RENO AREA
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
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the Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report
Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of
APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
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permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publications,
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711 or from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
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RENO METROPOLITAN AREA AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by
Michael J. McGraw
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U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Environmental Health Service
c, .
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
Durham, North Carolina
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
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Sincere gratitude is extended by the National Air Pollution Control
Administration to the many individuals. and companies who contributed
to this study.
Special thanks are due to Burt Cole and James Williams of the
State of Nevada Department of Health and Howard Clodfelter of the
Washoe County Health Department, who contributed invaluable assistance
in the ga the ring of da ta for this report.
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PREFACE
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This report, which presents the emission inventory for the Reno.
Metropolitan Area, is another i.n a series of surveys outlining the sources
and emissions of air pollutants for major metropolitan areas in the country.
, These surveys, conducted by the National Inventory of Air Pollutant
Emissions and Control Branch of the National Air Pollution Control
Administration, provide estimates of the present levels of air pollutant
emissions and status of their control. The pollutants which include
sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides, are delineated with respect to source type, season of the year
and geographical distribution within the area. The general procedure for
the surveys is based upon the rapid survey, technique for estimating air
1
pollutant emissions. These reports are intended to serve as aids in the
proposing of boundaries of Air Quality Control Regions, as directed by
the Air Quality Act of 1967.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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References.
Appendices.
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Page
1
.3
8
11
13
13
. 13
13
16
16
. 16
22
. 22
22
. 22
. 2&,
. 32.
. 37
. 38
Introduction.
Summary of Results.
Study Area.
Grid Coordinate System.
Emissions by Category.
Stationary Fuel Combustion.
Transportation.
Motor Vehicles.
Aircraft.
Railroads.
Solid Waste Disposal.
Industrial Process Losses
Evaporative Losses.
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Automobiles.
. .
Gasoline Storage and Handling.
Emissions
Emissions
by Jurisdiction.
by Grid.
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LIST OF TABLES
Taple Page
t, 1 Summa ry of Air Pollutant Emissions in Study Area. 5
c
1A Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Study Area. . . . 6
2 Area and Population Characteristics . . . . . . . . 7
3 Fuel Consumption in Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4 Summary of Emission from Stationary Fuel Combustion
Sources . . . . . . . . 15
5 Vehicle Mil e s of Travel for Motor Vehicles in Study Area. 17
6 Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Sources . . . . . 18
7 Airport Activity at Major Airport in Study Area . . . 19
8 Solid Waste Balance for Reno Study Area . . . . . . . . . 20
9 Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal . . . 21
10 Particulate Emissions from Industrial Processes . . . . 23
11 Hydrocarbon Emissions from Evaporative Loss Sources . . 24
.
12 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Carson City . . . . . 27
13 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Douglas County. . . . . . 28
14 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Lyon County . . . . . 29
15 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Storey County 30
16 Summary of Air Po 11 u tan t Emissions in Washoe County . . . . . 31
17 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Point Sources . . . . 33
18 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions. . . . . . . . 34
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Figure
1
2
3
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LIST OF FIGURES
Map of the Reno Study Area. .
Detailed Map of Study Area.
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. . . . . . . . .
. . . .
Grid Coordinate System for Study Area. .
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. . . . .
Page
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10
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INTRODUCTION
This report is a summary of the Reno air pollutant emission inventory
conducted in March 1970.
Since all inventories are based upon a calendar
year, the data and emission estimates presented are representative of
1969 and should be considered as indicating the conditions as existed
during that year.
The Study Area, which was chosen on the basis of the distribution
of population and air pollution sources, consists of five counties surround-
ing Reno and Carson City. This area covers approximately 9,400 square
miles and had a 1969 population of 161,500.
A grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical distri-
bution of emissions within counties.
The Study Area was subdivided into
60 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in the heavily
populated and industrialized areas to 400 square kilometers in the rural
areas.
All sources of emissions were classified into five categories--
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal, indus-
trial processes and evaporative losses.
Each of these source categories
was divided into two subgroups--point and area sources.
