FARGO - MOORHEAD
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
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~<
The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by
the Office of Air Pro9rams, Environmental Protection Agency, to report
Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of
APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies
permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711 or from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
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FARGO-MOORHEAD METROPOLITAN AREA AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION
INVENTORY REPORT
)c
Prepared by
Keith A. Bakke
Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
'"
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Durham, North Carolina
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
'-
Sincere gratitude is extended by the National Air pollution Control
Administration to the many individuals and companies who contributed
to this study.
Special thanks are due to the following air pollution control
agencies for providing staff assistance and for contributing to the
gathering of data:
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency
North Dakota Air Pollution Control Program
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PREFACE
This report, which presents the emission inventory for the Fargo-
Moorhead Metropolitan Area, is another in a series of surveys outlining
the sources and
in the country.
emissions of air pollutants for major metropolitan areas
These surveys, conducted by the National Inventory
Emissions and Control Branch of the National Air
of Air Pollutant
Pollution Control Administration, provide estimates of the present levels
of air pollutant emissions and status of their control. The pollutants,
which include sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons,
and nitrogen oxides, are delineated with respect to source type, season
of the year and geographical distribution within the area. The general
procedure for the surveys is based upon the rapid survey technique for
.. 1 Th
estimating air pollutant em~ss~ons. ese reports are intended to
serve as aids in the proposing of boundaries of Air Quality Control
Regions, as directed by the Air Quality Act of 1967.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Introduction........
........ ..."..... ..... ..... ...............
'~
Summary of Resu1 ts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Description of Study Area.......................
Grid Coordinate System...
Emissions by Category........
Stationary Fuel Combustion.
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... ....... .... ..... .......
Steam-Electric.
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Industrial...
... ......... ..... ...... ... ..... .......... ........
Residential. .
.... ................. ...
.........
................
Commercial and Institutional.
..... ...... .... ............ ......
Transportation...
Motor Vehicles.
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Aircraft. . .
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Rai 1roads. '.
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Solid Waste Disposal..
Incineration. .
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..... ................
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Open Burning..
Industrial Process Losses.
................... ....... ... .......
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Evaporative Losses.
Automobiles......
.. ...... .......... ....
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Gasoline Storage and Handling.
Manufacture and Consumption of Solvents.
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Jurisdiction.
Emissions by
Emissions by
Contributions of Point and Area
. . . . . . . . . .
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Grid. . . . . . . . .
................
. . . . . . . . . . .
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Sources.
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Emission Densities.
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L
References.
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Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Page
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Table
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LIST OF TABLES
Page
Summary of Air Pollutant Emission in the Study Area..........
Percentage Contribution of Each Source Category
to Total Emissions[[[
5
6
Area and Population Characteristics, 1968.................... 10
Selected Manufacturing Establishments in the Study Area...... 11
Annual Fuel Consumption in Political Subdivisions
of the Study Area.... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .... 16
Sulfur and Ash Content of Fuels.............................. 17
Air Pollutant Emissions from Combustion of Fuels
in Stationary Sources........................................ 18
Vehicle Miles of Travel for Road Vehicles.................... 22
Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Sources.......... 23
Air Traffic Activity at Hector Airport....................... 24
Air Traffic Activity by Engine Type.......................... 25
Solid Waste Disposal for the Study Area...................... 27
Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal............ 28
Air Pollutant Emissions from Industrial Processes............ 29
Hydrocarbon Emissions from Evaporative Losses................ 31
. .
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Cass County............ 34
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Clay County..... ~ .. . ... 35
Summary of Point Sources Emissions in the Study Area......... 38
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from All Sources in
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(; Figure
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4
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8
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10
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Map of the Fargo-Moorhead Study Area........................ 8
Detailed Map of the Study Area.............................. 9
Population Density for the Study Area....................... 12
Grid Coordinate System for the Study Area................... 14
Poi n t Source Loca tions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 37
Sulfur Oxides Emission Density Map................~......... 44
Particulate Emission Density Map.. .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . .. 45
Carbon Monoxide Emission Density Map........................ 46
Hydrocarbon Emission Density Map............................ 47
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INTRODUCTION
"
'.
This report is a summary of the Fargo-Moorhead air pollutant emission
inventory conducted in December, 1969. Since all inventories are based
upon a calendar year, the data and emission estimates presented are
representative of 1968 and should be considered as indicating the
conditions as existed during that year.
The Study Area, which was chosen on the basis of the distribution
of population and air pollution sources, consists of two counties
surrounding the cities of Fargo and Moorhead. This area covers approx-
imately 2,800 square miles and had a 1968 population of 111,500.
A grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical distribution
of emissions within counties. The Study Area was subdivided into 34 grid
zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in the heavily populated
and industrialized areas to 400 square kilometers in the rural areas.
All sources of emissions were classified into five categories--
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal,
industrial processes and evaporative losses. Each of these source
categories was divided into two subgroups--point sources and area sources.
Facilities, which emit large quantities of air pollutants, were considered
individually as point sources, while the many remaining contributors
such as motor vehicles, residential and commercial fuel users, small
industries and on-site refuse burning equipment, were considered collect-
ively as area sources. For this report, sixty individual sources, which
had emissions greater than 0.1 tons per average annual day for any
pollutant, were classified as point sources.
Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as
fuel consumption, refuse burning rates, vehicle-miles, production data,
and control efficiencies and emission factors relating these
2
indicators to emission rates.
These factors represent average emission
'"
rates for a particular source category.
Since individual sources have
1
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inherent differences that cannot a1ways.be taken into consideration,
discrepancies between the actual and estimated emissions are more likely
in individual sources than in the total emissions for a source category.
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and
should not be interpreted as absolute values. The estimates are, in
~
some cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factors and
production or consumption data. Despite these limitations, these
estimates are of sufficient accuracy and validity in defining the extent
and distribution OL air ipo11utant emissions in the Study Area.
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SUMMARY
,.
The annual emissions as estimated by the Fargo-Moorhead Metropolitan
Area Air Pollutant Emission Inventory are:
Sulfur Oxides
Particulates
6,800
33,200
50,300
11 , 100
6,600
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
The following is a brief description of the air pollutant emissions
as presented in Table 1 and Table 2.
Sulfur Oxides
The largest portion of the sulfur oxides emitted in
the Study Area came from three individual sources.
The largest source, a steam-electric utility in Cass
County, emitted approximately 28 percent of the total
sulfur oxides.
Two other large sources, a sugar beet
plant in Clay County and a university in Cass County
emitted over 42 percent of the total sulfur oxides.
This can easily be explained since these three sources
consumed over 97 percent of the total coal utilized
by all sources.
The remaining individual sources
together with the area sources emitted 30 percent of
the 6,800 tons of sulfur oxides.
Particulates
Nearly fifty feed and grain elevators in the Study Area
contributed about 53 percent of total particulates
emitted. The three large coal users contr{buted an
additional 39 percent.
The remaining individual sources
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Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
together with the area sources emitted only 8 percent
of the 32,200 tons of particulates.
Motor vehicles contributed 86 percent of the carbon
monoxide emitted annually.
Other sources included
solid waste disposal and railroads and aircraft
which accounted for 3.6 and 7.8 percent respectively
of total emissions.
The three largest sources of the 11,100 tons of
hydrocarbons were motor vehicles, automobile evapor-
ation losses and the storage and handling of gasoline.
They contributed 31 percent, 20 percent, and 31 per-
cent, respectively, of total hydrocarbon emissions.
The remaining 18 percent was divided among industrial
process sources, solid waste disposal, aircraft, and
evaporative losses from dry cleaning plants.
The two largest sources of nitrogen oxides were station-
ary fuel combustion and transportation sources a~counting
for 49 percent and 48 percent, respectively.
The other
3 percent was emitted from solid waste disposal sites.
4
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TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE FARGO-
MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 230 400 43,180 3,450 2,670
Other 60 220 3,930 960 530
Subtotal 290 620 47,110 4,410 3,200
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 1,620 6,430 150 50 1,210
Steam-Electric 1,900 4,480 20 10 1,000
Residential 800 150 30 50 290
Commercial and
Insti tutiona1 2,150 2,390 800 170 690
Subtotal 6,470 13,450 1,000 280 3,190
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 30 130 550 10 40
Open Burning 10 230 1,240 440 160
Subtotal 40 360 1,790 450 200
Process Losses- 0 18,800 360 .0 0
~aporative Losses 5,950
TOTAL ALL SOURCES* 6,800 33,200 50,300 11 , 100 6,600
*Tota1s have been rounded.
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TABLE 2
PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SOURCE CATEGORY TO
TOTAL EMISSIONS IN THE FARGO-MOORHEAD STUDY AREA
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 3.4 1.2 85.9 31.1 40.5
Other .8 .7 7.8 8.7 8.1
Subtotal 4.2 1.9 93.7 39.8 48.6
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The Study Area for the emission survey of the Fargo-Moorhead Metropol-
itan Area consists of CWo counties--Cass County, North Dakota and Clay
County, Minnesota.
The two-county area is located on the mid-eastern
border of North Dakota and the mid-western border of Minnesota.
Figure 1
shows the location of the Fargo-Moorhead Study Area relative to other large
cities in its vicinity.
Figure 2 represents a more detailed drawing of the Fargo-Moorhead
Study Area, showing the boundaries of the urban areas of Fargo, West Fargo,
and Moorhead. The Study Area occupies 2,800 square miles and contains an
estimated 1968 population of 111,500 which is approximately a 5 percent
increase since 1960 (Table 3).
TOPOGRAPHY
The terrain of the Fargo-Moorhead area is very flat with no natural
obstructions to hinder the movement of weather systems. The Red River forms
a natural boundary between Fargo-Cass County and Moorhead-Clay County.
CLIMATOLOGY
The meteorological conditions in the Fargo-Moorhead Study Area are not
influenced by major natural features such as mountains or large bodies of
water. The winters are generally long and very cold. Summers are hot.
Spring and fall are characterized by moderate temperatures.
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL FACTORS
. .
Table 4 shows selected manufacturiug establishments in the Study Area
3
by county for 1963.
There is no heavy industry in the area.
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00
"V-.
