MID-CONNECTICUT-LOWER
PIONEER VALLEY AREA
-------
. '
'y
The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by
the Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report
Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of
APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies
permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Pa~k, North Carolina
27711 or from the National Technical Information Service; 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151. '
. ,
I
.- ~..,.,
"
I
.'i
I
...
Office of Air Programs Publication No. APTD-0822
"
. !
-------
'"
"
v
t;
MID CONNECTICUT-LOWER PIONEER VALLEY
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
'J,'
it
Prepared by ,
Clyde B. Morita
and
David S. Kircher
U. S. DEPARTMENT Of HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND HELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Enviromnental Health Service
: 10
National ALe hJllution Control Administrati.on
'"
Division of Air Quali.ty and Emission Data
JMrham, North Carolina
~
July 1970
-------
A
'/
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.
(
The National Air Pollution Control Administration acknowledges
with appreciation the many contributions of cooperating agencies in
the compilation of this report.
In p~rticul~r, we are grateful for.
the use of data and personnel assistance furnished by the following
agencies:
~\
~~
n
'"
Q
!'
1.
Air Pollution Control Section, Connecticut State Department
of Health
Lower Pioneer Valley Air Pollution Control District
2.
3.
4.
Burea\l of Envirornn,ental Health, New Haven Health Department.
Travelers Research Corporation
-------
~
PREFACE
~.
c
This report, which presents the emission inventory for the Mid,
Connecticut-Lower pioneer Valley Area, is another in a series of surveys
outlining the sources and emissions of air pollutants for major
metropolitan areas in the country. These surveys, conducted by the
National Inventory of Air Pollutant Emissions and Control Branch of
the National Air Pollution Control Administration, provide estimates
of the present levels of air pollutant emissions and status of their
control. The pollutants which include sulfur oxides, particulates,
carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides, are delineated
with respect to 'source type, season of the year and geographical
distribution within the area. The general procedure for the surveys
is based upon the rapid survey technique for estimating air pollutant
1
emissions. These reports are intended to serve as aids in the proposing
of boundaries of Air Quality Control Regions, as directed by the Air
Quality Act of 1967.
Q
-------
<':,
{oA,
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Topography
Clima te.
Page
1
3
10
10
Introduction
Summary of Results
Study Area
Emissions by
Source Category
10
17
19
Grid Coordinate System
Transportation
Fuel Combustion in
Stationary
Solid Waste Disposal
Industrial Processes
Sources.
19
26
33
33
36
43
56
62
63
64
Emissions
by Jurisdiction.
by Grid.
Emission Densities
Emissions
References
Appendix A
Appendix B
"
-------
,. Table
1
'"
1A
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
12A
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
'"
a
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the Mid-Connecticut
Lower Pioneer Valley Study Area, 1967 . . . . . . . . . .
6
7
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Study Area. . .
. . . . .
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the Connecticut
Portion of the Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
8
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the Lower Pioneer
Valley Portion of the Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Population and Area Characteristics of the Study Area. . . . . 16
Motor Vehicle Fuel Consumption and Registration for the
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
Vehicle-miles of Travel in the Study Area. . . . . . . . 22
Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Sources. . . 23
Air Traffic Activity for the Calendar Year 1967 . . . . . . . . 24
Air Pollutant Emissions from Aircraft in the Study Area . 25
Coal Consumption by User Category. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Natural Gas Consumption by User Category. . . . . . . . . 28
Distillate Fuel Oil Consumption by User Category. . . . . 29
Residual Fuel Oil Consumption by User Category. . . . . . . . . 30
Average Chemical Analysis of Fuels Consumed in the
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . 31
Air Pollutant Emissions from the Combustion of Fuels in
Stationary Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Solid Waste Balance for the Study Area. . . . . . . . . . 34
Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal. . . . . . . 35
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the Waterbury SMSA. . . . 37
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the New Haven SMSA. . . . 38
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in t:he New Britain SMSA. . . 39
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the Heriden SHSA. . 40
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the Hartford SMSA . 41
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in the Remainder of the
Connecticut Port:Lon O.L the Study iu [;d . . . . . . . . . . .
-------
/#,
Table
L 23
24
25
26
"
"
r
TABLES (cont.)
Emissions from Point Sources in the Connecticut Portion
of the Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page
. . . 45
Emissions from Point Sources in the Massachusetts Portion
of the Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Emissions from All Sources in the Connecticut Portion
of the Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emissions from All Sources in the Massachusetts Portion
of the Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 50
-------
, .
Figure
:.
jb
II
111 Q
"
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1
Location of the Mid Connecticut-Pioneer Valley Study Area
with Respect to Surrounding States. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
4
5
6
Detailed Map of the Study Area. .
. . . . . .
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the Study Area
Population Density by Town. . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Grid Coordinate System for the Study Area
Point Source Locations in the Study Area.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
7
8
9
10
Sulfur Oxide Emission Densities
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . .
Particulate Emission Densities. .
Carbon Monoxide Emission Densities.
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
Hydrocarbon Emission Densities. . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
11
Nitrogen Oxide Emission Densities. .
. . . .
Page
12
13
14
15
18
44
57
58
59
60
-------
INTRODUCTION
"
::.
This report is a summary of the Mid-Connecticut Lower Pioneer
Valley inventory conducted in September 1968. Since all inventories
are based upon a calendar year, the data and emissions estimates presented
are representative of 1967 and should be considered as an indicator
of the conditions that existed during that year.
The Study Area, which was chosen on the basis of the distribution
of population and air pollution sources, consists of 103 cities and
towns in portions of Connecticut and Massachusetts. This area covers
approximately 2,700 square miles and had a 1967 population of 2,293,000.
A grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical distri-
bution of emissions within the area. The Study Area was subdivided into
101 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in the heavily
populated and industrialized areas to 100 square kilometers in the less
populated areas.
All sources of emissions were classified into four categories--
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal, and
industrial processes.
Each of these source categories was divided
into tWo. subgroups--point sources and area sources. Facilities Which
emit large quantities of air pollutants were considered individually
as point sources, while the many remaining contributors such as motor
vehicles, residential and commercial fuel users, small industries and
on-site refuse burning equipment, were considered collectively as area
sources. For this report, eighty-seven individual sources, which are
the largest single sources of air pollutant emissions, were classified
as point sources.
Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as fuel
consumption, refuse burning rates, vehicle-miles, production data, and
control efficiencies and emission factors relating these indicators to
. .' 2
em~ss~on rates. 'These fac:o~r; represent aver-ag(' .::ffii.ssir'"[J ,11'2S for a
particular source category.
Since individual S~l,ces have i 'herent
differences that cannot always be taken into consideration, descrepancies
q
~
-------
between actual and estimated emissions are more likely in individual
sources than in the total emissions for a source category.
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and
should not be interpreted as absolute values.
The estimates are, in
~
same cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factors and
production or consumption data.
Despite these limitations, these
estimates are of sufficient accuracy and validity in defining the
extent and distribution of air pollutant emissions in the Stuciy Area.
-------
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
"
-
The estimated emissions in 1967 of the five surveyed pollutants
in the Mid Connecticut-Lower Pioneer Valley area were:
Sulfur Oxides 353,000 tons
Particulate Matter 55,000 tons
Carbon Monoxide 845,000 tons
Hydrocarbons 124,000 tons
Oxides of Nitrogen 136,000 tons
All of the major sources of emissions are included in these totals
with the exception of organic solvent evaporation. Motor vehicles and
the combustion of heavy fossil fuels are the primary contributing
sources of these pollutants. Motor vehicles contribute a significant
portion of the emissions of carbon monoxide, hydrocarbonsp and
nitrogen oxides while the combustion of heavy fossil Iuels contribute
most of the sulfur oxides, particulate matter, and oxides of nitrogen
emissions.
The breakdown of pollutant emissions by source category is listed
in Table 1. Tables 2 and 3 present the emissions attributable to the
Connecticut and Massachusetts portions of the Study Area, respectively.
The following i8 a brief summary of pollutant emissions and sources
in the Study Area:
Sulfur Oxides:
The combustion of fossil fuels in stationary sources
contributes more than 98 percent of the 353,000 tons
of sulfur oxides emitted annually in the Study Area.
The combustion of coal and residual fuel oil for heat
and power account for 45 percent and 48 percent,
respectively, of sulfur oxides emissions. Steam-
electric utilities contribute 61 percent of the total.
Transportation, solid waste disposal, and industrial
process sources account for only 2 percent of sulfur
oxides emissions.
About 80 percent of total emissions
emanate from the Connecticut portion of the Study
Area.
-------
Particulate Matter:
Carbon Monoxide:
Hydrocarbons:
As is the case for sulfur oxides emissions, the
combustion of fuels in stationary sources contri-
~
butes the largest percentage of the 55,000 tons of
particulate matter emitted annually. The combus-
tion of fuels accounts for 60 percent of total
particulate emissions.
Transportation sources
account for 14 percent, solid waste disposal
17 percent, and industrial process losses 9
percent of total particulate matter emissions.
About 67 percent of the total emissions come
from the Connecticut portion of the Study Area.
Motor vehicles, the predominant source of carbon
monoxide, contribute 93 percent of the total of
845,000 tons of carbon monoxide emitted annually
in the Study Area.
Other transportation sources
account for an additional 1 percent, fuel combus-
tion in stationary sources 1 percent, solid waste
disposal 4 percent, and industrial processes 1
percent of total carbon monoxide emissions. Al-
most 83 percent of the total is emitted in the
Connecticut portion of the Study Area.
Motor vehicles contribute about 85 percent of the
total of 124,000 tons of hydrocarbons emitted
annually (with the exclusion of hydrocarbons from
organic solvent evaporation).
Industrial processes
are the next largest source category, contributing
10 percent of total hydrocarbons.
Other transportation
sources contribute 1 percent, fuel combustion in
stationary sources 3 percent, and solid waste dis-
posal 1 percent.
-------
Oxides of Nitrogen:
~
The two largest sources of the 136,000 tons of
nitrogen oxides emitted are motor vehicles and
fuel combustion in stationary sources.
They
contribute 36 percent and 61 percent, respeet-
tive1y, of the total emissions.
Other trans-
portation sources account for 1 percent and
solid waste disposal accounts for the remain-
ing 2 percent of nitrogen oxides emissions.