Facilities,
which emit large quantities of air pollutants, were considered individually
as point sources, while the many remaining contributors such as motor
vehicles, residential and commercial fuel users, small industries and
on-site refuse burning equipment, were considered collectively as area
sources.
For this report, seventy-one individual sources, which had
emissions greater than 50 tons/year for any pollutant, were classified
as point sources.
Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as fuel
consumption, refuse burning rates, vehicle-miles, production data, and
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control efficiencies and emission factors relating these indicators to
i . 2
em ss~on rates. These factors represent average emission rates for a
particular source category. Since individual sources have inherent dif-
ferences that cannot always be taken into consideration, discrepancies
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between the actual and estimated emissions are more likely -in individual
8ource8 than in the total emissions for 8 source category.
A8 in 811 emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and
.hould not be interpreted as absolute values. The estimates are, in some
cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factors and production
or consumption data. Despite these limitations, these estimates are of
sufficient accuracy and validity in defining the extent and distribution
of air pollutant emissions in the Study Area.
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RESULTS
The breakdown of air pollutant emissions by source type and pollutant
is summarized in Table 1 and Table 2. The following is a brief summary
of pollutant emissions as presented in these tables.
Sulfur Oxides:
1969 Total = 2,500 Tons
Road Vehicles 22.1%
Other Transportation 1.2%
Fuel Combustion
Industrial
Residentia 1
Commercial
Solid Waste Disposal
5.5%
22.1%
47.1%
2.0%
Particu 1a tes:
1969 Total = 35,500 Tons
Road Vehicles 2.9%
Other Transportation 0.5%
Fuel Combustion 1.0%
Solid Waste Disposal 0.8%
Industrial Process 94.8%
Carbon Monoxide:
1969 Total = 128,500 Tons
Road Vehicles
Other Transportation
Solid Waste Disposal
Incineration
Open Burning
98.5%
0.5%
0.4%
0.6%
Hydrocarbons:
1969 Total = 17,700 Tons
Road Vehicles
Other Transportation
Fuel Combustion
Solid Waste Disposal
Evaporative Losses
54.8%
1. 9%
0.2%
0.6%
42.5%
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Nitrogen Oxides:
1969 Total = 10,000 Tons
Road Vehicles
Other Transportation
Fuel Combustion
Industrial
Steam-Electric
Residential
Commercial
Solid Waste Disposal
4
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63.1 %
2.6%
'.'
2.4%
21. 7%
2.4/0
6.A%
1. 0%
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TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA, 1969
(Tons!Vear\
c
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- b Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 560 1,040 126,500 9,730 6,350
Other 30 170 650 330 260
Subtotal 590 1,210 127,150 10,060 6,610
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Steam-Electric N 80 N N 2,190
Industry 140 30 N N 240
Residential - 560 90 20 30 350
Commercial and
lnsti tu dona1 1,190 160 10 10 680
Subtotal 1,890 360 30 40 3,460
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 20 120 520 10 40
Open Burning 30 170 770 90 60
Subtotal 50 290 1,290 100 100
Industrial Process 33,610
Evaporative Losses 7,540
a 2,500 35,500 128,500 17,700 10,000
GRAND TOTAL
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N = Negligible
~ a = Totals have been rounded.
.
b = Evaporative losses from motor vehicles included under evaporative losses only.
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TABLE 1A
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN STUDY AREA, 1969
(1000 kg/year)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 510 940 114,700 8,830 5,760
Other 30 150 590 300 240
Subtotal 540 1,090 115,290 9,130 6,000
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industrial 130 30 N N 220
Steam-Electric N 70 N N 1,990
Residential 510 80 20 30 220
Connnercial and
Institutional 1,080 150 10 10 620
Subtotal 1,720 330 30 40 3,050
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 20 110 470 10 40
Open Burning 30 150 700 80 50
Subtotal 50 260 1,170 90 90
Industrial Processes 30,490
Evaporative Losses 6,840
GRAND TOTAL 2,310 32,170 116,490 16,100 9,140
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TABLE 2
AREA AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE RENO STUDY AREA
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Land Area Popu 1a tion Population
Political Jurisdiction (Sq. Mi.) 1960 1969 Density (1969)
Carson City 141 8,100 15,400 109
Douglas 2,946 3,500 6,400 2
Lyon 2,010 6,100 8,100 4
Storey 262 570 600 2
Washoe a 4,000 84,700 131,000 20
TOTAL 9,359 102,970 161,500 17
a = Includes only a portion of the entire county.
