SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA
METROPOLITAN AREA
AIR POLLUTION EMISSION INVENTORY
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Air Pollution Control Office
-------
The APTD (Air Pollution Technical Data) series of reports is issued by
the Office of Air Programs, Environmental Protection Agency, to report
Technical data of interest to a limited number of readers. Copies of
APTD reports are available free of charge to Federal employees, current
contractors and grantees, and nonprofit organizations - as supplies'
permit - from the Office of Technical Information and Publicatiol)s.;~,' ,
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
27711 or from the National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port
Royal Road, Springfield, Virginia 22151.
Office of Air Programs Publication No~ APTD-0832
; ,
"-r".,":
-------
-
f'
SIOUX FALLS, SOUTH DAKOTA METROPOLITAN AREA
AIR POLLUTION EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by
Carl V. Spangler
and
George M. Duggan
"
{}
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Air Pollution Control Office
Division of Air Quality and Emission Data
Durham, North Carolina
January 1971
-------
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
~
~
Sincere gratitude is extended by the Air Pollution Control Office
to the many individuals and companies who contributed to this study.
Special thanks are due to Mr. Charles E. Car1,.Director', Mr.
Donald C. Kurvink, Chief, Radiological and Occupational Health Sec-
tion, Mr. Perry Van Beek, Chief, Solid Wastes Section, all of the
Division of Sanitary Engineering of the South Dakota Department of
Health at Pierre. Thanks are also due to Mr. Adolph R. Zu1k, Public
Health Director, to Mr. Gordon Aasen, Sanitarian, to the Health Offi-
cer Dr. N. E. Wessman, and to David A. Witte, Commissioner, at the
City of Sioux Falls.
-------
PREFACE
This report, which presents the emission inventory for the Sioux
Falls, South Dakota Area, is another in a series of surveys outlining
the sources and emissions of air pollutants for major metropolitan
areas in the country. These surveys, conducted by the National Inven-
tory of Air Pollutant Emissions and Control Branch of the Air Pollution
Control Office, provide estimates of the present levels of air pollutant
emissions and status of their control. The pollutants which include
sulfur oxides, particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen
oxides, are delineated with respect to source type, season of the year
and geographical distribution within the area. The general procedure
for the surveys is based upon the rapid survey technique for estimating
air pollutant emissions. 1 These reports are intended to serve as aids
in the proposing of boundaries of Air Quality Control Regions, as directed
by the Air Quality Act of 1967.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
<.1
)J
Introduction.
Page
1
Sunnnary
3
Description of Study Area
8
Grid Coordinate System.
13
Emissions by Category
15
Stationary Fuel Combustion
15
Steam-Electric Utility.
15
Residential
19
Commercial-Institutional.
21
Transportation.
22
Motor Vehicles.
22
Aircraft.
25
Railroads
25
Solid Waste Disposal
27
Industrial Processes
30
Evaporative Losses
31
Automobiles
31
Gasoline Storage and Handling
31
Consumption of Solvents
33
Emissions by Jurisdiction.
34
()
Emissions by Grid
41
Contribution of Point and Area Sources
1..
41
Emission Densities
-------
Page
q References. 50
Appendix A. 51
)J
Appendis B. 52
'-
-------
LIST OF TABLES
<1
Table Page
D
1 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Sioux Fa 11 s
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1A Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Study Area. . . . . . . 5
2 Percentage Contribution of Each Source Category to
Total Emissions . . . . . . . . . . 6
. . . . . . . . .
3 Area and Population Characteristics for Sioux Falls
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4 Selected Manufacturing Establishments in Study Area . . 12
5 Annual Fuel Consumption in Study Area . . . . . . . . 16
6 Average Chemical Analysis of Fuels Consumed in
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
7 Air Pollutant Emissions From the Combustion of Fuels
in Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
8 Estimate of Domestic Heating by Jurisdiction in
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
9 Vehic Ie Miles of Travel for Motor Vehicles in Study Area. . . 23
10 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation
Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
11 Air Traffic Activity at the Joe Foss Airport. . . . . . 26
12 Solid Was te Disposal for Study Area . . . . . . . . . . 28
13 Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal . . . . . . 29
14 Hydrocarbon Emissions from Evaporative Losses in
Study Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
~ of Air Pollutant Emissions in Minnehaha 35
() 15 Summary County. . . .
16 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Lincoln Co~ty. . . . . 36
17 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in McCook County . . 37
-------
Table Page
19 SUID11I8ry of Air Pollutant Emissions in Rock County 39
'-'
~ 20 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Lyon County 40
J.)
21 Sunnnary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Point Sources 43
22 Area Source Emissions for Study Area 44
23 Sununary of Air Pollutant Emissions, Total Tons for
Study Area 46
24 Emission Densities for Study Area 47
25 Grid Area Data and Housing Units for Study Area 49
<~
-------
~
,;
'"
o
Figure
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1
Map of the Sioux Falls Study Area
9
2
Grid Coordinate System for the Sioux Falls Study Area
14
3
Point Source Locations for the Sioux Falls Study Area
42
4
Typical Emission Density From All Sources in the
Sioux Falls Study Area
-------
I
INTRODUCTION
v
This report is a summary of the Sioux Falls, South Dakota air
pollutant emission inventory conducted in June 1970. Since all
inventories are based upon a calendar year, the data and emission
estimates presented are representative of 1969 and should be considered
as indicating the conditions as existed during that year.
The Study Area, which was chosen on the basis of the distribution
of population and air pollution sources, consists of six counties
surrounding Sioux Falls.
This area covers approximately 5,560 square
miles and had a 1969 population of 149,000.
The grid coordinate system was used to show the geographical
distribution of emissions within counties. The Study Area was
subdivided into 18 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers
in the heavily populated and industrialized areas to 1,600 square
kilometers in the rural areas.
All sources of emissions were classified into five categories--
transportation, stationary fuel combustion, solid-waste disposal,
industrial processes and evaporative losses. Each of these source
categories was divided into two subgroups--point sources and area
sources. Facilities, which emit large quantities of air pollutants,
were considered individually as point sources, while the many remaining
contributors such as motor vehicles, residential and commercial fuel
users, small industries and on-site refuse burning equipment, were
considered collectively as area sources. For this report, five individual
sources, which have emissions greater than 0.5 tons per average annual
Q
day for any pollutant, were classified as point sources.
Emissions were estimated by using various indicators such as fuel
consumption, refuse burning rates, vehicle-miles, production data,
and control efficiencies and emission factors re1atin? these indicators
-------
to emission rates.2
These factors represent average emission rates
for a particular source category.
Since individual sources have
inherent differences that cannot always be taken into consideration,
discrepancies between the actual and estimated emissions are more
likely in individual sources than in the total emissions for a source
category.
As in all emission surveys, the data presented are estimates and
should not be interpreted as absolute values.
The estimates are, in
some cases, partial totals due to the lack of emission factors and
production or consumption data. Despite these limitations, these
estimates are of sufficient accuracy and validity to define the
extent and distribution of air pollutant emissions in the Study Area.
-------
SUMMARY
"
'"
The annual emissions as estimated by the Sioux Falls, South Dakota
Area Air Pollutant Emission Inventory are:
Sulfur Oxides
Particulates
3,700 tons
4,800 tons
97,200 tons
Carbon Monoxide
Hydrocarbons
Nitrogen Oxides
20,700 tons
10,100 tons
The following is a brief description of the air pollutant emissions
as presented in Table 1 and Table 2.
Sulfur Oxides:
The largest portion of the sulfur oxides emitted
came from the two steam-electric plants located in
the Study Area.
Together these plants accounted
for 62 percent of total sulfur oxides.
The com-
bustion of fossil fuels by other stationary sources
accounted for 20 percent of the sulfur oxides emit-
ted.
There was 16 percent origination from motor
vehicles, and 1 percent from refuse disposal.
particulates:
The majority of the particulate emissions, 52 per-
cent, came from the combustion of coal at the two
power plants in the Study Area.
The next largest
source of particulates, 24 percent, came from trans-
portation.
Open burning of refuse accounted for
16 percent of the particulate, and other stationary
combustion sources for 7 percent.
c:,
l.J
Carbon Monoxide:
In most metropolitan areas the largest source of
carbon monoxide emissions is from automobiles and
other vehicles.