MINNESOTA
^
\
Minneapolls-St. Paul
'I
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MOITN DAKOTA
MINNESOTA
GASS GOVNTY
_
Stith West Fart9
Dilmrth
CLAY COUNTY
i
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TABLE 3
AREA AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE FARGO-
MOORHEAD STUDY AREA
County
Land Area
(Sq. Mi.)
population
1960 1968
Population
Density (1968)
Cass County
Clay County
Total Study Area
1,749
1,050
2,799
66,900
39,100
106,000
71 ,000
40,500
111,500
41
39
40
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TABLE 4
SELECTED MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE FARGO-
MOORHEAD STUDY AREA
Number of Establishments by County
Type of Establishment Cass Clay Study Area
Food and Tobacco 8 4 12
Paper and Printing 4 1 5
Metal Products 1 1
Stone, Clay and Glass 1 1 2
Chemicals, Petroleum, Rubber 1 1
and Plastics Products
TOTAL 14 7 21
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品lts
Figure 3. Population density for Fargo-Moorhead study area, 1968.
_j
POPULATION DENSITY,
people/mi-'
n
0 - 20
20 - 100
100 - 1,000
1,000 - 4,000
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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
A grid coordinate system, based on the Universal Transverse Mercator
Projection (UTM) was used in the Fargo-Moorhead Study Area to show the
geographical distribution of emissions. A map of this grid system is
presented in Figure 4.
The UTM system was chosen due to its advantages over other standard
grid systems such as the Latitude-Longitude and State Plane Coordinate
Systems. The major advantages of this system are that (1) it is continuous
across the country and is not hindered by political subdivisions, (2) the
grids are of uniform size throughout the country, (3) it has world-wide
use, and (4) the grids are square in shape--a necessary feature for use
in meteorological dispersion models.
The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the metric
system.
Each north-south and east-west grid line, as illustrated in
Figure 4, is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters.
Each
point source ana grid are identified by the horizontal and vertical coordin-
ates of their geographical center to the nearest 100 meters.
Grid zones of different sizes are used to limit the number of grid
zones and yet allow a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation
of emissions.
The majority of the emissions is usually concentrated in the
populated and industrialized portions of a Study Area. Smaller grids are
placed over these areas in order to reflect abrupt changes in emissions
within short distances.
Th~ use of grid zones smaller than 25 square
kilometers is not warranted because of the inherent inaccuracies in the
data.
Since only a small percentage of the total emissions occur in rural
larger grid zones are normally used to show the distribution of
areas,
emissions in these lightly populated portions of a Study Area.
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品lls
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EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
For the purposes of compiling the basic data and emission estimates,
the a~r pollutant sources were classified into the following five categories:
1. Stationary fuel combustion
2. Transportation
3. Solid Waste Disposal
4. Industrial Processes
5.
Evaporative Losses
Each of these categories is considered individually in this section where
data sources are given and methods of calculation discussed.
STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
The stationary fuel combustion category is concerned with any fix~d
source which burns fuels for either space heating or process heating.
The
four primary sources in this category are industrial facilities, steam-
electric plants, residential housing, and commercial and institutional
establishments.
Table 5 presents a summary of the fuels consumed in the
Study Area, and Table 6 provides an average chemical analysis of these fuels.
Steam-Electric Utility
METHODOLOGY: Data on the one power plant in the area was acquired from
the Northern States Power Company. The data included the annual fuel
consumption for 1968, type and efficiency of control equipment, sulfur and
ash content of the coal used and the type of furnace.
RESULTS: The steam-electric generating plant in Fargo consumed over 43
percent of the total coal utilized by all sources. Mechanical air pollution
controls are utilized on half the boilers and have efficiencies of about 90
percent.~pollutant emissions from this plant as well as from all other
fuel combustion sources are summarized in Table 7.
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,
,
,
,
TABLE 5
ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTION IN POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE
FARGO-MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968
Fuel
Jurisdiction
Industry
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial and
Institutional
Total
Natural Gas Cass 682 1,054 850 2,586
(Million Cubic Clay 261 10 409 372 1,052
Feet/Year)
Total 943 10 1,463 1,222 3,638
Coal Cass N 100,150 N 26,400 126,550
,..... (Tons/Year) Clay 101,000 N 5,000 . 106,000
0"1
Total 101,000 100,150 N 31,400 232,550
Fuel Oil Cass 1,174 21,086 7,000 29,260
(1000 Ga1./Year) Clay 1,500 12,350 6,600 20,450
Total 2,674 33,436 13,600 49,710
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TABLE 6
Fuel
Coal
Residual Oil
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
SULFUR AND ASH CONTENT OF FUELS, 1968
Percen t Su 1 fur'
3.0
1.5
0.3
0.0008
17
Percent Ash
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TABLE 7 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM COMBUSTION OF FUELS IN
STATIONARY SOURCES IN THE FARGO-MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968
(Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Fuel User Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Coal
Industrial 1,540 6,400 150 50 1,010
Steam-Electric 1,900 4,490 30 10 1,000
Residential N N 0 0 0
Connnercial and
Institutional 1,790 2,280 780 160 130
Subtota1s-/( 5,230 13,170 960 220 2,140
Fue 1 Oil
Industrial 80 20 oN N 100
Steam-Electric N N N N N
Residential 800 130 30 50 200
Connnercial and
Institutional 360 100 10 10 490
Subtota1s~'" 1,240 250 40 60 790
Gas
Industrial N 10 N 0 100
Steam-Electric N N N 0 N
Residential N 10 N 0 90
Connnercial and
Institutional N 10 N 0 70
Subtotals"'( N 30 N 0 260
GRAND TOTALS"'( 6,470 13,450 1,000 280 3,190
*Totals have been rounded.
