CHEYENNE, WYOMING AREA AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Public Health Service ------- ~ The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by the Office of Ai~ Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 or from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151. - ------- " .~ CHEYENNE, WYOMING AREA AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY Prepared by David S. Kircher U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE Environmental Health Service d National Air Pollution Control Administration Division of Air Quality and Emission Data Durham, North Carolina ------- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS v ~ The National Air Pollution Control Administration wishes to express its sincere gratitude to the individuals and companies who contributed to this study. We are particularly grateful to the members of the Industrial Hygiene Section of the State of Wyoming Division of Health and Medical Services. The assistance of Robert Sundin, Industrial Hygiene Section Director and Gale Harmes in the gathering of data for this report was especially appreciated. ------- CONTENTS Introduction....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Summary of Results. ...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . Description of Topography. . Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...... 8.. .-,.... 8... 8" Climatology. . . Grid Coordinate ...... . . . . . . . . . . . ..... . Emissions by System. Category. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ""888""""" . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . Transportation...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stationary Fuel Solid Waste Disposal. Combustion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Industrial Processes. . . . . . . . . . .............................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ....... Evaporative Losses...... . . . . . . . . . Emissions by Jurisdiction.............. by Gr id. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Emissions Emission Densities. ""888""" References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . "'.888...... Appendices. ... ""888"""" ....... ..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................ .... ,., .... ,."..... ,... Page 1 3 7 7 8 12 14 19 20 27 27 30 33 38 42 49 ------- Table co 10 11 12 13 <... ". TABLES 1 lA Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the Study Area........ Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the Study Area........ Percentage Contribution of Each Source Category to 2 Total Em.issions............................................. 3 4 Area and Population Characteristics for the Study Area...... Vehicle Miles of Travel and Motor Fuel Consumption for the Study Area.......................................... 5 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 7 8 Air Traffic Activity at Cheyenne Airport...... .............. Natural Gas Consumption by User Category.................... 9 Distillate Fuel Oil Consumption for Study Area by User Ca tegory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Air Pollutant Emissions from Combustion of Fuels in Sta tionary Sources.......................................... Summary of Domestic Heating Fuels by Number of Dwelling Units.............................................. Solid Waste Balance for Study Area.......................... Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal........... Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Industrial Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 Summary of Hydrocarbon Emissions Due to Evaporative Losses in Study Area........................................ 15 16 17 18 19 20 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Laramie County........ Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Albany County......... Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Goshen County.......... Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Platte County......... Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Point Sources....... Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from All Sources......... Page 5 6 16 17 18 19 21 23 24 25 26 28 29 31 32 34 35 36 37 39 ------- Figure ~ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 LIST OF FIGURES Map of the Study Area and Vicinity. . . Page 9 . . . . . . . . . . Map of the Cheyenne, Wyoming Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Population Density for the Cheyenne Study Area. . . . . . . . Grid Coordinate System for the Cheyenne Study Area. . . . . 11 . . 13 Point Source Locations in the Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Sulfur Oxide Emission Densities for the Study Area, 1969. . . . . 44 Particulate Emission Densities for the Study Area, 1969 . . . . . 45 Carbon Monoxide Emission Densities for the Study Area, 1969 . . . 46 Hydrocarbon Emission Densities for the Study Area, 1969 . . . . . 47 ------- INTRODUCTION ~ ~ This report is a summary of the Cheyenne, Wyoming Area air pollutant emission inventory conducted in ,Tune 1970. Since these inventories are based on a calendar year, the data and emission estimates presented here are representative of the year 1969 and should be considered to indicate conditions that existed during that year. The Study Area, which was chosen on the basis of population and air pollution sources, consists of four counties in the southeastern corner of the state of Wyoming. These four counties cover an area of over 11,000 square miles and had a 1969 population of approximately 98,000. A grid coordinate system was used to show geographic distribution of emissions within the Study Area. The grid coordinate system divides the Study Area into 43 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in urban areas to 1,600 square kilometers in outlying rural areas. All sources of emissions were classified into five categories--trans- Fortation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal, industrial rrocesses and evaporative losses. Each of these sources was further divlded jnto two subgroups--point sources and area sources. Fad li ties which emit large quantities of air pollutants were considered individually as point sources, while the many remaining contributors such as motor vehicles, on- site burning, residential fuel users, and small industries, were considered collectively as area sources. For this inventory, 19 individual sources were classified as point sources based on available information. Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as fuel consumption, refuse burning rates, production data, control efficiencies and .., vehicle -miles and emission factors relating these indicators to emission 2'3 rates. ' These factors represent average emissl')'l rates for a particular '-- source category. Since individual sources have innpre~t differences that cannot always be taken into consideration, discrept{ - '~es between the actual and estimated emissions are more likely in individual sources than in the ------- total emissions for a source category. As in all emission surveys, the data presented here are estimates and should not be interpreted as absolute values. The estimates are, in some ~ cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factors and production or consumption data. Despite these limitations, these estimates are of sufficient accuracy and validity in defining the extent and distribution of air pollutant emissions in the Study Area. ------- ::;. SUMMARY OF RESULTS The annual air pollutant emissions as estimated in the Cheyenne, Wyoming Area Air P~llutant Emission Inventory are as follows (tons/year): Sulfur Oxides. Particulates Carbon Monoxide Hydrocaroons Nitr.ogen Oxides 2,570 .35,110 85,600 19,310 9,510 The following is a brief summary of pollutant emissions and sources as presented in Tabl es 1 and lA. <3ulfur Oxides: Particulates: Carbon Monoxide: Hydrocarbons: The largest source of sulfur oxides in the Study Area is stationary fuel combustion. This source results in 54.3 percent of this pollutant emission. The re- maining 4?7 percent consists pritrarily of transporta- tion and process losses. The largest single source of particulates (80.2%) is industrial process losses. Cement manufacturing is the major contributor to this source category. Stationary fuel combustion contributes 11. 7 percent. ., Transportation sources contribute approximately 60,000 tons of carbon monoxid~ (over 70 percent of the total) in the Study Area. Process losses (primarily oil re- fining) contribute 25.3 percent of the carbon monoxide. Of the annual emission of 19,310 tons of this pollutant, 49.2 percent is the result of evaporative losses, 32.3 percent is emitted froIl' trans('octation :';"Tces and J2.2 percent is from processes losse:;;. ------- Oxides of Nitrogen: The largest source of this pollutant i.s tra\lsportation (53.4 percent). 26.2 percent of this pollutant is produced by natural gas combust:i.ondue to its wide- ,spread and large consumption. ------- TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE STL~DY L\HEA, 1969 (Tons/Year' " '- -c- -------:-_=== Su 1 fur Partic- Carbon Hvdro- i\ii.trogen Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Road Vehicles 440 850 52,560 4,840 4,720 Other 0 40 7 , 44 0 1,390 ~60 Subtotal 440 89Q 60,000 6,230 5,080 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industrial 1,200 4,030 110 40 1,840 Commercia1~ Insti tutiona 1 120 70 . 10 0 410 Residential 80 50 0 0 250. Subtotal 1,400 4,150 120 40 2,500 Refuse Disposal Incineration 30 140 640 10 40 Open Burning 40 610 3,260 1,150 420 Subtotal 70 750 3,900 1,160 460 Industrial Processes 660 29,320 2L580 2,360 1 ,{~70 Evaporative Losses 9,520 GRAND TOTAL 2,570 35,110 85,600 19,310 9,510 ---- ------- TABLE 1A SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE STUDY AREA, 1969 3 (10 Kg. /Year) SuI fur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Road Vehicles 400 770 47,680 4,390 4,280 Other 0 40 6,750 1,260 330 SubtOtal 400 810 54,430 5,650 4,610 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industiral 1,090 3,660 JOO 40 1,670 Commercia 1- Institutional JIO 60 JO 0 370 Residential 70 50 0 0 230 Subtotal 1,270 3,770 110 40 2,270 Refuse Disposal Incineration 30 130 580 10 40 Open Burning 40 550 2,960 1 ;040 380 Subtotal 70 680 3,540 1,050 420 Industrial Processes 600 26,600 19,580 2,140 1,330 Evaporative Losses 8,640 GRAND TOTAL 2 , 340' 31,860 77 ,660 17,520 8,630 ------- DESCRIPTION bF THE STUDY AREA The Study Area for the emission survey of the Cheyenpe, Wyoming Area consists of four count1es in Wyoming"''''Laramie, Albany, Coshen, and platte. .' . These four counties are located in the southeastern corner of the St<1.le. Figure 1 shows the Study Area and its lOcation re~ativeto neignboring cities and stateS. Figure 2 represents a rnore detaileQ map of the Study Area showihg the' major urban ateas. The Study Area occupies a land a,res of 11,270 square miles and had an estimated 19~9 population of 98,350. This figure repre- sentsa 2 percent decrease, from 1960 (Table 3); The population density . , map, Figure 3, sh~s the heaviest population concentrations in and near the city of Cheyenne. TOPOGRAPHY5 ~ . . . . The Study Area, located in the southeastern corner of l;.]yoming, is bordered on the south by Coiorado and.the east by ,Nebraska. It is divided in two by the Laramie Mountains, one of the rapges of the Rockies, with peaks of over 9,000 feet, iheiev~tion. The Larami~ Mountains e!Ktend in a north-soutO. direction. Much Of the remainder of the Study Area is tolling pr-airiewh;lch ~ends itself to the grazing of live'" stock. Ch~ the largest urban area in the Study Area and the St?te . " Capitol, is located in the extreme southern patt of the state at an elevation of approximately 6,100 feet. The Laramie l'10tmtains rise to over 9,000 feet 30 inUe~ west of Cheyenne betweenChey~nne and the City of Laramie. ------- CLIMATOLOGY 5 The Study Area experiences large annual temperature variations. The average annual temperature ranges from 70.0~egrees. in t;he summer months to 25.4 degre~s in the, winter. Sunshipe averages 64 percent on a yearly basis, with little ~onth-t~-~onth,variation. There are frequent windy day~ in the winter~nd the ,~.pring with the pr<7vailing winds from the west-northwest at an average speed of 12.8 mph. The majority of the pr~cipitation occ~rs during the growing season (70, percent) . Most of the snow that does fall occurs in early spring and late winter. , . ' . . ------- MONTANA 4 Billings IDAHO WYOMING • Ogden I (Salt Lake City NORTH DAKOTA SOUTH DAKOTA Rapid City NEBRASKA Scotts Bluff UTAH Denver COLORADO KANSAS ------- ! . . ' f-- -;-.