United Stales
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Emergency and
Remedial Response
E PA/ROD/R02-86/037
September 1936
3EPA
Superfund
Record of Decision
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'v
TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read IIIStruct/olls 011 the revene beiore com"letlllll
1. AEPOAT NO. 12. 3. AECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
EPA/ROD/R02-86/037
.. TlTL.E ANO SUBTITLE 5. FlEPORT OATE
SUPERFUND RECORD OF DECISION September 30. 1986
Marathon Battery, NY 6. PEAFOAMINC ORGANIZATION COOE
7. AuTMOAISI 8. PERFORMINC ORGANIZATION REPORT '-0
9. PERFOFlMINC ORCANIZATION NAME ANO AOORESS '10. PROCRAM EL.EMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANt' NO.
I
12. SPONSORINC ACENCY NAME ANO AOORESS 13. TYPE OF REPORT ANO PERIOO COvE"'E:::
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Final ROD Reoort
401 M Street, S.W. 1.. SPONSORINC AOENCY COOE
Washington, D.C. 20460 800/00
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
115. ABSTRACT
The Marathon Battery Company (MBC) site, located in the Village of Cold Spring,
Putnam County, NY, has two components: the East Foundry Cove Marsh (EFCM), and
Constitution Marsh. The site began as a battery manufacturing plant in 1952, producing
military and commercial batteries for a period of 27 years. During this time the sitp.
property changed ownership and its name several times. It operated as the MBC fror!1 196~
to 1979. Approximately 50,000 kg of cadmium were discharged into the EFCM as a res:.llt
of MBC's wastewater treatment system. A bypass valve, used during system overloads ::nt~
shutdowns, diverted flow to EFCM. This occurred at least twice weekly for periods 0:
time ranging from a few hours to a full operating shift. In 1965 the New York State
Department of Health ordered the plant to disconnect its industrial discharge from t~e
Village's sanitary sewer upon concluding that the battery plant's process effluent Cr)~t
not be managed by a new proposed sewage treatment system. Accommodating the direct:i':e,
the plant shut down the diversion pumps and bypassed the entire wastewater flow into - \.0
storm sewer to EFCM. Between September 1972 and July 1973 hydraulic dredging of t:!;e
channel, which connects EPCM to Constitution Marsh, removed approximately 90,000 sq:.lar~
meters of sediment. Approximately 4,000 cubic meters of dredged material were then
retained in a diked enclosure constructed over a parking lot on the battery facili':y
property. During the dewatering process, the sediments were allowed to settle anc t!;e
(See Attached Sheet)
17. J(E Y WOROS ANO OOCUMI!NT ANAL vSIS
a. OUCAIPTOAS b.IOI!Nt'IFII!RS/OPI!N ENOEO TERMS C. COSATI Fletd.Gtouo
Record of Decision
Marathon Battery, NY
Contaminated Media: sediments, sw
Key contaminants: heavy metals, cadmium
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18. OISTRIBUTION STATEMENT 19. SECURITY CL.ASS, nlls Reponl 21 NO. OF PAGES
20. SECURITY cN6~inlis pagel 22, PRICE 98
I!II. '0'''' 2220-1 (Rn. 4-771
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EPA/ROD/R02-86/037
Marathon Battery, NY
16.
ABSTRACT (continued)
supernatant was passed through a storm drain and back into Foundry Cove.
The primary contaminants of concern include: cadmium, cobalt, and nickel.
The selected remedial action for the EFCM component of the site
includes: hydraulic dredging of approximately 23,000mJ of sediments;
sediment chemical fixation; offsite disposal of approximately 47,000m3 of
processed sediments; dredging, water treatment and disposal; marsh
restoration; and long-term monitoring. The selected remedial action for
Constitution Marsh includes,: a no-action alternative with long term
sediment and water monitoring; a public awareness proqram; and site access
restrictions. The estimated capital cost for both remedial components is
$16,640,000 with O&M costs of $3,530,000 for the first year; $180,000 for
years 2-5; and $127,000 for years 6-30.
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Record of Decision
Remedial Alternative Selection
Site:
Marathon Battery Company site, Cold Spring, Putnam County,
New York
Documents Reviewed:
~
I am basing my decision primarily on the following documents
describing the analysis of the cost-effectiveness of remedial
alternatives at the Marathon Battery Company site:
Remedial Action Master Plan for the Marathon Battery
Site, Cold Spring, New York, C.C. Johnson and Associates,
August 1982.
Preliminary Site Background Data Analysis of Foundry
Cove, Cold Spring, Putnam County, New York, Resource
Engineering, July 1983.
Marathon Battery Memorandum Regarding Archive Search,
Putnam, Hayes and Bartlett, July 1983.
Archives Search Report of the Former Cold Spring,
Battery Plant Putnam County, New York, Environmental
Science and Engineering, August 1984.
Technical Memorandum No.9, Summary of Hydraulic
Monitoring/Data Collection, Marathon Battery Site,
ACRES International, February 1985.
Technical Memorandum No.7, Summary of Environmental
Investigations Sediment and Water Quality Marathon
"Battery Site, ACRES International, May 1985.
Technical Memorandum No.8, Summary of Ecological
Investigations, Marathon Battery Site, ACRES
International, 1985.
Draft Remedial Investigation Report, ACRES International,
August 1985.
v
Technical Memorandum No. 12, Evaluation Summary Off-
Site Remediation Alternatives, ACRES International,
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Supplemental Remedial Investigation Report, Marathon
Battery Comapany site, BBASCO Services, Inc., August
1986.
Supplemental Feasibility Study Report, Marathon
Battery Company site, EBASCO Service, Inc., August 1986.
Summary of Remedial Action Alternative Selection -
Marathon Battery site.
Responsiveness Summary.
Q
Staff summaries, memoranda, letters, and Recommendations.
Description of Selected Remedy:
Pilot plant treatability study to determine an
effective treatment scheme for fixating the contaminated
sediments. .
Hydraulic dredging of the contaminated sediments
from East Foundry Cove Marsh with cadmium concentrations
greater than 100 milligrams/kilogram.
Thickening of the dredged sediments.
Treatment of thickener supernatant and discharge
to the dredge cell.
Chemical fixation of the thickened sediments.
Truck transport of the fixated sediments to a local
sanitary landfill.
Restoration of East Foundry Cove Marsh by addition
of clean fill, clay with a high affinity for cadmium,
and revegetation.
Diversion of the Kemble Avenue and New York State
Department of Transportation storm sewers into East
Foundry Cove and Foundry Brook, respectively.
Long-term monitoring of Constitution Marsh sediments
and biota.
Bioassay sampling in East Foundry Cove to better
characterize the link between the levels of cadmium
in the sediments and bioaccumulation in aquatic fauna.
d
Establishment of an information center so that
interested members of the public and scientific
community can visit the site during and after site
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This Record of Decision (ROD) addresses only the
East Foundry Cove Marsh and Constitution Marsh
portion of the site. Upon completion of the ongoing
remedial investigation/feasibility study for the
West Foundry Cove, Hudson River in the vicinity of
the Cold Spring pier, and the former battery facility
portion of the site, and the completion of the
bioassay sampling in East Foundry Cove, a separate
ROD will be prepared.
Declarations:
Consistent with the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), and the
National Contingency Plan (40 CFR Part 300), I have determined
that the selected remedial strategy for the East Foundry Cove
Marsh portion of the Marathon Battery Company site is a
cost-effective remedy, and that it effectively mitigates and
minimizes existing and potential damage to, and provides
adequate protection of public health, welfare, and the environment.
The action will require the maintenance of the vegetated marsh
to ensure the continued effectiveness of the remedy. The
remedy will include thirty years of monitoring of sediment
transport and biota, as well.