N = Negligible
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Industrial
'METHODOLOGY: Fuel consumption data
industries in the Study Area.
However,
were obtained for only the largest
the bulk of the fuels used by
This data was provided by the
contacted each plant.
industry were consumed by these plants.
local air pollution agencLes which had
In order to obtain the balance of
the fuel being used in the Study
Area, fuel associations and fuel dealers were contacted by the local
agencies.
The fuel consumption data from the largest plants were deducted
from the total fuel and the combustion of the remaining fuel was considered
an area source.
This industrial area fuel consumption was apportionned into
grids based on industrial land use.
It should be noted that fuel combustion by industries includes both
fuel used for space heating, and fuel used for process heating.
The indi-
vidual sources contacted were asked to differentiate between these two uses
giving the percentage used for each purpose. A national average, however,
was used to separate process heating from space heating in the area sources.
RESULTS: From Table 5 it was shown that over 43 percent of the total
coal, 25 percent of the natural gas and less than 6 percent of the fuel
oil were used in industrial operations. The largest industrial fuel user
is a sugar beet plant in Clay County. The resulting emissions from this
fuel combustion are summarized in Table 7.
Residential
'METHODOLOGY: Natural gas and fuel oil, for all practical purposes,
were the only fuels used for residential home heating.4 There were homes
heated by other fuels, but they represent a very small percentage of the
total. Data on the amount of natural gas used for domestic heating was
supplied by the local power company. Fuel oil data was obtained from the
o
Northwest Petroleum Association and an annual report on petroleum products
"5
published by the state of North Dakota.
RESULTS: The emissions from residential sources were insignificant
except for sulfur oxides, for which 12 percent of the total fuel combustion
emissions were from home heating.
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Commercial and Institutional
METHODOLOGY:
Commercial and institutional establishments used coal in
addition to natural gas and fuel oil. Data on the amount of natural gas
and fuel oil used were obtained from the same sources as residential. Coal
data were obtained from the individual users and coal dealers in the area.
RESULTS:
Sulfur oxide emissions from commercial and institutional
sources accounted for about 32 percent of the total fuel combustion
emissions.
This results from the combustion of a large amount of coal.
TRANSPORTATION
Three types of transportation sources of air pollution are considered
in this survey--motor vehicles, aircraft, and railroads.
Motor vehicles,
which are by far the most significant source in this category, are further
subdivided according to type of fue1--gaso1ine or diesel.
Motor Vehicles
More than 1.5 million miles per day were t~ave1ed by motor vehicles
in 1968 in the Fargo-Moorhead Study Area. Table 8 shows the miles of
travel for gasoline and diesel vehicles for each county in the Study Area.
Vehicle-mile data for essentially all of the roads in Cass County
6
were supplied by the North Dakota State Highway Department. The vehicle
miles were transferred onto the previously mentioned grid system. In
Clay County vehicle-mile information was not available, and thus gasoline
consumption was used to find vehicular emissions.
The contribution to the total motor vehicle pollution by diese1-
powered vehicles was determined by data supplied by the North Dakota
State Highway Department. Diesel-powered vehicles accounted for approx-
imately 5 percent of the total vehicle miles in the country and about 1
~
percent in the city.
Emissions from road vehicles are a function of the speed at which the
vehicle travels. Average speeds of 10-20 mph were assumed for downtown
areas, 20-30 mph for the residential area, and 30-45 mph for the rural
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areas to calculate vehicle emissions.
From all transportation sources, road vehicles accounted for 80 per-
cent of the sulfur oxides, 64 percent of the particulates, 92 percent of
the carbon monoxide, 78 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 84 percent of
the nitrogen oxides.
Gasoline powered motor vehicles contributed a
greater percent of all pollutants than diesel powered motor vehicles.
Emissions from transportation sources are summarized in Table 9.
Aircraft
Table 10 shows the air traffic activity at the only airport in the
Study Area. An estimate of the number of flights by engine type was
supplied by the traffic controller at the airport and summarized in
Tab1 e 11.
The air pollutant emissions from aircraft
operation (taxi, take-off, climb out, approach
below the arbitrarily chosen altitude of 3,500
include all phases of
and landing) that take place
feet. Emissions at cruise
altitude (above 3,500 feet) are not of concern in an emission inventory.
From all transportation sources, aircraft accoun~ed for 11 percent of the
particulates, 8 percent of the carbon monoxide, 17 percent of the hydro-
carbons and 6 percent of the nitrogen oxides.
Railroads
Railroad operations (mainly locomotive) consume more than 2 million
gallons of diesel fuel per year within the Study Area. This quantity is
about 30 per~ent as much as the amount of diesel fuel consumed by motor
vehicles. The majority of this fuel is consumed during switching operations.
Diesel fuel consumption data were supplied by each of the major railroads
in too Fargo-Moorhead area.
Railroad operations contribute about 25 percent of the particulates
.