This is also true in the Sioux
Falls area as motor vehicles contributed 90 percent
of the carbon monoxide emitted annually.
-------
TABLE 1
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA, 1969
(Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 480 820 87,600 7,200 5,650
Other 100 360 400 400 630
Subtotal 580 1,180 88,000 7,600 6,280
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 440 180 4 2 230
Steam-Electric 2,280 2,500 6 6 780
Residential 290 140 19 27 500
Commercial and
Institutional 30 40 2 2 190
Subtotal 3,040 2,860 30 40 1,700
Refuse Disposal
Incinera tion 0 0 0 0 0
Open Burning 50 770 9,100 8,000 2,100
Subtotal 50 770 9,100 8,000 2,100
Industrial Processes 0 0 0 0 0
Evaporative Losses 5,160
GRAND TOTAL 3,680 4,800 97,100 20,800 10,100
All values have been rounded.
-------
TABLE lA
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA, 1969
(1000 kg/year)
~
y
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 430 730 78,800 6,400 5,100
Other 91 320 380 360 560
Subtotal 520 1,050 79,180 6,760 5,660
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industrial 390 160 4 2 210
Steam-Electric 2,000 2,290 5 5 700
Residential 260 120 17 24 450
C011!ffiercial and
Institutional 26 31 2 2 170
subtotal 2,700 2,600 30 34 1,530
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 0 0 0 0 0
Open Burning 40 690 8,190 7,100 1,900
Subtotal 40 690 8,190 7,100 1,900
Industrial Processes 0 0 0 0 0
Evaporative Losses 4,600
GRAND TOTAL 3,260 4,340 87,400 18,500 9,100
~ All values have been rounded
-------
TABLE 2
PERCENTAGE CONTRIBUTION OF EACH SOURCE CATEGORY TO
TOTAL EMISSIONS IN THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA
~
Sulfur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Motor Vehicles 13.0 17.0 90.1 34.6 56.0
Other 2.8 7.5 0.5 2.0 6.3
Subtotal 15.8 24.5 90.6 36.6 62.3
Stationary Fuel
Combustion
Industry 12.1 3.7 0.0 0.0 2.3
Steam-Electric 62.2 52.3 0.0 0.0 7.8
Residential 7.9 2.8 0.0 0.1 5.0
Commercial and
Institutional 0.8 0.7 0.0 0.0 1.9
Subtotal 83.0 59.5 0.0 0.1 17.0
Refuse Disposal
Incineration 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Open Burning 1.2 16.0 9.4 38.4 20.7
Subtotal 1.2 16.0 9.4 38.4 20.7
Process Losses 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
Evaporative Losses 24.9
TOTAL 100 100 100 100 100
c.
-------
~
Hydrocarbons:
Nitrogen Oxides:
~
The only other significant source of carbon monox-
idewss from the iI1efficient combustion of refuse
at open burning dumps. This category accounted
for about 9 percent of the total emissions.
Exhaust gases from motor vehicles are a primary
area type source of hydrocarbon emissions, account-
ing for over 34 percent of the total.
Evaporative
losses from motor vehicles which include losses
from the gas tank, carburetor, and engine crank-
case accounted for about 25 percent of total
hydrocarbon emissions.
Other smaller evaporative
loss sources are from gasoline storage and hand-
ling, industrial solvent usage, dry cleaning plants,
and miscellaneous solvent usage.
Other sources
included the open burning of solid waste, which
accounted for 38 percent of total emissions, rail-
road and aircraft operations, and stationary fuel
combus t ion.
The largest source of nitrogen oxides were the road
vehicles, amounting to 56 percent of the total.
The
combustion of coal, oil, and gas at stationary sources
accounted for 17 percent of total emissions.
The second largest source of nitrogen oxides was
the open burning refuse disposal in the Study Area,
which contributed 21 percent of the total.
-------
,
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The Study Area for the emission survey of the Sioux Falls, South
Dakota Area consists of six counties--Lincoln, McCook, Minnehaha, and
Turner Counties all in South Dakota, plus Rock County in Minnesota, and
Lyon County in Iowa.
The six county area is located in the southeastern
part of South Dakota and extends into the other two states.
Figure 1 is an outline map of the Sioux Falls Study Area.
The Study
Area occupies 5,560 square miles and contained an estimated 1970 popu-
lation of 149,0003. The city of Sioux Falls has gained approximately
10 percent in population during the last 10 year period, whereas the
surrounding rural areas are declining in population at about the same
rate. The preliminary population figure for Sioux Falls for 1970 is
72,500.
TOPOGRAPHY
The Sioux Falls Study Area is located in the north central prairie
area of the United States, and is centralized about the city of Sioux
Falls, South Dakota, which is in the southeastern corner of that state.
The Big Sioux River and its tributaries run directly through the center
of the Study Area.
The land is generally flat with minor hills of ero-
sion offering some relief.
The elevations above sea level are between
1,400 and 1,500 feet. There are no local geographic features to in-
fluence the winds. The Big Sioux River flows south to the Missouri.4
CLIMATOLOGY
Sioux Falls has a moderate climate, but is characterized by extremely
cold winters and quite warm summers.
Prevailing strong summer winds are
from the south. The prevailing winds in winter are normally out of the
northwest averaging around 10 mph. In general, the climatological and
topographical conditions in the Sioux Falls Study Area are pot conducive
#
-------
o
~---------~-~---------I---------I
I I I I
I I SOUTH DAKOTA i MtNNESOTA I
I I : I
I MINNEHAHA COUNTY I ROCK COUNTY \
! i i \
I McCOOK COUNTY I I
I I ."- I I
\ I Sioux Falls ~.;-. _: I
L---I--~------1---~---r-L----IOWA ___n_n-L_--:
1 i \, !
I I ( LYON COUNTY I
I II c~~-----------j
TURNER COUNTY ,
II II <----I,
LINCOLN COUNTY \
I. I, ~
I I
L_--______L__------~
!
10
Figure 1.
Map of the Sioux Falls Study Area
9
-------
TABLE 3
AREA AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR SIOUX FALLS
STUDY AREA
Land Area Population Population
Political Jurisdiction (Sq. Mi.) 1960 1970 Density (1970)
Minnehaha County, South Dakota 813 86,575 95,271 117
Lincoln County, South Dakota 576 12,371 11 ,445 20
McCook County, South Dakota 575 8,268 7,130 12
Turner County, South Dakota 612 11,157 9,696 16
South Dakota Subtotal 2,576 118,733 123,542 48
Rock County, Minnesota 485 11 ,864 11,101 23
Lyon County, Iowa 588 14,468 14,000 24
GRAND TOTAL 3,649 144,705 148,643 41
Source: 1960 Census, 1970 Preliminary Census
-------
for the accumulation of large concentrations of pollutants. The strongest
inversions usually occur on cold nights under clear skies, and pollutants
tend to accumulate under these conditions.4
~
MAJOR INDUSTRIAL FACTORS
There are no major manufacturing establishments in the Study Area.
Most of the industry is located in Sioux Falls and outlying Minnehaha
County. Of the tabulated point source emitters (Table 4) there are only
five that are of importance. These are one meat packing plant, the CWO
utility power plants, the Sioux Falls Foss Airport, and the Sioux Falls
open burning city dump. The latter is a major source of carbon monoxide
and hydrocarbons, and is an odor source. There is also one untabulated
rendering plant that is a source of noxious odors that are offensive to
the community. Minor point sources of emissions scattered over the Study
Area include several local open burning refuse dumps, and various grain
handling and mixing operations.S
~
-------
TABLE 4
SELECTED MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA, 1969
Grain Feed Grain Meat Rendering Metal Fiber Misc. Total
Jurisdiction Mixing Elevators Packing Mfg. Glass
Minnehaha Co., S. D. 11 4 2 2 2 1 3 25
Lincoln Co., S. D. 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 6
McCook Co., S. D. 5 4 0 0 0 0 0 9
Turner Co., S. D. 2 4 0 0 0 0 0 6
Rock Co., S. D. 1 16 0 0 3 0 4 21
Lyon Co., Iowa 0 10 0 0 0 0 2 12
Source: Personal communications with local agencies
-------
GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
A grid coordinate system, based on the Universal Transverse Mer-
cator Projection (UTM) was used in the Sioux Falls Study Area to show
the geographical distribution of emissions. A map of this grid system
is presented in Figure 2.