The Region has consulted with the State of New York in select-
ing the recommended remedial action for this site. The State
concurs that no action, with long-term monitoring, is appropriate
for Constitution Marsh, and that dredging is the most appropriate
source control measure for the East Foundry Cove Marsh portion
of the Marathon Battery Company site.
I have also determined that the action being taken is appropriate
when balanced against the availability of Trust Fund monies for
use at other sites.
Due to the unavailability of sufficient CERCLA funding at
this time, the remedial design will commence after funds
become available following reauthorization.
Date
3t.J{'i'~-'
I
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Summary of Remedial Alternative Selection
Marathon Battery Company Site
Site Location and Description:
o Site Location
The Marathon Battery Company site, located in the Village of
Cold Spring, Putnam County, New York, approximately 60 kilo-
meters (km) north of New York City, includes the former
nickel-cadmium battery manufacturing facility and the
surrounding plant grounds, the Hudson River in the vicinity
of the Cold Spring pier, and a series of river backwater
areas known as Foundry Cove and Constitution Marsh. (See
Figures 1 and 2.) Cold Spring has a permanent population
of about 2200 residents.
o Site Description
Located on Kemble Avenue, the former battery plant is
currently utilized as a book warehouse. A well and pumping
station, and a steel water tower are located on the fenced
plant property. At the northwestern end of an asphalt
parking area lies an underground sealed asphalt and clay
lined vault wherein spoils from dredging activities in the
Cove are buried. (See Figure 3.) Twenty-nine houses, locat-
ed on Constitution Avenue, are in the immediate vicinity of
the site.
A sanitary sewer line from the plant runs northwards under
Kemble Avenue. During the early years of the plant's opera-
tion, this sewer line continued westward along Main Street,
discharging into the Hudson River at the Cold Spring pier.
New York State Department of Transportation (NYSDOT) storm
sewe~, and a stormwater/industrial by-pass line running by
gravity from the former battery plant, 0.5 km southeastward
under Kemble Avenue, discharge into Foundry Cove.
A
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Foundry Cove, a shallow bay and cattail marsh on the east bank
of the Hudson River across from West Point, is composed of
east and west components. East Foundry Cove is partially
isolated from West Foundry Cove and the Hudson River by a
railroad bed to the west. The 20 hectare (ha) East Foundry
Cove consists of approximately 5 ha of marsh to which the
plant's outfall discharged aAd 15 ha of tidal flat and cove.
The exchange of water between East Foundry Cove and West
Foundry Cove during flood and ebb tides is through a 10 meter
(m) passage under a Metro-North railroad trestle and a channel
system which connects Foundry Cove to Constitution Marsh, a
117 ha Audubon Society sanctuary to the south. Located to
the north of the site is the residential/business district of
Cold Spring. The eastern boundary of the site includes the
Old Foundry, a national historic site.
Water. depths in West Foundry Cove and the Hudson River in the
vicinity of the Cold Spring pier range from 0 to about 6 m,
increasing dramatically within several hundred meters of
shore. The main channel of the Hudson River in this area
averages between 20 and 80 m in depth. The Cold Spring pier
area is in an eddy zone created by the pier. at the south end
of this area and encompasses an area of 110 m taken from the
pier. Similiarly, West Foundry Cove is in an eddy area
created by Constitution Island. These slow flow eddy areas
have a significantly higher deposition of contaminants.
Water circulation between Foundry Cove and the Hudson River
is mainly influenced by a tide of 1 to 1.5 m, exposing a
considerable portion of the East Foundry Cove bottom at low
tide. Because of the shallow water depths in the Cove, almost
1/3 of the Cove bottom is covered with aquatic plant growth.
For the purpose of this project, the site is considered as
two sub-sites: (1) East Foundry Cove Marsh* and Constitution
Marsh and (2) East Foundry Cove, West Foundry Cove, the
Hudson River in the vicinity of the Cold Spring pier, and the
former battery manufacturing facility. This Record of Decision
addresses the first of these sub-sites.
*East Foundry Cove Marsh is defined as including the
marsh, outfall area, and the channels in the marsh,
as the area in East Foundry Cove in the vicinity of
channel outlet.
cattail
as well
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Hydrogeology
Putnam County, in the vicinity of the Marathon Battery Company
site, is underlain by thin, unconsolidated deposits of mainly
glacial origin, resting upon consolidated fractured and
faulted bedrock of the Precambrian Age, forming a northeasterly
plunging anticline. Bedrock is comprised of Pochuck diorite
of igneous origin surrounded by a mass of igneous and meta-
morphic rocks consisting chiefly of undifferentiated granite
and gneiss. The overlying unconsolidated deposits are comprised
mainly of till consisting of clay and boulders with some
stratified drift deposits of outwash sand and gravel and some
silt and clay in the stream valley southeast of Cold Spring.
The unconsolidated deposits range in thickness from a few
meters to 10 m in the areas surrounding Cold Spring. Soil
permeabilities range from 4x10-4 to 1x10-2 centimeters per
second.
The most important sources of ground water in the area are the
consolidated bedrocks. Well yields from these rocks are low
(less than 80 liters per minute (1 lpm)), however, and sufficient
only to supply domestic, farm and other relatively small needs.
The water in the consolidated bedrock is generally under
water table conditions in areas where the bedrock out-crops,
or where it is covered by relatively permeable unconsolidated
deposits. Artesian conditions may occur in both upland and
lowland areas where the bedrock is overlain by relatively
impermeable glacial till. A storm sewer outfall, constructed
by the NYSDOT in the summer of 1984, discharges into East
Foundry Cove Marsh, several hundred meters southeast of the
Kemble Avenue outfall.
Because of its relative impermeability, the glacial till
unconsolidated deposits found in the Cold Spring area constitute
a poor ground-water aquifer. The more permeable glacial
drift sand and gravel deposits are limited to valleys of the
Hudson River and its tributaries. Well yields in these
valley deposits average 120 lpm and range as high as 1800 1pm.
These sand and gravel deposits are thickest in the Hudson
Valley where they are seemingly overlain by a clay and silt
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In Foundry Cove, loose unconsolidated sediments one mete~ or
less in thickness overlay a hard impermeable clay-like material.
(See Figure 4 and Tables land 2.) Ground-water flow in the
sediments is toward Foundry Cove or the Hudson River. Flow
direction in the deeper fractured rock is dependent on the
direction of the fracture systems but is generally toward the
river or the cove. On-site, depth to ground water is approxi-
mately 6 m.
Several rock wells occur in the vicinity of the site: (1)
the former battery facility grounds: (2) Gordon School (3 km
to the southeast): (3) Walter Horning home (4 km to the
southeast): and (4) Post Road Mobile Home Park (4 km to the
northeast).
Topography
The land surface elevation at the former battery plant is
about 12 m above mean sea level, sloping towards the south to
Foundry Cove and southeast to the marsh. A terrace rises
more than 30 m above the land surface to the northeast.
Since the land surface at the plant site is currently covered
with buildings and pavement, infiltration rates are low and
runoff is high. Precipitation in this area is collected by
the storm drainage system and discharged to East Foundry
Cove Marsh, ultimately discharging into the Hudson River.
Biota
Plant species present in Foundry Cove and Constitution Marsh
include emergent types growing in open water such as arrow
arum, pickerel weed, and cattail. Water milfoi1, a submergent,
is founod in open water areas. Typha and arrow arum are the
predominant plant species existing in the outfall area. An
unusual cattail morphology of the lower portion of the inflo-
rescence was observed near the Kemble Avenue outfall (Acres,
1985) .
