LAS VEGAS METROPOLITAN AREA
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION  INVENTORY
      U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE

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,
The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports .is issued by
the Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report
Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of
APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies
permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711 or from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
Office of Air Programs Publication No. APTD-0819
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LAS VEGAS METROPOLITAN AREA AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by
Michael J. McGraw
"
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE'
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
<..
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
"
Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
Durham, North Carolina

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PREFACE
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This report, which presents the emission inventory for the Las Vegas
Metropolitan Area, is another in a series of surveys outlining the sources
and emissions of air pollutants for major metropolitan areas in the country.
These surveys, conducted by the National Inventory of Air Pollutant Emissions
and Control Branch of the National Air Pollution Control Administration,
provide estimates of the present levels of air pollutant emissions and
status of their control. The pollutants which include sulfur oxides,
particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, are
delineated with respect to source type, season of the year ,and geographical
distribution within the area. The general procedure for th,e surveys is
1
based upon the rapid survey technique for estimating air pollutant emissions.
The~e reports are intended to serve as aids in the proposing of boundaries
of Air Quality Control Regions, as directed by the Air Qua1:lty Act of 1967.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Sincere gratitude is extended by the National'Air Pollution Control
Administration to the many individuals and companies who contributed to
this study.
Special thanks are dut to Gene Foster of the Clark County District
Health Department, Burt Cole of the State of Nevada Bureau of Environmental
Health, John Fairweather of the San Bernadino County Air Pollution Control
District and Paul Hendrickson of the Arizona State Department of Health,
who contributed invaluable assistance in the gathering of data for this
report.

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CONTENTS
Introduction. . .
..........
............ ..... ..........
SUITIIIlary. . . . . . . .
..........
............
...............
Description of Study Area..
............... .................. .....
Grid Coordinate
System.
............
.... .... ..................
Emissions by
Stationary
Ca tegory . . . . . . . .
Fuel Combustion.
........
.......
..... .......... ........
Transportation...
Motor Vehicles..
...............
........
.. ............ .........
..................
Aircraft. .
.....................
............
............
......
Railroads.
......... ............................
..............
Solid Waste.
............
..... .................. ....... .....
Industrial Processes..
............. .............. .... ...
.......
Evaporative Losses...
.............. ......... .......
.......
Automobiles........
............
..... ....... ...... .......
Gasoline Storage and Handling..
Consumption of Solvents.....
.... ... ................
.......
... ......... ... ........ ..........
Emissions
by Jurisdiction.
by Grid.........
... ... .... .... .............. .........
.............. ....... ...........
Emissions
References.....
.......... ................. ...... .... ...........
Appendix
Appendix
A. .
....... ............... ...... .... ..............
B[[[ .
'-
Page
1

3

9
15
17
17
21
21

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Table
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
LI ST OF TABLES
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ij
Page
1
lA
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Las Vegas Study Area...
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Study Area.............
6
7
2
Percentage Contribution of Each Source Category to

Total Emissions..............................................
8
3
4
Area and Population Characteristics for Study Area........... 12
Annual Fuel Consumption in the Political Subdivisions

of Study Area................................................ 18
5
Air Pollutant Emissions from the Combustion of fuels

inS tat i ona ry Sou r c e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20
6
7
8
Vehicle Miles of Travel for Motor Vehicles in Study Area..... 22
Summary of Emissions from Transportation Sources............. 24
Air Traffic Activity at the Largest Airports in

Study Area.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 25

Solid Waste Balance for Study Area........................... 27
Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal in
Study Area[[[ 28
Air Pollutant Emissions from Industrial Processes............ 30
Hydrocarbon Emissions from Evaporative Losses................ 32
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Clark County........... 34
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Mohave County.......... 35
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Nye Coun ty . . . . . . . . . . . .. 36
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in San Bernadino County... 37
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Point Sources........ 40

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Figure
1
10
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LIST OF. FIGURES
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Map of Las Vegas Study Area and Surrounding Cities..........
Detailed Map of the Las Vegas Study Area....................
Population Dens1ty of the Las Vegas Study Area..............
Grid Coordinate System for the Las Vegas Study Area.........
Point Source Locations......................................
Sulfur Oxides Emission Density Map..........................
Particulate Emission Density Map............................
Carbon Monoxide Emission Density Map........................
Hydrocarbon Emission Density Map............................
Nitrogen Oxides Emission Density Map........................
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Page
10
11
13
16
39

45
46
47
48

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INTRODUCTION
:.,
This report is a summary of the Las Vegas air pollutant emission
inventory conducted in March 1970.
Since all inventories are based upon
a calendar year, the data and emission estimates presented are represen-
tative of 1969 and should be considered as indicating the conditions as
existed during that year.
The Study Area, which was chosen on the basis of the distribution
of population and air pollution sources, consists of portions of four
counties surrounding Las Vegas.
This area covers approximately 19,400
square miles and had a 1969 population of 311,000.
A grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical distri-
bution of emissions within counties.
The Study Area was subdivided into
76 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in the heavily
populated and industrialized areas to 1,600 square kilometers in the
rural areas.
All sources of emissions were classified into five catl::!gories --trans-
portation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal, industrial
processes and evaporative losses.
Each of these source catl::!gories was
divided into two subgroups--point sources and area sources. Facilities,
which emit large quantities of air pollutants, were considered individually
as point sources, while the many remaining contributors such as motor
vehicles, residential and commercial fuel users, small industries and
on-site refuse burning equipment, were considered co11ectiv4::!ly as area
sources.
For this report, thirty individual sources, which had emissions
greater than 50 tons per year for any pollutant, were classified as point
sources.
Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as fuel
consumption, refuse burning rates, vehic1e-mi1es, production data, and
control efficiencies and emission factors relating these indicators to
. . 2
em~ss~on rates.
These factors represent average emission rates for a
particular source category.
Since individual sources have inherent

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differences that cannot always be taken into consideration, descrepancies
between the actual. and estimated emissions are more likely in individual
~
sources than in the total emissions for a source category.
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and
#
should not be interpreted as absolute values.
The estimates are, in
some cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factors and pro-
duction or consumption data.
Despite these limitations, these estimates
are of sufficient accuracy and validity in defining the extent and
distribution of air pollutant emissions in the Study Area.

