OMAHA METROPOLITAN AREA
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
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The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by
the Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report
Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of .
APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies
permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711 or from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
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Office of Air Programs Publication No. APTD-0826
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OMAHA METROPOLITAN AREA
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by
Alan J. Hoffman
Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
, Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Durham, North Carolina
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Sincere gratitude is extended by the National Air Pollution
Control Administration to the many individuals and companies who
contributed to this air pollution emission inventory.
Special thanks are extended to Donald Olson of the the Omaha-
Douglas County Health Department and C.L. Campbell of the Iowa State
Department of Health, who contributed invaluable assistance in the
gathering of data for thi~ report.
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PREFACE
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This report, which presents the emission inventory for the Omaha-
Council Bluffs Metropolitan Area, is another in a series of surveys
outlining the sources and emissions of air pollutants for major
metropolitan areas in the country. These surveys, conducted by the
National Inventory of Air Pollutant Emissions and Control Branch of
the National Air Pollution Control Administration, provide estimates
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of the present levels of air pollutant emissions and status of their
control.
The pollutants, which include sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon
monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, are delineated with respect
to source type, season of the year and geographical distribution within
the area. The general procedure for the surveys is based upon the
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rapid survey technique for estimating air pollutant em~ss~ons. These
reports are intended to serve as aids in the proposing of boundaries of
Air Quality Control Regions, as directed by the Air Quality Act of 1967.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Figure
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LIST OF FIGURES
Map of the States of Nebraska and Iowa Showing the Omaha
Council Bluffs Area..........................................
Detailed Map of the Omaha-Council Bluffs Study Area..........
population Density of Omaha-Council Bluffs Study Area........
Grid Coordinate System for Omaha-Council Bluffs Study Area...
Point Source Locations.......................................
SuI fur Oxides Emission Densi ty Map.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Particulate Emission Density Map.............................
Carbon Monoxide Emission Density Map.........................
Hydrocarbon Emission Density Map.............................
Nitrogen Oxides Emission Density Map.........................
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INTRODUCTION
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This report is a summary of the Omaha-Council Bluffs area air
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pollutant emission inventory conducted in October, 1969.
Since all
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inventories are based upon a calendar year, the data and emission estimates
presented are representative of 1968 and should be considered as indicating
the conditions as existed during that year.
The Study Area, which was chosen on the basis of the distribution
of population and air pollution sources, consists of six counties
surrounding the city of Omaha in Nebraska and two counties in Iowa. This
area covers approximately 4,210 square miles and had a 1968 population
of 625,000.
A grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical
distribution of emissions within counties. The Study Area was subdivided
into 52 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in the
heavily populated and industrialized areas to 400 square kilometers in
the rural areas.
All sources of emissions were classified into five categories--
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal,
industrial processes and evaporative losses. Each of these source
categories was divided into two subgroups--point sources and area
sources. Facilities, which emit large quantities of air pollutants,
were considered individually as point sources, while the many remaining
contributors such as motor vehicles, residential fuel users, small
commercial and industrial facilities and on-site refuse burning
equipment, were considered collectively as area sources.
For this
report, 28 individual sources, which had emissions greater than 0.5
tons per average annual day for any pollutant, were classified as
point sources.
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Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as
fuel consumption, refuse burning rates, vehicle-miles, production
data, and control efficiencies and emission factors relating these
indicators to emission rates.2 These factors represent average
emission rates for a particular source category. Since individual
sources have inherent differences that cannot always be taken into
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consideration, discrepancies between the actual and estimated emissions
are more likely in individual sources than in the total emissions for
a source category.
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates
and should not be interpreted as absolute values.
The estimates
are, in some cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission
factors and production or consumption data. Despite these
limitations, the estimates are of sufficient accuracy and
validity in defining the extent and distribution of air pollutant
emissions within the Study Area.
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SUMMARY OF RESULTS
The estimated annual emissions of the five surveyed pollutants
in the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Area are presented in Table 1.
The following is a brief summary of pollutant emissions and sources.
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Sulfur Oxides
Particulate Matter
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Oxides of Nitrogen
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The predominant sources of the 57,300 tons of sulfur
oxides emitted annually are the combustion of fuels
(64 percent) and industrial process losses (32 percent)
The annual emissions of 31,030 tons are distributed
between the various source types.
The largest source
is industrial processes with transportation being
the second largest.
Motor vehicles contribute 89 percent of 298,000 tons
of carbon monoxide emitted within the Study Area in
1968. Other important sources include solid waste
disposal and industrial processes.
The two largest sources of the yearly 54,000 tons
of hydrocarbons are motor vehicles and evaporative
losses. They contribute 41 and 39 percent respectively.
Motor vehicles and stationary fuel combustion are
the important sources of the 39,300 tons of oxides
of nitrogen. The four steam-electric utilities
alone account for 27 percent of the total emitted.
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TABLE 1
SUMMARy OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE OMAHA-
COUNCIL BLUFFS STUDY A~EA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
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Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
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Transportation 2,330 5,280 273,600 25,850 21,500
Motor Vehic1e~ 1,590 3,030 266,000 22,100 17,000
Aircraft N 240 6,500 1,260 440
Vessels 30 70 40 90 140
Railroads 710 1,940 1,060 2,400 3,920
Stationary Fuel
Combustion 36,570 2,120 180 130 15,270
Industrial 700 270 10 10 2,600
Steam-Electric 35,100 1,350 120 50 10,500
Residential 770 410 50 70 1,640
Connnercia1-
Ins ti tu ti ona 1 N 90 N N 530
Solid Waste Disposal 400 4,530 21,710 6,220 2,520
Incineration 190 930 4,110 70 280
Open Burning 210 3,600 17,600 6,150 2,240
Industrial Processes 18,000 19,100 2,500 0 0
Evaporative :Losses 21,500
TOTAL 57,300 31,030 298,000 53,700 39,300
N = Negligible
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STUDY AREA
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The Study Area for the Omaha-Council Bluffs Metropolitan Area Air
Pollutant Emission Inventory consists of six counties in east central
Nebraska and two counties in Iowa. The Nebraska Portion of the Study
Area contains 35 percent of the State's population. Figure 1 presents
the Study Area in relation to other large metropolitan areas.
