LAS VEGAS METROPOLITAN AREA AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE ------- ~ , The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports .is issued by the Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications, Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 or from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151. Office of Air Programs Publication No. APTD-0819 . ~ ------- LAS VEGAS METROPOLITAN AREA AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY Prepared by Michael J. McGraw " U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE' PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE <.. Environmental Health Service National Air Pollution Control Administration " Division of Air Quality and Emission Data Durham, North Carolina ------- PREFACE ~ ~ This report, which presents the emission inventory for the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area, is another in a series of surveys outlining the sources and emissions of air pollutants for major metropolitan areas in the country. These surveys, conducted by the National Inventory of Air Pollutant Emissions and Control Branch of the National Air Pollution Control Administration, provide estimates of the present levels of air pollutant emissions and status of their control. The pollutants which include sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, are delineated with respect to source type, season of the year ,and geographical distribution within the area. The general procedure for th,e surveys is 1 based upon the rapid survey technique for estimating air pollutant emissions. The~e reports are intended to serve as aids in the proposing of boundaries of Air Quality Control Regions, as directed by the Air Qua1:lty Act of 1967. ------- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Sincere gratitude is extended by the National'Air Pollution Control Administration to the many individuals and companies who contributed to this study. Special thanks are dut to Gene Foster of the Clark County District Health Department, Burt Cole of the State of Nevada Bureau of Environmental Health, John Fairweather of the San Bernadino County Air Pollution Control District and Paul Hendrickson of the Arizona State Department of Health, who contributed invaluable assistance in the gathering of data for this report. ------- CONTENTS Introduction. . . .......... ............ ..... .......... SUITIIIlary. . . . . . . . .......... ............ ............... Description of Study Area.. ............... .................. ..... Grid Coordinate System. ............ .... .... .................. Emissions by Stationary Ca tegory . . . . . . . . Fuel Combustion. ........ ....... ..... .......... ........ Transportation... Motor Vehicles.. ............... ........ .. ............ ......... .................. Aircraft. . ..................... ............ ............ ...... Railroads. ......... ............................ .............. Solid Waste. ............ ..... .................. ....... ..... Industrial Processes.. ............. .............. .... ... ....... Evaporative Losses... .............. ......... ....... ....... Automobiles........ ............ ..... ....... ...... ....... Gasoline Storage and Handling.. Consumption of Solvents..... .... ... ................ ....... ... ......... ... ........ .......... Emissions by Jurisdiction. by Grid......... ... ... .... .... .............. ......... .............. ....... ........... Emissions References..... .......... ................. ...... .... ........... Appendix Appendix A. . ....... ............... ...... .... .............. B[[[ . '- Page 1 3 9 15 17 17 21 21 ------- Table 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 LI ST OF TABLES \. ij Page 1 lA Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Las Vegas Study Area... Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Study Area............. 6 7 2 Percentage Contribution of Each Source Category to Total Emissions.............................................. 8 3 4 Area and Population Characteristics for Study Area........... 12 Annual Fuel Consumption in the Political Subdivisions of Study Area................................................ 18 5 Air Pollutant Emissions from the Combustion of fuels inS tat i ona ry Sou r c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 6 7 8 Vehicle Miles of Travel for Motor Vehicles in Study Area..... 22 Summary of Emissions from Transportation Sources............. 24 Air Traffic Activity at the Largest Airports in Study Area.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25 Solid Waste Balance for Study Area........................... 27 Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal in Study Area[[[ 28 Air Pollutant Emissions from Industrial Processes............ 30 Hydrocarbon Emissions from Evaporative Losses................ 32 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Clark County........... 34 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Mohave County.......... 35 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Nye Coun ty . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in San Bernadino County... 37 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Point Sources........ 40 ------- ~ Figure 1 10 ~ LIST OF. FIGURES 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Map of Las Vegas Study Area and Surrounding Cities.......... Detailed Map of the Las Vegas Study Area.................... Population Dens1ty of the Las Vegas Study Area.............. Grid Coordinate System for the Las Vegas Study Area......... Point Source Locations...................................... Sulfur Oxides Emission Density Map.......................... Particulate Emission Density Map............................ Carbon Monoxide Emission Density Map........................ Hydrocarbon Emission Density Map............................ Nitrogen Oxides Emission Density Map........................ ~ Page 10 11 13 16 39 45 46 47 48 ------- INTRODUCTION :., This report is a summary of the Las Vegas air pollutant emission inventory conducted in March 1970. Since all inventories are based upon a calendar year, the data and emission estimates presented are represen- tative of 1969 and should be considered as indicating the conditions as existed during that year. The Study Area, which was chosen on the basis of the distribution of population and air pollution sources, consists of portions of four counties surrounding Las Vegas. This area covers approximately 19,400 square miles and had a 1969 population of 311,000. A grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical distri- bution of emissions within counties. The Study Area was subdivided into 76 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in the heavily populated and industrialized areas to 1,600 square kilometers in the rural areas. All sources of emissions were classified into five catl::!gories --trans- portation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal, industrial processes and evaporative losses. Each of these source catl::!gories was divided into two subgroups--point sources and area sources. Facilities, which emit large quantities of air pollutants, were considered individually as point sources, while the many remaining contributors such as motor vehicles, residential and commercial fuel users, small industries and on-site refuse burning equipment, were considered co11ectiv4::!ly as area sources. For this report, thirty individual sources, which had emissions greater than 50 tons per year for any pollutant, were classified as point sources. Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as fuel consumption, refuse burning rates, vehic1e-mi1es, production data, and control efficiencies and emission factors relating these indicators to . . 2 em~ss~on rates. These factors represent average emission rates for a particular source category. Since individual sources have inherent ------- differences that cannot always be taken into consideration, descrepancies between the actual. and estimated emissions are more likely in individual ~ sources than in the total emissions for a source category. As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and # should not be interpreted as absolute values. The estimates are, in some cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factors and pro- duction or consumption data. Despite these limitations, these estimates are of sufficient accuracy and validity in defining the extent and distribution of air pollutant emissions in the Study Area. ------- SUMMARY "- \.. The annual emissions as estimated by the Las Vegas Metropolitan Area Air Pollutant Emission Inventory are: Sulfur Oxides Particulates 14,900 63,500 209,100 29,800 22,800 Carbon Monoxide Hydrocarbons Nitrogen Oxides The following is a brief description of the air pollutant emissions as presented in Tab1e1 and Table 2. Sulfur Oxides: The largest source of sulfur oxides in the Study Area was a coal burning power plant in Clark County.- This plant accounted for over 80 percent of the total sulfur oxide emissions. The combustion of fuel oil at station- ary sources was the second largest category contributing 11 percent of total emissions. The only other signifi- - cant source was motor vehicles, which ac.counted for 6 percent of the total sulfur oxides. Particulates: Individual point sources of particulates from industrial processes accounted for almost 84 percent of the total particulate emissions in the Las Vegas Study Area. though this area was void of any heavy industry, it Even did have a large- number of plants in the mineral products industry. The largest sources in these industries were lime plants, gypsum plants, asphalt batching operations, ready-mix plants and miscellaneous sand and gravel operations. Collectively, these plants accounted for almost 83 percent of the 84 percent contributed by industrial process sources. The only other large source ------- Carbon Monoxide: Hydrocarbons: Nitrogen Oxides: of particulates was the coal burning power plant which accounted for 7 percent of total emissions. ~ In most metropolitan areas the largest source of carbon monoxide emissions is from automobiles and other u motor vehicles. This was also true in Las Vegas as motor vehicles contributed 93 percent of the carbon monoxide emitted annually. Other transportation sources including railroad and aircraft operations contributed another 4 percent. The only other significant source of carbon monoxide was from the inefficient cambustion of refuse at open burning dumps and incinerators. This category accounted for about 3 percent of the total emissions. Evaporative losses from automobiles which includes losses from the gas tank, carburetor and engine crankcase accounted for 27 percent of total hydrocarbon emissions. Other smaller evaporative loss sources--gasoline storage and handling, industrial solvent usage, dry cleaning plants and miscellaneous solvent usage collectively accounted for 14 percent of the total hydrocarbon emissions. Exhaust gases from motor vehicles was a primary source of hydrocarbon emissions, accounting for over 47 percent of the total. Other sources included the open burning of solid waste and railroad and aircraft operations, which accounted for 2 and 9 percent, respect- ively, of total emissions. The major source of nitrogen oxides was the exhaust gas from motor vehicles, which together with other trans- portation sources contributed over 50 percent of the total emissions. The combustion of coal and natural gas at the steam- electric plants in the Study Area was a large source of nitrogen oxides. In ~he Las Vegas area this source category accounted for 34 percent of the total emissions. ------- '"' The remaining 2 percent of the total ni.trogen oxides came from the disposal of refuse by inc:ineration and open burning. " ------- TABLE 1 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year) " II Su lfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Motor Vehicles 900 1,740 196,400 15,100 9,700 Other 60 1,570 7,100 2,500 1,600 Subtotal 960 3,310 203,500 17,600 11 ,300 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industry 200 130 10 10 1,100 Steam-Electric 12,000 8,900 160 60 7,700 Residential 400 100 20 30 350 Conunercial and Institutional 1,100 400 50 50 1,900 Subtotal 13,700 9,530 240 150 11,050 Refuse Disposal Incineration 200 960 4,200 80 290 Open Burning 10 220 1,200 420 150 Subtotal 210 1,180 5,400 500 440 Industrial Processes 49,500 Evaporative Losses 11,500 GRAND TOTALa 14,900 63,500 209,100 29,800 22',800 a Totals have been rounded. ------- TABLE 1A SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969 3 (10 kg/year) " ================--=-===-==-=-= ===-==========-======--::-==:-= Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides ----<- Transportation Motor Vehicles 816 1,578 178,174 13 ,698 8,799 Other 54 1,424 6,441 2,26& 1,451 Subtotal 870 3,002 184,615 15,966 10,250 Stationary Fuel Combustion . Industry 181 118 9 9 998 Steam-Electric 10,886 8;074 145 54 6,985 Residential 363 91 18 27 317 Commercial and Institutional 997 363 45 45 1 ,724 Subtotal 12,427 8,646 217 135 10,024 Refuse Disposal Incineration 181 871 3,810 72 263 Open Burning 9 200 1,088 381 136 Subtotal 190 1,071 4,898 453 399 Industrial Process 44,900 Evaporative Losses 10,430 a 13,500 57,600 189,700 27,000 20,700 GRAND TOTAL a Totals have been rounded. ------- TABLE 2 PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SOURCE CATEGORY TO TOTAL EMISSIONS IN THE LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA ~ Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Motor Vehic fes 6.1 3.0 92.6 47.2 42.6 Other 0.4 2.6 4.1 9.0 7.0 Subtotal 6.5 5.6 96.7 56.2 49.6 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industry 1.2 0.2 N N 4.8 Steam-Electric 80.5 7.2 0.1 0.2 33.9 Residential 2.8 0.2 N 0.1 1.5 Commercial and Institutional 7.6 0.7 N 0.2 8.2 Subtotal 92.1 8.3 0.1 0.5 48.4 Refuse Disposal Incineration 1.3 1.6 2.5 0.3 1.3 Open Burning 0.1 0.4 0.7 1.5 0.7 Subtotal 1.4 2.0 3.2 1.8 2.0' Process Losses 84.1 Evaporative Losses 41.5 TOTAL 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ------- DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA .. '- The Study Area for the er.:lission survey of the Las Vegas: Metropolitan Area consists of portions of four counties--a11 of Clark County, Nye County as far north as Bearry, Mohave County to its southern bounda:ry and as far west as Kingman, and a narrow strip of San Bernadino County along the Colorado River. The four-county area is located in the southern tip of Nevada at the junction of the three states of Nevada, California and Arizona. Figure 1 shows the location of the Las Vegas Study Area relative to other large cities in its vicinity. Figure 2 represents a more detailed drawing of the Las Vegas Study Area showing the major urban areas. It should be pointed out that the boundaries of these areas do