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SUMMARY
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The annual emissions as estimated by the Las Vegas Metropolitan
Area Air Pollutant Emission Inventory are:
Sulfur Oxides
Particulates
14,900
63,500
209,100
29,800
22,800
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
The following is a brief description of the air pollutant emissions
as presented in Tab1e1 and Table 2.
Sulfur Oxides:
The largest source of sulfur oxides in the Study Area
was a coal burning power plant in Clark County.- This
plant accounted for over 80 percent of the total sulfur
oxide emissions.
The combustion of fuel oil at station-
ary sources was the second largest category contributing
11 percent of total emissions. The only other signifi-
- cant source was motor vehicles, which ac.counted for 6
percent of the total sulfur oxides.
Particulates:
Individual point sources of particulates from industrial
processes accounted for almost 84 percent of the total
particulate emissions in the Las Vegas Study Area.
though this area was void of any heavy industry, it
Even
did have a large- number of plants in the mineral products
industry. The largest sources in these industries were
lime plants, gypsum plants, asphalt batching operations,
ready-mix plants and miscellaneous sand and gravel
operations.
Collectively, these plants accounted for
almost 83 percent of the 84 percent contributed by
industrial process sources.
The only other large source

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Carbon Monoxide:
Hydrocarbons:
Nitrogen Oxides:
of particulates was the coal burning power plant
which accounted for 7 percent of total emissions.
~
In most metropolitan areas the largest source of
carbon monoxide emissions is from automobiles and other
u
motor vehicles.
This was also true in Las Vegas as
motor vehicles contributed 93 percent of the carbon
monoxide emitted annually.
Other transportation sources
including railroad and aircraft operations contributed
another 4 percent.
The only other significant source of carbon monoxide
was from the inefficient cambustion of refuse at open
burning dumps and incinerators.
This category accounted
for about 3 percent of the total emissions.
Evaporative losses from automobiles which includes losses
from the gas tank, carburetor and engine crankcase accounted
for 27 percent of total hydrocarbon emissions.
Other
smaller evaporative loss sources--gasoline storage and
handling, industrial solvent usage, dry cleaning plants
and miscellaneous solvent usage collectively accounted
for 14 percent of the total hydrocarbon emissions.
Exhaust gases from motor vehicles was a primary
source of hydrocarbon emissions, accounting for over
47 percent of the total.
Other sources included the
open burning of solid waste and railroad and aircraft
operations, which accounted for 2 and 9 percent, respect-
ively, of total emissions.
The major source of nitrogen oxides was the exhaust gas
from motor vehicles, which together with other trans-
portation sources contributed over 50 percent of the
total emissions.
The combustion of coal and natural gas at the steam-
electric plants in the Study Area was a large source
of nitrogen oxides. In ~he Las Vegas area this source
category accounted for 34 percent of the total emissions.

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'"'
The remaining 2 percent of the total ni.trogen oxides
came from the disposal of refuse by inc:ineration and
open burning.
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TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN LAS VEGAS
STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year)
"
II
   Su lfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation     
Motor Vehicles 900 1,740 196,400 15,100 9,700
Other  60 1,570 7,100 2,500 1,600
Subtotal  960 3,310 203,500 17,600 11 ,300
Stationary Fuel     
Combustion      
Industry  200 130 10 10 1,100
Steam-Electric 12,000 8,900 160 60 7,700
Residential 400 100 20 30 350
Conunercial and     
Institutional 1,100 400 50 50 1,900
Subtotal  13,700 9,530 240 150 11,050
Refuse Disposal     
Incineration 200 960 4,200 80 290
Open Burning 10 220 1,200 420 150
Subtotal  210 1,180 5,400 500 440
Industrial Processes  49,500   
Evaporative Losses    11,500 
GRAND TOTALa 14,900 63,500 209,100 29,800 22',800
a Totals have been rounded.

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TABLE 1A SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN LAS VEGAS 
   STUDY AREA, 1969 3   
   (10 kg/year)  
"       
================--=-===-==-=-= ===-==========-======--::-==:-= 
   Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates  Monoxide carbons Oxides
       ----<- 
Transportation      
Motor Vehicles 816 1,578  178,174 13 ,698 8,799
Other  54 1,424  6,441 2,26& 1,451
Subtotal  870 3,002  184,615 15,966 10,250
Stationary Fuel      
Combustion       
. Industry  181 118  9 9 998
Steam-Electric 10,886 8;074  145 54 6,985
Residential 363 91  18 27 317
Commercial and      
Institutional 997 363  45 45 1 ,724
Subtotal  12,427 8,646  217 135 10,024
Refuse Disposal      
Incineration 181 871  3,810 72 263
Open Burning 9 200  1,088 381 136
Subtotal  190 1,071  4,898 453 399
Industrial Process  44,900    
Evaporative Losses     10,430 
  a 13,500 57,600  189,700 27,000 20,700
GRAND TOTAL 
a Totals have been rounded.

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TABLE 2
PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SOURCE CATEGORY TO
TOTAL EMISSIONS IN THE LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA
~
   Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation     
Motor Vehic fes 6.1 3.0 92.6 47.2 42.6
Other  0.4 2.6 4.1 9.0 7.0
Subtotal  6.5 5.6 96.7 56.2 49.6
Stationary Fuel     
Combustion      
Industry  1.2 0.2 N N 4.8
Steam-Electric 80.5 7.2 0.1 0.2 33.9
Residential 2.8 0.2 N 0.1 1.5
Commercial and     
Institutional 7.6 0.7 N 0.2 8.2
Subtotal  92.1 8.3 0.1 0.5 48.4
Refuse Disposal     
Incineration 1.3 1.6 2.5 0.3 1.3
Open Burning 0.1 0.4 0.7 1.5 0.7
Subtotal  1.4 2.0 3.2 1.8 2.0'
Process Losses  84.1   
Evaporative Losses    41.5 
TOTAL  100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
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The Study Area for the er.:lission survey of the Las Vegas: Metropolitan
Area consists of portions of four counties--a11 of Clark County, Nye County
as far north as Bearry, Mohave County to its southern bounda:ry and as far
west as Kingman, and a narrow strip of San Bernadino County along the
Colorado River.
The four-county area is located in the southern tip of
Nevada at the junction of the three states of Nevada, California and
Arizona.
Figure 1 shows the location of the Las Vegas Study Area relative
to other large cities in its vicinity.
Figure 2 represents a more detailed drawing of the Las Vegas Study
Area showing the major urban areas.
It should be pointed out that the
boundaries of these areas do not correspond to city limits, but rather
give a general outline of the major clusters of population.
The Study
Area occupies approximately 19,000 square miles and contained an estimated
1969 population of 311,000. It should be noted that this does not include
the great influx of tourists into Las Vegas which is estimated to add
3
about 70,000 people on any given day. The population densi.ty map (Figure 3)
shows the heaviest concentrations near Las Vegas.
TOPOGRAPHY4
Las Vegas is situated near the center of a broad desert valley, which
is almost completely surrounded by mountains ranging from 2,000 to 10,000
feet higher than the floor of the valley. To the north the valley is
bounded by the Sheep range, the Spring Mountain range to the: west, the
McCullough range to the south, and the River Mountains and Sunrise Mountain
to the east. This Vegas Valley, compromising about 600 square miles, runs
from northwest to southeast, and slopes gradually upward on each side
towards the surrounding mountains. In general these topogra.phic conditions
are a big factor in the air pollution problem in the Las Vegas area.

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                       V    LAS VEGAS
                         ySTUDY AREA

                           t'v! Las Vegas-;-
                                 w.
Figure 1.  Map of Las Vegas Study Area and surrounding cities.

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> Beatty
        NYE COUNTY
LAS VEGAS BOMBING AND GUNNERY RANGE

                       CLARK COUNTY
               CALIFORNIA
               SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
                        I
                                                                                  Kingman*
                                                                               MOHAVE COUNTY
                                                                                  Parker
                   0  5  10  15  20
                   '  '      '
             Figure 2.  Detailed map of  Las Vegas Study Area.