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The eight counties consist of Cass, Dodge, Douglas (Omaha), Sarpy,
Saunders and Washington in Nebraska and Pottawattamie (Council Bluffs)
and Mills in Iowa. (Figure 2) Three of the counties are in a designated
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) as defined by the Bureau
of the Budget. This SMSA contains Douglas, Sarpy and Pottawattamie
Counties. The other counties were added in' the study to insure that
all counties. which may have a high rate of growth in future years were
included.
The approximate 1968 population for the Study Area was 625,000
which covers aB area of 4210 square miles. Table 2, which gives popula-
tion by county, and Figure 3, which shows the population density, indicate
that most of the population is in the urbanized portions of Douglas and
Pottawattamie Counties.
The population in this area has increased at
a quicker pace than the nation as a whole. Between 1960 and 1968, the
nation's population increased over 11 percent while the Omaha-Council
Bluffs Study Area increased 13.3 percent.
The climate is typically continental with relatively warm summers
and dry, cold winters.
Since the Study Area is situated between two
distinctive climatic zones, weather conditions occur which are character-
istic of either zone or combinations of both (i.e., the humid east and
dry west). Omaha is also affected by most storms that cross the country.
The prevailing wind during the winter is from the north-northwest averaging
about 13 MFR. During the summer the SSE wind direction predominates
with an average speed of 10 MFR.
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TABLE 2
POPULATION AND AREA CHARACTERISTICS FOR
THE STUDY AREA, 1968
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County Population Area Population
1960 1968 sq. miles Density
Cass 17,821 17,010 557 30.5
Dodge 32,471 36,500 528 69.1
Douglas 343,490 395,750 335 1,181.3
Sarpy 31,281 47,250 239 197.6
Saunders 17,270 15,780 759 20.8
Washington 12,103 12,980 386 33.6
Pot tawa t:t:amie 83,102 86,900 963 90.2
Mi 11 s 13,050 12,440 447 27.8
TOTAL 550,588 624,610 4,214 148.2
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Figure 1. Omaha-Council Bluffs study area and surrounding cities.
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POPULATION DENSITY,
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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
A grid coordinate system, based on the Universal Transverse
Mercator Projection (UTM), was used in the Omaha-Council Bluffs Study
Area to indicate the geographical distribution of emissions. A map
showing the grid coordinate system is presented in Figure 4.
An evaluation of all the available coordinate systems was completed
before the UTM system was chosen to present emissions.
The most convenient
systems evaluated were the State Plane, Longitude-Latitude, and UTM.
Although each of the systems had valuable qualities, the use of the
UTM coordinate system was felt to be necessary to meet the requirements
of these emission inventories.
The two primary requisites of the grid coordinate system were used
to evaluate each system.
The first requirement was that the grid
coordinate system had to have square grid zones, since the data were
to be used in meteorological dispersion models.
The grid zones, which
the UTM system and most of the State Plane systems project, are always
square, but the longitude-latitude system projects grid zones that
become skewed as the zones become further from the equator. The other
quality the grid coordinate system had to possess was consistency.
Each emission inventory should be conducted on a grid coordinate system
which uses the same reference point throughout the Study Area. Since
some air pollutant inventories would include areas in two or more states,
the State Plane systems could not be used. However, since the UTM
system, as well as the longitude-latitude system, is not referenced
to points in individual states, it is not influenced by jurisdiction
boundaries. The UTM system was chosen since it was the only prevalent
coordinate system which can project square grid zones over any Study
Area using a common reference point.
The Universe Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the
metric system. Each north-south and east-west grid lines, as illustrated
in Figure 4, is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters.
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Figure 4. Omaha-Council Bluffs grid coordinate system.
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Each point source and grid, using its geographical center, is identified
by a horizontal and vertical coordinate to the nearest 100 meters.
Grid zones of different sizes are used in the grid coordinate
system to allow a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation
of emissions and to limit the number of grid zones. The majority of
the emissions is usually concentrated in the populated and industrialized
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portions of a Study Area. Smaller grids are placed over these areas
to allow the grid coordinate system to reflect the changes of emissions
over short distances. Grid zones smaller than the 25 kilometer grid
zones used in this report are not usually warranted because of the
inherent inaccuracies in the data. Larger grid zones are used in the
rural portions, because a smaller percentage of the total emissions
usually occurs in lightly populated areas.
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EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
TRANSPORTATION
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Transportation is the source category concerned with mobile
source of air pollutants. The sources in this category include: road
vehicles (both gasoline and diesel powered), aircraft, vessels, and
railroads. With the exception of aircraft, all the sources are presented
as area sources.
Since most of the aircraft emissions are attributable
to the immediate vicinity of the airports, aircraft are presented as
point sources.
Road Vehicles
METHODOLOGY: Vehicle miles of travel were obtained from a traffic
study for parts of Douglas, Sarpy and Pottawattamie Counties. Total
vehicle miles of travel for 1968 were obtained from Highway Statistics
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using an average factor of fuel consumed per vehicle mile.
The vehicle miles of travel which included both gasoline and
diesel vehicles was apportioned onto the grid system by traffic flow
maps for the extent of the transportation study. For the balance of
the Study Area emissions were apportioned by population.
Approximately 1.5 to 2.0 percent of gasoline is lost through
evaporation from the gasoline tanks and carburetor losses. (This is
exclusive of hydrocarbon losses from exhaust.) It was assumed that
no diesel fuel was lost by evaporation. Since 1963 most new automobiles
were equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PVC) valves that
reduce hydrocarbon emissions from the crankcase by about 90 percent.