The UTM system was chosen due to its advantages over other stan-
dard grid systems such as the Latitude-Longitude and State Plane Coor-
dinate Systems. The major advantages of this system are that (1) it is
continuous across the country and is not hindered by political subdivi-
sions, (2) the grids are of uniform size throughout the country, (3) it
has world-wide use, and (4) the grids are square in shape--a necessary
feature for use in meteorological dispersion models.
The Universal Transverse Mercator Projection is based upon the
metric system. Each north-south and east-west grid line, as illustrated
in Figure 2, is identified by a coordinate Dumber expressed in meters.
Each point source and grid is identified by the horizontal (HC) and
vertical coordinates (VC) of their geographical center to the nearest
100 meters.
As shown in Figure 2, the Study Area was divided into 18 grids of
four different sizes--25, 100, 400, and 1,600 square kilometers. Grid
zones of different sizes are used to limit the number of grid zones and
yet allow a satisfactory definition of the geographical gradation of
emissions. The majority of the emissions is usually concentrated in the
populated and industrialized portion of a Study Area. Smaller grids
are placed over these areas in order to reflect abrupt changes in emis-
sions within short distances. The use of grid zones smaller than 25
kilometers is not warranted because of the inherent inaccuracies in the
data.
Since only a small percentage of the total emissions occur in
u
rural areas, larger grid zones are normally used to show the distribution
of emissions in these lightly populated portions of a Study Area.
-------
!
, 10
~---.I
~-[------I-I' --------~-~-~------- ~-
! I T SOUTH DAKOTA j MINNESOTA. I
I I I I I
I I I: 01"'"," COUNTY I lOCI COUNT' \
\ ~-"C"K.coUK1,--_.11 _. -:, - 'I' !7. .--~ \ ! --
I 'I ~~ I ~~
I I I Sio~1 Falls. :,: ~),'., ~ Jl.
L ---r-------T: -T--~,;n-S.~!L\:: -I,' ----ioWA --------'1' --I
Ii,> . , I
I I I : I \, I I I
I ,1m' "'~ LYON COUNT' I U- i
I I I J I . I
! i I I . C,L----------+~
I~ER COUNTY '11 I Q. i 4790000
I I! LINCOLN COUNTY: --\ I
! I I i ~, I
L_--___J-_L_____--~, J i
I
I
"
I
!
I
I2QOOO
i
i
7OIJOOO
i
I mQOOO
740:JOO
&600'"
~.. E85000 6900'0
FIGURE 2.
GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM FOR THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA
14
-------
EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
~
For the purpose of compiling the basic data and emission estimates,
uhet'air pollutant sources were classified into the following five cate-
gories:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Stationary fuel combustion
Transportation
Solid waste disposal
Industrial processes
Evaporative losses
Each of these categories is considered individually in this section where
data sources are given and methods of calculation discussed.
STATIONARY FUEL COMBUSTION
The stationary fuel combustion category is concerned with any fixed
source which burns fuels for either space heating or process heating.
The four primary sources in this category are industrial facilities,
steam-electric plants, residential housing, and commercial and institu-
tional establishments. In the Sioux Falls area, coal, distillate oil,
residual oil and natural gas were all being used. Table 5 presents a
summary of the fuels consumed in the Study Area, and Table 6 presents
an average chemical analysis of,tbeee fuels. Table 7 is an estimate
of the emissions resulting from the combustion of these fuels.
Steam-Electric Utility
METHODOLOGY: Data on the two power plants in the area were acquired
from the Northern States Power Company.6 The data included the annual
fuel consumption for 1969, type and efficiency of control equipment, sul-
fur and ash content of the fue1 ahd thp, type of furnace. The two plants
burn natural gas during warm weather periods; this is a relatively clean
fuel with practically no sulfur to produce slllfur oxid~s and burns with
negligible particulate.
-------
TABLE 5 " ..j I,!. "" :t L CO\Su"-:pfiu~ IN THE STUDY ARE.i FGR 1969
"..
FI.:""L .JlJ I' [ S:) leT [ '1 ': S T r.:. -f.L::( Ld ( [,.C\JSTkY CO.,. '::>< (I AL <::SIoc:,\TIAL TOTAL
AND n:STlTUTIONAL
COAL ,,! ':~JF;-JA'-' '" 16474. 1436. o. c.;. 27910.
(TONS/YEAR) LI~IC')L', " o. o. (). o.
" .
~.CC'),w S. J. o. O. O.
TtjP',EfJ " . o. o. u. o.
R 'J 0'. n. r, o. o. o.
~.
LYON 0. o. o. u. o.
TOTI\l.S ;>6474. 1436. o. o. 2791 u.
DISTILlATE'OIL .., I \11'- r. ~J A~.J l\ Q. 77. 195. 94b2. 9754.
(1000 BBL/YEAR) I I\I(':L"j o. C. 390. 1754. 2134.
,.CCO()< o. o. 2P.5. 1120. 14(,)5.
TUr~\',,"I~ 0. o. "330. 1024. 1954.
POCK o. (. '376. 1540. 1916.
~.
L Y"'.: 0. " 4 50. 2::'20. 297C.
,~.
T('T.I\LS o. 77. 2016. i(l042. 2~135.
RESIDUAL OIL ~} I '!\IFC1AH/, 2300. 2123. o. 0. 4423.
(1000 BBL/YEAR) LI ','COL ': o. c. (). J. o.
VCCOOK o. 0. o. o. O.
TL'R'"FQ '). ~;. o. ,., O.
" .
POCK o. 0. o. u. C.
L YO:'.I o. O. O. u. O.
TOTALS 2300. 21"3. o. o. 44,,3.
NATURAL ,GAS ., I ~:",E'iA" II 2"'33. 1294. l??q. I. 342. ...198.
(MIL. cu. Fr. /YEAR) ~ I 'J('""L', ~ . " . 1 "": Q. ,23. f>61.
. 'C C ') ~'V ... . ~, 'j. "'","),'- 4';6.
- ... "'" .
TUr.:"'iFQ .) . J. 1l2. ;, i a. 630.
"()( v , . ". 121. 517. (db.
" ~ Y""'.'" " ",. i3::.. :; f. :'. 71:.4.
..
T("lTAL.S ~"'13. l2"i4. 2 i ';5. :.J::C7. 1t!.239.
-------
TABLE 6
AVERAGE CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF FUELS CONSUMED IN THE
SIOUX FALLS STUDY ARFA,
1969
Type Fuel
% by Weight % by Weight
Type Source Ash Content Sulfur Content
Steam-Electric 12.4 3.78
Industrial 12.4 3.78
Domestic-Commercial NU NU
Steam-Electric N 2.0
Industrial N 2.0
Domestic-Commercial NU NU
Steam-Electric NU NU
Industrial N 0.2
Domestic-Commercial N 0.2
Coal
Residual Fuel Oil
Distillate Fuel Oil
N = Negligible
NU = Fuel not used by this type source
Source:
Sioux Falls Health Department Records
c
-------
TABLE 7
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM THE COMBUSTION OF FUELS IN
STATIONARY SOURCES IN THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA, 1969 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
User Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Coal
Industrial 100 140 2 0 14
Steam-Electric 1,910 2,500 6 2 264
Residential 0 0 0 0 0
Connnercial and
Institutional 0 0 0 0 0
Subtotal 2,010 2,640 10 n 280
Fue 1 Oil
Industrial 340 25 2 2 79
Steam-Electric 370 11 0 3 120
Residential 290 72 18 27 110
Commercial and
Institutional 29 15 2 2 72
Subtotal 1,030 120 20 30 380
Gas
Industrial 0 11 0 0 140
Steam-Electric 0 15 0 0 400
Residential 1 64 1 0 390
Commercial and
Ins ti tu tiona 1 0 19 0 0 120 I
Subtotal n 100 n n 1,050 .
GRAND TOTAL 3,040 2,860 30 30 1,700 I
. I
I
Totals have been rounded I
n = negligible
-------
with
In the cold weather periods the Lawrence Plant converts to coal
12.4 percent average ash content, and a 3.78 percent sulfur con-
The Pathfinder Plant converts to No.6 residual fuel oil of
tent.
about 2 percent sulfur content. This pattern results in practically
zero pollutant emission during much of each year and only modest
amounts of sulfur dioxide and some particulate emission in the winter
months.
