NEW YORK STATE
SOUTHERN TIER WEST
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION
INVENTORY
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by
the Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report
Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of
APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
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permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711 or from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
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NEW YORK STATE SOUTHERN TIER WEST
EMISSION INVENIDRY
Prepared b;y
James R. Beaty
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Air Pollution Control Office
Durham, North Carolina
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ACKNCMLEDGMENTS
Sincere gratitude is exterxied by the Air Pollution Control Office
to the IIBl\Y in:ii viduals and conpanies who contributed to this study.
Special thanks are due to .Ted Davis of the New York State Air
Pollution Control Office for his assistance in corrlucting this inventory;
R.C. Clancy of Niagara IVbhawk Power COrPOration, Merle W. Smedberg of
Jamestown Board of Public Utilities, and F.S. Stapleton, Jr. of New
York State Electric and Gas COrPOration, who contributed invaluable
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PREFACE
This report, which presents the emission inventory for the New York
State Southem Tier West Area, is another in a series of surveys outlining
the sources and emissions of air pollutants for najor areas in the country.
These surveys, conducted by the National Inventory of Air Pollutant Emissions
and Control Branch of the Air Pollution Control Office, provide est1nates
of the present levels of air pollutant emissions and status of the:1.r
control.
The pollutants which inc).ude sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon
m:moxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, are delineated with respect
" .
to source type, season of the year and geographical distribution , within the
area. The general procedure for the surveys is based upon the rapid
1
survey technique for estimating air pollutant emissions.
'.\,
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TABIE OF CCN.rENrS
Transportation .
.
Page
1
3
9
15
18
18
18
24
25
~ 26
29
29
31
31
33
33
34
31
39
39
39
40
42
50
Introduction.
Sunmary 0
.
Iescription of Study Area
Grid Cbord!tDate System
Emissions by Category
Stationary Fuel CoITbustiCJ1
Steam-Electric Utility
Industrial .
Residential
Co!mIercial-Institutional .
Motor Vehicles
Aircraft
.
Railroads
Solid Waste Disposal.
Incineration .
Open Burning .
Industrial Processes
Evaporative Losses
Automobiles
Gasoline storage and Handling
Cons~tion of Solvents
Emissions by Jurisdiction
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TABIE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
Contribution of Point and Area Sources.
Endssion Densities.
References
. . . .
Appendix A
Appendix B
...e..
eooet...
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Page
50
54
64
65
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Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
LIST OF TABlES
Sumrrary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Study
.Area.o.....o.......
.....
. . . .
Sumnary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Study
A.ztea 0 . . . 0 . 0 .. . 0 . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
Percentage of Contribution of Each Source Category
to Total EmissionS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.Area and Population Characteristics for Study
.Area 0 . 0 . .'. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Armual Consumption of Natural Gas in Study
A.ztea 0 . ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
Armual Consumption of Coal in Study .Area .
Annual Consumption of Residual Fuel Oil in
.....
Study .Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
Armual Consumption of Distillate Fuel Oil
,in Study A.ztea . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . .
. . . .
Average Chemical Analysis of Fuels Consumed
in Study.Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 0 .
Air Pollutant Emissions from the Coni:>ustion of
Fuels in Stationary Sources. . . . . . . . . . . .
Sumnary of Domestic Heating by Nunber of IMelling
Units in Study A.ztea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vehicle Miles of Travel for IVbtor Vehicles in Study
.Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
00....
Sumrrary of Air Pollutant Emissions from
Transportation Sources 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Solid Waste Balance for Study .Area . . .
Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste
.....0
Disposal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
......
Swnrrary of Air Pollutant Emissions from
Industrial Processes. . . . . . . . . .
......
Hydrocarbon Emissions frem Evaporative Loss
S01.1I'ces . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
Page
6
7
8
10
19
20
21
22
23
27
28
30
32
35
36
38
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Table
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
LIST OF TABLES
( Continued)
SUIl1I1'B.ry of Air Pollutant Emissions in
Allegany County. . . . . . . . . . .
.......
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in
Cattaraugus County. . . . . . . . .
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in
Chautaugus County.. . . . . . . . . .
.......
.......
Surmary of Air Pollutant Emissions in
Chenrung County. . . . . . . . . . .
.......
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Schuyler
COt1l1ty. 0 . . . . . ... . . . . . . .
.......
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in
Steuben County. . . . . . . . . . .
.......
Sl..1IIiI13.ry of Air Pollutant Emissions in
Tonpkins County. . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from
Point Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
o . . . .
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from
all .SoUI'ces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....
Page
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
52, 53
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Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
LIST OF FIGURES
IYap of the Study Area. and SUITounding Cities
III 0 . . .
Detailed tlRp of Study Area . . . . .
. . . .
CI 0 . . .
Population Density for Study Area
80...
.....
Grid Coordinate System for Study Area
. . . .
. . . .
Point Source Locations for Study Area
. . . .
. . . .
Sulfur Oxide Emission ~nsity from all
Sources in Study Area . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . .
Particulate Emission Density from all
Sources in Study Area . . . . . . . .
. .. . . . . . .
Carbon Monoxide Emission Density fran all
Sources. in Study Area . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
Hydrocarbon Emission Density from all
Sources in Study Area .. . . . . . .
........
Nitrogen Oxide Emission Density fran all
Sources in Study Area . . . . . . . . .
.......
-
Page
11
12
13
16
51
59
60
61
62
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INrRODUCTION
This report is a ~umna.ry of the Southern Tier West air pollutant
emission inventory - conducted in January, 1971. Since all inventories
are based upon a ca1erdar year" the data and emission estimates presented
are representative of 1970 and should be considered as indicating the
conditions as existed during that year.
The Study Area, which was chosen on the basis of the distribution of
population and air pollution sources, consists of seven counties in
Southwest New York. This area covers approximately 6,000 square miles and
had a 1970 population of 590,000.
- A grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical distribution
of emissions wi thin counties. The Study Area was subdivided into 100 gr>id
zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in the heavily populated
and industrialized areas to 400 square kilometers in the rural areas. .
All sources of emissions were classified into five categpries--
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal, industrial
processes and evaporative losses. Each of these source categpries was
divided into two subgr'Oups-point sources and- area sources. Facilities,
which endt large quantities of air pollutants, were considered indivj,.dually
as point sources while the nany rerraining - contributors such as rootor
vehicles:. residential and commercial fuel users, srral1 industries and
"-
on-site refuse burning equiprrent, were considered collectively as area
sources. For this report, fifty-two individual sources, which had emissions
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greater than 0.1 tons per average annual day for a:ny pollutant, were
classified as point sources.
Emissions were estinRted by using various indicators such as fuel
consunption, refuse burning rates, vehicle-miles, prodUCtion data, and
control efficiencies and emission factors relating these indicators to
2
emission rates. These factors represent average emission rates for a
particular source category.
Since individual sources have inherent
differences that cannot always be taken into consideration, discrepancies
between the actual and estinRted emissions are more likely in individual
sources than in the total emissions from a source category.
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and
should not be interpreted as absolute values.
The estimates are, in
some cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factor::: and
production or consumption data.
Despite these limitations, these estimates
are of sufficient accuracy and validity in defining the extent and
distribution of air pollutant emissions in the Study Area.
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SUMMARY OF RESULTS
The annual emission estirIRtes (tons/year) for the New York Southern Tier
West Air pollutant Emission Inventory Are:
Carbon IYbnoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
166,700
43,500
215,700
40,000
50,800
Sulfur Oxides
Particulates
The following is a brief description of the air pollutant emissions
as presented in Table 1 and Table 2.
Sulfur Oxides:
The largest portion of the sulfur oxides emitted
came from the four steam-electric plants located
in the Study Area which had coal fired units.
Together these plants accounted for 54 percent.
of total sulfur oxides. The combustion of fossil
fuels by other stationary sources accounted for
45 percent of the sulfur oxides emitt~. The
rerrainder was distributed under rotor vehicles,
refuse disposal and small industries.
Particulates: .
rrhe IIBjority of the particulate emissions (52%)
"-
came from the combuSltion of coal at the four power
plants in the Study Area.
Individual sources of
particulates from industrial processes accounted for
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Particulates:
( continued)
Carbon Monoxide:
Hydrocarbons :
12 percent of total particulate emissions.
The
largest sources from industrial processes were
plants in the mineral products industry, which
accounted for 7 of this 12 percent.
'!he
combustion of coal by industrial sources was the
only other significant source of particulates,
accounting for 18 percent of the total.
In rost metropolitan areas the 1argest source of
carbon ronoxide emissions is from autorobi1es and
other rotor vehicles.
This was also true in the
Study Area as rotor vehicles contributed 88 percent
of the carbon ronoxide emitted annually.
Other
transportation sources including railroad a.rrl
aircraft operations contributed another 1 percent.
The only other significant sources of carbon ronoxide
were from the inefficient combustion of refuse at
open burning dumps and industrial process losses.
'lhese categories accounted for about 4 and 5 percent
respectively of the total emissions.
Exhaust gases from rotor vehicles was the primary
source of hydrocarbon emissions, accounting for
37 percent of the total.
Evaporative losses from
rotor vehicles which includes losses from the
gas tank, carburetor a.rrl engine crankcase accounted
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Hydrocarbons :
( continued)
Nitrogen Oxides:
for 29 percent of total hydrocarbon emissions.