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-TABLE 3
AREA AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE LAS VEGAS
STUDY AREA
...
    Land Area Population Population
County   (Sq. Mi.) 1960 1969 Density (1969)
Clark   7,874 127,000 290,000b 37
Mohave a  4,500  17,100 4
  c
Nye a   3,000  2,400 0.8
   c
San Bernadino a 4,000  1,500 0.4
 c
TOTAL   19,374 c 311 ,000 16
a - Includes only a portion of the entLre county.
b - Does not include an average daily level of approximately 70,000 tourist
c - Estimate not available for 1960.

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   sco*»
40 90000 f,
540««
                                        3930««


                           SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
       POPULATION DENSITY,

            persons/mi
                                                                                 780"»

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CLIMATOLOGY
The prevailing wind. are out of the southwest and average about 10 mph.
Strong winds usually reach this valley from the southwest or through the
pass from the northwest. Winds over 50 mph. are infrequent, but when they
do occur ~hey are probably the most provoking of the elements experienced
in the area, because of the blowing dust and sand.

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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
A grid coordinate system, based
Projection (UTM) was used in the Las
graphical distribution of emissions.
sented in Figure 4.
on the Universal Transverse Mercator
Vegas Study Area to show the geo-
A map of this grid system is pre-
The UTM system was chosen due to its advantages over other standard
grid systems such as the Latitude-Longitude and State P1an4:~ Coordinate
Systems. The major advantages of this system are that (1) it is contin-
uous across the country and is not hindered by political subdivisions,
(2) the grids are of uniform size throughout the country, (3) it has
world-wide use, and (4) the grids are square in shape--a n4:~cessary feature
for use in meteorological dispersion models.
The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the metric
system.
Each north-south and east-west grid line, as illustrated in
Figure 4, is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters. Each
point source and grid is identified by the horizontal and vertical coor-
dinates of their geographical center to the nearest 100 meters.
As shown in Figure 4, the Study Area was divided into 76 grids of
four different sizes--25, 100, 400 and 1,600 square kilometers. Grid
:!Jones of different sizes are used to limit the number of grid zones and
yet allow a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of
emissions. The majority of the emissions is usually concentrated in
the populated and industrialized portions of a Study Area. Smaller
grids are placed over these areas in order to reflect abrupt changes
in emissions within short distances.
The use of grid zones smaller than
25 square kilometers is not warranted because of the inherl~nt inaccuracies
in the data. Since only a small percentage of the total ~aissions occur
in rural areas, larger grid zones are normally used to sh~v the distri-
bution of emissions in these lightly populated portions of a Study Area.

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500000
409000011

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4050000
4010..0
5 4 0000
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580010


r-
740..0
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;........:--" "--"""---'.-'---------"'----.'----'-------'.----- --.---------".--.--......--
6 2 ()IIO
4
660100
5
70()ltO
8
780000
11
NYE COUNTY
! LAS VEGAS 80M BING ANO GUNNE Y RANGE
CLARK COUNTY
, 8
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,
3970000
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CALIFORNIA
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
19 24
20
26
32
39
45 46 47 4,8
49
50
51
t
o 5 10 15 20
'" L-J L-J
miles
393()tOO
10
15
--56
55
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'""--
25
52
3850100 71
3810000 74
3770000
389()tOO 65
12
58
NEVADA
ARIZONA
~-
61
62
-',
63
64
70
MOHAVE COUNT
68
72
73
75
Figure 4. Grid coordinate system for Las Vegas Study Area.

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EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
For the purposes of compiling the basic data and emission estimates,
the air pollutant sources were classified into the following five categories:
l.
2.
3.
4.
Stationary fuel combustion
Transportation
Solid Waste disposal
5.
Industrial processes
Evaporative losses
Each of these categories is considered individually in this. section where
data sources are given and methods of calculation discussed.
STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
The stationary fuel combustion category is concerned "dth any fixed
source which burns fuels for either space heating or process heating.
The
four primary sources in this category are industrial facili.ties, steam-
electric plants, residential housing, and cOIImlercial and institutional
establishments.
In the Las Vegas area coal, natural gas, fuel oil, and
liquified petroleum gas were the primary fuels used.
a summary of the fuels consumed in the Study Area.
Table 4 presents
Steam-Electric Utility
METHODOLOGY: Data on the four power plants in the area were acquired
from each of the acknowledged air pollution agencies and c(~pared to
figures presented by the National Coal Association.5 The data included
the annual fuel consumption for 1968 and the method of firing employed
at each plant.
RESULTS: Three of the four power plants in the area WE~re gas fired
and one was coal fired.
These steam-electric generating plants consumed
over 35 percent of the total natural gas utilized by all sources, and 100
percent of the coal.
Air pollutant emissions from fuel cmabustion at

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TABLE 4
ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTION IN THE POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969
 Steam-Electric   Commercial and 
 Jurisdiction Utility  Industrial Residential Institutional Total
 Natural Gas      
 (Million Cu. Ft.)      
 Clark 7,000  7,400 3,700 2,800 20,900
 Mohave 1,200  200 300 180 1,880
 Nye      
 San Bernadino    200 50 250
 Total. 8,200  7,600 4,200 3,030 23,030
 Distillate Oil      
 (1000 Gallons)      
 Clark   7,900 16,600 45,900 70,400
 Mohave   100 70 150 320
 Nye      
.... San Bernadino      
00       
 Total   8,000 16,670 46,050 70,720
 Residual Oil      
 (1000 Gallons)      
 Clark   50  1,200 1,250
 Mohave      
 Nye      
 San Bernadino      
 Total   50  1,200 1,250
 LPG (1000 Gallons)      
 Clark    1,800 200 2,000
 Mohave      
 Nye    20  20
 San Bernadino      
 Total    1,820 200 2,020
 Coal' crqn!l      
 Clarka 631,500     631,500
 Total 631,500     631,500
 a = Approximately 4.5 million tons of coal will be burned in proposed power plant. 

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these plants as well as from all other fuel combustion sources are
summarized in Table 5.
The steam-electric plants were significant
sources of all pollutants.
Over 87 percent of the total sulfur oxides
from stationary fuel combustion, 85 percent of the particulates, 66
percent of the carbon monoxid~, 40 percent of the hydrocarbons and 70
percent of the nitrogen oxides were attributed to these plants.
Industrial
'METHODOLOGY: Natural gas numbers were obtained from eaeh of the local
suppliers who provided the breakdown by user category. Fuel oil consumption
figures were provided by the air pollution agencies in each county.
Specific data on the natural gas and fuel oil consumption by individual'
plants was obtained for the largest plants in the area, and these were
considered as point sources. It was assumed that all remaining industrial fuel
consumption was an area source and was apportionned onto grids based on
industrial land use.
It should be noted that fuel combustion by industries includes both
fuel used for space heating, and fuel used for process heating.
A
national average was used to separate process heating from space heating.
RESULTS: The emissions from the combustion of fuels by industrial
sources were almost insignificant contributing less than 2 percent of
the stationary fuel combustion emissions for any pollutant.
Residential
'METHODOLOGY: Natural ga~ distillate fuel oil, and LPG, for all
practical purposes, were the only fuels used for residential home heating.
There were homes heated by other fuels, but they represent a very small
percentage of the total.
Data on the amount of natural gas used for
domestic heating was supplied by the local power companies and compared
with the rapid survey technique of estimating the fuel used for residential
h . 6
eat1ng. LPG consumption data and distillate oil consumption were
estimated by local officials and also compared to the rapid survey tech-
nique.

