the State Highway
Department of Georgia on state roads. The state motor vehicle data
and the 1968 population were used to distribute the automobile activity
after the vehicle-mile data were obtained from gasoline Consumption.
Travel by diesel powered vehicles was estimated from state-wide
diesel fuel consumption figures. It was found that approximately 3.3
percent of the vehicle miles in the Area is diesel. Vehicle miles by
diesel were also proportioned in a similar manner.
Aircraft
Table 11 shows the air traffic activity at the Atlanta Metropolitan
airport. The total aircraft operations were supplied by the Pulton County
Health Department's emission survey. An operation is defined as either
a take-off or a landing. Aircraft account for about 50 percent of the
total particulate emissions contributed to transportation. Aircraft
contribute much less to the total transportation emissions in the other
pollutant categories.
Solid Waste Disposal
Approximately 1,800,000 tons of refuse were generated during 1968 in
the Study Area. Table 13 presents a solid waste balance for the Atlanta
Study Area, showing the various methods of disposal and the quantities
disposed of by each method.
Refuse data for all counties was supplied by the Department of Health
which had a complete list of all dumps and estimates of the amount being
deposited in each.
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Table 14 shows the air pollutant emissions from solid waste disposal
in the Atlanta Study Area. A total of 20,500 tons of carbon monoxide,
11,000 tons* of perticulates, and 3,500 tons of nitrogen oxides were emitted
from solid waste disposal practices.
Industrial Process Losses
Table 15 shows the emission losses due to industrial process. All of
these emissions were gathered from data on individual sources, and most are
point sources within this survey.
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TABLE 9 VEHICLES-MILES TRAVEL IN ATLANTA STUDY AREA,
1968 (103 Vehicle-Miles/Day)
Political
Jurisdiction
Fulton County
DeKalb County
Cobb County
Henry County
Gwinnett County
Clayton County
Douglas County
TOTAL
Gasoline
Powered
6,513
2,556
1,500
158
334
655
160
11,876
Diesel
Powered
222
87
51
5
11
22
5
403
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TABLE 10 GASOLINE AND DIESEL CONSUMPTION IN ATLANTA
STUDY AREA, 1968 (106 gal./year)
Jurisdiction
Fulton County
DeKalb County
Cobb County
Henry County
Gwinnett County
Clayton County
Douglas County
TOTAL
Gasoline
Consumption
190
75
44
5
10
19
5
348
Diesel
Consumption
16
6
4
**
1
2
**
29
** Less than 1 million gallons per year
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TABLE HA AIR ACTIVITY AT ATLANTA MUNICIPAL AIRPORT, 1968
Itinerant
Operations
312,912
69,221
2,126
384,259
Local
Operations
--
16,031
155
16,186
Air Carrier
General Aviation
Military
Total
TABLE 11B AIR ACTIVITY AT FULTON COUNTY AIRPORT, 1968
Itinerant Local
Operations Operations
Air Carrier 254
General Aviation 91,015 146,750
Military 5,973 4,923
Total 97,242 151,673
TABLE 11C AIR ACTIVITY AT DEKALB AIRPORT, 1968
Itinerant Local
Operations Operations
Air Carrier
General Aviation 99,798 79,340
Military 378 430
Total 100,176 79,770
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TABLE 12 SUMMARY OF TRANSPORTATION EMISSIONS IN
ATLANTA STUDY AREA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic -
ulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbons
Nitrogen
Oxides
Road Vehicles
Gasoline
Diesel
Aircraft
Jet
Piston
1,300
650
1,750
1,600
3,450
200
362,000
850
4,250
17,250
27,300
1,950
1,950
3,250
18,450
3,200
2,550
1,000
Totals
1,950
7,000;
384,350
34,450
25,200
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TABLE 13 REFUSE BALANCE FOR ATLANTA STUDY AREA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Jurisdiction
Clayton Co.
Cobb Co.
DeKalb Co.
Douglas Co.
Fulton Co.
Gwinnett Co.
Henry Co.