-- - -- - ---- - ------ , . " , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , " ALBANY COUNTY , , , , , , , r - - - - - - - -.- - -' , , , , ; , ~- ------- - - -- --- --- - --. - - -- -- - --- - --- -- .~ , . " " " " ~_...J ' , , J. .' 11111.. Figure 2. .f , - - - - - ... - - . ... ... - ... - - - ... - - - - ... - ... - - - ..- ... ... - ... - ... - - - . - ... ... - ... ... - ... - ... - ... - ... ... -, , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,- -. ... ... ... - ... ... ... - - I 1-"': . WhUllnl GOSHEN COUNTY . Ton11gton PlATTE COUNTY '- ... - - ... - - - ~ - ... - - - ... - - - - Laramie . , , . , , , , , , - - - - ... - ... - ... ~ ... ... ... - - - - - - ... - --- -----, , L ... ... ... - - ... - - ... - ... - ... - ... - - - ... ... - ... - - ... ... ... , LARAMIE COUNTY .Cheyeme - - --.- ----- - ------ -- -- ----- . Map of the Cheyenne, Wyoming study area. ------- POPULATION DENSITY, persons/ml2 0 - 50 ~J 50 ~ 10° 100 - 500 500 - 1,000 1,000 - 2,000 42 55— MWMYCWNTY HJ PUTT! GttMTY 55 - COUNTY • UUUMK COUKTY 7 trj 4M»> •~n«|~ i TiW- J2HM I Figure 3, Population density for the Cheyenne study area, 1969- ------- '..' GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM A grid coordinate system, based on the Universal Transverse Mercator Projection (UTM), was used in the Cheyenne Study Area to indicate the geographical distribution of emissions. ate system is presented in Figure 4. A map showing the grid coordin- An evaluation of all the available coordinate systems was completed before the UTM system was chosen to present emissions. The most conven- ient systems evaluated were the State Plane, Longitude-Latitude, and UTM. Although each of the systems had valuable qualities, the use of the UTM coordinate system was felt to be necessary to meet the requirements of these emission inventories. The two primary requisites of the grid coordinate system were used to evaluate each system. The first requirement was that the grid coordin- ate system had to have square grid zones, since the data were to be used in meteorological dispersion models. The grid zones, which the UTM system and most of. the State Plane systems project, are always square, but the longitude-latitude system projects grid zones that become skewed as the zones become further from the equator. The other quality the grid coordin- ate had to possess was consistency. Each emission inventory should be bonducted on a grid coordinate system which uses the same reference point throughout the Study Area. Since some air pollutant inventories would include areas in two or more states, the State Plane systems could not be used. However, since the UTM system, as well as the longitude-latitude system, is not referenced to points in individual states, it is not influ- enced by jurisdiction boundaries. The UTM system was chosen since it was the only prevalent coordinate system which can project square grid zones over any Study Area using ~ common reference point. The Universe Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the metric system. Each north-south and east-west grid lines, as illustrated in Figure 4, is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters. ------- ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ,....-.-... .....- .... ..... .-.-j ; . ; , ; ; .! ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; , i ! ..-. -.-.-.-. -...........-........ -. -....- -.-.-.........;......- ...........-.-...... .-.... ---....... -......... .....- -.........t... _..... -.......... \.. -"!~ 42 r'-'"'''' ; ; ; ..............-.-....................-...........-........ ,j j'''! 38 37 .............. 33 32 8 AUlAIIY ~OU1ITY 27 I" 20 26 1 22 23 24 ...- . 17 6 I" j 42' 4l---- 3"'-- o . ~.... 10 , " '.-- _nil It , t5 I j---_._._._--_.__.~L"'--'--'-'--'-'-'-'-'T- __-.1Y__- ------"----'''----1 472- , ; ! I ! "'''--1 i i ; .: j : ! : i ~ i j ! i I ,-' ! i i I ! i i ........-..... -l i ! ..... 36: 35 ! [34 ; , , ; i i i i i i ; , t i i i i. : : ......., i i i i i i i i j i i i i ! pum~; I 30 i i i i i i i ; , i i ; , i i i i i i ," i i i i i i i ~._._._._._._._._.....,.._. ....... .......................... "\...............! ; , i i ; , i L.................. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ;. ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; i 41 80SIIEII COUNTY . T.np ~. 1 I ...- !29 ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 11 , ; ; ; ; ; ; ; ; 19 ~ ;.......... .-.-............. -....-. ...- ,_.... ::~~ ; ; ; 46- LAIWIE CO!IIIYY 1 ~ 114 -- 456"" ; ; ; ; , ; ; f! i] - --- ~----- - -- --.- :--~----=l... 3 6 7 rn.,~ 6 I 9 o 11 3 2 ..........-.---.... 4- Figure 4. Grid coordinate system for the Cheyenne study area. ------- EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY TRANSPORTATION Transportation, a mobile source of air pollution, includes: road vehicles (gasoline and diesel powered), aircraft, and railroads. With the exception of aircraft, all transportation sources are dealt with as area pollution sources. Aircraft are considered to be point sources " . :1 . ~ .\ >, because the majority of emissions are attributable to the immediate vicinity of airports. Road Vehicles METHODOLOGY: Total vehicle-miles of travel were obtained by applying an average fuel consumption.figure to gasoline sales (gallons) obtained from the Wyoming Department of Revenue (see Table 4). Vehicle-miles of travel were apportioned onto the grid system by population and traffic flow maps. A state-wide flow map was obtained from the Wyoming Highway Department as were maps of the cities of Cheyenne and Laramie. Approximately 1.5 to 2.0'percent of gasoline is lost. through evapor- ation from gasoline tanks and from carburetor losses.' (This is exclusive of exhaust hydrocarbon emissions.) It was assumed that no diesel fuel was lost through evaporation. Since 1963 the majority of new automobiles have been equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valves that reduce crankcase hydrocarbon emissions by about 90 percent. It was assumed that only 20 percent of the automobiles were not equipped