COLUMBUS, OHIO METROPOLITAN AREA
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Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of
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Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
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FRANKLIN COUNTY, OHIO AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by
James R. Beaty
and
David S. Kircher
',",
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Air Pollution Control Office
Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
Durham, North Carolina
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PREFACE
This report, which presents the emission inventory for the Colum-
bus Metropolitan Area, is another in a series of surveys outlining the
sources and emissions of air pollutants for major metropolitan areas
in the country.
These surveys, conducted by the National Inventory of
Air Pollutant Emissions and Control Branch of the Air Pollution Control
Office, provide estimates of the present levels of air pollutant emis-
sions and status of their control.
The pollutants which include sulfur
oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides,
are delineated with respect to source type, season of the year and geo-
graphical distribution within the area.
The general procedure for the
surveys is based upon the rapid survey technique for estimating air
pollutant emissions. 1
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sincere gratitude is extended by the Air Pollution Control Office
to the many individuals and companies who contributed to this study.
We are grateful to Mr. Gene Nagel of the Columbus Division of Air
Pollution Control for his assistance.
We also sincerely appreciate
the contributions made by Mr. Dean Seizert of Columbia Gas of Ohio
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.
Page
1
Surmnary.
3
Description of Study Area.
9
Grid Coordinate System .
14
Emissions by Category.
17
Stationary Fuel Combustion.
17
Steam-Electric Utility.
17
Industrial.
20
Residential.
23
Commercial-Institutional.
23
Transpor ta t ion.
24
Motor Vehicles.
24
Aircraft.
25
Railroads.
28
Solid Waste Disposal.
28
Incinera tion.
28
Industrial Processes.
30
Evaporative Losses.
30
Automobiles.
30
Gasoline Storage and Handling.
32
Consumption of Solvents
32
Emissions by Grid.
33
Contribution of Point and Area Sources.
33
Emission Densities.
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References. 44
Appendix A. 45
Appendix B. . 46
0,
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Table
10
11
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Surmnary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Franklin County
Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Study Area . . . . . . . 7
1
1A
2
Percentage of Contribution of Each Source Category to
Total Emissions. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
3
Annual Fuel Consumption in Study Area. .
.....
4
Average Chemical Analysis of Fuels Consumed in Study Area. . .
5
Air Pollutant Emissions from the Combustion of Fuels
in Stationary Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
6
Surmnary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation
Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7
Air Traffic Activity at the Largest Airports in Study Area. .
8
Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal. .
.....
9
Hydrocarbon Emissions from Evaporative Loss Sources
in Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
Surmnary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Point Sources
in Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from All Sources
in Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 37
8
18
19
22
26
27
29
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Figure
~
"
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1
Map of the Franklin County Study Area and Surrounding Cities. . 10
2
Detailed Map of Franklin County Study Area. . . . .
...11
3
Population Density for Franklin County Study Area.
. . . 12
4
Grid Coordinate System for Study Area
. . . 15
. . . .
5
Point Source Locations for Study Area. .
.....
. . . 34
6
Sulfur Oxide Emission Density from All Sources in
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 39
7
particulate Emission Density from All Sources in
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 40
8
Carbon Monoxide Emission Density from All Sources in
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
9
Hydrocarbon Emission Density from All Sources in
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . 42
10
Nitrogen Oxide Emission Density from All Sources in
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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INTRODUCTION
This report is a summary of the Columbus air pollutant emission
inventory conducted in September, 1970.*
Since all inventories are
based upon a calendar year, the data and emission estimates presented
here are representative of 1968 and should be considered as indicat-
ing the conditions as existed during that year.
The Study Area, which was chosen by the Division of Meteorology
for its topographic characteristics, consists of Franklin County in
which Columbus is centrally located.
This area covers approximately
538 square miles and had a 1968 population of 855,602.
A grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical distri-
bution of emissions within the county.
The Study Area was subdivided
into 48 grid zones ranging in size from 4 square kilometers in the
heavily populated and industrialized areas to 100 kilometers in the
rural areas.
All sources of emissions were classified into five categories--
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal, in-
dustrial processes and evaporative losses.
Each of these source cate-
gories was divided into two subgroups--point sources and area sources.
Facilities, which emit large quantities of air pollutants, were consi-
dered individually as point sources, while the many remaining contri-
o
butors such as motor vehicles, residential and commercial fuel users,
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small industries and on-site refuse burning equipment, were considered
collectively as area sources.
For this report, 23 individual sources,
which had emissions approximately 0.1 tons per average annual day for
any pollutant, were classified as point sources.
Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as fuel
consumption, refuse burning rates, vehic1e~i1es, production data, and
control efficiencies and emission factors relating these indicators to
emission rates.2
These factors represent average emission rates for
a particular source category.
Since individual sources have inherent
differences that cannot always be taken into consideration, discre-
pancies between the actual and estimated emissions are more likely in
individual sources than in the total emissions for a source category.
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and
should not be interpreted as absolute values.
The estimates are, in
some cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factors and
production or consumption data.
Despite these limitations, these es-
timates are of sufficient accuracy and validity in defining the extent
and distribution of air pollutant emissions in the Study Area.
~
*As a supplement to the air pollutant inventory, a heat emission
inventory was also conducted in which the dates of primary interest
were for the year 1968.
2
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SUMMARY
The annual emissions as estimated by the Franklin County Air
Pollutant Emission Inventory are:
Sulfur Oxides
particulates
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
(Tons per Year)
29,800
40,400
339,000
58,200
33,300
The following is a brief description of the air pollutant emissions
as presented in Table 1 and Table 2.
Sulfur Oxides:
The largest portion of the sulfur oxides emitted
came from commercial and institutional sources 10-
cated in the Study Area which had coal fired units.
Together these accounted for 37 percent of total
sulfur oxides.
The combustion of fossil fuels by
other stationary sources accounted for 55 percent
of the sulfur oxides emitted.
The remaining 8
percent was distributed under motor vehicles, re-
fuse disposal and small industries.
Particulates:
The majority of the particulate emissions (91%)
came from the combustion of coal in the Study Area.
Steam-electric utilities, which included 3 major
'-'
power plants accounted for 37 percent of the ,total
particu1at~ emissions.
The combustion of coal from
large commercial and institutional establishments
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Carbon Monoxide:
Hydrocarbons:
.
such as the university, penitentiary, and Air Force
base, accounted for an additional 50 percent.
The
remaining portion comes mainly from transportation
sources (7%), industrial and residential fuel com-
bustion (4%), and miscellaneous sources (2%).