Total
Generation
80,000
170,000
340,000
25,000
1,100,000
60,000
25,000
Municipal
--
--
160,000
--
350,000
--
--
INCINERATION
On-Site Landfill
10,000
40,000
100,000
__
200,000 200 ,'000
j-
__
Dump
20,000
40,000
30,000
3,000
280,000
20,000
--
On-Site
Burning
50,000
90,000
50,000
22,000
70,000
40,000
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TABLE 14 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE
DISPOSAL IN ATLANTA STUDY AREA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Total Incineration
Municipal
On -Site
Total Open Burning
Dumps
On-Site
Sulfur
Oxides
850
500
350
--
— .
—
Par tic -
ulates
7,300
4,350
2,950
3,750
1,150
2,600
Carbon
Monoxide
400
250
150
20,050
6,200
13,850
Hydro-
carbons
100
50
50
1,200
350
850
Nitrogen
Oxides
900
550
350
2,600
800
1,800
TOTAL EMISSIONS 850 11,050 20,450 1,300 3,500
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TABLE 15 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM PROCESS EMISSION
SOURCES IN ATLANTA STUDY AREA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
ulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbon
Nitrogen
Oxides
Agricultural
Products
Cement Production
Metal Operations
Paint Manufacturing
Rock & Gravel
Operations
Lumber Manufact-
uring
Other
30
40
1,500
70
1,520
1,760
20
• 7,900
4,610
1,980
8,730
TOTAL
30
4,910
7,900
6,590
8,730
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EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
In order to decide the relative significance between jurisdictions
from an air pollution standpoint, emissions for each of the seven
jurisdictions have been summarized. Table 16 through Table 22 present
the summary of each of these jurisdictions.
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TABLE 16 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FOR CLAYTON
COUNTY, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Source Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Evaporation
Other
Combustion of Fuels
By Stationary Sources
Industry
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Sulfur
Oxides
100
—
—
20
--
80
90
10
--
Par tic- Carbon
ulates Monoxide
180 20,000
--
__
10
__
30 60
40 60
80 N
460 2,430
Hydro-
carbon
1,610
1,000
—
--
—
10
10
N
140
Nitrogen
Oxides
1,190
--
--
100
--
60
50
10
320
Industrial Process
Emissions
TOTAL EMISSIONS
300
750
1,550
22,550
2,770
1,730
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TABLE 17 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FOR
COBB COUNTY, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Source Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Evaporation
Other
Combustion of Fuels By
Stationary Sources
Industry
Steam-Electric
ResidenLial
Commercial
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Sulfui
Oxides'
240
--
.._
80
61,450
190
10
40
_„
Par tic -
ulates
420
—
__
40
20,060
70
10
320
840
Carbon
Monoxide'"
45,860
7
_„
--
460
130
—
20
4,460
Hydro-
carbon
-3,690
2,300
--
--
190
30
--
N
270
Nitrogen
Oxides
2,730
--
--
290
21,380
170
70
40
• 580
Industrial Process Emissions
TOTAL EMISSIONS 62S010 21,760 50,950 .6,480 25,260
-------
TABLE 18 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FOR
DEKALB COUNTY, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
£
T
C
g
• T
B
I
E
Tt
Source Category Sulfur
Oxides;
Transportation
Road Vehicles 400
Evaporation
Other
Combustion of Fuels ';By
Stationary Sour cess
Industry
Steam-Electric
Residential 150
Commercial • 10
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 260
Open Burning
Industrial Process
Emissions
TOTAL EMISSIONS t .820
Partic- Carbon
ulates Monoxide
720 78,120
__
70 5,370
10
'" " i~ ' .
*•"• , — -J
100 100
30
2,210 130
490 2,600
160
'3,790 86,320
Hydro-
carbon
6,300
3,920
1,030
__
20
--
30 .
160
4,610
\
16,070
Nitrogen
Oxides
4,660
--
270
110
•-• • __"
400
150
260
340
__
'6,190
-------
TABLE 19 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FOR
DOUGLAS COUNTY, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide
Transportation
Road Vehicles 20 40 4,900
Evaporation
Other -- -- .