with PCV valves due to lag time in automobile replacement. RESULTS: Road vehicles, gasoline-powered ones in particular, are the major contributors of three of the five pollutants in the Study Area. They result in the annual emission of 53,000 tons of carbon monoxide, 8,500 tons of hydrocarbons, and 4,700 tons of nitrogen oxides. Table 5 is a summary breakdown of pollutant emissions from transportation sources. ------- Each point source and grid, using its geographical center, is identified by a horizontal and vertical coordinate to the nearest 100 meters. ~ Grid zones of different sizes are used in the grid coordinate system to allow a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of emissions and to limit the number of grid zones. The majority of the emissions is usually concentrated in the populated and industrialized portions of a Study Area. Smaller grids are placed over these areas to allow the grid coordinate system to reflect the changes of emissions over short distances. Grid zones smaller than the 25 square kilometer grid zones used in this report are not usually warranted because of the inherent inaccuracites in the data. Larger grid zones are used in the rural portions, because a smaller percentage of the total emissions usually occurs in sparsely populated areas. ~ ------- TABLE 2 PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SOURCE CATEGORY TOTAL EMISSIONS, 1969 TO ," Sulfur partic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Road Vehicles 17.1 2.4 61.4 25.1 49.6 Other 0 0.1 8.7 7.2 3.8 Subtotal 17.1 2.5 70.1 32.3 53.4 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industrial 46.6 11.4 0.1 0.2 19.3 Connnercia1- Institutional 4.6 0.2 0.0 0 4.3 Residential 3.1 0.1 0 0 2.6 Subtotal 54.3 11.7 0.1 0.2 26.2 Refuse Disposal Incineration 1.1 3.9 0.7 0.1 0.4 Open Burning 1.5 1.7 3.8 6.0 4.4 Subtotal 2.6 5.6 4.5 6.1 4.8 Industrial Processes 26.0 80.2 25.3 12.2 15.6 Evaporative Losses 49.2 GRAND TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ------- TABLE 3 AREA AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE CHEYENNE STUDY AREA4 ( Sq. Mi.) Population Population Jurisdiction Land Area 1960 1969 Density Laramie 2,700 60,150 55,350 20.5 Albany 4,250 21,290 26,080 6.1 Goshen 2,230 11 ,940 10,600 4.8 Platte 2,090 7,200 6,320 3.0 TOTAL 11,270 100,580 98,350 8.7 ------- TABLE 4 VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL AND MOTOR FUEL CONSUMPTION FOR THE STUDY AREA, 1969 3 3 3 ]0 /Day 10 Gal/Year 10 Gal/Year Jurisdiction Total Vehicle-Miles Gasoline Diesel Fuel Laramie 1,160 32,160 5,170 Albany 600 16,780 2,440 Goshen 260 7,310 990 Platte 220 6,040 590 TOTAL 2,240 62,290 9,190 ------- TABLE 5 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Partic - Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides Road Vehicles Gasoline 260 350 52,290 4,220 3,720 Diesel 180 500 270 610 1,000 Evaporative Losses 3,680~'< Subtotal 440 850 52,560 8,510 4,720 Aircraft Jet N 0 0 10 0 Piston N 30 7,440 1,380 350 Turboprop N 0 0 0 0 Subtotal N 30 7,440 1,390 350 Railroads 0 0 0 0 0 GRAND TOTAL 440 880 60,000 9,900 5,070 "k - Included in the evaporative losses category also. N - Negligible ------- Aircraft METHODOLOGY: The total number of flights (one flight equals a take- off and a landing) were obtained from the Federal Aviation Administration for the one major Study Area airport, Cheyenne Airport. Estimates of the flights by airplane type and number of engines were obtained from the control tower at Cheyenne Airport. traffic for the Study Area. Table 6 contains a breakdown of air RESULTS: The emissions from aircraft are given in Table 5. Aircraft contributes 7,440 tons per year of carbon monoxide to the 60,000 tons per year from all transportation sources. Railroads METHODOLOGY: The total fuel use by the railroads in the State of 6 Wyoming was obtained from the Bureau of Mines' Mineral Industry Surveys. The quantity used in each county was arrived at by multiplying the ratio of the county population to the state population by the state fuel con- sumption. The fuel was then apportioned to the grid system based on the railroad route length in each grid. RESULTS: Table 5 lists pollutant emissions as zero due to rounding. In contrast to the other transportation sources, railroad emissions of all pollutants are negligible. STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION Only two of the major fuels (natural gas and fuel oil) are widely consumed in the Cheyenne Study Area. The only significant coal user is one large industrial firm. Natural gas is by far the most important of the two major fuels and is consumed by the majority of the three user categories: industrial, commercial-institutional, and 12 produced 18.9 x 10 1.1 x 1012 BTU's (5% residential. In 1969 natural gas BTU's of energy (87% of the total', fuel oil produced of the total' and coal produced 1.8 x 1012 BTU's (8% of the total) in the Study Area. ------- TABLE 6 AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT THE CHEYENNE AIRPORT, 1969 (Flights!Year)a '- Number of Flights Type Engine 1 engine 2 engines 4 engines Conventional 0 0 0 Fan Jet 0 700 0 Turboprop 0 2,900 0 Piston 28,800 6,700 16,700 a - Flight is defined as a combination of a landing and a take-off. ... 'l/ ------- Natural gas, as stated above, is the major fuel and is used widely by industry and other consumers. Fuel oil is used primarily by commer- cial-institutional and residential consumers. Since no industrial users were identifiable, it was assumed that fuel oil used by industry was negligible. There are no steam-electric power plants in the Study Area other than a small stand-by facility in Cheyenne. Power is generated outside of the area. Tables 7 and 8 show fuel consumption by user category. METHODOLOGY: Natural gas consumption was obtained from the Utilities Director of the State of Wyoming Public Services Commission. Totals are considered to be accurate, but user category breakdowns of commercial- institutional and industrial users are estimates. Fuel oil consumption (distillate' was obtained from Bureau of Mines' Mineral Industry Surveys state totals. County fuel qil use was arrived at by multiplying state consumption times the county-to-state population ratio. Usage was broken down into two