The predominant faunal population observed in and around the
Foundry Cove and Constitution Marsh area include mice, Norway
rats, muskrat, snapping turtles, catfish, banded killifish,
sunfish, carp, white perch, eel, pickerel frogs, and blue
crabs. The dominant benthic organisms are chironomid larvae
(Diptera) and oligochaete (segmented) worms. Migrating
waterfowl, predominantly ducks and geese, are periodically
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Historic Sites
A considerable number of historic areas are in the vicinity
of the site, including the Cold Spring Historic District,
composed of 31 properties of Main Street; the West Point
Foundry Historic District, covering all of East Foundry Cove
and a portion of the Foundry Brook drainage basin; the Fair
Lawn area, orginating near the mouth of Foundry Brook and
contiguous to the West Point Foundry area; the Boscobel
Historical site, located adjacent to Constitution Marsh; and
Eagle's Rest Historic Area, including much of the southern
portion of Foundry Cove.
Site History:
In 1952, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers constructed a battery
manufacturing facility in the Village of Cold Spring, Putnam
County, New York, for the U.S. Army Signal Supply Agency (REI,
1983).
In 1953, under contract with the Army Signal Corps, Sonotone
Corporation began operating the plant to produce nickel-cadmium
batteries for use in the NIKE Missile Program. Subsequent
contracts for battery production at the plant included batter-
ies for warhead failsafe systems and military jet fighter
batteries. Between 1954 and 1955, the contract was amended to
permit Sonotone Corporation to produce commercial batteries
(REI, 1983).
In 1962, the government, having declared the property excess,
sold it to Sonotone Corporation. In 1967, Sonotone Corporation
became. a wholly-owned subsidiary of Clevite Corporation. In
1969, Clevite Corporation merged with Gould, Incorporated.
In 1969, Gould, Incorporated sold the plant to Business Fund,
Incorporated which later changed its name to Marathon Battery
Company. Marathon Battery Company operated the plant until
March 1979. The plant was inactive from March 1979 until
November 1980, when it was sold to the current owner, Merchan-
dise Dynamics, Incorporated, for use as a book storage facility.
Prior to selling the plant to Merchandise Dynamics, Incorporated,
all battery manufacturing equipment was removed and shipped
to a Marathon Battery Company plant in Waco, Texas, and approxi-
mately 225,000 kg of drummed process wastes were shipped to
Precious Metals Refining Corporation in Hollywood, California
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The plant's original wastewater treatment system consisted of
a lift station and piping for transfer of all process wastewater
into the Cold Spring sewer system for discharge directly into
the Hudson River. In addition, a by-pass valve was installed
so that when the lift station was shut down or overloaded, a
direct gravity discharge could be made into a storm sewer for
discharge into East Foundry Cove Marsh. By-passes into this
storm sewer system were frequently necessary because the high
dissolved solids and pH of the effluent resulted in extreme
fouling within the pump and piping, as well as erosion of the
pump and impeller case. As the capacity of the pump was
reduced by these effects, the pump could not handle the
wastewater flow, and ultimately, the pumps required shut down
and maintenance or replacement. To accommodate peak flows,
and during pump maintenance, the by-pass valve was opened and
the flow diverted to East Foundry Cove Marsh. This occurred
at least twice weekly for periods of time ranging from a few
hours to a full operating shift. Calculations by consultants
for Marathon Battery Company have indicated that approximately
50,000 kg of cadmium may have been discharged to the Cove
during the life of the plant (REI, 1983).
During 1965, the New York State Department of Health (NYSDOH)
identified the need for a sewage treatment plant in the
Village of Cold Spring. During the design of the sewage
treatment facility, the Village's consultant concluded that
the battery plant's process effluent could not be managed by
the proposed sewage treatlnent system. Subsequently, the
Village of Cold Spring ordered Sonotone Corporation to discon-
nect its industrial discharge from the Village's sanitary
sewer. To accomplish this directive, Sonotone shut down the
diversion pumps and by-passed the entire wastewater flow into
the storm sewer to East Foundry Cove Marsh. Sonotone then
installed equipment which was designed to precipitate metal
hydroxides and adjust the pH of the wastewater prior to
discharge into the storm sewer system. This treatment system,
however, failed to operate properly. As a result, the treated
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the plant was given a January 1, 1970 deadline to achieve
compliance with discharge regulations (REI, 1983).
Pursuant to the final judgment in 70 Civ. 4110, discussed in
the Enforcement section, hydraulic dredging was conducted
between September 1972 and July 1973. Figure 5 illustrates
the extent of the dredging operation. The outfall area was
dredged to a depth of 0.6 m at which point a solid clay-gravel
base was encountered. The base, found to be relatively
contaminant free, was not removed. The channel was dredged to a
depth varying from 0.6-1.2 m and 90,000 square meters (m2),
0.3 m deep area was removed from the main body of the Cove. All
dredge spoils were deposited in a diked enclosure constructed
over a parking lot on the battery facility property. Approxi-
mately 4,000 cubic meters (m3) of material were eventually
retained. During the dewatering process, the sediments were
allowed to settle overnight. The next morning, the supernatant
passed through a storm drain and back into Foundry Cove (Gregor,
1973).
After completion of the dredging operation, the dewatered
dredge spoils, were placed in a clay-lined underground vault
on the plant property. The vault was then sealed with asphalt
and fenced.
Various studies by New York University (NYU) and others were
conducted on the Foundry Cove cadmium contamination problem
prior to, during, and after the dredging activities. Post-
dredging monitoring continued to detect elevated cadmium and
nickel concentrations in the Cove's sediments, flora, and
fauna.
In October 1981, EPA listed the Marathon Battery Company site
on the National Priorities List.
In August 1983, EPA and the State of New York signed a coopera-
tive agreement to undertake a remedial investigation and
feasibility study (RI/FS) for the Marathon Battery Company
site. ACRES International, the New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation consultant, initiated the RI/FS
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An RI report on the nature and extent of the contamination of
the Foundry Cove/Hudson River portion of the site was completed
in July 1985. A draft FS for this portion of this site was
completed in August 1985. Because the FS contained insuffi-
cient information to evaluate effectively the technical
merits and environmental effects of the remedial alternatives
under consideration, the u.s. Army Corps of Engineers (COE)
was tasked to expand upon the study by further evaluating
technically feasible means of remediating Foundry Cove and
Constitution Marsh, including identifying and evaluating
effective means of containing the site's cadmium-contaminated
sediments, evaluating the effectiveness and efficiencies of
site-wide and hot spot dredging, and determining the long-term
hydraulic impacts on Constitution Marsh associated with dredg-
ing and/or containing the contaminated sediments in Foundry
Cove. The COE completed its technical assistance in February
1986. In addition, some additional RI/FS activities were
performed by EPA Zone Contractor, EBASCO Services, Incorporated.
These activities included: bench top testing of heavy metal
treatment technologies; additio~al sediment corings in Consti-
tution Marsh; a wetland assessment, and interpretation and
incorporation of the COE's technical assistance input, and
the results of the bench top testing, sediment corings, and
wetland assessment, into a supplemental RI/FS. This work was
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Current Site Status:
Sediments and surface water are the two potential routes of
exposure associated with the East Foundry Cove Marsh/Consti-
tution Marsh portion of the Marathon Battery Company site.
o Sediments
Assessment of the sediments focused on identifying the
degree of sediment contamination in terms of location and
depth.
Tables 3 and 4 summarize the cadmium, cobalt and nickel
concentrations detected in the sediments of each of the
areas sampled. Figures 6, 7, and 8 illustrate the mean
sediment concentration for each of these areas. The areal
extent of the cadmium contamination in East Foundry Cove
Marsh and Constitution Marsh are illustrated on Figure 9.
Metals contaminatio~ in the sediments displayed very percep-
tible patterns, reflecting the original point source dis-
charge of the cadmium, nickel, and cobalt into Foundry Cove,
their subsequent transport, and their gradually decreasing
levels at sites progressing away from the discharge point.