Combustion of Fuels By
Stationary Sources
Industry
Steam-Electric
Residential 50 10 40
Commercial
Hydro-
carbons
390
250
—
--
•»«•
10
__
Nitrogen
Oxide
290
--
—
20
—
20
10
Refuse Disposal
Incineration -- — -*• --
Open Burning -- 190 990 60 130
Industrial Process
Emissions -- -- -- --(/•
TOTAL EMISSIONS 70 240 5,930 710 470
-------
TABLE 20 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FOR
FULTON COUNTY, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Source Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Evaporation
Other
Combustion of Fuels By
Stationary Sources
Indus try
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Industrial Process
Emissions
TOTAL EMISSIONS
Sulfur
Oxides
1,030
1,760
1,290
460
320
550
—
30
5,440
Partic-
ulates
1,830
3,570
760
1,900
240
250
4,680
1,390
3,890
18,510
Carbon
Monoxide
199,030
16 ,000
40
10
310
210
280
7,400
7,900
231,180
Hydro-
carbons
16,040
9,980
4,140
10
--
70
40
80
440
1,980
32,780
Nitrogen
Oxides
11,870
3,280
2,510
400
880
920
550
970
8,730
30,110
-------
TABLE 21 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FOR
GWINNETT COUNTY, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Source Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Evaporation
Other
Combustion of Fuels By
Stationary Sources
Industry
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon
Oxides ulates Monoxide
50 90 10,200
--
__ .
20
__
140 40 100
__ _ _ ~-
Hydro-
carbon
820
510
--
--
--
20
-_
Nitrogen
Oxides
610
--
--
10
--
50
20
Refuse Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
Industrial Process
Emissions
TOTAL EMISSIONS
380
120
260
210
510
12, 310
1,470
950
-------
TABLE 22 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FOR
HENRY COUNTY, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Source Category
Transportation
Road Vehicles
Evaporation
Sulfur
Oxides
20
Partic-
ulates
40
Carbon
Monoxide
4,850
Hydro-
carbons
390
240
Nitrogen
Oxides
290
Other
Combustion of Fuels By
Stationary Sources
Industry -- -- -- -- 46
Steam-Electric
Residential 70 20 50 10 30
Commercial -- -- -- -- 10
Refuse Msposal
Incineration
Open Burning -- 20 110 10 10
Industrial Process
Emissions -- — '•—
TOTAL EMISSIONS 90 80 5,010 650 380
-------
EMISSIONS BY GRID
For the purpose of modeling the air pollutant emissions in the
Study Area, the resulting emissions were apportioned on the grid reference
system shown in Figure 3.
The emissions of each pollutant were divided into two source sub-
groups --point and area sources. The point sources were identified by
source category, grid numbers and horizontal and vertical coordinates.
Figure 4 shows the approximate location of major point sources in the
Study Area. The point sources are presented in Table 23, along with the
emissions for the five pollutants for an average annual, winter and summer
day.
The emissions for all sources on the annual, winter and summer
basis are shown in Table 24. These emissions are the total of all area
and point sources for each grid.
-------
LO
VO
P POWER PLANT
I INDUSTRY
X INCINERATOR
A AIRPORT
i INSTITUTION
-------
TABLE 23
SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS BY SEASON FOR THE ATLANTA STUD? AREA, 1967 (TONS/DAY)
Source Category
Industrial
Industrial
Airport
Industrial
Airport
Power Plant
Power Plant
Incineration
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Incineration
Power Plant
Industrial
Industrial
Incineration
Power Plant
Industrial
Airport
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Industrial
Institutional
Grid
6
,8'
8
9
13
14
14
21
21
22
22
26
30
31
31
31
31
35
45
45
46
49
51
52
Hor.
Coor.
(100 m)
7280
7490
7495
7518
7295
7335
7334
7334
7338
7398
7375
7560
7397
7405
7440
7401.
7423
7960
7390
7395
7410
7325
7445
7483
Vert.
Coor.