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STUDY AREA
The Study Area for the emission survey of the Reno Metropolitan Area
consists of five counties surrounding the cities of Reno and Carson City.
Since it was felt that the northern half of Washoe County was not tied closely
with the area it was not included in this preliminary area. Figure 1
shows the location of the Reno Study Area relative to other large cities
in its vicinity.
.. .
Figure 2 represents a more detailed drawing of the Reno Study Area
showing the major urban areas. It should be pointed out that the bound-
aries of these areas do not correspond to city limits, bu.t rather give a
general outline of the major clusters of population. This Study Area
occupies 9,400 square miles and contained an estimated 1969 population
of 161,500 (see Table 2).
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PACIFIC OCEAN
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WASHOE COUNTY
Reno
STOREY COUNTY /
1 Carson City
CARSON CITY
DOUGLAS COUNTY
LYON COUNTY
CALIFORNIA^ NEVADA
15 20
0 S 10 15 M 2,5 30
• ill!
hilcmetin
Figure 2 Detailed Map of the Reno Study Area
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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
A grid coordinate system, based on the Universal Transverse Mercator
Projection (UTM) was used in the Charlotte Study Area to show the geo-
graphical distribution of emissions. A.map of this grid system is pre-
sented in Figure 3.
The UTM system was chosen due to its advantages over other standard
grid systems such as the Latitude-Longitude and State Plane Coordinate
Systems. The major advantages of this system are that (1) it is contin-
uous across the country and is not hindered by political subdivisions,
(2) the grids are of uniform size throughout the country, (3) it has
world-wide use, and (4) the grids are square in shape--a necessary
feature for use in meteorological dispersion models.
The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the metric
system. Each north-south and east-west grid line, as illustrated in
Figure 3, is identified by a coordinate number expressed in meters. Each
point source and grid is identified by the horizontal and vertical coor-
dinates of their geographical center to the nearest 100 meters.
As shown in Figure 3, the Study Area was divided into 62 grids of
three different sizes--25, 100, and 400 square kilometers. Grid zones of
different sizes are used to limit the number of grid zones and yet allow
a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of emissions.
The majority of the emissions is usually concentrated in the populated
and industrialized portions of a Study Area. Smaller grids are placed
over these areas in order to reflect abrupt changes in emissions within
short distances. The use of grid zones smaller than 25 square kilometers
is not warranted because of the inherent inaccuracies in the data.
Since
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only a small percentage of the total emissions occur in rural areas,
larger grid zones are normally used to show the distribution of emissions
in these lightly populated portions of a Study Area.
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4300W
5 f ? 1,1 1.1 1» i.i »,»
250QMO
300" 32IX>™ 340,00
Figure 3 Grid Coordinate System for the Reno Study Area
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EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
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For the purposes of compiling the ba:sic. data and emission estimates,
the air pollutant sources were classified into the following five categories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Stationary fuel combustion
Transportation
Solid waste disposal
Industrial processes
5.
Evaporative losses
Each of these categories is considered individually in this section where
data sources are given and methods of calculation discussed.
STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
The stationary fuel combustion category is concerned with any fixed
source which burns fuels for either space heating or process heating.
The four primary sources in this category are industrial facilities,
steam-electric plants, residential housing, and commercial and institu-
tiona1 establishments.
In the Reno area, natural gas, 1iquified petro1-
eum gas, distillate oil, and residual oil were the major fuels used.
Table 3 presents a su~ry of the fuels consumed in the area and ~ab1e 4
the air pollutant emissions from the combustion of these fuels.
TRANSPORTATION
Three types of transportation sources of air pollution are considered
in this survey--motor.vehic1es, aircraft, and railroads.
