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t
PORTLAND, MAINE METROPOLITAN AREA AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION INVENTORY
'-
I.
Prepared by
David V. Mason
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
'..
Division of Air Quality and Emission_Data
Durham, North Carolina
';
April 1970
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PORTLAND, MAINE METROPOLITAN AREA AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION INVENTORY
'.
10
Prepared by
David V. }1ason
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH~ EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
<..
Division of Air Quality and Emission_Data
Durham, North Carolina
April 1970
'.
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, ,;v.,..,,"'
. ",
,I
2
PREFACE
'.
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This report, which presents the emission inventory for the Portland,
Maine Metropolitan Area, is another in a series of surveys outlining the
" ,
sources and emissions of air pollutants f~r major metropo~!~an areas in
the country. These surveys, conducted by the National Inventory of Air
Pollutant Emissions and Control Branch of the National Air Pollution
Control Administration, provide estimates of the present levels of air
pollutant emissions and status of their control,
The pollutants, which
include sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and
nitrogen oxides, are delineated with respect to source type, season of
the year and geographical distrib~tion ~thin the area.
The general
. procedure for the surveys is based upon the rapid survey technique for
, i . 11 .. 1
est1mat ng a1r po utanc em1SS10ns. These reports are intended to
serve as aids in the proposing of boundaries of Air Quality Control
Regions, as directed by the Air 1uality Act of 1967.
.--."'-.......
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
'.
Sincere gratitude is extended by the National Air Pollution Control
Administration to the many individuals and companies who contributed to
'.
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this air pollution emission inventory.
Special thanks are extended to Fredrick Pitman of the Environmental
Improvement Commission of the State of Maine, who contributed invaluable
assistance in the gathering of data for this report.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
".
Introduction. . .. .. . . eo... . . . . . . .. . . . ...... .. . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . .
.......
'"
S1.1II1IIlB.ry of Results..........................
......................
. .
Description of Study Area............................'........
Grid Coordinate System........... ... ... .. .'. . . . . . . . . .
.........
... .
Emissions by
Ca tegory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Stationary Fuel
Combustion. .
"""".."""""....""..""""""".,...."". .
Steam - El ec tric .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ! .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
...............
Indus tria 1. . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Commercial-Institutional.'...... ...................
............
Residential. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .... .. .. .. .. '. ...... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
..........
Transportation.............................
..........
Road Vehicles..........
..................
..........
Aircraft.....
.................................... ...........................................
Railroads. ...
. . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Vessels......
. ..... ........ ............. .......... ... ........
."
Solid Waste Disposal.........
Industrial
............. ... ...... ...... ... ...
Process Losses..
.....................~............. .
Evaporative Losses..............
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . .
Emissions
by Jurisdiction..............
by Gri d . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.....................
Emissions
..................
References...
. ........... ... ........ ... ................ .... ......
Appendix A[[[
Appendix B...........................................'....................
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P'ige
3
6
13
16
16
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Table
1
]:A
2
3
4
~
v "
7
8
9
10
, -
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
"
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LIST OF ,TABLES
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions Using English Units......
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions Using Metric Units.......
Area and Population Characteristics for Study Area.. ~ .,......
Number of Industrial Establishments in Study Area...........
Annual Fuel Consumption for Study Area......................
5
6
Chemical Analysis of Fuel Burned in Study Area..............
Air Pollutant Emissions from Fuel Combustion in
Stationary Sources..........................................
Vehicle Miles of Travel for Road
Vehicles...................
Air Traffic Activity at Portland International Airport......
Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Sources.........
Solid Waste Disposal Balance................................
Air Poliutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal...........
Air Pollutant Emissions from Industrial Processes...........
Hydrocarbon Emissions from Evaporative Losses...............
Swnmary
Swnma ry
Sunmtary
Summary
Summary
Sunnna ry
of Air Pollutant Emissions in Androscoggin County...
of Air Pollutant Emissions in Cumberiand County.....
of Air Pollutant Emissions in Sagadahoc County......
of Air Pollutant Emissions in York County...........
of Air Pollutant Emissions from Point Sources.......
of Air Pollutant Emissions from All Sources.........
v
Page
4
5
9
12
18
19
20
22
24 '
25
27
28
30
31
33
34
35
36
39
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Figure
1
2
3
4
5
6
u .
7
8
9
. 10
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LISrOF FiGURES
A' ~~.,","'~-' "', ..
Page
Map of Portland, Maine Study Area and Surrounding Area....... 7
Detailed Map of Portland, Maine Study Area................... 8
Population Density ¥~p of Portland, Maine Study Area......... 10
Grid Coordinate System for .Port1and, Maine Study Area........ 14
Point Source I..oca tioTi.s. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 38
Sulfur Oxides Emissions Density Map.......................... 44
Particulate Emission Density Map............................. 45
Carbon Monoxide Emission Density Map......................... 46
Hydrocarbon Emission Density.Map............................. 47 .
Nitrogen Oxide Emission Density Map.......................... 48
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INTRODUCTION
".
This report is a summary of the Portland, Maine, air pollutant
emission inventory conducted in January, 1970.
Since all inventories
" .
are based upon a calendar7year, the data and emission estimates presented
are representative~of:l969:and should be considered as indicating the
~ .
conditions as existed'during that year.
The Study Area;which~was chosen on the basis of the distribution
of population and air-pollution sources, consists of four counties
surrounding the cities:of~Portland, Lewiston and Auburn. This area
covers approximately-2~6eO.square miles and had a 1969 population of
4.00,000.
A. griti. coordiila:tees¥Stem was used to show the geographical distri-
bution of emissions: within" counties. The Study Area was subdivided into
gO grid: zones=ranging~in~size from 25 square kilometers in the heavily
populated and indus'triaiized:areas to 400 square kilometers in the rural
areaS'". .
All sources of-emissions were classified into five categories--
transportation, stationary' fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal,
. -
industrial processes:and:evaporative losses.
Eacn of these source
categories was divided. into. two subgroups--point sources and area sources.
Facilities, which emit large quantities of air pollutants, were considered
individually as point sources, while the many remaining contributors
such as motor vehicles, residential ~nd commercial fuel users, small
industries and on-site refuse burning equipment were considered
collectively as areasources~
For this report, 35 individual sources,
which had emissions greater than 0.25 tons per average annual day for
any poll?tant, were classified as point sources.
Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as fuel
consumption~ refuse burning~rates, vehicle"ffiiles, production data,
".
control efficiencies and emission factors relating these indicators to
" 2
emission rates.
These factors represent average emission rates for a
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.~.
, .
particular source category.
Since individual sources have inherent
differences that cannot always be taken into consideration, discrepancies
between the actual and estimated emissions are more likely in individual
sources than in the total emissions for a source category.
. .
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and
- .
should not be interpreted as absolute values.
The estimates are, in
some cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factors and
. -
production or consumption data.
Despite these limitati~ns, the estimates
are of sufficient accuracy and validity to define the extent and distri-
bution of air pollutant emissions in the Study Area.
. J
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SUMMARY
. -
. ".
An estimated 325,000 tons of five major pollutants are emitted annually
in the Study Area. The breakdown of these emissions by type of pollutant
and source category are summarized in Table 1. The following is a presenta-
tion of the relative contribution of different source categories.