Due to a lag time in the automobile replacement rate, it was assumed
that only 20 percent of the automobiles were not equipped with PCV
valves.
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RESULTS: More than 3.34 billion miles were traveled by motor
vehicles in 1968. In the proc~ss, 258 million gallons of gasoline
and 32 million gallons of diesel fuel were consumed for highway purposes.
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TABLE 3
VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL AND FUEL CONSUMPTION IN
THE STUDY AREA, 1968
Total Gasoline Diesel
County Vehic!e-Miles (106 Gallons/Year) 6
(10 /Day) (10 Gallons/Year)
Cass 250 7.1 0.7
Dodge 760 21.4 2.9
Douglas 5,260 148.4 18.6
Sarpy 790 22.3 2.9
Saunders 315 8.9 1.1
Washington 145 4.2 0.3
Pottawattamie 1,410 39.7 5.0
Mills 220 6.2 0.7
TOTAL 9,150 258.2 32.2
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Table 3 indicates that about 73 percent of all motor vehicle travel
occurs in Douglas and Pottawattamie Counties.
The resulting emissiOns from motor vehicles are shown in Table 4.
Motor vehicles are by far the most significant transportation source,
accounting for 97 percent of the carbon monoxide and 77 percent of the
hydrocarbons.
Aircraft
METHODOLOGY: The total number of flights by type was obtained
from the Federal Aviation Administration. A flight is defined as the
combination of a take-off and landing.
Estimates were obtained from
the control tower at each airport as to the kind and number of engines in
each type category.
Table 5 presents the results of these estimates
at Eppley Field and Offut Air Force Base.
Emissions were obtained by applying the appropriate emission factors
to the total number of flights in each engine and type category.
RESULTS: Table 6 presents the resulting air pollutant emissions
from the two airports in the Study Area. As can be seen, the piston
engines are the largest source of emissions among aircraft, accounting
for 97 percent of the carbon monoxide and 96 percent of the hydrocarbons.
Trains
METHODOLOGY: The total fuel consumed by railroads in any State is
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given by the Bureau of Mines' Mineral Industry Surveys. The proportion
consumed in the Study Area was found by taking the ratio of population
of the Study Area to that of the State (in both Iowa and Nebraska), times
the total state fuel consumption. This fuel usage was apportioned to
the individual grids by locating train routes and railroad yards.
RESULTS: The Summary of Air Pollutant Emission from Transportation
Sources (Table 4) shows that trains are a significant source of partic-
ulates (37%), sulfur oxides (32%), and nitrogen oxides (18%) from this
source category.
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TABLE 4
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES
FOR THE STUDY AREA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
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Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Motor Vehicles 1,590 3,030 266,000 35,400 17,000
Gasoline
Exhaust 950 1,270 265,000 19,900 13,500
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Evaporation N N N 13,300 N
Diesel 640 1,760 1,000 2,200 3,500
Aircraft N 240 6,500 1,260 440
Jet N 200 140 50 120
Turboprop N 10 30 10 20
Piston N 30 6,330 1,200 300
Railroads 710 1,940 1,060 2,400 3 ,920
Vessels 30 70 40 90 140
TOTAL . 2,330 5,280 273,600 25,850 21,500
* Included in the evaporative losses total
N = Negligible
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TABLE 5
AIRCRAFT FLIGHTS FOR THE STUDY AREA, 1968
Airport and Number of Flights
Engine Type 1 Engine 2 Engine 3 Engine 4 Engine
Eppley Field
Conventional Jet 0 11,500 6,500 0
Turboprop 0 7,700 6,500 0
Piston 60,600 27,600 0 0
OFFUT Air Force Base
Conventional Jet 0 2,000 0 0
Turboprop 0 2,000 0 0
Piston 0 1,600 500 0
TABLE 6
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM AIRCRAFT, 1968
(TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Airport Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Eppley Field N 220 6,150 1,190 400
OFFUT AFB N 20 350 70 40
TOTAL N 240 6,500 1,260 440
N = Negligible
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Vessels
METHODOLOGY: The number of trips made by vessels on the Missouri
River was obtained from the Army Corps of Engineers, Missouri River
Division. An average quantity of fuel per vessel trip was applied to
the total and an average consumption of fuel while in port was used to
determine the quantity of fuel consumed by this source category.
RESULTS: Air pollutant emissions from vessels are shown in Table 4.
It is apparent from this table that the percent contribution from this
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source category to total transportation emissions is negligible.
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FUEL COMBUSTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
All three of the major fuels (coal, oil, natural gas) are consumed
within the Study Area, with natural gas being the most important. In
1968, natural gas accounted for 83 x 1012 BTU's of energy or about 82
percent of the total.
As shown in Tables 7 and 8, 83 billion cubic
feet of natural gas, 51 million gallons of distillate fuel oil, 6.4
million gallons of residual fuel oil and 383,000 tons of coal were
consumed in the Study Area.
Natural gas is consumed to a large extent by all four consumer
categories.
Steam-electric utilities consume the largest amount with
residential users consuming almost as much.
Distillate fuel oil is
consumed predominantly for residential home heating and commercial-
institutional buildings. Residual fuel oil is used for one power plant
and by some industrial consumers. Coal only finds usage in power plants.
There are four steam-electric power plants in the Study Area.
Table 9 presents the fuels consumed as well as their sulfur and ash
contents. The coal fired plants are equipped with cyclones and
electrostatic precipitators. They use pulverized coal boilers.
METHODOLOGY: Natural gas consumption and fuels consumed by power
plants were obtained from the utility companies and are considered
thus are
However, the fuel oil figures were based on 1966 data up-
1968 by state totals published by the Bureau of Mines, and
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approx mat10ns.
accurate.
dated to
The emissions from fuel combustion in area sources were apportioned
to the individual grids by population.