In most metropolitan areas the largest source of
carbon monoxide emissions is from automobiles and
other motor vehicles.
This was also true itl Colum-
bus as motor vehicles contributed 93 percent of the
carbon monoxide emitted annually.
Other transpor-
tation sources including railroad and aircraft
operations contributed another 5 percent.
The only other significant source of carbon mono-
xide was from the inefficient combustion of fuel
at residential, commercial and institutional esta-
blishments.
This category accounted for about 2
percent of the total emissions.
Exhaust gases from motor vehicles was the primary
source of hydrocarbon emissions, accounting for
over 42 percent of the total.
Evaporative losses
from motor vehicles which includes losses from the
gas tank, carburetor and engine crankcase accounted
for 25 percent of total hydrocarbon emissions.
Other
smaller evaporative loss sources including gasoline
4
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Nitrogen Oxides:
~
stor«ge and handling, industrial solvent usage,
dry cleaning plants, and miscellaneous solvent
usage, collectively accounted for 20 percent of
total emissions.
Other sources included railroad
and aircraft operations (7% of total) and station-
ary fuel combustion (2% of total).
The largest source of nitrogen oxides was the ex-
haust gas from motor vehicles which accounted for
64 percent of total nitrogen oxide emissions.
The
combustion of coal, oil, and gas at other stationary
sources accounted for 36 percent of total emissions.
Emissions from open burning were negligible since
Franklin County law prohibits it.
All municipal
solid waste disposal is done by landfill operations
thus resulting in no air pollutant emissions.
~e
resulting emissions from incinerations arise mainly
from commerical, institutional, and residential in-
cinerations.
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TABLE 1
.
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA, 1968
(Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 1,350 1,900 316,400 24,600 18,950
Other 250 900 16,500 4,100 2,200
Subtotal 1,600 2,800 332,900 28,700 21,150
Stationary Fuel
Comb us t ion
Industry 7,000 900 200 100 2,900
Steam-Electric 7,100 14,800 100 50 4,800
Residential 2,300 800 800 200 2,200
Connnercial and
Institutional 10,900 20,200 4,200 850 2,100
Subtotal 27,300 36,700 5,300 1,200 12,000
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 40 130 600 300 150
Open Burning 0 0 0 0 0
Subtotal 40 130 600 300 150
Industrial Processes 820 640 200 0 0
Evaporative Losses 28,000
GRAND TOTAL a 29,800 40,400 339,000 58,200 33,300
a = Totals have been rounded.
6
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TABLE lA
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT mnSSIONS IN STUDY AREA, 1968
(1000 kg/year)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides uiates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 1,220 1 ,720 287,000 22,300 17,200
Other 230 820 15,000 3,720 2,000
Subtotal 1,450 2,540 302,000 26,020 19,200
Stationary Fuel
Combus tion
Industrial 6,350 820 180 90 2,630
Steam-Electric 6,440 13,400 90 45 4,350
Residential 2,080 730 730 185 2,000
Commercial and
Institutional 9,880 18,300 3,800 770 1,900
Subtotal 24,750 33,250 4,800 1,090 10,880
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 40 120 530 270 130
Open Burning 0 0 0 0 0
Subtotal 40 120 530 270 130
Industrial Processes 740 590 170 0 0
Evaporative Losses 25,320
GRAND TOTAL 27,000 36,500 307,500 52,700 30,210
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TABLE 2
PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SOURCE CATEGORY TO
TOTAL EMISSIONS IN THE COLUMBUS STUDY AREA
Su lfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles. 4.~ 4.7 93.3 42.3 57.0
Other .8 2.2 4.8 7.1 6.6
Subtotal 5.3 6.9 98.1 49.5 63.6
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 23.6 2.2 .1 .2 8.7
Steam-Electric 24.0 37.3 .1 .1 14.3
Residential 7.7 1.9 .2 .3 6.6
Commercial and
Insti tutiona1 36.7 50.0 1.2 1.5 6.4
Subtotal 92.0 91.4 1.6 2.1 36.0
Refuse Disposal
Incineration .1 .3 .2 .4 .4
Open Burning 0 0 0 0 0
Subtotal .1 .3 .2 .4 .4
Process Losses 2.6 1.4 .1 0 0
Evaporative Losses 48.0
TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100
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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The Study Area for the emission survey of the Columbus Metropoli-
tan Area consists of Franklin County which is located in the center of
Ohio.
Figure 1 shows the location of the Franklin County Study Area
relative to other large cities in its vicinity.
Figure 2 represents a more detailed drawing of the Franklin County
Study Area showing the major urban areas.
It should be pointed out
that the boundaries of these areas do not correspond to city limits,
but rather give a general outline of the major clusters of population.
The Study Area occupies 538 square miles and contained an estimated
1968 population of 855,602, which is approximately a 25 percent increase
since 1960.
The population density map (Figure 3) shows the heaviest
concentrations near the city of Columbus.
TOPOGRAP1Ii'-
Franklin County, located in the center of Ohio, is in the drainage
area of the Ohio River.
The major river in the county is the Scioto
River which flows from the northwest corner, through the center of
Columbus; and then straight south toward the Ohio River.
The land is
flat with the only variation in elevation coming from the narrow valleys
associated with small drainage streams.
Columbus is the major city in the county with an elevation of 812
feet above m.s.l. at the Columbus International Airport.
The roliing
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100
SCALE, mil*!
200
Figure 1. Map of Franklin cour% study area and surrounding cities.
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—I
.-J
X
WESTERVILLE
WORTHINCTON
U. S. MILITARY RES.
(Lockboumi AFB)
SCALE, mile.
Figure 2. Detailed map of Franklin county study area.
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4447000
4437000
310000
320000
330000
340000
35°o<»
SCALE, miln
POPULATION DENSITY,
persons/mi*
[""I 0 - 10.000
HH 10,000 - 20,000
HI 20,000 - 30,000
30.000 - 40,000
40,000 - 65,000
Figure 3. Population density for Franklin county study area, 1968.
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landscape is conducive to air drainage to the northwest since the ave-
rage wind direction is from the southwest as reported by the Weather
Bureau located at the airport.
CLIMATOLOGY
Columbus has a changeable weather pattern due to its location.
During the summer months tropical air masses move in from the Gulf,
and during winter months air masses from central and northwest Canada
are observed.
During the summer months, records show calm or very low
winds during the evening and early morning.