not correspond to city limits, but rather give a general outline of the major clusters of population. The Study Area occupies approximately 19,000 square miles and contained an estimated 1969 population of 311,000. It should be noted that this does not include the great influx of tourists into Las Vegas which is estimated to add 3 about 70,000 people on any given day. The population densi.ty map (Figure 3) shows the heaviest concentrations near Las Vegas. TOPOGRAPHY4 Las Vegas is situated near the center of a broad desert valley, which is almost completely surrounded by mountains ranging from 2,000 to 10,000 feet higher than the floor of the valley. To the north the valley is bounded by the Sheep range, the Spring Mountain range to the: west, the McCullough range to the south, and the River Mountains and Sunrise Mountain to the east. This Vegas Valley, compromising about 600 square miles, runs from northwest to southeast, and slopes gradually upward on each side towards the surrounding mountains. In general these topogra.phic conditions are a big factor in the air pollution problem in the Las Vegas area. ------- V LAS VEGAS ySTUDY AREA t'v! Las Vegas-;- w. Figure 1. Map of Las Vegas Study Area and surrounding cities. ------- > Beatty NYE COUNTY LAS VEGAS BOMBING AND GUNNERY RANGE CLARK COUNTY CALIFORNIA SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY I Kingman* MOHAVE COUNTY Parker 0 5 10 15 20 ' ' ' Figure 2. Detailed map of Las Vegas Study Area. ------- -TABLE 3 AREA AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA ... Land Area Population Population County (Sq. Mi.) 1960 1969 Density (1969) Clark 7,874 127,000 290,000b 37 Mohave a 4,500 17,100 4 c Nye a 3,000 2,400 0.8 c San Bernadino a 4,000 1,500 0.4 c TOTAL 19,374 c 311 ,000 16 a - Includes only a portion of the entLre county. b - Does not include an average daily level of approximately 70,000 tourist c - Estimate not available for 1960. ------- sco*» 40 90000 f, 540«« 3930«« SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY POPULATION DENSITY, persons/mi 780"» ------- CLIMATOLOGY The prevailing wind. are out of the southwest and average about 10 mph. Strong winds usually reach this valley from the southwest or through the pass from the northwest. Winds over 50 mph. are infrequent, but when they do occur ~hey are probably the most provoking of the elements experienced in the area, because of the blowing dust and sand. ------- GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM A grid coordinate system, based Projection (UTM) was used in the Las graphical distribution of emissions. sented in Figure 4. on the Universal Transverse Mercator Vegas Study Area to show the geo- A map of this grid system is pre- The UTM system was chosen due to its advantages over other standard grid systems such as the Latitude-Longitude and State P1an4:~ Coordinate Systems. The major advantages of this system are that (1) it is contin- uous across the country and is not hindered by political subdivisions, (2) the grids are of uniform size throughout the country, (3) it has world-wide use, and (4) the grids are square in shape--a n4:~cessary feature for use in meteorological dispersion models. The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the metric system. Each north-south and east-west grid line, as illustrated in Figure 4, is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters. Each point source and grid is identified by the horizontal and vertical coor- dinates of their geographical center to the nearest 100 meters. As shown in Figure 4, the Study Area was divided into 76 grids of four different sizes--25, 100, 400 and 1,600 square kilometers. Grid :!Jones of different sizes are used to limit the number of grid zones and yet allow a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of emissions. The majority of the emissions is usually concentrated in the populated and industrialized portions of a Study Area. Smaller grids are placed over these areas in order to reflect abrupt changes in emissions within short distances. The use of grid zones smaller than 25 square kilometers is not warranted because of the inherl~nt inaccuracies in the data. Since only a small percentage of the total ~aissions occur in rural areas, larger grid zones are normally used to sh~v the distri- bution of emissions in these lightly populated portions of a Study Area. ------- 500000 409000011 '"" """, '"", '"", '"", 4050000 4010..0 5 4 0000 /2 I 580010 r- 740..0 7 u' - -, ,----I ;........:--" "--"""---'.-'---------"'----.'----'-------'.----- --.---------".--.--......-- 6 2 ()IIO 4 660100 5 70()ltO 8 780000 11 NYE COUNTY ! LAS VEGAS 80M BING ANO GUNNE Y RANGE CLARK COUNTY , 8 ", 9 "", '"" -""- '"", '""- -', 14 , 3970000 '"", -"", : '"" : -''-, '"", '""-- CALIFORNIA SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY 19 24 20 26 32 39 45 46 47 4,8 49 50 51 t o 5 10 15 20 '" L-J L-J miles 393()tOO 10 15 --56 55 "", '"" """, '""- '"", '""-- 25 52 3850100 71 3810000 74 3770000 389()tOO 65 12 58 NEVADA ARIZONA ~- 61 62 -', 63 64 70 MOHAVE COUNT 68 72 73 75 Figure 4. Grid coordinate system for Las Vegas Study Area. ------- EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY For the purposes of compiling the basic data and emission estimates, the air pollutant sources were classified into the following five categories: l. 2. 3. 4. Stationary fuel combustion Transportation Solid Waste disposal 5. Industrial processes Evaporative losses Each of these categories is considered individually in this. section where data sources are given and methods of calculation discussed. STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION The stationary fuel combustion category is concerned "dth any fixed source which burns fuels for either space heating or process heating. The four primary sources in this category are industrial facili.ties, steam- electric plants, residential housing, and cOIImlercial and institutional establishments. In the Las Vegas area coal, natural gas, fuel oil, and liquified petroleum gas were the primary fuels used. a summary of the fuels consumed in the Study Area. Table 4 presents Steam-Electric Utility METHODOLOGY: Data on the four power plants in the area were acquired from each of the acknowledged air pollution agencies and c(~pared to figures presented by the National Coal Association.5 The data included the annual fuel consumption for 1968 and the method of firing employed at each plant. RESULTS: Three of the four power plants in the area WE~re gas fired and one was coal fired. These steam-electric generating plants consumed over 35 percent of the total natural gas utilized by all sources, and 100 percent of the coal. Air pollutant emissions from fuel cmabustion at ------- TABLE 4 ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTION IN THE POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969 Steam-Electric Commercial and Jurisdiction Utility Industrial Residential Institutional Total Natural Gas (Million Cu. Ft.) Clark 7,000 7,400 3,700 2,800 20,900 Mohave 1,200 200 300 180 1,880 Nye San Bernadino 200 50 250 Total. 