RESULTS: The resulting emissions are presented in Table 10. The
combustion of coal, although providing 9.8 percent of the energy input,
produces the majority of emissions from combustion of stationary fuels.
Only in the case of nitrogen oxides does natural gas (82 percent of energy)
account for any significant emission rate.
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Fuel combustion in stationary sources is a significant source
of sulfur oxides (64 percent) and nitrogen oxides (39 percent) to
the total area's pollution.
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TABLE 7
NATURAL GAS CONSUMPTION BY CONSUMER CATEGORY, 1968
(106 Ft.3)
County Steam-Electric Industry Commercial-Institutional Residential
Cass 0 2,690 80 600
Dodge 0 6,180 800 1,810
Douglas 21,850 10,800 5,570 15,340
Sarpy 0 330 1,200 1 , 060
Saunders 0 140 90 350
Washington 0 250 150 350
Pottawattamie 6,610 1,240 1,150 3,490
Mills 0 130 120 280
TOTAL 28,460 21,760 9,160 23 , 280
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TABLE 8
COAL AND FUEL OIL CONSUMPTION FOR THE STUDY AREA, 1968
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Distillate Oil Residual Oil Coal
(103 Gallons) (103 Gallons) (103 Tons)
County Residential C & I Industry Steam-Electric Steam-Electric
Cass 2,220 N N 0 0
Dodge 2,550 N N 0 0
Douglas 27,150 2,500 3,800 2,270 381
Sarpy 4,530 N N 0 0
Saunders 3,400 N N 0 0
Washington 1,890 N N 0 0
Pot tawat tamie 4,210 300 300 0 102 I
Mi lls 2,190 N 0 0 0
TOTAL 48,140 2,800 4,100 2,270 483
C & I = Commercial and Institutional
N = Negligible
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TABLE 9
FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STEAM-ELECTRIC POWER PLANTS,. 1968
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Coal Residual Fuel Oil Natural Gas
Plant 103 Tons 103 Gallons 106 Ft.3
North Omaha 371 0 19,100
South Omaha 0 2,270 2,180
Jones Street 10 0 570
Council Bluffs 102 0 6,610
TOTAL 383 2,270 28,460
SULFUR AND ASH CONTENTS OF FUELS CONSUMED IN STEAM-ELECTRIC
POWER PLANTS
Coal Residual Oil
Plant % Ash % Su lfur % Su lfur
North Omaha 10.0 3.8
South Omaha 2.0
Jones Street 10.0 3.8
Counci 1. Bluffs 9.3 3.7
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TABLE 10
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY FUEL
COMBUSTION, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Ilydt"o- Nitrogen
Fuel User Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Coal Steam-Electric 34,700 1,120 120 50 4,830
Residual
Fuel Oil Steam-Electric 400 10 N N 120
Industrial 700 70 10 10 270
Total 1,100 80 10 10 390
Distillate
Fuel Oil Residential 760 190 50 70 290
Commercia1-
Institutional N N N N N
Total 760 190 50 70 290
Natural Gas Residential 10 220 N N 1,350
,- Commercia1-
Institutional N 90 N N 530
Industrial N 200 N N 2,330
Steam-Electric N 220 N N 5,550
Total 10 730 N N 9,760
TOTAL 36,570 2,120 180 130 15,270
N ",; Negiigib1e
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SOLID WASTE
METHODOLOGY: The total solid waste generated within the Study
Area was found by applying the national average per capita generation
rate of 10 pounds of refuse per day to the total Study Area resident
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population. This generation rate includes both collected and uncol-
lected waste. On the average 5.5 1b/day of waste is collect by
municipalities for disposal. This figure includes household, commercial
and industrial refuse. The'~rematning 4.5 1b/day includes industrial
(3.0 lb/day), and commercial and other household (1.5 1b/day).
The disposal methods for Douglas, Sarpyand Pottawattamie Counties
were determined from an extensive study by the Omaha-Council Bluffs
Metropolitan Area Planning Agency.7 For the remaining counties,
national averages of disposal method quantities were applied to the
known disposal methods of the jurisdiction involved.
The emissions from large municipal and private disposal facilities
were calculated individually and located within the Study Area. The
remaining waste (on-site incineration, on-site open burning, and small
open burning dumps) were treated as area sources and were apportioned
onto the grid system by population.
RESULTS: Table 11 which is a solid waste balance for the Study
Area shows the results of the above methodology. The predominant
disposal practices within the Study Area are sanitary landfills (35%)
and on-site open burning (25%). There are no municipal incinerators.
The majority of emissions in this category (Table 12) comes from
open burning.
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TABLE 11
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL PRACTICES FOR THE STUDY AREA
1968 (Tons/Year)
Waste ODen Burning: Incineration Sanitary Hauled
County Generated fump s On-Site On-Site Landfills in - or out+
Cass 17,000 -- 17,000 0 0
Dodge 37,000 -- 37,000 0 P
Douglas 720,000 100,000 110,000 140,000 . 150,000 ... 220,000
Sarpy 86,000 17,000 27,000 17,000 25~000
Saunder s 16,000 -- 16,000 0 0
Washington 13,000 -- 13,000 0 0
Pottawattamte 160,000 130,000 30,000 30,000 , 190,000 - 220,000
Mills 13,000 -- 13,000 0 0
TOTAL 1,062,000 247,000 263,000 187,000 365,000 0
26
-------
TABLE 12
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
PRACTICES IN THE STUDY AREA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
"
Source
Sulfur
Oxides
Partic-
ulates
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbons
Nitrogen
Oxides
Incineration
Municipal 0 0 .0 0 0
On-Site 190 930 4,110 70 280
Total 190 930 4,110 70 280 ';'.
I .