"..
".
c .
Sulfur 'Oxides '
1969 Total - 31,100
Steam-Electric
Industrial Fuel Use
Residential Fuel Use
Other
Ptu::.ticula.tes: -
1969 Total - .10,900
Solid Waste Disposal
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industrial Processes
Road Vehicles
Other
Carbon 'Monoxide
tons
57%
25%
14%
4%
tons
43%
25%
16'7,
12%
1969 Total - 220,800 tons
4%
Road Vehicles
Solid Waste Disposal
Other
Hydrocarbons
1969 Total --35,000
Road Vehicles
Evaporative Losses
Solid Waste Disposal
Other
Nitrogen Oxides
1969 Total - 27,600
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Road Vehicles
Solid Waste Disposal
Other
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,
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3
86%
11%
3%
tons
43%
30%
22%
5%
tons
47%
38%
11%
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- TABLE 1
- . ,SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE PORTLAND,
MAINE STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year)
.
.
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 840 1,360 190,390 14,880 10,580
Others 330 340 3,910 1,100 860
.
Total 1,170 1,700 194,300 15,980 11 ,440
Stationary F\lel
Combustion
Industry 7,670 1,030 100 100 3,750
Steam-Electric 17,670 790. 0 250 8,260
Residential 4,200 960 1,640 500 1,100
Commercial-
Institutional 0 0 0 0 0
Total 29,540 2,780 1,740 850 13,110
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 120 610 2,680 50 18"0
Open Burning 260 4,120 21,900 7,730 2,830
Total 380 4,730 24,580 7,780 3,010
Industrial Processes 0 1,690 150 0 °
Evaporative Losses 10,350
Total All Sources 31,090 10,900 220,770 34,960 27,560
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TABLE 1A
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT ~ITSSIONS IN THE PORTLAND
MAINE STUDY AREA, 1969 (Metric Tons!Year)*
"-
. Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road-Vehicles 760 1,230 . 172,720 13,500 9,600
Others 300 310 3,550 1,000 780
Total 1,060 1,540 176,270 14,500 10.,380
Stationary" Fuel
Combustion'
Inaustiy-- - 6,960 930 90 90 3,400
Steam-Electric 16,030 720 0 230 7,500
Residentiai 3,810 .870 1,500 450 1,000
. Cormnercia1-
Institutional 0 0 0 0 0
Tora iL: 26,800 2,520 1,590 770 11 ,900
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 110 550 2,430 50 160
Open -Burning 240 3,740 19,870. 7,010 2,570
Total 350 4,290 22,300 7,060 .2,730
Industrial Processes 0 1,530 140 0 0
Evaporative Losses 9,390
Total All Sources 28,210 9,880 200,300 31,720 25,010
* Metric Ton = 1000 kilograms
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DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The Study Area for the Portland, Maine, Metropolitan Area Air
Pollution Emission Inventory covers the southern portion of the State
of Maine. As can be seen in Figure 1, Portland is about 170 miles
from the nearest metropolitan area, Boston.
The four counties included in the Study Area (Figure 2) are:
Androscoggin, Cumberland, Sagadahoc and York. The Portland Standard
~etropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) lies in Cumberland County and the
Lewiston-Auburn SMSA lies in Androscoggin County, but neither SMSA
covers the entire county. Sagadahoc County and York County were included
t~ insure that all counties which may have a high rate of growth in
.future years are included in the Study Area.
The approximate 1969 population for the Study Area was 403,000.
Although the Study Area includes 2,600 square miles, the majority of
the people live in an urbanized area of only 204 square miles (1960).
Table 2, which gives populations by county, and Figure 3, which is a
population density map, will give the reader more information on the
geographical distr1bution of the population.
The
population in the
four county area has increased at a slower rate than the nation as a
whole.
Between 1960 and 1969 the nation's population increased about
12 percent, while the Portland, Maine Study Area increased approximately
3 percent.
TOPOGRAPHY
The Study Area is bounded to the east by the Atlantic Ocean and
to the no!thwest by the White Mountains. The White Mountains are
situated about 60 miles from the City of Portland and average 3,000 to
5,000 feet in height. Between the ocean
which is generally open and rolling.
and the mountains is country
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0 20 40 60 80 100
^£tf^
i£&
*^ f
Scale in Miles
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ic«i« i na.ooo
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TABLE 2
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AREA AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE PORTLAND
MAINE STUDY AREA
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County
. .
. . Land Area Population Population Density
(Sq. -Mi .) 1960 19.69 (1969)
474 86,300 88,900 188
879 . 182,800 188,000 214
257 22,800 24,200 94
1,001 99,400 102,600 102
2,611 391,300 403,700 155
Ancroscoggin County
Cumberland County
Sagadahoc County
York County
SWDY -:ARE£-.
"0
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SAGADAHOC COUNTY
i \ f i • • i
• kr? U
POPULATION DENSITY
people/mi^
J~~| < 100
100 - 200
200 - 500
500 - 2,000
2,000 - 4,000
Figure 3. Population density map for Portland, Maine study area, 1969.
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CLIMA TOLOGY
.
The Study Area has pleasant summers and falls, cold winters with
frequent thaws, and disagreeable springs.. Fall has the greatest
number of sunny days and the least cloudiness. Winters are quite
severe, but begin late and then extend deeply into the normal spring-
. -
time.
Winds:ar~"generally quite light with the heaviest velocities being
confined mostly to ~~rch and November. Even in these months the occasional
northeasterly gales have usually lost much of their severity before
reaching thecoas L
Precipi tation,' which amounts to about 42 inches a year, is rernarkabiy
uniform throughout the year.
The White Mountains keep a considerable
amount .0£ .snow--fram _reaching the Portland Area.
INDUSTRIi\L_~FKCTORS- ~
ihe industry in the Study Area is mainly concerned with agriculture,
l1imbeE. ,aruLpaper~:- and texti les.
Except for one pulp mill located near
Portland and a few ship building facilities, there is no heavy industry
in-the .Study Are~. The number of industrial establishments located in
the. Study Area. ~is. .shown in Table 3.
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TABLE 3
NUMBER OF INDUSTRIAL ESTABLISHNENTS IN THE ~PORTLAND
MAINE STUDY AREA, 1960
Androscoggin Cumberland Sagadahoc York
Industry County County County County
Food and Tobacco 6 32 3 3
Textiles 38 23 3 24
Paper and Printing 8 10 ,2 5
Chemicals 5 2 8
Lumb,e.r.,and Wo~d 2 10 5
, Sand' anq Gravel 5 4 2
Primary and Intermediate
~etals 5 5 1
Electrical Machinery 3 9 1 3
Transportation and 0rdinances 4 1 3
'Instrument;s and Miscellaneous 2 4 3
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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM.
. ~
A grid coordinate system, based on the Universal Transverse
Mercator Projection (UTII), was used in the Portla,nd, Haine Study Area
to indicate the geographical distribution of emissions. A map showing
the grid coordinate system is presented in Figure 4.
An evaluation of the available coordinate systems was completed
before choosing the UTM system to present emissions in this series of
emission inventories.