8,200 7,600 4,200 3,030 23,030 Distillate Oil (1000 Gallons) Clark 7,900 16,600 45,900 70,400 Mohave 100 70 150 320 Nye .... San Bernadino 00 Total 8,000 16,670 46,050 70,720 Residual Oil (1000 Gallons) Clark 50 1,200 1,250 Mohave Nye San Bernadino Total 50 1,200 1,250 LPG (1000 Gallons) Clark 1,800 200 2,000 Mohave Nye 20 20 San Bernadino Total 1,820 200 2,020 Coal' crqn!l Clarka 631,500 631,500 Total 631,500 631,500 a = Approximately 4.5 million tons of coal will be burned in proposed power plant. ------- these plants as well as from all other fuel combustion sources are summarized in Table 5. The steam-electric plants were significant sources of all pollutants. Over 87 percent of the total sulfur oxides from stationary fuel combustion, 85 percent of the particulates, 66 percent of the carbon monoxid~, 40 percent of the hydrocarbons and 70 percent of the nitrogen oxides were attributed to these plants. Industrial 'METHODOLOGY: Natural gas numbers were obtained from eaeh of the local suppliers who provided the breakdown by user category. Fuel oil consumption figures were provided by the air pollution agencies in each county. Specific data on the natural gas and fuel oil consumption by individual' plants was obtained for the largest plants in the area, and these were considered as point sources. It was assumed that all remaining industrial fuel consumption was an area source and was apportionned onto grids based on industrial land use. It should be noted that fuel combustion by industries includes both fuel used for space heating, and fuel used for process heating. A national average was used to separate process heating from space heating. RESULTS: The emissions from the combustion of fuels by industrial sources were almost insignificant contributing less than 2 percent of the stationary fuel combustion emissions for any pollutant. Residential 'METHODOLOGY: Natural ga~ distillate fuel oil, and LPG, for all practical purposes, were the only fuels used for residential home heating. There were homes heated by other fuels, but they represent a very small percentage of the total. Data on the amount of natural gas used for domestic heating was supplied by the local power companies and compared with the rapid survey technique of estimating the fuel used for residential h . 6 eat1ng. LPG consumption data and distillate oil consumption were estimated by local officials and also compared to the rapid survey tech- nique. ------- TABLE 5 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF FUELS IN STATIONARY SOURCES IN THE STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Par tic - Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides Coal Industrial Steam-Electric 12,000 8,840 160 60 6,300 Residential Commercial and Institutional Subtotal 12,000 8,840 160 60 6,300 Fuel Oil Industrial 180 60 10 10 290 Steam-Electric Residentia 1 410 70 20 30 100 Commercial and Institutional 1,140 360 50 50 1,700 Subtotal 1,730 490 80 90 2,090 Gas Industrial N 70 N N 810 Steam-Electric N 50 N N 1,370 Residential N 40 N N 240 Commercial and Institutional N 30 N N 160 Subtotal N 190 N N 2,580 GRAND TOTAL a , 13; 700 9,500 240 150 11 ,000 N = Negligible a = Totals have been rounded ------- RESULTS: Residential sources accounted for 20 percent of the total hydrocarbons from stationary fuel combustion, and less than 3 percent of the emissions for all other pollutants. Commercial and Institutional METHODOLOGY: Commercial and institutional establishments use primarily natural gas and distillate fuel oil. Data on the amount of natural gas used by these establishments were provided by the local p~~r company. RESULTS: Commercial and institutional sources accounted for 8 percent of the total sulfur oxides from stationary fuel combustion, 8 percent of the particulates, 40 percent of the hydrocarbons, 17 percent of the nitrogen oxides and less than 1 percent of the carbon monoxide. TRANSPORTATION Three types of transportation sources of air pollution are considered in this survey-~otor vehicles, aircraft, and railroads. Motor vehicles, whicn are by far the most significant source in this category, are further subdivided according to type of fuel--gasoline or diesel. Motor Vehicles More than 5 million miles were traveled by motor vehicles in 1969 in the Las Vegas Stuay Area. In the process, 125 million gallons of gasoline and 18 million gallons of diesel fuel were consumed for highway purposes. Table 6 shows the miles of travel for gasoline and diesel vehicles for each county in the Study Area. Vehicle~ile data for essentially all of the roads in Clark County were supplied by the Clark County Health Department who had conducted an extensive survey for 1969. For Clark County, this data was in the form of traffic flow maps which showed vehicle mile data on a triaffic zone basis. This data was then transferred onto the UTM grid zones and reported as total vehicle miles for each grid. In the remaining counties, vehicle~i1e infor- mation was not available, and thus gasoline consumption was used to find h" 1 ". 7 ve ~cu ar em~ss~ons. ------- . TABLE 6 VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL FOR MOTOR VEHICLES IN THE LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969 (Thousand Vehicle Miles per Day) Political Jurisdiction Diesel Vehicle Miles Gasoline Vehicle Miles Total Clark 230 4,370 4,600 Mohave 14 266 280 Nye 6 109 115 San Bernadino 11 209 220 TOTAL 261 4,954 5,215 ------- The contribution to the total motor vehicle pollution by diesel- powered vehicles was determined by assumi.ng that approximately five percent of the total vehicle miles traveled were by diesel-powered vehicles. This was checked by estimating diesel fuel consumption in each county.8 These emissions were apportionned on a grid basis by assuming they were propor- tional to gasoline emissions. Emissions from motor vehicles are a function of the speed at which the vehicle travels. Average speeds of 10-20 mph wer assumed for down- town areas, 20-30 mph for the residential areas, and 30-45 mph for the rural areas to calculate vehicle emissions. From all transportation sources, motor vehicles accounted for 65 percent of the sulfur oxides, 44 percent of the particulates, 95 percent of the carbon monoxide, 82 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 79 percent of the nitrogen oxides. Gasoline powered motor vehicles contributed a greater percent of all pollutants than diesel powered motor vehicles. Emissions from transportation sources are summarized in Table 7. Aircraft Table 8 shows the air traffic activity at the largest a~irports in the Study Area. An estimate of the number of flights by engine type was supplied by the traffic controller at each airport and summarized in Table 8. The air pollutant emissions from aircraft include all phases of operation (taxi, take-off, climb out, approach and landing) that take place below the arbitrarily chosen altitude of 3,500 feet. Emissions at cruise altitude (above 3,500 feet) are not of concern in an emission inventc1ry. transportation sources, aircraft accounted for 40 percent of the 4 percent of the carbon monoxide, 14 percent of the hydrocarbons percent of the nitrogen oxides. From all particulates, and 11 Railroads Railroad operations (mainly locomotive) consume about 3 million gallons of diesel fuel per year within the Study Area. This quantity is about 80 percent less than the amount of diesel fuel consumed by motCtr vehicles. The maj ori ty of this fuel is consumed during switching opera.tions. Diesel fuel consumption data were supplied by each of the major railroads in the Las Vegas area. ------- TABLE 7 SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxide Motor Vehicles Gasoline 540 720 195,800 13,850 7,650 Diesel 370 1,020 560 1,260 2,060 Subtotal 910 1,740 196,360 15,110 9,710 Aircraft Jet N 1,340 1,480 1,250 980 Piston N 20 5,460 1,020 260 Turboprop N 40 90 30 60 Subtotal N 1,400 7,030 2,300 1,300 Railroads 60 170 90 210 340 a 970 3,300 203,500 . 