)
Open Burning
On -Si te 90 1,310 6,970 2,460 900
Dumps 120 2,290 10,630 3,690 1 ,3,40
Total 210 3,600 17,600 6,150 2,240
GRAND TOTAL 400 4,530 21,710 6,220., 2,520
...'
-------
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
The major industries in the Study Area are in food (which includes
meat packing, grain handling, etc.) and printing.
These two major
industrial classifications account for about 50% of industrial estab-
lishments as shown in Table 13.
In addition, there are large commercial and governmental employers
in the Area (insurance companies and Strat~gic Air Command Headquarters).
Thus, most of the working population is employed in non-process industries.
The Study Area does contain, one cement plant, an ammonia plant,
~
. .
two lead smelters, one large iron foundry and brass and bronze foundry,
one fertilizer plant and a multitude of concrete batching plants,
asphalt batching plants, grain elevators, grain mills and dehydrating
plants.
METHODOLOGY: Data for large industrial processers were collected
in cooperation with local and state air pollution agencies.
Typical
data collected included: fuel consumption, amount of product, type
,
of process, air pollution control equipment, and collection or operating
efficiencies.
This data was then used along with appropriate emission
factors to estimate pollutant emissions.
RESULTS: Table 14 gives process emission totals from industrial
categories.
The major emitters of particulate matter are the grain
(54%) and cement (35%) industries.
Metal foundries and asphalt and
concrete batching account for most of the remainder.
Emissions from this category are by no means complete totals.
A
lack of time did not allow for a complete survey of all the industry
in the area.
In addition, a lack of published emission factors did
not allow estimates to be made for all industry groups.
-------
TABLE 13 DISTRIBUTION OF ESTABLISHMENTS BY SELECTED
MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUPS FOR THE OMAHA-COUNCIL BLUFFS
STUDY AREA, 1963
MAJOR SIC CLASSIFICATION
County 20 27 32 34 35 Total
Cass 3 4 9
Dodge 23 10 4 3 5 59
Douglas 113 99 30 45 57 525
Sarpy 1 2 1 1 11
Saunders 7 5 1 3 17
Washington 7 3 1 5 17
Pottawattamie 18 12 2 4 3 62
Mills 5 2 1 8
TOTAL
20 = Food and Kindred
,
27 = Printing and Publishing
32 = Stone, Clay and Glass
34 = Fabricated Metals
35 = Machinery, except electrical
Note: Includes only those establishments over 20 employees.
-------
TABLE 14
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM PROCESS LOSSES, 1968
(Tons/Year)
Su lfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Concrete Batching 270
Cement 6,640
Metal Foundries 15,000 1 ,240 2,500
Asphalt Batching 0 550
Grain Hand ling 0 10,400
Other 3,000
TOTAL 18,000 19,100 2,500 0 0
-------
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
The sources of solvent evaporation considered in this survey were
industry, dry cleaning and motor vehicles.
METHODOLOGY: Industrial solvent evaporation was found from individual.
source information. Dry cleaning emissions were calculated using a per
capita rate of 5.0 lb/year.8 This was apportioned to the grid system
by population.
Motor vehicle emissions were determined from the
vehicle miles, age of vehicle and extent of control equipment (see
transportation~otor vehicles). This was broken down on a grid basis
in a manner similar to that used for exhaust emissions from motor
vehicles.
RESULTS: There was over 21,500 tons of hydrocarbons emitted, of
which 7,000 was industrial; 1,250 was from dry cleaning operations
and 13,300 were from automobiles.
-------
EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
The previous section of this report presents emissions primarily
by source category.
The emissions by county and source are summarized
here in Tables 15 through 22.
As is expected due to a higher degree of urbanization than the
other counties, Douglas and Pottawattamie contribute to the majority
of air pollutants.
-------
TABLE 15
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSrONS IN CASS COUNTY
1968, (TONS/YEAR)
~
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitroge
Source Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 40 80 7,270 610 470
Other N N N N N
Sub-Total 40 80 7,270 610 470
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N 30 N N 290
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 40 10 N N 50
C & I N N N N N
Sub-Total 40 40 0 0 340
Solid Waste
Incineration 0 0 0 0 0
Open Burning 10 140 730 260 90
Sub-Total 10 140 730 260 90
Industrial Processes N 6,640 N N N
Evaporative Losses 400
TOTAL 90 6,900 8,000 1,260 900
n
N = Negligible
C & I = Commercial and Institutional
-------
TABLE 16
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN DODGE COUNTY
1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Su lfur Par tic- Ca rbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 130 250 22,200 1,840 1,420
Other N N N N N
Sub-Total 130 250 22,200 1,840 1,420
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N 60 N N 660
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 40 30 120
C & I N 10 N N 50
Sub-Total 40 100 0 0 830
Solid Waste
Incineration 0 0 0 0 0
Open Burning 20 290 1,160 560 200
Sub-Total 20 290 1,160 560 200
Industrial Processes
Evaporative Losses 1,180
TOTAL 190 640 23,800 3,580 2,450
N = Negligible
C & I = Commercial and Institutional
-------
TABLE 17
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN DOUGLAS COUNTY
1968 (TONS/YEAR)
o
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
County Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 910 1,740 152,580 12,700 9,780
Other 560 1,740 6,980 3 ,080 3,490
Sub-Total 1,470 3,480 159,560 15,780 12,270
Stationary Fuel
Combus tion
Industry 650 160 10 10 1,390
Steam-Electric 27,970 1,100 100 40 8,190
Residential 430 250 30 40 1,050
C & I N 50 N N 320
Sub-Total 29,050 1,560 140 90 10,950
Solid Waste
Incineration 140 700 3,080 60 210
Open Burning 50 1,170 4, 720 1,590 570
Sub-Total 190 1,870 7,800 1,650 780
Industrial Processes 18,000 12,370 2,500 N N
Evaporative Losses 15,380
TOTAL 48,700 19,280 170,000 32,900 25,100
N = Negligible
C & I = Commercial and Institutional
-------
TABLE 18
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN SARPY COUNTY
1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Partic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 140 260 23,000 1,910 1,470
Other 90 260 470 360 510
Sub-Total 230 520 23,470 2,270 1,980
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N 10 N N 60.