Other smaller evaporative loss sources including
gasoline storage and harrlling, industrial solvent
usage, dry cleaning plants, and miscellaneous
solvent usage, collectively accounted for 16
percent 9f total emissions. Other sources included
the open burning of 'solid waste, railroad and
aircraft operations, and stationary fuel combustion,
which accounted for 9, 2 and 7 percent , respectively,
of total emissions.
'!he largest sources of nitrogen oxides were the
four stearn-electric plants. 'Ihe combustion of
cool at these plants accounted for 44 percent
of total nitrogen oxide emissions. The combustion
of coal, oil, and gas at other stationary sources
accounted for 27 percent of total emissions.
'!he second largest source of nitrogen oxides was
the exhaust gas from motor vehicles, which contributed
almost 27 percent of the total. '!he rermining 2
percent of the nitrogen oxides came from the disposal
of refuse by incineration and open burning and from
industrial process 'emissions.
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TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA, 1970
('lbns/Year )
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro~ Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates M:>noxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
lVbtor Vehicles 1,095 1,240 186,460 14,840 13,685
Other 225 220 2,290 720 265
Subtotal 1,320 1,460 188,750 15,560 13,950
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 44,000 7,770 2,880 1,240 5,990
Ste~Electric 89,610 22,380 1,260 380 22,590
Residential 3,880 1,270 1,990 510 1,560
Conmercial and
Institutional 27,430 3,390 1,150 560 5,680
Subtotal 164,920 34,810 7,280 2,690 35,820
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 20 380 10 115 120
Open Burning 110 1,780 9,470 3,335 670
Subtotal 130 2,160 9,480 3,450 790
Industrial Processes 310 5,050 10,170 80 270
Evaporative Losses 18,200
GRAND 'I"CfrAL a 166,680 43,480 215,680 39,980 50,830
a = 'lbtals have been rounded.
N = Negligible
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TABLE 2
SUMMARY OF Am POLWl'ANT EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA, 1970
(1,000 kglyear)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides. ulates tlbnoxide carbon Oxides
Transportation
lVbtor Vehicles 1,000 1,150 169,200 13,500 12,400
Other 200 200 2,100 650 240
Subtotal 1,200 1,350 171,300 14,150 12,640
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Indust:r1al 40,000 7,050 6,620 1,130 5,400
Steam-Electric 81,400 20,250 1,150 350 20,500
Residential 3,500 1,150 1,810 460 1,400
Commercial a.rrl
Institutional 25,000 3,070 1,040 510 5,200
Subtotal 149,900 31,520 6,620 2,450 32,500
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 20 350 10 105 110
Open Burning 100 1,610 8,600 3,025 610
Subtotal 120 1,960 8,610 3,130 720
Industrial Porcesses 280 4,600 9,250 70 250
Evaporative wsses 16,500
- GRAND TarAL 151,500 39,430 195,780 '36,300 46,110
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TABLE 3
PERCENrAGE CONTRIBurION OF EACH SOURCE CATEGORY TO
TOrAL EMISSIONS IN THE NEW YORK STUDY AREA
Source Category
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
ulates
Carbon
lVbroxide
Hydro-
carbon
Nitrogen
Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles .7 2.9 86.5 37.1 26.9
Other .1 .4 1.1 1.8 .5
Subtotal .8 3.3 87.6 38.9 27.4
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 26:..4 17.9 1.3 3.1 11.8
Steam-Electric 53.8 51.5 .6 .9 44.4
Residential 2.3 2.9 .9 1.3 3.1
Commercial and
Institutional 16.5 7.8 .5 1.4 . 11.2
Subtotal 99.0 80.1 3.3 6.7 70.5
Refuse Disposal
Incineration N .9 N .3 .2
Open Burning N 4.1 4.4 8.3 1.4
Subtotal N 5.0 4.4 8.6 1.6
Process Losses ~2 11.6 4.7 .2 .5
Evaporative Losses 45.6
TOI'AL 100 100 100 100 100
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DESCRIPrION OF STUDY AREA
The Study Area for the emission survey of the New York State
Southern Tier West Area consists of seven counties - Alle~, Cattaraugus,
Chautauqua\) Chemung, Schuyler, Steuben, and Tompkins. The seven counties
are located in the southwest portion of New York State along the Pennsylvania
border. Figure 1 shows the location of the Study Area relative to other
lar@e cities in its vicinity.
Figure 2 represents a rrore detailed drawing of the Study Area showing
the rraj or urban areas.
It should be pointed out that the boundaries of
these areas do not correspond to city limits, but rather give a general
outline of the najor clusters of population.
The study area occupies
6105 square miles and contained an estimated 1970 population of 589,540,
which is approximately a 8 percent increase since 1960 (Table 4).3 The
population density nap (Figure 3) shows the heaviest concentrations ne~
the cities of Dunkirk, Jamestown, Olean, Corning, Elmira, and Ithaca.
TOPOGRAPHY:
'!he eastern portion of the Study Area lies at the
southern end of Keuka, Seneca, and Cayugp. lake of the Finger Lakes. , In
the western half of the study area, the major lakes are Lake Erie which
comprises the western border and Chautauqua lake in Chautauqua County.
Elevations range from 400 to 2,500 feet above sea level in the Study Area.
The rraj or rivers are the Canisteo,
Tioga, and Chemung.
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TABLE 4
AREA AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FDR
STUDY AREA
Land Area - Population Population
Political Jurisdiction (Sq. Mi.) 1960 1970 Density (1970)
Allegany 1,048 43,980 46,630 45
Cattaraugus 1,335 80,190 81,960 61
Chautaugua 1,080 145,380 153,220 142
Chennmg 412 98,700 108,200 240
Schuyler 331 15,040 15,580 45
Steuben 1,408 97,690 101,870 69
Tompkins 491 66,160 82,090 135
GRAND IDrAL 6,105 547,150 589,550 92
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LAKE ON TAR/0
NEW YORK
LAKE ERIE
Erie
I Pittsburgh
I Binghamton
Williamsport(
PENNSYLVANIA
Scran ton4
IHarrisburg
Figure 1. Map of study area and surrounding cities.
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KEUKA LAKE SENECA CAY
LAKE
I. :•
TOMPKINS
COUNTY
STEUBEN COUNTY
Hornell .-•••Bath
ALLEGANY COUNTY
CHAUTAUQUA
COUNTY
CATTARAUGUS COUNTY
SCHUYLER
COUNTY
CHEMUNC RIVER
CHAUTAUQUA
LAKE
CANISTEO
RIVER
Q Elmlre Heights
f\ Elmira
ALLEGHENY
INDIAN RES.
TIOGA DRIVER
i
I\J
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u>
DENSITY,
p«opl«/mi2 peopU/km2
0 -10
10 -20
20 -40
40 -160
160 -850
a
a
0 -25
25 -50
50 - 100
100 -400
400 -2200
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CLIMA'IDLOGY4
In the study area, the cliIrBte is representative of the humid area
of the Northeastern United States and is also primarily continental in
type. Since the area is adjacent to the St. Iawrence Valley storm-
track, and is also subject to cold air nasses that approach from the west
and north, the circulatory processes of the atIlDsphere produce a
variable clinate which is characterized by frequent and rapid changes.
The naj.or portion of the precipitation in the Southwest Tier
derives from IIDisture....laden air that is transported northward by
a tIlDspheric processes from the Gulf of Mexico. However, some of the
cyclonic systems that pass northward along the Atlantic Coast bring
precipitation to the area also.
In the western part of the study area, wind flow throughout the
year is somewhat higher than in the rest of the area due to the proximity
of Lake Erie.
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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
A gr>id coordinate system, based on the Universal Transverse
Mercator Proj ection (urM) was used in the Southern Tier Study Area to
show the geographical distribUtion of emissions. A nap of this grid
system is presented in Figure 4.
The U'IM system was chosen due to its advantages over other standard
grid systems such as the latitude-Longitude and State Plane Coordinate
Systems. The rrajor advantages of this system are that (1) it is
continuous across the country and is not hindered by political subdivisions,
(2) the grids are of uniform size throughout the country,
(3) it has
world-wide use, and (4) the grids are square in shape-a necess~ feature
for use in meteorological dispersion roodels.
The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the metric
system. Each north-south and east-west grid line, as illustrated in
Figure 4 ~ is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters. Elich
point source and grid is identified by the horizontal and vertical coordi-
nates of their geographical center to the nearest 100 meters.
As shown in Figure 4, the Study Area was divided into 100 grids of
three different sizes-25, 100, and 400 square kilometers. Grid zones of
different sizes are used to limit the nunDer of grid zones and yet allow
a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of emissions. The
nejority of the emissions is usually concentrated in the populated and
industrialized portions of a study Area. Snaller grids are placed over
these areas in order to reflect abrupt changes in emissions within short
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100000
~
.-
,,-
,.-
I-'
0'\
o
h
10
--01
20
30
I
seAL E. fI"l.,
47'COOO
'"
'6,-0
,.-
360000
'6~!
-
32""""
200000
2"'-
260000
~
aaooo
220000
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distances.
The use of grid zones smaller than 25 square kilometers is
not warranted because of the inherent inaccuracies in the data. Since
on]y a smll percentage of the total emissions occur in rural areas,
larger grid zones are norrmlly used to show the distribution of emissions
in these lightly populated pOrtions of a Study Area.