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TABLE 5
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF FUELS IN
STATIONARY SOURCES IN THE STUDY AREA, 1969
(Tons/Year)
  Sulfur Par tic - Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Coal      
Industrial     
Steam-Electric 12,000 8,840 160 60 6,300
Residential     
Commercial and     
Institutional     
Subtotal 12,000 8,840 160 60 6,300
Fuel Oil     
Industrial 180 60 10 10 290
Steam-Electric     
Residentia 1 410 70 20 30 100
Commercial and     
Institutional 1,140 360 50 50 1,700
Subtotal 1,730 490 80 90 2,090
Gas      
Industrial N 70 N N 810
Steam-Electric N 50 N N 1,370
Residential N 40 N N 240
Commercial and     
Institutional N 30 N N 160
Subtotal N 190 N N 2,580
GRAND TOTAL a  , 13; 700 9,500 240 150 11 ,000
N = Negligible
a = Totals have been rounded

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RESULTS: Residential sources accounted for 20 percent of the total
hydrocarbons from stationary fuel combustion, and less than 3 percent
of the emissions for all other pollutants.
Commercial and Institutional
METHODOLOGY: Commercial and institutional establishments use primarily
natural gas and distillate fuel oil. Data on the amount of natural gas
used by these establishments were provided by the local p~~r company.
RESULTS: Commercial and institutional sources accounted for 8 percent
of the total sulfur oxides from stationary fuel combustion, 8 percent
of the particulates, 40 percent of the hydrocarbons, 17 percent of the
nitrogen oxides and less than 1 percent of the carbon monoxide.
TRANSPORTATION
Three types of transportation sources of air pollution are considered
in this survey-~otor vehicles, aircraft, and railroads.
Motor vehicles,
whicn are by far the most significant source in this category, are further
subdivided according to type of fuel--gasoline or diesel.
Motor Vehicles
More than 5 million miles were traveled by motor vehicles in 1969 in
the Las Vegas Stuay Area. In the process, 125 million gallons of gasoline
and 18 million gallons of diesel fuel were consumed for highway purposes.
Table 6 shows the miles of travel for gasoline and diesel vehicles for
each county in the Study Area.
Vehicle~ile data for essentially all of the roads in Clark County
were supplied by the Clark County Health Department who had conducted an
extensive survey for 1969. For Clark County, this data was in the form
of traffic flow maps which showed vehicle mile data on a triaffic zone basis.
This data was then transferred onto the UTM grid zones and reported as total
vehicle miles for each grid. In the remaining counties, vehicle~i1e infor-
mation was not available, and thus gasoline consumption was used to find
h" 1 ". 7
ve ~cu ar em~ss~ons.

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. TABLE 6
VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL FOR MOTOR VEHICLES IN THE LAS
VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969 (Thousand Vehicle Miles per Day)
Political Jurisdiction Diesel Vehicle Miles Gasoline Vehicle Miles Total
Clark   230 4,370 4,600
Mohave   14 266 280
Nye   6 109 115
San Bernadino  11 209 220
TOTAL   261 4,954 5,215

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The contribution to the total motor vehicle pollution by diesel-
powered vehicles was determined by assumi.ng that approximately five percent
of the total vehicle miles traveled were by diesel-powered vehicles. This
was checked by estimating diesel fuel consumption in each county.8 These
emissions were apportionned on a grid basis by assuming they were propor-
tional to gasoline emissions.
Emissions from motor vehicles are a function of the speed at which
the vehicle travels.
Average speeds of 10-20 mph wer assumed for down-
town areas, 20-30 mph for the residential areas, and 30-45 mph for the
rural areas to calculate vehicle emissions.
From all transportation sources, motor vehicles accounted for 65
percent of the sulfur oxides, 44 percent of the particulates, 95 percent
of the carbon monoxide, 82 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 79 percent
of the nitrogen oxides. Gasoline powered motor vehicles contributed a
greater percent of all pollutants than diesel powered motor vehicles.
Emissions from transportation sources are summarized in Table 7.
Aircraft
Table 8 shows the air traffic activity at the largest a~irports in the
Study Area. An estimate of the number of flights by engine type was supplied
by the traffic controller at each airport and summarized in Table 8.
The air pollutant emissions from aircraft include all phases of operation
(taxi, take-off, climb out, approach and landing) that take place below the
arbitrarily chosen altitude of 3,500 feet. Emissions at cruise altitude
(above 3,500 feet) are not of concern in an emission inventc1ry.
transportation sources, aircraft accounted for 40 percent of the
4 percent of the carbon monoxide, 14 percent of the hydrocarbons
percent of the nitrogen oxides.
From all
particulates,
and 11
Railroads
Railroad operations (mainly locomotive) consume about 3 million gallons
of diesel fuel per year within the Study Area. This quantity is about 80
percent less than the amount of diesel fuel consumed by motCtr vehicles.
The maj ori ty of this fuel is consumed during switching opera.tions.
Diesel
fuel consumption data were supplied by each of the major railroads in the
Las Vegas area.

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TABLE 7
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES, 1969
(Tons/Year)
 Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxide
Motor Vehicles     
Gasoline 540 720 195,800 13,850 7,650
Diesel 370 1,020 560 1,260 2,060
Subtotal 910 1,740 196,360 15,110 9,710
Aircraft     
Jet N 1,340 1,480 1,250 980
Piston N 20 5,460 1,020 260
Turboprop N 40 90 30 60
Subtotal N 1,400 7,030 2,300 1,300
Railroads 60 170 90 210 340
a 970 3,300 203,500 . 17,600 11 ,300
GRAND TOTAL
N = Negligible
a = Totals have been rounded

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TABLE 8
AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT THE LARGEST AIRPORTS IN THE
. a
LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969 (Flights/Year)
Type Aircraft McCarron . Nellis AFB North Las Vegas
2 Engine Conventional Jet 42,000 9,200 5,700
3 Engine Conventional Jet  19,600 
4 Engine Conventional Jet  20,000 
3 Engine Fan Jet 58,000 .  
4 Engine Fan Jet 28,000  
1 Engine Turboprop 3,400 10,000 3,600
2 Engine Turboprop 7,300 22,000 7,300
4 Engine Turboprop 3,700 5,800 
1 Engine Piston 15,000  10,300
2 Engine Piston 12,100 1,100 7,700
4 Engine Piston  5,200 
TOTAL  169,500 92,900 34,600
a - Flight is defined as a combination of a landing and a take-off.

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Railroad operations contribute about 5 pe~cent of the particulates
and 14 percent of the hydrocarbons from all transportation sources.
They
account for less than 3 percent of the emissions for any other pollutant.
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Approximately 767,000 tons of refuse was generated during 1969 within
the Study Area. TabLe 9 presents a solid waste balance for the Las Vegas
Study Area, showing the various methods of disposal and the quantities
disposed of by each method. The bulk of the refuse in Clark County was
disposed of by landfills or non-burning dumps, whereas in all other counties
it was burned in open burning dumps.
Refuse data for all of the counties
were supplied by the air pollution agencies in each county.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
The Study Area is notably void of any heavy industrial complexes with
the exception of the Henderson industrial complex.
From an air pollution
standpoint, the mineral products industry was by far the most significant
industrial process source.
The largest sources in this industry were three
lime manufacturing plants, two gypsum plants, seven asphalt batching oper-
ations, two cinderb10ck plants, five ready-mix plants and three miscel1an-
eous sand and greve1 operations plants.
Other industries that generate
air pollutant emissions from their processes include 1 potash plant and 1
titanium metals plant.
Table 11 presents a summary of the emissions from
the various industrial processes.
The three lime plants were the largest particulate sources from
industrial processes. Approximately 1.8 million tons of dolomatic lime
were mined and processed in 1969. Operations at these plants which release
contaminants include mining, crushing and pulverizing, screening and the
emissions from the lime kilns.
All of the kilns at these plants are
equipped with multicyclone mechanical dust collectors to control emissions.