categories: commercial-institu- tional and residential by basing residential consumption on housing units using fuel oil and apportioning the remaining oil to commercial- institutional users. Coal usage for the one industrial user was obtained from them dir- ectly. . RESULTS: In 1969, 70,276 tons of coal; 18,890 million cubic feet of natural gas; and 7,430,000 gallons of distillate fuel oil were con- sumed in the Study Area. The emissions from the combustion of these fuels are summarized in Table 9. Coal, although only number two in energy production, was the major contributor of four of the five pollutants (all except nitrogen oxides) in the Study Area. Stationary fuel cOmbustion is the source of a large portion of the sulfur oxides (54.3 percent) and nitrogen oxides (26.2 percent) emitted in the Study Area. ------- TABLE 7 NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION BY USER CATEGORY, 1969 6 3 (10 Ft /Year) County Residential Commercial Industrial Laramie 2,170 2,820 7,220 Albany 1,330 970 1,940 Goshen 300 120 1,110 Platte 200 350 360 TOTAL 4,000 4,260 10,630 ------- TABLE 8 DISTILLATE FUEL OIL CONSUMPTION FOR THE STUDY AREA 3 BY USER CATEGORY, 1969 (10 Gallons/Year) County Residential Conunercial Industrial Laramie 1,940 2,210 N Albany 350 1,660 N Goshen 290 500 N Platte 250 230 N TOTAL 2,830 4,600 N ------- TABLE 9 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF FUELS IN STATIONARY SOURCES, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen User Category Oxides ulates MonoxidE:! carbons Oxides Coal Industrial 1,200 3,940 100 40 700 Conunercial- Institutional 0 0 0 0 0 Residential 0 0 0 0 0 Subtotal 1,200 3,940 100 40 700 Distillate Oil Industrial 0 0 0 0 0 Commercial- Institutional 120 30 0 0 160 Residential 80 10 0 0 20 Subtota 1 200 40 0 0 180 Natural Gas Industrial 0 ] 00 0 0 1,140 Conunercial- Insti tutiohal 0 40 0 0 250 Residential 0 40 0 0 230 Subtotal 0 180 0 0 1,620 GRAND TOTAL 1,400 4,160 100 40 2,500 ------- TABLE 10 SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC HEATING FUELS BY NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS, 1969 (Estimated) Jurisdiction .. Coal Distillate Fuel Oil Natural Gas Laramie 0 2,040 14,800 Albany 0 380 8,920 Goshen 0 330 2,220 Platte 0 250 1,320 TOTAL IN STUDY AREA 0 3,000 27,260 OVERALL PERCENTAGE 0 10 90 ------- SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL METHODOLOGY: The total solid waste generation for the Study Area was found by applying the national average per capita rate of 10 pounds 7 of refuse per day. Due to the lack of large industrial refuse sources in the area, 3 pounds per day per capita was subtracted from this and the remaining 7 pounds per day figure applied to the Study Area popula- tion. This waste generation rate includes 5.5 pounds per day collected waste and 1.5 pounds per day uncollected waste. Disposal methods were obtained from the Wyoming Division of Health and Medical Services in all cases except for the city of Laramie where information was obtained from the Laramie Public Works Department. The Cheyenne metropolitan area has some sections where on-site incineration and ash collection is the method of solid wBste disposal. This is reflected in the solid waste balance (Table 11'. Although at present open burning dumps are the predominant means of solid waste disposal in the Study Area, a trend toward sanitary landfills is evidenced by the fact that the city of Laramie is con- verting to this method in the near future. Cheyenne presently makes use of the sanitary landfill method in addition to on-site incineration. There are no large commercial or municipal incinerators in the Study Area. Uncollected waste was divided into on-site open burning (1.0 pounds/day-capita~ and on-site incineration (0.5 pounds/day-capita~. RESULTS: Table 12 gives the summary of emissions from this source category. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES There are several significant process sources in the Study Area, although they are widely dispersed geographically. Major industries located in the area include: cement manufacturing, sugar refining, oil refining, fertilizer manufacturing and lumber and wood. Ther are ------- TABLE 11 SOLID WASTE BALANCE FOR THE STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year) Total Refuse Sanitary Open Burning On-Site Jurisdiction Generated Landfills Dumps On-Site Incineration Laramie 71 ,000 20,100 15,600 10,200 25,100 Albany 33,300 N 26,200 4,700 2,400 Goshen 13,500 N 10,700 1,900 900 Platte 8,100 N 6,400 1,200 500 GRAND TOTALS 125,900 20,100 58,900 18,000 28,900 ------- TABLE 12 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL, 1969 (Tons/Year) SuI fur Par tic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Incineration On-Site 30 140 640 10 40 Open Burning On-Site 20 400 2,120 750 280 Dump 10 210 1,140 400 150 To ta 1 30 610 3,260 1,150 430 GRAND TOTAL 60 750 3,900 1,160 470 ------- also several wigwam burners in the area and several concrete batching plants. The process emission totals include emissions from the wigwam burners in the Study Area. Appendix C lists the emission factors for wigwam burning of wood waste. (Wigwam burners in the Study Area are used exclusively for wood waste.) Table 13 summarizes emissions from each type of industrial process. Cement manufacturing and petroleum refining are the largest overall sources of process loss emissions in the Study Area. EVAPORATIVE LOSSES Four sources of solvent evaporation were considered in this survey: motor vehicles, dry cleaning, gasoline storage and handling, and refinery petroleum products storage. METHODOLOGY: Dry cleaning evaporation was calculated using the per 8 capita factor of 4.0 pounds per year. This was apportioned on the grid system by population. Gasoline handling losses were figured using the factor of 9.4 pounds per 1,000 gallons of throughput for filling service station tanks and 11.6 pounds per 1,000 gallons of throughput for filling automobile tanks. This also was apportioned by population to the grid system. Automotive. evaporative losses at the gasoline tank and carburetor were calculated taking into account vehic1e~iles, age of vehicle, and extent of control equipment. These emissions were apportioned the same as motor vehicle exhaust