Motor vehicles,
which are by far t~e most significant source in this category, are further
subdivided according to type of fue1--gaso1ine or diesel.
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Motor Vehicles
More than 3.5 million miles per day were traveled by motor vehicles
in 1969 in the Reno Study Area. In the process, 110 million gallons of
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TABLE 3
FUEL CONSUMPTION IN THE RENO STUDY AREA, 1969
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Steam- Connnercial- '~
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Fuel Jurisdiction Electric Industrial Residential Ins ti tu tional Total
Natural Gas (Mill. CF)
Carson City 200 650
Douglas 170 1,400
Lyon 6,600 870 30 130
Storey 4,600 10
Washoe 1,000 2,000 700
Subtotal 11,200 1,870 2,410 2,730
Distillate Fuel Oil
(1000 Gal.)
Carson City 2,500 100
,
Douglas no 100
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Lyon 1,100 50
Storey 40 10
Washoe 13 ,000 7 ~ r:;e
Subtotal 16,750 "
Residual Fuel Oil
(1000 Gal.)
Carson City 200
Douglas 100
Lyon 10 50
Storey 20
Washoe 1,000 6,500
Subtotal 30 1,000 6,850
.
LPG (1000 Gal.)
Carson City NA 1,000 NA .
Douglas NA 1,100 30
Lyon NA 1,300 NA
Storey NA 50 NA
Washoe NA 2,400 NA
Subtotal NA 5,850 30
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TABLE 4
SUMMARY OF EMISSIONS FROM STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION SOURCES
1969 (Tons/Year\
v
SuI fur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Fuel User Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Natural
Industrial N 20 N N 200
Steam-Electric N 80 N N 2,180
Residential N 20 N N 140
Commercial-
Institutional N 30 N N 170
LPG
Residential N N N N 120
Commerci~l-
Institutional N N N N N
Fuel Oil
Industrial 140 10 40
Steam-Electric N N N N N
Residential 560 70 20 30 100 -
Commercial-
Insti tutiona 1 1,190 130 ]0 10 .510
TOTAL 1,890 360 30 40 3,460
N = Negligible
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gasoline and 10 million gallons of diesel fuel were consumed for highway
purposes for the year 1969. Table 5 shows the miles of travel for gas-
oline and diesel vehicles for each county in the Study Area. Emissions
from motor vehicles and all other transportation sources are summarized
in Table 6.
Aircraft
Table 7 shows the air traffic activity at the main airport in the
Study Area. An estimate of the number of flights by engine type was
supplied by the traffic controller at each airport and summarized in
Table 7. The air pollutant emissions from aircraft include all phases
of operation (taxi, take-off, climb out, approach and landing) that
take place below the arbitrarily chosen altitude of 3,500 feet. Emis-
sions at cruise altitude (above 3,500 feet) are not of concern in an
emission inventory.
Railroads
Railroad operations (mainly locomotive) consume about 1.5 million
gallons of diesel fuel per year within the Study Area. This quantity
is about 85 percent less than the amount of diesel fuel consumed by
motor vehicles. The majority of this fuel is consumed during switching
operations. Diesel fuel consumption data were supplied by each of the
major railroads in the Reno area.
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Approximately 235,000 tons of refuse was generated during 1969
within the Study Area. Table 8 presents a solid waste balance for the
Reno Study Area, showing the various methods of disposal and the quantities
disposed of by each method. Table 9 summarizes the air pollutant emissions
from this disposal of refuse.
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TABLE 5
VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL FOR MOTOR VEHICLES IN THE RENO STUDY
AREA, 1969 (Vehicle Miles/Day'
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Jurisdiction
Gasoline Vehicle Miles Diesel Vehicle Mil e s Total
230,000 32,000 262,000
180,000 20,000 200,000
185,000 30,000 215,000
170,000 2,000 172 ,000
2,630,000 50,000 2,680,000
3,395,000 134 ,000 3,529,000
Douglas
Carson City
Lyon
Storey
Washoe
TOTAL
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TABLE 6
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES, 1969
(Tons/Year'
..,
Su 1 fur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbonfJ Oxides
Road Vehicles
Gasoline 370 500 126,200 9,070 5,260
Diesel 190 540 290 660 1,090
Evaporative 5,200
Subtotal 560 1,040 126,490 14,930 6,350
Aircraft
.Tet N 80 120 140 70
Piston N N 480 90 20
Subtotal N 80 600 230 90
Railroads 30 90 50 100 170
GRAND TOTALa 590 1,210 127,100 15,300 6,600
N = Negligible
a = Totals have been rounded.