-------
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE MID-CONNECTICUT LOWEK
PIONEER VALLEY STUDY AREA, 1967 (Tons/Year)
'.
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbonE' Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles
Exhaust 2,950 3,930 782,000 59,500 41 ,800
Evaporation 41,300
Diesel Vehicles 1,180 3,260 1,780 4,020 6,570
Aircraft 420 ' 6,920 1,860 650
Subtotal 4,130 7,610 790,700 106,680 48,920
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 75,200 9,310 610 450 16,700
Steam-Electric 214,400 14,000 820 890 50,900
Residential 20,800 5,570, 4,670 1,680 5,580
Other 36,900 4,010 1,680 540 10,400
Subtotal 347,300 32,890 7,780 3,5fO 83,580
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 560 4,930 12,300 220 710
Open Burning 4,410 22,300 1,240 2,490
Subtotal 560 9,340 34,600 1,460 3,200
Process Losses 1,500 5,300 12,300 12,100
GRAND TOTAL 353,000 55,000 845,000 124,000 136,000
N :i:: Negligible
-------
TABLE lA
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE MID-CONNECTICUT
LOWER PIONEER VALLEY STUDY AREA, 1967
3
(10 Kg/Year)
'"'
SuI fur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Gasoline Vehicles
Exhaust 2,680 3,570 709,430 53,980 37,920"
Evaporation 37,470
Diesel Vehicles 1,070 2,960 1,610 3,650 5,960
Aircraft N 380 6,280 1,690 590
Subtotal 3,750 6,910 717,320 96,790 44,470
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industrial 68,220 8,450 550 410 15,150
Steam-Electric 194,500 12,700 740 810 46,180
Residential 18,870 5,050 4 , 240 1,520 5,060
Connnercial-
Institutional 33,480 3,640 1,520 490 9,430
Subtotal 315,070 29,840 7,050 3,230 75,820
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 510 4,470 11,160 200 640
Open Burning N 4,000 20,230 1,120 2,260
Subtotal 510 8,470 31,390 1,320 2,900
Process Losses 1,360 4,810 11,160 10,980 N
GRAND TOTAL 321,000 50,000 767,000 112,000 123 ,000 '
N = Negligible
-------
TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE CONNECTICUT
PORTION OF THE STUDY AREA, 1967 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partic- Garbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Gasoline
Exhaust 2,360 3,140 656,250 49,460 33,400
Evaporation 33,000
Diesel 690 1,900 1,040 2,350 3,840
Aircraft 340 3,070 600 360
Subtotal 3,050 5,380 660,360 85,410 37,600
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 59,600 7,110 380 320 12,770
Steam-Electric 171,300 5,330 550 770 39,500
Residential 16,300 4,070 3,270 1,250 4,080
Other 28,900 2,970 1,220 4]0 7,960
Subtotal 276,100 19,480 5,420 2,7:"0 64,310
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 430 4,090 7,510 140 510
Open Burning 3,260 16,200 880 1,700
Subtota 1 430 7,350 23,710 1,020 2,210
Process Losses 1,500 4,690 5,900 12,100 40
GRAND TOTAL 281,000 36,900 695,400 101,300 104,200
-------
Tl\BLE 3
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE LOWER PIONEER
VALLEY PORTION OF THE STUDY AREA, 1967 (Tons/Year)
, '
Su1 fur Partie - Carbon Hyd ro - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Gasoline
Exhaust 590 790 125,800 10,000 8,400
Evaporation 8,300 ,.-
Diesel 490 1,360 740 1,670 2,730
Aircraft 80 3,850 1,260 290
Subtotal 1,080 2,230 130,390 21,230 11 ,420
Stationary Fuel
Combus Hon
Industry 15,600 2,200 230 130 3,900
Steam..E1ectric 43,100 8,640 270 120 11 ,400
Residential 4,500 1,500 1,400 430 1,500
Other 8,000 1,040 460 130 2,500
Subtotal 71 , 200 13,380 2,360 810 19,300
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 130 840 4,790 80 200
Open Burning 1,150 6,120 360 790
Subtotal 130 1,990 10,910 440 990
Process Losses N 640 6,400 N N
GRAND TOTAL 72 , 000 18,000 150,000 22,000 32,000
N :: Negligible
-------
STUDY AREA
'0
The Study Area for the Mid Connecticut-Lower Pioneer Valley Air
Pollutant Emission Inventory consists of 103 cities and towns in the
"
states of Connecticut and Massachusetts.
This area includes the
entire central portion of Connecticut and the Lower Pioneer Val!cy
in Massachusetts.
Figure 1 shows the Study Area in relation to
the surrounding states in the Northeast.
The Connecticut portion of the Study Area consists of 82 cities
and towns, extending from the northern border of the state to Long
Island Sound on the ,south.
Figure 2 shows the location of these
cities and towns along with the 21 cities and towns in the Lower
Pioneer Valley. The Study Area occupies a total of 2653 square miles
3
and contains an estimated 1967 population of 2,293,000. The Connecticut
portion accounts for 80 percent and 77 percent of the total land area
and population, respectively, in the Study Area (see Table 2).
This area contains sfx Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(SMSA) as defined by the Bureau of Budget. These are the Hartford,
New Haven, New Britain, Meridan, Waterbury, and Springfie1d-Chicopee~
Holyoke SMSA's. Collectively, these SMSA's contain 84 percent of the
popu 1a tion in' the Study Area. The loca tion of the various SMSA::., are
shown on Figure 3.
By definition, most of the SMSA's contain the more
populated areas of the states. Figure 4 shows the continuous or near-
continuous broad belt of urbanization from north of Springfield to
Hartford and south to include Waterbury, New Britain, Meridan, and
New Haven.
TOPOGRAPHY AND CLIMATE
The Study Area lies in the south portion of the upland region of
New England. Its surface is generally that of a greatly undulating
upland divided by the lowland of the Connecticut River Valley. Adjacent
to the Connecticut River, the land is lower and level or rolling.
However, there are ridges of traprock which rise several hundred feet
above the valley floor.
The range of hills forming the boundaries
of the valley rise 400 to 600 feet above the valley floor.
-------
,>
The Study Area is frequented by extensive winter storm activity and
a day-to-day variability of local weather. During the winter, northerly
winds are predominant, while southerly winds predominate during the
summer.
Surface-level winds in the Connecticut Valley are markedly
from a northerly or southerly direction and are infrequently from
the east or west.
The average annual temperature is about 50 degrees.
Annual
degree days vary from about 5800 in the coastal areas to 7200 in
4
the hilly portions in the northwestern portion of the Study Area.
-------
MID CONNECTICUT-LOWER PIONEER
VALLEY STUDY AREA
Figure 1. Location of the Mid Connecticut- Lower Pioneer Valley study area with respect to
surrounding states.
-------
MASSACHUSETTS
CONNECTICUT
MONSON
o ^
(^OLYOKEj" . LUDLOW
" r \ r \ '
u__; CHICOPEE L j\ _
rvc -^ r-~~~" $»'
KAXx \ ,X i ^jr \
* SPRINGFIELD ' & \
f.* \ ^ \
r ' ^~-^f"EAST iHAMPDEN\
SOUTHWICK | AGAWAM / -^G- 1 LONGOW
L..-/ SUFFIELD j
GRANBY
._._/:
i
!Il^LOCKS T j ELLINGTON __ ^- -
"v_ I EAST I , '
/'v / ! WINDSOR '
I ^ WINDSOR I I I
i ' I I __J TOLLAND
/CANTON'
r
\
/TORRINGTON/
AVON
COVENTRY
LITCHFIELD
a, i *v * '
' /*! \ ' I, - T » -
'Vc^ __.\. .-- I /-T" ""^iWETHERS^ \ \ ^
~^. -V"^i" \ r~-~~ /± \ Oi FIELCL GLASTONBURY >
, - , ^^ jg O" %^ t I ~* **^* J^f JV ( ^ L _J^ ,* "I
vxub*^ I i \ BRISTOL .PLA^/^\> \ ^ C_./" x- /*V. HEBRON'
T^. / \ ^A^V--^"-"! --^ ?*\
u\ ? I , o^ }~\ + T i -":-
"\
^-V o^
\ * , . jr x
T --1 £\ £ ' <&
\ ? f ;? \* / "°
IWOODBURY^.-^IX ,HAMDEN __>\ '--,'^\ )
T\ I )
,' I
"NS
(NAUGATUCK
\. .-x >-
OXFORD ls,/""BETHANY^
'-/--
' J
SHELTON
BRANFORD
MILFORD
10
10
10
20
30
40
ki lometers
-------
xpSPRINGFIELD-CHICOPEE-HOLYOKE SMSA #'
''.'.':''.'' I v<*.> 5FIM«GF|«.V , -o -i ..... .'.;'.'.:
ty/.-:.;. -Ss ^?x T ^ ' '''''''' '''''"
V-"'''^"***. / ^"^ ^^^^^ >^tn*" ' '.'^JQNiB^
V::'. ~sl-«*- *.t . ft^s.-.-r » ^. _,.. \.'.'.:'. -'.'"'/.
MASSACHUSETTS
>IHB> B^H §)
CONNECTICUT
ki lometers
Figure 3. Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas in the study area.
-------
MASSACHUSETTS
m ^^i
CONNECTICUT
POPULATION DENSITY,
people/mi2
10
10
1-1 WM
0
0
1-1 i-i i
10
1
10
miles
20
1
20
30
1
3C
40
I
k i lometers
Figure 4. Population density by town, 1967.
-------
TARLE 4
POPULATION AND LAND AlmA CIIARACTEHSTICS
Area
~. .-----
--- ....- - -
Land Area
( Sq. Mi.)
POp"] n I i nil
]l/(,() I CJ6 7
-_._---
Massachusetts Portion
Lower Pioneer Valley
Connecticut Portion
Hartford SMSA
New Haven SMSA
New Bd tain SMSA
Meriden SMSA
Waterburn SMSA
Other Connecticut
Total Connecticut
Portion
TOTAL AREA
534
Ij (I/~ ,aoo
':>3J,700
'0
''/, Illt'rease
H.O
672 ')49,300 636,400 ] '). 9
245 '320,HOO 360,700 12.4
87 129,400 143,300 ] O. 7
24 ')] ,900 56,100 8. ]
217 H!5,500 201 ,100 8.4
874 361,400
2,119 -- 1,759,000
2,653 2,293,000
-------
GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
~-
A grid coordinate system based on the Universal Transverse Mercator
Projection (UTM) was used in the Mid-Connecticut-Lower Pioneer Valley
Study Area to show the geographical distribution of emissions.
of this grid system is presented in Figure 5.