emissions (see TRANSPORTATION- Road Vehicles). Storage capacities by product type for the petroelum refinery tank farm were obtained by product type and the appropriate emission factors were applied.9 RESULTS: Table 14 lists emissions by type for this source category. ------- TABLE 13 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, 1969 (Tons/Year) Su lfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Industry Type Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Cement Manufacture 28,920 Lumber Products 40 1,580 130 10 (Disposal of Waste) Oil Refining 660 20 20,000 2,230 150 Sugar Refining 350 Fertilizer Manufacture 1,310 Concrete Batching N TOTAL 660 29,330 21,580 2,360 1,470 ------- TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS DUE TO EVAPORATIVE LOSSES IN THE STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year) Source Type Hydrocarbons Gasoline Handling Petroleum Refinery and Handling Automobiles Storage 650 5,000 3,680 Solvent Consumption Dry Cleaning Industrial 190 o GRAND TOTAL 9,520 ------- EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION Up until this point, this report has dealt primarily with emissions by source category. Tables 15 through 18 present emissions by jurisdiction. ------- TABLE 15 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN LARAMIE COUNTY, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Road Vehicles 250 480 30,970 2,820 2,700 Other N 40 7,440 1,390 360 Subtotal 250 520 38,410 4,210 3,060 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industrial N 60 N N 770 Commercia1- Institutional 60 40 N N 240 Residential 50 30 N N 140 Subtotal 110 130 N N 1,150 Refuse Disposal Incineration 30 120 550 10 40 Open Burning 10 210 1,090 390 140 Subtotal 40 330 1,640 400 180 Process Losses 660 20 20,000 2,230 1,460 Evaporative Losses 7,550 GRAND TOTAL 1,060 1,000 60,050 14,390 5,850 N = Negligible ------- TABLE 16 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN ALBANY COUNTY, 1969 (Tons/Year\ Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Road Vehicles 100 200 12,890 1,170 1,130 Other N N N N N Subtotal 100 200 12,890 1,170 1,130 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industrial 1,200 3,950 100 40 910 Connnercia1- Institutional 40 20 N N 120 Residential 10 10 N N 80 Subtotal 2,150 3,980 100 40 1,110 Refuse Disposal Incineration N 10 50 N N Open Burning 20 250 1,310 460 170 Subtotal 20 260 1,360 460 170 Process Losses N 28,920 1,580 140 10 Evaporative Losses 1,100 GRAND TOTAL 1,370 33,360 15,930 2,910 2,420 N = Negligible ------- TABLE 17 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN GOSHEN COUNTY, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Road Vehicles 50 90 4,770 460 490 Other N N N N N Subtotal 50 90 4,770 460 490 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industrial N 10 N N 120 Commercia1- Institutional 10 N N N 20 Residential 10 N N N 20 Subtotal 20 10 N N 160 Refuse Disposal Incineration N N 20 N N Open Burning 10 100 540 190 70 Subtotal 10 100 560 190 70 Process Losses N 350 N N N Evaporative Losses 480 GRAND TOTAL 80 550 5,330 1,130 720 N = Negligible ------- TABLE 18 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN PLATTE COUNTY, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Road Vehicles 40 70 3,930 380 400 Other N N N N N Subtotal 40 70 3,930 380 400 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industrial N N N N 40 Commercia1- Institutional 10 10 N N 30 Residential 10 N N N 10 Subtotal 20 10 N N 80 Refuse Disposal Incineration N N 10 N N Open Burning N 60 320 110 40 Subtotal N 60 330 110 40 Process Losses N N N N N Evaporative Losses 390 GRAND TOTAL 60 140 4,260 880 520 ------- EMISSIONS BY GRID In the following tables emissions by grid are given for the purpose of describing geographic distrib~tion of air pollutant emissions. Emissions were divided into two source groups--point and area sources. The 19 point sources are identified individually with respect to locations and emissions. Figure 5 shows the location of the 19 point sources in the area. Collectively these point sources account for 71 percent of the sulfur oxides, 96 percent of the particulates, 26 percent of the carbon monoxide, 42 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 22 percent of the nitrogen oxides emitted in the Study Area. The large industrial particulate emissions are caused by cement manufacturing and coal combustion. Sulfur oxides are produced primarily by coal combustion. emissions is given in Table 19. A summary of point source Area sources are sources of pollutant emissions that are relatively insignificant by themselves, but emit a large quantity of pollutants collectively. Examples of area sources are: motor vehicles, residential housing, backyard burning, and small commercial and industrial estab1ish- men t s . Table 20 is a summary of total emissions by grid for the Study Area. The emissions are presented for an annual average day, an average winter day (December, January, February) and an average summer day (June, July, August). The annual average daily emission rates were obtained by dividing yearly totals by 365. Seasonal variations were calculated by the use of space heating variations in fuel consumption and variations in motor vehicle traffic activity. This method is described in detail in the appendix. the year. Other sources were assumed to be constant throughout' ------- TABLE 19 SLJ~JI~ARY OF AIR POLLUTANT E'I,ISSIONS FROM POINT SOURC;ES TONS / DAY sex PART CO HC NOX ID 1,9 HC VC S W A S Vi A 5 W A S w A S ~I A 5 1 5770 4')570 0.0 O.D o.a 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.10 0.10 0.10 0,03 0.03 0.03 0.01 C.Ol 0.01 3 3 50n 45570 0.0 o.c 0.0 o.uo u.ua o.uo o.au O.Ou c.oo 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 7 4 'i1<;0 1..'i'i60 0.0 o.u 0.0 0.09 0.09 0.09 20.39 20.39 20.39 3.81 3.81 3.81 0.97 0.97 0.97 3 f.. 51'+0 L5530 o.n (J.C 0.0 0.00 0.01 0.00 o.ou 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0013 o.O"? 2 7 51100 l~C: ~}lf.O 1.8 ] .R 1 .9 0.0/, 0.04 0.04 54.79 54.79 54.79 19.79 19.79 19.79 0.41 0.41 0.41 2 7 51:'0 45520 0.0 (1,0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.0,: 0.00 ? 