The systems evaluated were the State Plane system,
the Longitude-Latitude system and the UTM system. Although each of the
systems had valuable qualities, the use of the UTM coordinate system
was felt to completely meet the requirements of these emission inventories.
TwO . primary requirements of the grid coordinate system were used 'to
evaluate each system.
One of the requirements was that the grid coordinate
system -had to have square grid zones, since the data were to be used
in meteorological dispersion models. The grid zones, which the UTII
syst~:~nd.mostof the State Plane systems project, are always square,
but the longitude-latitude system projects grid zones that become skewed
as th~ zones become further from the equator. ' The other quality the
grid coordinate system had to possess was consistency. Each emission
inventory should be conducted on a grid coordinate system which uses
the same reference point throughout the Study Area.
Since some air
pollutant inventories would include areas in two or more states, the
State Plane systems could not be use~.
However., since the UTII system,
as well as the longitude-latitude system, is not referenced to points
in individual states, it is not influenced by jurisdiction boundaries.
The UTM system was chosen since it was the only coordinate system which
could project square grid zones over any Study Area using a cornmon
reference point.
The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the
'.
. metric system.
Each north-south and east-west grid line, as illustrated
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Figure 4. Grid coordinate system for Portland, Maine study area, 1969.
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in Figure 4, is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters.
Each point source and grid, using the geographical center of the grid,
is identified by a horizontal and vertical coordinate to the nearest
100 meters.
',.
Grid zones of different sizes are used in the grid coordinate system
to allow a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of
emissions and to limit the number of gria zones. Since majority of
the emissions is usually concentrated in the populat~d and industrialized
portions of a Study Area, smaller grids are placed over these areas to
allow the grid coordinate system to reflect the changes of emissions
over short distances.
Grid zones smaller than the 25 kilometer grid
zones used in this report are not usually warranted because of the
inherent inaccuracies in the data. Larger grid zones are used in the
rur.a:L -portions, because a smaller portion of the total emissions usually
occurs in lightly populated areas.
"
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EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
The stationary fuel combustion source category is concerned with four
primary sources: industrial facilities, steam-electric plants, residential
housing, and commercial and institutional establishments. Four fuels
are usually burned in these sources: coal, residual fuel oil, distillate
,"
fuel oil and natural gas.
Other fuels such as woodwaste and LPG are also
included if there is a sufficient amount being burned.
Steam-Electric
METHODOLOGY: Fuel consumption data were acquired on the three power
plants from the Central Maine Power Company. Only two of these facilities are
situated in the four county area, but the third was included because it was
relatively close. Data received on these plants included the weekly fuel
consUmption for 1969, and the approximate sulfur content of the fuel oil.
RESULTS: The three power plants burn only residual fuel oil for fuel.
Approximately 88 percent of all the residual fuel oil burned in the study
area is consumed by the three power plants.
Because the power plants are the largest fuel consumers, they are also the
largest air pollutant emitters. The power plants account"for 63 percent of
the sulfur oxides, 63 percent of the nitrogen oxides, and large portions of
the other three pollutants.
Industry and Commercial-Institutional
METHODOLOGY: The industry source category and the commercial-institutional
source category are usually done separately, but because there was not
sufficient information they were combined in this emission inventory.
The total fuel oil combustion in the Study Area and in the individual
counties was obtained from state fuel combustion data published by the
Bureau of Mines. After proportioning the total fuel into each county on
the basis of population, the fuel combustion of industry and commercial-
institutional establishments was obtained by deducting that fuel consumed
by residential users.
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The fuel consumption data for individual sources were obtained with
questionnaires. After deducting the emissions attributable to those in-
dividual sources, the remaining area source emissions were proportioned into
". .
grids on the basis of population.
RESULTS: Four fuels are burned by industry and conunercial-institutional
establishments in the study area: residual .fuel oil, distillate fuel oil,
4 '. . .
natural gas and coal. Residual fuel oil and distillate fuel oil are the most
significa,nt.fuels, together they 'are used to generate 95 percent of the energy
used :by industry. Table 4 shows the approximate consumption of these fuels
by county. Emissions for this category are shown on Table 6.
Residential
METHODOLOGY: Total fuel consumption was analytically obtained for all
f~.~xcep~natural-gas, which was supplied by the Northern Utilities
Inc. FueL oiL and coal were obtained using a method based upon the number
of: -:housing-.,uni:ts'" burning the fuel,. the d.verage number of degree days and the
average home heating requirement. 1 The number of housing units burning coal
in...thed;t.udy.:..ar.ea",was .estimated by asswning a 25 percent decrease since
196cr.~ ~ In~urdet to' estimate the number of homes heating with fuel oil,
the .housing units burning with gas and coal were deducted from the total
housing units in the study area.
The remaining housing units were assumed
to be heating-with oil.
Fuel burned in homes is used for more than space heating.
A certain
portion of the fuel is used for such purposes as cooking and hot water
heating, which remain constant throughout the year. It was estimated
that fifteen percent of the natural gas, 5 percent of the oil, and 2
percent of the coal was used for these purposes.
RESULTS: Distillate fuel oil is the predominant fuel used to heat
homes in the Portland and Lewiston-Auburn areas. Most of the coal and
natural gas are burned in and around the metropolitan areas, while the
"
fuel oil is burned throughout the area.
fuel use can be found in Table 6.
Emissions from residential
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TABLE 4
SUMMARY OF FUEL COMBUSTION IN PORTlAND, MAINE
STUDY AREA, 1969
County
. .
R~sidentia1
Commercia1-
Institutional
,-
Steam-
Electric
Industrial
6
Naturnl Gas (10 Cu. Ft./Yr.)
Androacoggin County
Cumberland County
Sagadahoc County
. York County
Distillate Fuel Oil (1000 Ga1.!Yr)
.Androscoggin County
Cumberland County
Sagadahoc County
York County
Residual Fuel Oil (1000 Ga1./Yr.)
Androscoggin County
Cumberland County
Sagadahoc County
York County
Coal (Tons/Year)
Androscoggin County
Cumberland County
Sagadahoc County
York County
590
730
o
o
220
260
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
27,100
59,600
8,900
34,300
10,600 0
22,300 0
3,100 0
12,800 0
o
o
o
o
5,000
10,500
1,400
5,700
o
92,300
66,500
a
7,700
35,900
5,000
12,000
500
500
o
o
o
o
o
o
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TABLE 5
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Coal
Residual Fuel Oil
Distillate Fuel Oil
Natural Gas
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CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FUELS IN THE PORTLAND, MAINE
STUDY AREA
Percent
Sulfur
1.50
1.43
0.24
0.0008
19
Percent
Ash
Percent
Volatile
Material
7.1
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TABLE 6
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
IN THE PORTLAND, MAINE STIJDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year)
.
Sulfur Par tic- Car bon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Natural Gas
Industrial 0 0 0 0 30
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 0 10 0 0 80
Commercial-
Institutional 0 0 0 0 30
Totals 0 10 0 0 140
Fuel Oil
Industrial 7,650 990 100 100 3,720
Steam-Electric 17,670 790 0 250. 8,260
Residential 2,470 520 130 190 780
Commercia1-
Institutional 0 0 0 0 0
Tota ls 27,790 2,300 230 540 12,760
Coal
Industrial 20 30 0 0 10
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 1,720 430 1,510 300 240
Commercial-
Institutional 0 0 0 0 0
Totals 1,740 460 1,510 300 250
STUDY AREA 29,530 2,770 1,740 840 13,150 -
.