The UTM system was chosen due to its advantages over other standard
A map
grid systems such as the Latitude-Longitude and State Plane Coordinate
Systems. The major advantages of this system are that (1) it is
continuous across the country and is not hindered by political sub-
divisions, (2) the grids are of uniform size throughout the country,
(3) it has world-wide use, and (4) the grids are square in shape--
a necessary feature for use in meteorologi.cal dispersion models.
The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the
metric system.
Each north-south and east-west grid line, as illustrated
in Figure 5, is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters.
Each point source and grid is identified by the horizontal and vertical
coordinates of their geographical center to the nearest 100 meters.
As shown in Figure 5, the Study Area was divided into 101 grids
of two different sizes--25 and 100 square kilometers. Grid zones of
different sizes are used to limit the number of grid zones and yet
allow a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of emissions.
The majority of the emissions is usually concentrated in the populated
and industrialized portions of a Study Area.
Smaller grids are placed
over these areas in order to reflect abrupt changes in emissions within
short distances.
The use of grid zones smaller than 25 square kilometers
is not warranted because of the inherent inaccuracies in the data.
Since only a small percentage of the total emissions occur in rural
areas, larger grid zones are normally used to show the distribution of
emissions in these lightly populated portions of a Study Area.
-------
4640000
4700000
o
4680000
4
II!
10 11
15 16 17 18
19 20 21 22 23
740000
24
MASSACHUSETTS
CCD~OOE'3laD(:;!)I/IIII1!I!!!II!IC"I!IDC"II!:SD..l!Sta"Q3IlIa a8
CONNECTICUT
..-..-..- .-..-..-. _.._11 .meD
4650000
26
27
28
30
31
32
.33
4630000 35 36 37 38 39 40
45 46 47 48
42 43 44 49 50 51 52 53 54
,
60 61
4610000 56 57 58 59 62 63 64 65 66
69 70
67 68 71 72 73 74 75 76
4600000
640000
77 78 79 80 81 82
84 85 .
86 87 88
91 92
90
700000 710000
4560000 98
650000 660000 670000
10 0 10 20 30 40
.........-- - - I
miles
10 0 10 20 30 40 50
I-t .....-.....-.
ki lomaters
-------
EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY
For the purposes of compiling the basic data and emission estimates
the sources of air pollutants were classified into the following four
categories:
l.
2.
Transportation
Fuel combustion in stationary sources
3.
4.
Solid wastes disposal
Industrial process losses
Each of these categories are considered individually in this section.
The data sources and necessary assumptions are presented with further
breakdowns of emissions.
Some of the estimates presented here are area-
wide totals.
The section on emissions by jurisdiction summarizes the
emissions by source for each SMSA in the Study Area.
The estimates presented herein, especially in the industrial process
loss category, are for the most part partial totals. The lack of
emission factors and appropriate process and control data prevent8~.a
complete inventory of all sources and emissions.
However, the major
sources have been included and the sources not considered should be
negligible.
The results should be viewed with these limitations.
TRANSPORTATION
Two types of transportation sources are considered in this
survey--motor vehicles and aircraft.
Motor vehicles, which are by far
the most significant source of air pollution in this category are
further subdivided according to type of fuel used--gasoline and diesel.
Motor Vehicles
More than 10.2 billion miles were traveled by motor vehicles in
the Study Area during 1967.
In the process, 804 million gallons of
gasoline and 54 million gallons of diesel fuel were consumed for
-------
ItlgllWiIY pllrpOHC'H.
'I'ilh I C' '\
ilHII('lllc'n Illill
III( ) II I
01
IIH' 11101111
IlIc'/ Willi
('OIIHIIIIU,d
III I III' ~: II I' III P. I I C' I d - CII I ('III II' C' -11111 Y "" C' ,
11111'/ rOI d, illld Nc 'W
IlilVC'l1 :;~1~;1\ I II.
I\pp rllx 1111111 I' f Y
I . ') 10 :1. (J PC'I'('C'III
III
~,illiU f IlIc'
i :i
/lIfn
I III 1111 t'.11
C' V i II II ))' II I I 0 II I 1'11111 I III' ~'. II H II I i II C'
IIIII"n iliid "ill'''III't'1 0",
I C':;lI/ r jilt',
ill
Illltlllill
101ilil'II III
iI "0111
1:) 1111 f I 11111 ~,illlllllli,
II
Willi II III ill II II'"
1 II II I
III'
d I I'Hc' I
1111,1 WIIH
111111
"Y I'Vil pili ill i 1111,
~: i I II . f .
I 'II, '\, 111('1 if
II,'W v"I, i /,1 ":i
WI"'C' 1'1/"lplII'd willa IHlllillvI' ('I'iI 111«'11 IiC' vc'111 I Iii I IIIII(I'CV)
VIII v,':; /11111
rc'dll('C' layd I'OCII 1'''4111
C'IIIIIIIIIOIlII
110111 111(' ''I'illll«'IIII(' "y IIIH)1I1
')() 1"'1 ('C'III .
lillI' 10 II
I il~. I i IIIC'
I II Ihc' 11111011141" r II' I'C'p I il('C'11IC'111
I'll I I' ,
i I
Wil ~i .=t ~i :ilII1U'( I
I hili
:I(J pI"'('1'1i1
01
I 1If' illl 1411111111/ 1I'Ii WC'I'C' IHI/
c'qlllpl'c'd will. 1'(:-,: VII/V"li.
M 1':'1' 110 110 W(; Y :
'I'lac' f.'.1l11 Ollil~,I'1i 41 I
111111 ())'
111\' I
1411'
I II C' (:, 11111 C' /' I I I'll I
1111/'1 1011 01
Ihc' ::llIdy 1\1'1'11 WI'I'I' O"'illlll'd 11't1l1l lilillc'
11.' III s .
'I'll (' I III II I
q II 11111 r I I I'li 0 I
f.', IHO lilli' iliid d i I'nc' f
I H C' I
1'('IIHIIIIII'd
10,' II I ~.IIWIlY
pllrpUlil'1I
WC'r... appor I IOllc'd 10 I lac' ('II I C'II illid IOWII:i 1111 /llc' "ilH I Ii 01 v('h I C I C'
(,
rt'g I H I rill 10111'1. 'I'1t(, ga 1 'lcHli'!-'.l'f~ WC'I'C' 1IIt'li ('IIIIVI"'1 ('d 10 vl'lri (' f C' -lid I C'H
01
I nlVC' I IIlId apporilolll>d 01110 lilt, ~.,'ldH "y poplllllflull.
1"0 I' Ihl'
I.owe'r 1'1 (1111'1'" Vall t'y IIrt'lI, vl'lJ/ C I C' lid II':; "y C II Y itlld IUWII WI'I'{'
HVlll/llhlt, lor I(Jh,)~/) 'I'hc,tIc' lid I ('ilf!.C'11 WI~rI' IIpdalc'd 141 I(H,I hy a/iltilldllg
')
Ihl' !HIIUf' rnl.> 01 IlIl'rf'ciHI' 1111110101' lilt,) ('OIlHIIIIIP!lolI. I\l'p/'()plillt'
Hpl't'dH wt:>rp Hssfglled 10 t'adl ~.l'id dC'PI'lIdlllf!. Oil Iht~ Iypt' 01
il/"'" ,:1111
t>luIIUJ!OIlIJ wI'r.. I'itll'ldillt'd Oil
I ht, "illli 1'1 01
NIII'l'd IIlId vf>ldcl(, lid It'H.
HESIII :I'~; :
'I'ht, rc'slil I III~, II I I' 1'0 IIIII ilil I
1'1111 Hlil 01111
11'011111101111'
V I' II I (' I t'S
II 1'1' H h OWII
III 'I'a"ll' I illullg willi
f.ll1iHHitHtt'i
I 1'0111 il i 1'(' rill I .
Mllior Vl'ld('II'H
H rc' by t II r I lit, Ulllli I
H I gill I 11'11111
1 '-illI!iJ)(If'1 III 11111
~tO' I" (" ('
I II lilt, ~;'lldy I\n'lI.
Mulor vI'II I ('I .'11 ill II II III 1 1 y il('('OIlIlI
101' 1,1'10 I (1I11i 01
lilllllIl' oxldl'H,
I I ()()
r tllIll
01
purll('1I11t11' II Iii I 11'1',
nv, ,000
! 01111 III
('II 1'''011 IIIIIIIOX I tit',
I (J'" (JOO
! OIl!1
01
hydl'Ol'ill'''OII/;, iliid I,H ,/tOO I 011 Ii "I
ox i d~'li ,II
II i 1 rIlF,~'II.
":IIIIIIH I 01111
11'0111 d I t'llI-1
PIIWt'l'l'd v('hlcl,'!; ill'C' old v 1;j~.11I I i('ilill
101' 1'1111 1('lllilll'
IIIII! 11'1', (,OIl! 1'111111 111f.', 1,'1 I'c'I'("'111
01
! III' IIIO! or VI,II I (' It,
I 0 I il I .