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 70 30 N 10 80
C & I N 10 N N 70
Sub-Total 70 50 0 10 210
Solid Waste
Incineration 10 90 380 10 30
Open Burning 20 340 1,850 650 240
Sub -Total 30 430 2,230 660 270
Industrial Processes N 50 N N N
Evaporative Losses 1,240
TOTAL 330 1,050 25,700 4,180 2,460
N = Negligible
C & I = Commercial and Institutional
-------
TABLE 19
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN SAUNDERS COUNTY
1968 (TONS/YEAR)
..
Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 50 100 9,170 760 590
Other N N N N N
Sub-Total 50 100 9,170 760 590
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N N N N 10
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 50 20 N 10 40
C & I N N N N 10
Sub-Total 50 20 0 10 60
Solid Waste
Incineration 0 0 0 0 0
Open Burning 10 130 680 240 90
Sub-Total 10 130 680 240 90
Industrial Processes N N N N N
Evaporative Losses 490
TOTAL 110 250 9,850 1,500 730
N = Negligible
C & I = Commercial and Institutional
-------
TABLE 20
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN WASHINGTON
COUNTY, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Partic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 30 50 4,240 350 270
Other N N N N N
Sub-Total 30 50 4,240 350 270
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N N N N 30
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 30 10 N N 30
C & I N N N N 10
Sub-Total 30 10 0 0 70
Solid Waste
Incineration 0 0 0 0 0
Open Burning N 110 560 190 70
Sub-Total 0 110 560 190 70
Industrial Processes N N N N N
Evaporative Losses 240
TOTAL 60 170 4,800 780 410
N = Negligible
C & I = Commercial and Institutional
-------
TABLE 21
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN POTTAWATTAMIE
COUNTY, 1968 (TONS/YEAR)
"
Sulfur Partic - Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 250 470 41,090 ~J;410 2,620
Other 90 250 140 310 510
Sub -Total 340 720 41 , 230 ~ 3,720 3,130
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Indu s try 50 20 N N 150
Steam-Electric 7,180 240 20 10 2,310
Residential 70 50 10 10 230
C & I N 10 N N 70
Sub-Total 7,300 320 30 20 2,760
Solid Waste
Incineration 30 150 660 10 40
Open Burning 80 1,310 6,980 2,450 900
Sub-Total 110 1,460 7,640 2,460 950
Industrial Processes N 50 N N N
Evaporative Losses 2,230
TOTAL 7,750 2,550 48,900 8,430 6,840
N = Negligible
C & I = Commercial and Institutional
"
-------
TABLE 22
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN MILLS COUNTY
1968 (TONS/YEAR)
.
.,
Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Sources Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 40 70 6,400 530 410
Other N N N N N
Sub-Total 40 70 6,400 530 410
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N N N N 10
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 30 10 N N 30
C & I N N N N 10
Sub-Total 30 10 0 0 50
Solid Waste
Incineration 0 0 0 0 0
Open Burning 10 110 550 200 70
Sub -Total 10 110 550 200 70
Industrial Processes N N N N N
Evaporative Losses 340
TOTAL 70 190 6,950. 1,070 530
N = Negligible
C & I = Commercial and Institutional
-------
o
TABLE 23
RELATIVE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH COUNTY TO TOTAL AIR
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS, (Percent)
""
Sulfur partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
County Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Cass N 22 3 2 2
Dodge [1 2 8 7 6
Douglas 85 62 57 61 64
Sarpy [1 3 9 8 6
Saunders N 1 3 3 2
Washington N 1 1 1 1
Pottawattamie 14 8 17 16 17
Mi 11 s N 1 2 2 2
N = Negligible
"
-------
EMISSIONS BY GRID
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air
pollutant emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were
apportioned on the grid coordinate system. The emissions were divided
into two source groups--point and area sources.
Twenty-eight point
sources are identified individually with respect to location and
emissions. Each of these point sources emit more than 0.5 ton per
day of any pollutant.
Figure 5 shows the location of most of the point sources in the
area. Collectively the 28 point sources account for 93 percent of
the sulfur oxides, 75 percent of particulates, 7 percent of carbon
monoxide, 23 percent of hydrocarbons and 31 percent of nitrogen oxides.
The percent contribution to carbon monoxide emissions is low because
motor vehicles, which are area sources account for 90 percent of the
total carbon monoxide emissions.
Similarly, the contribution to
total hydrocarbon emissions is low since two groups of area sources,
motor vehicles and evaporative losses are major contributors. Table 24
presents the emissions of point sources. It has been assumed that
seasonal variations in point sources are negligible.
Area sources are sources of emissions that are insignificant by
themselves, but as a group emit a significant amount. Examples are
motor vehicles, residential houses, light commercial and industrial
establishments and backyard burning. The emissions from area sources
have been added to that for point sources to obtain total emissions by
grid as given in Table 25.
The emissions are presented for an annual average day, and average
winter (December, January, February) day, and an average summer (June,
July, August) day. The annual average daily emission rates were obtained
by dividing yearly totals by 365. Seasonal averages were calculated by
-------
r'-'-'-'- -.~._. '!
i !
! i
I l
DODGE -.
i I
. i.
!
4640000
4620000
VER
4560000 .
i
I
.
I
.
I
I
!
I
L._._._.-..
SA NDERS
NEBRASKA
4540000
170000
190000
9
5 10
. I
miles
.-.-.-.
~
:-r
""1
.-.j.-.-.