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TRANS PORTA TION
.-
The transportation source category is concerned with mobile air
pollutant sources.
Sources in this category include: road vehicles
.,
(both gasoline and diesel powered), aircraft, vessels, and railroads.
. With the exception of aircraft, all the sources are considered area
soure-es.
Road Vehicles
METHODOLOGY: The total motor vehicle activity in the Study Area
was obtained from the Maine State Highway Department in the form of
total vehicle4niles for each county.
Th~.proportioning of the county vehicle mile data into grids was
completed using two methods. The first method utilized traffic flow
maps-obtained from the S'tate Highway Department.
The grid coordinate
system was drawn over the maps and the vehicle miles on the major streets
and ro~ds ~~rc ~casured for
tlH:ir rez~ccti\/'~ gl'ids.
A second method
used.::the-population of each grid as the basis of proportioning the vehicle
miles. Only those vehicle miles left undistributed by the first method
were proportioned by population.
'-
Accurate diesel powered motor vehicle activity was obtained from
. f. 7
state diesel fuel consumption 19ures. These fuel numbers were translated
into vehicle miles by assuming all diesel powered vehicles averaged 5.1
1
miles per gallon.
RESULTS: Vehicle activity in the Study Area was greatest in Cumberland
County, but an unusually large amount of vehicle activity is found in York
County because of very large numbers of vacationers visiting during the
summer. The number of vehicle miles traveled are presented in Table 7.
. -
Road vehicles, a major contributor of three of the pollutants surveyed,
were the dominint source within the transportation source category. They
contributed 72 percent of the sulfur oxides, 80 percent of the particulates,
98 percent of the carbon monoxide, 96 percent of the hydrocarbons, and
93 percent of the nitrogen oxide. When compared to all sources in the
-------
. TABLE 7
VEHTCLEMILES TRAVELED BY ROAD VEHICLES IN THE POR~1)
MAINE STUDY AREA, 1969 (1000 u.m./Year)
..
County Gasoline Powered . Diesel Powered Total
Androscoggin County 376,400 6,900 383,300
Cumberland County 1,084,600 . 19,900 1,104,500
Sagadahoc County 135,600 2,400 138,000
York County 680,000 12,400 692,400
STUDY AREA 2,276,600 41,600 2,318,200
-------
"
Study Area, road vehicles ranked number one in amount of carbon monoxide
and hydrocarbon emitted and number two in nitrogen oxide emissions
(Table 1).
".
Aircraft
METHODOLOGY: Data were obtained from only one airport in the Study
Area--Portland International Airport. The 'data received included number
of' flights per"day and nwnber and type of engines per flight. This
information was: obtained from a FAA publication and through personal
communication with the airport.
Information was not secured on the
small private airports in the Study Area, because accurate information
was not available.
RESULTS:. As shown in Tables 1 and 9 aircraft emissions account for
a~~l1~portion~of~the total emissions in the transportation source
category and in the Study Area. Within the transportation source category,
a:ia:cra:£t, contribute. no more than 3 percent of any pollutant.
Railroads:.. .:.
METHODOLOGY: Information on the fuel consumption of railroads for
theSta.te. of Maine was obtained from an American Petroleum Institute
publi'cadon.8 State totals were proportioned into the individual
counties. on the basis of population. The county totals were further
proportioned into grid zones by evenly distributing the fuel into all
grid zones which had railroad activity.
RESULTS: Several hundred tons of. hydrocarbons, particulates and
nitrogen oxides were emitted in the Study Area.
Vessels
METHODOLOGY: Data were obtained through personal cOffiTIunications with
a Port Authority official in Portland.
Emissions were estimated on tug
. .
boat activity and ships weighing greater than 10,000 tons.
RESULTS: Approximately 650 ships enter and leave the Portland harbor
per year. . These ships emit about 2C0 tons of sulfur oxides, but very
little of the other pollutants.
-------
".
TABLE 8
AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT THE PORTLAND INTERNATIONAL
AIRPORT, 1969 (Flights/Year)
Number of Engines
_.
1 Engine 2 Engines 3 Engines 4 Engi::.es
Conventional Jets 0 0 0 0
Fan Jets 0 20 0 0
Turboprop 0 70 0 0
Pist.on 270 190 0 10
-------
"
TABLE 9
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES IN
THE PORTLAND, MAINE STUDY AREA, 1968 (Tons/Year)
"0
. .
Su 1 fu r Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source: Category. Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Road Vehicles
Gasoline Powered 680 910 190,140 14,320 9,680
Diesel Powered 160 450 250 560 910
Evaporative .Losses.. 9,560
Totals 840 1,360 190,390 24,440 10,590
A:i:r.cr.a-ft: ~
Jet 0 0 10 20 10
Pi:sJ:on~:- 0 20 3,730 710 170
Turboprop 0 0 10 0 10
Totals 0 20 3,750 730 190
Vessels 220 20 0 0 70 .
Railroads no 300 160' 370 600
STUDY AREA 1,170 1,700 194,300 25,540 11 ,450
",
. 0
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. .'.
'.
SOLID WASTE
The solid waste source category is concerned with the air
emissions caused by refuse disposal. Refuse includes not only
refuse, but also refuse generated by commercial and industrial
pollutant
the municipal
faciti ties.
The primary means of disposing of refuse are: landfills, dumps, incinerators,
and on-site burning.
Only open burning dumps, incinerators and on-site
burning are considered air pollutant sources.
METHODOLOGY: The total tons of refuse generated in the Portland area
was determined by using the national' generation rate of 10 pounds per
9
person per day.
This total includes municipal, commercial and industrial
refuse.
In order to determine the amount of refuse being disposed of by
each means of di~posa1, data was collected on all landfills, dumps and
conical burners in the Study Area.
The amount of refuse being disposed
of by on-site incineration and on-site burning was determined with
12
national ~verages.
(Table 10).
These data were assembled into a refuse balance
The proportioning of the county totals into grids was done in three
steps., The first was the accurate locating of all conical burners and
open-burning dumps which had been surveyed.
The refuse ,being disposed
of by 'the remaining open-burning dumps was proportioned evenly into
the rural grids of each county. The on-site burning and on-site incineration
were distr.ibuted into grids on the basis of population.
RESULTS: Emissions caused by the open burning of refuse, contributed
most of the emissions in the solid waste source category (Table 11).
Open
burning emissions, which were evenly divided between open burning dumps
and on-site burning, ranged from 46 percent of the sulfur oxides to 93
percent of the hydrocarbons.
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
The industrial process category is concerned with all industrial air
pollutant emissions inherent with the manufacturing of products.
That portion of fuel which is used for process heating is included in the
fuel combustion source category.
.'
-------
"
,.
TABLE 10
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL BALANCE FOR THE PORTIAND, MAINE STUDY AREA
I 1 I. t 1\ , . ,Ie I' H' I ~ .
1969 (Tons/Year)
: .