-------
~
TABLE 5
MOTOR VEHICLES FUEL CONSUMPTION AND REGISTRATIONS, 1967
"
Ga~oline Di5se1 Fuel Automobile Trucks & Buses
SMSA (10 Gallons) (10 Gallons) Registrations Registrations
Springfie1d-Chicopie
Holyoke 168.5 18.2 218,000 26,800
Hartford 228.0 7.5 286,300 23,800
Meriden 17.9 0.7 22,500 2,100
New Britain 45.1 3.2 56,600 10,200
New Haven 150.4 8.7 188,800 28,000
Waterbury 63.5 4.6 79,700 14,700
Other 130.4 11.4 163,800 36,500
TOTAL 803.8 54.3 1,015,700 142,100
-------
TABLE 6
VEHICLE-MILES OF TRAVEL IN THE STUDY AREA, 1967
(Vehicle-Miles/Day)
Area Gasoline Vehicle Miles Diesel Vehicle Miles To ta 1
Lower Pioneer Valley 5,420,100 121,900 5,542,000
Hartford SMSA 7,488,500 168,500 7,657,000
Meriden SMSA 652,300 14,700 667,000
New Britain SMSA 1,521,800 34,200 1,556,000
New Haven SMSA 5,268,500 118,500 5,387,000
Waterbury SMSA 2,277 ,800 51,200 2,329,000
Other Connecticut 4,222,000 95,000 4,317,000
TOTAL 26,851,000 604,000 27,455,000
-------
TABLE 7
AIR POLLU~NT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES, 1967
(Tons/Year)
,"
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
SMSA Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Springfie1d-Chicopee
Holyoke
Motor Vehicles 1,080 2,150 126,500 20,000 11,100
Aircraft N 80 3,850 1,260 290
Subtotal 1,080 2,230 130,400 21,200 11 ,400
Hartford
Motor Vehicles 1,060 1,750 228,700 29,500 12,900
Aircraft N 340 3,070 600 360
Subtotal 1,060 2,090 231,700 30,100 13 , 300
Meriden
Motor Vehicles 90 170 19,900 2,570 1,130
Aircraft N N N N N
Subtotal 90 170 19,900 2,570 1,130
New Britain
Motor Vehicles 220 350 46,500 6,000 2,630
Aircraft N N N N N
Subtotal 220 350 46,500 6,000 2,630
New Haven
Motor Vehicles 750 1,240 160,900 20,800 9,100
Aircraft N N N N N
Subtotal 750 1,240 160,900 20,800 9,100
Waterbury
Motor Vehicles 320 530 69,500 8,970 3,940
Aircraft N N N N N
Subtotal 320 530 69,500 8,970 3,940
Other
Motor Vehicles 610 1,010 131,900 17,000 7,470
Aircraft N N N N N
Subtotal 610 1,010 131,900 17,000 7,470
GRAND TO~L
Motor Vehicles 4,130 7,200 783,900 104,840 48,370
Aircraft N 420 6,920 1,860 650
Subtotal 4,130 7,620 791,000* 107,000* 49 ,OOO'~
* = Rounded
-------
TABLE 8
AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY FOR THE CALENDAR YEAR, 1967
(Flights/Year)
~k
Number of Fligh ts
Airport Type of Flight Itinerant Local
Windsor Locks Air Carrier 28,140
(Connecticut\ General Aviation 25,218 20,176
Military 3,540 4,725
Subtotal 56,898 24,901
Westfield Atx' carrier 346
(Massachusetts) General Aviation 20,890 12,355
Military 3,608 247
Subtotal 24,844 12,602
TOTAL FOR STUDY AREA 81,742 37,503
*One flight equals a take-off and a landing.
-------
~
TABLE 9
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT IN THE STUDY AREA, 1967
(Tons/Year)
."
Su lfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Airport Type of Flight Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Westfield Air Carrier N 6 6 2 4
(Mass.\ General Aviation
and Military
Itinerant N 7 263 48 23
Local N 8 1,689 315 79
Subtotal N 21 1,958 365 106
Windsor Locks
( Conn. , Air Carrier N 288 301 85 198
General Aviation
and Military
Itinerant N 38 56 13 34
Local N 16 2,708 506 130
Subtotal N 342 3,065 604 362
Westover Air N 56 1,886 888 179
Force Base
ok
GRAND TOTAL N 420 6,910 1,860 650
* - Rounded
-------
FUEL COMBUSTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
"
All three of the major fuels (coal, fuel oil, and natural gas) are
consumed in the Study Area. Fuel oil, the largest energy source pro-
12
duces 215 x 10 BTU's of energy annually, while coal and natural gas
produce 99 x 1012 BTU's and 44 x 1012 BTU's respectively. Tables 10,
ll~ l2~ and l2A give fuel consumption by user category for each of
the fuels (coal, natural gas, distillate oil and residual oil).
The largest consumer of residual fuel oil is steam-electric
power generation.
The several power plants in the Study Area use
nearly 300 million gallons per year. The majority of distillate
oil used is consumed for residential heating (560 million gallons
per year). Coal is consumed primarily by steam-electric power plants
(over 3 million tons annually). Natural gas is consumed primarily for
residential heating and process use.
METHODOLOGY:
Fuel' consumption for residential and commercial~
institutional users was obtained by multiplying the ratio of Study
Area population to state population times state fuel consumption
totals. Residential consumption was separated from the totals by cal-
culating fuel use from the number of housing units in each town.
The housing units were updated from the 1960 Census of Housing .y
1967 estimates of population.
These numbers are, therefore, approximations.
Steam-elect~ic power plants fuel consumptions were obtained from Steam-
8
Electric Plant Factors. Industry fuel use was obtained for Connecticut
9
from the Traveler's Research Center, Incorporated report. The local
Lower Pioneer Valley Air Pollution Control District in Massachusetts
supplied informGtion on industrial fuel users in their area.
RESULTS: Table 14 summarizes emissions from the combustion of fuels
in stationary sources. As the table shows, fuel. oils produce approximStely
190,000 tons of sulfur oxides (55% of the total from stationary fuel
combustion sources). The majority of the emissions of the other
four pollutants is the result of coal combustion.
-------
TABLE 10
COAL CONSUMPTION BY USER CATEGORY FOR THE STUDY AREA, 1967
(Tons/Year)
-"
Steam-Electric Conunercial-
Area Utilities Industrial Institutional Residential
Lower Pioneer Valley 1,081,000 100,000 20,000 52,400
Hartford SMSA 22,000 5,000 18,000 23,300
Meriden SMSA 800 3,210
New Britain SMSA 1,700 500 22,500
New Haven SMSA 2,000 14,000 17,700
Waterbury SMSA 64,000 7,500 8,860
Other Connecticut 2,269,000 2,700 16,000 36,500
"i(
TOTAL 3,372,000 176,200 76,000 164,500
"i( - Rounded to nearest hundred.
-------
TABLE 11
NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION BY USER CATEGORY FOR THE STUDY
AREA, 1967 (106 Cubic Feet/Year)
-'
Steam-Electric Commercia1-
Area Utilities Industrial Insti tutiona 1 Residential
Lower Pioneer Valley 515 2,290 3,200 7,160
Hartford SMSA 1,940 4,340 5,930
Meriden SMSA 500 177 580
New Britain SMSA 1,410 567 1,870
New Haven SMSA 1,610 1,230 3~320
Waterbury SMSA 1,640 505 2,280
Other Connecticut 1,440 130 1,680
oJ( 22,BOO
TOTAL 500 10,800 J 0, '200
* ~ Rounded to ne~rest hundred.
-------
TABLE 12
DISTILLATE FUEL OIL CONSUMPTION BY USER CATEGORY FOR THE
STUDY AREA, 1967 (Thousands of Gallons/Year)
- .
Steam-Electric Commercia1-
Area Utilities Industrial Institutional Residential
Lower Pioneer Valley 13,900 30,000 ]08,400
Hartford SMSA 96 3,500 25,000 155,600
Meriden SMSA 400 2,500 14,180
New Britain 800 6,300 29,420
New Haven SMSA 1,500 15,500 87,190
Waterbury SMSA 1,300 8,700 44,560-
Other Connecticut 1,420 3,700 18,000 121,000
-1:
TOTAL 1,500 25,100 106,000 560,000
,'( - Rounded to the nearest hundred.
-------
TABLE l2A
RESIDUAL OIL CONSUMPTION BY USER CATEGORY FOR THE STUDY
AREA~ 1967 (Thousands of Gallons/Year)
Stearn-Electric Cornrnerc ic: 1-.
Area Utilities Industrial Institutional Residential
Lower Pioneer Valley 9 ~ 780 60~000 36,000
Hartford SMSA 75,800 90,000 43,500
Medden SMSA 12,000 4,200
New Britain SMSA 25,000 ]0,600
Ne'&] Haven SMSA 54 , 100 65,000 26,800
Waterbury SMSA 41,000 14,800
Other Conn~cticut 133,500 55,000 30,500
*
TOTAL 273,200 348,000 166,400
* ~ Rounded to the nearest hundred.
-------
~.
TABLE 13
AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FUELS CONSUMED IN THE
STUDY AREA'I't
Fuel
Percent Sulfur
Percent Ash
Distillate Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
2.4
2.2
0.6
0.008
8.0
N
Coal
Residual Fuel Oil
N
N
* - Individual data were obtained for power plant fuels.
-------
TABLE 14
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF FUELS IN
STATIONARY SOURCES, 1967 (Tons/Year'
'0
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
User Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Cod
Industrial 5,600 5,100 260 90 -1,800
Steam~E1ectric 146,000 12,400 820 330 32,600
CC'ffi!Ilercial~
Institutional 2,000 1,210 1,420 280 260
Residentia 1 5,100 3,100 4,100 830 660
Subtotal 158,700 21,810 6,600 1,530 35,320
Residual Oil
Industrial 68,200 3,900 330 340 12,700
Steam~E1ectric 68,400 1,750 JO 560 18,100
Ccmmercial-
Ins ti tu t iona 1 31,800 1,910 160 160 5,900
Subtotal 168,400 7,560 500 1,060 36,700
Distilla te Oil
Industrial 1,400 200 20 'W 1,000
Stesm~Electric N 10 N N 70
Ccrmmercia 1 ~
Institutional 3,100 800 100 100 3,700
Reaidentia 1 15,700 2,200 560 850 3,360
Subtotal 20,200 3,210 680 970 8,130
Natural Gas
Industrial N 100 N N 1,100
Steam~E1ectric N 10 N N 200
Commercia1~
ImJ ti tu dona 1 N 90 N N 540
Reaidentia 1 10 270 10 N 1,560
Subtots1 10 470 10 N 3,400
,'( 3,600 83,600
GRAND TOTAL 347,300 33,000 7,800
-/( ~ Rounded to the nearest hundred.
-------
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
.
METHODOLOGY:
The total solid waste generation for the Connecticut
portion of the Study Area was arrived at by combining the 4.5 1bs/day-
capita rate with i.nformation of individual towns available from the
State of Connecticut solid waste program.