In general, the data show that sediments of East Foundry
Cove Marsh and the northern proximity of Constitution Marsh
are contaminated relative to Tivoli Bay, the co~trol site,
(Acres, 1985 and Ebasco RI, 1986).
The highest level of contamination occurs in East Foundry
Cove Marsh in close proximity to the Kemble Avenue outfall.
This area is characterized by a layer of greenish-white
sediment spanning an approximately 15 by 30 m area. Contami-
nant concentrations in the East Foundry Cove Marsh outfall
area were as high as 171,000, 156,000, and 6,700 mg/kg for
cadmium, nickel, and cobalt, respectively, to depths greater
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Sediment contamination radiates a~ay from the East Foundry
Cove Marsh outfall along a pattern that follows the channel
connecting East Foundry Cove Marsh to the main body of East
Foundry Cove. Levels of cadmium in the surficial sediments
of this channel and at its mouth range between 1,000-10,000+
mg/kg. Overall, the cadmium concentration measured in the
sediment decreased by four orders of magnitude at increased
distances from the outfall (Bower, 1978).
Southeast of the channel mouth is an area in East Foundry
Cove Marsh approximately 75 by 15 m containing increased
levels of cadmium up to 40,000 mg/kg. The distribution of
the cadmium in this a~ea, as well as within the remainder of
East Foundry Cove appears to be dictated by: (1) the tendency
of the flooding tidal patterns, bringing water in from the
Hudson River and West Foundry Cove, to follow the north shore;
(2) the tendency of the ebbing tidal patterns, removing water
and any associated contaminants from East Foundry Cove, to
follow the south shore; (3) the 1972-1973 dredging effort
along the north shore of the marsh; and (4) the presence of
aquatic vegetation in shallower areas which contribute to
deposition in these areas (Acres, 1985).
The north~estern shore contains cadmium concentrations which
approach background levels* at all depths. Sites investigated
along the south shore displayed surficial cadnium at concen-
trations in the 100-500 mg/kg range. At depth, background
levels are observed. The central portion of East Foundry
Cove, which is generally shallower and tends to be dominated
by rooted emergent vegetation during the su~~er months,
exhibited surficial cadmium concentrations of 500-1,000
mg/kg.. Contamination at depth does not exist at this location,
either (Acres, 1985).
* Background cadmium concentrations in the Hudson River Estuary
has shown wide special variability ranging from 1.94 mg/kg to
14.1 mg/kg (Kneip and O'Connor 1979, and O'Connor and Moese,
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As can be seen by Table 4, in Constitution Marsh contamination
is present in the surficial sediments of the main channels in
the northern section of the marsh, with 40% of the marsh
sediments showing cadmium and nickel concentrations greater
than 100 mg/kg to 10 em deep. Overall, levels of cadmium
range from 4.0 to 940 mg/kg, nickel concentrations range from
9 to 1600 mg/kg, cobalt concentrations range from 4 to 99
mg/kg (Acres, 1985 and Ebasco RI, 1986).
In the southern channels of Constitution Marsh, surficial
cadmium concentrations are statistically significant when
compared to the control site, but are much reduced from the
levels observed in the northern channels of the marsh. The
nature of the tidal patterns in the marsh, which originate
from the eastern and southern portions of Foundry Cove and
meet at the middle of the marsh, appear to limit the opportunity
for contaminant transport to the southerh reaches of the
marsh. Subsurface strata at all stations reflect background
conditions (Acres, 1985).
No federal or state standards or criteria have been established
for cadmium, nickel, or cobalt in sediments. Therefore,
after careful analysis of scientific research, prior investi-
gative work at the site, and the previous dredging of the
outfall and channel to 900 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg was selected for
remediation of the site. (See Alternatives Evaluation section
for further discussion of the selection of this action level.)
Surface Water
Equilibrium chemistry studies of cadmium and nickel, have
shown nickel to be more mobile than cadmium (Bondietti et.
al., 1974). Cadmium tends to be associated with carbonates
whereas nickel is usually associated with iron and manganese
oxides, but the presence of ligands and organic material can
affect these associations (Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).
Both metals have been shown to be readily adsorbed by plant
detritus (Odum and Drifmeyer, 1978). In addition, salinity
and pH can exert strong effects on the equilibrium chemistry
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Figures 10, 11, and 12 illustrate the total and soluble
cadmium, cobalt, and nickel concentrations in the surface
water. Since the cadmium is in a form that is highly avail-
able in East Foundry Cove Marsh (Sloan, 1986), cadmium levels
in East Foundry Cove as high as 0.27 mg/l have been detected.
At some East Foundry Cove stations, EPA water quality criteria
for protection of freshwater aquatic life from toxic condi-
tions have been exceeded. These standards for total cadmium
water concentrations are 6.6xl0-4 to 2.0xI0-3 mg/l for water
hardness levels of 50 and 200 mg/l, respectively. (Levels of
hardness present at the site range from 100-150 mg/l.)
The elevated levels of cadmium in East Foundry Cove on- an ebb
tide versus a flood tide indicate that tidal resuspension and
transport of sediments is occurring (Acres, 1985). (See Table 5.)
It appears that under normal hydrologic events, however, the
extent of this transfer is minimal.
Based on the federal nickel
protection of aquatic life,
not harm the aquatic biota.
been established for cobalt.
water quality criteria for the
the levels of nickel found will
No standards or criteria have
The sewer system which carried the industrial wastes to East
Foundry Cove Marsh does not appear to be a continuing source
of contamination. No sediment was found in the section of
the Kemble Avenue line downgradient of the former battery
plant. It appears that flushing or scouring as a result of
storm flow maintains the accessible portion of the Kemble
Avenue line relatively free of accumulated sediments. In
addition, this line was hydraulically flushed in the early
1970s during the dredging of the outfall area (Acres, 1985).
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-16-
A volatile organic scan failed to detect the presence of any
volatile organic acids for any water or sediment samples.
Organic priority pollutant analysis of sediments collected
show the presence of some base/neutral compounds. None of
the detected contaminants were chlorinated. The base/neutrals
measured in appreciable quantities are typically associated
with runoff from paved areas. Although elevated in relation
to the other sampled areas, the observed concentrations are
not excessively high. (See Table 6.)
A number of hydrological phenomena associated with observed
flow patterns and tides appear to be responsible for the
distribution of contaminants in East Foundry Cove. Sediment
analysis confirms that there has been transport of cadmium,
nickel, and cobalt away from the site of deposition, resulting
in contamination of peripheral areas. The data further show
that the degree of contamination radiates from the East.
Foundry Cove Marsh outfall area, such that those sites progres-.
sively distant from the outfall are less contaminated. The
pattern of contamination in Foundry Cove is very similar to the
patterns of hydrodynamic flow. High energy areas tend to be
less contaminated than those sites where the settling of partic-
ulates is enhanced as a result of low velocities and dense
stands of aquatic macrophytes. Contaminants in Foundry Cove
are being redistributed and are now present over a wider area
and at greater depths than documented in 1972-1976 by Kneip.
Tidal action redistribution of cadmium from contaminated
undredged areas may have influenced existing patterns of con-
tamination (Acres, 1985 and Ebasco RI, 1986).
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-17-
Daily tidal fluctuations and the resulting current velocities,
periodically combined with significant runoff in flow from
the Kemble Avenue and NYSDOT outfalls, account for the primary
short-term sediment transport mechanism. The relative move-
ment of sediment is dependent on the tidal stage fluctuation
magnitude and the resulting strength of the ebb and flood
currents. Some of the recontamination might also be the
result of marsh bank erosion and the subsequent filling of
the channel. The discharge of waters back into Foundry Cove
during the initial dredge spoil dewatering operations may
have also reintroduced contaminated sediments to the cove
(Acres, 1985).
o
Constitution Marsh is influenced by the flow of water from
both East Foundry Cove and South Cove. The hydrodynamics of
tidal flux in Constitution Marsh is such that those stations
which are primarily subjected to water movement from East
Foundry Cove display a higher degree of metal contamination
than those influenced by South Cove tidal activities. The
transport of contaminated material into South Cove appears
limited (Acres, 1985).