(100 m)
37570
37523
37510
37550
37405
37455
37453
37448
37445
37418
37413
37403
37388
37385
37375
37387
37377
37350
37265
37280
37265
37210
37210
37238
S
.01
~
--
--
--
33.86
136.84
.38
.49
—
~
.43
--
.07
2.64
0.57
--
—
—
.05
.01
—
—
—
SOx
W
.21
—
--
—
--
33.86
136.84
.38
.49
--
—
.43
5.02
.07
3.78
0.57
5.02
--
—
.06
.03
~
—
.59
A
.09
—
—
—
--
33.40
134.96
.38
.49
--
--
.43
1.77
.07
3.11
0.57
1.77
--
—
.05
.02
--
—
.24
S
_.
—
0.18
—
0.16
18.49
37.24
3.21
4.70
.13
.82
3.73
—
4.79
0.20
4.82
—
.41
9.62
.05
.01
.88
2.06
40 -
PART.
W
.09
—
0.18
.05
0.16
18,49
37.24
3.21
4.70
.13
.82
3.73
7.38
4.79
0.29
4.82 .
7.38
.41
9.62
.06
.04
.88
2.06
.22
A
.04
—
0.18
.02
0.16
18.24
36.72
3.21
4.70
.13
.82
3.73
2.60
4.79
0.24
4.82
2.60
.41
9.62
.05
.02
.88
2. Ob
.09
S
_-
—
14.73
--
19.20
.26
1.06
0.19
.02
--
—
0.22
--
21.50
0.03
0.28
—
--
24.63
—
—
--
--
--
CO
W
.01
—
14.73
—
19.20
.26
1.06
0.19
.02
--
--
0.22
.04
21.50
0.04
0.28
.04
--
24.63
--
--
—
--
.42
A
.01
—
14.73
--
19.20
.26
1.04
0.19
.02
--
—
0.22
.01
21.50
0.03
0.28
.01
--
24.63
—
—
--
.-
.17
S
.-
12.62
2.84
—
3.66
.11
0.42
0.06
.01
--
—
0.07
--
5.27
0.01
0.09
—
—
7.64
—
--
—
..
—
HC
W
.01
12.62
2.84
—
3.66
.11
0.42
0.06
.01
—
—
0.07
.02
5.27
0.01
0.09
.02
--
7.64
—
--
—
_.
.08
A
.01
12.62
2.84
--
3.66
.10
0.42
0.06
.01
—
--
0.07
.01
5.27
0.01
0.09
.01
—
7.64
—
--
—
__
.03
S
.02
0.75
.02
0.93
13.76
45.63
0.38
.52
.54
--
0.43
—
23.90
0.42
0.57
--
—
8.06
.45
.12
--
__
—
NOx
W
.45
--
0.75
.56
0.93
13.76
45.63
0.38
.52
.54
--
0.43
1.56
23.90
0.60
0.57
1.56
--
8.06
.51
.32
--
__
.20
1
A 1
.19
--
0.75
.24
0.93
13.57
45.00
0.38
52
.54
--
0.43
.55
23.90
0.49
0.57
.55
—
8.06
.47
.20
--
__'
-------
TABLE 24
EMISSIONS FROM TOTAL SOURCES IN ATLANTA STUDY AREA BY GRID (TONS/DAY)
Grid
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
Hor.
Coor.
(100 m)
7200
7400
7600
7800
7150
7250
7350
7450
7550
7650
7800
7150
7250
7325
7375
7425
7475
7525
7575
7650
7325
Hor.
Coor.