In Massachusetts total
generation was arrived at using the same per capita rate as Connecticut
and apportioning
this total by method of disposal (municipal incineration,
open burning, etc.).
in Table 15.
A solid waste balance for the Study Area is given
RESULTS:
Table 16 summarizes emissions from solid waste disposal.
Solid waste disposal accounts for approximately 17% of the total
particulate emissions in the Study Area.
Emissions of the other four
pollutants from this source are small compared to other sources and
the total for the Study Area.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
The major cause of industrial pollution in the Study Area is from
fuel combustion rather than process losses.
the Connecticut portion.
This is especially j'r'Je in
In Massachusetts, process sources include:
foundry opera~ions,
tire manufacturing, brass and bronze smelting, asphalt batching and
concrete batching.
The Connecticut portion includes many metal fabricating operations
and other similar operations which do not involve large process losses.
Emissions from process losses are given in Table 1, 2, and 3.
-------
TABLE 15
SOLID WASTE BALANCE FOR THE STUDY AREA, 1967 (Tons/Year)
Total Refuse Incineration Open Burning
Area Generated Municipal On-Site Landfills Dumps On-Site
Lower Pioneer Valley 460,400 18,000 160,700 137,700 16,500 127,500
-1(
Hartford SMSA 684,050 182,500 59,610 154,940 243,370 43,630
Meriden SMSA 46,070 N 46,070 N
ok
New Britain SMSA 387,530 32,000 N 223,060 109,780 22,690
w ok
.p. Waterbury SMSA 1,575,550 36,000 N 1,458,440 76,860 4,250
348,650 ok
New Haven SMSA 102,500 23,990 184,220 29,940 8,000
"i(
Other Connecticut 449,990 22,500 N 346,230 57,100 24,160
3,952,240 393,500 244,300 "i(
TOTAL 2,550,660 610,330 230,230
* - O.F.D. - Open Face Dump where only a portion of the refuse is burned.
,
-------
.
TABLE 16
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL, 1967
(Tons/Year)
Su 1 fur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Incineration
Municipal 390 3,340 200 60 390
On-Site 170 1,590 12,100 160 320 .
Subtotal 560 4,930 12,300 220 710
Open Burning
Dumps N 2,570 12,520. 660 1,220
On-Site N. 1,840 9,780 580 1,270
Subtotal N 4,410 22,300 1,240 2,490
GRAND TOTAL 560 9,340 34,600 1,460 3,200
-------
EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Tabl~ 17 through 22 present air pollutant emissions by Standard
presented emissions primarily by source category.
in these tables are rounded.
The previous sections of this report
Note that numbers
-------
TABLE 17
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE WATERBURY SMSA
1967 (Tons/Year)
"
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Ca tegory Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Gasoline Vehicles
Exhaust 250 330 69,400 5,230 3,530
Evaporation 3,490
Diesel Vehicles 70 200 110 250 410
Aircraft
Subtotal 320 530 69,5tO 8,970 3,940
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Indus try 10,050 3,760 130 70 2,380
Steam-Electric
Residential 1,510 370 270 110 440
Commercia1-
Institutional 3,430 410 210 60 900
Subtotal 14,990 4,540 610 240 3,720
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 30 290 20 10 40
Open Burning 330 1,660 90 200
Subtotal 30 620 1,680 100 240
Industrial Process 1,260 940 1,880 3,180 20
GRAND TOTAL 16,600 6,600 73,700 12,500 7-,900
-------
TABLE 18
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE NEW HAVEN SMSA
1967 (Tons/Year)
. .
Su lfu r Partic- Carbon Hyd ro - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxide s
Transporta don
Gasoline Vehicles
Exhaust 580 770 160,600 12 , ] 00 8,170
Evaporation 8,080
Diesel Vehicles 170 470 260 580 940
Aircraft
Subtotal 750 1,240 160,900 20,800 9,100
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 12,740 890 70 60 2,680
Steam-Electric J 0,780 270 1 90 2,820
Residential 2,970 710 530 220 790
Commercial-
Institutional 5,630 710 390 110 1,630
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 130 1,160 910 30 180
Open Burning 240 1,080 90 100
Subtota 1 130 1,400 1,990 120 280
Industrial Process 130 480 630 3,910 N
GRAND TOTAL 33,100 5,700 164,500 25,300 17~300
-------
TABLE 19
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE NEW BRITAIN
SMSA, 1967 (Tons/Year)
"
Su lfu r Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1a tes Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Gasoline Vehicles
Exhaust 170 220 46,400 3,500 2,360
Evaporation 2,330 ....
Diesel Vehicles 50 130 70 170 270
Aircraft
Subtotal 220 350 46,470 6,000 2,630
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 5,100 400 30 30 1,100
Steam-Electric
Residential 1,500 560 590 160 380
Cormnercia1-
Institutional 2,340 190 30 20 640
Subtotal 8,940 1,150 650 21(: 2,120
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 30 270 20 10 30
Open Burning 1,080 5,340 300 620
Subtotal 30 1,350 5,360 310 650
Industrial Process 610 750 340
GRAND TOTAL 9,200 3,500 53,200 6,900 5,400
-------
TABLE 20
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE MERIDEN SMSA
1967 (Tons/Year)
'"
Su lfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Gasoline Vehicles
Exhaust 70 100 19,900 1,500 1,010
Evaporation 1,000
Diesel Vehicles 20 70 30 70 120
Aircraft
Subtotal 90 170 19,930 2,570 1,130
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 2,440 190 10 10 510
Steam-Electric
Residential 490 120 100 40 130
Commercia 1-
Institutional 920 70 10 ).0 250
Subtotal 3,850 380 120 60 890
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration N N N N N
Open Burning N N N N N
Subtotal N N N N N
Industrial Process N N N N N
GRAND TOTAL 3,900 600 20,000 2,600 2,000
-------
TABLE 21
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE HARTFORD SMSA
1967 (Tons/Year)
, .
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Ca tegory Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Gasoline Vehicles
Exhaust 820 1,090 228,300 17,200 11,600
Evaporation 11 , 500
Diesel Vehicles 240 660 360 820 1,340
Aircraft N 340 3,070 600 360
Subtotal 1,060 2,090 231,730 30,120 13 , 300
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 18,190 1,130 100 90 3,620
Steam-Electric 16,480 690 10 120 4,180
Residential 5,040 1,120 740 350 1,370
Commercia1-
Institutional 9,980 1,090 520 160 2,780
Subtotal 49,690 4,030 1,370 720 12,000
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 190 2,040 6,540 90 220
Open Burning N 1,260 6,580 330 660
Subtotal 190 3,300 13,120 420 880
Industrial Process N 680 2,600 1,510 20
GRAND TOTAL 50,900 10,100 248,800 32,800 26,200
-------
TABLE 22
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE REMAINDER OF
THE CONNECTICUT STUDY AREA, 1967 (Tons/Year)
. .,
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Trlaneportation
Gasoline Vehicles
Exhaust. 470 630 131,700 99920 69700
Evaporation 69620
Diesel Vehicles 140 380 210 470 770
Aircraft
Subtotal 610 1,010 131,910 17,010 7,470
Stl31tionary Fuel
Ccmbustion
Industry 11 ,090 740 40 60 2,480
Steam-Electric 147,300 4,370 540 550 32,500
Residential 4,780 1,190 1,030 360 970
Commercial-
Institutional 6,610 500 60 50 1,760
Subtotal 1699780 6,800 1,670 19020 37,710
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 40 320 20 10 40
Open Burning 350 1,500 70 120
Subtotal 40 670 1,520 80 160
Industrial Process 120 1,990 50 3,200
GRAND TOTAL 170,600 10,500 135,200 21,300 459300
-------
EMISSIONS BY GRID
, .
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air
pollutant emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were
apportioned onto the grid system.
The emissions were divided into t",'O
source groups--point and area sources.
The 87 point sources were
identified individually with respect to location and emissions.
Figure 6 shows the location of most of the point sources in the
area. Collectively, these sources account for 79 percent of the
sulfur oxides (279,000 tons/year), 57 percent of the particulates
(31,000 tons/year), 2 percent of the carbon monoxide (15,000 tons/year),
13 percent of the hydrocarbons (16,000 tons/year), and 48 percent of
the nitrogen oxides (65,000 tons/year) emitted in the area.
Area sources are air pollutant sources that are insignificant by
themselves, but as a group emit significant amounts of pollutant.
Examples are motor vehicles, residential heating plants, light cornrner-
cial and industrial establishments and backyard burning.
The emissions are presented for an annual average day, an. average
winter day (December, January, and February) and an average summer day
(June, July, and August). The annual average daily emissions r,'pce
arrived at by dividing yearly totals by 365. Seasonal variatio, were
calculated by the use of space heating variations in fuel conFur.1Dtion
and variations in motor vehicle traffic activity.
This method is
described in the appendix.
throughout the year.
Other sources are assumed to be constant
Tables 23 and 24 present point source emissions.
Tabla:> 26 and 27
present air pollutant emissions by grid for all sources (area and
point sources).
-------
4640000
4700000
, 0
4680000
~
740000
MASSACHUSETTS
caa=oOC!5DooC=:JOOC!l!!lCr7I!!BCGt3IIOGlC!DI/IOIEiIOIl ..
CONNECTICUT
..-..-. .-..-..-. -.._eII -..
'-
4650000
.
4630000
.
.
4620000
.
.
o
o
4610000
..
A
4600000
640000
o
...
..
A
A STEAM-ELECTRIC UTILITY
. INDUSTRY
o COMMERCIAL-INSTITUTION
o SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
t--f-Joooo--I
o
........- I
680000
670000
10 20
mile,s
10 20 30
.
ki lometers
30
40
10
10 0
t-t. II-t 1>-4 - I-f I
40
50
-------
c
.