9 5090 "')4<10 0.0 o.e 0.0 0.07 0.07 a.u7 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4.43 4.43 4.l..j 2 If: 1..490 45650 3.2 3..2 3.2 90.00 90.00 90.00 0.28 0.28 0.28 0.09 0.09 0.09 1.92 1.92 1.92 2 21 4490 4S75C 0.0 -0.0 0.0 0.00 0.20 0.10 0.00 7.79 3.89 0.00 0.66 0.:;3 O.JO u. -j4 u.J~ 2 21 L.4'+C 45QI..O 0.0 ,.", D.u 0.00 0.00 ('.00 0.00 o.O() 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ~,.oo 0.00 ::,. 00 ..t..... 5 n 4510 /,')770 0.::'- 0.0 0.0 0.40 0.40 0.'+0 2.12 2.12 2.12 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.27 0.27 0.27 w 2 n 4490 1.'i720 c.o ~ .~. D.Q 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.43 0.43 0.43 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.C3 0.0;' "" 2 23 44'+0 1..5740 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 O.OG 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 ()ooo 5 30 5060 L.f,250 0.8 o.el 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 34 56,,0 465f:C C).O 0.0 0.0 0.02 O.o~ 0.97 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.29 0.~9 0.2 \i 0; 31.. <;1'30 4f:f1 0 0.0 0.0 a.o O.Oq 0.09 0.09 0.48 0.48 0.48 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.06 O. ~)6 0.06 ? 35 5210 4qGO 0.0 0.-1 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 5 35 52JO 46" () a.a 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.e1 C.01 ------- TABLE 20 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT E~~ISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES TONS I DAY SOX PA.RT CO He NOX GRID AREA S W A S W A S 'Ii A S W A S W A 1 347.4 0.0 001 0.1 0.1 0.1 001 4.7 3.4 3.9 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.5 2 347.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.2 1.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 3 9.6 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5 17.0 12.4 14.1 3.0 2.3 2.5 1.5 1.9 1.7 4 9.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 33.5 29.9 31.2 6.1 5.5 5.7 2.1 2.4 2.2 5 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.0 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 6 9.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 13.1 9.4 10.8 2.2 1.6 1.8 1.1 1.3 1.2 7 9.6 2.0 2.1 2.0 0.6 0.7 0.7 79.3 72.7 75.1 23.7 22.7 23.1 2.2 2.9 2.5 B 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.0 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 U.1 0.1 0.1 9 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.1 c.l 0.1 4.5 4.5 4.5 10 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.9 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 11 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 .po 12 86.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 001 0.1 o 13 86.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 c.o 0.0 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 14 86.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 001 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 15 347.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.3 2.8 3.3 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 16 617.7 3.3 3.3 3.3 90.0! 90.0 90.0 3.1 1.9 2.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 2.2 2.1 2.2 17 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 001 0.1 1R 617.7 0.2 001 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 19.5 13.9 16.0 3.5 2.5 2.8 2.0 1.5 1.7 19 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.4 3.2 3.6 0.8 0.6 0.7 (,).5 0.4 0.4 20 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 001 0.1 21 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.7 8.8 5.2 0.3 0.8 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 ?2 38.6 0.0 0.0 ,:1.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 3.8 3.1 3.4 101 0.9 1.0 0.5 0.4 0.4 23 38.6 c.o 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.7 1.8 2.1 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.3 24 38.6 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.6 0.5 20.0 11.9 14.9 3.6 2.3 2.7 1.5 2.3 1.9 25 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 3.2 1.8 2.3 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2 26 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 o.u 0.0 0.0 27 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 ------- o -, ?9 (,17.7 :).0 0.0 0.0 0.1 C.O 0.0 1.7 1.2 1.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 30 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.0 3.1 3.8 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 31 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.7 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.2 001 0.1 0.1 32 (,17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ::>.0 33 617.7 001 0.0 u.o 0.1 0.1 0.1 7.0 4.0 5.1 1.2 0.7 0.9 0.7 0.4 :;>.5 34 617.7 001 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 1.4 12.5 8.8 10.4 2.6 1.9 2.2 1.6 1.4 1.5 35 617.7 0.1 0.-1 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 8.3 4.9 6.2 1.7 1.1 1.3 0.':1 0.7 'J.e 36 (,17.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.2 1.5 0.4 0.2 003 0.2 0.2 0.2 37 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.0 o.a 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.:! 3A 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.1 001 0.1 0.1 0.1 39 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.2 ::>.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 8.1 40 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.2 1.':1 2.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3 41 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.3 2.4 3.1 0.8 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 42 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 (\.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 43 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ('1.7 0.4 0.5 1).1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 "'" ------- EMISSION DENSITIES In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of pollutants by grid, emission density maps have been provided. Figures 6 through 10 show variation in emission densities for the respective grids throughout the Study Area. As expected the emissions generally follow the pattern and degree of urbanization. Emission densities are higher in grids with high populations and correspondingly high vehicular and industrial activity. ------- . INDUSTRY @ STEAM-ELECTRIC o DUMP c o INSTITUTION ~r 42 41 .12._._._.