Columbus has no "wet" or
"dry" season as such, however the lightest rainfall occurs during the
fall, which would come closest to providing a normal dry season.
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL FACTORS
Columbus, which is the Ohio state capital, is not a heavily indus-
trialized area.
There were two iron and steel fabricating plants, a
fabric coating establishment, one paint blending operation, three as-
phalt batch plants, one chemical fertilizer company, a lime quarry,
an aircraft manufacturer, and one zinc manufacturing firm.
Other sma 11
industrial point sources were present but contributed an insignificant
quantity of emissions compared to the larger industries mentioned.
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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
A grid coordinate system, based on the Universal Transverse Mer-
cator Projection (UTM) was used in the Franklin County Study Area to
show the geographical distribution of emissions.
A map of this grid
system is presented in Figure 4.
The UTM system was chosen due to its advantages over other stan-
dard grid systems such as the Latitude-Longitude and State Plane Co-
ordinate Systems.
The major advantages of this system are that (1) it
is continuous across the country and is not hindered by political sub-
divisions, (2) the grids are of uniform size throughout the country,
(3) it has world-wide use, and (4) the grids are square in shape--a
necessary feature for use in meteorological dispersion models.
The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the
metric system.
Each north-south and east-west grid line, as illustrated
in Figure 4, is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters.
Each point source and grid is identified by the horizontal and vertical
coordinates of their geographical center to the nearest 100 meters.
As shown in Figure 4, the Study Area was divided into 48 grids of
four main sizes--4, 6, 25, and 100 square kilometers.
Grid zones of
different sizes are used to limit the number of grid zones and yet allow
a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of emissions.
The majority of the emissions is usually concentrated in the populated
and industrialized portions of a Study Area.
Smaller grids are placed
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. .
4447000 1 2 3 . S
r--- - --- - -.....- DELAWARE COUNTY
, ----- ----:---..
.--J
/ :
, :
4437000 6 7 8 9 19 :XI 22
r-- I
I I
1 FRANKLIN COUNTY
10 11 12 13 21 \
( ,
\ /
4427000 2
,
-..J
JS ; LICKING
3. COUNTY
-/
4417000 4S 46 8
/
,
---.. - ---- - ------- rJ
PICKAWAY COUNTY --- ,
4407000
~ J101XX1 J20000 J:1KXYJ 350000
~ 0 5 10
I I I
SCALE, mil..
Figure 4. Grid coordinate system for the Franklin county study area.
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over these areas in order to. reflect abrupt changes in emissions with-
in short distances.
The use of grid zones smaller than 4 square kilo-
meters is not warranted because of the inherent inaccuracies in the data.
Since only a small percentage of the total emissions occur in rural
areas, larger grid zones are normally used to show the distribution of
emissions in these lightly populated portions of a Study Area.
16
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EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
For the purposes of compiling tbe basic data and emission estimates,
the air pollutant sources were classified into the following fivecate-
gories:
1.
Stationary fuel combustion
2.
Transportation
3.
Solid waste disposal
4.
Industrial processes
5.
Evaporative losses
Each of these categories is considered individually in this section
where data sources are given and methods of calculation discussed.
STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
The stationary fuel combustion category is concerned with any fixed
source which burns fuels for either space heating or process heating.
The four primary sources in this category are industrial facilities,
steam-electric plants, residential housing, and commercial and insti-
tutional establishments.
In the Columbus area, coal, distillate oil,
and natural gas were the primary fuels used.
Table 3 summarizes the
types of fuels consumed and the category that they are used in, and
Table 4 presents an average chemical analysis of these fuels.
Steam-Electric Utility
METHODOLOGY:
Data on the three power plants in the area were
acquired from the municipal plant and the Columbus and Southern Ohio
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TABLE 3
ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTION IN COLUMBUS STUDY AREA, 1968
Steam- Commercial and
Category Electric Industrial Residential Institutional Totals
Coal (tons) 457,000 108,000 29,324 127,000 721,325
Na tura 1
Gas
(mi llion cu. ft.) 967 14,584 34,456 24,728 74,.735
Distillate Oil
(thousand ga 1.) 1,033 0 22,160 18 23 ,211
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TABLE 4
AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FUELS CONSUMED IN THE
COLUMBUS STUDY AREA, 1968
Distillate Fuel Oil
% by weight % by weigh t
Type Source Ash Content Sulfur Content
Steam-Electric 13.5 .8
Industrial 10.0 3.0
Domestic-Commercial 12.0 2.1
Steam-Electric NU NU
Industrial NU NU
Domestic-Commercial NU NU
Steam-Electric N 0.2
Industrial N 0.2
Domestic-Commercial N 0.15
Type Fuel
Coal
Residual Fuel Oil
N = Negligible
NU = Fuel not used by this type source
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Electric Company and compare~ to figures presented by the National Coal
5
Associa tion.
The data included the annual fuel consumption for 1968,
type and efficiency of control equipment, sulfur and ash content of the
fuel and the type of furnace.
RESULTS:
All three of the power plants in the area use pulverized
coal-fired boilers in addition to distillate oil and natural gas units.
Approximately a half million tons of coal were consumed in these boilers
in 1968.
Of this .46 million tons, .1 million was consumed in boilers
with no control devices for particulates.
The remaining .36 million
tons were controlled by mechanical collectors with efficiencies ranging
from 85 to 88 percent.
The average weighted efficiency of the .36
million tons of coal which was controlled was 87 percent.
A total of
1.03 million gallons of distillate fuel oil was also used by the three
power plants.
In addition the municipal power plant consumed just un-
der a billion cubic feet of natural gas in a gas turbine generator.
Air pollutant emissions from fuel combustion at these plants as
well as from all other fuel combustion sources are summarized in Table
7.
The steam-electric plants were a substantial contributor of sulfur
oxides, particulates and nitrogen oxides in the Study Area.
Approxi-
mately 26 percent of the total sulfur oxides from stationary fuel
combustion, 40 percent of the particulates, and 38 percent of the ni-
trogen oxides were attributed to these three plants.
Industrial
METHODOLOGY:
Since in:a,rap:Ld survey of industria! sources it is
impossible to contact every plant, other techniques must be used to
20
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.-
\0
determine the. contribution of industrial fuel combustion sources.
In
order to do this, the total quantities of the various fuels used are
determined and the amounts used by the largest industries are found.
The remaining sources are considered collectively as area sources and
their fuel used is based on the difference between the total and the
amount consumed by the largest sources.
The total quantity of distillate fuel oil consumed by industries
was estimated by the Ohio Petroleum Marketer Association.