The fuel usage of the two plants in 1969 was:
Lawrence:
Gas
Coal
1,008.9 MMCF
26,474 tons
Pathfinder:
~s
No.6 Oil
1,024.4 MMCF
54,765 bbls
Air pollutant emissions from fuel combustion at these plants and
all other stationary fuel combustion sources are summarized in Table 7.
The steam-electric plants were the largest sources of sulfur oxides,
particulates and nitrogen oxides in the Study Area.
Over 15 percent
of the total sulfur oxides from stationary fuel combustion, 88 percent
of the particulates, and 46 percent of the nitrogen oxides were attri-
buted to these two plants.
Residential
METHODOLOGY: Natural gas and distillate fuel oil were the primary
fuels used for residential home heating. There were homes heated by
other fuels, but they represent a small percentage of the total. Data
on the amount of natural gas used for domestic heating was supplied by
the Northern Natural Gas Company and compared with the rapid survey
technique of estimating the fuel used for home heating. Distillate oil
consumption data were estimated based on data supplied by local agen-
~
cies and on the rapid survey technique.
from dealers.
Delivery data were not available
RESULTS:
Table 8 gives an estimate of the number of homes that
use each type fuel in the Study Area. The percentage of the number of
homes that use natural gas is 69 percent of the dwelling units, and
fuel oil is 31 percent. The number burning coal is negligible.
-------
TABLE 8
ESTIMATE OF DOMESTIC HEATING BY JURISDICTION IN THE SIOUX FALLS
STUDY AREA, 1969
Number of Housing Units
County Coal Oil Gas Total
Minnehaha 0 7,600 20,100 27,700
Lincoln 0 1,300 2,100 3,400
McCook 0 800 1,300 2,100
Turner 0 1,100 1,900 3,000
Rock 0 1,100 2,000 3,100
Lyon 0 1,800 2,200 4,000
Total for Study Area 0 13,700 29,600 43,300
Percent of Total n 31 69 100
n = negligible
-------
Emissions resulting from residential fuel combustion are relatively
low for all pollutants. The contribution to total particulate emissions
from stationary fuel combustion by domestic heating was quite small
although the contribution to carbon monoxide was 55%, and to hydrocarbons
was 71%.
Commercial-Institutional
METHODOLOGY:
Commercial and institutional establishments in the
Study Area used only two of the previously mentioned fuels--distillate
oil and natural gas. Data on the total amounts of these fuels used in
the area as well as the consumption at individual establishments were
supplied by fuel associations, the gas company, and the local agencies.
RESULTS:
The estimated emissions for commercial and institutional esta-
blishments are given in Table 7.
o
-------
TRANSPORTATION
Three types of transportation sources of air pollution were con-
sidered in this survey--motor vehicles, aircraft, and railroads. Motor
vehicles, which are by far the most significant source in this cate-
gory, are further subdivided according to type of fuel--gasoline or
diesel.
Motor Vehicles
More than 3 million miles were traveled by motor vehicles in 1969
in the Sioux Falls Study Area. In the process, 91.2 million gallons
of gasoline and 5.2 million gallons of diesel fuel were consumed for
highway purposes. Table 9 shows the miles of travel for gasoline and
diesel vehicles for each county in the Study Area.
Vehicle-mile data for essentially all of the roads, by road, in
the South Dakota Counties were supplied by the Research and Planning
Division of the South Dakota Department of Highways. In the non-
South Dakota Counties, vehicle-mile information was not available,
and thus gasoline consumption alone was used to find vehicular emis-
sions.
The contribution to the total motor vehicle pollution by diesel
powered vehicles was determined by assuming that approximately six
percent of the total vehicle miles traveled were by diesel powered
vehicles.
This was checked by estimating diesel fuel consumption in
each county. These emissions were apportioned on a grid basis by
assuming they were proportional to gasoline emissions.
Emissions from motor vehicles are a function of the speed at which
the vehicle travels. Average speeds of 10-20 mph were assumed for
downtown area, 20-30 mph for the residential areas, and 30-45 mph for
the rural areas to calculate vehicle emissions.
From all transportation sources, motor vehicles accounted for 82
percent of the sulfur oxides, 70 percent of the particulates, 99 per-
cent of the carbon monoxide, 94 percent of the hydrocarbons (excluding
evaporation), and 85 percent of the nitrogen oxides. qasoline powered
motor vehicles contributed a greater percent of all pollutants than
diesel powered motor vehicles. Emissions from transportation sources
are summarized in Table 10.
-------
TABLE 9
VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL FOR MOTOR VEHICLES IN THE
SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA, 1969 (Vehicle Miles/Day)
Gasoline Diesel
Jurisdiction Vehicle Miles Vehicle Miles Total
Minnehaha Co., S. D. 1,899,110 54,405 a
1,953,405
Lincoln Co., S. D. 399,270 11 , 503 410,773a
McCook Co., S. D. 211,630 6,097 217 ,72 7a
Turner Co., S. D. 141,800 4,085 l45,885a
Rock Co., Minn. 240,000 6 ,914 246,914b
Lyon Co., Iowa 280,000 8,067 288,067c
GRAND TOTAL 3,171,810 91,071 3,262,771
Sources:
a - Reserach and Planning Division, South Dakota Department of Highways
b - pollution Control Agency, State of Minnesota
c - Estimated
'"
-------
TABLE 10
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA
FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES" 1969 (Tons/Year)
Sulfur Partic - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Motor Vehicles
Gasoline 350 460 87,400 6,720 4,920
Diesel 130 360 200 450 730
Evaporation'l( 4,860
Subtotal 480 820 87,600 12,030 5,650
Aircraft
Jet 0 74 51 14 45
Piston 0 1 208 41 9
Turboprop 0 4 10 4 7
Subtotal (I 80 271 60 60
Railroads 100 280 150 350 570
Vessels 0 ° 0 0 0
GRAND TOTAL 580 1,200 88,000 17,600 6,280
*Evaporation not included in Grand Tota 1.
-------
Aircraft
Table 11 shows the air traffic activity at the one major airport
in the Study Area. An estimate of the number of flights by engine type
was supplied by the traffic controller at the airport and summarized.
The air pollutant emissions from aircraft include all phases of
operation (taxi, take-off, climb out, approach and landing) that take
place below the arbitrarily chosen altitude of 3,500 feet. Emissions
at cruise altitude (above 3,500 feet) are not of concern in an emission
inventory.
Considering all transportation sources, aircraft accounted
for only a small percentage of the pollutants emitted.
Railroads
Railroad operations (mainly locomotive) consume about 13 million
gallons of diesel fuel per year within the Study Area. This quantity
is about 20 percent of the amount of diesel fuel consumed by motor
vehicles.
The majority of this fuel is consumed during switching
operations. Diesel fuel consumption
railroads in the Sioux Falls Area.5
Railroad operations contribute
data were supplied by the major
about 17.5 percent of the sulfur
oxides and account for substantially less of the emissions of other
pollutants.
The estimates are also summarized in Table 10.
-------
TABLE 11 AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT THE
JOE FOSS AIRPORT AT SIOUX FALLS, S. D., 1969 (F1ights/Year)a
Number of Engines
Type Engine 1 2 3 4
Jet Conventional 7,300 5,100 0 0
Fan Jet 0 0 0 0
Turbo-prop 0 7,300 0 0
Piston 'i ,500 0 0 0
Totals 12,800 12,400 0 0
a = Flight is defined as a combination of a landing and a takeoff.
Source:
FAA Air Traffic Control Office at Joe Foss Airport.
-------
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Approximately 196,000 tons of refuse was generated by all sources
in the Sioux Falls Study Area during 1969. Table 12 presents a solid waste
balance for the area for that year, showing the methods of disposal and
the quantities disposed by each method. These methods are open dumps,
generally burning, or landfills, and on site (generally residential
backyard) burning. Only in Minnehaha County is there a comparatively
large amount of waste disposed of in a burning municipal dump. In the
rest of the study area only about a third of the refuse was disposed
of in small landfills or public burning dumps. Sioux Falls was insti-
tuting a program in 1970 to increase refuse collections for transporta-
tion to the city dump to reduce on-site burning.
