STATE OF HAWAII
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
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STATE OF HAWAII
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
Clyde B. Mori ta
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
<-,
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
Durham, North Carolina
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CHANGES TO STATE OF HAWAII AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
P. 14, Table 3
P. 21
P. 22, Table 8
P. . ~3, Table 9
P.
29
P.
31
P.
47, Figure 5
CM:' 3/4/70
Change grand total of particulate emissions to 2600 tons.
Delete one of the extra page 2ls.
Change consumption of liquefied petroleum gases from 11
to 12.2 million gallons.
Change liquefied petroleum gas total for the State to
10,900 thousand gallons for residential, commercial,
institutional sources and 12,200 thousand gallons for
all sources. .
Change grand total of hydrocarpon emissions from 390 to
.380 tons.
The asphalt batching plants are also equipped with wet
scrubbers.
Third paragraph, first sentence
- delete "one of". .
Key to the Coding System
Symbol
Type of Source
a
g
i
Agricultural
Governmental
Industrial
Refuse disposal site
Steam-electric utility
r
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The National Air Pollution Control Administration acknowledges
with appreciation the many contributions of cooperating agencies
in the compilation of this report. In particular, we are grateful
for the use of data and personnel assistance furnished by the
following agencies:
1.
2.
Hawaii State Department of Health, Air Sanitation Branch
Hawaii State Department of Transportation
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PREFACE
This report, which presents the emission inventory of the State of
Hawaii, is another in a series of studies outlining the sources and
emissions of air pollutants for major metropolitan areas in the
country. These reports provide estimates of total emissions of oxides
of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and
particulate matter.
The emissions of these pollutants are delineated
with respect to source type, season of the year, and by their geographical
distribution within the area. These surveys are also intended to
determine the present level of emissions and status of their control.
The general procedure for these surveys is based on the rapid
1
survey technique. The study area is divided into grid zones that
serve as the basis for locating sources and reporting their emissions.
All sources of pollutants are divided into two subgroups--point and
area sources. Sources that emit large quantities of air pollutants
are considered individually and located specifically within the area.
This group generally includes about fifty to one hundred sources such
as large industr~es, power plants, and central refuse burning facilities.
The remaining multitude of sources are considered collectively as area
sources and their emissions are reported as totals for grid zones.
This category includes motor vehicles, home heating, smaller industries,
on-site refuse burning, etc.
Emissions for the most part are estimated using various indicators
of pollutant emissions and average emission factors that are related
to these. Information and data are collected on fuel consumption,
refuse burning rates, vehicle miles of travel, as well as various
production data. These are then translated into emission estimates
2
by use of average emission factors. These factors, for the most
part, represent average emission rates for a particular industry or
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Because of the inherent difference in types of equipment, operating
rates, control equipment, and efficiency of operation among the plants
and fuel users within a given category, the application of the emi.ssion
factors to any individual plant or even a smaller number of similar
plants or processes may result in a discrepancy between the actual and
the estimated emissions. However, the estimates of total pollutants
from all sources in the study area should be reasonably accurate
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction.......
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Summary of Results...
Study Area.............. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Topography and ClimB te. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grid Coordinate
.', . .
. II ... ...... ...... II II ""88"""'"
System. . . . .
Emissions by Source Category.
.... ... ... .... ...... ,. II " II.. II II.'"
"""1"""'"
..... """1"""" II
Transportation.............
"."""""
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fuel
Combustion in Stationary
Sources. .
. . . . . . .
. II . . . . . . . . . . . .
v
Solid Wastes
I" ... ..... ""'" ,... '"
Disposal. . . . .
Industrial
Losses........
Process
""8"""
""'88"'"
Evaporative Losses.
Agriculture........
Emissions by Jurisdiction.
'1'" " ... ...... II ""
........... ""'" '1' ..... .... ..... .... I'
. '8" "" ..... II"" """""'" ........
Emissions by Grid.........
Contribution of Point Sources.
.......... ... II .... ...... ",..
....."
.. ... ".. ........ ......... .... .....
Emission Densities...
. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
References. . . . . . . . . . . . .
...............
.......
. .... ........ ... ... ...
Appendix. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page
1
2
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5
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21
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31
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38
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46
53
59
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
1 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the State
of Hawaii, 1968 4
2 Population and Area Characteristics for the State
of Hawaii 8
3 Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Sources
in the State of Hawaii 14
4 Motor Vehicles Travel Characteristics 15
5 Air Pollutant Emissions from Motor Vehicles and
Vessels, 1968 17
6 Aircraft Activity and Air Pollutant Emissions in
the State of Hawaii, 1968 19
7 Fuel Consumption by Vessels in the State of Hawaii, 1968.... 20
8 Fuel Consumption in Stationary Sources, 1968 22
9 Fuel Consumption and Air Pollutant Emissions
from Steam-Electric Utilities, 1968 23
10 Air Pollutant Emissions from the Combustion of Fuels in
Stationary Sources, 1968 25
11 Solid Wastes Disposal by County, 1968 26
12 Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Wastes Disposal, 1968.... 28
13 Air Pollutant Emissions from Industrial Process
Losses on the Island of Oahu, 1968 30
14 Hydrocarbon Emissions from Evaporative Losses, 1968 30
15 Distribution of Crop Acreage by County, 1968 33
16 Sugar Production by County, 1968 33
17 Air Pollutant Emissions from Agricultural
Operations, 1968 36
18 Air Pollutant Emissions from Agricultural Fuel
Combustion 37
19 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Hawaii
County, 1968 41
20 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the City
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Table
21
22
23
24
25
~
"
Summary of Air Pollutant :Emissions in!'
Kauai County, 1968..........................................
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Maui County, 1968.....
Relative Contribution of Each County to
Total Air Pollutant Emissions, 1968.........................
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Point"
Sources on the Island of Oahu, 1968..............,...........
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions by Grid on
the Is land of Oahu, 1968....................................
Page
43
44
45
48
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Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
"
7
8
9
10
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
S ta te of Hawaii..."""""""" ,- " " " " " .. .. " " " " " " .. .. " " " " " .. .. " " .. " " " .. .. "
Is land of Oahu"".."""""".."""..""""..""""""""""""""""""""""""
Population Density Map of the Island of Oahu, 1968.......
Grid Coordinate System for the Island of Oahu............
Location of Point Sources on the Island of Oahu..........
Sulfur Oxides Emission Density Map of the Island
of Oahu"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""".."""""""""""
particulate Matter Emission Density Map of
the Island of Oahu, 1968.................................
Carbon Monoxide Emission Density Map of the
the Island of Oahu, 1968.................................
Hydrocarbon Emission Density Map of the
Is land 6£ Oahu, 1968"""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""""
Nitrogen Oxides Emission Density Map of
the I s land 0 f Oahu, 1968"""""""""""""""..""""""""""""" e- " "
Page
6
7
9
11
47
54
55
56
57
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INTRODUCTION
The information and data presented in this report were gathered
in cooperation with the Air Sanitation Branch in the Hawaii State
Department of Health during a survey conducted in November, 1969.
The data obtained is for the most part representative of 1968, and
the emission estimates presented herein should be considered as
describing the levels and conditions during that year.
The purpose of this study is to establish the magnitude, extent
and sources of air pollutant emissions for the State of Hawaii. An
immediate use of these data is to provide the basis of the engineering
evaluation in the designation of an Air Quality Control Region for
the Honolulu area. These data will also be included into a national
emission baseline and will provide a basis for future air resource
management.
Although this survey includes the entire State of Hawaii,
particular emphasis has been placed on the Island of Oahu. Thus,for
Oahu, the air pollutant emissions are presented on a grid basis as well
as county totals. The emphasis on Oahu is warranted because most of
the people and most of the air pollutant emissions are located there.
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SUMMARY OF RESULTS
The estimated annual emissions of the five surveyed pollutants
in the State of Hawaii are 60 thousand tons of sulfur oxides, 71 thousand
tons of particulate matter, 400 thousand tons of carbon monoxide, 76
thousand tons of hydrocarbons, and 45 thousand tons of oxides of nitrogen.
The major source of pollutants in the urbanized area of the State is
the automobile. The power plants and solid waste disposal sites can
cause localized problems. In the rural areas, the predominant source
of emissions is that associated with the production of cane sugar.