These were
compared to totals provided by the majority of the acknowledged agen-
cies.
Natural gas numbers were obtained from Columbia Gas of Ohio
Company who provided the breakdown by user category.
Total coal con-
sumption by industrial sources was based solely on questionnaire data
or personal contacts.
The quantities of all fuels used by individual industries was
found by personal contacts and then subtracted from the totals to
determine area source fuel use.
It should be noted that fuel combustion by industries include
both fuel used for space heating, and fuel used for process heating.
A national average was used to separate process heating from space
heating.
RESULTS:
Coal and natural gas were used by industrial sources
in the Study Area.
Table 5 shows the relative contribution of each fuel to the total
emissions from stationary fuel combustion.
\
Industrial sources account
-------
. ,".
TABLE 5
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE OOMBUSTION OF FUELS IN
STATIONARY SOURCES IN THE STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
. .
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Fuel User Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Coal
Industrial 7,000 800 200 70 1 , 3 50
Steam-Electric 7,100 14,800 100 40 4,550
Residential 1,900 400 720 150 100
Commercia 1 and
Institutional 10,900 20,100 4,200 830 700
Subtotal 26,900 36,100 5,220 1,090 6,700 i
,.
Fuel Oil
Industrial 0 0 0 0 0
Steam-Electric 20 N 0 N 50
Residential 320 100 20 30 150
Commercial and
Institutional 0 0 0 0 0
Subtotal 340 100 20 30 200
Gas
Industrial N 130 N 0 1,600
Steam-Electric 0 10 0 0 200
Residential 5 330 5 0 2 ,000 .
Commercial and
Insti tutional 5 230 5 0 1 ,400
Subtotal 10 700 10 N 5,200
GRAND TOTALa 27,250 36,900 5,250 1,120 12,100
N = Negligible ..
. ,
a = Totals have been rounded.
22
.. ',',~ , " .,
-------
. \
for 26 percent of total sulfur oxide emissions from stationary fuel
combustion, 3 percent of particulates, 4 percent of carbon monoxide,
6 percent of bydrocarbons, and 11 percent of nitrogen oxides.
Residential
METHODOLOGY:
Natural gas, distillate fuel oil and coal were tbe
primary fuels used for residential borne heating.
There were homes
beated by other fuels, but they represent a small percentage of tbe
total.
Data on the amount of natural gas used for domestic heating
was &upplied by the local power companies and compared with the rapid
survey tecbnique of estimating tbe fuel used for bome heating.6
Dis-
tillate oil and coal consumption data were estimated based on data
supplied by local agencies and on tbe rapid survey technique.
RESULTS:
The percentage of tbe number of homes tbat use eacb
type fuel is estimated 'based on utility company data witb natural
gas being used in 89 percent of the dwelling units, fuel oil 9 percent
and coal 1 percent.
Emissions resulting from residential fuel combustion are relatively
low for all pollutants.
However, since~coal is not burned efficiently
in bomes, total emissions are bigber than migbt be expected.
Commercial-Institutional
METHODOLOGY:
Commercial and institutional establisbments in tbe
Study Area used two of tbe previously mentioned fuels--natural gas and
coal.
Data on tbe total amounts of tbese fuels used in tbe area as
well as tbe consumption at individual establishments were supplied by
power companies and fuel associations.
-------
RESULTS:
The use of coal at commercial and institutional estab-
lishments was by far the most significant source of emissions fram
this category.
Major sources included the Air Force base, university,
and penitentiary.
The percentages were--40 percent sulfur oxides,
53 percent particulates, 80 percent carbon monoxide, 74 percent hydro-
carbons, and 6 percent nitrogen oxides.
TRANSPORTATION
Three types of transportation sources of air pollution are con-
sidered in this survey-~otor vehicles, aircraft, and railroads.
Motor vehicles, which are by far the most significant source in this
category, are further subdivided according to type of fuel--gasoline
or diesel.
Motor Vehicles
More than 4 billion miles were traveled by motor vehicles in 1968
in the Franklin County Study Area.
In the process, 323 million gallons
of gasoline and 25 million gallons of diesel fuel were consumed for
highway purposes.
Vehicle-mile data for all of the roads in Franklin County were
supplied by the Franklin County Highway Department.
This data was in
the form of traffic flow maps which showed average daily traffic along
the roads.
The contribution to the total motor vehicle pollution by diesel-
powered vehicles was determined by assuming that approximately three:
percent of the total vehicle miles traveled were by diesel-powered
-------
vehicles.
This was checked by estimating diesel fuel consumption in
7
the county.
These emissions were apportioned on a grid basis by
assuming they were proportional to gasoline emissions.
Emissions from motor vehicles are a function of the speed at
which the vehicle travels.
Average speeds of 10-20 mph were assumed
for downtown areas, 20-30 mph for the residential areas, and 30-45 mph
for the rural areas to calculate vehicle emissions.
From all transportation sources, motor vehicles accounted for 85
percent of the sulfur oxides, 68 percent of the particulates, 95 percent
of the carbon monoxide, 85 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 89 percent
of the nitrogen oxides.
Gasoline powered motor vehicles contributed
a greater percent of all pollutants than diesel powered motor vehicles.
Emissions from transportation sources are summarized in Table 6.
I
i
I
Aircraft
Table 7 shows the air traffic activity at the largest airports in
the Study Area.
An estimate of the number of flights by engine type was
supplied by the traffic controller at each airport and summarized in
,
I
I
, ,
! :
Table 7.
The air pollutant emissions from aircraft include all phases of
~ I
I
!
operation (taxi, take-off, climb out, approach and landing) that take
place below the arbitrarily chosen altitude of 3,500 feet.
Emissions
at cruise altitude (above 3,500 feet) are not of concern in an emis-
I '
,
, u
sion inventory.
From all transportation sources, aircraitaccounted
I '
I I
I
: '
for 9 percent of the particulates, 5 percent of the carbon monoxide,
11 percent of the hydrocarbons and 4 percent of the nitrogen oxides.