Refuse data for all of the South Dakota counties were supplied by
the South Dakota State Department of Health, Division of Sanitary
Engineering, Solid Wastes Section, from their recent field inspection
and survey. The remaining two counties, one in Iowa, and one in
Minnesota, were estimated on the basis of their rural and semi-rural
populations. By reference to Table 2 it may be noted that the solid
waste disposal practices prevalent in the study area account for 16
percent of the particulate, 9 percent of the carbon monoxide, 38 per-
cent of the hydrocarbons, and 20 percent of the nitrogen oxide pollutants.
Emissions from solid waste disposal are summarized in Table 13 for
the Sioux Falls Study Area.
u
-------
TABLE 12
SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL FOR SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA, 1969
(Public Agency Disposal-all open burning dumps)
Total Tons Collected Tons Tons burned
Jurisdiction Generated of Refuse on site
Minnehaha Co., S. D. 152,000 78,557 73,443a
Lincoln Co., S. D. 9,400 2,740 6,660a
McCook Co., S. D. 5,800 1,295 4,505a
Turner Co., S. D. 8,000 1,770 6,230a
Rock Co., Minn. 9,200 2,700 6,500b
Lyon Co., Iowa 11 ,500 3,100 8,400b
Total 195,900 90,162 105,738
Sources: a - Personal Communication with Mr. Perry Van Beek, Chief, Solid
Wastes Section, Division of Sanitary Engineering, South Dakota
State Department of Health.
b - Estimated.
-------
, ;
TABLE 13
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL
IN THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA
Tons/Year
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Category Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Incineration
Municipal 0 0 0 0 0
On-Site n n n n n
Subtotal n n n n n
Open Burning
On-Site 0 52 5,300 6,608 1,600
Dump 50 720 3,800 1,400 500
Subtotal 50 770 9,.tOe 8,000 2,100
GRAND TOTAL 50 770 9,100 8,000 2,100
n = negligible
Q
-------
INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES
There are no major manufacturing establishments in the Study Area.
Most of the industry is located in Sioux Falls and outlying Minnehaha
County. Of the tabulated point source emitters there are only five
that are of importance. These are one meat packing plant, the two uti-
lity power plants, the Sioux Falls Foss Airport, and the Sioux Falls
open burning city dump. The latter is a major source of carbon mono-
xide and hydrocarbons, and is an odor source. There is also one untabu-
1ated rendering plant that is a source of noxious odors that are offen-
sive to the community. Minor point sources of emissions scattered over
the Study Area include several local open burning dumps, and various
grain handling and mixing operations. The emissions from industrial
processes are sufficiently small such that they are not presented in
a table for this report.
-------
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
Three source categories were considered for evaporative losses--
automobiles, gasoline storage and handling, and the consumption of
solvents. The hydrocarbon emissions from all sources by evaporative
losses are shown in Table 14.
Automobiles
Automobile evaporation losses include gas tank and carburetor eva-
poration and engine crankcase b1owby. Since 1963, most new automobiles
were equipped with positive crankcase ventilation (PCV) valves that
reduce hydrocarbon emissions from the crankcase by about 90 percent.
Due to a lag time in the automobile replacement rate, it was assumed
that 20 percent of the automobiles were not equipped with PCV valves.
The hydrocarbon emissions from automobiles were calculated from
vehicle-mile data and were apportioned onto grids using the same
methods as for motor vehicles discussed earlier.
Evaporative losses
from automobiles accounted for 56 percent of the total hydrocarbon
emissions from evaporative losses in the Study Area.
Gasoline Storage and Handling
There are four major points (excluding evaporation from the motor
vehicle) of hydrocarbon emissions in the storage and handling of gaso-
line. These are:
1.
2.
3.
Breathing and filling losses from storage tanks.
Filling losses from loading tank conveyances.
Filling losses from loading underground storage tanks at
4.
service stations.
Spillage and filling losses in filling automobile gas tanks
at service stations.
In this study all gasoline storage and handling evaporation is
included in the "auto" category in Table 14.
-------
TABLE 14
HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM EVAPORATIVE LOSSES
IN THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY ARFA, 1969
Type of Source
HC Emissions-Tons/Year
Automobiles
4862
Dry Cleaning and
Miscellaneous
296
TOTAL
5158
-------
~
Consumption of Solvents
This category included the consumption of solvents at dry cleaning
plants, industrial solvent usage and the miscellaneous use of solvents
by small commercial establishments and domestic units. Organic solvents
emitted from these operations were determined by assuming an emission
rate of 4 lb/capita/year for dry cleaning plants.2
-------
EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
The previous section presented the a~r pollutant emissions by
source category. In order to show the contribution of each county to
the pollution in the entire Study Area, their emissions are summarized
in Tables 15 through 20.
As can be expected, since power plants play such a big part in the
overall air pollution by sulfur oxides and particulates Minnehaha County
with its power plants seems to be the most significant from this stand-
point.
Because of the higher degree of urbanization than the other counties
and corresponding higher vehicular activity, Minnehaha County also con-
tributes the majority of the carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitro-
gen oxides.
-------
~
TABLE U SU~~.'Ai~Y OF AIR POLLUT M.T E~ISS!O',S
11\1 "'1INNEHAHA cuu'nv
TONS/YEAR
SOURCE CATEGORY SOX PART CO HC NOX
TRANSPORT AT 10~!
ROAD VEHICLES 285. 492. 57983. 4626. 33.78.
OTHER 66. 263. 371. 266. 431.
SUFI-TOTAL 352. 75? 58354. 4912. 3810.
cor.'RUS T I 01: OF FUFLS
p.Jf)US TRY 442. 177. 4. 2. 232.
:oTEA'.~-ELEC 2277. 2521. 6. 6. 780.
RESIDENTIAL 151. 79. 10. 14. 308.
CO"M AND If\:ST. 3. 15. o. O. 95.
SLJR-TaTAL 2875. 2793. 22. 23. 1417.
~FFUSE DISD()SAL
H!CINERATION o. O. o. O. O.
OPEN BURN I ~!G 39. 6f>5. 70:0. 5768. 1533.
SUR-TOTAL 39. 665. 7010. 5768. 1533.
P~OCfSS 0. ;). o. O. O.
FVAP LOSSES 3099.
c;~AND TOTAL 32.67. 4214. 653~7. 131;\,;4. 67£>2.
-------
TABLE 16 5Uw: Ar~y OF AIR P0LLUTANT E"1IS5IONS
! f\ LZ'KOL': COU.\ TV
TO,\JS/VFM
c;OU~CE CA TF~,()RY SOX PART CO HC "JOX
TR\NSPORTATIO"
ROA8 V:::~ICLES '-" l~: 3. <13(' 5. 797. 711.
v '.
OT.,FR 9. 21. 12. i7. 44.
SUR-TOTAL 68. 125. -) 317. 024. 75!::1.
C0'.'Rl:S 7 I _. "F I"UFlS
!'.'~US,=:', P~):~:'~ r ~IG 1. 25. 44<1. 4';;7. 114.
5UCI-TCTAL 1. 25. 449. 4';)7. 114.
pQOCFSS n. ", O. \.Ie O.
".
FVAP lJ5SF5 c35.
Ci Q A '"f) TOTAL 1(;2. 1e7. 97f,r,}. 192~. 933.
-------
-'
."'
..
TABLE 17
SOURCE CATEGORY
T q ,,~\SPO~H A T IO'.
::iOt\D VEY I CLieS
OTHER
SUI-\-TOTAL
CO~RUSTIO~ OF FUELS
PJf)USTRY
STFA"':-[LEC
Rf5IDF\TIAL
((1C~f\' A';[) I.\'ST.
SUR-TOTAL
Rrt"liSF i) I SPOSAL
P;C PJERA T ION
OPE~, ".URNI'.:"
SUR-TOTAL
",:nCFSS
F:VAP LOSSES
GRAi\![) TOTAL
SU\~::4RY OF
IN \'CCr.~K
TO'.S / YE AO
qo DCLLUTA...T E'.'ISSIO'~S
COU'\ TY
SOX PART CO HC .\ox
31. '4. 4935. 4,,;,2. 377.
3. 10. 5. 1 ::!. 22.
35. 65. 1~941. "36. 399.