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~
TABLE 9
SOLID WASTE BALANCE FOR LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969
Jurisdiction
Total Refuse
Generated
On-site
Incineration
Landfi 11s
Non-Burning Dumps
Open Burning
Dumps On-site
 Clark 735,000 188,400 546,600  
 Mohave 22,000 2,200  20,000 NA
 Nye 3,000 300 1,000 1,700 NA
 San Bernadino 7,000 700  6,300 NA
 TOTAL 767,000 191,600 547,700 28,000 
N      
......      

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TABLE 10 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL IN
LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year)
 Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Incineration     
Municipal     
On-Site 190 960 4,200 80 290
Subtotal 190 960 4,200 80 290
Open Burning     
On-Site NA NA NA NA NA
Dump 10 220 1,200 420 150
Subtotal 10 220 1,200 420 150
GRAND TOTAL 200 1,180 5,400 500 440

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. TABLE 11
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES, 1969
(Tons/Year)
Source Category
Particulates
Chemical Process Industry
Potash
40
Metallurgical Industry
Titanium
600
Mineral Products Industry
Lime
Subtotal
29,300
6,400
6,600
Neg.
3,800
2,800
48,900
Gypsum
Asphalt
Cinder Block
Ready Mix
Sand and Gravel Operations
GRAND TOTAL
49,540

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These plants accounted for almost 60 percent of the total particulates from
industrial processes. However, it must be taken into consideration that
over 70 percent of these emissions are particles bigger than 20 microns and
thus settle out within short distances.
.
Approximately 700,000 tons of gypsum are mined at the two sites in the
Study Area. The pulverizing, crushing, screening and stockpiling operations
that take place at these plants contribute 13 percent of the total process
particulates.
At the seven asphalt plants the actual batching operation along with
sand and gravel mining accounted for 13 percent of the total process part-
iculates. Mining operations associated with ready mix production and other
sand and gravel operations collectively account for 13 percent of the total
particulate emissions from industrial processes.
The only other significant industrial process source of particulates
was the one titanium plant. Miscellaneous operations including magnesium
chloride recover~ reduction, crushing and leaching accounted for only a
small percentage of total process emissions.
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
Three source categories were considered for evaporative losses--
automobiles, gasoline storage and handling, and the consumption of
solvents. The hydorcarbon emissions from all sources by evaporative
losses are shown in Table 12.
Automobiles
Automobile evaporation losses include gas tank and carburetor evapor-
ation and engine crankcase b1owby. Since 1963, most new automobiles were
equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valves that reduce
hydrocarbon emissions from the crankcase by about 90 percent. Due to a
lag time in the automobile replacement rate, it was assumed that 20 percent
of the automobiles were not equipped with PCV valves.

-------
The hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles were calculated from vehic1e-
mile. data and were apportioned onto grids using the same m.~thods as for
motor vehicles discussed earlier. Evaporative losses from automobiles
accounted for 66 percent of the total hydrocarbon emissions from evapor-
ative losses in the Study Area.
Gasoline Storage and Handling
There are four major points (excluding evaporation from the motor
vehicle) of hydrocarbon emissions in the storage and handling of gasoline.
They are:
l.
2.
3.
Breathing and filling losses from storage tanks
Filling losses from loading tank conveyances
Filling losses from loading underground storage tanks at service
stations
4.
Spillage and filling losses in filling automobile gas tanks at
service stations.
Approximately 135 million gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel were
consumed in the Study Area in 1969. The evaporative losses from the
storage and the subsequent handling of the gasoline account.~d for 19
percent of the total evaporative losses.
Consumption of Solvents
This category included the consumption of solvents at dry c1eauing
plants, industrial solvent usage a~d the miscellaneous use of solvents by
small commercial establishments and domestic units. Organic solvents emitted
. from these operations were determined by assuming an emission rate of
4 1b/capita/year for dry cleaning plants, and 3 1b/capita/year for miscel-
laneous consumption.9,lO The industrial solvent consumption was based on
actual numbers provided by the local agencies. The consumption of solvents
by these three categories accounted for 15 percent of the hydrocarbon emissions
from evaporative losses.

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TABLE 12
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM EVAPORATIVE LOSSES, 1969
(Tons/Year)
Source Category
Hydrocarbon Emissions
Automobiles
7,600
Gasoline Storage and Handling
2,000
Consumption of Solvents
Dry Cleaning Plants
Industry
Subtotal
760
690
470
1,920
Miscellaneous
GRAND TOTAL
11 ,520

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EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
The previous section presented the air pollutant emissions by source
category. In order to show the contribution of each county to the pollution
in the entire Study Area, their emissions are summarized in Tables 13 through
16.
As is expected due to a higher degree of urbanization than the other
counties, Clark 'County accounts for 99 percent of the total sulfur oxides
in the Study Area, 93 percent of the particulates, 91 percent of the
carbon monoxide, 90 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 92 percent of the
nitrogen oxides.

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. TABLE 13
SUMMARy OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN CIARK COUNTY, 1969
(Tons/Year)
   Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation     
Motor Vehicles 800 1,540 180,700 13,800 8,600
Other  20 1,460 7,060 2,380 1,420
Subtotal  820' 3,000 187,760 16,180 10,020
Stationary Fuel     
Combustion      
Industry  180 120 10 10 970
Steam-Electric 12,000 8,900 160 60 7,700
Resident....a1 410 100 20 30 320
Commercial and     
Institutional 1,140 380 50 50 1,860
Subtotal  13,730 9,500 240 150 10,850
Refuse Disposal     
Incineration 190 940 4,140 80 280
Open Burning     
Subtotal  190. 940 4,140 80 280
Industrial Processes  46,440 s  
Evaporative Losses    10,220 
GRAND TOTALa 14,700 59,900 192,100 26,600 21,200
N = Negligible
a = Totals have been r.ounded

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TABLE 14
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN MOHAVE COUNTY, 1969
(Tons/Year)
   Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation     
Motor Vehicles 50 90 8,900 no 520
Other  40 110 60 Jl40 220
Subtotal  90 200 8,960 860 740
Stationary Fuel     
Combustion      
Industry  N 10 N N 130
Steam-Electric N N N N N
Residential N N N N 20
. Cormnercial and     
Institutional N 10 N N 160
Refuse Disposal     
Incineration N 10 50 N N
Open Burning 10 160 850 300 110
Subtotal  10 170 900 300 110
Industrial Processes N 3,060 N N N
Evaporative Losses    660 
  a 100 3,400 9,900 1,800 1,600
GRAND TOTAL 
N = Negligible
a = Totals have been rounded.

