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NIANI-FT. lAUDERDALE-HEST PAUl BEACH HETROPOLITAN AREA
AIR POLLUTANT EHISSION INVEl~TORY
.~
. Division of
Prepared by
Michael J. McGraw
Air Quality and Emission Data
'. .
;.
"'../
U. S. DEPARTHENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND 'illLFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Environ~ental Health Service
!.Jational Air Poll:Jt:ion Centrol Ac:ninistration
Durham, North 'Carolina
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Office of Air Programs Publication No. APTD-082l
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Sincere gratitude is extended by the National Air pollution Control
Administration to the many individuals and companies who contributed
to this study.
Special thsnks are due to Hans Schmitz of the Metropolitan Dade
County Pollution Control Department, Jacob Cooper of the Palm Beach
County Health Department and Charles Lalumia and Norman Tuckett of the
~roward County H~alth Department.
.\ ~~ &.
,
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PREFACE
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This report, which presents the emission inventory for the ~liami-
Ft. Lauderdale-West Palm Beach rletropolitan Area, is another in a series
of surveys outlining the sources and emissions of air pollutants for
major metropolitan areas in the country.
These surveys, conducted by
the National Inventory of Air pollutant Emissions and Control Branch of
the National Air Pollution Control Administration, provide estimates
of the present levels of air pollutant emissions and status of their
control. The pollutants, which include sulfur oxides, particulates,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, are delineated with
. respect to source type, season of the year and geographical distri-
bution within the area. The general procedure for the surveys is
based upon the rapid survey technique for est~mating air pollutant
.. 1
em~ss~ons.
These reports are intended to serve as aids in the
proposing of ,boundaries of Air Quality Control Regions, as directed
. by the Air Quality Act of 1967.
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CONTENTS
Introduction........
........... ...........
. . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .
Summary of Results..........
Description of Study Area........................................
. ..... .... ... ... ......... .......
Grid Coordinate System..
.Emissions by
................ ........ .... ....... ......
Ca tegory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fuel Combustion...........
...............
Stationary
Steam-Electric..
..... ..... ....... .....
...........
....... .... ............. .... ......
Industrial....
.... .................. ....................
Residential.....
.................. ......... .... ....... .......
Commercial and Institutional....
........ ....... ..... .........
Transportation...
1:lotor Vehicles.
................it....... ......................
.. ...... ..... ... ................ .... ..........
Aircraft. . . .. . . . . . . .. . . .. .. . . . ... . .. ... . ... .. .. .. . . .. . . .. .. . ..
Railroads and Vessels..
. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.......
Solid '-.Taste
Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Incineration. .
.... ... ...... ..... ......... .......... .... ......
Open Burning..
Industrial
........... .... ..... ..... .............. ........
Losses ...
Process
... ........ ......... ......... .......
Evaporative
Losses..
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Miscellaneous.............
....................
........
~,
Emissions by
Emissions by
References.
Jurisdiction. .
.... ...... ........... ....
........
Gri d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
...............
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e e . . . eo e e . . . . . . . . . . e .
Appendix. . . . . . . . . . e e.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Page
1
3
7
14
16
16
16
19
19
20
20
20
22
22
25
.25
28
28
30
32
33
37
50
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Table
1
2
10
11
12
c
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LIST OF TABLES
3
4
5
Page
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Miami Study Area....... 5
Percentage Contribution of Each Source Category to
Total E:rnissions............'.................................. 6
Area and Population Characteristics.......................... 10
Selected Hanufacturing Establishments in Hiami Study Area.... 13
Annual Fuel Consumption in Political Subdivisions of
the }riami Study Area......."................................. 17
6
Summary of Emissions from Stationary Fuel Combustion in
tne Miami Study Area......................................... 18
7
. Vehicle Hiles of Travel for Hotor Vehicles in Hiami
Study Area............... '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 21
8
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation
Sources. . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 23
9
Air Traffic Activity at the Largest Airports in the
lwIiami Study Ar ea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .'. . . . . . . . . .. . . . ". . . . . . . .. 24
Solid l.;Taste Balance for Hiami Study Area...........:......... 26
Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal............ 27
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Industrial
13
14
15
16
17
18
Pro c e s s l.,o sse s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 29
Hydrocarbon Emissions from Evaporative Losses................ 31
SUffiilary of Emissions in Broward County....................... 34
Summary of Emissions in Dade County.......................... 35
Summary of Emissions in Palm Beach County.................... 36
Summary of Air pollutant Emissions from Point Sources.....~.. 39
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Figure
1
8
, 9
10
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LIST OF FIGURES
2
3
4
Map of the State of Florida showing the Miami Study Area.....
Detailed Hap of Miami Study Area.............................
population Density for Hiami Study Area, 1968....~...........
Grid Coordinate System for Hiami Study Area,.................
5
6
7
POiIlt Source Locatiolls.......................................
Sulfur Oxides Emission Den'sity Nap...........................
particulnte Emission Density Map.............................
Carbon Monoxide Emission Density }~p.........................
Hydrocarbon Emission Density Hap.............................
Ni trogen Oxides Emission Density Hap........ '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Page
8
9
11
15
38
45
46
47
48
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INTRODUCTION
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This report is a sumw~ry of the }liami air pollutant emission
inventory conducted in July 1969. Since all inventories are based
upon a calendar year, the data and emission estimates presented are
representative of 1968 and should be considered as indicating the
conditions as existed during that year.
The Study Area, which was chosen on the basis of the distribution
of population and air pollution sources, consists of three counties
surrounding the cities of Miami, F~Lauderdale and West Palm Beach.
This area covers approximately 5,300 square miles and had a 1968
population of 2,150,000, excluding approximately an aver~ge daily level
of 260,000 tourists.
A grid coordinate system was used to shmv the geographical distri-
bution of emissions within counties.
The Study Area was subdivided into
66 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in the heavily
populated and industrialized areas to 1,600 square kilometers in the
everglades region.
All sources of emissions were classified into five categories--
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-,V
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'W
a particular source category.
Since individual sources have inherent'
differences that cannot always be taken into consideration, discrepancies
bebveen the actual and estimated emissions are more likely in individual
~
sources than in the total emissions for a source category.
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and
should not be interpreted as absolute values.
l~e estimates are, in
some cases, partial totals d~eto the lack of emission factors and
production or consumption data.
Despite these limitations, these
estimates are of sufficient accuracy and validity in defining the
extent and distribution of air pollutant emissions in the Study Area.
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S UHHA.R Y
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The annual emissions as estimated by the Miami., Hetropolitan Area
Air Pollutant Luission Inventory are:
Carbon Nonoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
150,700
67,900
1,043,000
2,497,000
109,000
Sulfur Oxides
particula tes
The following is a brief description of the air pollutant emissions
as presented in Tablel and Table 2.
Sulfur Oxides:
The largest portion of the sulfur oxides emitted
came from the four steam-electric plants located
in the Study Area which had oil fired units. Together
these plants accounted for 85 percent 'of the total
sulfur oxides.
There were no other large individual
50urce~ of sulfur oxides, but the smaller sources
and area sources such as industrial fuel consumption and
motor vehicles accounts for the remaining 15 percent.
This can easily be explained since these plants used
over 90 percent of the total residual oil consumed
in the area.
"
Particulates:
The largest source of particulate emissions was the
sugar cane industry.
The harvesting of the sugar
cane crop involves field burning.' This along with the
processing of the sugar at mills accounted for 51
percent of total particulates.
Two cereent plants ;n Dade County were the second
largest sources in the Area accounting for appro:d::ls tely
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Carbon Nonoxide:
Hydrocarbons:
Nitrogen Oxides:
...
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17 percent of total
included stationary
and refuse disposal
emissions.
Qther sources
fuel combustion, transportation,
which accounted for 15, 8 and
9 percent respectively of total ewissions.
Motor vehicles contributed 87 percent of the carbon
monoxide emitted annuaHy.
Other transportation
sources included railroads, aircraft, and vessels,
wh1ch collectively accounted for 8 percent of the
- total carbon monoxide. The only other significant
sourc~ of carbon monoxide was the field burning
of the sugar cane which contributed 5 percent to the
total carbon monoxide.
The Study Area w~s unique from this standpoint.
Throughout the western section of all three counties
there is a big percentage of land which is swamps.
These swamps generate methane and it is given off
into the atmosphere.
Even though methane is an
unreactive hydrocarbon, it was included under total
hydrocarbons and as a result 93 percent of total
hydrocarbons came from the methane emitted in the
S\.;ramp gas.
}btor vehicles and evaporative loss
sources were the most significant sources of reacti';e
hydrocarbons each accounting for 3 percent of total
hydrocarbons.
The two largest sources of nitrogen oxides were the
steam-electric utilities and motor vehicles, each
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acco\lnting for 42 percent of the total.
Railroads,
aircraft, and vessels accounted for 8 percent of
total emissions.
The other 8 percent "78S divided
among stationary fuel cambustion sources, solid-
~vaste disposal and industrial process sources .
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TABLE 1
sm.;HARY OF AIR FOLLUTA~T EHISSIONS IN THE NIA!-lI - FORT
I
LAUDERDALE - ,.;EST FAUl BEACH STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons /Year)
:
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Hotor Vehicles 3,930 6,860 904,300 69,100 46,000
Other 3,530 3,440 78,000 18,100 8,300
Subtotal 7,460 10,300 982,300 87,200 54,300.
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 10,700 800 70 70 3,000
Steam-Electric 127,500 3,700 10 1,030 46,000
Residential 100 160 N N 1,000
Comri1ercial and
Ins ti tu tiona 1 3,700 440 40 40 2,000
Subtotal 142,000 5,100 120 1,140 52,000
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 1,150 5,380 2,760 200 1,200
Open Burning 40 610 3,270 1,150 420
Subtotal 1,190 5,990 6,030 1,350 1,620
Industrial Process
Losses N 46,500 54,700 6,600 1,100
Evaporative Losses 73,500
" Miscellaneous a 2,327,000
GRAND TOTAL b 150,700 67,900 1,043,000 2,497,000 109,000
N = Negligible
a =. Includes only the methane emitted from swamp gas.
b = Totals have been rounded.