, ,
,
25
I i
I I
-------
TABLE 6
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION
SOURCES, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Motor Vehicles
Gasoline 1,300 1,750 316,400 24,400 18,600
Diesel 50 150 100 200 300
Subtotal 1,350 1,900 316,500 24,600 18,900
Aircraft
Jet N 150 250 300 150
Piston N 70 15,800 3,000 750
Turboprop N N N N N
Subtotal N 240 16,000 3,300 900
Railroads 250 660 350 800 1,300
GRAND TOTAL 1,600 2,800 333,000 28,700 21,100
-------
TABLE 7
AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT THE LARGEST AIRPORTS IN THE
COLUMBUS STUDY AREA, 1968 (Flights/Year)a
Port Columbus . Don Scott Lockbourne
Type Engine International AFB
2 Engine Conventional Jet 7,300 900 1,300
3 Engine Fan-Jet 5,300
4 Engine Fan-Jet 2,700 2,200
2 Engine Turboprop 5,000
I Engine Piston 88,200 80,500 700
Z Engine Piston 58,900 11,300
4 Engine Piston 0
TOTALS 167,400 92,700 4,200
a = Flight is defined as a combination of a landing and a takeoff.
-------
Railroads
Railroad operations (mainly locomotive) consume about 12 million
gallons of diesel fuel per year within the Study Area.
This quantity
is about 50 percent less than the amount of diesel fuel consumed by
motor vehicles.
The majority of this fuel is consumed during switch-
ing operations.
Diesel fuel consumption data was obtained from state
totals for railroad use and then apportioned according to population.
Railroad operations contribute about 15 percent of the sulfur
oxides and 23 percent of the particulates from all transportation
sources.
They account for less than 6 percent of the emissions for
any other pollutant.
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
All of the municipal solid waste disposal is carried out by
landfill operations as mentioned earlier.
Therefore, it is assumed
that any remaining solid waste disposal is done by commercial and
institutional on-site incinerators.
Table 8 presents an emission
summary for solid waste disposal in Franklin County.
INCINERATION
The Ohio State University incinerator was the largest on-site
unit in the study area.
Other units were small commercial and resi-
dential incerators and therefore were treated as area sources.
28
-------
TABLE 8
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL, 1968
(Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Incineration
Municipal N N N N N
On-Site 40 120 620 300 150
Subtotal 40 120 620 300 150
Open Burning
On-Site N N N N N
Dump N N N N N
Subtotal N N N N N
GRAND TOTAL 40 120 620 300 150
N = None
-------
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
From an air pollution standpoint, there is no large single source
since the Study Area is not a highly industrialized area.
In the agri-
cultural industry the largest source was three well controlled fertili-
zer plant.
In the mineral products industry the largest sources were
1 lime quarry and 3 asphalt batching plants.
Other industries that
generated air pollutant emissions from their processes included I gray
iron foundry, I steel fabrication plant, 1 fabric coating plant, 1 zinc
mill, and I aircraft manufacturing firm.
The only significant emissions
contributions were sulfur oxides (3% of the total) and particulate (2%
of the total).
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
Three source categories were considered for evaporative losses--
automobiles, gasoline storage and handling, and the consumption of
solvents.
The hydrocarbon emissions from all sources by evaporative
losses are shown in Tabl~ 9.
Automobiles
Automobile evaporation losses include gas tank and carburetor
evaporation and engine crankcase blowby.
Since 1963, most new auto-
mobiles were equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valves
that reduce hydrocarbon emissions from the crankcase by about 90 percent.
Due to a lag time in the automobile replacement rate, it was assumed ..
that 20 percent of the automobiles were not equipped with PCV valves.
The hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles were calculated from
vehicle-mile data and were apportioned onto grids using the same methods
-------
TABLE 9
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM EVAPORATIVE LOSS SOURCES IN
THE OOLUMBUS STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Type of Source
Hydrocarbons
Gasoline Storage and Handling
Automobiles
Solvent Consumption
Industrial
6.,.600
18,400
Dry Cleaning
1,900
1,200
GRAND TOTAL
28,100
"
-------
as for motor vehicles discussed earlier.
Evaporative losses from auto-
mobiles accounted for 65 percent of the total hydrocarbon emissions
from evaporative losses in the Study Area.
Gasoline Storage and Handling
There are four major points (excluding evaporation from the motor
vehicle) of hydrocarbon emissions in the storage and handling of gaso-
line.
There are:
1.
Breathing and filling losses from storage tanks
2.
Filling losses from loading tank conveyances
3.
Filling losses from loading underground storage tanks at
service statnons.
4.
Spillage and filling losses in filling automobile gas tanks
at service stations.
Approximately 500 million gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel were
stored in the Study Area in 1968.
The evaporative losses from this
storage and the subsequent handling accounted for 23 percent of the
total evaporative losses.
Consumption of Solvents
This category included the consumption of solvents at dry cleaning
plants and industrial solvent usage.
Organic solvents emitted from
these operations were determined by assuming an emission rate of 2.7
1b/capita/year for any cleaning p1ants'and emission rates corresponding
to the amount of solvent usage obtained from industries.
The consumption
of solvents by these categories accounted for 10 percent of the hydro~
carbon emissions from evaporative losses.
-------
EMISSIONS BY GRID
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air
'"
pollutant emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were
apportioned on the grid coordinate system.
The emissions were divided
into two source groups--point and area sources.
Twenty-three point
sources are identified individually with respect to location and emis-
sions.
The majority of these point sources emitted more than .1 tons
per average annual day of any pollutant.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF POINT AND AREA SOURCES
Figure 5 shows the location of all point sources in the area.
Collectively the 23 point sources account for 84 percent of the sulfur
oxides, 89 percent of the particulates, 23 percent of bme nitrogen
oxides, and only 4 percent of the carbon monoxide and 3 percent of the
hydrocarbons.
The percentage contribution to carbon monoxide emissions
is low because motor vehicles, which are area sources, contribute 95
percent of the total carbon monoxide emissions.
Similarly, the contri-
bution to total hydrocarbon emissions is low since two gro~ps of area
sources, motor vehicles and evaporative losses are the major sources.
Table 10 presents the emissions of point sources.
Each source is
identified by source category, grid number and horizontal and vertical
-'
coordinates.
The emissions of sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides are shown for an average
annual day, average winter day (December, January, February), and
-------
WESTERVILH
WORTMINGTON
SCALE, m
A STEAM ELECTRICAL UTILITY
• INDUSTRY
O COMMERCIAL - INSTITUTION
O SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
O AIRPORT
Figure 5. Point source locations for Franklin county study area.