TABLE 23 EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES IN THE CONNECTICUT PORTION OF THE STUDY AREA. 1967
(Tons/Day'
SOX PART. CO HC NOx
Source H.C. V.C. S H A S W A S ~I A S III A S I~ A
Industrial 7008 46485 1.22 1.95 1.72 0.07 0.11 . 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.22 0.35 0.31
I ndustri a 1 7122 46380 0.00 2.18 1.19 0.00 0.13 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.40 0.22
Commerci a 1 6928 46257 1.87 2.46 2.26 0.11 0.14 0.13 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.34 0.45 0.41
Industrial 6943 46250 0.85 1.18 1.07 0.05 0.07 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.15 0.21 0.19
Industrial 6913 46255 0.25 2.15 1.24 0.01 0.13 0.07 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.05 0.40 0.23
Industrial 6924 46270 0.96 1.20 1.07 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.18 0.22 0.20
Industrial 6896 46234 0.91 2.52 1. 79 0.05 0.15 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.17 0.46 0.32
Industrial 6958 46242 9.67 17.95 14.02 0.66 1.14 0.91 0.05 0.09 0.07 1.05 1.09 1.07 1.77 3.29 2.57
6; Industrial 7070 46299 1.43 1.98 1.79 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.26 0.36 0.32
Industrial 7050 46260 0.92 1.64 1.37 0.05 0.09 0.08 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.17 0.30 0.25
Commercial 6733 46150 0.23 3.42 2.32 0.02 0.23 0.15 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.00 0.02 0.01 0.05 0.70 0.48
Industrial 6715 46170 0.60 1.09 0.93 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.00 2.30 2.31 2.30 0.11 0.20 0.17
Industrial 6703 46168 1.95 3.52 3.00 0.13 0.23 0.20 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.44 0.79 0.67
Industrial 6630 46019 3.17 5.41 4.64 0.22 0.33 0.28 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.77 1.13 0.97
Industrial 6634 46010 2.65 3.10 2.94 0.15 0.18 0.17 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.48 0.56 0.53
Industrial 6642 46020 1.61 1.88 1.79 0.09 0.11 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.29 0.34 O. 32(~r
Industrial 6638 46025 3.58 4.18 3.97 0.21 0.24 0.23 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.65 0.76 0.72
Commercial 6641 46028 4.32 5.39 4.80 0.25 0.31 0.28 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.78 0.98 0.87
Industrial 6763 46076 3.44 3.71 3.62 0.20 0.21 0.21 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0:02 0.62 0.67 0.66
Industrial 6767 46078 0.49 1.41 0.97 0.13 0.19 0.16 0.00 0.01 0.01 1.16 1.17 1':17 0.11 0.31 0.21
-------
TABLE 23 (Cont.)
SOX PART. CO HC NOx
Source H.C. V.C. S H A S ~I A S W A S Ii A S H A
Industrial 6626 45960 2.21 2.59 2.46 0.13 0.15 0.14 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.40 0.47 0.45
Industrial 6631 45946 2.16 2.95 2.70 1.84 1.89 1.87 0.01 0.02 0.01 6.34 6.31 3.36 3.06 3.66 3.46
Industrial 6795 45850 2.31 2.80 2.57 0.14 0.17 0.15 0.01 0.01 0.01 2.66 2.66 2.66 0.46 0.56 0.51
Industrial 6799 45860 2.95 3.45 3.28 0.17 0.20 0.19 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.54 0.54 0.59
Industrial 6592 45763 1.66 2.41 2.07 0.10 0.14 0.12 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.30 0.44 0.37
Industrial 6591 45760 4.38 8.89 6.84 0.30 Q.56 0.45 0.02 0.04 0.03 1.02 1.04 1.03 0.79 1.61 1. 24
Industrial 6661 45745 5.33 6.86 6.27 0.34 0.43 0.39 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 1.15 1.48 1.35
Industrial 6588 45761 0.58 1.11 0.87 0.08 0.11 0.10 0.00 0.01 0.00 1.40 1.41 1.40 0.11 0.20 0.16
1;; Industrial 6603 45758 0.79 0.79 0.79 2.55 2.55 2.55 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.16 0.16 0.16
Industrial 6732 45766 5.93 7.24 6.59 0.39 0.47 0.44 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03- 0.03 1.It,a 1.48 1.37
Industrial 6742 45756 9.35 9.92 9.74 0.54 0.57 0.56 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05 1.69 1.80 1. 76
Industrial 6753 45755 4.22 4.95 4.74 0.26 0.29 0.28 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.81 0.89 0.87
Conmercial 6729 45742 4.32 6.62 5.40 0.33 0.50 0.41 0.03 0.04 0.04 0.03 0.04 0.04 1.03 3.33 2.11
Industrial 6710 45707 3.16 3.69 3.51 0.18 0.21 0.20 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.57 0.67 0.611'
Industrial 6713 45713 2.56 2.76 2.68 0.41 0.42 0.41 0.01 0.01 . 0.01 10.41 10.41 lo..U 0.55 0.60 0.58
Industrial 6728 45732 1.15 1.62 1.47 0.07 0.09 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.21 0.29 0.27
Industrial 6743 45743 1.43 2.04 1.81 0.08 0.12 0.10 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.26 0.37 0.33
Industrial 6593 45667 0.94 2.78 2.15 0.10 0.21 0.17 - 0.00 0.01 0.01 1.40 1.40 1.40 0.17 0.50 0.39
Industrial 6970 46470 -Q _1.., 4.80 4.80 4.80
.
-------
Co
TABLE 23 (Cent.)
SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Source H.C. V.C. S H A S H A S H A S W A S H A
Industrial 6920 46280 2.42 2.42 2.42
InctCstrial 6930 46230 0.35 0.35 ,&.35 5.50 5.50 5.50
Industrial 6790 46970 0.20 0.20 0.20 2.50 2.50 2.50
Industrial 6650 45960 5.00 5.00 5.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 6.00 6.00 6.00
Industrial 6640 45960 0.24 0.24 0.24 7.50 7.50 7.50
Industrial 6755 45730 0.50 0.50 0.50 1.00 1.00 1.00 2.50 2.50 2.50 1.00 1.00 1.00
Incinerator 6970 45269 0.15 0.15 0.15 1.28 1.28 1.28 0.08 0.08 0.08 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.15 0.15 0.15
Incinerator 6950 46286 0.38 0.38 0.38 3.23 3.23 3.23 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.06 0.06 0.06 0.38 0.38 0.38
+:- Incinerator 6896 46225 0.20 0.20 0.20 1. 70 1.70 1.70 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.20 0.20 0.20
...., Incinerator 6873 46127 0.13 0.13 0.13 1.09 1.09 1.09 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.13 0.13 0.13
Incinerator 6635 45992 0.14 0.14 0.14 1. 21 1.21 1. 21 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.14 0.14 0.14
Incinerator 6770 45770 0.42 0.42 0.42 3.58 3.58 3.58 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.06 0.06 0.60 0.42 0.42 0.42
Pov:er Pl ant 6586 45635 118.30 118.30 118.30 '5,64 5.64 ~.64 0.69 .0.69 0.69 0.39 0.39 0.39 31.W '31.10 31. 10
Power Plant 6752 45747 28.76 29.96 29.55 0.72 0.75 0.74 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.23 0.24 0.24 7.52 7.84 7.73
Power Plant 6532 4559 88.81 148.98 83.49 1. 95 3.30 1.85 0.22 0.36 0.20 0.54 0.91 0.51 23.08 39.06 21. 09
Power Plant 6965 46032 157.48 164.04 161.80 3.63 3.78 3.73 0.57 0.60 0.59 0.37 0.39 0.38 27.50 28.64 28.25
Power Plant 6952 46244 43.95 45.78 45.15 1.83 1. 91 1.88 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.33 0.34 0.34 11.14 11.60 11.44
.",:~
Power Plant 6523 45597 29.01 37. 14; 29.41 ," ." .73 .93 .74 0.00 0.00 0.00 ,0.24 0.311 0;,24, J.59 .9.71 .1.71
-------
TABLE 24 EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES IN THE MASSACHUSETTS PORTION OF THE STUDY AREA, 1967
(Tons/Day)
SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Source H.C. V.C. S H A S W A S H A S W A S H A
Industrial 6920 46817 .74 1.18 1.05 .16 .25 .23 .01 .02 .02 .01 .01 .01 .15 .25 .22
~w~ 6937 46871 0 3.08 1.45 0 .44 .21 0 .36 .17 0 .08 .09 0 .56 .26
Industrial 6994 46702 4.18 6.90 5.97 .24 .40 .35 .02 .03 .03 .02 .03 .03 .76 1.26 1.09
Industrial 6972 46720 .68 1. 63 1.36 .04 .10 .08 .00 .01 .01 0 .01 .01 .13 .30 .25
Institutional 6956 45740 0 3.02 1.42 0 .17 .08 0 .02 .01 0 .02 .01 0 .55 .26
Industrial 7050 46703 5.19 6.42 5.76 .40 .50 .45 .03 .04 .04 .03 .04 .03 1.65 2.04 1.83
Governmental 7030 46745 .23 4.68 2.32 .08 1.53 .76 .08 1.68 .83 .02 .35 .17 .05 .94 .4(,
Industrial 6857 46644 1.08 1.42 1.27 .07 .09 .08 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .20 .27 .24
~
00 Industrial 6845 46724 7.61 7.61 7.61 2.00 2.00 2.00 .30 .30 .30 .10 .10 .10 2.01 2.01 2.01
Industrial 6973 46688 .96 1. 56 1.37 .06 .09 .08 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 11:'8 .29 .26
Industrial 6972 46665 .49 1.81 1.39 .05 .17 .13 0 .02 .01 0 .02 .01 .20 .74 .57
Institutional 6982 46658 0 1. 15 .54 0 .07 .03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 .08 .04
Commercial 7027 46654 0 1.17 .55 0 .07 .03 0 .01 0 0 01 0 0 .21 .10
Industry 7065 46700 2.03 2.55 2.39 0.12 .15 .14 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .37 .46 .43
Industrial 6926 46630 1.59 2.00 1.82 .09 .11 .10 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .28 .35 .32
Industrial 6990 46614 .70 3.18 2.33 .15 .68 .50 .01 .05 .04 .01 .02 .02 .15 .67 .49
Industrial 6870 46652 .20 .89 .67 .30 1.35 1.01 .02 .10 .08 .01 .03 .03 .15 .67 .50
Industrial 7024 46676 0 0 0 .36 .36 .36 5.28 5.28 5.28 0 0 0 0 0 0
-------
TABLE 24 (Cant.)
SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Source H.C. \J.C. S W A S W A S \4 A S W A S. W A
Industrial 7064 46683 0 0 0 .11 .11 .11 1.64 1.64 1.64 0 0 0 0 0 0
Industrial 6862 46655 0 0 0 .30 .30 .30 4.28 4.28 4.28 0 0 0 0 0 0
Industrial 6975 46717 0 0 0 .36 .36 .36 5.14 5.14 5.14 0 0 0 0 0 0
Power Plant 6987 46632 77.8,2. 77.82 77.82 13.45 13.45 13.45 .42 .42 .42 .17 .17 .17 16.86 16.86 16.86
Power Plant 6992 46635 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.20 1.20 1.18 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .01 .49 .49 .48
Power Plant 6974 46836 34.43 34.43 34.43 8.71 8.71 8.71 .30 .30 .30 .12 .12 .12 12.08 12.08 12.08
Power Plant 6971 46746 2.59 2.59 2.59 .26 .26 .26 .01 .01 .01 .02 .02 .02 1.04 1.04 1.04
Power Plant 6984 46744 3.14 3.14 3.14 .08 .08 .08 0 0 0 .03 .03 .03 .8~ .82 .82
.p.
-------
TABLE 25 EMISSIONS BY GRID FOR ALL SOURCES IN THE CONNECTICUT PORTION OF THE STIJDY AREA, 1967
(Tons/Day)
SOX PART. CO HC NOx
G.ri d H.C. V.C. Area S II A S W A S Ii A S W A S H A
25 6850 46550 100 0.21 1.06 0.60 0.07 0.19 - 0.13 4.14 3.56 3.81 0.48 0.44 0.46 0.27 0.47 0.35
26 6950 46550 100 0.26 1.38 0.78 0.16 0.32 0.24 14.85 12.54 13.57 1.87 1.62 1.72 0.88 1.05 0.93
27 7050 46550 100 1.13 5.72 3.32 0.46 1.09 0.76 25.52 21.86 23.46 3.11 2.74 2.89 1.63 2.70 2.07
28 7150 46550 60 0.01 0.19 0.10 0.03 0.07 0.04 . n~.04 3.42 3.70 0.52 0.44 0.47 0.22 0.22 0.21
29 6750 46450 60 0.21 1.13 0.63 0.07 0.21 0.14 - 3.51 3.04 3.25 0.41 0.37 0.39 0.23 0.46 0.33
30 6850 46450 100 0.45 2.36 1.33 0.19 0.33 0.32 12.17 10.30 11.17 1.49 1.30 1.39 0.76 1.18 0.93
31 6950 46450 100 1.01 5.19 3.02 1.48 2.05 1.75 51.74 45.13 48.04 7.10 6.36 6.67 3.60 4.35 3.87
32 7050 46450 100 0.46 2.95 1.58 0.17 0.57 0.36 9.65 8.37 8.91 1.16 1.08 1.11 0.62 1.18 0.85
33 7150 46450 80 0.41 2.27 1.23 0.13 0.39 0.26 4.07 3.61 3.80 0.44 0.42 0.44 0.30 0.76 0.50
\J1 34 6550. 46350 70 0.76 6.24 3.57 0.34 0.98 0.65 24.07 20.55 22.09 3.09 2.74 2.86 1.62 2.52 2.06
o 0.78 0.41 0.62
35 6650 46350 90 0.07 1.34 0.67 0.08 0.27 0.17 6.56 5.62 6.05 0.84 0.74 0.50
36 6750 46350 100 0.46 2.42 1.37 0.22 0.50 0.35 15.14 12.87 13.87 1.87 1.63 1.73 0.93 1.33 1. 10
37 6850 46350 100 1.17 5.50 3.16 0.54 1.11 0.81 35.87 30.46 32.85 4.44 3.85 4.10 2.21 3.23 2.62
38 6950 46350 100 1.30 6.03 3.55 0.50 ',L09 0.79 31.01 26.40 28.f,.3 3.82 3'.31 3.52 1.98 3. 7~ 2.45
39 7050 46350 100 1.17 5.76 3.27 0.52 1.16 0.83 33.89 28.85 31. 08 4.20 3.64 3.87 3.11 3.20 2.56
40 7150 46350 100 1.13 5.50 3.14 0.50 1.09 0.78 35.23 30.22 30.27 4.40 3.82 4.06 2.18 3.11 2.55
41 6450 46250 70 0.05 0.01 0.51 0.05 0.16 0.10 2.60 2.24 2.40 0.33 0.29 0.30 0.19 0.37 0.26
42 6550 46250 100 0.15 1.54 0.81 0.21 0.40 0.30 22.31 18.82 20.36 2.87 2.45 2.64 1.30 1.40 1.32
43 6650 46250 100 0.05 1.13 0.56 0.06 0.19 0.11 2.87 2.50 2.66 0.36 0.34 0.34 0.20 0.42 0.29
44 6750 46250 100 1.01 4.80 2.76 0.34 0.81 0.57 13.72 11. 84 12.67 1.62 1.45 1.52 0.96 1.97 1.39
-------
~
TABLE 25 (Cont.)
SOx PART. CO HC fJOx
Grid H.C. V.C. Area S H A S 1<1 A S W A S W A S 1<1 A
,46 6825 46275 25 1.41 6.78 3.86 0.64 1.36 0.98 42.28 35.95 38.74 5.23 4.55 4.83 2.62 2.88 3.13
47 6925 46275 25 2.13 11.03 6.30 0.88 1.66 1.24 68.92 58.00 62.85 8.78 7.37 7.94 4.23 5.81 4.88
48 6975 46275, 25 2.29 7.62 4.75 0.7a 1.34 1.00 42.02 35.65 38.46 5.20 4.49 4.79 2.76 3.98 3.15
49 6325 46225 25 .83 3.79 2.19 .27 .t!4 .45 8.59 7.48 7.97 .96 .87 .91 .63 1.47 .99
50 6875 46225 25 1. 37 6.37 3.66 .76 1.111 1.07 34.99 29.05 32.09 4.82 4.27 4.51 2.21 3.43 2.70
51 6925 46225 25 1.61 10.21 5.53 .89 2.01 1.41 64.24 53.80 58.80 8.07 7.04 7.46 3.91 5.68 4.62
52 6975 46225 25 .97 4.74 2.69 .45 1.00 .72 35.59 30.19 32.57 5.45 3.85 4.11 2.17 2.99 2.48
53 7050 46250 100 1.40 7.79 4.41 1.39 2.31 1.66 59.37 50.37 54.33 7.53 6.44 6.91 3.62 4.52 3.95
54 7150 46250 100 .43 1. 92 1.12 .17 .37 .26 8.93 7.62 8.20 1.07 .93 .99 .58 1.01 .76
V1 55 7250 46250 50 .42 2.08 1.19 .15 .33 .27 6.50 5.63 6.01 .76 .68 .71 .44 .85 .61
..... 2.22 .31 .27 .28 .18 .35 .25
56 6450 46150 40 .05 .88 .44 .80 1.12 .83 2.42 2.06
57 6550 46150 100 .64 2.38 1.38 .19 .52 .35 7.41 6.51 6.90 .92 .86 .89 .57 1.13 .79
58 6650 46150 100 1. 23 4.54 2.81 a,34 .98 .67 26.22 22.53 24.13 3.;;C 3/26 ~~~ :i{ '.,,, 2.38 2.03
. ..J(j
59 6750 46150 100 5.01 12.67 8.57 2.74 4.11 3.36 77 .19 66.08 70.93 10.89 9.71 10.20 5.40 7.04 4.91
60 6825 46175 25 2.64 11.66 5.05 1.87 4.07 2.51 36.10 32.06 34.40 4.58 4.37 4.34 2.75 5.31 3.35
61 6875 46175 25 2.88 8.78 5.50 1.41 2.14 1.51 33.92 29.57 31.43 4.11 3.69 3.85 2.59 4.53 3.24
62 6325 46125 25 1.85 5.57 3.50 .93 1.42 .99 20.21 17.72 18.79 2.45 2.21 2.30 1.59 2.88 2.02
63 6875 46125 25 1.62 5.17 3.20 .84 1.37 .94 20.81 18.22 19.32 2.54 2.29 2.39 1.57 2.73 1.96
64 6950 46150 100 .64 3.55 1.96 .49 .95 .70 49.97 42.15 45.60 6.37 5.46 5.85 2.91 3.32 2.04
65 7050 46150 100 .44 2.34 1.32 .16 .45 .31 8.21 7.09 7.58 .98 .88 .92 0.54 1.03 .74
-------
TABLE 25 (Cont.)