The breakdown of pollutant emissions by source category for the
State is listed in Table 1. The following is a brief summary of
pollutant emissions and sources:
Sulfur Oxides
The predominant source of the 60 thousand
tons of sulfur oxides emitted annually is the
combustion of residual fuel oil in steam-
electric utilities for the generation of
electricity. The five power plants burning
residual fuel oil account for more::than
60 percent of the sulfur oxides emissions.
Additional stationary fuel combustion sources
contribute 13 percent, industrial process
losses 11 percent, and agriculture 10 percent
of total emissions.
Particulate Matter
Agricultural operations, mainly cane field
burning and bagasse incineration, contribute
the majority (70 percent) of the 71 thousand
tons of particula~e matter emitted annually.
The next largest source is solid wastes disposal
which accounts for nearly 17 percent of particulate
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matter emissions.
The remaining 13 percent is
divided between transportation sources, fuel
combustion in stationary sources, and individual
process losses.
Carbon Monoxide
Motor vehicles, mainly automobiles, contribute
58 percent of the 400 thousand tons of carbon
monoxide emitted. The percentage contribution
from motor vehicles is much higher in the urban-
ized areas since the next highest contributors
are agriculture and solid wastes disposal,
which account for 23 percent and 15 percent,
respectively, of total carbon monoxide emissions.
,>
, Hydrocarbons
The annual emissions of 76 thousand tons of
hydrocarbons are distributed between the various
source categories. The three largest sources
are motor vehicles (40 percent), solid wastes
disposal (28 percent), and evaporative losses
(21 percent), which collectively account for
89 percent of the hydrocarbon emissions.
Nitrogen Oxides
Motor vehicles and steam-electric utilities are
the predominant sources of the 45 thousand tons
of nitrogen oxides emitted annually. They
contribute 28 percent and 27 percent, respectively,
of total emissions. Other transportation arid sta-
tionary fuel combustion sources account for an
additional 14 percent, while solid wastes
disposal, mainly open burning, contributes 17
percent of total nitrogen oxides emissions.
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TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE STATE
OF HAWAII, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Partic;, Carbon Hydro- . Ni trogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation 3,000 2,600 248,000 34,000 15,000
Motor Vehicles 860 1,500 233,000 30,100 12,700
Aircraft N 800 14,700 3,300 1,300
Vessels 2,100 270 350 230 680
Fuel Combustion in
Stationary Sources* 44,000 2,000 60 500 16,000
Residential, Commer-
cia1, Institutional 2,600 300 23 21 1,400
Industry 5,100 460 30 100 2,600
Steam-Electric 36,100 1,200 4 380 12,000
Solid Waste Disposal 900 12,000 60,000 21,000 7,800
Open Burning 700 11 ,000 59,000 21,000 7,600
Incinera tion 180 660 1,300 70 190
Industrial Process Losses 6,400 4,400 40 1,100 1,200
Evaporative Losses N N N 16,000 N
Agriculture 5,700 50,000 91 ,000 3,000 4,800
TOTAL 60,000 71,000 400,000 76,000 45,000
N = Negligible
* Emissions from agricultural fuel combustion included in agriculture column.
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STUDY AREA
The Study Area for the State of Hawaii Air Pollutant Emission
Inventory consists of four counties which include the eight major islands
in the State of Hawaii (See Figure 1). The islands are located approx-
imately 2,600 miles southwest of Los Angeles. Kalawao County, the
smallest of the five counties in the State, is actually part of the
island of Maui. For the purposes of this report, the emissions from
Kalawao County are included in the Maui County totals. Maui County
includes the islands of Maui, Molokai, Lanai and Kahoolawe. Kauai
County includes the islands of Kauai and Niihau, whereas Honolulu and
Hawaii Counties are contiguous with their respective islands.
The island of Oahu (Figure 2) is the major island population wise,
3
and contains 83 percent of the State population of 824,800. Table 2
lists the population data by county. Oahu has had a tremendous rate
of population increase since 1960. Oahu ranks as one of the fastest
growing metropolitan areas in the country, with a 35 percent increase
in 8 years. Figure 3 shows the geographical distribution of population
on Oahu. Most of the population is concentrated in the southern part
of the island in and around the city of Honolulu.
TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
The topography of the Hawaiian Islands is marked in contrasts.
These islands contain high mountains and mountain ranges, broad valley
lands, rain forests, sandy beaches, and plunging cliffs. Almost any
type of land form can be found in the Hawaiian archipelago.
Hawaii's climate is almost ideal throughout the year with an
average annual temperature ranging from 72 degrees in February to 79
degrees in August. Thus, there are no degree-days and the subsequent
space heating requirements except for some communities at the higher
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r/J
NIIHAU
'"
KAQAI
. LIHUE
o 25
I I I I I I
50
I
75
I
Miles
Figure 1. State of Hawaii.
MOlOKAI
~
tCJ
KAHOOLAWE
100
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o 1 2 3 4 5
. . . . . t
Mil..
o 5
I.....
10
.
Kilometer.
--..
. WAHIAWA
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TABLE 2
POPULATION AND AREA CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE STATE
*
OF HAWAII
Land Area 1968 Population
County (sq. mi.) 1960 Population 1968 Population Density, People/sq. mi.
Hawaii 4,037 61,300 65,900 16
Honolulu 596 500,400 683,800 1,150
Ka1awao 13 280 230 18
Kauai 619 28,200 25,100 41
Maui 1.160 42.600 49.800 43
STATE TOTAL 6,425 632,800 824,800 128
* Estimated resident population
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'
POPULATION,
people/mi^
< 100
100 - 500
500 - 1,500
1,500 - 5,000
» 5,000
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elevations. Temperature and rainfall vary within the State depending
more upon elevation and location rather than season.
Outstanding in Hawaiian climate are the remarkable differences in
rainfall over adjacent areas; the sunniness of the leeward lowlands
and .the persistent cloudiness over mountain peaks nearby; the remarkably
equable temperature from day to day and season to season; the persistence
of tradewinds from the northeasterly quadrant, where not disrupted by
high mountains; and the rarity of severe storms of any kind.4
GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
For the purposes of this survey, the island of Oahu was divided
into 73 grids of 25 square kilometers to show the geographical distribution
of sources and emissions. The grid system is based on the Universal
Transverse Mercator System developed by the United States Army Corps
of Engineers. The easting (east-west) and northing (north-south)
coordinates are expressed in meters. Only one grid size was used to
allow a comparable basis for expressing emissions and densities.. (Figure 4).
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52 53 54 55 56 57 58 0 1 2 3 4 5
. . . . .
Miles
0 5 10
. I . . . . .
44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 Kilometers
W AH I A A
t-'
t-'
35 36 37 38 39 40 41
25 26 27 28 29 30 2370000
580000
60
FIGURE 4
71
68
69
61
64
65
66
16
2360000
20
21
6
11
12
13
590000
600000
610°00
GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR THE ISLAND OF OAHU
620°°0
2350000
640000
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EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY
For the purposes of compiling the basic data and emission estimates,
the sources of air pollutants were classified into the following six
categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Transportation
Fuel Combustion in Stationary
Solid Wastes Disposal
Industrial Process Losses
Sources
Evaporative Losses
Agriculture
Each of th ese categories -is considered individually in this section.
The data sources and necessary assumptions are presented with further
breakdowns of emissions. Some of the estimates are presented only as
areawide totals. The section on emissions& by jurisdiction summarizes
the emissions by source for each county.
Some of the estimates presented herein, especially the industrial
process loss category, are partial totals. The lack of emission~
factors and appropriate process and control data prevent a complete
inventory of all sources and emissions. It should also be recognized
that natural sources of emissions, such as volcanoes, salt-spray and
natural dusts, have not been included that may at times be significant
contributors to the total air pollution problem. The results of this
survey should be viewed with these limitations in mind.
TRANSPORTATION
Three types of transportation sources are considered in this survey--
motor vehicles, aircraft, and vessels. Motor vehicles, which are the most
significant source of air pollutant emissions in this category are further
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subdivided according to type of fuel used--gasoline and diesel.
Railroad activity in the State is minimal and has not been included
in the reporting of emissions.
Table 3 summarized the contribution of transportation sources to
air pollutant emissions in the State. Motor vehicles are the predom-
inant transportation source, accounting for 29 percent, 55 percent,
94 percent, 90 percent, and 87 percent of the sulfur oxides, particulate
matter, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides emissions
from transportation, respectively. Vessels, mainly the combustion
of residual fuel oil for bunkering purposes, are the predominant
transportation source of sulfur oxides.