-------
c
'-
TABLE TO SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES IN THE CoLUMBUS STUDY AREA, f968
- - ---- --------- ------_u - - - TJllt.~~Q!~-
SOX U~
PART
CO
IDGRmHC---YC.- S. II A S WAS W A
1_~~Q9- 444 0_.. 0.0 -~.9.__u~_Q_n__9-,!02_j).c!~- ~._~2. - -- .C)~~Q _.O-'!~Q -- 0..00
2
4 3350
1 3 3235 4It395 0.0
- --..-------_._- - --
44410
0.0
0.0
0.0
_L.~O- 32~Q__~~~_.__J.!,3. - _._A.~- . 1_~3
2
10 3220
- -- - u_-
1
11 3275
6 12 3280 4It3 5 0.0 0.0
-----..--.-- -_._._~--_.__.. ._~-_.
3.7
2
2
13 3318
16 3298
44290
4It35
4It295
4It290
21.5
0.0
21.5
0.0
0.0
21.5
3.7
0.0
2
16 3298
2 16 3298 44285 0.0 0.0 0.0
---. --------- --_..~ ----. ---~---~ -~._- .
3.2
2
2
17 3310
213360
7
21 3375
2
25 3208
4
28 3278
. -_._- + ----
3
29 3282
2
38 3305
4
46 3280
1
41 3397
: 4
47 33 70
44215
44290
44282
..----..--- -
44290
44262
44262
44262
4It230
44072
44095
44160
-.. .---- --
13.8
2.8
0.0
0.0
32.9
0.0
0.0
4.8
3.8
0.0
12.0
4.3
5.1
0.0
13.5
0.0
0.0
4.1
3.8
0.0
4.3
H.3
4.3
4.4
0.0
0.06
0.0
0.02
0.40
0.06 0.06
0.02 0.02
12.54
0.00
0.10 0.10
0.10
0..4Cl- -'?~9_- - .O._!O
0.00
0.0
0.0
0.00
35.31 35.31 35.31
0.00 0.00
3.1
0.41
0.0
0.00
0.88
3.0
0.80
0.00
0.0
0.00
0.0
0.48
0.0
0.00
3.9
5.11
--- -- -'. ---
9.20
0.41
0.41
0.00 0.00
0.88 0.88
0.90 0.84
0.00 0.00
1.66
0.68
0.48
0.48
0.00 0.00
4.43 4.20
3.8
9.20 9.20
0.53 0.53
0.53
0.0
11.79 10.22
9.69
4.2
10.63 10.63 10.63
32.40 28.08 26.63
6.30
12.54
0.00
0.10
0.00
6.30
0.12
0.62 0.62
--"--.- ---
0.12
0.00
O.'U
0.10
0.00
0.00
31.39
0.00
0.01
2.39
0.00
0.22
2.83
0.07
0.00
0.47
0.12
0.00
0.52
.. --- . - ---.-.
31.39
0.00
0.06
2.39
0.00 -
0.19
2.83
0.06
12.54
0.00
0.10
0.00
6.30
0.62
0.12
0.00
0.41
0.11
0.00
0.21
31.39
0.00
0.06
S
0.90
2.44
0.00
0.03
0.00
1.26
HC
w
0.00
2.44
0.00
0.03
0.00
1.26
A
O!OO
2.44
0.00
S
.0.00
0.58
0.03 0.11
---..----. _.
0.00
0.00
1.26
0.00
1.15
NOX
w
0.00
0.58
0.00
0.11
0.00
1.15
A
0.00
0.58
0.00
0.11
0.00
1.15
0.04
0.11 0.77 0.77 0.18 0.18 0.18
.----.--..------.-----.---- - -- - -- .- -_. ------
0.30
0.00
5.06
0.00
0.00
0.04
0.30
0.00
0.04
0.30
0.00
0.82
0.00
0.00
0.82
0.00
0.00
0.82
0.00
- __n__._. 0--
..._--- ___..,0_- -- -'----'- --.-------
0.00
5.07 5.06
0.00
0.11
- . -.--. -.----. ._-~-
6.sa
6.52
8.36
0.03
8.36
0.03
0.00
0.07
0.71
0.00
----.. --.-----
0.00
6.52
. ..._--- ------.- .
. -- .-- -.---
8.36
1.16
0.00
0.80 0.15
0.00
3.46
0.00
1.42
1.16
-_.._--~- -'
1.16
0.00
. - - ~_.. ~ ~- . -.- -..-- .---.-
3.36
0.02
3.88
0.00
3.19
-.-.-------.---- ----.. ~---._-- --- - ~_._---- ------- -_._-
0.38
2.39
0.00
0.18
2.83
0.06
0.41
0.00
0.09
0.59
0.02
0.47
0.00
0.41
- --. - --
0.00
0.38
0.00
--_. - -. - - ...__.. ._-~ - - - . - --.
9.15
0.08
0.59
0.02
0.07
0.59
0.02
0.50
3.00
0.38
-.-. -.-.- -.- -...-
0.00
--- -- -- - -
7.93
0.50
0.00
7.52
2.60 - 2.46
-------
average summer day (June, July, August).
The appendix presents the
method of calculating these three averages.
Area sources are sources of emissions that are significant by
themselves, but as a group may emit a large portton of the areas total
pollution.
Examples of area sources are motor vehicles, ~sidences,
light commercial and industrial establishments and backyard burning.
The emissions from area sources have been added to that for point
sources to obtain total emissions from all sources by grid, as shown
in Table 11.
The emissions from all sources are also shown for an
annual average, winter and summer day.
EMISSIONS DENSITIES
In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of
pollutants by grids, emission density maps have been prepared.
Emis-
sion densities were obtained by summarizing the annual area and point
source emissions for each grid and dividing this total by the land
area of the grid.
Figures six to ten show the variation on emission
densitites for the respective grids throughout the Study Area.
As
expected the emissions generally follow the pattern and degree of urbani-
zation.
Emission densities for 00 and HC are higher in the grids with
the higher populations and corresponding higher vehicular activity.
Sulfur oxides, particulates, and nitrogen oxide emission densities
~
are highest in the grids of higher populations and industry, corres-
ponding to greater stationary fuel combustion and vehicular activity.
-------
c
~
TABLE 11
"
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES IN- TH&1 COLUMBUS STUDY AREA. 1968
-- -_. n. '. _.TON.~pAY --"'" -u_--.-.-.. --.--.-- ----
---- - ---
'sox
-GRID -A-REA ---.- s'- -. W - A
---.!___38~~_.__--.9.0_9.!J>..- - -(!._O
PART
S W A
--~~_.- 9..Q._..- 0.0
CO
tiC'
- NOX'
'.$ .