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TABLE 2
PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF ALL 5C:T.r~CES TO TOTAL J0fIS.SIO~;S
SuI fur Partic"; Ca r c. c:"'- Hydro- !\i~~;)6en
Source Category Oxides ulates 'Honoxi:::e carbons Oxides
. Transportation
'Hotor Vehicles 2.6 10.1 86.7 2.8 42.2
Other 2.4 5.1 7.5 0.7 7.6
Subtotal 5.0 15.2 94.2 3.5 49.8
Stationary Fuel
Combustion'
Industry' 7.1 1.2 N N 2.8
Steam-Electric 84.6 5.5 N N 42.2
Residenti~l N 0.2 N. N 0.9
Commercial and
Institutional 2.5 0.6 N N 1..8
Subtotal 94.2 7.5 N N 47.7
Refuse Disposal
Incinera.tion .0.8 7.9 0.3 N 1.1
Open Burning N 0.9 0.3 N 0.4
Subtotal 0.8 8.8 '0.6 N 1.5
Industrial Process
Losses N 68.5 5.2 0.3 1.0
Evaporative Losses 2.9
Miscellaneous _oo 93.3
GRAND TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100
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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
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The Study Area for the emission survey of the Niami Hetropolitan
Area consists of three counties--Broward County, Dade County and Palm
Beach County. The three-county area is located in the south eastern
tip of Florida. Figure 1 shows the location of the }liami Study Area
relative to other large cities in its vicinity.
Figure 2 represents a more detailed drawing of the }liami Study
Area, shovTing the boundaries of the maj or urban areas.
It should
be pointed out that the boundaries of these areas do not correspond
to city limits, but rather give a general outline of the major clusters
of population. The Study Area occupies 5,280 square miles and contained
an estimated 1968 population of 2,150,000 which is approximately a 43
3
percen~.increase since 1960 (Table 3). As is pointed out in Table 3
an accurate population figure for this area must take into consideration
t1w (I.ddi. tioD of 265,000 tourists on any given day {n the year on the
average. The population density map (Figure 3) shmvs that the heaviest
population io concentrated primarily in and near the city of }liami, with
heavy concentrations also in Ft. Lauderdale and West Palm Beach.
TOPOGRAPHY AND CLI}~TOLOGY
The Miami Study Area is located on the lower eaot coast of Florida.
The entire area is bound to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and to the
To the east of }liami lies Biscayne Bay,
west by the E-ITergh des region.
about 15 miles long and 3 miles wide.
East of the bay is the island of
Miami Beach, a mile or less wide and about ten miles long, and beyond
--
f
Miami Beach is the Atlantic Ocean.
\.Jest Palm Beach and Palm Bea.ch are
located on the coastal sand ridge of southeastern Flc,rida.
The entire
coastal ridge is only about 2 1/2 miles wide, and in early times the
Now much of the swampland has
Everglades reached to its western edge.
been drained and is devoted to agriculture.
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LAKE OKEECHOBEE V\\
'V'.'''
t x .*- ^ '
LAUDERDALE \ '
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LAKE
OKEECHOBEE
.- RIVIERA BEACH
i \
WEST PALM BEACH''': PALM BEACH
bBELLE GLADE
PALM BEACH COUNTY
^ 1"
LV
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I
c-|. DELRAY BEACH
~x
---> / POMPANO BEACH
BROWARD COUNTY
FORT LAUDERDALE
! HOLLYWOOD '*
/ MIAMI BEACH
DADE COUNTY
EVERGLADES
NATIONAL PARK
HOMESTEAD
ki iofii
Figure ^
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TAB LE 3
AREA AND POPULA.TIO~~ C~l\RACTERISTICS FO?
MIAMI STUDY AREA
Land Area ?cpu1ation Popu1at:.on
Political Jurisdiction (sq. mi.) 1960 1968 Density (1968)
" J..
Bro"tvard County 1,219 334,000 567,000" 465
i:*
Dade County 2,042 935,000 1,240,000 607
"i'(i',a.}-\
Palm Beach County 2,023 228,000 345,000 170
TOTAL STUDY AREA 5,284 1,497,000 2,152,000 407
* ..
Does .not include an average daily level of 100,000 tourists
**
Does not include an average daily level of 140,000 tourists
*-/:*
Does not include an average daily level of 25,000 tourists
_i
- ~ . - ~~. ~.. ,-. .
- ~-- ~.. . - .
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1 ......,..-.-:.;::./ 2980
;-«%''!.*.-'..; .'>'- '""!
^^'x-x^-xxxxx^x; \
"'-'''!'.' '- -' '''''''.-' - »
I LAKE
\ OKEECHOBEE
:
i v ::' -:- v x:-v-s295000°
U2 * vc v: :; :>
' _ _ v :/:;; ^v::^ 2940 300
W:t. ;t;:;:r'f/
';' ? -A R§: --.;;-2930 000
W&/$i$ffi^~- - 29.20000
Jfi:-^-;:.:^;^^ .';
1. ^ J ^^^r^'r^.'rf'.^r.''
__J%aM^^0R 2900 000
Ion 129 XS:?
.-J. -.*- 2880CCO
' ''": .1" 1 *
i iiJ i::;::v:-:- .
j Q t:;::.:-!:i:.:.V.'--'v.:::::!/:'.V:V 1 '-___i_~"^-i,
\ _i l f^:^W^^ r --. -/-
! s '. A^S
i g liiiSBS:. -^ <^«
"
POPULATION, ; !
/ -7 '
person s/m i *
1
i
|tf\ f /V I I
0 - 50 ' '
;>H; so - i oo
LiJ
>:| 1 00 - 1,000
1,000 - 3,000
64
i
i
I
j
1 DADE C
1
FP"» , f, j
l^ 3,000 - 5,000
[v'rH
T
i i
r*»-vi i '
1^1 5,000 - 12,000 : 1
1 !
51QOOO 5_
BISCAYNE BAY
ou^y^:*:;;;;"": *
&±£X-Z-:^-?--J2820000 '
66 i. ,,
EVERGLADES
i NATIONAL PARK
550000
./>-
J2800000
J ^570 000
10 15
T" f ! * 5
5 0 5 10 15
ki lomefers
Figure 3. Population densities for Miami study area.
11
Cj
o
K,
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To t~e west of the long narrow coastal strip of urbanization in
these co~=~ies the surrounding countryside is level and sparsely wooded.
This abse=ce of any mountains or hills make co~di~ions favorable for
dispersio~ of pollutants.
Also the sea breezes d~ring the day and land
breezes ~~:ing the night help to disperse thepo~lutants discharged into
the atmos?~ere near the coastline.
The climate of the Study Area is essentially subtropical marine,
featured ~y a long, warm ~'~er, ~nth abundant rainfall, fol1ow.ed by a
mild, dr.y winter.
Located as it is the area is subject to winds from the
east or sC'Jtheast about hd.f the time.
MAJOR Il'ilJCSTRIAL
Table 4 shows selected manufacturing establishments in the Study
Area by co~nty for 1963.4 It may be noted from t~e table that Dade
County accounts for the largest single percentage of eveD' type of
manufactu:-ing. At least fifty percent of the es::ablish:nents of any
type are located in Dade County.
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TABLE 4 SELECTED MA~lJFACTURING ESTABLISHHENTS IN THE
STUDY AREA, 1963
0
Establishments with
20 or More Employees Broward Dade Palm Beach Total
Food and Tobacco 8 72 20 100
Textile and Apparel 12 131 1 144
Paper and Printing 8 62 4 74
Chemicals 9 24 5 38
Lumber Prpducts 15 60 10 85
Stone Clay and Glass 17 25 11 53
Neta1 Products 7 77 2 86
Machinery 22 30 5 57
Transpartation 12 29 4 45
TOTAL 110 510 62 682
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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEH
A grid coordinate system, based on the Universal Transverse Hercator
Proje.ction (Un!) V7&.S u$ed in tIle Hiailli Study Area to shov1 the geogra?!ucal
distribution of emissions.
A maP of this grid sYDtem is presented in
Figure 4.
~1e U~I system V18S chosen due to its adyantages over other standard
grid systems such as the Lati tude-Longi tude and :$t~t(!: Plane Coordinate
Systems.
~e major advantages of this system are that (1) it is continuous
"-..
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across the country and is not hindered by political subdivision, (2) thl~
grids are of uniform size throughout the country, (3) it has vorld-,d.de
use, and (4) the grids are square in shape--a necessary feature ror use
in meteorological dispersion models.
The Universal Transverse ~Iercator Projection is based upon the
metric syst~n. Each north-south and east-vest grid line, as illustrated
in Figure 4, is identified by the horizontal and vertical coordinates
.of ~heir geographical center to the nearest 100 meters.
As shown in Figure 4, the Study Area vas divided into 66 grids of
four different sizes--25, 100, 400, and 1,600 square kilometers. Grid
zones of different sizes are used to limit the number of grid zones and
yet allO"\~ 11 satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of
(;:1~i S 8i CllS .
~le 8ajority of thB emissions is usually concentrated in
the populated and industrialized portions of a Study. Area. Smaller
grids are placed over these areas in order to reflect abrupt changes
. .
in emissions within short distances.
The use of grid zones smaller than
25 square kilometers is not war~anted because of .the inherent inaccuracies
in
the data.
Since only a small percentage of the total emissions occur
in rural areas, larger grid zones are normally used to .sho\.1 the distribu-
v
,
tion of ~nissions in these lightly populated portions of a Study Area.
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3CV
r-i!2980000
_.i32960°°°
10 '
^| 2950°00
15 j,
-32940°°°.
|2V'
ltf- 2930°0°
Ft.
L- 2920000
if
! 2900000
31 !32,f
j_JU'2890°°°
-2830°°°
\ j
**P rr* 10 !40
\ w
1 0
I < t T
1 C3
i c
i S
| UJ
1
t
1 1
j
!
1
1
64
1
1
1
1 DADE CC
1
_lr
142 43
50
46 47
51 52
55 |5<
j
59 6C
!/
~Ui TA «-*
44 i
1 (y L OO"7ftQOO
(44 i'45l 287°°00
' I/}* '
148 X49 .
[ ' :SI 2860000
53, S54J1
JJ^
57^53 H
,.. ...Ji -2850°°°
^Q- i
|« |« . *,' I
! / i \ '2840000
65 J 580°°° 590003
M
i
1
i\8ISCAYN£BAY
)UNTY f*~
\ £i,a,n(
.a
300 X
510000 ~" ~ 550°°°
EVERGLADES
i NATIONAL PARK
s o s ic
U
kilometers
> -' i
Figure 4, Grid Coord-?."*
->r M-T--?