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ElVITSSIONS BY CATEGORY
Fbr the purposes of compiling the basic data and emission estimates,
the air pollutant sources were classified into the following five
categories:
1. Stationary fuel combustion
2. Transportation
3. Solid waste disposal
4. Industrial processes
5. Evaporative losses
Each of these categories is considered indi vidual]y in this section where
data sources are given and methods of calculation discussed.
STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
'!he stationary fuel coITbustion category is concerned with any fixed
source which burns fUels for either space heating or process heating.
The four prinary sources in this category are industrial facilities,
steam-electric plants, residential housing, and conrnercial and
institutional establishments.
In the Study Area, coal, distillate oil
and residual oil were all used. Tables 5 through Table 8 present a
sUJT!1BI'y of the fuels consumed in the Study Area, and Table 9 presents
an average chemical ana]ysis of these fuels.
Ste~lectric Utility
....
METHODOLOGY: Data on the four power plants in the area was acquired
from the Niagara lVbhawk Power Corporation, Jamestown Board of Public
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TABLE 5
ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF NATURAL GAS IN THE STUDY AREA, 1970
(Million CUbic Feet)
Conmercia1 and
Jurisdiction Steam-Electric Industrial Residential Institutioml Totals
A11egp.ny 530 2,740 750 4,020
Cattaraugus 560 4,510 630 5,700
I-' Cbautaugua 3,400 7,710 2,650 13,760
\D
Chennmg 3,930 5,360 2,230 11,520
Schuyler 100 510 400 1,010
Steuben 2,730 4,780 1,550 9,060
Tompkins 530 3,160 2,100 5,790
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TABLE 6
ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF COAL IN THE STUDY AREA, 1970
(Tons )
=- ~...,. - --'-
Commercial and
Jurisdiction Stearn-Electric 'Industrial Residential Institutional Totals
A11egpny 3,760 21,000 24,760
Cattaraugus 3,000 9,830 16,460 29,290
Chautauqua 1,331,000 1,200 12,760 71,380 1,416,340
I\) Chemung 538,500 10,950 39,460 588,910
o
Schuyler 6,000 4,200 2,000 12,200
Steuben 335,900 34,530 12,250 19,720 402,400
Tompkins 843,600 5,770 8,720 36,200 849,290
GRAND 'IDTAL 2,510,500 589,000 62,470 206,220 3,368,190
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TABLE 7
ANNUAL CCNSUMPTION OF DISTILLATE FUEL OIL IN THE STUDY AREA, 1970
(1,000 Gallons)
..--------
Conmercia1 and
Jurisdiction Steam-Electric Industrial Residential Institutional Totals
A11egp.ny 1,460 3,380 8,240 13,080
Cattaraugus 2,630 8,870 5,720 17 , 220 .
Chautauqua 8,320 9,600 27,950 45,870
f\.)
I-' ChelTlUl1g 2,240 7 , 220 2,270 11,730
Schuyler 1,000 3,520 1,000 5,520
Steuben 8,080 11,750 10,100 29,930
'lbmpkins 2,400 10,270 12,000 24,670
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TABLE 8
ANNUAL CONSUMPTION OF RESIDUAL FUEL OIL IN THE STUDY AREA, 1970
(1,000 Gallons)
Commercial and
Jurisdiction Steam-Electric Industrial Residential Institutional Totals
Allegany 3,420 7,:;1.90 10,610
Cattaraugus 6,130 3,700 9,830
Chautauqua 19,410 23,470 42,88'0
I\)
I\)
Chemung 5,610 2,520 8,130
Schuyler 1,000 1,000 2,OOQ
Steuben - 19,210 12,070 31,280
Tompkins 5,660 12,600 18,260
GRAND TOTAL 60,440 62,550 122,990
- - - ---- ._- ..- -
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TABLE 9
AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FUELS CONSUMED IN THE
STUDY AREA, 1970
..
Type Fuel
Type Source
% by weight
Ash Content
% by Weight
Sulfur Content
Coal Stearn-Electr1c 15.0 . 2.0
Industrial 10.0 1.5
Domestic-Commercial 6.0 0.9
Residual Fuel Oil Stearn-Electric NU NU
Irrlustrial N 1.5
Dornestic~onmercial NU NU
Distillate Fuel Oil Steam-Electric NU NU
Industrial N .5
Domes tic...commerc ial N .25
N :c Negligible
NU = Fuel not used by this type source
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Utilities, and New York State Gas and Electric, Corporation, and corrpared
to figures presented by the National Coal Association.5 The data included
the annual fuel consumption for 1970, type and efficiency of control
equipment, sulfur and ash content of the fuel and the type of furnace.
RESULTS: All four of the power plants in the area use pulverized
coal-fired boilers which range in size from 300 million BTU/hr- 1,400
million BTU/hr. Approxilmte1y 2.5 million tons of coal were consumed in
these boilers in 1970. Of this 2-.5 million tons, .5 million was consumed
in boilers with mechanical control devices for particulates. '!he remaining
2.0 million tons were controlled by either a mechanical (multiple cyclone)
collector or an electrostatic precipitator. The efficiencies of these
controls ranged from a low of 80 percent with an overloaded mechanical
collector to 95 percent with electrostatic precipitators. '!he average
weighted efficiency of the 2.5 million tons of coal which was controlled
was 92 percent.
Air pollutant emissions from fuel combustion at these plants as
well as from all other fuel combustion sources are sUIIl!TB.rized in Table 10.
The steam-electric plants were the largest sources of sulfur oxides,
particulates and nitrogen oxides in the Study Area. Over 54 percent of
the total sulfur oxides from stationary fuel combustion, 64 percent of
the particulates, and 63 perdent of the nitrogen oxides were attributed
to these four plants.
Industrial
ME'IHODOLOGY:
Since in a rapid survey of industrial sources it is
:impossible to contact every plant, other techniques must be used to
determine the contribution of industrial fuel combustion sources.
In
-------
order to do this, the total quanti ties of the various fuels used are
determined and the amounts used by the largest industries are found.
The remaining sources are considered collectively' as area sources and
their' fuel use is based on the difference between the total and the
aID:>unt consumed by the largest sources.
The total quantities of residual and distillate fuel oil consumed
by industrial were est:1m3.ted using Bureau of Mines' Mineral Industry
surveys 0 These were compared to totals provided by the nEj ori ty of the
acknowledged agencies. Natural g;3.s nunt>ers were obtained from each of
the local suppliers who provided the breakdown by user category. Total
coal consumption by industrial sources was based solely on questionnaire
data or personal contacts nade by the local agencies.
The quantities of all fuels used by individual industries was found
and then subtracted from the totals to determine area sources fuel use.
It should be noted that fuel combustion by industries include both
fuel used for space heating, and fuel used for process heating. A
national average was used to separate process heating from space heating.
RESULTS:
Coal, distillate oil, residual oil and natural g;3.S were
all used by industrial sources in the Study Area.
these fuels is sunm3rized in Tables 5 through 8.
The consumption of
Table 10 shows the relative contribution of each fuel to the total
emissions from stationary fuel combustion.
Industrial sources account
for 27 percent of total sulfur oxide emissions from stationary fuel
combustion,\) 22 percent of particulates, 40 percent of carbon m:moxide,
47 percent of hydrocarbons, and 17 percent of nitrogen oxides.
Residential
METHODOLOGY: Natural g;3.s, distillate fuel oil and coal were the
prim3.ry fuels used for residential horne heating.
There were homes heated
-------
by other fuels, but they' represent a small percentage of the total. Data
on the aIJDunt of natural gp.s used for domestic heating was supplied
by the local power companies and compared with the rapid survey technique
6 .
of est1ma.ting the fuel used for home heating. Distillate oil and
coal consumption data were est1ma.ted based on data supplied by local
agencies and on the rapid survey technique.
, RESULTS: Table 11 gives an estimate of the number of hcmes that
use each type fuel in the Study Area. The overall percentage of the
number of homes that use each type fuel consists of natural ~ being
used in 75 percent of the dwelling units, fuel oil 21 percent and coal.
4 percent.
Emissions resulting from residential fuel combustion are relatively
low for all pollutants. However, since coal is not burned efficientl'y
in homes, carbon m:moxide and hydrocarbons are higher than might be
expected.
The contribution to total endssions from stationary fuel
conbustion by domestic heating was less than 1 percent for any
pollutant except for carbon IOOnoxide (28%) and hydrocarbons (19%).
Commercial-Institutional
METHODOLOGY:
Commercial and institutional establishments in the
Study Area used all four of the previously mentioned fuels-distillate
and residual oil, natural @is and coal. Data on the total am::>unts of
these fuels used in the area as well as the consumption at individual
establishments are supplied by power companies, fuel associations and
the local agencies.