4""
i ,"
Incineration Landfills and Open On-Site Conical
County Generation Municipal On-Site Non-Burning Dumps Burning Dumps Burning Burning
Androscoggin County 242,000 36,000 30,000 110,000 66,000
Cumberland County 343,000 51,000 150,000 40,000 87,000 15,000
N Sagadahoc County 44,000 7,000 11 ,000 18,000 8,000
"
York County 187,000 28,000 '95,000 64,000
S TUBY AREA 816,000 122,000 180,000 256,000 235,000 23,000
-------
TABLE 11
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN
THE PORTLAND, MAINE STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year)
- .
Sulfur' Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Incineration
Municipal 0 0 0 0 0
On-Site 120 610 2,680 50 180
Total 120 610 2,680 50 180
Op~n Burning
Dumps 120 1,880 9,990 3,520 1,290
On-Site 140 2,240. 11,910 4,200 1,540
Total 260 4,120 21,900 7,720 2,830
STUDY AREA 380 4,730 24,580 7,770 3,010
-------
"
".
METHODOLOGY: Information concerning industrial processes was
,gathered on an individual plant basis. Each company waa sent a questionnaire
which asked for the appropriate data. The emission rates from industrial
processes were estimated by using statndard emission factors published
2
by the Department of Health, Education and Welfare.
RESULTS: Air pollutant emissions are caused by only a few industrial
"
pr~cesses in the Study Area.
The industrial categories and emissions
attributable to each are found in Table 12.
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
The evaporative losses source category'is concerned with emissions of
hydrocarbons. The two primary sources studied in this category were
dry'cieaning and the automobile. There are a multitude of other domestic
and commercial sources of evaporative losses, but these were not included
because emission factors were not available.
METHODOLOGY: Dry cleaning emi~sions were estimated using factors
based'upon population.2 The emissions were also proportioned into counties
and- grids-using population.
using vehicle mile activity.
Evaporative losses by the automobile were estimated
These emissions were distributed in the same
manner the ~th~r automobile emissio~s were distributed.
RESULTS: The automobile was the largest single source in the evaporative
losses category with 9,600 tons of hydrocarbons (Table 13). Dry cleaning'
contributed about 800 tons.
In the Study Area evaporative losses accounted
for 30 percent of all hydrocarbons emitted.
",
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TABLE 12
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESS IN THE
PORTLAND, MAINE STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Moo oxide carbons Oxides
Concrete 0 20 0 0 0
Foundry 0 150 0 0
Pulp and Paper 0 1,670 0 0 0
TOTAL 0 1,690 150 0 0
-------
"
-
TABLE 13
.
<.
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM EVAPORATIVE LOSSES IN THE
PORTLAND, MAINE STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year)
Dry Cleaning
Automobile
780
9,560
10,340
TOTAL
-------
""
EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
--
The previous section presented air pollutanc emissions by source
category. In order to sho~v the contribution of each county to the air
pollution in the Study Area, their emissions are summarized in Tables
14 through 17.
.'
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, &"
"
TABLE 14
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN ANDROSCOGGIN
COUNTY, 1969 (Tons/Year)
.-
., .
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
.. Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide' carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 140 130 31,470 2,460 1,750
Others 40 70 40 80 140
Total 180 200 31,510 2,540 1,890
Stationary Fuel'
Combu s.ti on. ..
Itidus try 910 170 20 20 610
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
ResicdehtiaL' 740 170 220 80 230
Conunercia1-
Institutional '0 0 0 "'... 0 10
Total - 1,650 340 . 240 100 850
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 40 180 790 10 50
Open Burning 90 1,430 7,610. 2,690 980
Total 130 1 ,61.0 8,400 2',700 1,030
Industrial Processes 10
Evaporative Losses 1,750
TOTAL ALL SOURCES 1,960 2,160 40.,150 7,090 3,770
-
-------
TABLE 15
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN CUMBERLAND COUNTY
1969 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 400 650 90,700 7,090 5,040
Others 220 180 3,830 900 520
Total 620 830 94,530 7,990 5,560
Stationary "Fuel
Combustion
Industry 5,300 620 60 60 2,190
Steam-Electric 10,280 460' 0 150 4,800
Residential 2,160 500 960 270 540
Commercia 1-
Institutional 0 0 0 0 0
Total 17,740 1,580 1,020 480 7,530
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 50 250 1,120 20 80
Open Burning 70 1,160 6,160 2,170 80:::
Total 120 1,410 7,280 2,190 880
Industrial Processes 0 1,680 150 0 0
Evaporative Losses 4,920
TOTAL ALL SOURCES 18,480 5,500 102,980 15,580 13,970
.
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,J
...., .
. ~ .01"
TABLE 16
SUHMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN SAGADAHOC COUNTY
1969 (Tons/Year)
..
'2
Sulfur partic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
" Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 50 80 11,330 890 630
Others 10 20 10 20 40
To taL - 60 100 11 ,340 910 670
St"attonary Fuel'
Combustion
I tidustry" 590 80 10 10 280
Steam-Electric 7,400 330 0 110 3,460
Res:i=denttal- ~ 310 70 130 40 70
Commercial-
Institutional 0 0 0 0 0
Total. 8,300 480 140 160 3,810
Solid Waste Disposal
lncinera tion 10 40 150 0 10
Open Burning 20 300 1,570 560 200
Total 30 340 1,720 560 210
Industrial Processes 0 0 0 0 0
Evaporative Losses 620
TOTAL ALL SOURCES 8,390 920 13,200 2,250 4,690
~
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'.
"
TABLE 17
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN YORK COUNTY
1969 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 250 410 56,890 4,450 3,160
Others 60 80 40 100 170
Total 310 490 56,930 4,550 3,330
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 880 160 20 20 670
Steam-Electric 0 0 0 0 0
Residential 1,000 220 330 110 250
Commercial-
Institutional 0 0 0 0 0
Total" 1,880 380 350 130 920
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration 30 140 620 10 40
Open Burning 80 1,230 6,550 2,310 850
Total 110 1,370 7,170 2,320 890
Industrial Processes 0 0 0 0 0
Evaporative Losses 3,060 0
TOTAL ALL SOURCES 2,300 2,240 64,450 10,060 5,140
'- .
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"
EMISSIONS BY GRID
o.
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation in air
pollutant emissions in the Study Area, the emiBsions were apportionned
onto a grid coordinate system. The emissions were divided into two
source groups--point sources and area sources. Thirty-five point
sources are presented individually in Table 18. Each of these point
sources emitted more than 0.25 tons per day of a pollutant. The
approximate location of these point sources are shown in Figure 5.
Area sources which made up t~e bal~pc~ of emissions have not been
. . .
presented separately, but have. ~~e:pc.~bined with the point source
, '. '-.''!-.:[;'' ;.,:;' '. - '. .- . . "~' . .
emissions and presented with emissions from all sources in Table 19.
In order to present a visual representation of the emissions of .
pollutants by grid, emission density maps have been prepared.
Emission
',.
densities were obtained by summing the annual area and point source
emissions for each grid and dividing this total by the land area of the
.g~i~- Figures 6 througa 10 anow tr.~ variatior. in emission densities
for the respective grids throughout the Study Area.