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~ITSSIONS BY CATEGORY
For the purposes of compiling the basic data and emission estimates,
the air pollutant SOUL"ces were classified into the following i:.';-e categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Stationary fuel combustion
Transportation
Solid ~aste Disp~sal
Industrial Processes
.';'..'" -,;.t."
Ev~porative I~oss'.;S
Each of these categories is considered individually in this sec=ion where
data sources are given and methods of calculation discussed.
. STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
The stationary fuel combustion category is concerned with a~y fixed
source which burns fuels for either space heating or process hea~ing.
The
four primary sources in this category ara industrial facilities~ steaui-
electric plants, residential housing, and commercial ~nd instit~tional
establishments.
In the Miami area natural gas, residual fuel oil,
distillate fuel oil and liquified petroleum gas were the most ....-::'dely
used fl\els.
Study Area.
Table 5 presents u summary of the fuels consumed i~ the
Steam-Electric Utility
MErHODOLOGY: Data on the p~ver plants in the area was acq~ired from
#
the Health Department officials in each county and compared to ::igures
presented by the National Coal Association.5 The data included the
annual fuel conslli~ption for 1968 and the method of firing e~?lc:ed at
.
each plant.
RESULTS: Of the eight steam-electric generating plants in ~he
Study Area four were oil fired and four gas fired.
Air polluta~t emissions
from fuel cG'mbustion at these plants as 'Hell as from all otner :-'uel COiD.-
bustion sources are sm~aarized in Table 6.
Over 89 percent 0= =~e total
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Q .
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TABLE .5
ANNUAL FUEL CONSUMPTION IN POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF THE }ITA}IT STUDY AREA, 1968
Political Jurisdiction Industrial Residential" Ste'::.Jl\ Electric Commercial & Ins ti tu tiona 1 TOTAL
Residual Fuel Oil
1000 gal. /yr.
B r 0,/[\ rd NA 283,700 NA 288,700
fbc1c 32,000 213,300 23,800 269,100
Palm Beach 11 ,500 139,200 1,140 151,840
TOTAL 43,500 641,200 24,940 709,640
Di still ate Fuel Oil
1000 gaL/yr.
l~ro\...ard NA 1,090 ~ NA 1,090
.....
Dade 2,700 5,000 770 3,500 11,970
, . .
Palm Beach 1.1,200 1,990 5"10 13,000 30,760
~ TOTAL 17,900 8,080 1,340 16,500 43,820
-....J
Nfl t:ura1 Gas
Mil lion CF/yr.
TIro';\lard 50 180 33,300 620 34,150 j
Dade 3,140 ' '.400 16,700 7,000 27 ,240 .
Palm Beach 800 110 14,600 960 16,470 - -
TOTAL 3,990 690 64,600 8,580 77 ,860-
---.-,..
Ljquid Petroleum Gas
1000 8al.
Brm.Jard NA 14,200 NA 14,200
,
:Jade 4;200 24,500 6,300 35,000
1':.d III eeach NA 6,600 NA () ,(> 00
TOTAL 4,200 I~S ,300 6,300 55,800
-------
. ..
TABLE 6
SUNHARY OF ENISSIoNS FRo:-r STAT IoNA?::- ?UEL CoNBUSTIoN
MIANI STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/-:.'ear) .
., '
'.
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Fuel User Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Fuel 'oil
Industrial 10,700 720 70 70 2,480
Steam-Electric 127,500 3,210 10 1,030 33,400
Residential 100 10 N N 10
Commercial and
Institutional 3,700 410 40 40 1,490
Subtotal 142,000 4,350 120 1,140 37,380
Natural Gas
Industrial N 40 N N 430
Steam-Electric 10 490 N N 12,600
Residential N 20 N N 110
Commercial and
Institutional N 8.0 N N 500
Subtotal 10 630 N N 13,640
LPG
Industrial Na 10 N N 90
Steam-Electric N N N N N
Residential N 110 N N 880
Cammer ci a 1 and
Institutional N 30 N N 130
Subtotal N 150 N N 1,100
GRAND TOTAL b 142,000 5,100 120 - 1,140 52,100
v
a N = Negligible
b Totals have bee~ rounded
-------
sulfur oxides from stationary fuel combustion, 63 percent of the partic-
ulates, 8 percent of the carbon monoxide, 90 percent of the hydrocarbons,
and 88 percent of the nitrogen oxides were attributed to these eight plants.
'Cxcept for nitroscn oxides the emissions came almost entirely frem the
four oil fired plants. For nitrogen oxides 64 percent came from the oil
fired plants and 24 percent from the gas fired plants.
Industrial
}ffiTHODOLOGY: Natural Gas numbers were obtained from each of the local
gas companies who provided the breakdo~vn by user category.
Total fuel oil
usage was determined through contacts ~vith fuel oil dealers and suppliers'
and through" data furnished by the Port authorities. Specific data on
theoquantity of fuels used by the largest industrial sources were provided
by the local air pollution agencies who h~d contacted each plant.
RESULTS: The majority of the emissions from stationary fuel combustion
at industrial plants was from the consumption of fuel oil.
Industrial
sour~cs a(:c0u~t0~ fer 8 percent of
t~e tota.l sulfur oxides from stationary
fuel combustion, 14 percent of the particulates, 58 percent of the carbon
monoxide, 6 percent of the hydrocarbons and 5 percent of the nitrogen
oxides.
Residential
METHODOLOGY: Natural gas, LPG, and distillate fuel oil, for all
",'
practical purposes, were the only fuels used for residential home heating.
. There were homes heated by other methods, but they represent a very ~-4ll
percentage of the total. Data on the quantities of natural gas and fuel
oil used for domestic heating was supplied by the local air pollution
agencies and compared with the rapid survey technique of estiDating the
6
fuel used for residential heatLng.
LPG consumption data was estimated
'0
based on the rapid survey technique.
RESULTS: The emissions from residential Dources were insignificant
except for particulates, of which 11 percent of the total fuel combustion
emissions were from home heating.
-------
,.
Commercial and Institutional
t ; ~
I. I
I .
~ELrlODOLOGY: Coumercial and institutional establishments iJ the
Study P.rea used aU four of the. previously ::.e:!tioned fuels--dis~illate
and residual oil, nstural gas and LPG.
Data O~ the total anoun::s of
these fuels used in the area as well as the cOJsuroption at indi-~idual
establishments was supplied by the local a~r ?ollution agencies.
RESULTS: The use of fuel oil at c~ercial and institutio~l
establishments was by far the most significant source of emissio~s
from this category. The contribution to total stationary fuel
combus=ion emissions irom these establislTIllents was relatively ~~or,
amountiJg to less than 5 percent for anyone pollutant.
TRANSPQ::\TATION
Four types of transportation sources of air pollution are considered
in this survey-wmotor vehicles, aircraft, vessels and railroads.
Hotor
vGhicles, ~~ich are by
far the most
3ignific~~~ source in this :~tegory.
are. further subdivided according to type of fuel--gaso1ine or d~esel.
Motor ":Tehicles
}fure than 26 million miles were traveled per day by motor ,ehicles
in 1963- in the }liami Study Ar?~. In treprocess, 670 million ga:lons of
gaso1i~e and 56 million gallons of diesel f~el ,iere consumed a~~ually for
high~ay purposes.
Table 7 sh~vs the miles. of travel for gasoli~e and
diesel vehicles for each county in the Study Area.
\Tehicle mile data for a11 three counties was. supplied by Eel Conner
and Associates Consulting Engineers, who had conducted extensive traffic
4
surve::s.
Th1.S data in conjunction ,.nth traf::.c flOH !!1.aps sh(T,.:-:'::S average
11
daily traffic along most roads and other inio~tion provided 27 the
Florica State Road Depart~nent were used to de:e:c:ri.ne the distri::".:tion of
traffic in the Study Area.
~~e contribution to the totnl motor vehi=le pollution by ciesel-
powered vehicles was determined by asstnning :::-.at approxirnately :::ree
-------
"
i .
'.
0.
r?
TABLE 7
VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL FOR HOTOR VEHICLES IN HIANI
STUDY AREA PER DAY FOR 1968
Jurisdiction
Gasoline Vehicle Miles Diesel Vehicle }tiles. To ta 1
7,760,000 240,000 8,000,000
12,804,000 396,000 13,200,000
5,044,000 156,000 5.200,SJ8
25,608,000 792,000 26,400,000
Broward
Dade
Palm Beach
Totals
-------
'"
percent of the total vehicle miles traveled were by diesel-pClwered vehic.le.s.
This was checked by estimating diesel fuel consumption in each county.'
These emissions were apportionned on a grid basis by assu~ing they were
proportional to gasoline emissions.
Emissions from motor vehicle.s are a function of the speed at which the
, ,
vehicle travels.
AvTc rage
SPC2QS of 10-20 Elph ,.,ere ass--..:::-:e::i for do\.mto~.:-::
areas, 20-30 mph for the residential areas, and 30-45 ~?h for the rural
areas to calculate
vehicle emissions"
From all transportation sources, motor vehilces accounted for 53
percent of sulfur oxides, 67 percent of the particulates, 92 percent of
the carbon monoxide, 79 percent of the hydrocarbons and 85 percent of t~e
nitrogen oxides.
Gasoline powered motor vehicles contributed a greater
percent of all pollutants than diesel powered motor vehicles~
from transportation sources are s~rized in Table 8.
Emissio:1.s
Aircraft
Table 9 shows the air traffic activity at the nine largest airports
in the Study Area.
An estimate of the number of flights by engine type
was supplied by the traffic controller at ,each airport and s~~rized i:1.
this table.
The air pollutant emissions from aircr~ft include all phases of o?er-
ation (taxi, take-off, climb out, approach and landing) that take place
belD'tv the arbitrarily chosen altitude of 3,500 feet.
L~ssions of cruise
altitude (above 3,500 feet) ere uot of concern in an e~~ssion inventory.