.
from all transportation sources, 20 percent of sulfur oxides, and 10 percent
of the nitrogen oxides. They account for less than 5 percent of the emissions
of carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons.
.
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TABLE 8
VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL FOR ROAD VEHICLES IN FARGO-
MOORHEAD STUDY AREA PER DAY, 1968
(Thousand Miles) (Thousand Miles)
Jurisdiction Gasoline Vehicle Miles Diesel Vehicle Miles Total
Cass 875 29 904
Clay 607 20 627
Total 1 ,482 49 1,531
.
o
.
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TABLE 9
TRANSPORTATION SOURCES IN AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN
THE FARGO-MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Road Vehicles
Gasoline 160 220 43,080 3,230 2,300
Diesel 70 180 100 220 370
Subtotal 230 400 43,180 3,450 2,670
Aircraft
Jet N 50 50 40 40
Piston N 20 3,780 720 180
Turboprop N N 10 N N
Subtota 1 N 70 3,840 77]0 220
Railroads 60 160 80 190 310
GRAND TOTAL~( 290 620 47,140 4,410 3,200
N = Negligible
*Tota1s have been rounded.
o
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TABLE 10
AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT HECTOR AIRPORT, 1968
Itinerant"/( Loca1~\'
Air Carrier 14,630
General Aviation 45,620 62,470
Military 6,860 8,870
TOTAL 67,210 71 ,340
*Operation take-off or landing
o
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D
TABLE 11
AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY BY ENGINE TYPE FOR FARGO-
MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968
Engine Type
Number of F1ights*
1 Engine Jet
2 Engine Jet
3 Engine Jet
4 Engine Jet
6,270
950
3,430
150
580
2 Engine Turboprop
4 Engine Turboprop
1 Engine Piston
2 Engine Piston
4 Engine Piston
2,190
39,000
16,200
390
Total
69, 180
*F1ight combination take-off and landing
.
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o .
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SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Approximately 104,000 tons of refuse was generated during 1968 within
the Study Area. Table 12 presents a solid waste balance for the Fargo-
Moorhead Study Area, showing the various methods of disposal and the
quantities disposed of by each method. About half of the refuse was disposed
in non-burning dumps.
The remainder was disposed of in on-site incineration
and open burning in both on-site and dumps.
Refuse data for all of the
counties were supplied by each air pollution agency.
Incineration
There is only one major category of incineration in the Fargo-Moorhead
Study Area--on-site. On-site incineration disposed of 24 percent of the
generated refuse. The contribution of on-site incinerators to the total
solid waste emissions are shown in Table 13.
any municipal incinerators.
Fargo-Moorhead does not have
Open Burning
The two major types of open burning are open burning dumps and on-site
open burning. The contributions of each of these to total solid waste
emissions are shown in Table 13. The ~rgest open burning point sources
in the Study Area are 2 open burning dumps in Clay County.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS LOSSES
The Study Area is void of any heavy industrial complexes.
air pollution standpoint, a grey iron foundry, sugar beet plant,
and grain elevators, and 3 asphalt batching plants were the most
From an
47 feed
significant
process sources.
Table 14 presents a summary of the emissions.
.
v
The 47 feed and grain elevators handled over 34 million bushels of
feed and grain in 1968. The primary source of dust emissions from these
plants is the cleaning operation, which removes the chaff and dirt before
o .
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,
.
TABLE 12
SOLID,WASTE DISPOSAL IN FARGO-MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Total Refuse Incineration Auto Body Wood Waste
County Generated On -Si te Municipal Dumps On-Site Dumps Burning Burning
Cass County 69,100 16,000 39,500 11 ,700 1,900
Clay County 34,700 9,200 10,000 6,700 8,800
Totals 103,800 25,200 49,500 18,400 10,700
N
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TABLE 13
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
IN THE FARGO-MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Incineration
Municipal 0 0 0 0 0
On-Site 20 130 550 10 40
Subtotal 20 130 550 10 40
Open Burning
On-Site 10 150 780 280 100
. Dump 10 80 460 160 60
Subtotal 20 230 1,240 440 160
GRAND TOTAL* 40 360 1,790 450 200
*Tota1s have been rounded.
o
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TABLE 14
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM PROCESS LOSS SOURCES IN
THE FARGO-MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Type of Industry SOx Part. CO HC NOx
Asphalt Batching 0 650 0 0 0
Grain Elevators 0 17,500 0 0 0
Grey Iron Foundries 0 250 360 0 0
Sugar Plant 0 400 0 0 0
Total 0 18,800 360 0 0
>
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the grain is processed. Receiving, handling and storage operations also
contribute to the dust emissions. Approximately 93 percent of the partic-
ulates from all industrial processes are emitted from feed and grain mills.
The grey iron foundry located in Cass County was the only process
source of carbon monoxide in the Study Area. It contributed less than 2
percent of the particulates.
The sugar beet plant's process losses constituted about 2 percent of
the total industrial particulate emissions.
The 4 asphalt plants produced more than 280,000 tons of asphalt in
1968. Most of the plants employed low efficiency cyclones. Particulate
emissions from asphalt plants account for less than 4 percent of the
total industrial process emissions.
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
Three source categories were considered for evaporative losses--
automobiles, gasoline storage and handling, and the manufacture and
consumption of solvents. The hydrocarbon emissions from all sou~ces by
evaporative losses are shown in Table 15.