17,600 11 ,300 GRAND TOTAL N = Negligible a = Totals have been rounded ------- TABLE 8 AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT THE LARGEST AIRPORTS IN THE . a LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969 (Flights/Year) Type Aircraft McCarron . Nellis AFB North Las Vegas 2 Engine Conventional Jet 42,000 9,200 5,700 3 Engine Conventional Jet 19,600 4 Engine Conventional Jet 20,000 3 Engine Fan Jet 58,000 . 4 Engine Fan Jet 28,000 1 Engine Turboprop 3,400 10,000 3,600 2 Engine Turboprop 7,300 22,000 7,300 4 Engine Turboprop 3,700 5,800 1 Engine Piston 15,000 10,300 2 Engine Piston 12,100 1,100 7,700 4 Engine Piston 5,200 TOTAL 169,500 92,900 34,600 a - Flight is defined as a combination of a landing and a take-off. ------- Railroad operations contribute about 5 pe~cent of the particulates and 14 percent of the hydrocarbons from all transportation sources. They account for less than 3 percent of the emissions for any other pollutant. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL Approximately 767,000 tons of refuse was generated during 1969 within the Study Area. TabLe 9 presents a solid waste balance for the Las Vegas Study Area, showing the various methods of disposal and the quantities disposed of by each method. The bulk of the refuse in Clark County was disposed of by landfills or non-burning dumps, whereas in all other counties it was burned in open burning dumps. Refuse data for all of the counties were supplied by the air pollution agencies in each county. INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES The Study Area is notably void of any heavy industrial complexes with the exception of the Henderson industrial complex. From an air pollution standpoint, the mineral products industry was by far the most significant industrial process source. The largest sources in this industry were three lime manufacturing plants, two gypsum plants, seven asphalt batching oper- ations, two cinderb10ck plants, five ready-mix plants and three miscel1an- eous sand and greve1 operations plants. Other industries that generate air pollutant emissions from their processes include 1 potash plant and 1 titanium metals plant. Table 11 presents a summary of the emissions from the various industrial processes. The three lime plants were the largest particulate sources from industrial processes. Approximately 1.8 million tons of dolomatic lime were mined and processed in 1969. Operations at these plants which release contaminants include mining, crushing and pulverizing, screening and the emissions from the lime kilns. All of the kilns at these plants are equipped with multicyclone mechanical dust collectors to control emissions. ------- ~ TABLE 9 SOLID WASTE BALANCE FOR LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969 Jurisdiction Total Refuse Generated On-site Incineration Landfi 11s Non-Burning Dumps Open Burning Dumps On-site Clark 735,000 188,400 546,600 Mohave 22,000 2,200 20,000 NA Nye 3,000 300 1,000 1,700 NA San Bernadino 7,000 700 6,300 NA TOTAL 767,000 191,600 547,700 28,000 N ...... ------- TABLE 10 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL IN LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Incineration Municipal On-Site 190 960 4,200 80 290 Subtotal 190 960 4,200 80 290 Open Burning On-Site NA NA NA NA NA Dump 10 220 1,200 420 150 Subtotal 10 220 1,200 420 150 GRAND TOTAL 200 1,180 5,400 500 440 ------- . TABLE 11 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, 1969 (Tons/Year) Source Category Particulates Chemical Process Industry Potash 40 Metallurgical Industry Titanium 600 Mineral Products Industry Lime Subtotal 29,300 6,400 6,600 Neg. 3,800 2,800 48,900 Gypsum Asphalt Cinder Block Ready Mix Sand and Gravel Operations GRAND TOTAL 49,540 ------- These plants accounted for almost 60 percent of the total particulates from industrial processes. However, it must be taken into consideration that over 70 percent of these emissions are particles bigger than 20 microns and thus settle out within short distances. . Approximately 700,000 tons of gypsum are mined at the two sites in the Study Area. The pulverizing, crushing, screening and stockpiling operations that take place at these plants contribute 13 percent of the total process particulates. At the seven asphalt plants the actual batching operation along with sand and gravel mining accounted for 13 percent of the total process part- iculates. Mining operations associated with ready mix production and other sand and gravel operations collectively account for 13 percent of the total particulate emissions from industrial processes. The only other significant industrial process source of particulates was the one titanium plant. Miscellaneous operations including magnesium chloride recover~ reduction, crushing and leaching accounted for only a small percentage of total process emissions. EVAPORATIVE LOSSES Three source categories were considered for evaporative losses-- automobiles, gasoline storage and handling, and the consumption of solvents. The hydorcarbon emissions from all sources by evaporative losses are shown in Table 12. Automobiles Automobile evaporation losses include gas tank and carburetor evapor- ation and engine crankcase b1owby. Since 1963, most new automobiles were equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valves that reduce hydrocarbon emissions from the crankcase by about 90 percent. Due to a lag time in the automobile replacement rate, it was assumed that 20 percent of the automobiles were not equipped with PCV valves. ------- The hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles were calculated from vehic1e- mile. data and were apportioned onto grids using the same m.~thods as for motor vehicles discussed earlier. Evaporative losses from automobiles accounted for 66 percent of the total hydrocarbon emissions from evapor- ative losses in the Study Area. Gasoline Storage and Handling There are four major points (excluding evaporation from the motor vehicle) of hydrocarbon emissions in the storage and handling of gasoline. They are: l. 2. 3. Breathing and filling losses from storage tanks Filling losses from loading tank conveyances Filling losses from loading underground storage tanks at service stations 4. Spillage and filling losses in filling automobile gas tanks at service stations. Approximately 135 million gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel were consumed in the Study Area in 1969. The evaporative losses from the storage and the subsequent handling of the gasoline account.