From all transportation sources, aircraft accounted ror 17 percent of =~e
particulates, 8 percent of the carbon monoxide, 19 percent of the hydro-
carbons and 8 percent of the nitrogen oxides.
Railroads and Vessels
Railroad operations (mainly locomotive) conSQ~e a~out 8 million g~llons
of diesel fuel per year ,rithin the Study Area.
This q~antity is about 55
percent less than the amount of diesel fuel consumed by motor vehicles.
The
majority of this fuel is consumed during s~ntching o?erations.
Diesel fuel
, consumption data were supplied by each of the maj or rai lroads in the ~'~a:d
area.
Approximately 2 million gallons of diesel fuel ~71d 3 million ga:'lons of
residua 1 oi I \,;ere consu,TIed
by ri'v~er \Tc5sel
cr2.==ic
2lC~;
the Atlantic
_:::2os;:.
u -..
-------
- --
I' .
I. '
TABLE 8
Sm1MARY OF AIR POLLUTAh1'f EHTSSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION
SOURCES, 1968 (Tons/Year)
'"
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Motor Vehicles
Gasoline 2,800 3,740 902,600 65,300 39,70Q
Diesel 1,130 3,120 1,700 3,800 6,300
Evaporation
. Subtotal 3,930 6,860 904,300 69,100 46 ,000
Aircraft"
Jet 1,380 1,800 1,790 1,100
PibtOl"1 360 75,300 14,400 3,510
Turboprop 10 30 10 20
Subtotal 1,750 77,130 16,200 4,630
Railroads 160 440 240 540 900
Vessels 3,370 1,250 610 1,370 2,760
GRAND TOTALa 7,460 10,300 982,300 ~7,200 54,300
a Totals have been rounded
.;
."
-------
TABLE 9
AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT THE LARGEST AIRPORTS IN THE NIAMI STUDY AREA, 1968
(Number of Flights Per Year)
Convcn tiona 1 Jet Fan Jet Turboprop Piston
Single Twin Three Four Twin Three Four Twin Four Single 1\1i n Four
AiqJort Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine Engine Total
Niami International 13,000 15,200 19,600 21,800 38,100 49,000 18,200 29,900 11,000 215,800
Opa Loc::a 4,400 223,20(1 54,200 281,800
Ta:d ami 2,200 151,400 65,800 219,400
Holl::,"'wo.,)d-Ft.
LlUdenb.1e 3,500 3,100 3,100' 1,200 7,100 3,600 7,200 1,000 136,200 93,000 259,300
N m: t h LeT ry --.\ 166,00D 12,500 178,500-
Pc;;',pano Beach 40,400 3,000 43,400
pi:lliU Bc:" c h 13,300 --' 3,500 13,900 8,800 57,500 8,800 105,800
L:m tm C1 21,600 2,400 24,OOC
E:{(~cu ti 'IC 8,300 -- .41,700 22,500 72, 5()C
T\;I.'\1 3,500 ~,4, 300 15,200 22,700 26,500 59,100 52,600 7,200 9,800 856,20n 292,100. 11 ,000 l,l~OO.:OC
,..- ... "'~'-"_._-
F'lJght ." Combination of landing and takeoff
.,
r
.,
.,
24
-------
This was estimated from information pro~ded by the;Port Authorities in
each county.
"-
Railroad and vessel operations collectively contribute about 47
percent of the sulfur oxides from all transportation sources, 16 percent
of the pp.rticulates, 7 percent of the nitrogen oxides and less than 2
0_. .
percent of the carbon monoxides or hydrocarbons.
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Approximately 3.1 million tons of refuse was generated during 1968
within the Study Area. Table 10 presents a solid waste balance for the
Miami Study Area, showing tre various methods of disposal and the
quantit~es disposed of by each method. The bulk of the refuse in
Broward County and Dade County was disposed of in non-burning dumps and
municipal incinerators, whereas in Palm Beach County non-burning dumps
alone were the biggest method of disposal. Refuse data for all of the
counties ~vere supplied by each air pollution agency.
Incineration
The twocmajor categories of incineration in the Miami Study Area
. are municipal, and on-site.
On-site. and municipal incinerators together
disposed of about 34 percent of the generated refuse. Only about 1
percent of this was from the on-site (supermarket, commercial buildingi
type incinerator.
~le contributions of each of these incineration categories to
total solid waste emissions are sh~~ in Table 11.
}funicipal incineration
...,
is by far the most significant category, contributing 88 percent of the
total sulnlr oxide emissions from all solid waste sources, 81 percent of
the particulates, 65 percent of the carbon monoxides.
The largest point
'.
sources in the Study Area were four municipal incinerators in Br~vard
County and three in Dade County.
-------
. .
TABLE 10
SOLID WASTE BALANCE FOR THE. MIAMI STUDY AREA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Po
Total Refuse Incineration Dump s
H tical Jurisdiction Generated Municipal On-Site Open Burning No Ope
.-..--. .-
o\.;ard County 852,000 456,000 10,000 20,000 366
de County 1,802,000 590,000 12,000 N 1,200
1m Beach County 473,000 -- 8,000 73,000 392
--.--."... - .- ..
TOTA T.S 3,127,000 1,046,000 30,000 93,000 1,95~
~-----.. - ...
Br
Da
1':1
No: N£';J JgJblc
.--
26
. .
n Burning
,000
,000
,000
,000
- .-T---~~ -----.----
----..----.u-
-1---'.-" - -.-
-------
TABLE 11
AIR POT.LUTANT E}fISSIONS FRON SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
IN THE MIAHI STUDY AREA' (Tons/Year)
o
Sulfur partic- ca rb on Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Honoxide carbons Oxides
Incineration
Nunicipa1 . 1,050 4,870 520 160 1,050
On-site 100 510 2,240 40 150
Subtotal 1,150 5,380 2,760 200 1,200
Open Burning
On-site
Dump 40 610 3,270 1,150 420
Subtotal 40 610 3,270 1,150 420
GRAND TOTAL 1,190 5,990 6,030 1,350 1,620
0:.
?-.
-------
Open Burning
The tHO major categories of open burning are usually open bUr7.ing
dumps and on-site open burning. However, due to s.trict local ord:.:::ances
on-site open burning is practically non-existent. Open burning d~?s
r~ re thus the
c~l) ca~t~~buto~s ~0
the "air pcllutic~ frc3
open bu:-:-.:.::g.
They account for 3 percent of the sulfur oxides fram all solid ~~s~e,
10 percent of the particulates, 54 percent"of the carbon monoxide, 85
percent of the hydrocarbons, and 25 percent of the nitrogen oxides.
The largest open burning point sources in the Study Area were six
open burning dumps in Palm Beach County and one open burning dlli~? :.~
Broward County.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
The Study Area is notably void of any heavy industrial cODple~:es.
From ari air pollution standpoint the field burning associated uit:-. ':he
harvesting of sugar cane was the most significant source. The prc:essing
of this sugar at the sugar cane mills was the second largest sourC2.
Other minor sources in the food and agricultural category included 10
small coffee roasting plants.
The major sources in the mineral pr~Jucts
industry were two large cement plants in Dade Co~ty.
. ,.. .,~,- ::~.:'
A number 0: ~,all
asphalt batching plants in each of the three counties were less s~~ifi-
cant sources.
Three small sc:~le grey iron foundries in Dade COU:1~::' were
the only other significant sources from an industrial process sta::=~oint.
Table 12 presents a summary of the emissions from the various ind~5trial
processes.
Palm Beach County is a large sugar producing county.
All or ::::e
sugar cane harvested in the St~dy Area is in this county (approxi=.ztely
5 million tons in 1968, gross yield).
loe sugar cane is harveste= ~hroush-
. .
out the .county by the burning of the crop.
- .
Unwanted foilage and c::~er
combustibles are burned up leaving the useable stock.
This field ~~rning
of the sugar cane accounts for 19 percent of the total particulates from
industrial processes, and 100 percent of the carbon monoxide, hycr2=arbons
and nitrogen oxides.
The processing of the sugar cane at the mil~s is
ariother large source of particulates
accountinc:::
- - ,
::o!' )0
p2:"cent
0-: :"::e
-------
TABLE 12
SU1:1HARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FRQ?1 INDUSTRIAL
PROCESS LOSSES, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Carbon Hydro- Nitrose~
Type Industry Particu1a tes. Monoxide carbons Oxides
Food and Agricultural
Coffee Roasting 20
Sugar Cane Hi 115 26,100
Field Burning of
Sugar Cane 8,700 54,700 6,600 1,1(:J
Subtotal -34,820 54,700 6,600 1,100
Mineral Products
Cemen t 11 , 240
Asph.:.l1t 420
Subtotal 11 ,660
Secondary Metals
Grey Iron Foundry 40
GRAND TOTALSs 46,500 54,700 6,600 1,100
a Totals have been rounded.
-------
, I>
total from industrial processes.
The only other signi:icant sources in the indus~:-:.al process categc:-'~,"
were the two cement plan:s in Dade County which acco',,;:-.: for 25 percent
of the particulates.
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
Three source categories were sonsidered for eva?:J.:::-ative losses--
automobiles, gasolinesrorage and handling, and the c;):lsumption of solve::.;:s.
The hydrocarbon emissions from all sourceB by evaporc.::.ve losses are
shown in Table 13.
Automobiles
Automobile evaporation losseg include gas tank a::.d carburetor evap-
oration and engine crankcase blowby.
Since 1963, mos: new automobiles
were equipped with posi tive crankcase ventilation (PC") valves that redt.:::e
hydrocarbon emissions fr~ the crankcase by about 90 ~ercent.
Due to a
lag time in the automobile replacement ra'ce, it was assumed that 20 per-
cent of the automobiles were not equipped with PCV valves.
~1e hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles were calculated from
vehicle-mile data and were apportionned onto grids uS:':lg the same methocs
as for motor vehicles discusserl earlier.
Evaporative losses from auto-
mobiles accounted for 54 ?erc~nt of the total hydrc~~:-~on emissions frc=
evaporative losses in the Study Area.
Gasoline Storage and Handling
There are four major points (excluding evaporation from the motor
vehicle) of hydrocarbon ~issions in the storage and ~andling of gaso1i,-e.