RESULTS: The use of coal and fuel oil at cOIJ1II)ercial and institutional
establishments was by far the most significant source of emissions from
-------
TABLE 10
AIR POU.tJrANT EMISSIONS FROM THE OOMBUSTION OF FUELS IN
STATIONARY SOURCES IN THE STUDY AREA, 19'10 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur ' Partic- Carbon, Hydro- Nitrogen
Fuel User Category , Oxides ulates IVbnoxide carbons Oxides
Coal
Industrial 27,690 6,770 2,890 900 1,850
Stearn-Electric 89,600 22,380 1,250 400 22,570
Residential 2,750 720 1,560 300 150
COIIJ11ercial and
Institutional 9,800 2,060 1,0~0 300 600
Subtotal 129,840 31,930 6,730 1,900 25,170
Fuel Oil
Industrial 16,330 900 N 130 3,100
Steam-Electric
Residential 1,120 300 150 80 350
Comnercial and
Institutional 17,620 1,200 N 190 4,700
Subtotal 35,070 2,400 150 400 8,150
Gas
Industrial N 110 N 240 1,030
Steam-Electric
Residential 10 270 300 100 1,080
Comnercial and
Institutional N 100 100 50 390
Subtotal 10 480 400 390 2,500
GRAND TOTAL a 164,920 34,810 7,280 2,690 35,820
N = Negligible
A ::: Totals have been rounded.
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TABIE 11
SUMMARY OF DOMESTIC HEATING BY NUMBER OF DWELLING UNITS
rn THE STUDY AREA, 1970
Jurisdiction Coal Fuel Oil Natural Gas
Alle~ny 370 1,950 10,260
Cattaraugus 1,010 5,320 17,520
G.'1autauqua 1,700 7,470 38,890
Chemung 1,310 5,040 24,230
S0huyler 440. 2,140 2,010
S-ceuben 1,390 7,760 20,460
Tompkins 1,010 6,940 i3,820
TarAL 7,230 36,620 127,190
OVERALL PERCENTAGE 4% 21% 75%
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this category.
'lhese fuels contributed largely to sulfur oxides
(17%) and nitrogen oxides (16%).
TRANSPORI'ATION
Three. types of transportation sources of a1r pollution are considered
in this sUrvey--m::>tor vehicles, a1rcraft, and railroads. Motor vehicles,
\'lhich are by far the most significant source in this category, are
further subdivided according to type of fue1--~oline or diesel.
Motor Vehicles
About 8 million miles per day were traveled by rotor vehicles in
1970 in the Study Area.
In the process, 180 million gallons of
gasoline and 11 million gallons of diesel fuel were consumed for
highway purposes. Table 12 shows the miles of travel for ~oline
and diesel vehicles for each county in the Study Area.
Vehicle-miles data for essentially all of the roads in the
study area were supplied by the New York Appalachian resource
transportation studies.
These figures were conpared wi th ~oline
consumption figures and a good correlation was obtained.
The contribution to the total motor vehicle pollution by diese1-
powered vehicles was determined by assuming that approxilrately six
percent of the total fuel conslU1Ed was by diesel-powered vehicles.
These emissions were apportioned on a grid basis by assuming they were
proportional to gasoline emissions.
-------
TABLE 12
VEHICLE MILES ~ OF TRAVEL FDR lVDTOR VEHICIES IN THE
STUDY AREA, 1970 (Vehicle Mi1es/Day)
Gasoline Diesel
Jurisdiction Vehicle Miles Vehicle Miles Total
Allegp.ny 581,000 11,200 592,200
Cattaraugus 1,069,000 22,400 1,091,400
Chautauqua 2,046,000 43,000 2,089,000
Chemung 1,312,000 27,600 1,339,600
Schuyler 234,000 4,900 238,900
Steuben 1,459,000 30,600 1,4891600
TOr:1pkins 1,006,000 22,300 1,028,300
GRAND TOTAL 7,707,000 162,000 7,869,000
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Emissions from rotor vehicles are a function of the speed at which
the vehicle travels. Average speeds of 10-20 mph were assumed for
downtown areas, 20- 30 mph for the residential areas, and 30-45 mph for
the rural areas to calculate vehicle emissions.
From all transportation sources, rotor vehicles accounted for 83
percent of the sulfur oxides, 8.5 percent of the part;iculates, 99 percent
of the carbon monoxide, 97 percent of the hydrocarbons, and 98 percent
of the nitrogen oxides.
Gasoline powered rotor ~ehicles contributed a
greater percent of all pollutants than diesel powered motor vehicles .
Einissions from transportation sources are surnrrarized in Table 13.
Aircraft
Chemung County airport was the only airport in the study area that
was listed in the Federal Aviation Administration Aircraft Activity
nanualo
'!he air pollutant emissions from aircraft include all phases of
operation (taxi, take-off, cl:1mb out, approach and landing) that take
place below the arbitrarily chosen altitude of 3,500 feet.
Einissions
at cruise altitude (above 3,500 feet) are not of concern in an emission
inventory 0 From all transportation sources, aircraft accounted for
10 percent of the particulates, 1 percent of the carbon ronoxide, 2
percent of the hydrocarbons and 1 percent of the nitrogen oxides.
Railroads
Railroad operations (rrainly locorotive) consume . about 5 million
g:illons of diesel fuel per year within the Study Area. This quantity
-------
TABLE 13
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSICNS FROM TRANSPORTATION
SOURCES, 1970 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Motor Vehicles
Gasoline 835 1,100 184,560 26,000* 11,700
Diesel 260 190 1,900 410 1,985
Subtotal 1,095 1,240 186,460 26,410 13,685
Aircraft
Jet 20 90 200 350 60
Piston 40 35 1,900 230 N
Turboprop N 25 10 10 20
Subtotal 60 150 2,110 590 80
Railroads 165 70 180 130 185
GRAND 'IDTAL 1,320 1,460 188,750 27,130 13" 950
* Includes automobile evaporative losses
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is about 55 percent less than the am:nmt of diesel fuel consumed by
rotor vehicles.
'lhe naj ori ty of this fuel is consumed during switching
operations.
Diesel fuel consumption data was obtained from Bureau of
Mines' Mineral Industry Studies.
Railroad operations contribute about 12 percent of the sulfur oxides
and 5 percent of the particulates from all transportation sources.
They
account for less than 3 percent of the emissions for arw other pollutant.
SOLID WAS'IE DISPOSAL
Approxinately .9 million tons of refuse was generated during 1970
within the Study Area.
Table 14 presents a solid waste balance for
the Southern Tier Study Area, showing the various methods of disposal
and the quantities disposed of by each method.
'lhere were open burning
dumps in Allegpny, Cattaraugus, anC Chautaugua counties.
In all of the
counties it was assumed that backyard burning and incineration took
place in rural areas.
There were no rrnmicipal incinerators operating .
in the study area by the end of 1970, therefore the remainder of solid
waste was disposed of largely in non-burning dumps and landfills.
For the entire Study Area 13 percent of the refuse was disposed of
by on-site incinerators, 61 percent by landfills or non-burning dumps,
4 percent by open burning dumps and 22 percent by backyard burning.
Refuse data for all of the New York counties \'las supplied by the
State Department of Solid Waste.
Incineration
In the Study Area there was only one industrial incinerator used
to dispose of solid waste.
This was a relatively small incinerator
33
-------
located in Chemung County.
The amount of refuse disposed of by on-site
incineration was assumed to be approxim3.tely 13 percent of the generated
refuse in each county.
In all counties the 108,000 tons of refuse
burned by on-site incinerators was treated as an area source and
apportioned to rural grids by population. Only the one industrial
incinerator was classified as a point source.
The incineration of refuse contributed 15 percent of the total
sulfur oxide emissions from solid waste disposal, 18 percent of the
particulates, negligLble carbon monoxide, 15 percent of the nitrogen
oxides and 3 percent of the hydrocarbons.
Open Burning
'!he two mjor categories of open burning are open burning dlUTlps and
on-site open burning.
On-site open burning was the largest contributor
to the air pollution from solid waste disposal.
There were approximately
2Cr open burning dumps in the Study Area, none of which were classified as
point sources.
The open burning of approximtely 188,000 tons of waste
in backyards was a significant factor in solid waste disposal.
'Ihis 108,000
tons was treated as area source emissions and apportioned onto grids by
population.
The open burning of refuse contributed 85 percent of total sulfur
oxide emissionS from solid waste disposal, 72 percent of the particulates,
100 percent of the carbon monoxide, 85 percent of the nitrogen oxides and
97 percent of the hydrocarbons.
-------
TABLE 14
SOLID WASTE BALANCE FDR STUDY AREA, 1970 ('Ibns/Year)
..., ...~
Political TQta1 Refuse . Incineration Landfills or Open Burning
Jurisdiction . Gerierated Municipal On-site Non Burning Dumps Dumps On-Slte
Allegany 68,000 8,500 39,500 1,400 18,600
Cattaraugus 120,000 15,000 76,000 . 15,000 14,000
Chautuaqua 223,700 28,000 135,700 20,000 40,000
w Cherrnmg 158,000 - 20,000 106,400 31,600
\J'1
Schuyler 227,000 2,900 12,900 6,900
Steuben 148,700 18,600 89,100 41,000
'Ibmpkins 120,000 15,000 70,500 34,500
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TABLE 15
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL, 1970
(Yons/Year)
Source Category
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
ulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbons
Nitrogen
Oxides
Incineration
Municipal -
On-Site 20 380 10 115 120
Subtotal 20 380 10 115 120
Open Burning
On-Site 90 1,490 7,930 2,800 560
Dump 20 290 1,540 535 110
SUbtotal 110 1,780 9,470 3,335 670
GRAND 'IDTAL 130 2,160 9,480 3,450 790
N = Negligible
36
1; ,
, ..
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INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
The Study Area is characterized by the large number of furniture
mills.