. -
, "
"
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,' SAGADAHOC COUNTY/ J
INDUSTRY
• DUMP
A POWER PLANT
A AIRPORT
D CONICAL BURNER
Set 1*1 250000
Figure 5. Point source location map for Portland, Maine study area, 1969.
-------
<'
." .
.
, .
"
TABLE 18
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES IN THE STUDY AREA (Tons/Year)
tl' I' '!
"III
"II!:"
SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Source Category Grid HC VC S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
Dump 1 4075 49250 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.06 0.06 0.06
Tndustry 10 3880 48850 0.5 0.8 0.7 0.06 0.09 0.07 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.19 0.28 0.23
Industry 14 4020 48820 0.4 0.6 0.5 0.04 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.21 0.17
Industry 14 4010 48810 0.3' 0.4 0.3 0.03 0.04 0.03. 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.14 0.12
Dump 20 4050 48775 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.09 2.09 2.09 11.11 '11.11 11.11 3.92 3.92 2.92 1.43 1.43 1.43
Dump 21 4175 48720 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.09 0.09 0.09 0.51 0.51 0.51 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.06 0.06 0.06
Conical Burner 26 4190 48605 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.33 0.33 0.33 1. 79 1.79 1.79 0.63 0.63 0.63 0.23 0.23 0.23
Dump 27 4270 48640 0.0 0,,0 0.0 0.1" 0.14 0.14 0.75 0.75 0.75 0.26 0.26 0.26 ,0.09 0.09 0~09
Industry 28 4340 48620 0.6 1.0 0.8 0.07 1.10 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.22 0.34 0.28
Industry 28 , 4345 48630 0.2 0.4 ,0.3 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.14 0.11
Industry 28 4350 48640 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.06 0.10 0.08
Conical Burner 28 4350 48660 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.87 0.87 0.87 0.30 0.30 0.30 0.11 0.11 0.11
Power Plant 29 4460 48700 19.7 25.4 20.2 0.88 1.14 0.91 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.28 0.36 0.29 9.21 11. 90 9.47
Dump 30 3830 48560 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.20 0.20 0.20 0.07 0.07 0.07
Industry 31 3945 48520 0.6 0.9 0.8 0.06 0.10 0.08 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.21 0.32 0,26
Power Plant 45 4075 48450 26.3 33.7 25.9 1.18 1.51 1.16 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.37 0.48 0.37 12.30 15.75 12.14,
Dump 46 3945 48415 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.55 0.55 0.55 0.19 0.19 0.19 0.07 0.07 O.W
Dump 52 3840 48350 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.13 0.13 0.13 0.71 0.71 0.71 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.09 0.09 0.09'
Industry 53 3913 48375 10.2 10.4 10.3 5.44 5.46 5.45 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 0.07 2.73 2.78 2.76
Industry 54 3989 48368 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.08 0.12 0.10
Industry 54 3990 48352 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.03 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.14 0.11
IndustI") 55 3932 48321 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.03 0.05 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.13 0.19 0.16
Airport 55 3943 48332 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.07 0.07 0.07 10.27 10.27 10.27 1.99 1.99 1.99 0.51 0.51 0.51
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.'
)
TABLE 18 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES (Con t .)
~ -=====::
SOX PART. CO HC NOx
Source Category Grid HC VC S W A S W A S W A S W A S W A
Industry 56 3959 48339 0.2 0.4 0.3 0.02 0.04 0.03 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.09 0.14 0.11
,
Industry 56 3983 48349 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.05 0.08 0.07 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 .0.08 0.13 0.11
Industry 56 3998 48327 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.24 0.36 0.30
Power Plant 56 3990 48345 1.4 1.5 2.1 0.06 0.07 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.65 0.73 1. 01
Dump 62 4010 48275 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.14 0.14 0.14 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.27 0.27 0.27 0.10 0.10 0.10
Dump 67 3750 48135 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.68 0.68 0.68 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.08 0.08 0.08
Dump 68 3805 48170 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.65 0.65 0.65 3.49 3.49 3.49 1.23 1.23 1.23 0.45 0.45 0.45
Dump 68 3810 48195 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.20 0.20 0.20 1.06 1.06 1.06 0.37 0.37 0.37 0.13 (1.13 O. ] 3
Dump 70 3580 48095 0.0 0.0 O~O 0.31 0.31 0.31 1.65 1.65 1.65' 0.58 0.58 0.58 0.21 0.21 0.21
Dump 79 3680 47840 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.53 0.53 0.53 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.06 0.06 0.06
Dump 80 3575 47730 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.32. 0.32 0.32 0.12 0.12 0.12
-------
..~_. ---....--, -~. ------..- ,.- ~--~~ ~ '-- - - _. -----------~.__.--_.- -.-.-""-
...-~--_._.._. ---------- "---- -:...........
, .. ' . '
""
(
TABLE 19 SUW'/I.i{V OF AP PCL.L.l.'TANT E"ISSIm.5 FROM ALL SOURCES
T ON5 /DAy, I !'III
" I ,~, :
SOX PART eo He ~ox
GqIC A~EA S \'! A. 5 ,', A .5 I"; A S \.! A S 'II A
1 38.~ 0.3 ::>. 1 ':}.1 0.7 _'.2 (;.7 ';'1 3.Y 4.4 o.!! 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4
£ 38.6 o.c.: J.1 J.1 v.l ".1 ;J. 1 ~.4 2.6 ,.9 0.5 ;).4 0.5 v.2 0.2 0.2
~ 3~.6 ').0 1.'J O.J 'j. 0 J.O 0.0 2.3 1.6 1.9 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
.. 3f1.f- 0.0 0.1 0.;; 0.1 0.1 :).1 1.3 1.(; 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
') 3'1.f> c.o 'J.:J 'J..J 0." ~ .0 U. '.j 'j. 7 0.5 (,;.5 0.1 n.l 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
(, 39.f, 0.0 J.n 'J. C \).0 \,.;.u J.~ 1.2 0.Y 1. J 0.2 ~.1 ~.l (:.1 0.1 0.1
7 3A.6 0.;,) 'J. 1 J. 1 \J.l ~.1 ......1 4.7 :i... ;'.9 0.7 ..;.5 G.b ";.3 D.3 1.).3
:s 31'\.6 0.0 'J. 0 0.0 U.~ ~.O " l.C) 1. '-' 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 \J.1 0.1
.., ...
9 154.4 0.1 :).2 e.l 0.2 (,;,.2 Q.t' 9.4 ~.2 7.0 1.2 0.'" 1.:J ...5 o.!! 0.5
10 3'1.6 J.6 1" .:, . fI CJ.:) :...2 '" .. ~.C') 2.9 3.3 0.6 O.~ 0.5 :.5 'J.6 :.5
. I w.,
11 38.5 :;.0 J.l ,J.1 u.l ~.1 ....1 ~.A 2.e ;:.2 u.5 J.4 ':'.5 ~.3 J.2 J.2
12 9.6 0.0 '; . 1 J' 0.1 ".1 c.ol ~.l 3.7 4.2 0." '1.5 C.o ',;.3 1.3 0.3
..