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TABLE 7
AIRPORT ACTIVITY AT THE MAJOR AIRPORT IN THE STUDY AREA
(Number of Flights for 1969'
v
Type Engine
Number of Flights
Conventional .Tet
7,800
11 , 000
5,900
Fan Jet
Piston
TOTAL
24,700
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TABLE 8
SOLID WASTE BALANCE FOR THE RENO STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year'
Total Refuse On-Site Landfill or Open Burning
Jurisdiction Generated Incineration Non-Burning Dump Dump On-Site Auto Body Agricultural
Carson City 22,500 2,200 18,300 N 2,000 NA NA
Douglas 9,500 1,000 7,500 N 1,000 NA NA
Lyon 12,000 1,200 9,000 N 1,800 NA NA
Storey 1,000 100 700 N 200 NA NA
Washoe 190,000 19,000 145,700 N 25,000 50 250
N
0 TOTAL 235,000 23,500 181,200 N 30,000 50 250
N. = There are no dumps that burn as standard practice. Some of the non-burning dumps catch fire occassionally
but the quantity of refuse disposed of by this burning is negligible.
NA = Information not available or not. reported.
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TABlE 9
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL, 1969
(Tons/Year\
<::>
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Incineration
Municipal
On-Site 20 120 520 10 40
Subtotal 20 120 520 )0 40
Open Burning
On-Site 30 160 760 80 60
Dump N N 10 N N
Suhtota 1 30 160 770 80 60
GRAND TOTAL 50 280 1,290 90 100
N = Negligible
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INDUSTRIAL PROCESS LOSSES
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Emissions from industrial process losses are shown in Table 10.
Parti-
culate emissions from the mineral products industry are the only significant
source of air pollution from this category.
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EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
Three source categories were considered for evaporative losses--
automobiles, gasoline storage and handling, and the consumption of solvents.
The hydrocarbon emissions from all sources by evaporative losses are shown
in Table 11.
Automobiles
Automobile evaporation losses include gas tank and carburetor evap-
oration and engine crankcase blowby.
Since 1963, most new automobiles
were equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valves that reduce
hydrocarbon emissions from the crankcase by about 90 percent.
Due to a
lag time in the automobile replacement rate, it was assumed that 20 per-
cent of the automobiles were not equipped with PCV valves.
Gasoline Storage and Handl~~
There are four major points (excluding evaporation from the motor
vehicle\ of hydrocarbon emissions in the storage and handling of gasoline.
There are:
1.
2.
Breathing and filling losses from storage tanks
3.
Filling losses
Filling losses
stations.
from loading tank conveyances
from loading underground storage tanks at service
4.
Spillage and filling losses in filling automobile gas tanks at
service stations.
Approximately 110 million gallons of gasoline and diesel fuel were
stored in the Study Area in 1969. The evaporative losses from this
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TABLE 10
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS FROM INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
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Type Industry
Emissions
Mineral Products
Asphalt Batching
Cement
Diatamaceous Earth
170
14,600
3,740
. ; 730
Mining Operations
Rock Crushing
Sand and Gravel
9,530'
4,840
TOTAL
33 ,61 ()
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TABLE 11
HYDROCARBON EM1:SSIONS FROM EVAPORATIVE LOSS SOURCES, 1969
(Tons/Year'
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Source Category
Emissions
Gasoline Storage
Dry Cleaning
Automobile
Miscellaneous Solvent Consumption
and Handling
1,610
320
5,200
410
TOTAL
7,540
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storage and the subsequent handling accounted for 21 percent of the total
evaporative losses.