The operations that take place at these mills are of concern
in an emission inventory nainly because of the particulate emissions.
From an air pollution standpoint the mineral products industry was by
far the most significant industrial process sources.
In the mineral
products industry the largest sources were concrete batch plants and
sand and gravel operations.
In the food and agricultural industry the
largest sources were 2 fertilizer plants and one tanning operation.
The only other large industrial process sources were grey iron
foundries.
other industries that generated air pollutant errdssions
from their processes included a steel fabrication plant, a railroad
engine repair shop, glass manufacturing, and a salt processing operation.
Table 16 presents a SUl1l!1i3.ry of the emissions from the various industrial
processes.
The concrete batching plants in the Study Area accounted for 29
percent of the particulate emissions. An additional 26 percent was
attributed to sand and gravel operations that supply the concrete and
asphalt plants.
The largest portion (96%) of carbon m:moxide emissions came from
uncontrolled grey' iron foundries.
Glass melting contributed over 55
percent of the nitrogen oxide emissions.
The remaining emissions from
industrial processes are summarized in Table 16.
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TABLE 16
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL
PROCESSES, 1970 (Tons/Year)
Type Industry
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
. ulates
Carbon
f'lbnoxide
Hydro-
carbons
Nitrogen
Oxides
Mineral Products
Glass Mmufacturing 100 360 150
Rock-sand processing 80 1,310
Concrete hatching 1,460
Salt processing 250
Subtotal 190 3,380 150
Metallurgical
Gray Iron Foundry 10 330 9,750
Steel Fabrication 30 320
Furniture 700
Railroad Engine Repair 100 170 110 80 110
Food and Agricultural
Tanning 20 50 10
Fertilizer 390
Subtotal 20 440 10
GRAND 'IDTALS 310 5.050 10,180 80 270
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EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
Three source categpries were considered for evaporative losses--
automobiles, gasoline storage and handling, am the consumption of
solvents.
The hydrocarbon emissions from all sources by evaporative
losses ar~ shown in Table 17.
Autorobiles
Automobile evaporation losses include gas tank and carburetor
evaporation and engine crankcase blowby.
Since 1963, rost new automobiles
were equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valves that
reduce .hydrocarbon emissions from the crankcase by about 90 percent.
Due
to a lag time in the autorrobile replacement rate, it was assumed ,that
20 percent of the autorobiles were not equipPed with PCV: valves.
The hydrocarbon emissions from autorrobiles were calculated from
vehicle";mile data and were apportioned onto gr-ids using the same methods
'as for motor vehicles discussed earlier.
Evaporative losses from
'autorobiles accounted for 64 percent of the total hydrocarbon emissions
from evaporative losses in the Study Area.
Gasoline Storage and Handling
'!here are four n:aj or points (excluding evaporation from the rotor
vehicle) of hydrocarbon emissions in the storage and harrlling of gasoline.
'lbere are:
1.
Breathing and filling losses from storage tanks
2. Filling losses from loading tank conveyances
3.
Filling losses from loading underground storage tanks at
service stations.
-------
4.
Spillage and filling losses in fl1l.ing automobile gp.s tanks
at service stations.
.Approximately 89 million gallons of gp.soline and diesel fuel were
stored in the Study Area in 1970. The evaporative losses from this
storage and the subsequent handling accounted for 13 percent of the
total evaporative losses.
Consumption of Solvents
This category included the consumption of solvents at dry cleaning
plants, indus trial solvent usage and the miscellaneous use of sol vents
by small commercial establishments and domestic units.
Organic solvents
emitted from these operations were determined by assuming an emission
mte mnging from 2 to 5 Ib/capita/year for any cleaning plants.
Industrial solvent usage was obtained from questionnaire data supplied
by the state air pollution office. The consumption of sol vents by
these three categories accounted for 23 percent of the hydrocarbon
emissions from evaporative losses.
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TABLE 17
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM EVAPORATIVE LOSS SOURCES IN
THE STUDY AREA, 1970 ('I'ons/Year)
Type of Source
Hydrocarbons ,
Gasoline Storage ani Handling
Autozoobiles
2,430
11,570
Solvent Consumption
Industrial
Dry Cleaning
3,220
980
GRAND IDTA!..
18,200 .
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EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
The previous section presented the air pollutant emissions by source
category.
In order to show the contribution of each county to the
pollution in the entire Study Area, their emissions are surmnarized in
Tables 18 through 24.
As can be expected, since power plants play such a big part in the
overall air pollution in the Study Area, the counties with power plants
seem to be the IOOSt significant from a sulfur oxide particulate and
nitrogen oxide standpoint.
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TABLE 18
SUMMARY OF AIR POLI1JTANT EMISSIONS IN ALLEGANY COUNl'Y, 1970
(Tons/Year )
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 80 90 11, 590 970 1,030
Other 10 10 10 10 10
Subtotal 90 100 11,600 980 1,040
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 920 60 N 20 220
Steam-Electric -
Residential 250 80 130 30 130
Commercial and
,Institutional 2,030 360 110 60 650
Subtotal 4,200 500 240 110 1,000
Refuse Disposal
Incineration N 30 10 10
Open Burning 10 160 850 300 60
Subtotal 10 190 850 310 70
Industrial Processes 10 420 3,400
Evaporative Losses 1,120
GRAND TOTAL a ,'4,310 1,210 16,090 2,520 2,110
N = Negligible
a = Totals have been rounded.
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TABLE 19
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLTJrANT EMISSIONS IN CA'ITARAUGUS COUNTY, 1970
('Ibns/Y ear )
~
Sulfur Partic~ Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates M:moxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 150 170 24,330 1,970 1,900
Other 20 10 30 20 30
Subtotal 170 180 24,360 1,990 1,930
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 1,740 320 N 30 390
Steam-Electric
Residential 660 190 310 ,80 250
Commercial am
Institutional 1,860 260 90 40 410
Subtotal 4,260 770 400 150 1,050
Refuse Disposal
Incineratiol!l N 50 15 20
Open Burning 20 230 1,230 435 90
Subtotal 20 280 1,230 450 110
Industrial Processes 20 740 10
Evaporative Losses 2,640
GRAND TarALa 4,470 1,970 25,990 5,230 3,100
N m Negligible
a :::: 'Ibtals have been rounded.
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TABLE 20
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUI'ANT EMISSIONS IN CHAUTAOOUA COUNTY, 1970
('Ibns/Year )
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 290 330 52,270 4,090 3,630
Other 40 20 50 30 50
Subtotal 330 350 52,320 4,120 3,680
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 5,290 400 N 110 1,310
Stearn-Electric 41,890 12,080 670 200 11,980
Residential 820 240 420 110 380
Conmercia1 and
Institutiom1 10,050 1,220 390 200 2,160
Subtotal 58)050 13,940 1,480 620 15,830
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 10 100 30 30
Open Burning 30 480 2,550 900 180
Subtotal 40 580 2,550 930 210
Industrial Processes 2~410
Evaporative Losses 6,370
GRAND TOTftL a 58,420 17,280 56,350 12,040 19,720
N = Negligible
a = Totals have been rounded.
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TABLE 21
StJlV1lVIARY OF AIR POLUJrANT EMISSIONS IN CHEMUNG COUNTY, 1970
(Tons/Year )
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
. Transportation
lVbtor Vehicles 190 210 37,240 2,860 2,330
Other 90 160 2,140 610 110
Subtotal 280 370 39,380 3,470 2,440
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 27,090 5,500 2,690 900 2,240
Steam-Electric
Residential 680 200 350 90 270
Comnercia1 arrl
Institutional 2,580 460 220 80 380
Subtotal 30,350 6,160 3,260 1,070 2,890
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 10 80 10 30 20
Open Burning 10 250 1,340 470 100
Subtotal 20 330 1,350 500 120
Industrial Processes N 660 6,670
Evaporative Losses 2,600
GRAND IDTA!. 30,650 ~,520 50,660 7,640 5,450
a :::: Totals have been rounded.
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TABLE 22
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN SCHUYLER COUNTY, 1970
('Ibns/Year )
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 35 40 4,610 390 415
Other 5 N N N 5
Subtotal 40 40 4,610 390 420
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 390 490 N 10 130
Steam-Electric
Residential 260 60 120 30 . 50
Conmercial and
Institutional 380 40 20 10 90
Subtotal 1,030 590 140 50 270
Refuse Disposal
Incineration N 10 N N N
Open Burning N 50 290 100 20
Subtotal N 60 290 100 20
Industrial Processes 250
Evaporative Losses 640
GRAND TOTAL a 1,070 940 5,040 1,180 710
N = Negligible
a = 'Ibtals have been rounded
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TABLE 23
SUMMARY OF Am POLLUTANr EMISSIONS IN STEUBEN COUNTY:, 1970
(Tons/Year )
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
. Motor Vehicles 210 240 32,440 2,640 2, 590
Other 40 10 40 30 40
Subtotal 250 250 32,480 2,670 2,630
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 6,770 850 160 140 1,350
Steam-Electric 10,850 7,798 170 58 3,020
Residential 610 290 380 100 280
Conmercial am
Institutional 4, 290 430 120 70 920
Subtotal 22,520 9,360 830 360 5,570
Refuse Disposal
Incineration N 60 N 20 20
Open Bur'ning 20 330 1,740 610 120
Subtotal 20 390 1,740 630 140
Industrial Processes 200 570 100 80 260
Evaporative Losses 2,890
GRAND TClrAL a 22,990 10,570 35,150 6,630 8,600
N = Negligible
a = Totals have been rounded.