1? 9.6 ~}. C' '.1 : 8". ".1 ..1 t. . 1 lel :).9 :-.9 :;).2 1.2 0.2 0.1 J.1 0.1
14 9.f> 1.6 4.f! 3.2 1.9 2.5 2.7 44.6 34.6 3e.2 7.0 5.<; 6.2 4.0 4.7 4.2
1') 9.6 ':>.1 J.2 j.1 0.1 ",.2 ..;.2 6.5 4.0 ~.4 0.9 J.7 :J.8 U.4 :1.4 0.4
16 3!!.6 0.0 J.1 ".j.1 o.! .i.1 ;;.1 0 ').R 4.2 '-.8 0.8 :>.6 C.7 (;1.3 J.3 G.3
17 154.4 Oel ').? 0.2 a.? ':.2 0.2 Q.4 6.9 7.8 1.4 1.0 i.2 0.6 1.5 0.6
lR 38.6 0" 0.1 ~.. . ~ ;).1 ;).1 .;.1 3.0 2.2 2.5 0.4 0.3 C.4 C.2 J.2 0.2
....
1q 38.6 0.1 0.1 'J . 1 1.1 ;',.1 :.;.1 10.1 7.3 3.3 1.4 1.0 1.1 C.6 ,).5 0.5
20 3&.6 n.5 (.;.9 0.7 2.4 ,.4 t..4 20.4 18.(; 18.9 5.3 5.G ~.1 ~.2 2.2 2.2
7.1 38.6 ').1 !"J.7 :).1 :J.3 0.3 0.3 8.0 6 " f..7 1.2 1.0 1 .1 0.6 0.5 0.5
. "
7.2 1~4.4 0" 0:).1 j . i' G.l 0.1 ~.1 5.9 t.. 4 ,.0 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.4 Jd 0.3
.'"
23 3f1.6 0.0 1.1 'J. ~ 'j. J '0' .0 0 . ~~ 1.<; 1.1 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 C.l Jol 0.1
74 3~.(' 001 :1. 1 C . ~ ':J.:> '~. 2 j./ 9.7 7.1 8. 1 1.4 1.:) 1.2 (J.6 :;.5 J.,
7.1) 3'1.6 ~)..; :) . 1 \j .: 0.1 (...1 ~..1 1 . ., 1 . j! 1.4 0.3 (). 2 0.2 ;:.1 J .1 ;) . 1
-------
26 31\.6 0.1 0.7 0.1 0.') 0.5 U.5 9.9 7.7 e.5 1.8 1 . '} 1.6 0.7 0.7 0.7
27 38.6 0.2 0.8 0.5 0.6 0.6 iJ.6 24.7 18.3 20.7 3.6 2.8 3.1 1.6 1.'+ 1.5
211 38.6 1.4 3.0 2.2 0.7 1.0 0.9 17.7 13.9 15.2 2.9 2.4 2.6 1.7 2.0 1.8
2~ 38.6 19.7 25.5 70.3 0.9 1.2 0.9 103 0.9 101 0.5 0.5 C.4 9.3 12.0 9.5
30 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.7 (J.2 0.2 9.2 6.7 7.6 1.3 1.0 1.2 0.6 0.5 0.5
31 38.6 0.7 1.7 1.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 13.6 9.'1 11.3 1.9 1.4 1.6 1.1 1.0 1.0
32 38.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 11.8 8.5 9.7 1.6 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.6
33 38.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 7.1 5.2 5.9 1.1 0.8 0.9 0.5 0.4 0.4
34 38.6 0.0 0.7 ').1 0.1 0.1 U.1 5.5 4.0 4.6 0.8 0.6 0.7 003 0.3 0.3
35 38.f> 0.0 001 0.1 0.1 0.1 O. 1 2.9 2.1 2.4 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
36 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 003 0.2 0.3 O.() ~.o 0.0 0.0 :).0 0.0
37 311.6 0.0 0.1 0.,0 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.3 1.0 1. 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
38 154.4 001 1}.2 ~) . 1 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.Q 2.8 3.6 -0.7 0.4 Q.5 0.3 0.2 0.3
39 3A.f 0.0 001 ().1 0.1 C.1 0.1 3.4 2.1 2.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
40 38.6 0.0 001 0.1 0.1 C.1 0.1 4.7 3.4 3.9 0.6 0.5 0.5 ::).3 0.3 0.3
41 ,38.6 0.1 0.2 v.l a.1 ;J.2 v.2 9.0 6.5 7.4 1.2 0.9 1.0 'J.6 0.5 0.5
42 9.6 Q.O 0.1 0.1 0.1 :.1 0.1 5.0 3.7 4.2 0.7 0.6 0.6 C.3 ).3 0.3
43 9.~ O.C de.; 'O.v 0." ;,;.0 ;J.:' 1.0 0.7 ".8 0.7. eel 0.1 0.1 ~... 0.1
44 9.5 0.0 001 0 ~ 1 0.1 C.l 0.1 6.1 l~. 4 5.0 ::I.R O.b 0.7 0.4 0.3 C.3
45 9.6 76.4 33.7 7.6.0 1.3 1.6 1.2 1.2 0.9 1.0 0.6 0.7 0.6 12.4 15.8 12.2
46 9.6 0.1 0.7 C.1 0.2 0.2 0.7. R.3 6.1 6.9 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5
47 9.6 C.G ').n 0.0 0.1 f).1 'J.1 5.3 3.8 4.4 0.7 0.5 O.g 0.4 0.3 0.3
1+1' 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 001 7.0 5.0 5.7 0.9 C.7 0.8 0.4 003 0.4
49 1 5 4 . t. 0.1 0.2 oo! 0.1 J.1 0.1 4.7 2.7 3.4 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
<;0 'H!.6 0.\J ,) . 1 0.1 0.0 C.1 0.C' 1.3 ".8 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
51 3'1.6 0.1 0.7 u.1 ~.1 :;01 U.1 3.7 2.3 2.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.3 ::1.2 0.2
52 3R.6 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 1401 10.5 11.8 2.1 1 . '1 1.8 0.9 0.9 C.9
'i:'\ 9. f" 10.5 11.1 10.!' 5.'1 5.9 5.e 15.4 11.3 12.8 2.2 1.7 1.9 4.0 4.1 4.0
'i4 9.6 1.4 4.'3 :2.8 (J.g 1.4 l . l 32.1 24.9 27.4 4.6 3.t! 4.v 2.7 3'.1 2.9
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'i; 9.6 0.3 0.9 ".t> ().4 () .5 0.4 24.4' "(J.& 22.0 4.0 3.6 3.7 1.6 1.6 1.5
. _I.