~d for 19 percent of the total evaporative losses. Consumption of Solvents This category included the consumption of solvents at dry c1eauing plants, industrial solvent usage a~d the miscellaneous use of solvents by small commercial establishments and domestic units. Organic solvents emitted . from these operations were determined by assuming an emission rate of 4 1b/capita/year for dry cleaning plants, and 3 1b/capita/year for miscel- laneous consumption.9,lO The industrial solvent consumption was based on actual numbers provided by the local agencies. The consumption of solvents by these three categories accounted for 15 percent of the hydrocarbon emissions from evaporative losses. ------- TABLE 12 HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM EVAPORATIVE LOSSES, 1969 (Tons/Year) Source Category Hydrocarbon Emissions Automobiles 7,600 Gasoline Storage and Handling 2,000 Consumption of Solvents Dry Cleaning Plants Industry Subtotal 760 690 470 1,920 Miscellaneous GRAND TOTAL 11 ,520 ------- EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION The previous section presented the air pollutant emissions by source category. In order to show the contribution of each county to the pollution in the entire Study Area, their emissions are summarized in Tables 13 through 16. As is expected due to a higher degree of urbanization than the other counties, Clark 'County accounts for 99 percent of the total sulfur oxides in the Study Area, 93 percent of the particulates, 91 percent of the carbon monoxide, 90 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 92 percent of the nitrogen oxides. ------- . TABLE 13 SUMMARy OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN CIARK COUNTY, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Motor Vehicles 800 1,540 180,700 13,800 8,600 Other 20 1,460 7,060 2,380 1,420 Subtotal 820' 3,000 187,760 16,180 10,020 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industry 180 120 10 10 970 Steam-Electric 12,000 8,900 160 60 7,700 Resident....a1 410 100 20 30 320 Commercial and Institutional 1,140 380 50 50 1,860 Subtotal 13,730 9,500 240 150 10,850 Refuse Disposal Incineration 190 940 4,140 80 280 Open Burning Subtotal 190. 940 4,140 80 280 Industrial Processes 46,440 s Evaporative Losses 10,220 GRAND TOTALa 14,700 59,900 192,100 26,600 21,200 N = Negligible a = Totals have been r.ounded ------- TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN MOHAVE COUNTY, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Motor Vehicles 50 90 8,900 no 520 Other 40 110 60 Jl40 220 Subtotal 90 200 8,960 860 740 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industry N 10 N N 130 Steam-Electric N N N N N Residential N N N N 20 . Cormnercial and Institutional N 10 N N 160 Refuse Disposal Incineration N 10 50 N N Open Burning 10 160 850 300 110 Subtotal 10 170 900 300 110 Industrial Processes N 3,060 N N N Evaporative Losses 660 a 100 3,400 9,900 1,800 1,600 GRAND TOTAL N = Negligible a = Totals have been rounded. ------- TABLE 15 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN NYE COUNTY, 1969 (Tons/Year) Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Motor Vehicles 20 40 2,660 240 210 Other Subtotal 20 40 2,660 240 210 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industry N N N N N Steam-Electric N N N N N Residential N N N N N Conunercia1 and Insti tutiona1 N N N N N Subtotal N N N N N Refuse Disposal Incineration N N 10 N Open Burning N 10 70 30 10 Subtotal N 10 80 30 10 Industrial Processes Evaporative Losses 210 GRAND TOTAL a 20 50 2,700 500 200 N = Negligible a = Totals have been rounded ------- TABLE 16 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN SAN B.ERNADINO COUNTY 1969, (Tons/Year) SuI fur partic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides Transportation Motor Vehicles 30 70 4,130 380 380 Other N N N 10 10 Subtotal 30 70 4,130 390 390 Stationary Fuel Combustion Industry N N N N N Steam-Electric N N N N N Residential N N N N 10 Connnercial and Institutional N N N N N Subtotal N N N N 10 Refuse.Disposa1 Inc~neration N N 10 N N Open Burning N 50 270 90 30 Subtotal N 50 280 90 30 Industrial Process Evaporative Losses 390 a 30 120 4,400 900 400 GRAND TOTAL N = Negligible a = Totals have been rounded. ------- EMISSIONS BY GRID ~ For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air pollutant emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were apportioned on the grid coordinate system. The emissions were divided into two source groups--point and area sources. Thirty point sources are identified individually with respect to location and emissions. Each of these point sources emitted more than 50 tons per year of any pollutant. CONTRIBUTIONS OF POINT AND AREA SOURCES Figure 5 shows the location of all point sources in the area. Collect- ively the thirty point sources account for 80 percent of the sulfur oxides, 94 percent of particulate matter, 43 percent of nitrogen oxides, 4 percent of the carbon monoxide and 8 percent of the hydrocarbons. The percentage contribution to carbon monoxide emissions is low because motor vehilces, which are area sources, contribute 93 percent of the total carbon monoxide emissions. Similarly, the contribution to total hydrocarbon emissions is low since two groups of area sources, motor vehicles and evaporative losses are the major sources. Table 17 presents the emissions of point sources. Each source is identified by source category, grid number and horizontal and vertical coordinates. The emissions of sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides are shown for an average annual day, average winter day (December, January, February), and average summer day (June, July, August). The appendix presents the method of calculating these three averages. Area sources are sources of emissions that are insignificant by them- selves, but as a group may emit a large portion of the areas total pollution. Examples of area sources are motor vehicles, residences, light commercial and industrial establishments and backyard burning. The emissions from area sources have been added to that for point sources to obtain total emissions -, from all sources by grid, as shown in Table 18. The emissions from all sources are also shown for an annual average, winter and summer day. ------- 5000011 409000011 4050000 "". " "'. ". ". o 5 4 0000 2 NYE COUNTY . 8 " ". ". " ". "" 4010000 3970000 580000 3- 620000 4 !..........:'--- -""",-",,".---'----'-----'-"----"---"----"'---_.. ---...-----..-.........- 70QGOO 8 660000 5 : LAS VEGAS BOMBING AND GUNNE Y RANGE 9 10 ",14 ". ". . " : '''. " ". 15 -- . 55 '. " "'. ". ". " CALIFORNIA 393 ()IOO SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY 20 32 39 40 . 50 .INDUSTRIAL -POWER PLANT ODUMP .&AIRPORT 45 46 47 4,8 51 52 I 3890000r 3850000 71 3810000 74 3770000 CLARK COUNTY - 11 12 ... { o 5 10 15 20 "" L-I L-I miles . .& .. 56 58'--- NEVADA I I I "ARIZO~,A J ~ "', 63 64 .-: 70 rllOHAVE COUNT 72 75 Figure 5. Location of point sources in Las Vegas Study Area. ------- TABLE 17 SUMi"1ARY OF AIR POLLUTA;H E"'II.sSION~ FIW,\1 POINr SOURCES IN THE LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA TOi'~S/ DAY SOX PART CO HC NOX ID GRID HC VC S VI A S ~ A S vi A S W A S W A 5 1 5200 40850 0.0 0.0 D.O 0.02 O. U2 0.()2 0.1" 0013 0013 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 ... 4 6 7110 40595 46.6 3303 32.8 34.31\ 24.55 ,,4.22 0.61 0.43 0.43 0.24 0017 0017 24.55 17.~4 17.30 2 11 6850 40360 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.99 31.99 31.'19 0.00 O.OU 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.uo a.00 0.00 0.00 7 J1 6765 40118 0.0 0.0 (J.O 1.91 1.91 1. 'Jl 6.47 6.47 6.47 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.45 1.45 1.45 2 15 F,457 39914 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.1\9 10.89 10.89 0.00 0.00 u. UtJ 0.00 O.UO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 15 6577 39992 0.0 0.8 0.0 13.59 13.59 13.59 0.00 0.0" U.OO 0.00 0.00 D.vO 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 15 6588 39993 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.76 3.76 3.76 0.00 0.00 v.OO 0.00 u.0U 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 7 16 6620 40090 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.16 0.16 0.16 4.02 4.02 4.02 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.28 0.28 0.28 2 23 6768 40031 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 U.UO 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 23 6779 400 9 0.0 0.0 (J.O 0.73 0.73 0.73 f).00 0.00 0.00 O.UO O.UU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 4 23 6769 400 9 0.0 0.0 v.u 0.12 U.u8 (J.V8 0.00 O.OU U.OU U.OO O.uU 0.00 3015 2.25 2.22 2 25 6910 1.0090 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.50 6.51 6.51 0.00 0.