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Consumption of Solvents
This category included the consumption of solvents at dry cleaning
plants, and the miscellaneous use of solvents by industries, small cornmer-
cial establishments and domestic units.
The consumption of solvents by
these categories accounted for 5 percent of the hydrocarbon emissions from
evaporative losses.
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EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
TIe previous section presented the air pollutant emissions by source
category.
In order to show the contribution of each county to the pollution
in the entire Study Area, their emissions are summarized in Tables 12
through 16.
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TABLE 12
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN CARSON CITY, 1969
(Tons/Year)
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Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
--,--~---
Transportation
Road Vehicles 50 100 6,000 540 440
Other N N N N
Subtotal 50 100 6,000 540 440
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N N N N N
Steam-Electric N N N N N
Residential 80 10 N N 30
Connnercial and
Institutional 30 JO N N 50
Subtotal 110 20 N N 80
Refuse Disposal
Incineration N 10 50 N N
Open Burning N 20 80 30 10
Subtotal N 30 130 30 10
Process 910 N N
Evaporative Losses 430
GRAND TOTAL 160 1,060 6,130 1,000 530
a = Evaporative losses from motor vehicles included only under evaporative losses.
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TABLE 13
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN DOUGLAS COUNTY, 1969
(Tons/Year'
.'
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 70 160 6,130 620 610
Other N N N N N
Subtotal 70 160 6,130 620 610
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N N N N N
Steam-Electric
Residential N N N N 10
Commercial and
Institutional 20 20 N N 90
Subtotal 20 20 N N 100
Refuse Disposal
Incineration N N 20 N N
Open Burning N ]O 40 10 N
Subtotal N 10 60 10 N
Industrial Process : 730
Evaporative Losses a 500
GRAND TOTAL 90 920 6,190 1,130 710
a = Evaporative losses from motor vehicles included only under evaporative losses.
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TABLE 14 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN LYON COUNTY, 1969
- (Tons/Year'
"
oc:.
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- a Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 60 150 4,930 520 520
Other N N N N N
Subtota 1 60 150 4,930 52.0 520
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N 10 N N 90
Steam-Electric N 50 N N 1,290
Residential 40 N N N 10
Commercial and
Institutional 10 N N N 10
Subtotal 50 60 N N 1,400
Refuse Disposal
Incineration N 10 30 N
Open Burning N 10 80 30 10
Subtotal N 20 110 30 10
Industrial Process 23,670
Evaporative Losses 410
GRAND TOTAL no 23,900 5,120 960 1,930
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a = Evaporative losses from motor vehicles included only under evapordtive losses.
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TABLE 15
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN STOREY COUNTY, 1969
(Tons/Year\
SuI fur Partic- Carbon Hydro - a Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 20 30 5,130 400 280
Other N N N N N
Subtotal 20 30 5,130 400 280
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry N N N N N
Steam-Electric N 30 N N 900
Residential N N N N N
Commercial and
Institutional N N N N N
Subtotal N 30 N N 900
Refuse Disposal
Incineration N N N r N
Open Burning N N 10 u N
Subtotal N N 10 N N
Industrial Pro cess
Evaporative Losses 320
GRAND TOTAL 20 60 5,140 720 1,180
a = Evaporative losses from motor vehicles included only under evapoIQlive losses.
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TABLE 16 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN WASHOE COUNTY, 1969
~ (Tons/Year~
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Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- a Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 360 590 104,330 7,650 4,500
Other 30 160 650 330 260
Subtotal 390 750 104,980 7,980 4,760
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 140 20 N N 140
Steam-Electric
Residential 440 70 10 20 200
Commercial-
Institutional 1,130 130 10 10 530
Subtotal 1,710 220 20 30 870
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 20 100 420 10 30
Open Burning 30 130 560 10 40
Subtotal 50 230 980 20 70
Industrial Process 8,3.00
Evaporative Losses 5,880
GRAND TOTAL 2,150 9,500 105,980 13,910 5,700
a = Evaporative losses from motor vehicles included only under evaporative losses.
..
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EMISSIONS BY GRID
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air pollutant
emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were apportioned on
.
..
the grid coordinate system.