Motor Vehicles
More than 2.8 billion miles were traveled by motor vehicles in the
5
State in 1968. Ninety-nine percent of the vehicle-miles were attributed
to gasoline powered vehicles, mainly automobiles. In the process,
.198 million gallons of gasoline and 6.8 million gallons of diesel fuel
were consumed for highway purposes. Table 4 indicates that 79 percent
of all motor vehicle travel occurs on the island of Oahu.
Approximately 1.5 percent of gasoline is lost through evaporation
from the gasoline tanks and carburetor losses resulting in annual losses
of about 3 million gallons. It was assumed that the evaporation of
diesel fuel was negligible. Since 1963 most new automobiles were
equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valves that reduce
hydrocarbon emissions from the crankcase by about 90 percent. Due to
a lag time in the automobile replacement rate, about 20 percent of the
automobiles were not equipped with PCV valves.
For the island of Oahu, the vehic1e-miles of travel were apportionned
onto the respective grids by the use of traffic information (vehicle
miles and traffic flow maps) obtained from the Oahu Transportation
6
Study.
Vehicle counts were available for about 64 percent of the total
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TABLE 3
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES
IN THE STATE OF HAWAII, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur partic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Motor Vehicles
Gasoline
Exhaust 850 1,130 233,000 17,800 12,000
*
Evaporation N N N 11 , 900 N
Diesel 13 350 200 440 720
Subtotal 860 1 *480 233,200 30,100 12,700
Aircraft
Jet N 670 760 660 500
Turboprop N 70 160 60 110
Piston N 60 13,800 2,580 650
Subtotal N 800 14,700 3,300 1,260
Vessels
Small Boats 30 80 300 120 170
Large Boats 2,080 190 50 110 510
Subtotal 2,110 270 350 230 680
GRAND TOTAL 3,000 2,700 248,000 33,600 14,600
N = Negligible
* Includes crankcase emissions
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TABLE 4
MOTOR VEHICLE TRAVEL CHARACTERISTICS, 1968
Motor Vehicle Registrations Motor Fuel Consumption Vehicle-Mile Travel
3 106 Vehicle-Miles
10 Gallons
County Automobiles Trucks Total Gasoline Diesel Gasoline Diesel Total
Hawaii 27,400 5,970 36,050 18,860 1,210 275 6 281
Honolulu 252,550 23,500 291,940 156,550 4,700 2,235 23 2,258
Kauai 13,530 2,590 17,460 8,860 350 127 2 129
Maui 21,540 4,070 27,960 13,390 560 192 3 195
STATE TOTAL 315,000 36,100 373,400 197,700 6,820 2,840 33 2,870
t-'
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vehic Ie -miles traveled on Oahu in 1960.
The vehicle-mi1es were calculated and placed into the respective
grids. The remaining 36 percent of travel was then apportionned by
po?ulation. The total vehicle-miles for each grid was then updated
to the total 2,235 million vehicle-miles traveled on Oahu in 1968.
The resulting emissions from motor vehicles are shown by county
on Table 5.
Motor vehicles account for 860 tons of sulfur oxides,
1,500 tons of particulate matter, 233,000 tons of carbon monoxide,
30,100 tons of hydrocarbons, and 12,700 tons of nitrogen oxides emitted
annually in the State. The majority of these emissions are located
on the island of Oahu. Diesel powered vehicles contribute only a
small portion of the motor vehicular emissions.
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TABLE 5
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM MOTOR VEHICLES AND
VESSELS, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
County Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxide
Hawaii
Motor Vehicles
Gasoline 80 110 22,700 2,850 1,170
Diesel 23 63 34 77 130
Vessels 170 25 42 23 60
Honu1u1u
Motor Vehicles
Gasoline 670 890 184,000 23,500 9,500
Diesel 68 240 130 300 500
Vessels 1,760 220 280 190 560
Kauai
Motor Vehicles
Gasoline 40 50 10,500 1,330 540
Diesel 7 18 11 23 37
Vessels 70 7 9 6 20
I Maui
Motor Vehicles
Gasoline 60 80 15,900 2,020 820
Diesel 11 30 16 35 60
Vessels 110 17 21 15 40
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Aircraft
There are seven major civil airports operating in the State. The
Honolulu International Airport is the busiest, accounting for about
64 percent of the total aircraft operations in the State. Table 6
shows that of the 264,000 flights in 1968, 35 percent were jets,
26 percent were turboprop, and 39 percent were piston-powered aircraft.
The breakdown of flights by type of plane in the commercial carrier
class was"available from the Federal Aviation Administration? Total
flights by military and general aircraft were also available.8 For the
purpose of calculating emissions, general aircraft were assumed to be
all 2-engine piston powered. Military aircraft were assumed to be 2-
engine jets for all local operations, and evenly split between 4-engine
turboprops and 4-engine jets for all itinerant operations.
Aircraft activity contributes less than 5 percent of the total
emissions of any pollutant in the State. The emissions from aircraft,
however, can be a localized problem, especially the visible particulate
matter. The contribution of the gaseous pollutants to the total problem
should be negligible.
Vessels
Vessels, bpth large and small, consume about 227 thousand gallons of
\(;..\
gasoline, 1621million gallons of diesel fuel, and 95.5 million gallons
of residual fuel oil in the State.9, 10 Table 7 shows the distribution
of fuel consumption by county and type of vessel.
All of the gasoline
and diesel fuel consumed by small boats were assumed to be burned close
to or within the geographical confines of the Study Area. However, only
10 percent of the diesel and residual fuel oil consumed by large boats
(bunkering purposes) were assumed to contribute to the total emissions.
The air pollutant emissions from vessels are presented in Table 5. The
majority of emissions from vessels are attributable to the combustion
of residual fuel oil for vessel bunkering.
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TABLE 6
AIRCRAFT ACTIVITY AND AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE
*
STATE OF HAWAII, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Total Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
County Flights u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Hawaii
Jet 11 ,880 60 80 90 50
Turboprop 10,030 11 23 9 16
Piston 22,480 14 3,020 560 140
Subtotal 44,390 85 3,120 660 210
Honolulu
Jet 63,430 520 570 470 380
Turboprop 38,140 40 90 35 60
Piston 68-r;460 -~1.AO 9.ji180 1117~O ~'J410
Subtotal 170,000 600 9,840 2,220 870
Kauai
Jet 4,960 9 26 36 11
Turboprop 3,710 4 10 3 7
Piston N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A. N.A.
Subtotal 8,670 13:' 36 39 18
Maui
Jet 12,820 74 80 65 54
Turboprop 15,900 15 35 13 24
Piston 12,210 7 1,635 305 76
Subtotal 40,930 100 1,750 380 150
STATE TOTAL
Jet 93,100 670 760 660 500
Turboprop 67,800 70 160 60 110
Piston 103,100 60 13,840 2,580 650
TOTAL 264,000 800 14,760 3,300 1,260
N.A. = Not available
* Sulfur oxides emissions from aircraft are negligible.
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TABLE 7
FUEL CONSUMPTION BY VESSELS IN THE STATE OF HAWAII
1968, (103 Gallons)
County Gasoline Diesel Fuel Residual Fuel Oil
Hawaii
Sma 11 Boats 28.2 157 N
Large Boats N 1,200 7,500
Honolulu
Sma 11 Boats 179.5 1,144 N
Large Boats N 12,000 80,000
Kauai
Small Boats 6.5 14 N
Large Boats N 600 3,000
Maui
Small Boats 12.5 100 N
Large Boats N 900 5,000
State Total
Sma 11 Boats 226.7 1,415 N
Large Boats N 14,700 95,500
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FUEL COMBUSTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
The most important fuel consumed in the State of Hawaii for heat
and power is residual fuel oil. In 1968, residual fuel oil accounted for
48 trillion BTU's or approximately 75 percent of the total energy con-
sumption. As shown on Table 8, 315 million gallons of residual fuel
oil, 25 million gallons of diesel fuel, 10 million gallons of distillate
fuel oil, 11 million gallons of iiquif1ed petroleum gases (mainly
propane), and 2.5 l~illion cubic feet of manufactured gas were consumed
in the State.
Fuel combustion in stationary sources has been divided into four
user categories--residentia1-commercia1-institutional, industrial,
steam-electric utility, and agricultural. Fuel consumption for agricul-
tural oper~tions has been included here, however, the emissions are
presented in the Agriculture Section of this report.