They are:
Breathing and filling losses from storage
t 2. ::".ks
1.
2.
.3.
Filling losses from loading tank conveyances
Filling losses from loading underground storage tanks at
stations
service
4.
Spillage and filling losses in filling aut~::~i1e gas tanks at
service statio~s.
. .
..;..
-------
-'.
TABLE 13
,
HC EHISSIONS FRml EVAPORATIVE LOSSES IN THE HIAMI
CITY STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
Type of'Source
HC Emissions
Motor Vehicles
39,300
Solvent Usage
Industrial
Dry Cleaning
Subtotal
16,900
4,700
3,500
25,100
Domestic and Cmmnercia1
Gasoline Storage and Handling
9,100
GRAND TOTAL
73,500
".
-------
. ".
; ; 1
;t 1_:
Approximately 670 million gallons of gasoline was stored iJ the Study
Area in 1967.
The evaporative losses from rhis storage and the subsequen~
,
handlin~ cf the gasoline ~ccounted for 12 ?e~cent of t~e total
losses.
-:;-;-apora ti v,::
Consumption of Solvents
This category included the consumption of solvents at dry cleaning
plants, industrial solver.t ~sage and the ~iscellaneous ~se of solvents
by small cOTI~ercial establishments and domestic units.
Organic solvents
emitted frOTIl these operations were determined by assuming an e=~ssion
rate of 4 lb/capita/year :or dry cleaning plants, 13 lbicapita!:~ear for
. E ,9
industries and 3 lb/capita/year for miscellaneous consuwpt~on. The
consumption of solvents by these three categories accounted fo~ 34
percent'of the hydrocarbon,emissions from evaporative losses.
NISCELLA;\EOUS
The Miami area is unique from the standDoint that approxiwately
75 percent of the land contains swamps.
Tnese swamps and mars~ land
emit methane. Approximately 600 tons of methane are emitted pe= square m~~e
. 10
of s~.,.,.amp land.
Even though this is an unreactive hycrocarbo:,- it is
still reported under total hydrocarbons.
3ased on the ~~ove ~ssion
factor, 2.3 million tons of methane were eoitted in 1969 in the }liami.
Study Area.
Tni's represents 93 percent of total hydrocarbons.
~')
-'~
-------
ENISSlm~s BY JURISDICTION
The previous section presented the air pollutant emissions by
source category.
In order to shev: the contribution of each cO"Jnty
to :::e
pollution in the entire Study Area, their emissions are summarized in
Tables 14 through 16.
From an air pollution standpoint no one of the three counties in
the Miami Study Area standout as being the most polluted. This is
shown by the fact that sulfur oxides are emitted in greatest quantities
in Broward County, particulates in Palm Beach County and carbon monoxide
in Dade County. . Significant quantities of all the five major pollutants
are .emitted in each of the three counties surveyed.
-------
- ,-,
TABLE 1{~
S:R-j}L<\RY OF :::-:1 SSIONS IN BR0\7ARD COUNT'{, 1968
(T0~~S/YEAR)
, I
. I
! -,
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Ki troge:-,
Sourc'.:! C2':ego:-y O:d.des ulates ;':onoxidc carbo:'.s Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 1,200 2,100 242,800 19,200 13,900
Other 2,40'} 600 32,500 6,500 2,400
Subtotal 3,600 2,700 275,300 ~5,700 16,300
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N N N N ~;
Steam-Electric 57,400 1,700 N 460 21,500
Residential 80 N N N 270
Connnercial and
Institutional N N N N 30
Subtotal 57,480 1,700 N 460 21,80:)
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 460 2,400 450. 70 470
Open Burning 10 .160 850 300 110
Subtotal 470 2,560 1,300 370 580
Industrial Processes
Losses N N N N ,-
.'
Evaporative Losses 21,600
Miscellaneous a 585,500
--
b 61,600 6,800 276,600 633,600 38,70J
GRAND TOTAL
N = Negligible
a = Includes only the methanE' e::1itted from swamp gas. '
b = Totals have been rounded.
-------
TABLE 15
Su~~Y OF ill.aSSIONS IN DADE COUNTY, 1968 (TONS/YBAR)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hyd r 0 - !\itroge:l
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
-
.,
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 1,970 3,430 " ",484,400 36,300 23,000
Other 480 2,520 40,700 10,400 5,300
subtotal 2,450 5,950 525,100 46,700 28,300
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industrial 7,880 660 40 40 r, 96.0
Stearn-Electric 42,400 1,200 N 340 14,400
Residential '...... 10 N N 600
Commercial and
Institutional 3,300 390 30 30 1,520
Subtotal 53,580 2,260 70 410 18,460
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 600 2,570 SSO 90 610
Open Burning N N N N N
subtotal 600 2,S10 SSO 90 610
Industrial Process
Losses 11,600 N N ,-
-'
Evaporative Losses 38,600
Miscellaneous a 909,000
b S6,700 22,400 525,700 994,800 47,400
GRAND" TOTAL
N = Negligible
- . a = Includes'only the methane emi tted from swamp gas.
b = Totals have been rounded.
-------
. .'
TABLE 16
SD:-r::..-\?Y OF E:HSSlm~S IN PAL:: 3EACH COUNTi, ::. 968
I.
(TONS/YEAR)
S-.:lfur Partie - Ca r bon ::-:-,-dro - ~:~ ::-03en
Source Category Oxides u1ates ~'~onoxide ~arbons '::':ddes
Transporta tion
Motor Vehicles 770 1,350 177 ,100 13 , 560 9,060
Other 620 300 4,800 1,190 630
Subtotal 1,390 1,650 181,900 14,750 ?,690
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 2,780 250 30 30 1,050
Steam-Electric 27,700 '810 N 220 10,100
Residential 100 10 N N 150
Commercial and
Institutional 420 120 10 10 560
Subtotal 31,000 1,190 40 260 i1,860
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 80 ' 400 1,760 30 120
Open Burning 30 450 2;420 850 310
Subtotal 110 850 4,180 880 430
Industrial Process
Losses N 34,900 54,700 , 6,600 1,100
Evaporative Losses 13,400
Niscellaneous a 3.32,600
GRAND TOTAL b 32,500 38,600 240,800 S58,500 23,100
N = Negligible
a = Includes only the methane emitted from sy,amp gas.
b = Totals have been rounded.
-------
- -~ ..~ '
EMISSIONS BY GRID
I J:
. I,
For the purpose or defining the geographical variation of air
pollutant emissions in the Study Area, rhe resulting emissions were
apportionned on the grid coordinate system.
The emissions were divided
into two source groups--~oint and area sources.
Fourty-four point
sources are identified individually with respect to location and
emissions.
Each of these point sources emitted more than 0.5 tons per
average annual day of any pollutant.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF POINT AND AREA SOURCES
Figure 5 shows 'the location of all point sources in the area.
Collectively the fourty-four point sources account for 92 percent of
all sulfur oxides emissions, 72 percent of particulate matter, 49 percent
of nitrogen oxides and only 8 percent of carbon ffionoxide and 1 percent
of ~ydrocarb?ns.
The percentage contribution to carbon monoxide emissions
~s low because motor vehicles, which are area sources, contribute 87
percent of the total carbon monoxide emissions.
Similarly, the contri-
bution to total hydrocarbon emissions is 1~~ since three groups of area
sources, motor vehicles, evaporative losses, and swamp gas are the
major sources.
Table 17 presents the emissions of point sources.
Each
source is identified by source category, grid number and horizontal and
vertical coordinates.
The emissions of sUlfur oxides, particulates,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides are shown for an average
annual day, average winter day (December, January, February), and average
.
summer day (June, July, August).
calculating these three averages.
The appendix presenLs the method of
r.
Area sources are sou~ces of emissions that are insignificant by
themselves, but as a group may emit a large portion of the areas total
pollution.
Examples of area sources are motor vehicles, residences,
light comnlercial and industrial estab1~shments and backyard burning.
The
-------
. ".
, \
i ,\_--------------------=--~"~~~'0.;~29~0 000
! f,---;;---------r2---"---- --. 3 \
1 : II I PI> I ,
I I . I V \
I LAKE ~ I !\' , \.
I OKEECHOBEE: j (') !' I :: ,'~
~ 'r' / () II I: 'I ' -4-1,
,<, ;.,: \' --"_!_-,---------,--~._,---~, -,,~---q-_: "~, .:i2960000
L\,- .--- - ,.../ ....-\ ---------- j ,8 '19 b , I'
")5 Vj6 17 " "
~I ~ .,.~' i ~ I 'I 0 ~"11~l
;, '-X;> I :Q ._--,""--,--:-12950000
i\ I j "" 12 ; i 13 d ~, ':.
" i : VI ,~ -
I ' ,'-- ,
Ii Ci> i PALM BEACH COUNTY L_--~J12940000
II -" I i 19 0 20!i~
~~ '17 1'18 0 21 ".7!
\ ~:Ji- 2930000
! @! ,22.1'
II II-it:
IL \25 '," ,-- 0 ----'~r'920000
\ ~-----L__------------~---------!----------;~
1\ \'! 0 j
II " t::.~900000
1\1 L 12~ro--'
I. ' i,27 ,28 ~
! ! BROWARD COUNTY i ICfuJ32t';'~890000
! ! I \33' \34 i3S);L
II, I 'I ~36iff:'~
, [;I' ~I I 0
! ! 1 --------------~4-1 :_._~;"- 2830 00
, . --::\9 0 ,40 i -'
i 3? LijO' ','\- 1_-~--L9--1
, I ~ I '
I L! ------ ~ ---'------------------, I -'-- 2870000
...J ,I \42 '43 1~4 T45
I \ ~ \ ___I~ i~~~~~ 2860000
\ \ w r-:O ~ \51 , !52 11,3:'i1~L
. ' 'i....~ 56-;j 57 i5S
I ! on'"" J:L.-I___5.:...- 2850UGO
I I I 0 "59-:6" ",1,:--C.
\' i. i ~~b":- ',)~'
: ,62 '63 "'-
i ! i0 __L-L_L'f.S..-: 2840000
~ -I~-:J 580000' 590°00
i i m\,
I i j," BISCAY~E" BAY
I DADE COUNTY r ~ ><
I I) : A:
- I ~' '~2820000 /j:
I I , t1 . , ii
:1 !! i G\~ : - ,.:(/
!: ;:'/
-"':,j' '-0."