The emissions were divided into two source
groups--point and area sources.
Fifteen point sources are identified
individually with respect to location and emissions.
Each of these
point sources emitted more than 50 tons per year of any pollutant.
Table 17 presents the emissions of the fifteen point sources in the
. t'
area.
Each source is identified by source category, grid number and
"0'
horizontal and vertical coordinates.
The emissions of sulfur oxides,
particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides are
shown for an average summer day (Tune, July, August), an average winter
day (December, January February' and an average annual day.
presents the method of calculating these three averages.
Area sources are sources of emissions that are significant by them-
The appendix
selves, but as a group may emit a large portion of the areas total pollution.
Examples of area sources are motor vehicles, residences, light commercial
and industrial establishments and backyard burning.
The emissions from
"
area sources have been added to that for point sources to obtain total
emissions from all sources by grid, as shown in Table 18.
The
lissions
from all sources are also shown for an annual average, winter aid summer
day.
-------
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t;
TABLE 17 SUMMARY OF AIR PO~~UTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES
TONS/DAY
SOX PART CO HC HOX
ID GR He ve S w A S W A S W A S W A S w A
2 20 2666 43814 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.39 7.39 7.39 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
4 22 2980 43830 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.11 0.07 0.09 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 2.9:i 1.90 2.3:i
4 22 2990 43840 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.10 0.11 0.10
2 23 3045 43890 0.0 0.0 0.0 40.01 40.02 40.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.17 0.25 0.22
2 23 3070 43870 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.24 0.24 0.24 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 24 2450 43790 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.41 0.41 0.41 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 24 2450 43780 0.0 0.0 0.0 10.00 10.00 1 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 27 2614 43782 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.92 4.93 4.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.01
-'
2 27 2649 43793 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.55 1.55 1.55 0.00 0.00 0.00
7 27 2619 43752 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.21 0.21 0.21 1.65 1.65 1.65 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.24 0.24 0.24
2 45 2672 43374 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.50 1. SO 1.50 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
'"
'" ,~ 45 2665 43379 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.93 0.93 0.93 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00.,0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 51 2970 43270 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.00 ?pO 2000 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
2 52 3090 43120 0.0 0.0 0.0 24.60 24.60 24.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.03 0.02
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TABLE 18 SUMMARY OF AIR POL.L.UTANT EMISSIONS FROM ALL SOURCES
TONS/DAY
SOX PART CO He NOX
GRID AREA S W A S W A S \II A S \II A S \II II
1 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
2 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
3 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
4 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.1 3.1 3.4 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2
5 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
6 154.4 0.0 0.0 0_.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0
1 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
8 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.8 2.3 2.6 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
9 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.0 1.6 1.8 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
10 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
11 154.4 0.0 o.e o.e 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.4 1.9 2.1 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2
U> 12 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.8 0.9 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
.po
13 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 701 5.8 6., 1.0 0.9 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4
14 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 5.0 4.1 4.6 0.1 0.6 ,0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
15 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.5 0., 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
16 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 .0.0 0.0 0.9 0.1 0.8 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
11 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
18 9.6 0.1 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2 14.9 12.2 13.6 2.0 1.1 1.8 0.8 0.9. 0.9
19 9.6 0.1 1.0 0.6 0.2 0.3 0.3 30.4 24.9 21.1 3., 3.0 3.2 1.2 104 1.3
20 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
21 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
22 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.8 1., 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 3.2 2.1 2.6
23 154.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 40.4 40.4 40.4 7.8 6.4 1.1 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.9 0.8 0.9
24 38.6 0.0 0.1 0.0 10.5 10.4 10.4 3.9 3.2 3.5 0.6 0.' 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3
--
-------
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;;
....
. . TABLE 18 (Cont.)