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TABLE 15
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN NYE COUNTY, 1969
(Tons/Year)
   Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation     
Motor Vehicles 20 40 2,660 240 210
Other      
Subtotal  20 40 2,660 240 210
Stationary Fuel     
Combustion      
Industry  N N N N N
Steam-Electric N N N N N
Residential N N N N N
Conunercia1 and     
Insti tutiona1  N N N N N
Subtotal  N N N N N
Refuse Disposal     
Incineration N N 10 N 
Open Burning N 10 70 30 10
Subtotal  N 10 80 30 10
Industrial Processes     
Evaporative Losses    210 
GRAND TOTAL a 20 50 2,700 500 200
N = Negligible
a = Totals have been rounded

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TABLE 16
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN SAN B.ERNADINO COUNTY
1969, (Tons/Year)
   SuI fur partic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation     
Motor Vehicles 30 70 4,130 380 380
Other  N N N 10 10
Subtotal  30 70 4,130 390 390
Stationary Fuel     
Combustion      
Industry  N N N N N
Steam-Electric N N N N N
Residential N N N N 10
Connnercial and     
Institutional N N N N N
Subtotal  N N N N 10
Refuse.Disposa1     
Inc~neration N N 10 N N
Open Burning N 50 270 90 30
Subtotal  N 50 280 90 30
Industrial Process     
Evaporative Losses    390 
  a 30 120 4,400 900 400
GRAND TOTAL 
N = Negligible
a = Totals have been rounded.

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EMISSIONS BY GRID
~
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air pollutant
emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were apportioned on
the grid coordinate system.
The emissions were divided into two source
groups--point and area sources.
Thirty point sources are identified
individually with respect to location and emissions.
Each of these point
sources emitted more than 50 tons per year of any pollutant.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF POINT AND AREA SOURCES
Figure 5 shows the location of all point sources in the area. Collect-
ively the thirty point sources account for 80 percent of the sulfur oxides,
94 percent of particulate matter, 43 percent of nitrogen oxides, 4 percent
of the carbon monoxide and 8 percent of the hydrocarbons. The percentage
contribution to carbon monoxide emissions is low because motor vehilces, which
are area sources, contribute 93 percent of the total carbon monoxide emissions.
Similarly, the contribution to total hydrocarbon emissions is low since two
groups of area sources, motor vehicles and evaporative losses are the major
sources.
Table 17 presents the emissions of point sources.
Each source
is identified by source category, grid number and horizontal and vertical
coordinates.
The emissions of sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides are shown for an average annual day, average
winter day (December, January, February), and average summer day (June, July,
August). The appendix presents the method of calculating these three averages.
Area sources are sources of emissions that are insignificant by them-
selves, but as a group may emit a large portion of the areas total pollution.
Examples of area sources are motor vehicles, residences, light commercial
and industrial establishments and backyard burning. The emissions from area
sources have been added to that for point sources to obtain total emissions
-,
from all sources by grid, as shown in Table 18.
The emissions from all
sources are also shown for an annual average, winter and summer day.

-------
5000011
409000011
4050000
"".
"
"'.
".
".
o
5 4 0000
2
NYE COUNTY
. 8
"
".
".
"
".
""
4010000
3970000
580000
3-
620000
4
!..........:'--- -""",-",,".---'----'-----'-"----"---"----"'---_.. ---...-----..-.........-
70QGOO
8
660000
5
: LAS VEGAS BOMBING AND GUNNE Y RANGE
9
10
",14
".
". .
" :
'''.
"
".
15
--
.
55
'.
"
"'.
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CALIFORNIA
393 ()IOO
SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
20 
32 
39 40
. 50
.INDUSTRIAL
-POWER PLANT
ODUMP
.&AIRPORT
45 46 47 4,8
51
52
I
3890000r
3850000 71
3810000 74
3770000
CLARK COUNTY
-
11
12
...
{
o 5 10 15 20
"" L-I L-I
miles
.
.&
..
56
58'---
NEVADA
I
I

I


"ARIZO~,A J
~
"',
63
64
.-:
70
rllOHAVE COUNT
72
75
Figure 5. Location of point sources in Las Vegas Study Area.

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   TABLE 17  SUMi"1ARY OF AIR POLLUTA;H E"'II.sSION~ FIW,\1 POINr SOURCES IN THE LAS VEGAS STUDY AREA   
            TOi'~S/ DAY            
      SOX    PART   CO   HC    NOX  
ID GRID HC VC  S VI A  S ~ A S vi A S W A S W A 
5 1 5200 40850 0.0 0.0 D.O 0.02 O. U2 0.()2 0.1" 0013 0013 0.04 0.04 0.04 0.01 0.01 0.01 
                        ...
4 6 7110 40595 46.6 3303 32.8 34.31\ 24.55 ,,4.22 0.61 0.43 0.43 0.24 0017 0017 24.55 17.~4 17.30 
2 11 6850 40360 0.0 0.0 0.0 31.99 31.99 31.'19 0.00 O.OU 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.uo a.00 0.00 0.00 
7 J1 6765 40118 0.0 0.0 (J.O 1.91 1.91 1. 'Jl 6.47 6.47 6.47 1.35 1.35 1.35 1.45 1.45 1.45 
2 15 F,457 39914 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.1\9 10.89 10.89 0.00 0.00 u. UtJ 0.00 O.UO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
2 15 6577 39992 0.0 0.8 0.0 13.59 13.59 13.59 0.00 0.0" U.OO 0.00 0.00 D.vO 0.00 0.00 0.00 
2 15 6588 39993 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.76 3.76 3.76 0.00 0.00 v.OO 0.00 u.0U 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
7 16 6620 40090 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.16 0.16 0.16 4.02 4.02 4.02 0.77 0.77 0.77 0.28 0.28 0.28 
2 23 6768 40031 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.66 0.66 0.66 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 U.UO 0.00 0.00 0.00 
2 23 6779 400 9 0.0 0.0 (J.O 0.73 0.73 0.73 f).00 0.00 0.00 O.UO O.UU 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
4 23 6769 400 9 0.0 0.0 v.u 0.12 U.u8 (J.V8 0.00 O.OU U.OU U.OO O.uU 0.00 3015 2.25 2.22 
2 25 6910 1.0090 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.50 6.51 6.51 0.00 0.(10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.20 0.34 0.25 
4 29 6758 39952 0.0 0.0 0.0 (J.08 0.U5 0.05 o. O~) a.oo u.oo D.DO 0.00 O.UO 2017 1.55 1.52 
7 13 6670 39940 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.75 1.75 1.75 R.76 8.76 8. 76 4019 4019 1..19 1.83 1.83 1.83 
2 35 6773 39919 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.16 1.16 1016 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 u.OO 0.00 
'2 35 6787 39922 0.0 0.0 O.U 1.20 1.20 1.20 0.00 0.00 v.oo O.lIO 0.00 o.uo 0.00 0.00 0.00 
2 35 6787 39947. 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.00 4.00 4.00 0.00 0.00 U.OO O.OD u.oo O.CJU 0.00 0.00 0.00 
;> 36 6810 399 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.19 0.21 0.20 0.''>0 o.ou U.ou o.uo u. U() O.Ul) 1.00 1.30 1.11 
'2 36 6820 399 1 0.0 0.0 c.u 1.67 1.68 1.68 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 u.oo 0.00 0.45 0.58 0.50 
2 36 6801 399 4 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.49 14.49 14. l'9 0.00 0.01.) 1.).00 V.DO U.UO o.ULJ 0.00 U.OO 0.00 
2 49 6610 39796 0.0 n.O 0.0 33.8Q 13.89 33.89 O.l)O 0.00 0.00 o.no 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
2 51 6864 39725 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.80 1. liO 1.UO 0.00 0.00 0.00 o.no 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
'2 51 6863 3972(. 0.0 '0.0 u.o 0.69 0.6') 0.69 0.()() o.no 0.(;0 O.DO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 
2 60 7220 38930 0.0 0.0 0.0 ".41 0.41' 0.41 l).OO D.OO o.uu u.OO 0.0U 0.00 o.uo 0.00 0.00 
2 64 7705 38977 0.0 c.O O.U 0.64 0.64 0.64 0.00 O.OU 0.00 ,i.DO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 (Jo 00 
2 64 7670 38979 0.0 O.D 0.0 1.36 1.36 1.36 0.''>0 O.OU lI. (Ii.) 1,).00 U.{JU 0.00 ".ao G.oo 0.00 
2 64 7720 38995 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.79 5079 5.79 0.00 o.Ou U.DO u.uo d.UO o.uu o.ou (;.00 0.00 
---1;-647685-38973 0.0 0.0 n ~o--~O:Oo--r;.~ (J."oT- O. 00- 0.00- 0.00- -O-;i) 0 -0-:110 -0-:-\;0 -o-;(jo 0.95 -0:-35-
                       I
5 t8 7130 38660 0.0 0.0 \..J.u ;) .12 O.U O.U {) .b4 0.64 0.64 o.~;.: '.1.22 0.21. o.uu 0.08 (,.08 
2 72 73BO 3B310 O.f) f).1) ,}.u C.l6 0.16 (). 16 o.r'c' :). rlO :,1. no o.nn f).i),) 0.. ,I) D.DO 0.00 O.UO 
ID KEY                       
5 = Dump                      
4 = Steam-Electric Utility                   ~1
2 = Industrial                      
7 = Airport         40             