0.0
. ---- .-..-
'w A S W" - . "S Uw A
_9.._~_- _~!9- .- - ~!.O -. Jt~9_9!.tLu___~.~~-.0~0_h 9..9.
2 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 9.7 9.6 10.0 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.9 1.0 0.9
----_. -__or. --
3 38.6 0.2 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.6 47.0 46.9 48.2 8.5 8.4 8.6 3.5 4.5 4.0
'--~'-'---'----- -- ... .- ..---.---- .-0- -
._~~-~!.~_.._- .J!.!.?_- 0.9 0.5 0.4 ._O.J- __9..'-- 41.7 41.5 -- 43.1 .--- 7.1 7.1 7.3 3.4 4.4 3.9
---- -- - - ---- ----"---'-'-.-- .- --..-.--- --__n__".__... .--
5 38.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 6.5 6.5 6.7 1.1 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.6
-. --. -_._-~--
6 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
----- <---
7 38.6 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 11.8 11.8 12.2 2.3 2.3 2.4 1.3 1.7 1.5
---------------------- -.-----. --.-----.--.-..- - -.---.. ----. -- -.--
8 9.6 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 12.5 12.5 13.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 0.9 1.5 1~2
.. ---.--.. --.--- _n - -. - - --.--+
9 9.6 0.1 1.1 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.4 29.7 29.7 30.8 4.9 4.9 5.0 2.1 3.5 2.8
-'--- --------- -.
10 9.6 1.5 1.8 1.6 0.8 0.9 0.8 20.9 20.8 21.5 3.4 3.4 3.5 2.4 2.8 2.6
----'---- -- -. ----- -- ----- --- - ---- - --._---- -----... -----------. '--.-.-- - ..".---
11 2.4 21.6 21.7 21.6 35.4 35.4 35.4 18.6 18.5 19.0 2.9 2.9 3.0 1.8 2.0 1.9
..
12 2.1t 0.1 0.7 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 21.0 20.9 21.1 3.9 3.9 4.0 1.5 2.4 1.9
__-.n__+___. ----- ---- .- - - - ---.-- .- u- ---+.
13 2.4 3.8 4.1 3.9 0.5 0.7 0.6 14.5 14.5 15.0 2.2 2.2 2.2 1.7 2..2 2.0
-- -'-"----'---- -__n -.. --. ------------ - - - ------ -. ------ _0 --- ----------- ._- ---.."--.- ~---'-'---
14 2.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 5.0 5.0 5.1 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.6 0.5
- - ------- .. .. -. - ---.,--..
15 2.1t 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2 15.1 15.1 15.6 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.-9 1.3 1.1
...--------- -
16 2.4 3.0 4.0 3.1t 1.9 2.3 2.0 21.8 21.8 22.6 8.6 8.7 8.7 2.1 3.2 2.6
17 2.4 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 16.6 16.6 17.2 2.5 2.5 2.6 1.1 1.7 1.4
- - -- u_- ..-.
18 2.4 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 15.6 15.5 16.1 2.4 2.4 2.5 1.1 1.5 1.3
- .-- H___, - - ..----. -- ------
19 9.6 0.1 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.6 0.4 28.2 28.2 29.2 4.6 4.6 4.7 2.0 3.2 2.6
--.-.------ -. -- ---- --- - _._- - -- ---- - - ... --_. -------.------- - --. -- _.- -... --- - -----'-- -_. .--.- -------..- .-_._. --- -----.---- ------
20 9.6 0.0 0.2 0.1
- ... h_.n ..
21 9.6 0.1 33.5 13.8
.n_..~~~- .-- 0.1 0.5 0...3
23 38.6 O!O 0.1 0.0
. --- -
24 38.6 0.1 - 0.3 0.2
- ~~..___1.!~- - - --_!>.O- -_O._!. ___0.1- --
26
1.5
0.0
0.3
0.1
27
1.5
0.0
0.3
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.7
2.5
un-- 0.2
0.4 0.3
----- ---- ...--
0.0
0.0 0.0
0.3 0.3
0.1 0.1
0.2 0.1
0.2 0.1
0.2
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.1
8.9 8.9 9.2 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.7 0.9 0.8
.-
47.5 48.0 48.2 9.3 9.5 9.5 3.1 7.3 4.8
_. --
.. -. 20.1,. 20.0 20.8 3.7 3.6 3.8 1.9 2.4 2.1
--"--'--'----'- ---' . ---~._..__.._----
0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
10.4 10.4 10.8 2.0 2.0 2.0 1.1 1.5 1.3
8.3 8.3 8.6 9.5 9.5 9.5 0.5 0.6 0.6
-.. --- -- _'0'.- ~- .--- --.------
6.7 6.7 6.9 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.5 0-.9 0.7
-
9.6 9.6 9.9 1.3 1.3 1.4 0.6 0.9 0.7
37
-------
28
29
1.5
1.5
4.9
- u 4.1
4.5
4.4
-30--U-':-5-'-- - - -0:0 - --o.i-
.-32
- 31---- r~-5-
1.5
-0.0
0.0
o.i
0.3
T.'-LE 11
4.1
4.2
0.1
0.1
0.2
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES (cant.)
5.2 4.1 4.4 22.3 22.2 23.0 2.6 2.6
9.1
0.0
0.0
0.1
9.8
- ._--
0.1
0.1
0.2
-33--- 6:1' ---- --(f.-l- 0:6- -O~-3
0.2
---- 6.1 -- 0.4
0.2
-35-
--34- , 13-~8
-2:4
0.1
0'.2
0.3
0.5
0.3
--36 ----Z:-4------ .O;r- -0.9--- 0~4--
- -3"(
38--
2~~
i~4
o~ 1
0.0
0.4
0.5
0.2
0.2
39-~1t------ - 0.T'-(f~2- O~ f-
40- ,- 9.6
41
9~6
0-.1
0.4
-42 --9~6-'---- O.C---o.T
0.2
43
38;;6-
- 4.\ -- 38.6
-45~8.6--
- 47
46
38.6
38.6
--48-- --j8~6 '
TOTAL
(f.z
--o~i
14.0
0.0
0.2
1.3
0.1
0.1-
0~1
b.1t
0.0
0.0
12.3
- 0-'-1-- O. 1
11.6
9.1
o~o
68.2 113.5
9.3
8.9
o~C-o.l--'
84.0
0.1
0.3
0.1t
9.1
0.1 ---
0.1
0.1
0.2
0.2
0.4
124.3 123.1 128.1
0.1
1.9
13.1
13.6
18:.5-i8~4
6.1
26.5
26.4
0.1
0.1--0.5 -- .0.-3- ---
11.3
32.0 -32~0
11.3
0.6
0.3
0-.8
0.2
0.1
0.2
- ---0;1 ----0.2- --0.1
0.2
0.1t
0:-1
12.0
1t3.5
0.3
0.3
0.0
(i. 2
-0-.2-
0.9
0.6
10.5
39.3
O~1
0.2
0.1-
0.5
0.4
0.0
0.0
0.2
10.0
31.8
0.1
0.1
118.2 120.1 113.1
10.3
10.3
13. '1 - 13.6
1.0
35.2
35.2
31.1
14.-S- 14."