('I. o. 0. O. J.
O. o. O. U. O.
17. 7.' 1. 1. 26.
4. 2. " O. 14.
,.
21. 10. 1. 1. 40.
o. O. 1. ... O.
O. 12. 280. 3;"C. 74.
o. .12. 280. ':1:.01\ 74.
-..........
;). o. O. ... O.
3:0.
(:..~ 99. 5223. lO 7 C. 514.
. .
-------
TABLE 18 SU'.".' A~~Y OF AIR P('LLUT A;~T E"ISSIC:',S
I "I TuR'ANf) TOTAL ,R. ES. 3703. 9j8. 447.
-------
TABLE 19 SU;v,;.'ARY OF AIR POLLUTANT E'.q SS 10:\: S
I \I RCC'( (OU,',TY
T)\S/YEAR
SOURCE CATEGORY S8X PAI~T cn H( NOX
TRA' SPo'n A T !O"
ROAD VEHICLFS j6. 62. 5592. 47<;. 427.
OTHER 7. 21. 11. 27. 44.'
SUR-TOTAL 44. 84. 5604. 5e6. 471.
CO;"'RUSTlON OF FUELS
HWUSTRY O. O. o. ~. o.
STEA'4-ELEC ~. " o. O. J.
"'.
DF S!:)F \, T ! A I 24. 11. ' 2. 39.
....
Ce'''' f-,'~:.... I" ST. 'i. 3. D. O. 2~.
S:'P-T.,T.'L 3'1. :i. 5. 2. 2. ::9.
qFFIiSE ,)ISPOS,~L
I 'J ( I N ERA T I ~ '! o. :;). ~. ....J8 a.
OPEn RUR!'I I,:G 1. 24. 439. 4...6. 112.
SUQ-TOTAL 1. 24. 439. 446. U2.
PROCESS n. O. o. o. "
u.
FVAP LOS::' ~ 5 389.
";RA'.r. TOTAL. '7'). 124. 6046. .134:'. 643.
-------
TABLE 20 SU', ','c.',y ~F AIR PC'LLUT A,\ r E'..I I SS IO';S
I ',; L Yr')' C~V, TV
T(~ ',5 / y;c ii',
Sf1lJRC:: CA TfGO'
-------
, . '
EMISSIONS BY GRID
v
c
For the purpose of defining the geographical variation of air
pollutant emissions in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were
o
apportioned on the grid coordinate system.
The emissions were divided
into two source groups--point and area sources.
Point sources are
identified individually with respect to location and emissions.
Each
of these point sources emitted more than 0.5 tons per average annual
day of any pollutant. Point sources emitting less than this amount
are not listed.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF POINT AND AREA SOURCES
Fi~ure 3 shows the location of all point sources in the area.
COllectively the point sources account for 69 percent of the sulfur
oxides, 66 percent of the particulates, 14 percent of the nitrogen
oxides, and only 4 percent of the carbon monoxide and 6 percent of the
hydrocarbons. The percentage contribution to carbon monoxide emissions
is low because motor vehicles, which are area sources, contribute 96
percent of the total carbon monoxide emissions. Similarly, the contri-
bution to total hydrocarbon emissions is low since two groups of area
sources, motor vehicles and evaporative losses are the major sources.
Table 21 presents the emissions of point sources. Each source is
identified by source category, grid number and horizontal and vertical
coordinates. The emissions of su~fur oxides are shown for an average
annual day, average winter day (December, January, February), and average
summer day (June, July, August).
calculating these three averages.
Area sources are sources of emissions that are insignificant by
themselves, but as a group may emit a large portion of the Study Area's
The appendix presents the method of
o
total pollution.
Examples of area sources are motor vehicles, residences,
c
light commercial and industrial establishments and backyard burning.
The emissions from area sources (Table 22) have been added to that for
point sources to obtain total emissions from all sources by grid, as
-------
1
v~"
r-~__n__----~-L~~=_-~-~~J~~--=~----J ,~-
!--r-------r T SOUTH DAKOTA i MINNESOTA i I
I I I i I I i
I ',': ; II'
i I I MINNEHAhA CaUNTY ! ROCK COUNTY I
I I . j \ !
II t.-__MtCOO:tCOUNTY -------1- :,- ..---- -6--':. 0 ~ :14~ -- --~I''-- ----.-- -----148301)00
I I I ! Sioux falls T~(~ ;.: -: , II 4825000
'_ll_-i---__L_t-1-- :,os"';'--Y=!-----'OWA -------t~-l
I ' I , iI, I ,
i..! :---- -- i \, I ! 4810000 I
I I 1.'$ "-',I i.
"' I I
. I . I ! l YON COUNTY i I
I I I :' i
'I II ; 'I C~ ----J-~
TURNER COUNTY I I ;------- !
r. I -- ---"---1' -'---- --------Q.,.,,:,-----': 4790000
I I ,I LINCOLN COUNTY \
I ! I,' i ~
I: I
L : L______-i--/
--------- t
, I
62000'
06IXI'"
,
I
I
----- ----_.J,
&90C" 62~ 6t~... 7CJCOO
I
I
,
!
I
"
I
14770000
C $ 10
e.--~-=
I
I
I I
L------___L.
740COO
FIGURE 3
POINT SOURCE LOCATIONS FOR THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA
42
-------
c
c
Q
.9
TABLE 21
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES
FOR THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA. 1969
Tons I Day
SOX PART CO HC 'NOX
GP rlC \Ie s '!} A S \ A S ~.: A S 'N A S W A
. Power. Plant ? 6924 it p '313 1.0 1. () 1.0 n.05 :).;]5 0.05 0 .O,~ ().:J(; V.vO ",.01 0.01 0.01 0.80 0.68 0.87
City Dump 'i (,750 4R,70 C.1 0.1 U.l 1.6(, 1.66 1.66 ~.S2 8.82 (:.d2 3.11 :3.11 3.11 1014 1.14 1.14
Airport h 6 R '~5 i!a.?75 I ~" r.., .,.-. ., .21 8.21 C .21 ':1./4 0.74 U.74 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17 0.17'
v. '. t .,.. v....1
Packing Plant 7 6857 48265 0.9 1.5 1.2 0.36 0.62 0...8 0 .:):J 0.01 .;.01 a.GO u.01 O.vU 0.45 0.77 0.00.
Power Plant 1 () 69')? 48?C)A 5." 5.3 , .2 6.95 6.95 6.85 O.~J1 O.'Jl u.01 0.00 O.OU O.JO 1.28 1.28 1.26
S - Smmner Day
W - Winter Day
A - Average Day
"',
-------
TABLE 22 AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS F')R THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA
TONS/DN{
SOX PA,~T eu He ",ox
G~ID AREA He ve S " A S ,. A S ~v A 5 'I,' A 5 W A
1 f,17.7 64DO 4R5 0 : . -- 1: :;. 13 ~: . 1 '; 0017 J.17 ;).17 l'~'.j7 7.2. ';J '3.7<:: 2.0B 1.62 l.d4 0.96 J.86 0.90
? (,17.7 6~OO 4R5 u ,).10 ",.15 :"012 U.£J v..!J 0.19 1'1.45 12.92 !';J.:,,+ 3. 4 ~3 .!..17 3.10 1039 1.24 1.30
3 A17.7 7200 485 8 '.15 0.27 0.20 0035 ~..:I6 J.35 1'1.:>2 1:;. '(4 16.4 f 4012 .:1.2'1 3.67 1.36 1.72 1.77
4 617.7 6400 481 c :).1'1 U.l'>' n. II, c.2~ v.~4 ). ".3 i3.::1 .,........, ~1.:;." .2. 0/. i.25 2.5.:1 1.29 1019 1.22
5 151,.4 6700 48/ J :).07 ...,.13 ...:.09 ..; . 16 ~.1~ J.16 1:;.11'7 7.0'+ 9.1" 201:' 1.71 1.91 u.93 J.S6 0.88
A 9.6 6tP5 1,8275 ~;. ,~9 :.,;.14 8.11 .) .:..~ ~..L" .;. 1 ',' .L,..;,) :,..r~ -2.':11 2.98 <;.39 2..67 '1.21 1.14 1.16
7 9.6 6875 4P?75 :1.12 0.18 :1ol"> J.24 ~.2~ J.?3 ?? ',; '3 1t.C9 1'i..:I5 4.45 3.:>6 3.98 1.71 1.53 1.60
" 9.6 6825 4~??~ O.~q ,;. S~. '~. 47 U,73 :J . 1 ~~ l' .' f. . ") (, :,j.:;~ f::-'+. '+ f 14031 11';;5 12.75 5.54 5.04 5.22
. ,
9 9.A 61375 4P?? '3 G.?O C 031 :: .24 0.:;)8 ~.;9 J 'J C ~<..2.9 !.6.i:1 32.".. 7.39 5.91 6.61 2.84 2.60 2.69
. .'