Residual fuel oil is consumed to some extent in all four consumer
categories, however, steam-electric utilities consume 228 million gallons
or 72 percent of the residual fuel oil. Diesel fuel oil is consumed
mainly for agricultural purposes, such as operating pumps, generators,
and other types of engines. About 60 percent of the diesel fuel is
consumed for agricultural purposes. Distillate fuel oil (excluding
diesel) is consumed to a limited extent in all categories except
steam-electric utilities. Commercial and institutional establishments
consume about half of the total distillate fuel oil.
Liquified petroleum
gases (LPG) and manufactured gas are used mainly as cooking and water
heating fuel. No coal is consumed in the State.
There are seven major steam-electric generating plants in the State.
These plants consume 228 million gallons of residual fuel oil and 1.8
million gallons of diesel fuel. Frable 9 presents the fuel consumption
and resultant emissions by plant. There are no existing air pollution
control systems on any of these plants. However, in 1969 the Honolulu
power generating station was switching from a 1.9 percent sulfur residual
fuel oil to a low sulfur fuel oil.
-------
TABLE 8
FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES, 1968
Liquified Manu-
Diesel Distillate* Residual Petroleum factured
Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Fue 1 Oil Gases Gas
County 3 3 3 3 6
10 Gallon 10 Gallon 10 Gallon 10 Gallon 10 cu. ft.
Hawaii
Residential, Commercial
Institutional N 500 800 3,400 N
Industry 3,400 2~00 N 150 N
Steam-Electric Utili ty 301 N 14,900 N N
Agriculture .2,100 320 5,500 110 N
Honolulu
Residential, Commercial
Institutional 3,800 4,240 9,770 4,500 1,170
Industry 3,400 2,000 51,600 200 1,320
Steam-Electric Utility N N 202,000 N N
Agriculture 3,900 580 5,500 210 N
Kauai
Residential, Commercial
Institutional N 200 300 1,400 N
Industry 300 200 N 60 N
Steam-Electric Utility 308. N N N N
Agriculture 600 100 2,600 30 N
Maui
Residential, Commercial
Institutional N 280 600 1,630 N
Industry 500 300 N 70 N
Steam-Electric Utility 1,230 N 11 ,300 N N
Agr;f.culture 8,300 1,200 10,400 460 N
S TATE TOTAL
Residential, Commercial
Insti tu tional 3,800 5,200 11 , 500 9,840 1,170
Industry 4,600 2,800 51,600 500 1,320
.Ste8l11-Elec tric 1,840 N 228,000 N N
IAgriculture 14,900 2.200 24,000 800 N'..
TOTAL 25,100 10,200 315,000 10,900 2,490
* Includes Kerosine but excludes diesel fuel oil.
22
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TABLE 9
FUEL CONSUMPTION AND AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM
STEAM-ELECTRIC UTILITIES, 1968
Fuel Oil Consumption
103 Gallons
Residual Diesel Emissions. Tons/Year
Company Plant Fuel Oil Fuel Oil SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Hawaiian Electric
Kahe 73,170 11 , 100 370 1 110 3,800
Honolulu 37,152 5,600 180 1 60 1,900
Waiau 91,583 13,800 460 2 150 4,800
Subtotal 201,900 30,500 1,010 4 320 10,500
Hilo Electric
*
Hilo 14,859 301 3,200 80 N 40 780
Kauai Electric
Port Allen 308 5 2 N 0.5 16
Maui E1ec tric
Kahu1ui 11,311 2,400 60 N 18 590
Mo1okai Electric
Kaunakakai 1,226 22 6 N 2 64
GRAND TOTAL 228,000 1,840 36,100 1,160 4 390 12,000
* Includes other standby stations.
-------
Because the study area consisted of the entire State, total fuel
consumption figures were readily available from the Bureau of Mines.lO,ll
The fuel oils were apportionned into the counties on the basis of
population or manufacturing employment. Liquified petroleum gases were
3
assumed to have the same county breakdown as listed in the Data Book.
Manufactured gas is only sold and distributed on Oahu.
Sulfur contents
of 2.7 percent for resudual fuel oil and 0.25 percent for distillate
fuel oil was assumed, except where individual plant information was
available.
For the island of Oahu, the air pollutant emissions from fuel
combustion were apportionned onto the grids by the use of population
for residential-commercial-institutional sources, and by industrial
land use for industrial sources.12
The air pollutant emissions from the stationary combustion of fuels
totals 44,000 tons of sulfur oxides, 2,000 tons of particulate matter,
60 tons of carbon monoxide, 500 tons of hydrocarbons and 16,000 tons
of nitrogen oxides (Table 10). The combustion of residual fuel oil in
steam-electric utilities is the predominant fuel combustion source.
Emissions from distillate fuel oil, 1iquified petroleum gases, and
manufactured gas are insignificant in comparison.
SOLID WASTES
More than 1.6 million tons of solid wastes are'generated
annually in the State of Hawaii. The bulk of this refuse (about 64 percent)
is disposed of by means of on-site backyard burning. Table 11 indicates
that only 34 percent of the solid wastes generated are collected and
disposed of at central disposal sites. There are only two municipal
incinerators, both located in Honolulu. Both are equipped with baffles
and wet caps. The predominant form of central disposal facility is
the open burning dump.
-------
TABLE 10
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF FUELS
IN STATIONARY SOURCES, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)*
Sulfur Par tic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Fuel Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Distillate Fuel Oil
Residential, Commer-
cia1, Institutional 160 70 9 9 320
Industry 120 50 7 7 250
Steam-Electric 30 10 N 3 100
Residual Fuel Oil
Residential, Commer-
cial, Institutional 2,470 130 12 12 410
Industry 5,000 390 22 90 2,200
Steam-Electric 36,100 1,090 4 360 11 ,300
Liquified Petroleum Gas
Residentiai, Commer-
cia1, Institutional 1 93 2 N 570
Industry N 4 N N 44
Steam-Electric --J,
Manufactured Gas
Residential, Commer-
cia1, Institutional N 11 N N 68
Industry N 12 N N 140
Steam-Electric
GRAND TOTAL
Residential, Commer-
cial, Institutional 2,600 300 23 21 1,400
Industry 5,100 460 30 100 2,600
Steam-Electric 36,100 1,200 4 380 12,000
N = Negligible
* Excluding agricultural fuel combustion emissions which are included in the
Agriculture Section.
-------
TABLE 11
SOLID WASTES DISPOSAL BY COUNTY, 1968 (103 TONS/YEAR)
Central Disoosa1 Sites On-Site
Total Municipal Open Burning Incin- Backyard
County Generated Incineration Dumps Land fi 118 Other Total eration Burning
Hawaii 125 N 23 N 7 30 N 95
Honolulu 1,420 142 235 82 26 485 40 895
Kauai 48 N 18 N N 18 N 30
Maui 95 N 30 N N 30 N 65
STATE TOTAL
1~688 142 306 82 33 563 40 1,085
Percent of
State Total 100 9 18 5 2 34 2 64
-------
Information on the collection of solid wastes at the various sites
was:. gathered from tiE Honolulu City and County Division of Refuse and
from a report recently completed for the Hawaii State Department of
Hea1th.13 G i 1 b i d f h I
enerat on rates were a so 0 ta ne rom t e report. t was
assumed that 15 pounds per capita per day of solid wastes were generated
from all sources in the city of Honolulu. For rural Oahu and the
remaining counties, 10 pounds per capita per day was assumed to be the
generation rate.
Due to the prevalence of open burning, solid wastes disposal
sources are significant contributors to' particulate matter, carbon
monoxide, and nitrogen oxides emissions. However, much of the uncollected
open burning occurs in the non-urbanized areas. Table 12 shows the county
breakdown of solid wastes disposal emissions.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESS LOSSES
The State of Hawaii is notable devoid of any heavy industrial
complexes ~th the exception of a petroleum refinery and a steel rolling
mill. From an air pollution standpoint, the petroleum refinery and the
mineral products industry are the most significant industrial process
sources of air pollutants.
As is the case in any emission inventory, the lack of emission
factors and process information for some industrial sources did not
allow a complete estimation of process emissions. The industrial
processes on the island of Oahu were surveyed, whereas the types of
processes on the neighbor islands were considered negligible.