Biota Contamination
The degree of the cadmium contamination present in the biota
in the Foundry Cove area is a clear indication of the
environmental threat posed by the site.
Practically every trophic group sampled had elevated tissue
burdens of cadmium. Those organisms and plant samples from
the outfall area typically displayed elevated cobalt and
nickel concentrations as well. Those species in direct
contact with the contaminated substrate, including benthos,
terrestial oligochaetes, and wetland vegetation, or those
species with an extended duration of exposure, including
macroinvertebrates, fish, wood ducks, and mammals, display
the greatest amount of metal accumulation (Acres, 1985).
(See Figures 13-20.)
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-18-
The wetland vegetation in the East Foundry Cove Marsh outfall
area is highly contaminated, with average cadmium, nickel,
and cobalt concentrations in the roots of 500, 250, and 10
ug/l, respectively. Significant levels of heavy metals
contamination also occur in Constitution Marsh. The presence
of excessive cadmium in the tissues of these plants, particu-
larly Typha, is ecologically significant. Vegetation serves
an important role in the trophic pathways of the marsh eco-
system. Incorporation of metals in the tissues of the vegeta-
tion may lead to bioaccumulation in mammals (Erickson, 1983)
and waterfowl (DiGiulio, 1982). Acting as an environmental
sink, the detritus becomes incorporated in the sediment and
provides a medium for bacteria and a food source for the
benthic in fauna (Acres, 1985).
Infrared aerial photographs were examined for evidence of
potential vegetation community stress. Although particular
attention was paid to sections of the marsh where elevated
sediment contaminant levels had been documented, no obvious
patterns of stressed vegetation were revealed (Acres, 1985).
No significant relationship between benthic infaunal community
structures and metal contamination levels in the sediment has
been found. With the possible exception of variation in
community patterns within Foundry Cove, the variation in
abundances and diversity of the benthic in faunal community
may relate to diversity in the forms of contamination present
and the alterations which occur with changes in hardness, pH,
salinity, and other variables (Sloan, 1986).
Organisms which are part of the detrital food web such as
fish, macroinvertebrates, and some wading birds and waterfowl
may uptake the contaminants through ingestion. Table 7 shows
the levels of contamination in benthic infauna and the
corresponding sediment concentrations. The highest cadmium
concentration, 570 ug/l, found in the infauna in the vicinity
of the East Foundry Cove Marsh outfall, corresponds to 5,100 ug/l
in the sediment. A benthic algae sample in this area showed
concentration of 2,840 ug/l, 2,200 ug/l, and 120 ug/l for
cadmium, nickel, and cobalt, respectively. Cadmium levels in
Foundry Cove phytoplankton and zooplankton were as high as
540 ug/g and 870 ug/g,'respectively. (Acres, 1985) (See Table 8.)
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-19-
The data indicate that fish from the Foundry Cove/Constitution
Marsh area have elevated levels of tissue contamination. The
occurrence of elevated levels of cadmium in certain tissues
of Morone americana (white perch) is noteworthy. Although
the flesh was found to be contaminated at levels equal to or
below 0.32 ug/g, liver concentrations as high as 47 ug/g were
detected. (See Table 9.) It is difficult to conclude that
this contamination is solely the result of exposure to Foundry
Cove, as fish are highly mobile. The bioaccumulation study
revealed, however, that significant body tissue uptake of
cadmium occurs even under a limited duration of exposure (Acres,
1985).
Cadmium contamination of the macroinvertibrates (blue crab)
is recognized as a widescale problem in the Hudson River
(Axelrod and Flacke, 1981). Foundry Cove has been identified
as one of the more important sources of such contamination
(Kuzia, 1981). The bioaccumulation study conducted by Acres
documented a rapid and significant accumulation of cadmium in
the tissues of crustaceans (crayfish) even over a limited
period of exposure. Although the blue crab remains in the
Foundry Cove area for only a short time, it appears to be
susceptible to cadmium accumulation during this brief exposure.
Table 10 shows an average concentration of 19.4 ug/g hepatic
cadmium in East Foundry Cove blue crab samples.
Cadmium levels in reptiles (snapping turtles) from Foundry
Cove and Constitution Marsh were elevated for kidneys and
liver at 27 ug/g and 23 ug/g, respectively. (See Table 10.)
Some of the turtles examined were found to have-liver or
kidney abnormalities, suggesting sub-lethal effects related
to the .elevated levels of cadmium. The muscle tissue of the
snapping turtles, however, did not exhibit contaminant levels
any higher than those from Tivoli Bay (Acres, 1985).
The mammals, as represented by mice, rats, and muskrats
contained significant levels of cadmium in specimens from
Foundry Cove. It is suspected that the muskrat population of
Foundry Cove/Constitution Marsh have experienced limited
reproductive success. Lodges, built in early spring, have
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-20-
cadmium-contaminated Typha, an important forage item of
muskrats, leads to the accumulation of the metal in the
muskrats and may elicit sub-lethal impacts such as reproductive
failure (Rod, 1986).
The rats and mice examined from Foundry Cove and the adjacent
upland areas, displayed elevated cadmium contamination with'
levels in one rat reaching 270 ug/g in the liver and 210 ug/g
in the kidney. (See Table 10.) Some of the livers examined
were found to be discolored and four contained necrotic
spots. The necrotic spots were determined to be related to
stress resulting from the cadmium contamination (Sloan", 1986).
Crab samples taken from downriver locations were also found
to be contaminated with cadmium. This contamination may not
be directly attributable to East Foundry Cove contamination,
since cadmium contamination is a widespread problem in the
Hudson River, and a significant quantity of cadmium was
discharged to the Hudson River at the pier site.
Total cadmium concentrations in water greater than 7-10 ug/1
have been observed to reduce hatchability of eggs, increase
larval fish mortalities, and decrease standing crop size
(USEPA, 1979~ Eaton, 1974~ Eisler, 1971). Zooplankton,
particularly the sensitive forms such as cladocerans, have
been demonstrated to be significantly affected by dissolved
cadmium concentrations of 0.7 to 3.4 ug/l (Anderson, et. ale
1975). Thus, some of the observed concentrations of cadmium
detected at the site may be sufficient to impact substantially
aquatic life.
As can "be seen by the data, cadmium contamination is evident
in all trophic levels and is being bioaccumulated through the
food chain. Figure 21 shows that aquatic organisms exposed
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-21-
to the Foundry Cove area for as little as seven days substan-
tially increase their tissue levels of cadmium (Acres, 1985).
Consequently, transient species of fish and blue crab which
venture into the Foundry Cove area for short periods of time
may experience similar cadmium contamination. Levinton has
shown that genetic selection is occurring as a result of the
cadmium contamination and that organisms transplanted from
South Cove will not survive in East Foundry Cove (Sloan, 1986).
To date, however, the only acute effects of the high sediment
concentrations have been shown by Kneip (1980) to be a decrease
in diversity and abundance of the benthic community where
sediment concentrations were greater than 10,000 mg/kg cadmium
in East Foundry Cove Marsh. Muskrats, however, are having a
difficult time surviving in East Foundry Cove as compared to
Constitution Marsh (Sloan, 1986).
Generally, Constitution Marsh is considered to be healthy
based on observations by many researchers who have worked at
this site but have been unable to find any major ecosystem-wide
impact which could have resulted from a stressed environment.