'IL! \ _~~io~t
510000, 550000 ,.,,- _,570000
I EVERGLADE:S <-.;;' -,,~'j /','
rLN;~'~~L,:~ R~;,x~~:C~-:' (
" ,//
",
(} INDUSTRY
o DUMP
rJ STEAM.ELECTRIC
o INCINERATOR
/:). AIRPORT,
A COMMERCIAL
'5 0
~-----
10
;;::
"
lI.J
U
a
u
i:::
;;::
"
...,J
I-...
L "<:
N
I
15
2:>
.'.
mi;~s
'"---"..,,~"--
kilo~fe's
5 :J 5 10 ; 5 20 : 5 ~ ~
~....~:..~;~~~-::-:-.;;..::..~:-~~~;s~
Figure 5.
Point source location fer !.iiami study area.
-------
TARLE 17 SliNHAI~'{ OF AIR POLLUTANT E: IISSIONS FRON POINT SOLIRCES FOR TilE BIN-II STUDY /limA, 1%8 (TONS/DAY)
----.- -.-_.~_.
------
SOx PART. eo HC NOx
Source C,Hegory r.rid lie ve S w II S W A S VI A S W A S W II
I:1dustrial 1 5450 29652 0.3 0.7 0.4 17.52 17.54 17.52 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.12 0.08
Industrial 5370 2 <)6 90 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.04 6.04 6.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00
hdustrial .2 5620 29750 3.6 6.0 4.3 0.35 0.59 0.42 0.04 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.06 0.04 1.48 2.44 1. 74
!.'Im? 3 5864 29618 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.11 0.11 0.1 J
Steam-Electric 4 5%2 29609 107.4 76.7 75.6 3.07 2.19 2.16 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.86 0.61 0.60 37.89 27.06 26.69
Tndustd.al 5 5240 29410 0.7 1.3 0.9 13.34 13.38 13.35 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.25 0.11;.
Industrial 6 5350 29551 0.2 0.5 0.3 21. 01 21. 02 21.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.09 0.05
l.ndustrial 7 5505 29510 0.1 0.3 0.2 2.91 2.91 ::.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.03
Industrial 7 5530 29460 0.4 0.6 0.5 1.41 1.42 1.42 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.12 0.09
I>.:mp 9 5832 29552 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.28 0.28 0.28 l.52 l. 52 1. 52 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.19 0.19 0.1 q
Airport 9 5890 29525 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.49 0.49 0.49 9.81 9.81 9.81 2.34 2.34 2.34 0.79 0.79 0.79
Steam-Electric 14 5922 Z9451 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.06 0.04 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.44 1.03 l.01
Airport 15 5910 29420 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.01 0.01 0.01 3.12 3.12 3.12 0.60 0.60 0.60 0.14 0.14 O. 1l~
Industry 17 5340 29270 0.3 0.5 0.3 9.36 9.38 9.37 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.06
I::tmp 19 5875 29375 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.56 0.56 0.56 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.07 0.07 0.07
[r,lID p 19 51118 :~9362 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.21. 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.07 0.07
DUTT:p 23 5919 29230 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.11 0.11 0.11 0.61 0.61 0.61 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.07 0.07 0.07
Dump 26 5826 29147 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.91 0.91 0.91 0.32 0.32 0.32 0.11 0.11 0.11
InCInerator 26 5847 29058 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.03 1.03 1..03 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.24 0.24 0.24
Airport 26 5887 29030 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.02 0.02 0.02 5.30 5.30 5.30 1.03 1.03 l.03 0.24 0.24 0.24
Airport 29 5832 28975 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.25 0.25 0.25 12.73 12.73 12.73 .2.43 .2.43 2.43 0.70 0.7-0 0.70
Incinerator 31 5815 28915 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.91 .1.91 i, .91 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.44 0.44 0.44
39
-------
TABLE 17 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FRON POINT SOURCES (cont.)
-----'
SOx PART. CO HC iWx
Source Catc;:,ory Grid HC VC S W A S W A S W A S W A " hi A
"
-.---
Inci 1"1 (,r3 tor 31 5819 28909 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.85 0.85 0.85 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.20 0.20 0,20
:,tea'!1 -1-:1 eCl " i c 33 5797 2F.f!31 19.8 14.1 13.9 0.67 0.48 0.47 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.15 0.11 0.11 9.85 7.03 6.%
::rc£lrl-ElcCld c 35 5874 28852 203.3' 145.2 143.2 5.90 4.22 4.16 0.02 0.01 0.01 1. 63 1. 16 1. 15 73.32 52.72 52.00
-\1 rl'0l'l, 36 58l,6 28837 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.59 0,.59 0.59 48.80 48.80 48.f!0 9.61 9.61 9.61 2. ',() '! . S() 2. )()
'~I!i1p 39 5669 211797 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.43 0.43 0.43 2.32 2.32 2.32 0.8;: 0.82 0.112 n.H) 0.30 O. ]1)
..tr~~o:'i: 40 5762 28759 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.11 0.11 0.11 21.87 21.87 21.87 4.26 4.26 4.26 i .01 1.01 1.01
'ncin(,ra tor 41 5819 28755 0.2 ' 0.2 0.2 2.30 2.30 2.30 0.13 0.13 0.1] 0.01, 0.04 0.04 (1,27 0.27 0.27
", i 1'por t 42 5723 28657 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.31 0.31 0.31 43.20 43.20 43.20 3.31 8.31 8.3] :',06 2.06 2.06
'ndu~..:1 ry 50 5674 28582 0.6 1.1 0;7 0.25 0.28 0.26 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 i1, 1 2 0.19 0.]4
Ildll:,! t'Y 50 5570 21\/,20 8.8 ,8.8 8.8 14.30 14.30 1/, .10 0.0/+ 0.0/+ 0.0/, O.Ot, 0.0/, O. O!+ \ f.jC) 1,59 ] .5')
"till:: flY ~j () 'j 'jl i) i':,'i;10 10.2 10,2 \ o. /. 1 I . 'i') 17 ,'j<} II , 'j') o. 0 'j . O. 0 'j II . 0', () . 0 'j '),0'; 0 . 0 '.> !, :. ~, " 1.:\11 I.i,.,
''(' j "'.ora to" 50 5683 21>/,79 0.2 0.2 0.2 1. 22 1. 22 1 .22 O. It, 0.14 0.14 O.ot+ 0.01+ 0.04 11,28 0,28 O. 2S
.irp')\'I: " 50 5627 28/,83 0.0 0.0 C.O 0.24, 0.24 0.24 39.95 39.95 ~ 9. !.j .:' 7.62 7. Ii 2 7.62 89 1. 89 I .89
i){.hl ~1 L ry 55 5743 285'39 0.4 0.8 0.5 0.17 0.18 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 O. (,I) 0.0(, 09 0.15 O. II
,iriJfiJ'l" 5') 5718 2H~;1I, 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.74 2.74 2.74 26.1,0 ,26./,0 26,1,(; 8.1)9 8.I)Q E. (". 25 3.25 3.25
:,nr.I\"1 r.'!,11 Sf" :;7HH ~:, ';If I 0.0 ~ . ~~ O.J 0.00 0.07 I' 01 o.()(\ (',On n I)i' i' ('" ,\ t ~" ~ \ . I \. 1 )() 0.22 0 . 01>
!!c 1 p~' !'.'l tor 5(, 57(\1, 2H 525 1.0 1.0 1.0 4.65 4.65 I.. 65 0.51, 0.54 0.51, 0.16 0.16 0.16 1.09 I. 09 1 .0')
t C'.Ijll 1; 1 (~c t I I I' ':.7 'jHO'j /.I\'i 1:\ (J.O 0.0 0.0 O. Or, 0.01, 11.01, 0.00 O.O(J 0.00 D.DO 0.00 0.00 1,1>1 1.\ 'j 1.1'\
i;t, j \ "1 :Ilol GO ',H V, ,-H/.52 0.2 0.2 0.2 o. 'Jo 0;'J8 fJ.I, 5(,f\O ;Hl10 I (,J.1i 116.9 11 'i. 1 I, . 1 (, 2. ')7 ?'Jl O.Dl n.ol 0.01 1. J 1 n. 9/. O. 'J2 I, '\ ,')1. 31.]<) 'W. <)(,
.. ........ ...-- .--.'-'",.. ~.. -.'-, .--.. '...--.'" .-~..__...,. ...~..4~--' --..- .,. .-----. _..«.. . ...... .., ..,. '.,_''''n_'o- ~_.-.. ...., H."'_"" ..'... "...
"
40
.!
-------
e=~ssions frorn area sources have been added to ~~at for point so~==es to
ob:ain total emissions from all sources by gric, 3S shown in Table 18.
The emissions from all sources are also shown === an annual averG~e.
winter and summer day.
/
ENISSION DENSITIES
In order to provide a visual representatioJ of the emiBsions of
pollutants by grids, emission density maps have ~een prepared.
:::::.i s s i on
de:1si ties ~.;rere obtained by su~ing the annual area and point S011:':"':e
emissions for each grid and dividing this total :'y. the land area of the
grid.
Figures 6 through 10 show the variation i:l emission densi:=:.es for
the respective grids throughout the Study Area.
As expected the
emissions generally follow the pattern and degree of urbanizatio~.
. Emission densities for carbon monoxide are hig~er in the grids w:.:h
the higher populations and corresponding higher 7ehicular activi~.
The particulate e~ission density map corresponcs fairly well wit~ :he
.
. t.; C, ~ .Ot :'. ~. 0~J.l":: e
lee.::. ~l.:;n :.:':'?
:~~~ ~~i6:-~.:s:: ::.:;:-..c:.:".::: :.-:: ::":.
elf p.:lrtict.:~.:.:es
are found in those grids which contain steam-electric plants or large
industrial sources.
The outlying area in Palm 3each County is high in
particulate concentraiions due to sugar cane oFe=a~ions.
SuI fur .:):dde
and nitrogen oxide emission densities are highest in grids 4, 35, and 57
because of the steam-electric utilities locatec in these grids.