Automobiles
Automobile evaporation losses include gas tank and carburetor evapor-
ation and engine crankcase blowby. Since 1963, most new automobiles were
equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PCV)valves that reduce hydro-
carbon emissions from the crankcas~ by about 90 percent. Due to a lag
time in the automobile replacement rate, it was assumed that 20 percent of
the automobiles were not equipped with PCV valves.
The hydrocarbun emissions from automobiles were calculated from vehicle-
mile data and were apportionned onto grids using the same methods as for
~~
motor vehicles discussed earlier.
Evaporative losses from automobiles
accounted for 38 percent of the total hydrocarbon emissions from evaporative
losses in the Study Area.
-------
:-TABLE 15
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM EVAPORATIVE LOSSES SOURCES
IN THE FARGO-MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Source Category
Hydrocarbons
Dry Cleaning Plants
Automobile
Gasoline Storage and Handling
220
2,280
3,450
Total
5,950
~~
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Gasoline Storage and Handling
There are four major points (excluding evaporation from the motor
vehicle) of hydrocarbon emissions in the storage and handling of gasoline.
They are:
1.
2.
Breathing and filling losses from storage tanks
Filling losses from loading tank conveyances
Filling losses from loading underground storage tanks at service
stations.
3.
4.
Spillage and filling losses in filling automobile gas tanks at
service stations.
Approximately 200 million gallons of gasoline was stored in the Study
Area in 1968. The evaporative losses from this storage and the subsequent
handling of the gasoline accounted for 58 percent of the total evaporative
. losses.
Manufacture and Consumption of Solvents
Since no solvent manufacturing companies were found in Fargo-Moorhead,
this category included only the consumption of solvents at dry cleaning
plants. Organic solvents emitted from dry cleaning plants were determined
by assuming an emission rate of 4 1b/capita/yea~. 7 The resulting emissions
were apportionned onto grids by population.
Dry cleaning plants accounted
for only 4 percent of the hydrocarbon emissions from evaporative losses
in the Fargo-Moorhead area. No estimates were made on the evaporation of
solvents from surface coating operations and for industrial and domestic
uses.
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EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
The previous section presented the air pollutant emissions by source
category.
In order to show the contribution of each county to the pollution
in the entire Study Area, their emissions are summarized in Tables 16 and
17.
-------
TABLE 16
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN GASS
COUNTY, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Su 1 fur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 140 240 25,810 2,070 1,590
Other 40 170 3,900 890 420
Subtotal 180 410 29,710 2,960 2,010
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 30 10 N N 110
Steam-Electric 1,900 4,490 30 10 1,000
Residential 500 90 20 30 190
Commercial and
Institutional 1,670 1,990 670 140 410
Subtotal 4,100 6,580 720 180 1,710
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 10 80 350 10 20
Open Burning 10 110 570 200 70
Subtotal 20 190 920 210 90
Industrial Process Losses 0 12,160 360 0 0
Evaporative Losses 3,830
TOTAL ALL SOURCES* 4,300 19,340 31,710 7,180 3,800
Q~
*Totals have been rounded.
<> . N = Negligible
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TABLE 17
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN CLAY COUNTY, 1968
(Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 90 150 17,370 1,390 1,080
Other 20 60 30 70 110
Subtotal 110 210 17,400 1,460 1,190
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 1,590 6,410 150 50 1,090
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 290 50 10 20 100
Connnercial and
Insti tutiona1 480 400 130 30 280
Subtotal 2,360 6,860 290 100 1,470
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 10 50 200 N 10
Open Burning 10 120 670 230 90
Subtota 1 20 170 870 240 100
Industrial Process Losses 0 6,640 0 0 0
Evaporative Losses 2,120
TOTAL ALL SOURCES* 2,490 13,880 18,560 3 ,920 2,760
*Tota1s have been rounded.
N = Negligible
o~
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EMISSIONS BY GRID
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air
pollutant emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were
apportionned on the grid coordinate system.
The emissions were divided
into two source groups--point and area sources.
Sixty point sources are
identified individually with respect to location and emissions.
Each of
these point sources emitted more than 0.1 tons per average annual day of
any pollutant.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF POINT AND AREA SOURCES
Figure 5 shows the location of all point sources in the area.
Collectively the 60 point sources account for 70 percent of all sulfur
oxides emissions, 95 percent of particulate matter, 36 percent of nitrogen
oxides, 34 percent of hydrocarbons, and only 10 percent of carbon monoxide.
The percentage contribution to carbon monoxide emissions is low because
motor vehicles, which are area sources, contribute 86 percent of the total
carbon monoxide emissions.
Table 18 presents the emissions of point
sources. Each source is identified by source category, grid number and
horizontal and vertical coordinates. The emissions of sulfur oxides,
particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides are
shown for an average annual day, average winter day (December, January,
February), and average summer day (June, July, August).
presents the method of calculating these three averages.
Area sources are sources of emissions that are insignificant by
themselves, but as a group may emit a large portion of the area's total
The appendix
v~
pollution. Examples of area sources are motor vehicles, residences,
1igh~ commercial and industrial establishments and backyard burning.