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TABLE 24
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLurANT EMISSIOl\1S IN 'roMPKINS COUNTY, 1970
(Tons/Year )
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates lVbnoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 140 160 23,980 1,920 1,790
Other 20 10 20 20 20
Subtotal 160 170 24,000 1,940 1,810
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 1,800 150 30 30 350
Steam-Electric 36,870 2,510 420 130 7,590
Residential 600 210 280 10 200
Conmercia1 and
Institutional 5,240 620 200 100 1, 070
Subtotal 44,510 3,490 930 330 9,210
Refuse Disposal
Incirieration N 50 N 10 20
Open Burning 20 280 1,470 520 100
Subtotal 20 330 1,470 530 120
Industrial Processes 80
Evaporative Losses.. 1,940
GRAND TCtrALa 44,770 3,990 26,400 4,740 11~140
N = Negligible
a = 'lbtaTh have been rounded.
-------
EMISSIONS BY GRID
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air
pollutant emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were
apportioned on the grid coordinate system.
The emissions were divided
into two source groups-point and "area sources.
Fifty-two point sources
are identified individually with respect to location and emissions.
The majority of these point sources emitted more trmn .1 tons per average
annual day of any pollutant.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF POINT AND AREA SOURCES
Figure 5 shows the location of all point sources in the area. .
Collectively the fifty-two point sources account for 54 percent of
the sulfur oxides, 63 percent of the particulates, 45 percent of the
nitrogen oxides, and only 5 percent of the carbon monoxide and 2 percent
of the hydrocarbons.
The percentage contribution to carbon monoxide
emissions is low because rotor vehicles, which are area sources,
contribute 87 percent of the total carbon monoxide emissions.
Similarly ,
the contribution to total hydrocarbon emissions is low since two
groups of area sources, motor vehicles and evaporative losses are the
najor sources.
Table 25 presents the emissions of point sources.
Each source is identified by source category, grid number and
horizontal and vertical coordinates.
The emissions of sulfur oxides,
particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides
are shown for an average annual day, average winter day (December,
-------
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TABLE 25
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-------
TABLE 25 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES
(Continued)
TONS/YEAR
2 35 19:10 467<;0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4'3 0.43 ".41 1).0 0.0 0.0 0.81 O.~3 o.sn 0.0 0.0 0.0
7. '1'5 19<;0 461'.R 0.0 0.0 n.1' 0.22 0.27 ().:1i' 0.0 f).o ').0 0.7.'3 0.?'3 o.n 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 42 ?l '>6 4"6'>0 0.7 0.2 '1.~ 1.1 I' 1. 1 I' 1.1f) ".!)O 11.00 1"1.'10 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.01 '
7 42 2152 4""4? 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.74 0."4 0.74 00,", n.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 S'3 241'>5 461Bf) '1.1) 0." n.o 0.01- O.f)" 0.1)" 9.32 9.37 9.32 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 59 2730 46930 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.09 l.n'J 1.00 Oo() 0.1) 0.0 0.0 0.1' 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 <;9 ?AOO 46<'00 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.03 0.0'3 0.0'3 '1.1'\ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 64 2F170 46A70 0.'1 n.3 '1.'1 0.45 0.45 1.4<; n.79 0.79 0.2~ 0.20 0.2n 0.20 o."n 0.31 0.31
2 71 30~!) 4"91"> '1.0 0.1) 0.0 0.13 '1.13 0.13 1).1'\ 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1).0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 71 1110 46910 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 ('.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.Ot'> o.o/' 0.06 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 H 310'> 46917 0.3 0.'1 1).,:\ 0.''''6 n."" ('\.6" 0.1'1r1 o.no 0.00 0.15 0.1S:; a.lS 0.09 0.09 0.09
? 7Z 3065 46B~O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2F1 0.2A O.2S> 0.0 0.0 0.1'1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7 15 3235 46714 0.0 0.0 0.1) 0.04 0.0" 0.04 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1 76 3310 46650 36.2 36.2 29.1 7.5.<)6 75.96 '>1.34 1).<;" 0.'>'" 0.46 0.11 0.17 0.14 10.08 1 0.08 8.28
VI 2 76 3300 4667'1 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3F1 0.3R O.'3A 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.41 0.41 0.41
w
2 76 1375 46660 0.0 0.0 o.n 0.04 1).04 0.04 0.0 r).0 0.1' 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
;> 76 3UO '.6690 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7\ 0.21 o.?t 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.01 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 17 3445 '.6935 1'1.'3 O.l 1.3 1. "I" 1.9" ! .QA r). 1'1 1.fH 0.1'1 0.'10 0.00 0.'10 0.14 0.14 0.14
.----
;> 7Q 3430 4"617 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
7 7"1 3435 466"10 0.2 0.;> 0.2 (1.4'1 0.40 0.40 <;.1R 5.1!\ 5.7" \.63 1.63 1.6l 0.22 0.22 0.22
---_._---~
;> AI) 348'1 ',66~1 0.0 0.0 ').1') O.Of! O.0R 0.1)" n.pq O.~q r).ijq 0.09 0.'19 0.09 0.01 0.01 0.01
7 90 3491 46675 0.0 '0.0 0.0 0.35 0.35 O.v; 0.'1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 FI'. 349~ ',663<; 0.0 ').0 0.1' 0.14 0.1', ').1,4 17.40 17.40 17.41'\ 0.0 0.0 '1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
;> '1.4 l49<; ---- --- --- ----
4f."4'1 0.0 O.n 0.1'\ ')."1 0."'1 (1.61 1').') 0.0 0.') 0.0 0.0 1).0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 AS 3'>07 46"06 O.r) (1.0 r"J.O 0.12 a. 17 0.1;> O.f) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2 ')<; VDO '."!- \1. 0.:) 0.n ').f) (') . (f c:;; ("J.!.. ~ "1.4<; '1.0 1').0 f). '1 0.11 0.11 .f). 11 0.0 0.0 0.0
')? 3660 47175 127.'1 l?:>.q 101.1' R.l7 A.' 7 ".~" 1.4\ 1.41 1.1" 0.47 r).42 0.35 2S.31 25.31 20.80
? 9l 3165 4710'1 f).? fJ.? 0.7 (\.0 f).') ').'1 0.0 '1.0 O.r) 0.0 0.0 '1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
.~
-------
January, February) and average summer day (June, July, August).
The
appendix presents the method of calculating these three averages.
Area sources are sources of emissions that are sig)1ificant by
themselves, but as a group may emit a large portion of the areas
total pollution. Examples of area sources are rotor vehicles, resid-
ences, light cOITimercial and industrial establishments and backyard
burning .
The emissions from area sources have been added to that for
point sources to obtain total emissions from all sources by groid. as
shown in Table 26.
The emissions from all sources are also shown for,
an annual average, winter and stmlIler ~.
EMISSION DENSITIES
In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of
pollutants by grids, emission density maps have been prepared.
Emission densities were obtained by summing the annual area and point
source emissions for each grid and dividing this total by the land
area of the grid. Figures 6 through 10 show the variation in emission
densities for the respective grids throughout the Study Area. As
expected the emissions generally follow the pattern and degree of
urbanization. Emission densities for carbon ronoxide and hydrocarbons
are higher in the grids with the higher populations and corresponding
higher vehicular activity.
Sulfur oxides, particulates and nitrogen
oxide emission densities are highest in the groids where power plants
are located.
Particulate emissions tend to follow the general pattern
of the location of industrial and other sources as shown in Figure 5.
-------
TABLE 26 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTAm' EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES
TONS /YEAR
snx r>APT en '"if: Nnx
GRIn MFA c; l~ !.\ c; W 1\ C; III A S W II S W A
1 JR.'" 0.1) O.~ 0.4 0.1 1'1.7 ".1 <;.4 4.<; 4.'1 \.0 1).0 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.6
.~
l 154.4 0.0 l.n 1.4 0.1 n. '. 0.7 1.5 1.1 1.'\ n.7 "Q 7 0.7 0.3 1.0 0.6
, 38.6 1'1.'1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.'1 1'1.0 (1.'1 0.0 0.1'1 0.0 1'1.0 0.0 O.D 0.1 0.0
4 3R.6 0.1'1 0.'1 0.4 0.0 0.1 1'1.1 "1.7 "I.i'> 11.7 0.2 0.2 1'1.2 0.1 0.2 0.1
.'