- ._. -.- .-.-.- .-. -.-. -. -.-. _. _. -.- 1?...-- .... -....-. -.-.- .-.-....-. -.-.-.- .-. -.-! 4 ,.....-.- .-.-.-.- .-.-. -.-.... i i , ; ; i ; i i ; ; ; ; ; ; i ; i i ; i i i ; i i ; ............. ....-.-.......- ......... -.....-.-.... .-. :,'--j ; ; r-''''-' ; i ; ,j ; i i i ; i ! j'''' ; i i ; i ; 38 i 37 ; i ; ; ; i i i ; i ,- ; i i ...._._....i ; ; i u_......,..-. i i ; ; ; i 36 , 35 U 34 4 i i ; i i ; ; i ; i i ; ; ; i i i i ; ;, . i i ; cJ'...".". 80SIEII COUIITY 0- ; ; Tanqtun i ; ! ; ; I" ; ; i !Urn COUNTY i " , 30 ; .y i ; i i i i i ; i i i i i i i ; ; ; i ; ; i ; ; i i ; i , i i ; 0 i i ; i i At.BANY COUNTY i ; ; ! i i ~... .-. -. -.- .-.......... .-.-. ._._._._._._._._._._-_._._._._.~ ; 8 ' 27 5 ; i i i ; ; i i ; ; i i ; ; ; ; i i...-.-........... ........-.-.-.-.- .-. -.-. -.- ....._._...... .-.-. -.... i " 20 19 ; ; 18 i ; i ; i i i i 26 21 2b ; ; ; ; . ; r .....-.-................-.....-.-j i ;. ; ; 23 24 ; ; . i i . .l8'1II1Ie i ; . ; .! ; LAIWIIE COUNTY i 17 , i 6 i ; . i ; ; ; ; i ! i 15 i 4 3 4 2 , ; ; ; CbII .... ; ; i '; 0 60 ,.. S ' ; ; ;. ; i i i 9 0 11 i ; ; ; ; i 01 ; ; 3 . 2 i t.- .-.-.-.-. ...-.-.-.... .-.-. -.-.-.- i -.-.... -. -....-.-.......- .-... .....-.-.-.-....... .-.- -.-.-.-.- .-.-. _.... .L. _... .-. -....-. .-.-.-.-.-.-.-. .-.-.-........-.-. '-'-'-''''-'-''''-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'- -.-.-.-.- ....-.-.-.-....-........-._! 1 .-.- ... 421 4- 4"'" 5- 5588 5 ~ AIRPORT 7- .... 48- 46- 45S- 45- - b . .............. 10 , " '. _nil to , 2. I Figure 5. Point source locations in the study area. ------- SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS, ton/mi2 - day 0 - 0-05 0-05 - 0.1 0-1 - 0-5 ,?_ , 38 33 28 — - 17 !•» 4* 42 37 H MMNYI 11 u [16 • J -4 • — ~ — -i HNMTY U 31 93 t > 22 24 UranM • 41 41 , i i i-1 i 36 31 20 15 t* ' ~ ' — 41 14 13 id... Si • cut 30 19 ES HIM mi i ' \- (2 sssa IM MM L P TY • t N IB rr 52 OUNTY MM .. MM ? 34 29 18 91 - .... -.-...„,. — J........-.-I— i i i I i i i COUNTY • T«*ft« 1 (MM w» tMW *-• •*•* 460** 45INN i - 453*" Him Figure 6. Sulfur oxide emission densities for the study area, 1969. ------- PARTICULATE EMISSIONS, ton/mi^ - day Figure 7. Particulate emission densities for the study area, 1969- ------- 38 ALBANY COUNTY _ 20 CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS, ton/mi2 - day - 0.10 HI 0-10- 0-20 p| 0-20- 1.0 H3 1-0 - 4.0 4.0 - 10-0 PUTTE COUNTY LMUME COUNTY OOSW COUNTY 4J3MI S|W> Figure 8- Carbon monoxide emission densities for the study area, 1969- ------- HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS, ton/mi^ - day 0 - 0.05 0.05 - 0-10 0-1 - 0-5 0-5 - 1-0 1.0 -3.0 H rr 38 35 Si ' ' 17 •H 4» 42 37 pi AUUHY 27" 24 u 1 «4 i SOUNTY » 21 i3 r > i 32 [?* UN** i 41 41 ( , 1 i i f~* i 36 3T 20 w _, "" 41 |14 ' 13 Ml i\i... 33 • PU 30 19 fvoSsfl MkMtM m COUNTY LAIMMF F if" 9 ("O]" 12 Si OUMTY 2 MM •M 1? 34 80SIDI 29 18 I! j COWTT • TnkH« T •• Of* ••Mi - " 4BOMN 450HM 453"" (MMf Figure 9. Hydrocarbon emission densities for the study area, 1969- ------- NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS, ton/mi' - day 0 - 0-01 0-01 - 0-05 0-05 - 0-1 0.1 - 0-5 ft 31 33 28 : " 17 l"» 4* 42 37 33 HMNT 2? 2« f(6 • J -4 cowmr » 21 ff' : -•-•*"!_V.L.» ,.) i "—•--•i.-- W:::W: S&'SS ;•;•;•;•;•;•;.; ^^^S*' H 41 41 i j i i I"1 i 36 31 I 20 t5 •H 41 14 13 OH In — }.!._. 35 • PU 30 19 &m _ TTEC80HTY UUMMKC 52 WNTY T^ MM MM .? 34 MOWN 59 IB 9! 1< ] C90NTY • Tonfcft* ; t nw [72«M MMM " "" tlMM 4S«M - 453I*I> SIMM Figure 10. Nitrogen oxide emission densities for the study area, 1969- ------- ,,) Q REFERENCES 1. Ozolins, Guntis and Raymond Smith, Rapid Survey Techniques in Estimating Community Air Pollution Emissions. DHEW, PHS, October 1966. 2. Duprey, R.L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, United States, DHEW, PHS, 1968. 3. Draft report on Air Pollutant Emission Factors, DHEW, PHS, NAPCA, Unpublished. 4. City and County Data Book 1967, United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. 5. Local Climatological Data, United States Department of Commerce, 1968. 6. Fuel Oil Shipments Annual, United States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, September 17, 1969. 7. 1968 National Survey of Community Solid Waste Practices, an Interim Report, United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health Service. 8. Duprey, £E. ci t. 9. Draft report on Air Pollutant Emission Factors, £E. cit. ------- ! Appt:NvIX A METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES . l . ; YEARLY AVERAGE (A) J A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. ) Days of Operation , . ~ . .~ e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while operating 365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and 2,800 for the three winter months. 111e plant was estimated to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating and 85 percent for process heating. From this information, the annual . average emission for carbon monoxide would be the following: ", ,- .. , A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 lbs. CO/Ton coal 305 Days/year x 2,000 lb./Ton A = 0.41 Ton/Day " WINTER AVERAGE (W) W = Fuel Consumed x E.F. Days of Winter Operation x Winter Degree Days Total Degree Days x '0 Fuel Used for space heating + Fuel Consumed x E.F. % Fuel used for process heating 365 x W .0°,000 x 2 ,800 0.15 100,000 O.B~ 3 90 x 4,800 x .... 365 x 2,000 W = 0.49 Ton/Day SUMMER AVERAGE (S) S = Fuel Consumed x E.F. Days of Summer Operation x Summer Degree Days Total Degree Days x % Fue: Used for space heating + Fuel Consumed x E.F. % Fuel used for process heating 365 x S = ~oo,ooo 0 100,000 x O.B~ 3 x. x 0.15 + --- 90 4,800 365 2,000 S = 0.35 Ton/ Day .. .J:' ------- L Ci APPENDIX B METRIC CONVERS ION FACTORS Mul tiply ~. To Obtain Feet 0.3048 Meters Miles 1609 Meters Square Feet 0.0929 Square meters Square Miles 2.59 Square kilometers Pounds 453.6 Grams Pounds 453.6/104 Tons (metric) Tons (metric) 1.103 Tons (short) Tons (short) 907.2 Kilograms Tons (short) .9Q72 Tons (metric) To Obtain ]x. Divide ------- APPENDIX C ... EMISSION FACTORS - WOOD WASTE Wigman lb/unit (dry) Sulfur Oxides Particulate 0.2 7 260 22 1.3 Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides One unit (dry) is approximately one ton. ------- |