1:)"3R.6 6950 4R2'3C ').. '4 ,-, :).05 O. li) ~:.l~ 'J . 1 (" -, 'J" :'.10 6.2; 1.46 1017 1.31 0.60 0.54 0.56
..Jev, 'J"
11 38.6 6850 I, R 1 ') J :J. ('5 .~ .08 .,: I ~A ,J. 12 U .11 ~) .11 "7.7 -. 5.45 6.:.,{; 1.50 l.lb 1.33 0.66 U.59 0.62
12 3R. 6 6951~ 4 ~~ 1 ~) ,~' ,-, :' . ,'i ., . J. .... " . ... ..: "" .l c ... .;.,,(: ......'+t::: 1. J 7 'J. B:> u.95 U.';J1 (,).46 0.'+8
... . '" .....
13 617.7 7? 0:) 1,"1 ~ v.? ' ., . ..:: .,'; ;';.47 ~ . :;J 0' J. i. E t!:,. 6" Ib.1;,; 21.6t; 5.55 4.'+4 4.97 2.~0 2.33 2.39
11, 154.4 6700 1,8. .-: . 1 ;.) ... . 1 :.14 J.,:Z ...... i =~ J.22 1'+.36 1J.;.,5 1':.\,/9 2.9 g 2.23 2.54 1.30 1.16 1.22
15 154.4 6900 4~;: " -. U ~~....:q 'J .16 0.15 ') 016 11.21 7.1:11 '7. '+ 2 2.12 1.61 1.05 0.98 0.83 0.90
16 617.7 6400 477 .; d' - ". < J.Jl l).';2 ~.";2 (). ():1 1.25 0.89 1.(,)6 0.30 u.25 0.27 0.12 0.13 0.12
17 A17.7 i)f'OO 477 - :-'. -'4. , . . ',J (~ J. \,9 ,I. 1 '.; v . r)r <;.313 ;'.oU 4.55 1.18 0.95 1.06 0.51 0.49 0.50
1'1 1)17.7 72')0 '+ 77 .; ) .' " . ...' J._~ oJ..... . . ; . ::.44 ~.:;1 ;;.37 ;J..:; 9 J.U6 0.07 0.03 0.03 0.03
T0TA.L 1.0;> 3.?,+ ;i. 50 4.,,0 4.'wI7 3. C)Q 304.72 213.60 256.76 60.01 47.65 53.50 25.03 22.85 23.64
S, - Summer Day
W - Winter Day
A . Average Day
-------
shown in Table 23.
The emissions from all sources are also shown for
~
an annual average, winter and summer day.
v
o
EMISSION DENSITIES
Emission densities have been calculated for the major pollutants
for all grid areas (Table. 24). These computed densities were found to
be similar and the typical pattern was plotted as Figure 4.
a
~
-------
TABLE 23 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS, TOTAL TONS
FOR THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA, 1969
sox p Ai~ T CO He ,\JQX
GRI (I M~EA 5 ':1 A 5 \~: A 5 I:J A S \~ A 5 ~I A
1 617.7 J.l U.l ~) . ~ 'J.;? 0.2 "",.2 10.4 7.3 b.7 2.1 1.6 1.d 1.u 0.9 ()'9
2 617.7 1.1 1.7. 1.1 ').3 0.3 0.3 18.5 12.9 1:'.5 3.5 2.B 3.1 2.3 2.1 z.z
3 ~17.7 ;;.2 J. -.; .J'L J .IJ ~.4 ".4 1'1.5 13.7 16.5 4.1 3.3 3.7 1.9 1.7 1.8
.. 1i17.7 0.1 ').2 J. 1 0.2 0.2 0.2 13.5 9.5 11.4 2.8 2.3 2.5 1.3 1.2 1.2
5 154.l. ().2 r;. 2 0.': l.q 1.8 1.8 19.7 16.5 18.0 5.3 4.8 5.0 2.1 2.0 2.0
f 9.6 0.1 Jo1 'J.l d. '+ :"'1.4 \,,;.4 1601 11.~ 1~.7 3.2 2.6 2.8 1.4 1.3 1.3
7 9.6 1.0 1.7 1.4 ).s 8.9 C.7 23.0 16.1 1~.4 4.5 3.6 4.0 2.2 2.3 2.Z
p, 9.1) 0.4 (J.E, ~ ., u.7 U.7 Q.7 76.6 53.6 04.5 14.3 11.4 12.8 ;.5 5.0 5.Z
9 9.6 :;.2 0.3 CJ.2 0.4 0.4 J.4 .13.3 26.S j2.2 7.4 5.9 6.6 2.8 2.6 2.7
10 3~.6 5.4 ').1.. ~ .:: 7.1 7.1 7.C 7.4 5.2 0.2 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.9 1.8 1.8
11 3'!.6 ~) . 1 ().1 j.l ~.1 0.1 0.1 7.p 5.5 6.6 1.5 1.2 1.3 0.7 0.6 0.6
12 313.6 ~J . () 0.1 .).1 J,l 0.1 0.1 5.3 3.'f 4." 1.1 0.9 1.0 U.5 0.5 0.5
13 ~.17.7 0.7. D.4 .3 ~.I . 5 0.5 0.5 ? 5.7 11'.1 21.7 5.6 4.4 5.0 2.5 2.3 2.4
14 15 L.. t.. :).1 D.2 J.1 \).? 0.2 i).Z 14.4 ~~).l ..,.1 2.9 2.2 2.5 1.3 1.2 1.2
15 15 l, . 4 D.1 f) . 1 'j . 1 J.;? 0.2 iJ.2 11.2 7.8 9.4 2.1 1.6 1.9 1.0 0.8 0.9
11) Ii 1 7.7 0.0 . ~..: \, . '..' J.;.; ..:.l. J.e: 1 -, 0.9 101 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1
. ~
17 617.7 O.J J.l J ) l ~) . 1 'J.l 0.1 5. '-. 3.8 4.6 1.2 1.0 101 J.5 0.5 0.5
B 617.7 0.0 0.0 " O.t') 0.(. 0.0 ') . l. 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0
\".1 . \~
TOTAL 1 C) 01 I? 01 1 .) . ~ 1401 14.4 14.1 315.? 224.1 207.2 64.2 51.:3 57.7 29.8 28.0 28.5
S - Summer Day
W - Winter Day
A - Average Day
-------
c
" (.
0
TABLE 24 EMISSION DENSITIES
FOR THE SIOUX FAU~S STUDY AREA
TONS! SQ. . MILE
sox PART CQ HC NOX
GRID AREA S '~: A S \.: A 5 ,; A 5 ,\ A S ~J A
1 617.7 o. O~) O.OC \,;.:..:0 0.00 G" '. :J.:JC O.U2 :';.-.;1 O.u1 ~'JU U.';U lot. ue v.u:.> u.ae 0.00
. ",..1\';
2 617.7 0.00 0.00 J.i.i:) o.UJ V.UU ').00 ;).:'>3 J.J<:: 0.03 ,).:.>1 0.;)1.) 0.01 0.0:) 0.00 0.00
"3 h17.7 ().oc '). ''JC :.; .I':;C: C .'O~ ~.j~ '; . S~) J.c;3 o.J;: V' (J 3 O.c;l O.i)l 0.01 ~. :)tJ 0.00 0.00
4 617.7 0.00 0.00 c.co 0.00 0.0(; o.ot: 'J.02 0.02 0.02 o.oo ~). 00 o.co ,0.00 0.00 C.OO
5 154.4 a.on I~ . .~~:) ;; . or) 0.01 Q.:Jl 0.01 0.13 :';.11 C .12 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.01 0.01 0.01
6 9.6 O.vl G.Ol 'J . ~ 1 0.04 v.0~ 0.04 1.67 1.19 1.41 0.33 0.27 0.29 0.14 Q.14 0.14
7 9.6 0.11 OolR ".14 0.06 0.\),:/ 0.07 2.38 1.67 Z.Ol 0.46 ().:37 0.41 0.22 0.24 0.23
R 9.6 0.04 0.06 'J.J5 :) .oe O.J~ 0.07 7.93 5.55 6.6d 1.48 1.18 1.3Z 0.57 V.52 0.54
9 9.6 0.02 (). cn :.J .03 0.04 1.04 0.(14 3.97 2.78 3.34 0.77 0.61 0.69 0.29 0.27 0.28
, - 38.6 CJ.14 0.14 () .1/-f. 'J.1E v.l::,. ',J. 1 " 0.19 W.l::! :;.16 0.04 0.03 J.03 a.os :.;.:)5 b.05..