(100 m)
37700
37700
37700
37700
37550
37550
' 37550
37550
37550
37550
37500
37450
37450
37475
37475
37475
37475
37475
37475
37450
37425
Area
(ml )
154.40
154.40
154.40
154.40
38.60
38.60
38.60
38.60
38.60
38.60
154.40
38.60
38.60
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
38.60
9.65
SUM
0.24
0.21
0.06
0.08
0.02
0.28
0.18
0.30
0.15
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.04
SOx
WIN
0.82
0.22
0.25
0.45
0.02
1.15
0.19
0.31
0.23
0.15
0.20
0.05
0.05
170.77170.79
0.06
0.18
0.10
0.08
0.03
0.05
1.22
0.06
0.21
0.11
0.09
0.05
0.09
1.35
AVG
0.48
0.22
0.14
0.23
0.02
0.64
0.18
0.30
0.18
0.07
0.10
0.05
0.04
168.43
0.06
0.20
0.11
0.09
0.04
0.07
1.27
SUM
1.12
0.88
0.59
0.30
0.16
1.23
1.02
1.83
0.67
0.14
0.18
0.30
0.44
55.99
0.38
0.60
0.42
0.34
0.14
0.21
8.72
PART.
WIN
1.29
0.90
0.64
0.41
0.16
1.54
1.04
1.86
0.77
0.17
0.22
0.30
0.44
56.01
0.39
0.67
0.44
0.35
0.17
0.22
8.88
AVG
1.19
0.89
0.61
0.34
0.16
1.36
1.03
1.86
0.71
0.15
0.19
0.30
0.44
55.22
0.38
0.63
0.43
0.34
0.15
0.21
8.79
SUM
37.28
36.88
12.77
12.26
4.58
40.54
31.85
58.19
25.55
5.61
7.10
8.69
27.17
8.31
11.49
30.93
17.33
13.82
5.08
9. .00
21.58
CO
WIN
34.38
33.49
11.88
11.42
4.19
37.41
29.06
54.29
23.36
5.21
6.60
7.93
26.49
7.71
10.50
28.00
15.72
12.54
4.61
8.17
19.67
AVG
36.12
35.53
12.41
11.93
4.43
39.30
30.73
56.63
24.67
5.45
6.90
8.38
26.54
8.05
11.09
29.76
16.68
13.31
4.89
8.67
20.82
SUM
4.67
4.70
1.50
1.53
0.56
5.08
16.58
8.32
3.18
0.69
0.88
1.08
4.65
1.39
1.41
4.01
2.23
1.77
0.65
1.15
2.76
HC
WIN
4.32
4.26
1.40
1.45
0.51
4.72
16.22
7,81
2.89
0.64
0.82
0.98
4.56
1.31
1.28
3.63
2.02
1.60
0.59
1.05
2.51
AVG
4.53
4.52
1.46
1.50
0.54
4.94
16.44
8.12
3.06
0.67
0.86
1.04
4.61
1.35
1.36
3.86
2.14
1.70
0.62
1.11
2.66
SUM
2.61
'2.36
0.94
0.90
0.31
2.93
2.13
3.77
1.87
0.37
0.46
0.59
1.47
59.96
0.78
1.91
1.11
0.88
0.33
0.56
3.31
NOx
WIN
2.93
2.45
0.98
1.11
0.31
3.97
2.18
3.92
2.70
0.39
'0.49
0.59
1.49
60.04
0.81
2.30
1.18
0.94
0.55
0.60
4.18
AVG
2.74
2.40
0.96
0.99
0.31
3.35
2.15
3.83
2.22
0.38
0.47
0.59
1.48
59.17
0.80
2.07
1.14
0.90
0.41
0.58
3.67
-------
EMISSIONS FROM TOTAL SOURCES (cont.)
Grid
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
Hor.
Coor.
(100 m)
7375
7425
7475
7525
7575
7150
7250
7325
7375
7425
7475
7525
7575
7650
7325
7375
7425
7475
7525
7575
7150
Vert.
Coor.