'5 154.4 '1.1 7.<; 3.(, 1'104 1 .? 1'100 14." 12.6 11.p 2.Q 7.6 ?oR 1.7 3.1 2.3
" 1';4.4 0.1 70C; 3.'5 0.7 I.'; \. 1 Q e ,Q: ~.'5 q.1 2.2 2.1 7.2 00C! 2.5 1.7
7 'A." 1'1.0 I . 1 0.5 0.1 0.:> 1'1.7 1.4 I.' I .4 1).4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.2
o 1'1.6 0.1) 1.4 0.7 0.1 I).? 0.7 1.'1 1.7 1.7 0.4 004 0.4 0.2 0.'5 0.3
q JR.6 1?7.3 112. c; 1"1';.3 1C!.8 40.'1 ''11.4 .?'1 . 'I 2C;.1 :>7.1 4.1 '.7 1.R 17." 39.7 32.-1
-------
10 19.6 0.1 -i. 7 1.R 0.5 (I.q 1.7 C).R 11.4 Q.I 1. q 1.7 1.A 0.9 1.6 102
Ion H 154.4 0.1 1?0C! 6.1 2.0 3. '\ ?" 1'.. C; 12.'5 11. '5 206 2. c; 2.6 1.3 4.1 2.6
. Ion
12 1R.6 1'1.0 1.3 I).A '1.1 0.2 1'1.1 3.1'1 7.A 2.A 1).6 0.'5 0.'5 0.3 0.5 0.4
13 3R.6 0.0 0.<) 0.4 0.1 ').? ".1 '1.3 1).3 ').1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1
-----
14 3'1.6 n.l 1 '- . 1 5.7 1'1.1 I . /. 0.7 1".7 ~. t... 10.0 1.1\ 1.A I.A 0.8 3.'5 l.O
15 Q.7 1'1.0 O.Q 0.4 fl.n 0.1 0.1'1 /).0 0.'1 1'1.1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.1
16 Q.7 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.0 (1.0 n./) 0.0 '1.0 0.0 0.0 0.('1 0.0 0.1 0.0
17 1.7 D.? r;.l.. 2.6 ~.'. 4.0 1.7 <).? 7."4 A.C; 6.3 ':-.7 6.3 0.5 1.7 1.1
1'1 Q.7 0.0 0.5 0. " 0.0 '1.1 0.1) ?R 7.'\ 7." 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.3 0.3
Ie) 0.7 1'1.' 2. ~ 1 . 1 0.1 "'. t. ().' I . /t Q.7 0.0 0.4 O.? 0.1 0.? (). I !') . () 11.6 0.1, ".7. 0.7 o.? 0.0 0.1 0.1
-----.- ------- ---- -----
-------
TABLE 26 SlOOIARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES
(Continued)
T'ONS/Yr!M{
75 Q.7 0.1) 1.3 o.? 0.1 0.1 O~ J 0.>' 0.7 O."! 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
?6 /}.7 0.0 0.5 O.~ 0.0 0.1 1).0 (1.1) 0.4 O.'i 0.1 O. 1 0.1 1).1 0.2 0.1
01 21 9.7 0.0 1).3 O.? 0.0 n.o 0." ".0 1'.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0
-'
<..oJ
~ 28 C/.1 0.0 0.4 0." 0.0 0.1) 0.0 1.2 0.7 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
a
2" "~.6 n.n 1.0 ~.5 n.? 1.1 n." ?? 2.0 2.1 f). «3 0.5 n.5 0.2 0.4 0.3
10 1R.6 0.0 0.1 n.l 0.0 I).f) 1).0 o.n f). I) I).n 0.0 0.0 1).0 0.0 0.0 0.0
31 154.4 0.1 3.3 1. Ii 0.3 0.7 1).1) ".7 ~.l "./~ 1.7 1.7 1.1 0.5 1.2 0.8
12 154.4 0.1 ?7 1.3 f).1 o. 't n.3 .7.1 6.1 6.t. 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.1 1.2 0.9
B 154.4 1).0 1.0 0.5 f).0 n.l 0.1 1).1) f).1) 0.5 n.l 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.2
34 154.4 0.0 1 . 1 0.5 /').1 o.? 0.1 ').1 1.~ "1.7 '}..2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2
35 154.4 0.1 3.>' 1. q /').Q 1.4 1.2 17..'. 10.6 11.5 ~. 4 :\.7 3.7 1.1 1.8 1.4
36 11)4.4 0.0 0.4 0.2 I). 1 0.1 0.1 4." 4.1 4.'> I).p 0.7 0./\ 0.<; 0.5 0.5
17 31\.6 n./') 0.1 O.n 0.0 1./') n." o.n f).1) ').0 D.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
311 3A.6 1).0 f). 1 0.1 1).0 0.0 0." 1.3 1. 1 1.2 0.7. 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
VI 3C/ 154.4 0.1 7.1 l.n 0.7 n.4 O.~ 'J.'" 1.3 1.Q ] ." 1.4 1.5 0.8 1.2 1.0
0\
154.4 1).6 0.] :':'.? 7.'1 '.5 ?7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5 0.4 - - - - - - - ~ .
40 0.0 1 .3 1).3
41 38.6 1).1) '}.A n. It n.] :!.? n.l ,.7 ').3 ?c; 0.5 0.5 0.<; 0.3 0.4 0.3
------ 1. q
42 38.6 0.4 q,r) 4.1') 2.n 1.!1 ;>." 3"." 7.1;.1 77.7 4.7. 3.'1 4.0 3.4 2.6
----.---- -------- --
41 3R.6 /').1 1).4 0." n.o .1. 1 1').') r). 1 '1.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 /').1 0.0 0.1 0.1
44 1"!.6 '1.!" ".f.. /').1 1).1 ".1 n.! ~.Q 1.? ~.~ 0.7 >l." 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4
't5 18." ('.0 ".1 0.0 0.0 n.f) n'n 0.1 ".1) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
46 31\." '1.0 1.'1 n.f) 1.n n.o 0." "." '1.0 n.n 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 000 0.0
47 154.4 n.I 1.7 O.Q 0.1 G.1 0. _? 1.C, 1 ." 1.f- 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.5 0.3
48 154.4 f).? 3.1 1.f> 1.1 '1.5 '1.~ C;.C; 4.8 5.7 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.6 1.2 0.8
-----.------ .- --- .,-- .----
4<:J 154.4 '1.1 2.P 1 .4 n.l '1.4 1.7 r;. ,) '+. A 5.2 1.1 1.0 1." 0.6 1.1 0.8
50 3Q." 0.0 (J.I O.t 0.n 0.0 0.'1 0 . f) ".'1 :).0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
---------- 0.0 0.0
51 ~q.6 0.(\ o.n f).() f).0 ".~ ('.0 f)." n.:) "'.('\ n.o 0.0 1.0 0.0
--- .--- -+--- ---. ------- 0.7
52 154.4 C. I 7.. 1 1.0 f).1 oJ. 'I o.? ? ."~ 7.6 ?7 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.5
-------
., TABLE 26 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES
(Continued)
TONS/YEAR
5' 154.4 0.1 1.7 1 . 1., 0.2 0.<; 0.4 14.'> B.9 14.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.5 1.2 0.8
54 3':'.6 0.1 0.8 0.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 ".4 2.(' 2.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.4 0.3
55 3'1.6 0.1 3.q 1.0 r,.1. :).6 n.4 7.C:; 6.5 7.0 1.7 1.7 I.? 0.6 1.3 0.9
'56 38.6 0.0 0.4 0.2 0.0 0.1 ~o'" 1.'1 a.l I) 0 1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0,,0
51 3'1.6 000 003 002 '100 a.o 00'1 ')03 001 Oo~ 0,,1 001 001 000 001 Ool
58 154.4 0.1 2.4 le~ 1'.1 '1.4 n.? <;.0 4.~ 4.A 0.'" 0.9 00<'1 t).':i 0.9 0.7
5<'1 154.4 001 ,>.a ~.a 1.~ 7.n 10(0 '. e" 4.1 404 1 . 1 1.1 1.1 0.5 1.7 1.1
60 154.4 0.1 2.1 1.0 n.' n.~ 002 101 105 1.6 G.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.6 0.4
r.