The
emissions from area sources have been added to that for point sources to
obtain total emissions from all sources by grid, as shown in Table 19.
The emissions from all sources are also shown for an annual average, winter
and summer day.
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Figure 5. Point source locations for Fargo-Moorhead study area.
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CLAY COUNT~
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. ASPHALT BATCHING
. STEAM ELECTRIC
. FEED AND GRAIN ELEVATORS
--- - ---
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6. AIRPORT
o INDUSTRIAL
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L
o
TABLE 19
SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS IN THE FARGO-MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Day)
SOx PART. CO.'i HC NOx
Source Category Grid HC VC S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
Industrial 1 6090 52240 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.72 0.24 0.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 1 5990 52250 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.31 0.43 0.87 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
I1Idustrial 2 6160 52110 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.37 0.12 0.25 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 2 6220 52190 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.53 0.50 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 3 6350 52180 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.05 0.34 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 3 6330 52390 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.42 1.80 3.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 4 6660 52160 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.79 0.59 1.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 4 6560 52120 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.99 0.34 0.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 4 6550 52240 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.15 0.05 0.10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 5 6895 52160 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.69 0.89 1.83 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 6 7090 52180 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.69 0.89 1.80 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 7 6010 51980 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.48 0.16 0.32 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 7 6010 51985 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.49 0.16 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 8 6220 52050 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.82 0.60 1. 21 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial. 8 6110 51960 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.48 0.16 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 8 6110 51965 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.59 0.20 0.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 8 6260 51960 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.03 0.67 1.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 9 6350 52010 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.41 1.13 2.27 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 9 6360 51950 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.60 0.86 1.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 9 6480 51940 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.27 0.09 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 10 6520 52020 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.14 0.37 0.76 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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t
o
TABLE 18
SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS (cont.)
SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Source Category Grid HC VC S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
Industrial 11 6620 52050 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.44 0.15 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 12 6710 52060 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.49 0.49 1.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 13 6875 52050 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.55 0.15 0.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 14 7050 51940 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.69 0.59 1.18 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 14 7055 51940 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.90 0.30 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 14 7090 52070 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.90 0.30 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 14 7040 51930 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.19 0.00 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 15 6590 51930 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.73 1. 24 2.48 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 15 6590 51940 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.53 0.50 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Institutional 17 6670 51960 0.0 7.7 3.7 0.00 10.04 4.83 0.00 3.41 1.64 0.00 0.68 0.32 0.00 0.54 0.26
Airport 17 6670 51975 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.19 0.19 0.19 10.52 10.52 10.52 2.10 2.10 2.10 0.59 0.59 0.59
Industrial 18 6710 51965 0.0 8.7 4.2 0.00 36.37 18.63 0.00 0.86 0.41 0.00 0.28 0.13 0.00 5.74 2.76
Dump 18 6725 51960 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.07 0.07 0.07
-Industrial 20 6830 51940 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.70 0.00 0.34 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 20 6845 51940 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.90 0.30 0.63 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 21 6610 51940 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 8.39 2.80 5.50 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 21 6610 51930 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.53 0.50 1.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 22 6680 51940 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.70 0.70 0.70 0.99 0.99 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 22 6660 51940 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.44 0.15 0.29 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Steam-Electric 22 6675 51940 3.2 7.4 5.2 7.46 17.40 12.30 0.04 0.09 0.06 0.01 0.03 0.02 1.66 3.89 2.74
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(
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TABLE 18
SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS (cont.)
SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Source Category Grid HC VC S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
Industrial 23 6715 51925 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 3.15 1.04 2.09 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 23 6715 51940 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.80 0.30 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
"
Industrial 23 6715 51945 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.79 0.92 1.86 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 23 6720 51925 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.49 0.00 0.73 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dump 23 6740 51930 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01
Industrial 26 6100 51790 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.77 0.64 1.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.-00 0.00
Industrial 26 6110 51800 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.99 0.33 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 26 6260 51820 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.38 0.79 1.58 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 26 6190 51850 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.79 0.26 0.53 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 27 6480 51740 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.90 0.30 0.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 27 6420 51850 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.89 0.30 0.59 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 27 6320 51820 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.49 0.16 0.33 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 29 6605 51805 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.78 1.92 3.85 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 30 6790 51830 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.45 0.15 0.30 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 32 6970 51695 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.24 0.74 1.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 33 6680 51710 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.37 0.45 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 33 6510 51680 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.84 0.28 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 34 6725 51700 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.49 0.49 0.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 34 6875 51760 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.93 0.31 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