Two portland cement manufacturing plants pollec~ivelyproduee
pbod>t.- 2 m!l(H10ft :marrels bf:'ce1hent ~anm1ai11ya1 'l\l'hU~. plah~s' u~U:U:e
the wet process. The kilns are equipped with electrostatic precipitators
and the driers are equipped with fabric baghouses.
There are two small metal foundry operations on Oahu. One utilizes
a cupola with a wet cap, while the other uses an electric arc furnace.
-------
TABLE 12
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTES DISPOSAL
1968, (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
County Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Hawaii
Open Burning Dump 10 180 980 350 130
Backyard Burning 50 760 4,200 1,430 530
Total 60 940 5,180 1,780 660
Honolulu
Municipal Incineration 140 480 70 20 140
On-Site Incineration 40 180 1,200 50 50
Open Burning Dump 120 1,850 9,840 3,450 1,280
Backyard Burning 450 7,160 38,000 13,450 4,920
Total 750 9,670 49,100 16,900 6,390
Kauai
Open Burning Dump 9 150 780 280 100
Backyard Burning 15 240 1,250 440 160
Total 24 390 2,030 720 260
Maui
Open Burning Dump 15 240 1,270 450 170
Backyard Burning 30 520 2,740 970 350
Total 50 760 4,010 1,420 520
State Total
Municipal Incineration 140 480 70 20 140
On-Site Incineration 40 180 1,200 50 50
Open Burning Dump 150 2,400 12,900 4,500 1,680
Backyard Burning 550 8,700 46,000 16,300 5 , 960
Total 900 12,000 60,000 20,900 7,800
-------
~ost of the metals used in the islands are either precast or finished.
Thus, the demand for foundry products is slight.
Four sand and gravel operations process more than 3.4 million tons
of aggregate annually. In addition to the handling, crushing and screening
of aggregate, about 640,000 cubic yards of concrete are produced at the
two plants that contain ready~ix facilities.
Two asphalt batching plants produce approximately 550,000 tons per
year of asphalt. They are both equipped with cyclone collectors.
The petroleum refinery has a crude oil capacity of 35,000 barrels
per day. The processes carried out are catalytic cracking, alkylation,
and hydrogenation. The fluid catalytic cracking unit is equipped with
a waste heat boiler that eliminates any carbon monoxide emissions.
There are a number of miscellaneous establishments in the ~tudy
area that contribute to the total air pollutant emissions. These include
a lime plant producing about 8,000 tons per year and controlled by a
fabric baghouse, a mixed fertilizer plant, tire-recapping plants, wood-
working operations, and a number of food processing plants.
Air pollutant emissions from industrial process. losses on the island
of Oahu amount to 6,400 tons of sulfur oxides, 4,400 tons of particulate
matter, 40 tons of carbon monoxide, 1,100 tons of hydrocarbons, and 1,200
tons of nitrogen oxides annually. The emissions by the various industrial
operations are presented in Table 13. The petroleum refinery is the
predominant industrial process source of the gaseous pollutants, while the
mineral products industry is the most significant particu~e emitter~~
The southwest corner of Oahu has been zoned as a heavy industrial
area. Some of the industries presently there are the petroleum refinery,
the steel rolling mill, and one of the cement plants. Fortunately, the
tradewinds are such as to carry most of the pollutants from these
sources out to sea. Only in unusual "kona weather" are these emissions
carried toward the urbanized areas of Oahu.
-------
TABLE 13 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESS
LOSSES ON THE ISLAND OF OAHU, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Cement Manufacturing' N 200 N N N
Metal Operations N 80 40 N N
Sand & Gravel Operations N 3,400 N N N
Concrete Batching N 70 N N N
Asphalt Batching N 220 N N N
Petroleum Refining 6,400 280 N 1,070 1,150
Other N 100 N N N
TOTAL .6 ,400 4,400 40 1,100 1,200
N = Negligible
TABLE 14
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Gasoline Industrial
Storage & Solvent Dry Surface
County Hand ling Evaporation Cleaning Coa ting Total
Hawaii 570 410 130 270 1,400
Honolulu 4,800 4,300 1,300 2,800 13,200
Kauai 270 160 50 100 580
Maui 410 310 100 200 1,020
STATE TOTAL 6,000 '5,200 1,600 3,400 16,000
-------
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
Hydrocarbons are emitted during the evaporation of organic solvents
and liquid petroleum products used for various purposes. Four types
of evaporative losses are included in this section: gasoline storage
and handling, industrial solvent evaporation, dry cleaning operations,
and surface coating operations. Collectively, these sources contribute
16,000 tons of hydrocarbons in the State (Table 14). This total accounts
for nearly 21 percent of the total hydrocarbons emitted from all sources.
"
Gasoline Storage and Handling
There are four major points (excluding evaporation losses from the
motor vehicle) of hydrocarbon emissiorsin the storage and handling of
gasoline. They are:
1. Breathing and
2. Filling losses
3. Filling losses
stations.
filling losses from storage tanks.
from loading tank conveyances.
from loading underground storage tanKs at service
4.
Spillage and filling losses in filling automobile gas tanks
at service stations.
From 1965 dat~about 1 percent of the 198 gallons
consumed in the State is lost by evaporation at one of
14
points listed above.
6,000 tons in 1968.
of gasoline
the four emission
The resulting emissions of hydrocarbons were
Table 14 lists the breakdown by county.
Industrial Solvent Evaporation
The Maricopa County Health Department estimates the per capita
solvent usage as 12.5 pounds per capita per year for industrial and other
domestic uses. Assuming that all solvents used are eventually emitted
into the atmosphere by evaporation, 5,200 tons of hydrocarbons are emitted
annually.
-------
Dry Cleaning
Los Angeles County estimates the dry cleaning use of organic solvents
1
at 3.9 pounds per capita per year. Based on this factor, about 1,600
tons per year of hydrocarbons are emitted from dry cleaning operations.
Table 14 indicates the county breakdown of emissions.
Surface Coating
Organic solvents are lost from surface coating operations as a
result of evaporation and vaporization during the spraying application
and subsequent drying or baking. All solvents consumed are normally
released to the atmosphere. Using 8.1 pounds per capita per year as
15
the basis, 3,400 tons of hydrocarbons are emitted in the State.
AGRICULTURE
Agriculture, mainly the sugar care and pineapple industries, is an
important aspect of Hawaii's economy. Hawaii raises slightly more than
half the food it needs to feed its own population, plus the million or
more annual visitors and members of the armed forces. Thus, Hawaii's
agricultural activities include much more than the two major crops.
Table 15 shows the distribution of crop acreage for five different crops.
Of the major crops raised in Hawaii, the sugar industry is the pre-
dominant source of air pollutant emissions. The pineapple industry and
coffee industry do have some odor related problems, but these are
localized in nature.
Three types of agricultural emissions of air pollutants were con-
sidered in this survey: the burning of sugar care fields before harvesting;
the incineration of bagasse; and the combustion of fuels for agricultural
purposes.
-------
TABLE 15
DISTRIBUTION OF CROP ACREAGE BY COUNTY, 1968 (Acres)
Fruits & Macadamia
County Sugar Cane Pineapp1es* Vegetables Cof fee"( Nuts*
Hawaii 53,000 2,750 5,080 4,420
Honolulu 37,800 20,400 1,760 100
Kauai 51,900 2,600 340 140
Maui 44,000 46,500 1,360 170
STATE TOTAL 186,700 69,500 6,210 5,080 4,830
,,( 1965 Data
TABLE 16
SUGAR PRODUCTION BY COUNTY, 1968
Number of Raw Sugar Production
County Sugar Mills Tons / Year
Hawaii 10 228,000
Honolulu 4 455,000
Kauai 8 264,000
Maui 3 288,000
STATE TOTAL 25 1,235,000
-------
Cane Field Burning
The first step in harvesting the mature care is to set fire to the
cane fields, which take about 22 to 24 months to ripen in Hawaii. The
fire consumes up to 30 tons per acre of dry leaves and trash. Table 16
shows the raw sugar production by county in Hawaii. To produce this
1.2 million tons of raw sugar annually, an estimated 2.8 million tons of
leaves. and trash are burned before harvesting. The resultant air pollutant
emissions are 24,000 tons of particulate matter, 91,000 tons of carbon
monoxide, 2,900 tons of hydrocarbons, and 2,900 tons of nitrogen oxides.
Sulfur oxides emissions are negligible (Table 17).