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  TABLE 18  SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT E 1\1 I S S ION S FROM ALL SOURCES IN lAS VEGAS STUDY AREA, 1968 
       TONSI DAY         
 (Sq. Mi.)  SOX    PART   eo   He   NOX 
GRID AREA S W A 5  vi A 5 W A 5 'II A S W A
1 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.2 2.5 2.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3
2 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.8 1.4 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1
3 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 1.6 1.9 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1
4 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
5 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 001 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
6 617.7 46.7 33.5 32.9 34.4 24.6 24.3 2.5 1.9 2.1 0.6 0.'+ 0.5 24.7 17.8 17.5
7 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 U.l 0.1 0.1 3.9 3.0 3.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
R 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
9 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
10 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 o~.o 0.0 0.0 1.7 1.3 l.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
11 617.7 0.0 0.2 0.1 34.0 34.1 34.0 12.9 11.5 12.'3 2.3 2.1 2.2 1.9 2.1 1.9
12 617.7 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.4 I.'} 2.2 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
13 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
14 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.8 (,).9 0.2 001 0.2 0.1 O.l 0.1
15 617.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 21\.4 28.3 28.4 7.7 6.0 7.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.5
16 9.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 32.6 26.4 30.1 5.3 4.6 5.0 1.9 1.8 1.8
17 9.6 0.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 56.6 43.8 51.5 6.2 4.9 5.7 2.6 2.4 2.5
18 9.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.7 0.6 0.7 68.0 52.6 61.9 8.5 6.6 7.7 3.7 2.9 3.4
19 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.4 2.9 0.4 0.3 0.3" 0.2 0.1 0.2
20 9.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.6 0.6 0.6 41.7 32.5 38.0 5.4 4.4 5.0 1.9 1.7 1.8
21 9.6 1.0 7.6 3.4 2.0 4.0 2.8 147.4 115.2 134.5 17.3 14.6 16.2 5.4 14.4 8.7
27 9.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.3 22.0 17.0 20.0 2.9 2.3 2.6 1.2 1.0 1.1
23 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.5 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.2 2.3 2.2
24 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.7 2.1 2.5 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2
25 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.3 0.3

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 (Sq. Mi.)  SOx   TABLE 18 (coot.)  CO    HC   NOx 
GRID AREA S W A S W A S W A S  W A S W A
26 9.6 0.2 0.5 0.3' 0.5 0.5 0.5 40.8 31.6 37.1 5.1  4.0 4.7 2.2 2.2 2.2
27 9.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 11.8 9.2 10.7 1.6  1.3 1.5 0.6 O.~ 0.6
28 9.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 13.5 10.~ 12.3 1.8  1.5 1.7 0.7 0.6 0.7
29 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.3 1.8 2.1 0.3  0.2 0.3 2.3 1.6 1.6
30 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 u.o 0.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
31 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
37 9.6 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 11.0 8.6 1u.u 1.6  1.3 1.5 0.7 1.1 0.8
33 9.6 0.1 0.4 0.2 1.9 2.0 1.9 16.6 14.9 15.9 5.3  5.1 5.3 2.3 2.7 2.4
34 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1..1 0.0 3.8 2.9 3.4 0.5  0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
35 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 2. 1 1.7 2.0 0.4  0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
36 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.4 16.4 16.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.0  0.0 0.0 1.5 1.9 1.6
37 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 O..!. 0.2 0.0 . 0.0 0.0 o.u 0.0 0.0
38 38.6 O.u 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o. ,J 0.0 0.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
39 38.6 0.3 0.2 O..!. 0.5 0.4 0.5 42.9 33.2 39.0 5.7  4.4 5.2 2.8 2.1 2.5
40 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.6 1.2 1.4 0.2  0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
41 9.6 0.1 1.7 0.7 0.3 0.8 0.5 3.5 3.1 3.3 1.3  1.3 1.3 0.3 2.7 1.2
il2 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  O.u 0.0 (J.O 0.0 0.0
43 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
44 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9
45 9.6 0.0 0.0 O.U 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0.0 0.0 u.o 0.0 0.0
il6 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
47 9.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.1 001 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1  0.2 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.2
48 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 001 1.7 1.4 1.6 0.4  0.3 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1
49 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 34.0 34.0 34.0 11.0 8.5 10.0 1.5  1.1 1.3 0.7 0.5 0.6
50 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
51 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.5 2.5 2.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
52 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
53 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.2  0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
54 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1  0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0