(10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.34 0.25 4 29 6758 39952 0.0 0.0 0.0 (J.08 0.U5 0.05 o. O~) a.oo u.oo D.DO 0.00 O.UO 2017 1.55 1.52 7 13 6670 39940 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.75 1.75 1.75 R.76 8.76 8. 76 4019 4019 1..19 1.83 1.83 1.83 2 35 6773 39919 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.16 1.16 1016 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 u.OO 0.00 '2 35 6787 39922 0.0 0.0 O.U 1.20 1.20 1.20 0.00 0.00 v.oo O.lIO 0.00 o.uo 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 35 6787 39947. 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 U.OO O.OD u.oo O.CJU 0.00 0.00 0.00 ;> 36 6810 399 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.''>0 o.ou U.ou o.uo u. U() O.Ul) 1.00 1.30 1.11 '2 36 6820 399 1 0.0 0.0 c.u 1.67 1.68 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 u.oo 0.00 0.45 0.58 0.50 2 36 6801 399 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.49 14.49 14. l'9 0.00 0.01.) 1.).00 V.DO U.UO o.ULJ 0.00 U.OO 0.00 2 49 6610 39796 0.0 n.O 0.0 33.8Q 13.89 33.89 O.l)O 0.00 0.00 o.no 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 51 6864 39725 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.80 1. liO 1.UO 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.no 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 '2 51 6863 3972(. 0.0 '0.0 u.o 0.69 0.6') 0.69 0.()() o.no 0.(;0 O.DO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2 60 7220 38930 0.0 0.0 0.0 ".41 0.41' 0.41 l).OO D.OO o.uu u.OO 0.0U 0.00 o.uo 0.00 0.00 2 64 7705 38977 0.0 c.O O.U 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.00 O.OU 0.00 ,i.DO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (Jo 00 2 64 7670 38979 0.0 O.D 0.0 1.36 1.36 1.36 0.''>0 O.OU lI. (Ii.) 1,).00 U.{JU 0.00 ".ao G.oo 0.00 2 64 7720 38995 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.79 5079 5.79 0.00 o.Ou U.DO u.uo d.UO o.uu o.ou (;.00 0.00 ---1;-647685-38973 0.0 0.0 n ~o--~O:Oo--r;.~ (J."oT- O. 00- 0.00- 0.00- -O-;i) 0 -0-:110 -0-:-\;0 -o-;(jo 0.95 -0:-35- I 5 t8 7130 38660 0.0 0.0 \..J.u ;) .12 O.U O.U {) .b4 0.64 0.64 o.~;.: '.1.22 0.21. o.uu 0.08 (,.08 2 72 73BO 3B310 O.f) f).1) ,}.u C.l6 0.16 (). 16 o.r'c' :). rlO :,1. no o.nn f).i),) 0.. ,I) D.DO 0.00 O.UO ID KEY 5 = Dump 4 = Steam-Electric Utility ~1 2 = Industrial 7 = Airport 40 ------- TABLE 18 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT E 1\1 I S S ION S FROM ALL SOURCES IN lAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1968 TONSI DAY (Sq. Mi.) SOX PART eo He NOX GRID AREA S W A 5 vi A 5 W A 5 'II A S W A 1 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.2 2.5 2.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 2 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 3 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.6 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 4 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 001 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 6 617.7 46.7 33.5 32.9 34.4 24.6 24.3 2.5 1.9 2.1 0.6 0.'+ 0.5 24.7 17.8 17.5 7 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 U.l 0.1 0.1 3.9 3.0 3.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2 R 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 10 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 o~.o 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.3 l.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 11 617.7 0.0 0.2 0.1 34.0 34.1 34.0 12.9 11.5 12.'3 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.9 12 617.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 I.'} 2.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 13 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 14 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.8 (,).9 0.2 001 0.2 0.1 O.l 0.1 15 617.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 21\.4 28.3 28.4 7.7 6.0 7.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.5 16 9.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 32.6 26.4 30.1 5.3 4.6 5.0 1.9 1.8 1.8 17 9.6 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 56.6 43.8 51.5 6.2 4.9 5.7 2.6 2.4 2.5 18 9.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.7 68.0 52.6 61.9 8.5 6.6 7.7 3.7 2.9 3.4 19 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.4 2.9 0.4 0.3 0.3" 0.2 0.1 0.2 20 9.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 41.7 32.5 38.0 5.4 4.4 5.0 1.9 1.7 1.8 21 9.6 1.0 7.6 3.4 2.0 4.0 2.8 147.4 115.2 134.5 17.3 14.6 16.2 5.4 14.4 8.7 27 9.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 22.0 17.0 20.0 2.9 2.3 2.6 1.2 1.0 1.1 23 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.3 2.2 24 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 2.1 2.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2 25 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3 ------- (Sq. Mi.) SOx TABLE 18 (coot.) CO HC NOx GRID AREA S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A 26 9.6 0.2 0.5 0.3' 0.5 0.5 0.5 40.8 31.6 37.1 5.1 4.0 4.7 2.2 2.2 2.2 27 9.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 11.8 9.2 10.7 1.6 1.3 1.5 0.6 O.~ 0.6 28 9.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 13.5 10.~ 12.3 1.8 1.5 1.7 0.7 0.6 0.7 29 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.3 1.8 2.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 2.3 1.6 1.6 30 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 u.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 31 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 37 9.6 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 11.0 8.6 1u.u 1.6 1.3 1.5 0.7 1.1 0.8 33 9.6 0.1 0.4 0.2 1.9 2.0 1.9 16.6 14.9 15.9 5.3 5.1 5.3 2.3 2.7 2.4 34 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1..1 0.0 3.8 2.9 3.4 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 35 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 2. 1 1.7 2.0 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 36 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.4 16.4 16.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.9 1.6 37 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 O..!. 0.2 0.0 . 0.0 0.0 o.u 0.0 0.0 38 38.6 O.u 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o. ,J 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 39 38.6 0.3 0.2 O..!. 0.5 0.4 0.5 42.9 33.2 39.0 5.7 4.4 5.2 2.8 2.1 2.5 40 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.2 1.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 41 9.6 0.1 1.7 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.5 3.5 3.1 3.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.3 2.7 1.2 il2 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 O.u 0.0 (J.O 0.0 0.0 43 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 44 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 45 9.6 0.0 0.0 O.U 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 u.o 0.0 0.0 il6 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 47 9.