...j
11 38.6 8.0C o. .J'.') 0.00 C). 0,.1 O.(;;J 1.').0 ('I 0.2') J.14 0017 0.01. 0.03 '.].03 0.02 0.02 0.02
12 38.6 0.08 0.00 \.) . \,.. 0 f).OJ u.!..iv J. \.; 'J 0014 w.ll1 0011 0.03 :';.(;2 o.OZ 0.01 :';.01 0.01
13 1',17.7 1].0'> c. ~~,; ~ .cc: () . (} ,j G. J'J , ., :J. 'J4 ~.vj 'J . CJ4 ~j . C'l J.01 0.01 U.CJ 0.00 0.:)0
. -
14 154.4 0."0 0.00 (1.' U. U,) 0.0U i ..):J u.C9 0.07 :.;.08 oJ. 02 0.01 0.02 0.01 0.01 c.:)1
.) ..... \~
1 j 154.4 c.c~ ().(\' C . ~in ~) . OJ a.ae '). C ('} J.C'7 :'.J~ ~) .:) C ,~ .:: 1 0.01 O.Cl a.Ol 0.01 0.01
16 Al7.7 c.oo 0 . :)~) ,., r\A 1.00 (' .~, (' O. f):.) o.aa J.i,;(j ,. ..f' O. 'JO 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
U ...... .J v .'"" u v.v......
17 617.7 0.00 0.00 v.u:) 0.00 O,UJ D.OO O.Jl ",.01 O.;Jl O.DJ 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
18 617.7 C.U0 a .l);) U.UQ D.OO 0.00 J.oo 0 . 0 ~1 'J. 0'.; c.\:() 0.0:.J o.Ga 0.00 o.OJ 0.00 0.00
S - Summer Day
W - Winter Day
A - Average Day
-------
. S
~~'
l
10
I
-r---
.--
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
L
-------~- --------- ---------.
I 1
I SOUTH DAKOTA MINNESOTA I
I I
I MINNEHAHA COUNTY ROCK COUNTY \
! i,
1--- ----~
I ! I
-- _____1_- -------------_--11-_-,
-r ,
I IOWA I
! ! i
I LYON COUNTY I I
I ; .I
I . I I
~R I --~---------r--.J
I I' \ '
I I LINCOLN COUtHY , ~ I
I I i \ I
L------l--L-------iJ I
I i I
~ -1 i
~CO''''II.''
I
Figure 4. Typical Emission Density
From All Sources in the Sioux Falls Study Area
-------
" (- G
{' ~
TABLE 25 GRID AREA DATA AND HOUSING UNITS (HV)
FOR THE SIOUX FALLS STUDY AREA
AREA PERSONS
Gr)!r:' '« \lC SQ. MILE PC'?U~f\ I" r '."';'" SQ. MILE HU lGAl HU ...:iL ~JU GAS TuTAL HU
1 ~4C'(1 4P5 0 (, 1 7 . 7 (, 44?l.. 7. o. 469. 834. 13()1+.
2 AHUO 4A5 ~) 617.7n B741. 14. ~. 697. 1843. 254C>.
3 72JO 4R5 () f-17.76 10.'!64. 17. ..). lu5,). 1984. 3044.
4 6400 I." 1 0 <,17.76 6976. 11. O. 7';)9. 1334. ~093.
<; 670:J 4R? " 154./..~ :,3?C!. 3'+. ,). 466. 1~S5. 1571.
6 6'125 40275 9.A5 72"; 7. 751. 0. 576. 1530. 21U9.
7 6375 40275 9.65 lOH3<;. 1127. o. B68. 2295. 3164.
r 6A25 4an5 Q.65 362116. 3759. o. 28'13. 7653. 10547.
-, 6'175 I, P?;:> ') 9.A5 If'l43. 1:J7':1. 'J. 1446. 3826. 5273.
'.'1 (,95(; 4a?5D 1!~' Ai 349(:,. ';i(). tJ. 270. 737. 1016.
11 6550 4P150 3:J.61 3425. 88. O. 30(,). 700. 1001.
12 6950 4R150 3.3.61 2376. £,1. o. 251. 442. 693.
13 720G 4.=< 1 0 h 17.76 15281~. 24. '1. 188'.1. 2474. 4364.
14 6700 4PO 0 154.1,4 6~ 6t: 8 4,:.. O. 747. 1239. 1986.
I'; 6900 4Q:) ]54.44 l. ')14. 25. (). 457. 739. 1197.
l(, 6/.4),:; 477 " (,17.76 1 r.;:> ] . 1. .~ 11 '). 2tJO. 315.
."
17 61100 477 0 "'17.76 3'355. .. o. 381. 647. 1028.
~.
IF 7200 477 () (-,]1.76 160. 'v, () . 18. 29. 47.
T0T..L 5559.83 148?9S. o. 13699. 29599. 43299.
-------
REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins, Guntis and Raymond Smith, Rapid Survey Techniques for
Estimating Community Air Pollution Emissions. DREW, PHS,
October 1966.
~
2.
Duprey, R. L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
United States, DHEW, PHS, 1968.
3.
1960 Census and Preliminary 1970 Census.
4.
Appraisal of Air Pollution in South Dakota, South Dakota State
Department of Health and the Public Health Service, 1962.
5.
Personal Communication with State and/or Local Agencies.
6.
Personal Communication with Northern States Power Company.
7.
Personal Communication with Mr. Perry Van Beek, Chief, Solid
Wastes Section, Division of Sanitary Engineering, South Dakota
State Department of Health.
-------
APPENDIX A
HETHOD FOR CALCULATING SUMMER, WINTER AND ANNUAL
AVERAGE EMISSIONS FOR FUEL CONSUMPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES.
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
\i
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E. F. )
Days of Operation
e.g. A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while operating
365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and
2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was estimated
to use 15 percent of the fuel for space heating and 85 percent
for process heating. From this information, the annual
average emission for carbon monoxide would be the following:
A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 Ibs. CO/Ton coal
365 Days/year x 2,000 Ib./Ton
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
WINTER AVERAGE (W)
c
W = Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Winter Operation
x
Winter Degree Days
Total Degree Days
x
% Fuel Used
for space heating
+ Fuel Consumed x E.F. % Fuel used for process heating
365 x
W - 80,o00 x 2,800 0.15 100,000 0.8~ 3
x + x ---
90 x 4,800 365 2,000
W = 0.69 Ton/Day
SUMMER AVERAGE (S)
S : Fuel Consumed x E.F.
Days of Summer Operation
x
Summer Degree Days
Total Degree' Days
x
% Fue:' .Used
for space heating
+
Fuel Consumed x E.F.
365
S = n. 00 , 000
L 90
x
% Fuel used for process heating
0.15 100,000 x 0.8~ 3
+ 365 2,000
x
o
t. , 8 00
x
c:.,
S = 0.35 Ton/Day
(}
-------
APPENDIX B
METRIC CONVERSION FACTORS
Multiply &. To Obtain
Feet 0.3048 Heters
Miles 1609 Heters
Square Feet 0 . 092 9 Square meters
Square Miles 2.59 Square kilometers
Pounds 453.6 Grams
Pounds 453.6/104 'fons (metric)
Tons (metric) 1. 103 Tons (short)
Tons (short) 907.2 Kilograms
Tons (short) .9072 Tons (metric)
To Obtain E.z J}fvide
------- |