5& 9.& 3.2 A.3 6.4 1.6 2.7. 2.1 53.0 41.7 4~.5 7.7 6.6 6.9 ~.4 6.3 6.1
,I ' .,
57 9.6 0.7 1.9 1.:1 0." 0.5 0,4 7.5 6.1 6.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.8
5r 39.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 1.8 2.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
C;~ 3R.6 0.1 0.2 0.1 0 ~ 1 0.1 0.1 4.3 2.3 3.1 0.6 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3
60 38.6 0.2 a.e; 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.3 23.5 14.5 17.9 3.2 2.0 2.5 1.4 1.1 1.2
61 38.6 0.1 0." 0.4 0.'1 0.4 (;.3 17.6 12.8 14.6 2.5 1.9 2.1 1.1 1.0 1.0
~2 9.6 0.0 ').1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.11 2.2 41.4 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
63 9.6 o.v a.o 0.a 0.0 0.0 ;).0 1. CJ 0.7 I" ~ 0.1 !).1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
114 38.6 0.0 0." 1.C 0.0 0.0 o.c 1.2 ').7 1.:.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
6<; 38.6 0.2 :).6 ,j.4 0.'3 U.3 0.3 10.t- 5.8 7.6 1.6 1.0 1.2 0.11 0.7 0.7
66 3'\.6 ~.1 :). 1 '.1.1 ().1 :;.1 001 5." 2.6 3.5 0.7 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.2
67 3~.6 0.2 0.3 ().2 0.3 'J.3 :).::3 14.Q B.1 1w.7 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.0 0.7 0.8
6~ 38.6 a.7 1.P 1.2 1.6 1.7 1.7 37.6 <'2.4 28.2 6.4 4.5 5.2 3.:.1 2.6 2.7
69 3':!.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 ~.1 U.l 301 1.7 2.2 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
70 33.6 0.2 v.~ \oJ.4 ::1.5 . .6 ;,).6 12.3 7.4 9.3 2.1 1.5 1.7 1.0 0.8 0.9
"1 3~.6 0.1 0.2 ('.1 o.~ C.1 C.1 3.6 1. Ii 2.6 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2'
,,- 30.f: 0.2 a.'! r,.2 0.2 J.2 0.2 19.'- 1fJ.-.; J.::I.6, 2.6 1.4 1.8 1.2 , 0.7 0.9
l.
B '3~.6 0.1 :).7 u.1 001' :.2 0.;:> 4.4 ".5 3.2 J.7 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3
"4 311.1'> 0.1) c)ol {).1 O. ,) 0.0 \J., 7..4 1.3 1. 7 0.3 j.2 0.2 ~;. 2 O.J. 0.1
75 '311.~ C.1 J.2 ).1 0.2 ";.2 .;.2 7.5 4.2 5.4 1.1 ;).7 ;).9 1.1.5 0.4 0.4
76 3A.6 0.1 0.7 0.<' 0.3 0.2 0.2 16.2 8.5 11.4 2.2 1.3 1.6 1.0 0.6 0.8
77 38.f: O.O ~). C' ").~ 0.:> 1:.0 0.:> 4.3 2.2 3.0 C.6 0.3 C.4 0.2 001 0.2
7!! 3Q.6 0.2 0.3 ,,", 0.2 ,0.2 0.£ 6.6 3.6 4.7 1.0 0.6 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.5
~, . '-
79 311.6 0.2 0.7 0.2 0."1 0.3 0."1 19.6 1003 13.8 2.7 1.5 2.0 1.2 0.7 0.9
110 3~.1i 0.5 2.~ 1., 0.7 1.1 0.9 2P.6 17.1 21.3 4.2 2.9 3.3 2.0 1.7 1.8
~1 3~.6 iJo1 J.? J.£ iJ.2 ;;.1 . I.i. 1 13.0 6.7
-------
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS.
tons/mi^-day
::::::y o.so - l.OO
1.00 - 2.00
Figure 6. Sulfur oxides emission density map for Portland, Maine study area, 1969.
-------
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS.
tons/mi2-day
a o.os - o.io
0.10 - 0.20
Figure 7. Particulate emission density map for Portland, Maine study area, 1969.
-------
<\x^
V.
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi 2-
Sj *XJT ff? NW~ j • >•
.fn^ * -^"rri r'- -•'l4*?MaB
Figure 8. Carbon monoxide emission density map for Portland, Maine study area, 1969.
-------
* /
«joo- HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS,
tons/mi^-doy
/
i \/Jt
i ............J.. *!•{*• f Mr*""
,^.a :• -:-x-:-x-:-A I' i
Figure 9. Hydrocarbon emission density map for Portland, Maine study area, 1969.
-------
NITROGEN OXIDE EMISSIONS,
tons/mi*-day
Figure 10. Nitrogen oxide emission density map for Portland, Maine study area, 1969.
-------
."
r l-
.
~
'c,
\.
c.
. . ,
r "
\;
REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins, G. and Smith, R., Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
Cmmnunity Air Pollution, DHB~,PHS, October 1966.
2.
Duprey, R. L., Compilation of Air Pollution Emission Factors,
DHEW,PHS, April 1967.
3.
United States Census of Housing: 1960 - Utah, United States
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
,+ .
United States Census of Population: 1960 - Utah, United States
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
5.
Personal Communication with Maine State Department of Highways
6;. 1963 Census of Business: Retail Trade, United States Department of
COmmerce, Bureau of the Census.
7.
Highway Statistics/1968, United States Department of Transportation.
8.
Petroleum Facts and Figures, American Petroleum Institute.
9~,.1968 .Nation~l Survey of Community Solid Waste Practice, Interim
Report'; DREW, PHS
10.
Personal Communication with Utah Division of Health, Air Quality
Sectiom
11.
Mineral Industry Surveys, Burner Fuel Oils, 1967, United States
Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines.
12.
National Air Pollution Control Administration Reference Book of
Nation Wide Emissions, 1968.
13.
FAA Air Traffic Activity, Federal Aviation Administration, Department
of Transportation, 1969.
-------
. a..
~.
APPENDIX A
METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, ~HNTER AND ANNUAL.
AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
,
,
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. )
Days of Operation
. .
e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in' 1967 while operating
365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and
2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was es.timated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating and 85 percent
for process heating. From this information, the annual
average emission for ca~bon monoxide would be the following:
A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 Ibs. COlTon coal
365 Days/year x 2,000 1b./Ton
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
WINTER AVERAGE (W)
W = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of l-linter Operation
x
Winter Degree Days
Total Degree Days
x
% Fuel Used
for space heating
+ Fuel Consumed x E.F. % Fuel used for heating
365 x process
W = ~o,ooo x 2,800 0.15 100,000 0.8J 3
90 x 4,800 x .... 365 x 2,000
W = 0;49 Ton/Day
SUMMER A VERAGE( S)
S = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Summer Operation
Summer Degree Days
x.
Total Degree Days
x
% Fuel Used
for space heating
+
Fuel Consumed x E.F.
365
S = nOO,OOO
L: 90
x
% Fuel used for process heating
0.15 100,000 x 0.8J 3
+ - 365 2,000
x
o
4,800
x
S = 0.35 Ton/Day
.J
-------
" . a c:
",
APPENDIX B
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
- ,.
' Multiply ~ To Obtain
1
.
Feet 0.3048 Meters
.; Miles 1609 Meters
Square Feet 0.0929 Square Meters
\.
Square Miles 2.59 Square Kilometers
Pounds 453.6 Grams
Pounds 453.6/104 Tons (metric)
Tons (metric) 1.103 Tons (short)
. Tons:-.:( short.). 907.2 Kilograms
Tons. (sh.ort) .9072 Tons (metric)
To Obtain ]y Divide'
~
I...
t~
. r
~
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