61 3R.(, 000 1. F, O.R 0.1 n.3 0.2. 301 2.1 2.<'1 006 0.6 006 0.-3 0.6 0.4
62 3'1.6 0.0 n.6 0.3 001) '1.1 1).1 1.'1 1.1 1.2 0.3 0.2 0.2 0,,1 0.2 0.2
03 1<;4.4 (1.1 '5.a 7.A 0.1 0.0 'I." Q.o 7.'5 A." 107 ' 01 1.1 0.8 10<'1 1.3
64 18.6 0.4 'I.') 4.7 '1.6 I. '; l.n It. 1 :).6 10.3 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.4 2.9 2.1
65 3R~6 0.1) n.'I 004 n.O 1.1 0.1 00' 0.2 1).1 0.1 001 0.1 0.0 0.7. 0.1
A" 18.6 0.0 n.~ 0.4 l'I.n 0.1 1'1.' 1.'1 1 .n , .7 003 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3 002
\J1 61 38.6 n.o 1).'1 n.4 (). n n.1 1'.1 1).1 1).7 0.7 I). 1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1
~
6'1 1'>404 ".0 1 . S 0.7 1).1 I).' I",.' ".'i 2.7 2.1 0.') 0.5 0.5 0.7 0.5 0.4
69 18.6 O.n 0.'; 0.7 0.0 n.l f). I} n. 1 I) . 1 0.1 000 001 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1
10 3Ro!' n.n n." n.1 .1. I' I'. 1 '1. 1 "'.1 '1.t. .0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1
71 154.4 1).4 <;.A 7.'1 1.0 1. '> 1 ." '1.7 " .7 7.7 1.° 1 . 'I 1.8 0.9 1.<'1 1.3
72 154.4 n.' '1.0 ~.~ '1.4 1 ."' n.Q 10.5 9.f'I ').'1 1.9 1.R I.'" 1.0 7.5 1.1
---.,.- ----~._---
11 le;4.4 0.0 3.<\ 1.'1 0.7 "I. f) 0.4 2.1 .,.6 7.1 I). l' 0.1 0.1 0.3 1.0 0.6
14 154.4 o. () 1.1 0.8 1).1 n.3 0.2 e;."\ 4." 5.0 1 .1 1.0 1 .1 0.5 0./\ 0.6
,
15 1<;4.4 0.1 1.4 1.1) n.1 1.4 I).~ 1:>.4 6.'1 6.7 1.4 1. e; 1.4 0.6 1.1 1.1
...--.- ._- -- - _-.- -- - -------
76 154.4 ~6.7 <'7.1 4~." 7".0 ~'1.? ?1.~ 41 .0 V,.? 3q. CI 6.2 5.9 6.0 1300 17.5 13.3
-".--.--'"
77 1.54.4 ------- -- ---- -- -------.-
- '). "' "\. 1 1." 7.0 "'. 't ~.;" 7.11 .,. I ". c; 1. c; 1.4 1.4 n.B 1.3 1.0
7~ 154.4 0.1 ~~.o In .'t 0.6 4.Q ?f-, lIt. 4 14.5 1.4.4 1.1 3.5 1.3 1.4 3.4 2.3
7<) CI.7 ".7 1.e; 0.9 0.5 O.'! o. ,<, '1.1 q.0 R.I 7..1 7.0 2.0 Q.4 0.5 0.5
-------
TABLE:26 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT mnss IOiilS FROM ALt SOURCES
(c...ulluu,",iJ)
TONS/YEAR
81 9.7 0.0 ".1 2.Q 0.0 1.3 0.'> <'.5 6.0 6.7 0.9 O.Q o.q 0.4 0.1} 0.6
'12 9.7 0.0 1 . <, 0.7 0.0 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2 0.1
Q") I'll 9.7 i).~ I .4 0.1 0.0 0.1 '1.? 1 . 1 1 . 1 1 . 1 0.2 o.? 1).2 0.1 0.2 0.2
-t
W
a 84 <'1.7 :). 1 3"1.Q 14.'5 I).R ? 1 1. Q 17'.'5 " 7.1 37.2 2.6 3.2 l.Q 1.0 1.7 2.3
00
'35 9.7 0.1 10.'1 14.5 ~.7 6." "1." n.4 ??4 ?~.Q 2.~ 1.4 ':\.1 O.Q '107 2.2
'16 9.7 0.11 J.~ 1.1 (). I n.6 ".1 '1.7 (1.5 0.4 1').1 0.7 0.7 0.0 0.'3 0.1
fl7 38.'> 1).1 "~.'? II.. Q 0. I 5.? ~.c; 11.7 11..5 11.0 1.'J ?5 ?l 0.9 3.1 2.0
~q <).7 o. 1 1~.4 '1.7 () 0 I 3.'1 1. Q B.f- 11.1 11.1 1.9 2.7 l.O 0.8 2.4 1.6
r-
--
AQ Q.7 1).1) 1."1 1.".. 0.1 0.7 0."1 1.3 1.4 1.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2
qo 9.1 fl.:"\ 1 .? 0.1, 0.0 0').3 0.1 '''. Q a.~ o.'! 0.2 0.2 O.l 0.1 0.2 0.1
en <). 7 " " 1 0 (> 8.S 0.0 O. ') 0.1 I."> I.&' 1.7 1').1 o. '3 0.3 J.2 1).2 0.2
'.
"---.------------
92 38.6 I."? ') 1?4.4 1'1.1 8.5 '!.7 7.1 ~.q ?q 7.6 0.9 0.8 0.7 2'5.4 25.7 21.1
93 lA.A 0.3 :>.7. 1 . 1 1).1 0.4 0.7 I. Q 1.7 1.3 0.5 O.'i 0." 0.2 0.6 0.3
154.4 ':1.4 1(1.4 14.5 ().4 4.1 ? 1 55.1 47.' 51.' 7.1'1 1'1.1 3.9 9.5 6.5 ------_.
'H '1.4
\J1 95 1 ''iIt . 4 0. 1 4.1 2.0 0.7 O.q 0.5 t) . '. 4.9 5.1 1.1 1.1 1 .1 0.5 1.0 0.7
ex>
9., 154.4 0.0 5.0 7.4 '1.1 1 . 1 n.t, I... () 3.'1 3.9 0.A 0.'1 0.9 0.4 0.8 0.6
97 18.6 0.0 1.1 O.R n. I n.3 0.7 1.7 1, . 1 1 . 1 0.3 0.4 0.'" O.i 0.5 0.3
1 . 1 n.1 ---.- --_._~ ---,,----
91\ 18.6 D.n ().~ n. , 0. 1 I').~ I).:! I).A 0.' 0.' 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2
q9 154.4 0.1 5.a ?R 0.4 1 . 1 O.'! ll.1 <).9 10." 2.3 2.2 2.':\ 1.1 2.1 1.5
lOa 154.4 I).() 1.. 1 0.5 0.1 0.7 n. I I .' 1.1 1.2 1).3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.3 0.2
-----------
TnT~L 30A.1 741.0 45".7 101..7 167.7 l1Q.l 6'6.4 55<).3 5,90.9 1 to.'H09.4tOQ.5 121.4188.8139.3
'---------- -
----- - ---
--- --- --
-.- ---- ~ ---~--------
----------
~- -------- -
-~-_.._~-- ---- ------
---- - --- ---
-------
DENSITY,
2 ~
ton /mi
0 -0.015
0.015 -0.025
0.025 -0.08
0.08 -0.28
0.28 - 2.8
a
a
B
•
•
rj
tonne/km
0 -0.005
0.005 • 0,009
0.009 - 0.028
0.02S -0.1
0.1 -1.0
-------
a\
o
0 -0.005
0.005 -0.015
0.015 -0.08
0.08 -0.3
0.3 -0.9
D
a
0 - 0.002
0.002 - 0.005
0.005 -0.028
0.028 -0.1
0.1 -0.3
-------
ICM.I.I
DENSITY,
ton/mi*
0 -0.02
0.02 -0.06
0.06 -0.1
0.1 -0.4
0.4 - 4.0
a
a
H
•
tonn«/km'
0 -0.007
0.007 - 0.021
0.021 -0.035
0.035 -0.14
0.14 -1.4
-------
ro
47,0000
DENSITY,
ton/mi* tonne/km^
0 -0.005 g 0 -0.002
0.005-0.015 Q 0.002-0.005
0.015 -0.04 Q 0.005 -0.014
0.04 -0.1 El 0.014 -0.035
0,1 -0.7 • 0.035-0.25
-------
ON
LO
DENSITY,
tore/mi2 tonn«/km2
0 -0.005
0.005 -0.015
0.015 -0.04
0.04 -0.1
0.1 -0.9
D
0
Q
0 -0.002
0.002 -0.005
0.005 -0.014
0.014 -0.035
0.035 -0.32
-------
REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins, Guntis and Raymond Smith, Rapid Survey Techniques for
Estimati..11g Community Air Pollution Elnissions. DREW, PHS,
October, 1966.
2.
Duprey, R. L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Elnission Factors,
United States, DHEW~ PHS, 1968.
3.
4.
Population Estimates, State of New York Air Pollution Office.
Local Climatological Data, United States Department of Commerce,
1968.
5.
6.
Steam Electric Plant Factors, National Coal Association, 1969.
Ozolins, op. cit., pp. 43-45.
-------
APPENDIX A
METHOD.. FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL
';-'AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL"" CONS~T):;()lt. IN STATIONARY SOURCES
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. )
Days of Operation
e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while operating
365 days. The total degree day.s for the area was 4,800 and
2,809 for the three winter mon!~s. The 'plant was estimated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for'SI)8c'e"heating and ~.5 percent
for process heating. From this information,' the a,nni1al
average emission for carbon monoxide would be the following:
A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 tbs. CO/Ton coal
365 Days/year x 2,000 lb./Ton
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
WINTER AVERAGE (W)
w = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of \Hnter Operation
x
Winter Degree Days
Total Degree Days
x
% fuel Used
for space heating
+- Fuel Consumed x E.F. 01.. Fuel used for process heating
365 x
W ~ 80,000 x 2,800 . 0.8J
0.15 100,000 3
90 x 4,800 x .... 365 x 2,000
w'= 0.49 Ton/Day
SUMMER AVERAGE (S)
s = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Summer Operation
x
Summer Degree ~
Total Degree Days
x
% Fue:' Used
for space heating
+
Fuel Consumed x E.F.
365
x
,% Fuel used for process heating
S = n, 100,000
L 90
Yo
°
4,800
x
0.15
+
100,000 0 8:15
365 ,x. J
3
2,000
S = 0.3) Ton/Day
,;
-
-------
"'",
APPENDIX B
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply ~. To Obtain
F('1!et a.30lt8 Meters
Miles 1609 Meters
S~uQre Feet 0.0929 Square meters
Square Miles 2.59 Square kilometers
Pounds 453.6 Grams
Pounds 453.6/104 Tons (metric)
Tons (metric) 1.103 Tons (short)
Tons (short) 907.2 Ki 10grams
Tons (short) .9072 Tons (metric:)
'1'0 Obtain ]l Divide
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