POTTAWA TAMIE
j"
I"
i
i
i
i
.
.-.-.- -.-1
()
BLUFFS
..-..-..----:
MILLS
310000
(
! ~,
-------
the use of space heating variations in fuel consumption and variations
in motor vehicle traffic activity: This method is described in detail
in the appendix.
the year.
Other sources were assumed to be constant throughout
-------
EMISSION DENSITIES
In order to provide a visual representation of the emissions of
pollutants by grid, emission density maps have been provided. Figures 6
through 10 show variation in emission densities for the respective
grids throughout the Study Area. As expected the emissions generally
follow the pattern and degree of urbanization. Emission densities
are higher in grids with high populations and correspondingly high
vehicular and industrial activity.
,)
"
-------
45gOOOO
4560000
4540000
, 7 0000
2]0000
290000
10
15
i
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi 2. day
Q o - o.oi
H| 0.01 - 0.05
jjxj 0.05 - 0.25
(H 0.25 - 2.50
ffi 2.50 - 8.00
Figure 6. Sulfur oxide emission density for the Omaha-Council Bluffs study area, 1968.
-------
4^40000
4620000
4600000
4580000
456 "00
454000
)7oooo
21oooo
230000 250000 II 270000
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi 2-day ,
Q 0 - 0.01
|H 0.01 -0.10
gg 0.10 - 0.50
Eg! 0.50 - 1.00
H 1.00 - 3.00
290000
i
Figure 7. Paniculate emission density for the Omaha-Council Bluffs study area, 1968.
-------
4640000
0000
462
4600000(-i
4590000
4S6 0000
4540000
2,0000
290000
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi 2-Jay
Q 0 - 0.05
H} 0.05 - 0.25
EU 0.25 - 1.00
d| 1.00 - 5.00
H 5.00 - 10.00
i
Figure 8. Carbon monoxide emission density for the Omaha-Council Bluffs study area, 1968.
-------
4640000
462
0000
4600000'
4580000
4560000
4540000
170000
2)0000
290000
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS,
tons/mi 2-day
Q 0 - 0.01
|U 0.01 - 0.05
gj] 0.05 - 0.25
gg 0.25 - 1.00
• 1.00 - 2.50
i
Figure 9. Hydrocarbon emission density for the Omaha-Council Bluffs study area, 1968.
-------
4^40000
462
0000
4600000
4580000
45600"'
4540000
)70000
2)0000
290000
15
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSI-ONS,
tons/mi 2-day
Q o - o.oi
H 0.01 -0.05
[£J 0.05 - 0.25
g|0.25 - 1.00
• 1.00 - 2.50
i
Figure 10. Nitrogen oxide emission density for the Omaha-Council Bluffs study area, 1968.
-------
.J
a
REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins, G. and Smith, R., Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
Community Air Pollution, USDHEW, PHS, October, 1966.
2.
Duprey, R. L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
USDHEW, PHS, 1968.
3.
Highway Statistics/1965, United States Department of Transportation,
Bureau of Public Roads, 1966.
4.
Fuel Oil Shipments Annual, United States Department of Interior,
Bureau of Mines, September 17, 1969.
5.
Fuel Oil Inshipments, Nebraska Petroleum Marketers Association, 1966.
6.
1968 National Survey of Community Solid Waste Practices, on
Interim Report, United States Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, Public Health Service.
7.
Omaha Council Bluffs Metropolitan Area Planning Agency, Solid
Waste Disposal Practices, 1968.
8.
Du prey, .2.e.:.. £!.!..:..
-------
APPENDIX
METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL
AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. )
Days of Operation
e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while operating
365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and
2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was estimated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating and 85 percent
for process heating. From this information, the annual
average emission for carbon monoxide would be the following:
A = 100.000 Tons/year x 3 1bs. CO/Ton coal
365 Days/year x 2,000 1b./Ton
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
WINTER AVERAGE (W)
W = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Winter Operation
x
Winter Degree Days
Total Degree Days
x
% Fuel Used
for space heating
+ Fuel Consumed x E.F. % Fuel used for heating
365 x process
W ~ 00,000 x 2,800 0.15 100.000 0.8~ 3
90 x 4,800 x + 365 x 2,000
W = 0.49 Ton/Day
SUMMER AVERAGE (S)
S = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Summer Operation
x
Summer Degree Days
Total Degree Days
x
% Fuel Used
for space heating
+
Fuel Consumed x E.F.
365
S = nOO.OOO
L: 90
x
% Fuel used for process heating
x
o
4,800
x
0.15
+
100.000
365
x 0.8~
3
2.000
S = 0.35 Ton/Day
-------
n
,
<-
TABLE 24
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES
Source Grid HC VC SOX PART. CO HC NOx
Industrial 8 2360 45420 0.0 18.19 0.00 0.00 0.00
Institutional 10 2540 45770 0.0 0.14 0.00 0.00 0.00
Solid Waste 10 2561 45592 0.0 0.21 1.16 0.41 0.15
Solid Waste 10 2515 45551 0.0 0.10 0.53 0.18 0.06
Airport 10 2553 45560 0.0 0.05 0.94 0.18 0.07
Industrial 19 2517 45645 0.0 5.69 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 21 2407 45674 0.0 0.00 0.00 1.50 0.00
Solid Waste 21 2410 45675 0.0 0.95 . 1.19 0.28 0.07
Industrial 22 2466 45670 0.0 0.00 0:00 10.29 0.03
Steam Electric Utility 23 2521 45655 1.0 0.07 0.00 0.01 1.50
Industrial 23 2545 45669 0.0 0.04 0.00 4.10 0.00
Industrial 23 2510 45665 0.0 0.52 0.00 0.00 0.07
Industrial 23 2523 45690 0.0 0.58 6.86 0.00 0.00
Industrial 23 2500 45650 0.0 0.61 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 23 2532 45695 0.0 5.69 0.00 0.00 0.00
Indus trial 23 2528 45670 0.0 5.69 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 23 2525 45682 0.0 5.69 0.00 0.00 0.00
Industrial 23 2523 45657 0.0 4.69 0.00 0.00 0.00
Steam Electric Utility 25 2635 45634 19.9 0.66 0.07 0.02 6.42
Industrial 29 2549 45700 8.2 0.00 0.00 3.15 0.00
-------
TABLE 24 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES (cont.)