Because of the rarity of extensive cattail stands, Constitution
Marsh may represent an important component of the larger
Hudson River Estuary. The habitat it provides for nesting
least bittern and wood duck, and migrating waterfowl and
raptor is of regional importance (Acres, 1985 and Ebasco RI,
1986).
The contribution of the site's wetlands in the support of the
Hudson Estuaries Fishery Resources is not known. Many fish
species reside in or temporarily enter the wetlands for
feeding and/or spawning. In addition, the contribution of
marsh invertebrates to the Hudson River food web has not been
extensively studied. Generally, estuarine invertebrate are an
important link between detritus, algae, fish, birds, reptiles,
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-22-
Nickel has been found to be less toxic than cadmium. Suscep-
tibility to nickel toxicity in aquatic plants is for the most
part, species-dependent. The nickel uptake rate increases
with exposure concentration, and much of the metal is bound
internally. Significant aquatic plant growth and photosynthe-
sis reductions generally have been found to occur at water
concentrations of 0.1-0.5 mg/l (Moore and Ramamoorthy, 1984).
The International Agency for Research on Cancer lists/nickel
and its soluble forms as animal positiv~ carcinogens (Sittig,
1981).
Cobalt concentration of 0.04 mg/l in water have been found to
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-23-
o Human Health
Although cadmium concentrations in the typically ingested
tissues of edible species of fish and crab do not indicate an
immediate public health hazard, levels in liver and kidney
tissues are sufficiently high to warrant attention to the
potential for such a risk to humans.
Cadmium has no known beneficial or essential role in human
health. Typically, approximately 5-6 percent of the cadmium
entering the gastrointestinal tract is absorbed. After
absorption, the blood transports cadmium throughout the body.
The liver takes up the cadmium where it is incorporated into
a metal-binding protein. The protein-bound cadmium is then
released back into the blood and is deposited into the kidneys
and other soft tissues, including the testes, lungs, pancreas,
spleen, and various endocrine organs. This binding and
deposition process is believed to be responsible for cadmium's
long half-life (16-33 years (WHO, 1972)) in the the human
body (USEPA, 1981). Renal dysfunction is the most typical
and severe effect of chronic low-level cadmium exposure.
Cadmium is also a potential carcinogen (Sittig, 1981).
Based upon a sur~ey of crab consumption by the residents of
Cold Spring, the New York University Medical Center determined
that a potentially serious chronic health hazard to some
portion of the crab-eating population does exist (Kneip et.
al., 1979). Using extrapolated data from juvenile and adult
crabs, it was estimated by Kneip that crab consumption by
some Cold Spring residents at the present level could lead to
critical kidney damage in 12.5 to 50 years. The New York
State Commissioner of Health, on April 21, 1977, issued a
health advisory that crabs from Foundry Cove not be consumed.
Hiedow (1981) indicated a possible widespread problem as
crabs taken from other areas of the Hudson River had elevated
cadnium levels, as well (5-40 ug cadMium per gram wet weight
in the hepatopancreas). Therefore, an expansion of the previous
warning was made in the spring of 1981, advising the public to
eat not more than one meal a week of crabs taken from the
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-24-
In terms of the degree of the threat to human health, nickel
is less toxic than cadmium. Local exposure to nickel irritates
the nose, eyes, mouth, throat, skin, and various parts of the
respiratory and gastrointestinal systems. Absorption, however,
does not occur (Sittig, 1981).
Ingestion or inhalation of high concentrations of cobalt
generally results in vomiting, diarrhea, and a sensation of
"hotness" (Sittig, 1981).
Based upon the results of a probalistic human health impact
assessment prepared by Ebasco, the following conclusions were
drawn:
1 .
Components of the biota of Foundry Cove are contaminated
with cadmium to the extent that large indiscrete
individual consumption of certain species presents a
human health risk.
2 .
The area of greatest human health concern is East
Foundry Cove Marsh where significant levels of
cadmium contamination have been found in the sediments.
Constitution Marsh contamination presents a minor
health impact.
3.
Consumption of aquatic biota was identified as the
most probable means of human exposure to site contami-
nants. Concentrations of cadmium less than 900
mgjkg in East Foundry Cove Marsh and Constitution
Marsh sediments will pose no human health-related
threats through the consumption of aquatic biota.
4.
. Direct contact and ingestion of suspended contaminated
sediment during recreational uses of this area, such
as swimming, boating, and nature observation, are
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-25-
To alleviate the environmental and potential human health
effects stemming from the excessive levels of heavy metals
contamination found in the East Foundry Cove Marsh sediments,
and to prevent further migration of these highly contaminated
sediments to Foundry Cove, the Hudson River, and Constitution
Marsh, remedial action is called for.
Enforcement:
On September 22, 1970, a complaint was filed (70 Civ. 4110)
in the u.S. District Court, Southern District of New York, by
the United States against Marathon Battery Company for viola-
tion of Sections 407, 413, and 441 of Title 33 of the United
States Code ("Refuse Act"). The complaint sought preliminary
and permanent injunctive relief, enjoining and restraining the
"discharge or deposit of any alkali, or any salt of nickel,
cadmium or cobalt... directly or indirectly into Foundry Cove
or the Hudson River..." and ordering Marathon Battery Company
to remove promptly the "deposited salts, and any other refuse
or debris deposited in Foundry Cove." The complaint was
amended in the course of the following year, and defendants
filed their answers. Sonotone Corporation, Gould, Incorporated,
Clevite Corporation, the State of New York, and Old Foundry
Realty Corporation had been joined as defendants. Subsequently,
the suit was settled out of court.
A final judgment, entered on June 8, 1972, required the removal
of contaminated sediments to a concentration of 900 milligrams
per kilogram (mg/kg) from the outfall area adjacent to the
discharge pipe, the channel leading to the main body of Foundry
Cove, and a portion of the Cove. Marathon Battery Company, .
Sonotone Corporation, Clevite Corporation, and Gould, Incorporated
participated in the limited cleanup of Foundry Cove.
In response to a report filed with the court on behalf of the
defendants, the United States filed a satisfaction of judgment,
stating that "the defendants...are deemed to have complied
with the terms of the final judgment, as amended, with respect
to the removal of the deposits of cadmium from Foundry Cove
and are relieved from any further obligation with respect
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-26-
The Army was not named a co-defendant in the u.s. Attorney's
original suit. Marathon Battery Company, Sonotone Corporation,
Clevite Corporation, and Gould, Incorporated alleged that the
Army had participated in damaging Foundry Cove by engineering
and approving the plant design and by constructing the plant.
Therefore, they claimed the Army should be liable for damages.
The Army was not required to join in the suit, and, since the
case was settled out of court, the judge never ruled on the
question of Army responsibility (Putnam, Hayes, & Bartlett, 1983).
EPA intends to proceed under CERCLA against the Potentially
Responsible Parties (PRPs). Consequently notice letters were
sent to u.s. Army, Marathon Battery Company, Gould, Incorporated,
Sonotone International, and Imperial Clevite, as well as to
Merchandise Dynamics, Incorporated, the current property
owner.
Marathon Battery Company, Gould, Incorporated and the COE
have cooperated in supplying information and meeting with the
Agency. Marathon Battery Company has provided estimates of
metallic contaminant discharges into Foundry Cove which
dccurred during each year of operation throughout the life of
the plant. Marathon Battery Company and Gould, Incorporated
have commented on the RI and FS documents. From an archival
search, the COE has prepared a summary of the history of the
site and the associated threat.
It is EPA's intention to negotiate with the PRPs for the
implementation of the remedy. If these negotiations are
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Alternatives Evaluation:
The primary objective of the feasibility study was to evaluate
remedial alternatives using a cost-effective approach consist-
ent with the goals and objectives of CERCLA. According to 40
CFR 300.68(i), the appropriate extent of a remedy will be
based upon the selection of a cost-effective remedial alterna-
tive which effectively mitigates and minimizes dama~e to and
provides adequate protection of the public health, welfare,
or the environment. The NCP outlines procedures and criteria
to be used in selecting the most cost-effective alternative.