Bagasse Incineration
AU the twenty-five sugar mills in the State operate on a 24 hour a
day' bass during the grinding season, which lasts from nine to eleven
months a year. The cane is washed, crushed between high pressure rollers
to extract the juice, then the juice is processed through a number of
steps before ending up as raw sugar. Bagasse is the fibrous residue of
the care stalk left after the high pressure crushing operation.
Most of the factories utilize bagasse as a fuel to provide process
heat and pOwer. Some of the electricity generated is sold to the local
utility companies for distribution. Some fuel oil is used as an auxiliary
fuel to maintain the proper combustion characteristics. The bagasse
incineration produces about 25,600 tons of particulate matter and 2,000
tons of sulfur oxides (from the auxiliary fuel). The other pollutants
are insignificant.
Agricultural Fuel Combustion
From the data listed in the stationary fuel combustion section,
14.9 million gallons of diesel fuel, 2.2 million gallons of distillate
fuel oil, 24 million gallons of residual fuel oil, and 800 thousand.
gallons of liquified petroleum gases were consumed in 1968 for
agricultural purposes.
Most of this fuel was used to operate farm
-------
machinery, such as tractors, pumps, generators and harvesting equipment.
Table 18 shows the breakdown of air pollutant emissions by fuel and
county.
-------
TABLE 17
AIR~OLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS, 1968
Sui fur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
County Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Hawaii
Bagasse Incineration 730 9 ,400 . 3 3 120
Cane Burning N 6,800 26,000 800 800
Fue 1 Combus tion 490 40 4 4 170
Total 1,220 16,200 ' 26,000 810 1,090
Honolulu
Bagasse Incineration 370 4,700 2 2 62
Cane Burning N 4,800 19,000 600 600
Fue 1 Combus tion 900 80 8 8 310
Total 1,270 9,580 19,000 610 970
Kauai
Bagasse Incineration 430 5,500 2 2 70
Cane Burning N 6,600 25,000 800 800
Fuel Combustion 150 12 2 2 50
Total 580 12,100 25,000 800 920
Maui
Bagasse Incineration 460 6,000 2 2 80
Cane Burning N 5,600 21,000 700 700
Fuel Combustion 2,140 250 28 28 1,050
Total 2,600 11 ,900 21,000 730 1,800
STATE TOTAL
Bagasse Incineration 2,000 25,600 10 10 330
Cane Burning N 23,800 91 , 000 2,900 2,900
Fuel Combustion 3,700 390 40 40 1,570
GRAND TOTAL 5,700 50,000 91 ,000 3,000 4,800
-------
TABLE 18
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM AGRICULTURAL FUEL
COMBUSTIONa (TONS/YEAR)
--
Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
County Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Hawaii
Distillate b 44 18
Fue 1 Oil 2 2 87
Residual Fuel Oil 450 24 2 2 76
LPG N 1 N N 6
Honolulu
Distillate Fuel Oil 80 34 4 4 160
Residual Fue 1 Oil 820 44 4 4 137
LPG N 2 N N 11
Kauai
Distillate Fuel Oil 13 5 1 1 25
Residual Fuel Oil 135 7 1 1 23
LPG N N N N 2
Maui
Distillate Fuel Oil 366 152 20 20 730
Residual Fuel Oil 1,770 95 8 8 298
LPG N 4 N N 24
STATE TOTAL
Distillate Fue 1 Oil 500 210 27, 27 1.~ 000
Residual Fuel Oil 3,200 170 15 15 530
LPG N 7 N N 42
a Excluding auxiliary fuel used for bagasse incineration
b Includes diesel fuel
-------
EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
The previous section presented the emissions by source category and
by jurisdiction. The emissions by county are summarized here in Tables
19 through 22. The relative contribution of each county to the total
pollutant emissions is summarized in Table 23. The following is a
brief summary of air pollutant emissions for each county.
HAWAII
The total air pollutants on the island of ll-awaii: "amount :'te.4,900'-'t'9ns
of sulfur oxides, 18,000 tons of particulate matter, 57,000 tons of
carbon monoxide, 7,700 tons of hydrocarbons, and 4,400 tons of nitrogen
oxides in 1968. The major contributors are the combustion of residual
fuel oil in steam-electric utilities (for sulfur oxides), motor vehicles
(carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides), and agriculture
(particulate matter, carbon monoxide, and nitrogen oxides).
HONOLULU
The Gity and County of Honolulu is the capital island of Hawaii.
The business, finance and commerce of the islands is centered in
Honolulu. The h~gh degree of urbanization and congestion makes Oahu
similar to many mainland cities. In terms of air pollutan"ts, the same
types of sources and the magnitude of emissions are found as in many
metropolitan areas. With 83 percent of the population and 71 percent
of the manufacturing employment in the State, the majority of air pollutant
emissions in the State are attributed to Oahu. More than 82 percent of
the sulfur oxides, 38 percent of the particulate matter, 66 percent of
the carbon monoxide, 78 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 76 percent of the
nitrogen oxides emissions in the State are emitted there.
@
The percentage
-------
contribution to the state totals is relatively low for particulate matter
and carbon monoxide because of the agricultural activity, mainly sugar
cane burning and bagasse incineration, on the other islands.
The primary sources of the 49,000 tons of sulfur oxides emissions
on Oahu are the 3 power plants burning residual fuel oil. They account
for about 62 percent or 30,500 tons per year. Industrial process losses
and other stationary fuel combustion sources contribute an additional
13 percent and 15 percent, respectively.
Agricultural operations, solid wastes disposal and industrial
process losses are the primary sources of the 27,000 tons of particulate
matter. More specifically, cane field burning (18 percent), bagasse
incineration (17 percent), the open burning of refuse (33 percent) and
industrial process losses (16 percent) collectively account for 84
percent of the particulate matter emissions. Sand and gravel operations
contribute 3,400 of the 4,400 tons attributed to industrial process losses.
This excludes the dust and heavy particles that can cause local nuisances.
Motor vehicles contribute more than 70 percent or 184,000 tons
of the total carbon monoxide emitted on Oahu. The open burning of refuse
and the burning of cane fields, both inefficient combustion processes"
account for any additional 18 percent and 7 percent, respectively.
Ninety-one percent of the 59,000 tons of hydrocarbons are emitted
by motor vehicles, open burning of refuse, and evaporative losses.
Motor vehicle; hydrocarbon emissions of 23,800 tons (40 percent)
emanate from the exhaust, the crankcase, the carburetor, and the gasoline
tank. The open burning of refuse at dumps and on-site contribute
16,900 tons (28 percent) of unburnt hydrocarbons and evaporative losses
account for 22 percent of the hydrocarbon emissions.
Nitrogen oxides, a fuel combustion related pollutant, is emitted
primarily from motor vehicles (10,000 tons) and steam-electric utilities
(10,500 tons). Collectively they account for 60 percent of the total
34,000 tons of nitrogen oxides emissions on Oahu. Solid wastes disposal
contributes another 19 percent.
-------
KAUAI
The primary sources of air pollutants on the island of Kauai are
agricultural operations and motor vehicles. Collectively they account
for 88 percent of the 800 tons of sulfur oxides, 96 percent of the
particulate matter, 94 percent of the carbon monoxide, 63 percent of
hydrocarbons, and 79 percent of the nitrogen oxides emissions on Kauai.
All other sources are negligible in comparison.
MAUl
In Maui County, which includes 4 island~ annual air pollutant
~'emissions amount to 5,400 tons,'of sulfur oxides, 13,000 tons of particulate
matter, 43,000 tons of carbon monoxide, 5,700 tons of hydrocarbons, and
4,200 tons of nitrogen oxides. The major sources of sulfur oxides are
stationary and agricultural fuel combustion. Agricultural operations
contribute 92 percent of the total particulate emissions. Motor
vehicles and agriculture collectively contribute 86 percent of the
carbon monoxide emissions. Hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides emissions
are distributed among the various sources.
RELATIVE COUNTY CONTRIBUTION
"
Table 23 summarizes the relative contribution of each county to
the total air pollutant emissions in the State. Naturally, Honolulu
contributes the highest percentage of any pollutant. The contribution
to particulate matter and carbon nomoxide emissions is low because
of the agricultural operations on the neighbor islands.