31.6
28.2
29.7
0.2
8.4
28.0
--3.3 - - 3~3
29.5
0.1
0.1
1.9
8~2
14.2
19.1
6.1
6.9
21~4
33.1
11.9
10.1
1.0
14":1
1.3
36.4
i'.3
32.8
0.2
0.2
8~3 8~1
29.1
30.6
2.6
13.2 13.1 13.6
------~--_.- --..----- -
0.2
1.1
1.1
0.2
0.2
1.0
1.1
-0.4
4.8
4.7
0.1
0.6
4.6
4.3
1:3
4.1
'2.5
1.5
1.5
6.5
2.4
!i.4
0.0
1.1
1.7
5.0
5.0
2.4--2.9
i;'o
0-.5- 1'.2
0.9
3.1
0.0- - 0.0
0.3-
0.2
1.3
1.4
0'-5
0.5
6.3
1.0
0~8
2.8 -2.8' -2:8 -- -
'-0.7 -1.1
..-:r--l.9--1.5 -
0.9
4.1
4~9
2.7
-- 3~9 -~~o--t;.T--- -T~3- '2:-5 -i.9
2.5
2.6
1.6
1.3
0'-8
- 1.9-i:9"2-:O--- -~8i~r 0-~9-
1.5
1.5
1;'4
1;(
---f~2 -T.i- 1.2-
4~S
3.9
l.l - 3.4 -3-;r
0;;0
1t.9
1.5 --1-.6 ----o-.9--1~0-0-:9
1~5
5.5
1.5
1.5
11.5 10.5 10.1
6. 2- -S~-9--
3.4- -- --0~-1--0;r 0-;'" - --o;.it-- 0;5--0;5--
902.9 899.8 931.2
38
6.5
6.7
2~4
2-;4
5.'"
5.6'
0.0
0.0
4.8
5.0
5.5 -5;'7
157.6157.8161.1
-------
4447000
4437000
4427°°°
44I7000
4407°°°
WOOD
310000
330000
330000
340000
350000
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS,
ton/mi^ - day
SCALE, mil..
0.0 - 0.05
0.05 - 0.5
0.5 - 1.0
1.0 - 3.0
3.0 - 9.0
Figure 6. Sulfur oxide emission density from all sources in the Franklin county study area.
-------
4477000
44f7°00
4407000
300000
310000
330000
330000
340000 330000
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,
ton/mi* - doy
SCALE, mil««
0.0 -0.05
0.05 -0.1
0.1 -0.5
3.0 - 15.0
Figure 7. Particulate emission density from all sources in the Franklin county study area.
-------
4477°°°
44I7°°0
440/000
300000
310000
370000
3JOOOO
340000
350000
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
ton/mi - day
SCALE.
0.0 - 0.5
' " '
m u° "5<°
^ 5.0 - 10.0
H| 10.0 - 85.0
Figure 8. Carbon monoxide emission density from all sources in the Franklin county study area.
-------
4447000
44J7000
4427000
4417°°°
3^$^8B$W DELAiARE COUNTY
44070°°
3)0000
^0000
33«*>
340000
350000
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS.
A__ /•«! * _ Art\t
SCALE
ton/mi^ - doy
0.0 - 0.05
°>o5 "o
-------
4447000
4437°°°
320000
IJOOOO
340000
350000
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS,
ton/mi^ • day
SCALE, nil»
0.0 - 0.05
| 10.05-0.1
*-!--• '•*
^0.5-1.0
HS 1.0 - 3.0
Figure 10. Nitrogen oxide emission density from all sources in the Franklin county study area.
-------
. REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins, Guntis and Raymond Smith, Rapid Survey Techniques for
Estimating Community Air Pollution Emissions. DHEW, PHS,
October 1966. .-
2.
Duprey, R. L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
United States, DHEW, PHS, 1968.
3.
Columbus Chamber of Commerce.
4.
Local Climatological Data, United States Department of Commerce, 1968.
5.
Steam Electric Plant Factors, National Coal Association, 1969.
6.
Ozolins, ££. cit., pp. 43-45.
7.
Highway Statistics/1967, United States Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Public Roads.
8.
Duprey, ££. ci to, p. 46.
.,
-------
APPENDIX A
METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL
AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL OONSUMPT~ON IN STATIONARY SOURCES
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. )
Days of Operation
;;
e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while operating
365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and
.: 2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was estimated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating and 85 percent
for process heating. From this information, the annual
average emission for carbon monoxide would be the following:
.
A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 lhs. CO/Ton coal
365 Days/year x 2,000 lb./Ton
.
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
"
WINTER AVERAGE (W)
.
w = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Winter Operation
x
Winter Degree Days
Total Degree Days
x
% Fuel Used
for space heating
+ Fuel Consumed x E.F. % Fuel used for process heating
365 x
11 ~ 00.000 x 2,aOO 0.15 100,000 ooaJ 3
90 x 4,800 x + 365 x 2,000
W = 0.49 Ton/Day
SUMMER AVERAGE (S)
s = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Summer Operation
x
Summer Degree Days
Total Degree' Days
x
% Fue: .Used
for space heating
+
Fuel Consumed x E.F.
365
x
% Fuel used for process heating
s = rioo,ooo
L..: 90
x
o
4,800
x
0.15
+
100,000
365
x ooaj
3
2,000
s = 0.35 Ton/Day
,)
-------
'.-
41.
APPENDIX B
.
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply ~. To Obtain
Feet 0.3048 Meters
Miles 1609 Meters
Square Feet 0.0929 Square meters
Square Miles 2.59 Square kilometers
Pounds 453.6 Grams
Pounds 453.6/104 Tons (metric)
Tons (metric) 1.103 Tons (short)
Tons (short) 907.2 Kilograms
Tons (short) .9072 Tons (metric)
To Obtain ~ Divide
.
t;
46
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