The first step is to evaluate public health and environmental
effects and welfare concerns associated with the problem.
Criteria to be considered are outlined in Section 300.68(e) of
the NCP and include such factors as actual or potential
direct contact with hazardous material, degree of contamination
of drinking water, and extent of isolation and/or migration
of the contaminant.
The next step is to develop a limited list of possible remedial
alternatives which could be implemented. The no-action alter-
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The third step in the process is to provide an initial screen-
ing of the remaining alternatives. The costs, relative
effectiveness in minimizing threats, and engineering feasi-
bility are reviewed here. The no-action alternative may be
included for further evaluation when response actions may
cause greater environmental or health damage than no-action
responses. A no-action alternative may also be included if
it is appropriate relative to the extent of the existing
threat or if response actions provide no greater protection.
From the evaluation of existing data and information on the
nature and extent of the contamination associated with the
East Foundry Cove Marsh/Constitution Marsh portion of Marathon
Battery Company site, the following remedial objectives were
established:
o
Prevention of all biota from contacting East Foundry
Cove Marsh and Constitution Marsh contaminated sedi-
ments that would threaten them;
o
Prevention of resuspension and redistribution of the
contaminated sediments that would threaten the area
flora and fauna; and
o
Minimization of the disturbance to Constitution Marsh,
since this wetland is a delicate ecological habitat.
In the absence of standards or criteria for contaminant
levels of cadmium, nickel, and cobalt in sediments, to evaluate
remedial alternatives for East Foundry Cove Marsh and Consti-
tution Marsh, it was necessary to establish an acceptable
cadmium contaminant level for the site.
Based upon Ebasco's probalistic human health impact assessment,
900 mg/kg was found to be an acceptable cadmium concentration
level to protect public health. Information of a similar
nature pertaining to the protection of the environment,
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-29-
ranging from 10 mg/kg (background) to 900 mg/kg cadmium have
been suggested for remediation action levels for the site.
McNaughton (1974) observed reduced growth of broad-leaf
cattails grown in soils with 73 mg/kg cadmium relative to
plants grown on soils with approximately 2 mg/kg cadmium.
Research performed for EPA (JRB, 1984) established sediment
criteria for cadmium based upon limiting concentrations in
water to levels below EPA Ambient Water Quality Criteria.
Although this technique has not been thoroughly tested at
this time, preliminary results have shown that sediment
cadmium toxicity decreases with increasing organic content:
for a total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of 5%, the
chronic sediment cadmium criterion was found to be 38.5
mg/kg, and at a TOC of 10%, the chronic level was found to be
77 mg/kg. Ebasco's field results showing an average TOC
value of 7% for this area (See Table 7) would imply that a
cadmium concentration somewhere in the range of 60 mg/kg
would be required to prevent chronic exposure. The proportion
of cadmium found in the sediment to that in aqueous solution
in the marsh, however, will depend not only on TOC, but on
other site-specific factors including water chemistry, pH,
oxidation/reduction potential, and temperature. Therefore,
the model for partitioning based on simplifying assumptions
will only approximate site-specific cadmium criterion (ERT,
1986).
Based upon an analysis of available information and the
above-referenced research, as well as discussions with state
and federal fish and wildlife experts, a site-specific sediment
cadmium remediation level of 100 mg/kg was established.
Based upon the analyses described above, remediation to
background would be unnecessarily overprotective. Remediation
to 900 mg/kg, on the other hand, would not be adequate to
protect against the threat to the environment posed by the
site. (It should be noted that the previous dredging operation
to 900 mg/kg was unsuccessful.)
No action level was established for nickel and cobalt since
it was assumed that any remedial action undertaken would
mitigate cobalt and nickel contaminant levels, as well.
With the stated objectives and response criteria in mind, an
extensive list of feasible remedial technolgies was developed.
(See Table 11.) Due to the complex environmental, technical,
regulatory and health issues associated with this site, the
number of technologies and possible combinations was considera-
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In order to evaluate the applicability and suitability of
potential remedial treatment technologies, bench scale feasi-
bility tests were performed. These tests generated empirical
data on the performance of various technologies for transport
or treatment. The results from these bench-scale tests
showed that: (1) most of the contaminant metals found in the
dredging water are bound to the resuspended solids and only
trace concentrations of the metals will leach out in the
dissolved phase; (2) dredging water will require treatment
to meet NYSDEC suspended solids and total metal standards;
(3) acid leaching of the sediments to remove significant
quantities of the contaminant metals is not an effective
remedial technology; (4) hydraulically dredged sediment can
be sufficiently thickened by settling, and can be efficiently
dewatered by filtration without adding conditioning agents;
and (5) the contaminant metals can be chemically fixated in
the sediments and the fixated sediments will pass the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) EP Toxicity Test to be
classified as non-hazardous.
A feasibility screening eliminated those remedial
that were not technically applicable or effective
site conditions. Table 12 summarizes the results
feasibility screening of technologies.
technologies
because of
of the
The remedial technologies surviving the feasibility screening
were combined into five remedial alternatives:
IV.
No Action
Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening/Fixation/Off-Site
Disposal
Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening/Fixation/On-Site
. Disposal
Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening/Dewatering/Off-Site
Disposal
Containment
I .
II.
III.
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-31-
Considering the different degrees of contamination leading to
varying degrees of public health and environmental iisk, and
considering the differing physical conditions between East
Foundry Cove Marsh and Constitution Marsh, the alternatives
were screened in terms of the two sub-sites: East Foundry
Cove Marsh (ECM), and Constitution Marsh '(CM). The purposes
of this subdivision were to allow consider~tion of different
remedial technologies/alternatives for both areas and to
provide the flexibility in decision-making to select the most
cost-effective remedial alternative for both areas.
Based on these considerations, the potential remedial alternatives
identified for the two sub-sites are as follows:
East Foundry Cove Marsh (ECM)
°Alternative ECM-l:
No Action
°Alternative ECM-2:
Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening/
Fixation/Off-site Disposal
°Alternative ECM-3:
Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening/
Fixation/On-site Disposal
°Alternative ECM-4:
Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening/
Dewatering/Off-site Disposal
°Alternative ECM-5:
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-32-
Constitution Marsh (CM)
°Alternative CM-I:
No Action
°Alternative CM-2:
Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening/
Fixation/Off-Site Disposal
°Alternative CM-3:
Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening/
Dewatering/Off-Site Disposal
°Alternative CM-4:
Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening/
Fixation/On-Site Disposal
°Alternative CM-5:
Containment
These alternatives were subjected to a secondary screening
with the objective of identifying those alternatives with suffi-
cient merit to undergo detailed evaluation. The emphasis in
the secondary screening was on the technical feasibility,
environmental effects, and order-of-magnitude costs.
Based upon the secondary screening of these remedial alterna-
tives, Constitution Marsh Alternative CM-4, hydraulic dredging
thickening/fixation/on-site disposal, and Alternative CM-5,
containment, were deleted from further consideration. Alterna-
tive CM-4 would require the dredging of a significant volume
of sediments. This alternative was deleted from further
consideration because, due to limited land availability, a 7
ha on-site disposal site is not feasible. Because of the
significant environmental impacts associated with capping a
40 ha wetland, Alternative CM-5 was deleted from further
consideration.
The remaining alternatives were then
technical feasibility, environmental
tional considerations, public health
cost.
evaluated in terms of
considerations, institu-
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-33-
The NCP requires that at least one remedial alternative should
be considered for each of the five categories listed below:
1)
2)
A no-action alternative.
Alternatives which attain applicable or relevant and
appropriate (ARAR) federal public health or environ-
mental standards.