-------
TABLE 19
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN HAWAII COUNTY
1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation 270 290 25,800 3,600 1,600
Motor Vehicles 100 170 22,700 2,900 1,300
Aircraft N 90 3,100 660 210
Vessels 170 25 42 23 60
Fuel Combustion in
Stationary Sources 3,400 130 4 43 1,050
Residential, Commercial
Insti tu tiona1 180 40 3 2 230
Industry 13 6 1 1 40
Steam-Electric Utility 3,200 80 N 40 780
Solid Wastes Disposal 60 940 5,200 1,800 660
Open Burning 60 940 5,200 1,800 660
Incineration N N N N N
Industrial Process Losses N N N N N
Evaporative Losses N N N 1,400 N
Agriculture 1,200 16,200 26,000 810 1,100
TOTAL 4,900 18,000 57,000 7,700 4,400
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TABLE 20
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE CITY AND
COUNTY OF HONOLULU, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation 2,500 1,900 194,000 26,200 11 ,400
Motor Vehicles 760 1,100 184,000 23,800 10,000
Aircraft N 600 9,800 2,200 870
Vessels 1,760 220 280 190 560
Fuel Combustion in
Stationary Sources 38,000 1,700 50 430 14,000
Residential, Commercial,
Institutional 2,300 220 19 18 950
Industry 5,100 440 26 94 2,500
Steam-Electric Utility 30,500 1,010 4 320 10,500
Solid Wastes Disposal 750 9,700 49,000 17,000 6,400
Open Burning 570 9,000 47,800 16,900 6,200
Incineration 180 660 1,300 70 190
Industrial Process Losses 6 ,400 . 4,400 40 1,100 1,200
Evaporative Losses N N N 13,200 N
Agriculture 1,300 9,600 19,000 610 970
TOTAL 49,000 27,000 262,000 59,000 34,000
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TABLE 21
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN KAUAI COUNTY
1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxldes ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation 120 90 10,500 1,400 620
Motor Vehicles 50 70 10,500 1,350 580
Aircraft N 13 36 39 18
Vessels 70 7 9 6 20
Fuel Combustion in
Stationary Sources 80 23 1 2 130
Residential, Commercial,
Institutional 70 17 N N 90
Industry 9 4 1 1 23
Steam-Electric Uti 11 ty 5 2 N 1 16
Solid Wastes Disposal 20 390 2,000 720 260
Open Burning 20 390 2,000 720 260
Incinera tion N N N N N
Industrial Process Losses N N N N N
Evaporative Losses N N N 580 N
Agriculture 580 12,100 25,000 800 920
TOTAL 800 12,600 38,000 3,500 1,900
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TABLE 22
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN MAUl COUNTY
1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Partic - Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation 180 230 17,700 2,500 1,070
Motor Vehicles 70 110 15,900 2,100 880
Aircraft N 100 1,800 380 150
Vessels 110 17 21 15 40
Fuel Combustion in
Stationary Sources 2 ,600 100 2 22 800
Residential, Commercial
Institutional 140 23 1 1 120
Industry 14 7 1 1 35
Steam-Electric Utili ty 2,400 70 N 20 650
Solid Wastes Disposal 50 760 4,000 1,400 520
Open Burning 50 760 4,000 1,400 520
Incineration N N N N N
Industrial Process Losses N N N N N
Evaporative Losses N N N 1,020 N
'.
Agriculture 2,600 12,000 . 21,000 730 1,800
TOTAL 5,400 13,000 43,000 5,700 4,200
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."
.-
./
TABLE 23
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH COUNTY TO TOTAL AIR
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS, 1968 (Percent)
Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
County Population Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Hawaii 8 8 26 14 10 10
Honolulu 83 82 38 66 78 76
Kauai 3 1 18 9 5 4
Maui 6 9 18 11 7 10
TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100 100
-------
EMISSIONS BY GRID
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air
pollutant emissions on the island of Oahu, the resulting emissions were
apportioned on the grid coordinate system. The emissions were divided
into two source subgroups--point and area sources--as explained in the
Preface.
respect
sources
Twenty-eight point sources
to location and magnitude of
emits more than 0.2 tons per
are identified individually with
emissions. Each of these point
day of any individual pollutant.
CONTRIBUTION OF POINT SOURCES
Collectively, the twenty.eight point sources account for 87 percent
of sulfur oxides, 46 percent of particulate matter, 4 percent of carbon
monoxide, 8 percent of hydrocarbons, and 41 percent of nitrogen oxides
emissions on the island of Oahu. Figure 5 shows the location of a11
point sources on the island. The percent contribution to carbon
monoxide emissions is-low because motor vehicles and much of the on-site
open burning, which are area sources, contribute 98 percent of carbon
monoxide emissions. Similarly, the contribution of point sources to
total hydrocarbon emissions is low since motor vehicles, evaporative
losses, and on-site open burning are the major contributors. Table 24
summarizes the air pollutant emissions from point sources on Oahu.
Most of the seasonal variations in point source emissions are negligible.
The emissions from area sources have been added to that for point
v
sources to obtain total emissions by grid. Table 25 summarizes the total
air pollutant emissions by grid. The emissions are presented for an
annual average day, an average winter day (December, January, February),
and an average summer day (June, July, August). The annual average
emission rates were obtained by dividing yearly totals by 365 days per year.
Seasonal averages were calculated by the use of motor vehicle traffic
activity factors and monthly fuel use information. Other sources were
assumed to be constant throughout the year.
-------
'~
.......
580°00
FIGURE 5
a
590°00
o 1
I
2 3 4 5
. . . .
Miles
o 5
I I . . I .
10
r
Kilometers
.
2370°°0
2360°°0
.
600°00
610 000
LOCATION OF POINT SOURCES ON THE ISLAND OF-OAHU
- 620°00
630°00
2350°°0
-------
TABLE 24
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES ON
THE ISLAND OF OAHU, 1968 (TONS/AVERAGE DAY)
Easting Northing Su lfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Grid (100 m.) (100 m.) Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Industry 5 5922 23560 0.0 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industry 5 5920 23571 17.4 0.75 0.00 2.92 3.14
Industry 5 5926 23559 0.0 0.22 0.03 0.00 0.00
Government 6 5960 23575 0.0 0.56 3.02 1.06 0.39
Industry 9 6149 23591 0.0 0.49 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industry 10 6173 23580 13.5 0.72 0.06 0.06 2.27
Power Plant 10 6178 23568 15.3 0.50 0.00 0.16 5.29
Open Dump 10 6178 23553 0.0 0.17 0.92 0.32 0.12
Incinerator 10 6169 23587 0.1 0.67 0.09 0.02 0.19
Incinerator 10 6178 23555 0.1 0.64 0.09 0.02 0.18
Industry 15 5947 .236' 2 0.0 2.73 0.00 0.00 0.00
Power Plant 15 5900 23620 30.2 1.00 0.00 0.32 10.42
Agriculture 16 5996 23603' 0.2 3.33 0.00 0.00 0.04
Open Dump 17 6028 ' 23647 0.2 3.39 18.03 6.36 2.33
Government 18 6080 23610 0.0 0.05 1.38 0.11 0.01
Industry 19 6130 23645 0.0 3.87 0.00 0.00 0.00
Institution 19 6147 23625 0.5 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.0191
Industry 23 6307 23618 0.0 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00
Agriculture 27 6025 23655 0.3 4.15 0.00 0.00 0.00
Power Plant 28 6078 23656 37.9 1.25 0.00 0.40 13.04
Industry 32 6275 23670 0.0 1.93 0.00 0.00 0.00
Government 43 6290 23720 0.0 0.48 2.56 0.90 0.33
GOvernment 47 5960 23780 0.1 0.14 0.74 0.25 0.11
6peft Dump 47 5971 23792 0.0 0.16 0.87 ' 0.30 0.11
Agriculture 62 5903 23861 0.3 4.21 0.00 0.00 0.05
Open IAtmp 70 6102 23952 0.0 0.14 0.75 0.26 0.09
Agricu1 ture 73 6086 23978 0.1 1.19 0.00 0.00 0.02
Industry T4 5880 - 23678 0.0 0.27 0.00 0.00 0.00
-------
TABLE 25
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS BY GRID ON THE ISLAND OF OAHU, 1968 (TONS/ DAY
Area SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Grid (sq. km.) S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
1 14 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 47.9 53.6 51.0 6.1 6.8 6.5 2.6 2.9 2.7
2 10 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 15.1 16.9 16.1 1.9 2.1 2.0 0.8 0.9 0.9
3 8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 7.2 6.9 0.8 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.4 0.4
4 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 1.0 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
5 17 18.0 18.0 18.0 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.4
6 20 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 5.4 5.6 5.5 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.6 0.7 0.6
7 15 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 6.3 6.8 6.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.4 0.5 0.5
8 10 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.2
~ 9 10 0.5 0.6 0.6 2.3 2.3 2.3 37.8 39.1 38.5 7.7 7.8 7.8 3.2 3.2 3.2
\0-
10 22 33.8 31.0 33.2 7.8 7.9 7.9 124.5 136.4 131.0 28.1 29.6 28.9 17.5 17.3 17.8
11 25 0.5 1.6 1.6 3.3 3.5 3.5 81.0 88.7 85.2 19.0 20.0 19.5 5.5 6.4 6.2
12 25 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 6.1 6.5 6.3 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.5 0.6 0.6
13 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
14 16 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 3.3 3.6 3.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3
15 25 30.7 30.8 30.3 3.8 3.8 3.8 6.5 7.2 6.9 1.2 1.3 1.3 11.0 11.0 10.9
16 25 0.3 0.4 0.4 4.8 4.8 4.8 12.1 12.8 12.5 1.5 1.6 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.7
17 25 0.4 0.5 0.5 4.4 4.4 4.4 27.7 28.4 28.1 8.1 8.2 8.2 2.9 3.0 3.0
18 25 1.6 1.7 1.7 0.5 0.5 0.5 12.8 14.0 13.5 2.3 2.5 2.4 1.1 1.2 1.2
19 25 0.7 1.1 1.1 5.2 5.3 5.2 32.1 35.3 33.8 7.0 7.4 7.2 2.3 2.6 2.5
20 25 0.2 0.7 0.7 1.7 1.8 1.8 29.7 32.3 31.1 8.0 8.3 8.2 2.2 2.5 2.5
21 25 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.2 4.6 4.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.3
-------
TABLE 25
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS BY GRID (cont.)