Source Grid HC VC SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Steam Electric Utility 30 2551 45705 2.0 0.12 0.00 0.00 0.58
Industrial 30 2550 45713 4.0 0.50 0.00 0.00 0.02
Indus trial 30 2550 45715 36.9 1. 8.0 0.00 0.00 0.00
Steam Electric Utility 33 2527 45790 74.4 2.87 0.25 0.10 20.65
Airport 34 2575 45755 0.0 0.60 16.85 3.26 1.11
Solid Waste 35 2505 45690 0.0 1.02 5.42 1.91 0.70
Solid Waste 35 2510 45730 0.1 1.86 9.89 3.49 1.28
"
-------
c'
co
G
TABLE 25
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES (cent.)
Land Area SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Grid (Sq. Mi.) S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
22 9.6 0.5 0.7 0.5 1.1 1.1 1.1 46.9 39.5 41.9 16.9 15.9 16.2 3.7 3.8 3.6
23 9.6 2.3 2.7 2.4 27.8 28.0 27.9 71.9 61.9 65.2 14.9 13.6 14.0 9.6 10.4 9.7
24 9.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.4 0.4 7.0 6.0 6.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.1 1.1 1.1
25 38.6 20.1 20.2 19.9 1.1 1.2 1.1 12.9 11.0 11. 6 2.1 1.9 2.0 7.8 7.8 7.7
26 38.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.8 0.8 0.8 17.7 15.0 15.9 2.9 2.6 2.7 2.0 2.0 2.0
27 9.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.5 0.5 24.7 20.8 22.1 3.4 2.8 3.0 1.7 1.8 1.7
28 9.6 0.6 1.0 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.1 61.7 52.0 55.3 8.4 7.2 7.6 4.5 5.1 4.5
29 9.6 9.7 10.3 9.9 4.8 5.1 4.9 104.0 89.4 94.2 20.6 18.7 19.3 9.9 11.1 10.2
30 9.6 43.5 43.7 43.5 3.5 3.6 3.5 47.3 40.0 42.5 6.9 5.9 6.3 4.3 4.5 4.3
31 9.f; 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 8.5 7.2 7.6 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6
32 9.6 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.5 0.4 14.0 11.9 12.6 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.2 1. 7 . 1.4
33 9.6 74.9 75.3 74.1 3.8 4.0 3.8 33.2 28.1 29.8 4.9 4.3 4.5 23.6 24.5 23.6
34 9.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.8 0.8 0.8 24.7 23.5 23.9 4.4 4.2 4.3 1.8 1.8 1.7
35 38.6 0.5 0.6 0.6 3.9 4.0 3.9 57.3 50.9 53.0 11.4 10.6 10.9 5.0 5.2 5.0
36 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.0 4.2 4.5 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.4 0.3
37 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.9 5.0 5.3 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4
38 77.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
39 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 6.4 5.4 5.7 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.6 0.5
40 154.4 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.3 1.4 1.3 53.5 45.4 48.1 8.0 6.9 7.3 4.8 5.4 4.9
41 154.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 10.4 8.8 9.4 1.5 1.3 1.3 0.8 0.8 0.8
-------
TABLE 25
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES
Land Area SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Grid (Sq. Mi.) S W A S W A S W A S W A S \-1 A
1 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 6.5 5.5 5.8 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.6 0.7 0.7
2 154.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 8.0 6.9 7.3 1.2 1.1 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.8
3 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 2.9 3.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3
4 54.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.6 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
5 77.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.6 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
6 77.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.6 1.7 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
7 154.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.4 17.7 15.0 15.9 2.6 2.2 2.3 1.3 1.3 1.2
8 154.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 18.6 18.6 18.6 20.0 16.9 17.9 2.8 2.4 2.5 1.5 1.5 1.5
9 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.3 1.1 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
10 38.6 0.3 0.5 0.4 1.4 1.5 1.4 26.4 23.0 24.1 4.7 4.2 4.4 2.5 2.6 2.4
11 154.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.4 0.3 13.6 11.5 12.2 2.1 1.8 1.9 1.0 1.0 0.9
12 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.4 3.8 4.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
13 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.9 2.4 2.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
14 154.4 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 10.9 9.2 9.8 1.6 1.4 1.5 0.8 0.8 0.7
15 154.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.3 23.8 20.0 21.3 3.3 2.8 2.9 1.6 1.5 1.5
16 38.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 0.7 0.8 0.7 23.4 19.7 21.0 3.5 3.0 3.2 2.1 2.1 2.0
17 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.2 3.5 3.7 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
18 9.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.2 4.5 4.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4
19 9.6 0.4 0.5 0.4 6.6 6.6 6.6 15.5 13.1 13.9 2.8 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.3
20 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.2 1.9 2.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
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D
(
G
TABLE 25
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES (cont.)
Land Area SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Grid (Sq. Mi.) S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
43 154.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 10.1 8.5 9.0 1.4 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.8 0.7
44 154.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 6.7 5.6 6.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.5 0.5
45 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.6 3.9 4.2 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
46 77.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
47 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.1 2.7 2.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.3
48 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.2 4.4 4.7 0.8 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.5
49 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.7 3.2 3.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3
50 77.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2 7.8 6.7 7.0 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.6 0.7 0.6
51 54.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.5 3.0 3.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3
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