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TI
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..X:;U: 19
Su}~RY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES IN THE FARGO-MOORHEAD STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Day)
:.s:,d Area SOx PART. CO HC NOx
"'"'' ~ ,Sq. ~Ii.) S W A S W A S W A S W A S W '
154.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 2.1 0.7 1.4 0.9 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 2.0 0.7 1.3 2.2 1.4 1.8 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
- 154.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 6.6 2.3 4.4 2.4 1.5 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3
, 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 3.1 1.1 2.2 2.3 1.5 2.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
-
5 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 2.7 1.0 1.9 1.5 1.0 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
6 154.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 2.7 1.0 1.9 2.0 1.3 1.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
7 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 1.0 0.4 0.7 1.9 1.2 1.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
8 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 5.0 1.7 3.4 3.4 2.1 2.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.3
9 154.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 6.4 2.2 4.3 3.5 2.2 2.9 0.7 .0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4
10 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.4 0.8 1.0 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
11 38.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.3 1.6 1.0 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2
12 38.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.5 0.6 1.1 1.8 1.2 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2
13 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
14 154.4 0.0 0.4 0.2 4.8 1.5 3.2 4.2 2.7 3.5 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4
15 38.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 5.3 1.8 3.6 1.3 0.8 1.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
16 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.6 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
17 9.6 0.1 8.7 4.2 0.4 10.8 5.4 19.1 19.5 19.4 3.6 3.9 3.8 1.3 2.3 1.8
18 9.6 0.0 8.9 4.3 0.1 36.6 18.8 3.1 3.1 3.2 0.6 0.8 0.7 0.2 6.0 3.0
19 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
2') 38.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 1.6 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
-- 9.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 1.6 0.6 1.1 1.2 0.8 1.0 8.7 3.0 5.7 0.1 0.2 O.~
- - 9.6 3.5 10.4 6.8 8.2 19.3 13.6 50.6 32.6 42.8 6.5 4.7 5.7 4.1 7.6 5.~
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TABLE 19 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES (cant.) ..r
"
Land Area SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Grid (Sq. Hi.) S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
23 9.6 0.2 2.1 1.1 5.6 2.8 4.2 31.4 20.0 26.5 7.1 3.9 5.6 1.4 2.2 1.8
24 9.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.2
25 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.5 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
26 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 6.0 2.1 4.0 2.2 1.4 1.9 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
27 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 2.3 0.8 1.6 2.0 1.3 1.7 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
28 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
29 38.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 5.8 2.0 3.9 1.6 1.0 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2
30 38.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.2 0.4 1.9 1.2 1.6 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
31 38.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.0 1.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
32 154.4 0.0 0.4 0.2 2.3 1.0 1.7 2.7 1.8 2.3 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3
33 154.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 2.3 0.8 1.6 2.4 1.5 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2
34 154.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 2.5 0.9 1.7 3.9 2.4 3.3 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.4
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EMISSION DENSITIES
In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of
pollutants by grids, emission density maps have been prepared.
Emission
"
dens1ties were obtained by summing the annual area and point source
emissions for each grid and dividing this total by the land area of the
grid. Figures 6 through 10 show the variation in emission densities for
the respective grids throughout the Study Area. As expected the emissions
generally follow the pattern and degree of urbanization. Emission
denisties for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are higher in the grids
with the higher populations and corresponding higher vehicular activity.
~"
\) '~
43
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品lls
| SULFUR OXIDE EMISSION,
ton/m i 2-day
0 - 0.01
0.1 - 0.6
0.6 - 1.0
-------
i
PARTICULATE EMISSION,
ton/mi 2-doy
品lei
D ｫ
- o.oi
0.01 -0.1
0.1 - 1.0
1.0 - 2.0
-------
品ds
i CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION,
ton/mi 2-day
0.01 - 0.04
0.04 - 1.0
-------
品les
I
HYDROCARBON EMISSION,
ton/mi ^-day
[ I 0 - 0.01
[^ 0.01 - 0.04
0.04 - 0.4
0.4 - 1.0
-------
品tts
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSION,
ton/mi 2-day
D
0 - 0.01
0.01 - 0.04
0.2 - 1.0
-------
REFERENCES
o
1.
Ozolins, Guntis and Smith, Raymond, Rapid Survey Technique for
Estimating Community Air Pollution Emissions, DREW, PHS, October, 1966.
r
2. Duprey, R. L., CompUa tion
States, DHEW, PHS, 1968.
3. County and City Data Book
April, 1967.
of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, United
1967, United States Department of Commerce,
4.
Census of Housing, United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of
the Census, 1960.
5.
Bulletin No. 155, Petroleum Products and Antifreeze 1968 Report,
State Laboratories Commission, Bismarck, North Dakota.
6.
North Dakota Traffic Report 1968, North Dakota State Highway
Department, Planning and Research.
7.
Duprey, ｣I!.. d t., p. 46.
~'..
\fry
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APPENDIX
METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL
AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. )
Days of Operation
e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while operating
365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and
2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was estimated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating and 85 percent
for process heating. From this information, the annual
average emission for carbon monoxide would be the following:
..
A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 1bs. CO/Ton coal
365 Days/year x 2,000 1b./Ton
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
WINTER AVERAGE (W)
W = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Winter Operation
x
Winter Degree Days
Total Degree Days
x
% Fuel Used
for space heating
+ Fuel Consumed x E.F. % Fuel used for heating
365 x process
].I = Go,ooo x 2,800 0.15 100,000 0.8~ 3
90 x 4,800 x -I- 365 x 2,000
W = 0.49 Ton/Day
SUMMER AVERAGE (S)
S = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Summer Operation
x
Summer Degree Days
Total Degree Days
x
% Fue::' Used
for space heating
+
Fuel Consumed x E.F.
365
S = rioo,ooo
L: 90
x
% Fuel used for process heating
0.15 100,000 x 0.8~ 3
+ 365 2,000
x
o
4,800
x
v'-
S = 0.35 Ton/Day
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