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 (Sq. Mi.)  sax   PART. TABLE 18 (cant.) CO   HC   NOx 
GRID AREA S w A S W A  S W A S W A S W A
55 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 (J.G 0.0  0.3 0.2 Jd o.() () . () O.v O.O ;j. 0 0.0
56 617.7 o.{) 0.0 J.O 0.0 0.0 (J.O  0.4 0.3 (J. 3 001 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
57 6P.7 0.0 (J.O 0.0 O.D l;. (I u.o  n .t.. O.::s U.4 0.1 u.1 v.l o.u U.o 0.0
5A 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0  n .'+ 0.3 0.3 D.l D.l 0.1 u.o o. () 0.0
59 617.7 O.u 'O. 0 0.0 ~). 0 u.O 0.0  3.1 2.4 LaB o. '... 0,3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
60 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 G. ~J 0.5 0.5  203 1.8 2.1 0.<+ 0.3 0.4 U.2 0.1 0.2
61 154.4 O.U 0.0 () . () J.O 0.0 a.:J  0.7 [J.b 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1 u.1 U.1 0.1
62 151..4 O.U 0.0 O.() J.O U.O 0.0  0.4 '1.:1 0 '0 D. 1 O.l 0.1 D.O 0.0 8.0
 . -'
63 154.4 0.0 0.0 O.u u.o c.u 0.0  '1.7 0.6 U.7 0.1 D.I C) . 1 ,).1 0-0 0.1
64 154.4 0.2 O.? 0.2 8.5 6.5 ~.S  ?203 17. -, 2\J.S 3. 7 3.1 3.~ 1. U 2.1+ 1.9
65 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.'1  1.6 1.2 1.4 D.3 n.2 0.3 U.2 U.1 0.2
66 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 u.o (J.U  () . l; (1.0 iJ.l) o. (J a.u U.O (;.u 0.0 0.0
f,7 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 O.D 0.0 0.0  D.3 0.3 U.3 0.1 n.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
6i1 15'+.4 0.1 0.0 G.O 0.;:> 0.2 0.2  ~.(1 4.7 ~.4 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.5 0.:" 0.5
(-,9 154.4 0.0 (J.O 0.0 001 0.1 001  0.7 0.6 (J.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 'J. L O.L
70 617.7 0.0 (J.(1 o.() 0.1 0.1 0.1  G.7 0.6 (;.6 (J.2 i).1- 0.2 U.I- D.2 0.2
71 617.7 O. l) O.D 0.0 (J.O 0.0 o.n  1).0 o.U U.l' O.u :'}.u J.O u.J u.u :J. (j
72 617.7 0.0 0.0 C.o U.2 0.2 0.2  2.') 2.3 2.6 0.5 0.4 0.5 D.3 0.2 U.3
73 617.7 0.0 G.O o.() D.l 0.1 0.1  O. '+ 0.3 0.3 D.l 0.1 0.1 0.1 J.l D.l
74 617.7 0.0 0.0 1).0 (J.O C.U \) .~}  n.G 0.0 U.O d. (: () . () 0.0 O.D 0.0 0.0
75 617.7 0.0 D.O U.O n.o U.J u.o  2.7 2.1 2.5 0.5 O.lf 0.4 J.J (J.2 u.2
76 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1) 0.0 0.0  0.5 0 . l~ 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 D.O

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EMLSSION DENSITIES
In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of pollutants
by grids, emission density maps have been prepared. Emission densities were
obtained by summing the annual area and point source emissions for each
grid and dividing this total by the land area of the grid. Figures 6 through
10 show the variation in emission densities for the respective grids through-
out the Study Area. As expected the emissions generally follow the pattern
~
and degree of urbanization. Emission densities for carbon monoxide and
hydrocarbons are higher in the grids with the higher populations and corres-
ponding higher vehicular activity. Particulate emissions are high only in
areas where industries are located and in grid 6 where the coal burning
power plant is located. Sulfur o~ide emission densities are relatively
low in the Las Vegas area.
The only grid with a high density was grid 6.
This was due to th~ power plant located in this grid.
~

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   500«oo
                 540000
                                                                                      780"»
40500"
                                          3930*"

                            SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
      SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS,
              ton/mi 2-day
        J~|
0   - 0.01

0.01 - 0.05

0.05 - 0.10

0.10 - 0.40
                   Figure 6.  Sulfur oxide emission density from all sources in Las Vegas Study Area.

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                                                                                           780«H
                                  3930«»

                     SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,
       ton/mi 2-
       0.10 - 0.50
       0.50 - 2.0      Figure 7.  Particulate emission density from all sources in Las Vegas Study Area.

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4090«««f
4050«"
  CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
           ton/mi 2-day
            0  -  0.1
      l&Sl   0.5-  1.0

            1.0 -  5.0
            5.0 - 14.0
                   Figure 8.  Carbon monoxide emission density from all  sources in Las Vegas Study Area.

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   500««
4090«>«fT
540"0
4050««
                                        3930««

                           SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
       HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS,
              ton/mi 2-
              0.50 - 2.0             .,
                Figure 9.  Hydrocarbon emission density from all sources in Las Vegas Study Area.


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500"«
             540««
780**
                                     3«30«*
                        SAN BERNARDINO COUNTY
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS,
        ton/mi 2-day
         0.5  - 1.0

           Figure 10.  Nitrogen oxide emission density from all sources in Las Vegas Study Area.


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10.
REFERENCES
"
1.
Ozolins, Guntis and Smith, Raymond. Rapid Survey Technique for
Estimating Community Air Pollution Emissions. DREW, PHS, October 1966.
2.
Duprey, R. L. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, United
States, DREW, 1968.
3.
Population Estimates, Nevada Bureau of Business and Economic Research,
1970.
4.
Local Climatological Data, United States Department of Commerce, 1968.
5.
Steam-Electric Plant Factors, National Coal Association, 1969.
6.
Ozolins, ££. cit.
pp. 43-45.
7.
Retail Trade Special Report, Census of Business, United States
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1963.
8.
Highway Statistics/1967, United States Department of Transportation,
Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Public Roads.
9.
Duprey, ££. ci t.
p. 46.
St. Lousi Interstate Air Pollution Study, Phase II, Air Pollutant
Emission Inventory, 1966, p. 38.
: .

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APPENDIX
METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL
AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
~
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. )
Days of Operation
e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while opj~rating
365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and
2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was estimated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating and 85 percent
for process heating. From this information, the annual
average emission for carbon monoxide would be the follc'Wing:
A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 lbs. CO/Ton coal
365 Days/year x 2,000 lb./Ton
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
..
WINTER AVERAGE (W)
W = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Winter Operation
x
Winter Degree Days
Total Degree Days
x
% Fuel Used
for space heating
+ Fuel Consumed x E.F.  % Fuel used for proceslJ heating
365  x
W = 8°.000 x 2,800  0.15  100,000  0.8~ 3
 90 x 4,800 x .... 365 x 2,000
W = 0.49 Ton/Day
SUMMER AVERAGE (S)
S = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Summer Operation
x
Summer Degree Days
Total De~ree Days
x
% Fue:' Used
for space heating
+
Fuel Consumed x E.F.
365

S = rioo,ooo
L 90
x
% Fuel used for proces~1 heating 
0.15  100,000 x 0.8~ 3
+ 365 2,000
x
o
4 ,800
x
.<..
S = 0.35 Ton/Day

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  APPENDIX B 
 METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS 
   .
Multiply  .!!Y.. To Obtain
Feet  0.3048 Meters
Miles  1609 Meters
Square Feet  0.0929 Square meters
Square Miles  2.59 Square kilometers
Pounds  453.6 Grams
Pounds 9 453.6/104 Tons (metric)
Tons (metric)  1.103 Tons (short)
 .  
Tons (short)  907.2 Kilograms
Tons (short)  .9072 Tons (metric)
To Obtain  ~ Divide
~

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