25 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 6.6 5.6 6.2 1.0 o.e 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4
26 9.6 . 0.7 5.4 3.2 1.1 1.6 1.4 130.7 107.2 119.0 15.5 13.1 14.3 5.4 6.e 6.2
27 9.6 0.3 1.6 1.1 5.6 5.7 5.7 62.8 51.7 57.2 9.0 7.9 8.5 2.7 3.0 2.9
28 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.3 2.7 3.0 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.1
29 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 0.2 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
30 9.6 0.0 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 6.4 5.2 5.6 0.8 0.7 0.7. 0.3 0.3 0.3
31 9.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.1 6.7 5.5 6.1 0.8 0.7 o.e 0.3 0.3 0.3
32 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 e.o 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
33 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.4 3.6 4.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2
34 154.4 001 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 10.5 6.6 9.6 1.5 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.6
35 36.6 b.o 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.1 6.7 5.5 6.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 0.4 0.4 0.4
36 36.6 O.C 0.0 0.0 0.0 6.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
37 313.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
38 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 12.1 9.9 11.0 1.7 1.4 1.5 0.7 0.5 0.6
.39 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
.... 40 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.1 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
VI
41 154.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.7 4.6 5.1 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.5 0.4 0.5
42 36.6 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 e.l 0.1 3.7 3.1 3.4 0.7 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
43 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0..0 0.0 1.0 0.6 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
44 38.6 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.4 0.3 12.0 9.9 10.9 109 1.6 1.7 0.9 1.3 1.1
45 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 .5 2.5 2.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
46 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
47 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
48 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 o.e 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
49 154.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.3 9.3 7.6 8.5 1.6 1.3 1.5 0.9 .1.6 1.3
50 154.4 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.7 2.3 2.5 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3
51 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 2. ° 2.0 2. ° 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
52 154.4 0.0 0.2 0.1 24.9 24.8 24.9 2.9 2.4 2.6 0.7 0.6 0.6 4.5 3.0 3.9
-------
TABLE 18 (Cant.)
54 154.4 0.0 0.0 O.C 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.4 2.8 301 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.4 0.3 0.3
55 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.8 0.8 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
56 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1
57 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
58 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
59 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
60 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 001 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
61 a4.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
62 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 O.C 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
TOTAL 5.3 14.5 10.2 96.7 97.3 97.3 389.6 320.5 355.1 55.6 47.7 51.7 31.3 30.9 31'4
1.01
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REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins, Guntis and Raymond Smith, Rapid Survey Techniques for
Estimating Community Air Pollution Emissions. DREW, PRS, October 1966.
2.
Duprey, R.L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors, United
States, DREW, PRS, 1968.
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APPENDIx A
METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL
AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
'YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
A a Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. )
Days of Operation
(
~ ,~
e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while operating
365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and
2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was estimated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating a:\d 85 percent
for process heating. From this information, the annual
,average emission for carbon monoxide would be the following:
.,
A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 lbs. CO/Ton coal
365 Days/year x 2,000 lb~/Ton
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
.,
WINTER AVERAGE (W)
.
..
Winter DeRree Days
Total Degree Days
% fuel Used
for space heating
W = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Winter Operation
x
x
+ Fuel Consumed x E.F. % Fuel used for process heating
365 x
II = 0°.000 x 2,800 0.15 100,000 0.8~ 3
90 x 4,800 x + 365 x 2,000
W = 0.49 Ton/Day
SUMMER AVERAGE (S)
s = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Summer Operation
Summer Degree Days
Total Degree Days
% Fue: Used
for space heating
x
x
..
Fu e 1 Con surned x E.F. ..
+ 365 x % Fuel used for process heating
S = ~OO,OOO 0 100,000 x 0.8j 3
x x 0.15 + "
90 4,800 365 2,000
S = 0.3J Ton/ Day . tift. .
-------
APPENDIX B
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
\
\
,
I
1
~,
, !~
'.
t Hu1 tip1y ~. To Obtain
Feet 0.3048 Meters
Hiles 1609 Heters
Square Feet 0.0929 ~quare meters
Square Hiles 2.59 Square kilometers
Pounds 453.6 Grams
Pounds 453.6/104 Tons (metric)
Tons (metric) 1. 103 Tons (short)
Tons (short) 907.2 Ki 10grams
Tons (short) .9072 Tons (metric)
To Obtain ~ Divide
.
u
~'
I'
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