:-::.-dro-
carbon emissions generally follow the degree of -..:rbanization in a::.
area.
However, because of the inclusion of the =ethane from swa=~ gas,
hydrocarbon emissions are highest in the everglaies region and ge::.erally
3~ay from the urbanized area.
-------
TABLE 18 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM AU SOURCES IN Th'E MIAl-II'. CITY STUDY AREA, 1968
(Tons/Day)
- _U'-'----'--
-.-'"-.---'- ----'
Land Area SOx PART. CO HC NOx
(rid (Sq. i.n..) S W A S W S A S W A S W A S W A
----.
15/,.4 0.4 0.8 0.5 24.7 24.7 24.7 7.3 7..1 7.4 94.1 94.1 94.1 0.3 0.4 0.3
2 . 1 S/; . t. 3.7 6.1 4.3 0.4 0.6 0.4 0.8 1.:6 1.1 233.2 233.2 233.2 1.5 2.t; 1.8
3 1 'j!,.l, 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.5 0.8 . 0.6 27.0 52.8 35.6 191.3 191. 3 191. 3 1.9 3.7 2.5
4 9.6 107.7 77.5 76.1 3.4 2.8 2.6 27.7 55.1 36.8 5.2 7.8 5.9 39.1 30.0 28.4
5 154.4 0.7 1.4 0.9 14.4 14.5 14.5 7.0 7.2 7.1 94.0 94.1 94.0 0.3 0.5 0.4
6 154.4 0.3 0.5 0.3 25.2 25.2 25.2 26.9 27.6 27.1 189.3 . 189.3 189.3 0.6 0.7 0.7
7 j :i',.4 0.7 1.1 0.8 7.5 7.5 7.5 22.8 26.2 24.0 236.0 236.0 236.0 0.8 1.1 0.9
S J~) .6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 69.8 69.8 69.8 0.1 0.1 0.1
9 :JH.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 1.3 1.6 1.4 28.3 44.9 33.8 29.3 31.7 30.1 2.3 3.8 2.7
F) 9.6 . 0.3 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.7 0.4 35.1 69.7 46.7 5.0 8.2 6.1 1.2 3.0 1 .7
11 9.6 0.5 1.4 0.7 0.4 0.9 0.6 46.3 91.9 61. 5 6.8 10.9 8.1 1.5 4.0 2.3
12 30.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.6 9.2 6.1 70.5 71.1 70.7 0.4 0.7 0.5
13 38.6 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.7 0.5 29.9 59.4 39.7 5.5 9.7 6.9 2.1 4.1 2.8
"
11; 9:6 0.7 1.5 0.9 0.5 1.0 . 0.7 47.6 94.6 63.3 7.0 12.0 8.7 3.5 5.9 3.9
1, 9.6 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.5 0.8 0.6 28.5 52.8 36.6 5.4 8.3 6.4 1.6 3.6 2.2
1 (/ 1 ~!... 4 . 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 1.0 . 1.0 6.5 6.5 6.5 256.8 256.8 256.8 0.1 0.1 0.1
..
17 1 ;\!. . t. 0.3 0.6 0.4 13.5 13.5 13.5 26.1 26.1 26.1 259.1 259.1 259.1 0.6 0.6 0.6
'1 ~~ !54.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.1 3.1 3.1 19.5 19.5 19.5 258.3 258.3 258.3 0.4 0.4 0.4
. I') I ','1.1, 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.6 0.9 0.7 29.5 57.5 38.1 146.7 146.7 146.7 7.2 4.1 2.8
:!() 9.6 0.2 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.4 0.3 13.3 26.2 17.6 2.6 4.3 3.2 0.9 2.0 1.2
2] 9.(, 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.3 0.2 9.1 .17.9 12.0 2.0 3.1 2.4 0.6 1.5 0.9
:.i ~J 0.7 0.7 0.2 0.3 0.2 10.3 20.l~ 13.7 2.1 3.4 2.6 n.7 1.3 0.9
-------
TATILE 18 SUH,.IARY OF AIR POLLUTANT ENI:>STONS FROM ALL SOURCES (cont.)
-- --------- -.---------------- . -- ----------------- --- - ----------
- -.----'---- ------------------.-.- ---------------. ---- -----
l.a nu Area SOx PART. CO IIC NO"
:1' i~j ISq. ;.Ii.) S W A 5 W II S \.J A 5 \.J A S W II
- -'
23 q.!. 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 10.8 20.9 14.2 1.9 3.2 2.3 0.7 1.5 1.0
2/; 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.1 2.1 2.1 13.0 13.0 13.0 920.6. 920.6 920.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
2°} I !)4 . '~ 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.2 4.2 4.2 26.1 26.1 26.1 215.9 215.9 215.9. 0.5 0.5 0.5
2..- - f : ~Li .!. 1.3 2.0 1.5 2.6 3.3 2.8 117.8 182.2 134.8 111.3 111.3 111.3 9.1 14.2 10.4
2- i lt~ .!. -_.._-~. - 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.6 238.2 238.2 238.2 0:1 0.1 0.1
-
"
21-. ',S. ii 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.5 0.4 27.3 38.2 29.4 68.9 70.5 69.2 2.2. 3.0 2.14
2'j ".I, .' 0.1 0..1 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 23.5 27.7 24.3 4.2 4.8 4.3 1.4 1.7 1.5
3'.) <).6 0.5 0.6 0.6. 0.4 0.6 0.4 48.8 68.1 52.4 7.9 10.2 8.3 2.6 3.6 2.8
31 ).6 0.8 0.9 0.8 3.1 3.2 3.1 26.2 36.5 28.2 5.9 7.2 6.1 2.4 3.0 2 "
. .J
32 1.6 1.1 1.2 1.1 0.8 1.0 0.8 113.9 159.2 122.5 14.1 18.9 15.0 1..8 6.6 5.1
33 ~r . (, 20.1 14.5 14.3 1.1 1.1 1.0 38.3 53.6 41.2 39.3 41.6 39.7 12.9 11.3 10.2
3'. '1.6 0.3 O.t. 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.6 52.2 72.9 56.1 9.4 12.1 9.9 3.3 4.5 3.5
35 : I . r, 207.9 149.9 147.9 6.7 5.2 5.0 85.9 120.0 92.4 12.2 15.3 12.4 i8.0 58.3 56.5
3.i tJ.h 0.1 0.; 0.1 0.7 0.8 0.7 5.'\.3 62.1 59.1 11.4 11.9 11. 5 3.3 3.5 3.3
37 I).~ <'. R f..R O.'j 0.3 0.3 ~:.3 38.2 .!. j,/; J.9 5.1 J' 1.:; 2.1 1.0
.. . 1
33 617.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1, Olj 2 . 0 1, 01. 2 . 0 1,042.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
39 IS!,. 4 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.8 1.1 0.9 14.5 38.3 22.4 325.9 325.9 325.9 1.3 3.1 1.9
40 38.6 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.5 0.7 0.5 54.3 69.9 57.7 95.3 97.6 95.8 3.5 4.7 3.8
41 38.6 1.1 1.8 1.3 3.2 3.7 3.4 76.4 116.6 85.8 16.2 22.0 17.6 5.8 8.9 . 6.6
42 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.4 49.3 61.4 53.3 10.0 11.8 10.6 2.6 3.5 2.9
43 9.6 0.1 1.3 0.5 0.3 0.8 0.4 24.8 74.4 41.3 4.8 11. 3 7.0 1.7 5.0 2.8
44 9.6 0.2 1.9 0.7 0.3 1.1 0.6 32.6 97.7 54.3 6.5 15.0 9.3 2.1 6.6 3.6
43 .
o
..
.. "IQ
-------
"
TABLE 18 SUHNARY OF I\IR POLWTI\NT F;t-IT S S IONS FRON ALL SOURCES (cont.)
..______0_---
. --------.------
Lan,l Arca SOx PART. CO HC "OX
Gri.d (Sq. }!i.) S W A S w A S W 1\' S W 1\ C \.: ,\
----"
I,I} 11.(, 0.1 n.7 0.3 0.1 n.7 O.l~ 2 i. f) 65.7 36.5 3.3 S.'> 5.0 I. 'i '.1. <) :' . '.I
l,(j 'J.G 0.1 I .1 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2 9.2 27.7 15.4 2.8 5.4 3.7 () .~; :!..J I.:'.
47 0.6 0.1 1.6 0.5 0.2 0.8 0.4 22.5 67.6 37.6 5.1 10.9 7.0 1',6 4.8 2.('
48 9.6 0.3 1.9 0.7 0.6 1.4 0.8 38.0 113.6 63.2 7.1 17.0 10.4 2.3 7.9 ("
...)