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 001 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.2 48 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 001 1.7 1.4 1.6 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 49 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 34.0 34.0 34.0 11.0 8.5 10.0 1.5 1.1 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.6 50 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 51 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 52 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 53 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 54 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 ------- (Sq. Mi.) sax PART. TABLE 18 (cant.) CO HC NOx GRID AREA S w A S W A S W A S W A S W A 55 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (J.G 0.0 0.3 0.2 Jd o.() () . () O.v O.O ;j. 0 0.0 56 617.7 o.{) 0.0 J.O 0.0 0.0 (J.O 0.4 0.3 (J. 3 001 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 57 6P.7 0.0 (J.O 0.0 O.D l;. (I u.o n .t.. O.::s U.4 0.1 u.1 v.l o.u U.o 0.0 5A 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 n .'+ 0.3 0.3 D.l D.l 0.1 u.o o. () 0.0 59 617.7 O.u 'O. 0 0.0 ~). 0 u.O 0.0 3.1 2.4 LaB o. '... 0,3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 60 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 G. ~J 0.5 0.5 203 1.8 2.1 0.<+ 0.3 0.4 U.2 0.1 0.2 61 154.4 O.U 0.0 () . () J.O 0.0 a.:J 0.7 [J.b 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 u.1 U.1 0.1 62 151..4 O.U 0.0 O.() J.O U.O 0.0 0.4 '1.:1 0 '0 D. 1 O.l 0.1 D.O 0.0 8.0 . -' 63 154.4 0.0 0.0 O.u u.o c.u 0.0 '1.7 0.6 U.7 0.1 D.I C) . 1 ,).1 0-0 0.1 64 154.4 0.2 O.? 0.2 8.5 6.5 ~.S ?203 17. -, 2\J.S 3. 7 3.1 3.~ 1. U 2.1+ 1.9 65 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.'1 1.6 1.2 1.4 D.3 n.2 0.3 U.2 U.1 0.2 66 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 u.o (J.U () . l; (1.0 iJ.l) o. (J a.u U.O (;.u 0.0 0.0 f,7 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 O.D 0.0 0.0 D.3 0.3 U.3 0.1 n.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 6i1 15'+.4 0.1 0.0 G.O 0.;:> 0.2 0.2 ~.(1 4.7 ~.4 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.:" 0.5 (-,9 154.4 0.0 (J.O 0.0 001 0.1 001 0.7 0.6 (J.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 'J. L O.L 70 617.7 0.0 (J.(1 o.() 0.1 0.1 0.1 G.7 0.6 (;.6 (J.2 i).1- 0.2 U.I- D.2 0.2 71 617.7 O. l) O.D 0.0 (J.O 0.0 o.n 1).0 o.U U.l' O.u :'}.u J.O u.J u.u :J. (j 72 617.7 0.0 0.0 C.o U.2 0.2 0.2 2.') 2.3 2.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 D.3 0.2 U.3 73 617.7 0.0 G.O o.() D.l 0.1 0.1 O. '+ 0.3 0.3 D.l 0.1 0.1 0.1 J.l D.l 74 617.7 0.0 0.0 1).0 (J.O C.U \) .~} n.G 0.0 U.O d. (: () . () 0.0 O.D 0.0 0.0 75 617.7 0.0 D.O U.O n.o U.J u.o 2.7 2.1 2.5 0.5 O.lf 0.4 J.J (J.2 u.2 76 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1) 0.0 0.0 0.5 0 . l~ 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 D.O ------- EMLSSION DENSITIES In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of pollutants by grids, emission density maps have been prepared. Emission densities were obtained by summing the annual area and point source emissions for each grid and dividing this total by the land area of the grid. Figures 6 through 10 show the variation in emission densities for the respective grids through- out the Study Area. As expected the emissions generally follow the pattern ~ and degree of urbanization. Emission densities for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons are higher in the grids with the higher populations and corres- ponding higher vehicular activity. Particulate emissions are high only in areas where industries are located and in grid 6 where the coal burning power plant is located. Sulfur o~ide emission densities are relatively low in the Las Vegas area. The only grid with a high density was grid 6. This was due to th~ power plant located in this grid. ~ ------- 500«oo 540000 780"» 40500" 3930*" SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS, ton/mi 2-day J~| 0 - 0.01 0.01 - 0.05 0.05 - 0.10 0.10 - 0.40 Figure 6. Sulfur oxide emission density from all sources in Las Vegas Study Area. ------- 780«H 3930«» SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY PARTICULATE EMISSIONS, ton/mi 2- 0.10 - 0.50 0.50 - 2.0 Figure 7. Particulate emission density from all sources in Las Vegas Study Area. ------- 4090«««f 4050«" CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS, ton/mi 2-day 0 - 0.1 l&Sl 0.5- 1.0 1.0 - 5.0 5.0 - 14.0 Figure 8. Carbon monoxide emission density from all sources in Las Vegas Study Area. ------- 500«« 4090«>«fT 540"0 4050«« 3930«« SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS, ton/mi 2- 0.50 - 2.0 ., Figure 9. Hydrocarbon emission density from all sources in Las Vegas Study Area. ------- 500"« 540«« 780** 3«30«* SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS, ton/mi 2-day 0.5 - 1.0 Figure 10. Nitrogen oxide emission density from all sources in Las Vegas Study Area. ------- 10. REFERENCES " 1. Ozolins, Guntis and Smith, Raymond. Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating Community Air Pollution Emissions. DREW, PHS, October 1966. 2. Duprey, R. L. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, United States, DREW, 1968. 3. Population Estimates, Nevada Bureau of Business and Economic Research, 1970. 4. Local Climatological Data, United States Department of Commerce, 1968. 5. Steam-Electric Plant Factors, National Coal Association, 1969. 6. Ozolins, ££. cit. pp. 43-45. 7. Retail Trade Special Report, Census of Business, United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1963. 8. Highway Statistics/1967, United States Department of Transportation, Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Public Roads. 9. Duprey, ££. ci t. p. 46. St. Lousi Interstate Air Pollution Study, Phase II, Air Pollutant Emission Inventory, 1966, p. 38. : . ------- APPENDIX METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES ~ YEARLY AVERAGE (A) A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. ) Days of Operation e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while opj~rating 365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and 2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was estimated to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating and 85 percent for process heating. From this information, the annual average emission for carbon monoxide would be the follc'Wing: A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 lbs. CO/Ton coal 365 Days/year x 2,000 lb./Ton A = 0.41 Ton/Day .. WINTER AVERAGE (W) W = Fuel Consumed x E.F. Days of Winter Operation x Winter Degree Days Total Degree Days x % Fuel Used for space heating + Fuel Consumed x E.F. % Fuel used for proceslJ heating 365 x W = 8°.000 x 2,800 0.15 100,000 0.8~ 3 90 x 4,800 x .... 365 x 2,000 W = 0.49 Ton/Day SUMMER AVERAGE (S) S = Fuel Consumed x E.F. Days of Summer Operation x Summer Degree Days Total De~ree Days x % Fue:' Used for space heating + Fuel Consumed x E.F. 365 S = rioo,ooo L 90 x % Fuel used for proces~1 heating 0.15 100,000 x 0.8~ 3 + 365 2,000 x o 4 ,800 x .<.. S = 0.35 Ton/Day ------- APPENDIX B METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS . Multiply .!!Y.. To Obtain Feet 0.3048 Meters Miles 1609 Meters Square Feet 0.0929 Square meters Square Miles 2.59 Square kilometers Pounds 453.6 Grams Pounds 9 453.6/104 Tons (metric) Tons (metric) 1.103 Tons (short) . Tons (short) 907.2 Kilograms Tons (short) .9072 Tons (metric) To Obtain ~ Divide ~ ------- |