(100 m)
37425
37425
37425
37425
37425
37350
37350
37375
37375
37375
37375
37375
37375
37350
37325
37325
37325
37325
37325
37325
37250
Area
(mlZ)
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
38.60
38.60
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
38.60
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
38.60
SUM
0.33
0.38
0.16
0.12
0.47
0.00
0.15
0.11
0.45
4.03
0.22
0.14
0.08
0.04
0.07
0.23
0.31
0.08
0.02
0.01
0.01
SOx
WIN
0.48
1.07
0.35
0.28
0.47
0.01
0.17
0.11
6.32
13.20
0.45
0.34
0.09
0.05
0.08
0.32
0.83
0.18
0.02
0.01
0.01
AVG
0.39
0.67
0.24
0.18
0.47
0.00
0.16
0.11
2.58
7.51
0.31
0.22
0.08
0.04
0.07
0.26
0.53
0.12
0.02
0.01
0.01
SUM
1.88
1.06
0.59
0.43
3.89
0.33
0.69
0.54
1.28
11.77
0.81
0.51
0.34
0.58
0.25
0.69
0.94
0.31
0.08
0.06
0.02
PART.
WIN
2.09
1.45
0.68
0.50
3.90
0.33
0.71
0.55
8.98
20.84
0.91
0.59
0.35
0.59
0.26
0.85
1.26
0.34
0.08
0.07
0.02
AVG
1.97
1.22
0.63
0.46
3.90
0.33
0.70
0.55
4.01
15.06
0.85
0.54
0.34
0.59
0.26
0.75
1.06
0.32
0.08
0.06
0.02
SUM
29.37
49.57
25.03
17.78
6.80
3.34
28.02
19.15
73.38
106.79
33.65
21.18
13.45
7.49
13.05
31.84
34.57
13.23
3.97
2.22
2.80
CO
WIN
26.70
45.29
22.82
16.26
6.20
3.18
25.47
17.44
66.99
100.87
30.66
19.40
12.20
6.79
11.81
28.83
31.59
12.06
3.60
2.03
2.53
AVG
28.30
47.86
24.15
17.23
6.56
3.28
27.00
18.46
70.82
104.43
32.45
20.44
19.95
7.21
12.56
30.64
33.38
12.76
3.83
2.14
2.69
SUM
3.74
6.45
3.24
2.30
0.91
0.32
3.55
2.40
9.60
16.41
4.35
2.74
1.72
0.96
1.69
4.27
4.49
1.70
0.51
0.39
0.36
HC
WIN
3.39
5.92
2.96
2.11
0.83
0.30
3.22
2.18
8.82
15.80
3.98
2.51
1.56
0.87
1.53
3.88
4.12
1.55
0.47
0.25
0.33
AVG
3.60
6.24
3.12
2.22
0.88
0.31
3.42
2.31
9.29
16.17
4.20
2.65
1.66
0.92
1.62
4.12
4.34
1.64
0.49
0.26
0.35
SUM
3.41
3.57
1.60
1.14
0.86
0.31
1.81
1.27
4.48
31.69
2.14
1.36
0.86
0.47
0.81
2.25
2.94
0.83
0.25
0.15
0.16
NOx
WIN
4.57
5.07
1.91
1.43
0.88
0.31
1.86
1.32
6.91
37.66
2.49
1.66
0.91
0.50
0.85
3.15
4.39
0.89
0.27
0.16
0.17
AVG
3.89
4.19
1.72
1.26
0.87
0.31
1.84
1.29
5.39
34.05
2.28
1.48
0.88
0.48
0.83
2.62
3.53
0.86
0.26
0.15
0.17
-------
EMISSIONS FROM TOTAL SOURCES (cont.)
Grid
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50 .
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
Hor.
Coor.
(100 m)
7250
7325
7375
7425
7475
7550
7325
7375
7425
7475
7150
7250
7350
7450
7550
7700
7500
7700
7000
Vert.
Coor.
(100 m)
37250
37275
37275
37275
37275
37250
37225
37225
37225
37225
37150
37150
37150
37150
37150
37200
37000
37000
37300
Area
(mlZ)
38.60
9;65
9.65
9.65
9.65
38.60
9.65
9.65
9.65
9.65
38.60
38.60
38.60
38.60
38.60
154.40
154.40
154.40
154.40
SUM
0.04
0.06
0.24
0.12
0.02
0.03
0.04
0.04
0.09
0.02
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.07
0.02
0.01
0.06
0.02
0,05
SOx
WIN
0.04
0.06
0.28
0.15
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.34
0.61
0.03
0.03
0.02
0.32
0.02
0.01
0.31
0.18
0.37
AVG
0.04
0.06
0.25
0.14
0.02
0.04
0.04
0.04
, 0.19
0.26
0.02
0.03
0.02
0.18
0.02
0.01
0.16
0.09
0.18
SUM
0.32
0.21
10.27
0.31
0.07
0.08
1.01
0.28
2.64
0.18
0.25
0.26
0.08
0.63
0.08
0.01
OU9
0.05
0.76
PART.