49 9.G 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 21.5 64.3 35.8 3.0 6.9 4.3 0.8 2.2 I . ')
~jO 1 ~~ I, . If 20,:) 25.2 21. 9 34.4 35.3 34.7 57.2 91.1 68.5 193.2 193.2 193.2 7.3 11.6 Po.h
'j 1 ".G 0.2 3.3 1.0 0.2 0.9 0.4 16.1 48.8 27.1 5.2 9.0 6.8 I . t. .1.. 7 2. 'j
';2 l).6 0.2 3.6 1.2 0.4 1.5 0.8 59.3 177.1 98.7 10.7 23.2 14.9 2. (, 8.9 tL b
53 ') J, 0.4 2.6 1.0 0.6 1.6 0.9 66.1 198.0 110.0 8.9 22.9 13.6 3.~ 9.0 5. I
5/t ,) J, 0.1 3.0 0.9 0.3 0.8 0.4 38.7 116.0 64.5 4.7 11.7 7.0 1 .:; 4.1 2.2
;).~ ';,i'. 0.7 ? 1 1 . 1 1.'.1 I, . 1 3 J, 56.1 11 'i. '.I 75.8 13.6 2?. 0 16.4 (, . :~ 11 . 1 7.S
. 'j(, 'I ./) 1.,/ . 1.0 3.2 5.2 (,.6 5.7 77.5 23 1.2 I 2!\. 7 t:J . L /").1. 11\.(, /1 ,t. . I ~' ..' /, .,
37 '). () 0.7 6.8 2.4 1.5 3.1 2.0 141.6 423.9 235.7 16.7 42.3 25.2 7.3 16.4 111.0
')8 '1.(, 0.2 2.7 0.9 0.6 1.0 0.7 30.5 90.9 50.6 5.2 10.7 7.0 1.F. 4.0 7.5
;9 ~I J. 0; 1 2.1 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.5 22.3 66.7 37.1 5.9 12.2 8.0 I . i S. 7 '.J.n
GO 'J.6 0.4 , 2.7 1.1 1..+ 2.1 1.6 28.8 86,0 47.9 7.1 14.5 9.6 2.2 oJ, J .,1,
(,] '. 1 !,'i . I~ 0.4 0.5 0.4 1.0 1.1 1.0 11.4 33.2 18.7 3.0 5.6 3.9 7..1. 3.5 p-' :> ; '7 -
62 0.6 0.1 1.3 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.3 10.2 30.7 17.1 3.3 6.2 4.2 0.9 2.R t . :; - -
I'd 'J . (, 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.4 0.3 12.3 36.9 20.5 1.8 5.0 2.9 1.0 2.4 l' /
../
(~ll (, I 7 . '/ 0.1 n.3 0.2 0.2 D.S 0.3 13.1i 1,0. f\ n.7 93f.. 7 In/f.7 qjl, . 7 1 ,? ').', I .'J
()) 1 ~'./, ./, 1.5 l,.O 2.0 0.8 1.3 0.9 15.4 46.3 25.7 6.4 11. 1 '/.9 11.1 11." \).3
(,I, I ',I, ./, 16l,. 0 117.5 115.7 4.5 3.6 3.3 12.1~ 37.1 20.6 180.0 180.0 180.0 I, 'j. 6 ')l~.1' 31. I
.,
44
-------
,-V
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS, I
ton s/ mi ^-ciay
D
0 - 0.01
0.01 - 0.05
0.05 - 0.10
0.10 _ 1.0
1.0 - 15.0
L
0
'i
:i
1
it
$ 1
i (
1 1
! i
1
I
I
|
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1
1
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i
"3
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t/rr/^Lj/^nrr 1 i-X-x-X
KttLHUBtt / !:::::
f r. ".'-"-*."
^""V ' r* '.V
t I
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' PALM BEACH co
16 17 18
i
i
i
24 25
27
BROWARD COUNT
3 & i"
^ ^f " " ""J
3
0
jjj
i :
i i
1 *
i i
\
I 1
'64 ,65
1
j
j
'| DADE COUNT
I ,-__
i
t
1
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L
mmmz. , \ \
:::::-:.::::::::-. . ^*J.
'::-::-: -<::< i ,.. i,
:^~i ; ,' ||^60000
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19 H
Kifi.. 2930°00
SH
:!
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133 :$4 ' '
1 £. ;!
_ :--i '. ogonOOO
40 i41 ^
_ i- J n,
| ^^^JL,, 2870 °°0
^ii^ifffi?. n 000
« :*c :sji ,5>';> . T"-,
i2 ,*3 7 .' :
/ *\( ' 2840000
J 580000 590°°0
1 BISCAYNE BAY
Y P *
> .V*
, ,,m,,...x, .. 282QOOO , 31
1 7
f: /'
%^ _."»>
y' /i^'
. 'I _' 9 '.in 000
51QOOO
j EVERGLADES
i NATIONAL PARK
550 sc-"
.--*»»,
10 15
5 0 5
C;
O
kiiom»t«rs
Figure 6. Sulfur oxides emission densities from air soi
-------
OKEECHOBEE
;~4 ...
$&&
li'i-S&if s
;&#£ iT
WV-A*V-Wvv-
vx:x:x::;x- 19
m
.";;v:2
:'.'i'.:.v.;- .'
ii^ 2950
~':- '
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2930000
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!27
BROWARD COUN~V
.28
en
HI
______
a
oc
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi^-day
0 - 0.01
0.01 - 0.04
0.04 - 0.08
0.08 - 0.20
0.20 - 0.60
64
DADECOUNTV
j EVERGLADES
i NATIONAL PARK
; - ::::/ <-
____ciii _ :---x.->^ 2SOO "''
5509^; :;:-i: 372 53:0
1C 15
o
o
Figure 7. Paniculate emission densities -.-;
-------
H
»
i
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/ mi »doy s
D ° - °-2
m 0.2 ~ i.o
|$ '-° - 2.0
EQ io ~ 5-°
1 ' vv? 5.0 - 7.0
iii:
H 7-° - 24-° i
i-
li\ ^-y
1 . -HI ,, ,* -%"'298£;000
f A t/ f~ J i ' 'X'X-'-'-'.V.vX'"'*'' '"'. VX* *
LAKE \ vx-x::xxx:x::x:x:x:x <
OKEECHOBEE / ^^m^K-^^ \\
f ll-Si;l-:ii?ll ^,
|f - ';'0
|J6 17 18 f:?fcxKx;x::i:;>S::xXf-t?:-
t t'X'XvXvX**'- '..-.'-.--.. ,*"2"J.*.i *
1 |llllx'K;Silil$x^ir-- 2930000
j x:x:::x:x:x:x:x;x:x;>x^~
1 txXxX-XvXvXxXvX;^
u t;XxX;X;:xX:::v:;;v:x:x:i-:'j, . :2920°°°
I : x-x-XvX-:-x-x-:'X'X-x-x ;'
J , __________ ;x;x:x,xixxxxxxx:x: ,/ ^
i . Illllllr -S
! :SxSx;:;x;:;x;:;x;xx:;x ,/ o
I j IS:xx;:Sx;:;S:x₯:Xx:x ' O
1 *\^ r.*.'.'.'/.'*^'' - ~ »jh -* ' "w/^*^o . ^K
i ' i fcxx;jL jii |
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1 DKUnAKU CwUNTY ) X- X-X-X-:*' * ^ -^ j^*
I *_tW'"'"* **'*.*^" """"-V . " ' j! f . j ^V
! i»rv3 J
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38 CA i39 1:;^ ' ; 's"° «
i _l ' ^>^^^.,^_:^r.2870°00 j
I Qy S- > ' '* : * «*
i w ^?^ >-^f~
! fexxixxix; x;x;;- " _.-.iirf.._,..'i_ 2850s--0
j ::.:.::':: :'. - .41 . - ;
i . t'j'XvX'- *' "'-'- *' '"-'"","' ' "^ ' *5flU: ]/ 5 ° 10 t5 ^ <-
Figure 8. Carbon monoxide emi
kilometers
emission densities from all sources in Miami study £
-------
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OKEECHOPEE
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HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS, : : :- . ,;
tons/mi^-doy , .
H
0 - 0.3
0.3 - 0.6
0.6 - 1.0
1.0 - 1.5
1.5 - 3.0
cX"X':-'-;»x;£ __^ 2850L"- -
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2840°23
P'x"k;X:;yx:v:xv:X'>.;Xx.;:X>.:X;X::-'. ;:>;;;:;
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NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons /mi 2. 3 ~ '-°
111 1<0 ~ 6-°
51(
\
iV^-~- ^ -
_/UF /
WEECHOBEE J \
v . ,, . y^/i 6 7
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$$X%;;:$K
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EVERGLADES SSoS^^
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pfet.3l-
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r5l:-.V-»* -?. ,54V
f:.:-.v.v .- , / : I-:/
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1
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y *
-f £ ' ODOAOOO *«
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-
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REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins, Guntis 21:c1 f',2;-""":Jl1d S:::.ith, ?",,:-:.d Sur'vcy Tech~ic;t:,:: :::--:
Estimating Comnlunity Air Pollution E~:.ssions. DREW], PRS, Cctober, 1966.
2.
Duprey, R. L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Facto~s, United
States, DlOO.J, PHS, 1968.
3.
Population Estimates, Bro~ard County Area Planning Board Asency, Dade
County Planning Department, and Plam 3each County Plannins Department.
4.
County and City Data Book 1967, United States Department 0: Caomerce,
April, 1967.
5.
Steam-ElActric Plant Factors, National Coal Association, 1968.
6.
Ozolins, £E.. cit., pp. 43-45.
7.
Hig1n'lay Statistics/1967, United States Department of Trans?ortation,
Federal Highway Administration, Bureau of Public Roads.
8.
Duprey, .£.2.. ci t., p. 46
9.
St; Louis Interstate Air Pollution Study, Phase II, Air Pollutant
Emission Inventory 1966, p. 38.
Robinson'E. and P. C. Robbins, Source~ Abundance.and Fate of Gaseous
Atmospheric Pollut~nts, Stanford Research Institute, Febr~ary 1968, p. 101.
10.
-------
t-tETHOD FOR CALCl1L.\'fU;G Str.-t?-IER, WINTER A.ND ANNUAL
~
.,
AVERAGE EmSSIO:~S FOR FUEL CO~Sm!PTION IN STATIONARY SOUP.CES
r
\l
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E.F.)
Days of Operation
e.g.
A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while o~erating
365 days. The total degree days for the area \,'as 1\,800. and
2,800 for the three \-:inter months. The plant .....as esticated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating and 85 Fcrcent
for process heating. From this information, the annual
average ~mission for carbon monoxide would be the following:
A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 lbs. CO/Ton cc~l
365 Days/year x 2,000 lb./Ton
. .
"A = 0.41 Ton/Day
\~INTER AVERAGE (1':)
w .. Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Winter Operation
x
Winter De~ree Days
Total Degree Days
x
!'o Fuel Us~::
for srace hc~::~: .
+
Fuel Consumed x E.F.
365
[100,000 x 2,800 x
90 x 4,800. .
x . \ Fuel used for "rocess heating
w ..
0.15
+
100,000
365
x
J 3
0.8.:1 2,000
w ..
0.49 Ton/Day
Sill-NER AVERAGE (S)
.
I.
e.-
S = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Stmmer Operation
x
Summer Degree Days
Total De~ree D~Y5
'0 Fuel rs~=
x ~
ror s?ace h~ati~~
. '-'
Fuel Consurr.ed
365
S = [100,000
90 .
x E.F.
x
% Fuel used for,process
r.eati~s
<, .
. "
+
. t
x
°
4,800
x
0.15
+
100,000
365
x.
O'~85J 2,O~O
s =
0.35 Ton/Day
------- |