Area SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Grid (sq. km.) S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
23 20 0.0 0.2 0.2 1.2 1.2 1.2 6.3 6.8 6.6 1.9 1.9 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.6
24 21 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.7 0.7 0.7 8.0 8.7 8.4 2.1 2.2 2.'2 0.6 0.7 0.7
25 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
26 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.9 0.9 3.8 3.8 3.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
27 25 0.4 0.7 0.7 6.3 6.3 6.3 19.3 20.5 20.0 3.8 3.9 3.9 1.2 1.4 1.4
28 25 38.6 39.1 38.5 3.1 3.2 3.1 28.7 31.1 30.0 7.2 7.5 7.4 15.2 15.5 15.3
29 25 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 6.9 7.2 7.1 1.9 1.9 1.9 0.5 0.6 0.6
30 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
V1 31 25 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.8 0.8 15.8 17.2 16.5 4.1 4.3 4.2 1.1 1.3 1.3
o
32 22 0.1 0.6 0.5 3.1 3.2 3.2 20.4 22.1 21.4 5.8 6.0 5.9 1.5 1.8 1.8
33 18 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.5 0.5 0.5 8.2 8.9 8.6 2.4 2.5 2.4 0.6 0.7 0.7
34 11 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3 5.1 5.5 5.4 1.5 1.6 1.5 0.4 0.5 0.5
35 25 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.0 2.2 2.1 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2
36 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
37 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
38 25 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 6.0 6.7 6.4 1.2 1.3 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.4
39 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
40 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
41 25 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.1 2.3 2.2 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2
42 15 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 4.3 4.7 4.6 1.1 1.2 1.2 0.3 0.4 0.4
43 13 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.7 Q.7 0.7 4.8 4.9 4.8 1.7 1.7 1.7 0.6 0.6 0.6
44 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
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TABLE 25
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS BY GRID (cant.)
Area SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Grid (sq. kIn.) S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
46 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.9 0.9' 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
47 25 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.9 0.9 0.9 12.8 13.8 13.3 3.5 3.6 3.5 1.0 1.2 1.1
48 25 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.7 0.7 10.6 11. 5 11.1 3.1 3.2 3.2 0.8 1.0 0.9
49 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
50 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
51 21 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.6 2.8 2.7 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2
52 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
06. 53 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 2.2 2.2 2.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
.....
54 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.1 1.1 6.1 6.3 6.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
55 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 2.2 2.3 2.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
56 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
57 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
58 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
59 22 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.0 2.2 2.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
60 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
61 10 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.2 1.6 1.7 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
62 20 0.4 0.4 0.4 5.2 5.2 5.2 7.6 8.0 7.9 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.5 0.5 0.5
63 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.9 1.9 7.5 7.5 7.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
64 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.5 0.5 1.9 1.9 1.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
65 25 .0. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
66 23 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.2 1.3 1.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
-------
TABLE 25
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS BY GRID (cont.)
Area SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Grid ( sq. km.) S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
68 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
69 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.2 1.2 1.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
70 9 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.6 0.6 0.6 4.0 4.2 4.1 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.3 0.3 0.3
71 6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 0;1 0.0 0.0 0.0
72 24 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
73 22 0.1 0.2 0.2 2.4 2.4 2.4 6.5 6.7 6.6 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3
i..n
-------
EMISSION DENSITIES
In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of
pollutants by grids, emission density maps have been prepared for the
five surveyed pollutants. Figures 6 through 10 show the variation
in emission densities for the respective grids. Referring back to
Figure 3, which shows the variation in population density on Oahu,
the emission densities generally follOw the pattern of urbanization.
This is especially true for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons which
are more population oriented than the other three pollutants.
For sulfur oxides emissions, the grids with the highest emission
densities are grids 5, 10, 15, and 28. Three of these grids have a
power plant in them and the fourth grid contains the petroleum refinery.
Particulate matter emissions are highest in grids 10, 27, and 62. As
shown on Figure 5, grid 10 has the largest number of point sources,
while grids 27 and 62 contain sugar mills and cane field burning
operations. Similar to the sulfur oxides emission pattern, nitrogen
oxides emissions are also highest in the three grids that contain the
power plants.
-------
Ul
012345
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi2sday
-------
Ul
PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS,
tons/mi 2-day
Q < 0.02
JH 0.02 -0.1
IH 0.1 -0.3
IH 0.3 - 0.6
9 > 0.6
-------
Ul
a\
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi^-day
-------
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS,
tons/mi 2-day
O * 0.05
|H 0.05 - 0.2
|3 0.2 - 0.5
H 0.5 - 1.0
• > 1.0
-------
Ul
oo
NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS,
tons/mi 2-day
-------
u
'-..
REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins, G. and Smith, R., Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
Community Air Pollution, USDHEW, PHS, October, 1966.
2.
Duprey, R.L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
USDHEW, PHS, 1968.
3.
The State of Hawaii Data Book, Hawaii State Department of Planning
and Economic Development, 1968.
4.
Local Climatological Data, Honolulu, Hawaii, United States Department
of Commerce, ESSA.
5.
Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Highway Division,
Highway Planning Section.
6.
Hawaii State Department of Transportation, Oahu Transportation Study.
7.
Airport Activity Statistics of Certified Route Carriers, Federal
Aviation Administration, 1968.
8.
FAA Air Traffic Activity, Federal Aviation Administration, March, 1969.
9.
Hawaii State Division of Taxation, Tax Research and Planning
10.
Fuel Oil Shipments Annual, United States Department of Interior,
Bureau of Mines, September 17, 1969.
11.
Shipments of Liquified Petroleum Gases and Ethane in 1968, Unites
States Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, October 13, 1969.
12.
Oahu Transportation Study, 1967, Volume I.
13.
The Hawaii State Plan for Solid Waste Disposal, Preliminary Draft,
University of Hawaii, School of Public Health, June 30, 1969.
14.
Highway Statistics/1965, Unites States Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Public Roads, 1966.
15.
Maricopa County Emission Inventory, Maricopa County Health Department,
1968.
16.
Hawaiian Sugar Planter's Association, Personal communication to Air
Sanitation Branch, Hawaii State Department of Health.
-------
o
'.
OTHER REFERENCES
1.
Estimated DeFacto and Resident Population and Dwelling Units of
Oahu Census Tracts, July 1, 1968, Hawaii State Department of Health,
Research and Statistics Office.
2.
Oahu Transportation Study, Volume I -III, Sponsoring Agencies--
State of Hawaii, City and County of Honolulu, United States
Department of Housing and Urban Development, Unites States
Department of Transportation, 1967.
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