WIN
0.33
0.21
10.35
0.36
0.07
0.09
1:01
0.29
2.71
0.41
0.25
0.27
0.08
0.68
0.08
0.02
0.25
0.09
0.84
AVG
0.33
0.21
10.30
0.33
0.07
0.09
1;01
0.28
2.67
0.28
0.25
0.26
0.08
0.65
0.08
0.02
0.21
0.07
0.79
SUM
7.63
10.98
56.18
16.20
4.59
7.51
7.00
7.27
14.45
4.99
6.62
8.35
4.96
15.30
4.83
2.07
12.66
4.23
13.96
CO
WIN
7.01
9.94
53.19
14.66
4.16
6.80
6.34
6.66
13.43
4.99
6.09
7.65
4.50
14.23
4.39
1.87
11.66
3.95
13.20
AVG
7.38
10.57
54.98
15.58
4.42
7.23
6.74
7.02
14.05
4.99
6.41
8.07
4.78
14.87
4.65
1.99
12.26
4.12
13.66
SUM
0.91
1.42
11.73
2.10
0.59
0.97
0.91
0.88
1.74
0.60
0.78
1.00
0.63
1.83
0.61
0.27
1.63
0.55
1.59
HC
WIN
0.83
1.29
11.35
1.91
0.53
0.88
0.82
0.80
1.62
0.63
0.71
0.91
0.57
1.70
0.55
0.24
1.51
0.52
1.50
AVG
0.88
1.37
11.58
2.02
0.57
0.93
0.88
0.84
1.70
0.61
0.75
0.97
0.60
1.78
0.59
0.26
1.58
0.54
1.55
SUM
0.55
0.68
10.72
1.14
0.28
0.46
0.43
0.51
1.14
0.34
0.48
0.58
0.31
1.09
0.30
0.12
0.78
0.25
1.06
NOx
WIN
0.57
0.71
10.90
1.40
0.29
0.48
0.45
0.51
1.33
0.56
0.49
0.60
0.32
1.11
0.31
0.13
0.83
0.28
1.10
AVG
0.56
0.69
10.64
1.24
0.29
0.47
0.44
0.51
1.22
0.43
0.48
0.59
0.31
1.10
0.30
0.12
0.80
0.27
1.08
-------
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi ^-day
< 0.01
0.01 - 0.10
0.10 - 0.75
0.75 - 2.50
> 2.50
-------
j WWUiCOHUT
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi ^-d
-------
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
fons/mi^-rfoy
«0.10
0.10 - 0.50
0,50 - LOO
1.00 - 2.50
>2.50
-------
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS,
tons/mi ^-day
m
< 0.02
0.02 - 0.05
0.05 - 0.25
0.25 - 1.00
> 1.00
-------
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi -day
< 0.02
0.02 - 0.05
0.05 - 0.25
0.25 - 1.00
> 1.00
-------
REFERENCES
1. Ozolins, G. and Smith, R., Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
Community Air Pollution, DREW, PHS, October 1966.
2. Duprey, R. L., Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors, DREW
PHS, April 1967.
3. Personal communication with the Fulton County Health Department,
Section of Industrial Hygiene and Air Pollution Control.
4. Personal communication with Georgia Department of Health, Air
Quality Control Branch.
5. FAA Air Traffic Activity, Calender Year 1967, 'Department of
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration.
6. Highway Statistics/1965, United States Department of Transportation.
7. Mineral Industry Surveys, Burner Fuel Oils, 1967, United States
Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines.
8. Air Pollutant Emission Inventory Report for Fulton County,
Georgia.
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