50 PART. CO He NO
Grid H.e. v.e. Area 5 W A S W A S W A S H A S W A
67 6450 46050 50 028 .95 .57 .11 .24 .17 5.80 4.99 5.35 .72 .64 .68 .39 .62 .47
68 6550 46050 100 1.18 2.55 ~o76 .36 .63 .50 16.51 14.07 ]5.14 2.24 1.98 2.09 1.19 1.51 1.30
69 6625 46075 25 .76 2.47 1.47 .31 .65 .56 16.49 14.32 15.92 2.53 1.81 1.93 1.13 1. 75 1.35
70 6675 46075 25 .72 2.23 1.35 025 .55 041 9.50 8.26 8.79 1.18 1.06 1.11 .73 1.35 .96
71 6625 46025 25 1.56 6.49 4.03 1.11 1.85 1.49 41.00 34.54 37.54 5043 4.13 5.03 2010 3.87 2.14
72 6625 46025 25 095 3.37 1.97 .42 095 .71 31.01 26.42 28.43 3.95 3.44 3.66 1.98 2.73 2.25
73 6750 46050 100 1.38 5.26 3.11 .87 1.58 1.07 35.96 31.12 33.19 4.46 3.98 4.16 2.33 3.23 2.61
74 6850 46050 100 1.58 13009 8054 2.61 3.29 2.72 45.88 39.18 42.10 5.88 5.11 5.41 2.75 5.81 4.35
75 6950 46050 100 6.67 11.84 9.13 1.10 2.54 1.76 48.32 41.02 44.22 6.25 5.47 5.81 4.86 5.68 5.19
IJ1 76 7050 46050 100 - .09 1.44 ,73 .11 .30 .20 9,35 7.98 8.58 1.20 1.06 1.11 .57 .77 .65
""
77 6550 45950 80 031 1 0 13 .66 0 14 ,30 022 9.40 8.03 8.63 1.19 1.04 1.10 .60 .82 .68
78 6650 45950 100 1.09 4.33 2.49 072 1.43 1.08 53.96 45.77 49.36 7.11 6.17 6.58 3.30 4.09 3.56
79 6750 45950 100 ,40 2.15 1.17 .20 .49 .35 18.40 15.63 16.85 2.35 2.04 2.18 1.12 1.44 1.23
80 6850 45950 100 3.49 11. 00 7016 .89 2.10 1.45 24.97 21.94 23.13 3.31 3.1:{) 3016 2.22 4.32 2.97
81 6950 45950 100 .09 1.39 071 .12 030 .20 10070 9.10 9.80 1.38 1.20 1.27 .67 .85 .72
8~ 7050 45950 100 008 1012 .57 010 .22 .16 9.15 7.68 8.31 1.17 1.01 1.07 .55 .71 .62
83 6550 45850 80 .43 1.67 1.03 .08 .20 .12 4013 3.53 3.80 .53 .46 .49 .37 .72 .48
84 6650 45850 100 2036 5.86 4.09 .56 .97 .83 20093 18.18 19.25 2.72 2.41 2.54 1.67 2.44 2.01
85 6750 45850 100 1.02 5.17 2.91 1.15 1.85 1.51 60.67 51.24 55.39 7.91 6.92 7,:37 3.65 3.85 3.89
86 6850 45850 100 058 3000 1,64 .88 1.58 1.29 10.65 "'.9.33 9.89 1.39 1.26 1.31 .80 1.53 1. 10
87 6950 45850 100 .51 2.46 1.35 031 .57 046 3071 3039 3.52 .48 .46 .36 .96 .62
00 7050 45850 70 ,05 090 00\) 006 ,14 009 3068 3013 3.37 .47 .40 .4~ .25 .41 .31
-------
TABLE 25 (Cont.)
SOx PART. CO HC NO"
Gric;t H.C. V.C. Area S W A S W A S !;I A S !;I A S W A
89 6550 45750 70 .45 6.76 3.45 .55 1.30 .88 44078 37.99 40.97 6.43 5.67 6.01 2.79 3.80 3.20
90 6650 45750 100 2.72 10.96 6.47 1.76 2.85 2.31 81.63 69.73 74.91 11. 31 9.92 9.53 5.21 6.71 5.78
91 6725 45775 25 1.76 10.53 5.79 2.07 3.76 2.90 184.15 155.36 168.04 23.77 20.42 21.87 10.75 11.57 10.95
92 6775 45775 25 1.00 8.30 2.94 .88 1.66 1.31 32051 27.71 29.81 4.21 3.71 3.92 2.52 3.58 2.55
93 6725 45775 23 1.27 5.83 3.33 1.50 2.40 1.93. 30035 25.92 27.76 3.93 3.49 3.67 2.90 4.02 3.39
94 6775 45775 20 079 4.22 2.31 .74 1.34 1.06 33085 28.74 30.98 4.38 3,83 4.05 2.12 2.86 2.42
95 6850 45750 100 .49 2.82 1.54 050 .93 .72 30.87 26012 28.21 3.99 3.46 3.69 1.87 2.28 2.02
96 6950 45750 100 .41 2.12 1.18 .35 .79 .55 16.70 14.08 15.25 2.15 1.87 2.00 1.06 1.41 1. }9
U1 97 7050 45750 90 .12 1. 71 .87 .25 .42 .27 15.65 13.31 14.34 2.01 1.76 1.86 .93 1.10 1.02
w
98 6550 45650 10 .67 4.00 2023 .24 061 .41 14006 11.99 12.90 1.88 1.57 1.66 1.02 1.57 1.20
99 6650 45650 80 1.53 8.49 4.63 .93 1.84 1.38 49016 42.62 45.44 6.65 5.92 6.23 3.18 4.70 3.80
100 6710 45690 10 .35 1.89 1.03 .28 .55 043 \ -2(052 n.27 {2038 .33 .37 .33 .26 .72 .45
-------
TABLE 26 EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES BY GRID FOR THE MASsACHUSETTS PORTION OF THE STUDY AREA. 1967
$.TfY4.f~ f r>tAy)
SOX PART. eo He rID
'Grid !. e. v.e. Area S W A S L~ A S W A S W A S Ilx A
i 1 5~50\ 46950 ~011 .13 ~p9 \.4Q .~(\ ~~lj .l5 ~'.2~
-------
TABLE 26 (Cant. )
SOX PART. CO HC NOx
\;r1 d H,C. V.C. Area S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
21 1025 46625 25 1.11 8.17 4.48 1.76 5.04 2.61' 42.97 3R.63 40.38 5.fA 5.26 5.37 3.68 7.28 5.03
22 7075 46625 25 .58 2.9S 1.84 .47 .91 .69 12.72 11.12 11.82 1.78 2.03 1.62 1.19 1.87 1. 51
23 7150 46650 100 .22 1.29 ..74 .24 .47 .35 7.57 6.60 7.02 1.21 1.07 1.13 .79 .95 .SE:
24 7250 46650 100 .13 .86 .49 .19 .36 .27 5.45 4.79 5.08 .97 .86 .90 .65 .74 .68
25 6850 46550 100 .33 1.42 .81 .17 .39 .26 3.26 2.93 3.07 .5E: .52 .53 .47 .74 .58
26 6950 46550 100 .13 1.83 1.09 .18 .42 .32 9.42 7.99 8.62 1.59 1.37 1.46 .95 1.3£ 1. 17
27 7050 46550 100 .33 2.59 1. 58 .23 .58 .40 10.97 9.41 10.08 1.87 1.63 1.72 1.16 1.63 1.40
28 7150 46550 100 .30 1.11 .65 .09 .23 .15 1.31 1.19 1.23 .22 .37 .21 .25 .49 .35
V1
-------
EMISSION DENSITIES
In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of
pollutants by grid. emission density maps have been provided.
Figures 6
through 10 show variation in emission densities for the respective grids
throughout the Study Area.
As expected the emissions generally follow
the pattern and degree of urbanization. Emission densities are higher
in grids with high populations and correspondingly high vehicular and
industrial activity.
-------
4700000
4630000
4620000
4610000
44QOOOO
440000
740000
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi2 . day
7QOOOO 7]0000
4540000
450000
660000
470000
10
10
10
20
ni IBS
20
30
ki lomat«rs
30
40
50
Figure 7. Sulfur oxide emission density map.
40
-------
4700000
4630000
740000
MASSACHUSETTS
CONNECTICUT
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi2 - day
4540000
450000 440000
470000
10
10
20
30
40
10
10
ni las
20
50
ki lometers
Figure 8. Paniculate emission density map.
-------
470oooo
740000
4630000
4420000
4410000
4600000
440000
MASSACHUSETTS
CONNECTICU
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
day
4540000
450000
440000
470000
10
10
20
30
40
10
10
mi Us
20
30
40
SO
kilom«t*ri
Figure 9. Carbon monoxide emission density map.
-------
47QOOOO
740000
4630000
4620000
4610000
4600000
640000
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS,
tons/mi 2 - day
690000" 700000 7,0000
4560000
650000
6^0000
670000
Figure 10. Hydrocarbon emission density
map.
-------
4700000
4430000
4420000
44]0000
4400000
MASSACHUSETTS
"CONNECTICUT
4440000
740000
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi2 - day
7)0000
4560000
^^
450000 440000 470000
10
20
30
40
10 0 10
miles
20
30
40
50
ki lomaters
Figure 11. Nitrogen oxide emission density map.
-------
REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins~ G. and Smith, R., Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
Community Air Pollution, USDHEW, PHS, October 1966.
2.
Duprey~ R. L.~ Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
USDHEW PHS~ April 1967.
3.
Register and Manual, State of Connecticut, 1967.
4.
U.S. Department of Commerce,
Local Climatological Data, Annual Summary,
ESSA
5.
Highway Statistics, 1967, U.S. Department of Transportation, Bureau
of Pub lic Roads.
6.
Unpublished Information, State of Connecticut, Motor Vehicle Board.
7.
Wilbur Smith and Associates, Report to the Lower Pioneer Valley
Regional Planning Commission.
8.
Mineral Industry Surve~s, U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines,
1967.
9.
Steam-Electric Plant Factors, 1967, National Coal Association.
10.
Development of a Simulation Model for Air Pollution over the State of
Connecticut, Volume T., Traveler's Research Center, Inc.
-------
\)
APPENDIX A
METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL
AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
~
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F.)
Days of Operation
e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while operating
365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and
2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was estimated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heat:tng and 85 percent
for process heating. From this information, the annual
average emission for carbon monoxide would be the following:
A = 100,000 tons/year x 3 1bs. CO/Ton coal
365 Days/year x 2,00 1b/ton
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
WINTER AVERAGE (W)
W = Fuel Consumed x E. F.
Days of Winter Operation
+ Fuel Consumed x E. F.
365
W = ~go~ ~.~O~Oo
Winter Degree Days
x
Total Degree Days
x
% Fuel used for
space heating
x
% Fuel used for process heating
x
0.15 +
100,000
365
x
: B 5' ~
3
2,000
W = 0.49 Ton/Day
SUMMER AVERAGE (S)
S = Fuel Consumed x E. F.
Days of Summer Operation x
Summer Degree Days
Total Degree Days
x
% Fuel used for
Space heating
+ Fuel co~~~med
S =E5goo x
S = 0.35 Ton/Day
x E. F.
x
% Fuel used for process heating
o
4,800
x
0.15
+
100,000
365
~. ~ 5!
3
2,000
x
~
q
-------
APPENDIX B
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
Mul tiply
~
Feet
0.3048
1609
0.0920
Mil e s
Square Feet
Square Miles
2.59
Pounds
Pounds
453.6
453.6/104
1.103
907.2
.9072
Tons (metric)
Tons (short)
Tons (short)
To Obtain
~
64
,)
To Obtain
Meters
Meters
Square meters
Square kilometers
Grams
Tons (metric)
Tons (short)
Kilograms
Tons (metric)
Divide
p
------- |