3 )
Alternatives which exceed ARAR federal public health
or environmental standards.
4 )
Alternatives for treatment or disposal at an approved
off-site facility.
5 )
Alternatives which do not attain applicable or
relevant federal public health or environmental
standards, but will reduce the likelihood of present
or future threat from hazardous substances.
Table 13 summarizes the status of each of the alternatives
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-34-
According to the NCP, a total cost estimate must also be
considered for remedial actions and must include both con-
struction and annual operation and maintenance costs. These
costs are estimated for the alternatives under consideration.
A present worth value analysis was used to convert the annual
operation and maintenance costs to an equivalent single
value. These costs were considered over a thirty year period
at a ten percent discount rate.
I .
NO ACTION:
Alternative ECM-l
The no-action alternative for East Foundry Cove Marsh would
involve restricting access to the site and minimization of
resuspension of the sediments as much as possible. This
alternative would include a 2.5 m high, 490 m long security
fence that would be installed on the north edge of the marsh
to restrict public access. A 600 m long permanent silt
curtain would be constructed along the south edge of the
marsh to restrict sediment migration into East Foundry Cove.
The Kemble Avenue storm sewer and the NYSDOT storm sewer
would be diverted by constructing two diversion ditches along
the north edge of East Foundry Cove Marsh. These diversion
ditche~ would discharge into East Foundry Cove and Foundry
Brook, respectively. Such diversion would minimize inflow to
East Foundry Cove Marsh and would, therefore, minimize resus-
pension of the highly contaminated sediments.
Long-t~rm monitoring of the site would be performed in order
to evaluate the performance of the no-action alternative.
Monitoring would consist of annual inspection of the diversion
ditches, as well as sampling and testing of East Foundry Cove
Marsh sediments and water every three months during the first
year and every six months thereafter for thirty years in
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Alternative CM-l
The no-action alternative for Constitution Marsh would address
restriction of public access and long-term monitoring. Due
to the relatively low concentrations of contaminants and
existing difficult access, erection of a security fence is
considered unnecessary. Only warning signs would be placed
at prominent locations. Long-term monitoring of the site for
thirty years would consist of sampling and testing of sediments
and water in order to monitor contaminated sediment migration.
Particular emphasis will be placed on monitoring the known
cadmium hot spots to determine, if in fact, natural sedimenta-
tion and tidal flushing will reduce the cadmium availability.
The sampling and testing would be done once every three
months in the first year and every six months thereafter. In
addition, bioassay/bioaccumalation studies would be performed
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Discusion
With respect to the no-action alternative, the results of the
field investigation and the feasibility study indicate that
there are significantly high levels of heavy metals contamina-
tion in the sediments of East Foundry Cove Marsh. These
sediments are the source for elevated cadmium, nickel, and
cobalt levels found in East Foundry Cove, West Foundry Cove,
portions of the Hudson River, and Constitution Marsh biota.
The sediment data specifically indicate:
The existing concentrations of cadmium, nickel and
cobalt measured in the sediments of East Foundry
Cove Marsh show gross contamination.
Although a notable decrease in contamination (four
orders of magnitude) is observed with iQcreasing
distance from the East Foundry Cove Marsh outfall,
most of the peripheral areas display elevated surfi-
cial contamination relative to the control site.
The transport of contaminated sediments away from
the outfall area follows patterns that are dictated
by tidal and river flow hydrodynamics. Although not
quantified, it is speculated that storm events may
significantly influence dispersion of these sediments,
especially in East Foundry Cove.
Deposition of contaminated sediment is a function of
tidal hydrodynamics (especially site-specific velocities),
aquatic macrophyte densities, and river currents and
conditions (Acres, 1985).
Key environmental and public health concerns include:
Cadmium contamination in the biota is present in all
trophic levels, with the benthic community containing
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Constitution Marsh, an Audubon Society-operated
sanctuary is contaminated with cadmium.
Fish-eating birds, waterfowl, and other terrestrial
animals that feed in the site vicinity may be adversely
affected due to bioaccumulation of cadmium in target
organs. Little is know about the ability of animals
to resist effects caused by cadmium uptake. Behavioral
and reproductive disfunction are known to occur but
are not well documented.
The consumption of biota from fishing, hunting, and
crabbing activities within Foundry Cove and Constitution
Marsh exposes humans to cadmium contaminated foods.
In addition, fish species migrate through the Foundry
Cove on the way up the Hudson River to spawn (Acres,
1985) .
The no-action alternatives focus on limited additional action
to decrease the risks associated with the contaminated areas.
These limited activities would fall into three main categories:
increase'public awareness; restrict access; and monitor condi-
tions over time.
Increasing public awareness would be accomplished by holding
public meetings and using the media to make people aware of
the problem and to inform people of the risks associated with
the heavy metal contamination.
Access to contaminated areas would be restricted to limit the
direct. contact of people with the contamination. These
restrictions would take the form of fencing and putting
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Monitoring over time would identify any changes that occur
due to movement or migration of contaminants resulting from
natural proceses such as solubilization and erosion.
The no-action alternative calls for no remedial action to
address the contaminated sediment of East Foundry Cove Marsh.
As a result, cadmium, nickel, and cobalt concentrations would
remain in the East Foundry Cove Marsh sediments in concentra-
tions as high as 171,000, 156,000 and 6,700 mg/kg, respectively,
in the outfall area.
In Constitution Marsh, the no-action alternative would leave
existing contaminant levels unaltered. Two discrete locations
of elevated concentrations of cadmium in sediments ranging
from approximately 500 mg/kg to approximately 1,000 mg/kg,
occur in the northern part of Constitution Marsh. The northern
40 ha of the marsh contain cadmium concentrations greater
than 100 mg/kg. Cadmium is known to.accumulate in some plant
and animal species, and has achieved elevated concentrations
in marsh wetland biota. These elevated concentrations may be
sufficient to cause toxic effects, but available information
. is inconclusive. The marsh appears producti~e and shows no
obvious symptoms of stress.
Under the no-action alternative, it is expected that species
within East Foundry Cove Marsh will continue to bioaccumulate
cadmium, community diversity will remain low for benthic
organisms, cadmium levels in organisms will continue to be
elevated, potentially increasing, and contaminated areas could
redistribute and extend to a greater and larger area. Aquatic
vegetation in the shallow areas of Foundry Cove, however,
tends to act as a depository for contaminants from East Foundry
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The major route of exposure for humans is through the ingestion
of contaminated fish and shellfish. Under the no-action
alternative, long-term health risks would remain since the
critical exposure pathway of ingestion of contaminated fish
and shellfish would not be eliminated or controlled. From a
public health standpoint, exposure to cadmium is of special
concern because:
The 16-33 year half-life in the human body (WHO,
1972);
Cadmium is stored in the soft tissues, mainly the
kidney;
Cadmium's resulting adverse health effects appear to be
irreversible (USEPA, 1981); and
EPA lists cadmium as a potential carcinogen (Sittig, 1981).
Foundry Cove is utilized by the people of Cold Spring for
fishing and crabbing. The NYSDOH has issued a cadmium-related
health advisory concerning the consumption of crabs from the
Hudson River. NYSDEC recommends that no one should eat more
than one meal of crabs from the Hudson River per week, that
the crab's liver should not be eaten at all, and that women
of child-bearing age and children under fifteen should never
eat any Hudson River crabs.
Other possible socio-economic impacts which may result from
the no-action alternative include depressed property values
in the vicinity of the cove and reduced or no interest in
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According to Ebasco's public health assessment, it has been
concluded that less than 900 mg/kg cadmium in Foundry Cove
and Constitution Marsh sediments poses no health-related
concerns. Accordingly, because of the degree of contamination
found in Constitution Marsh, there is only a minimal health
concern because the lower concentrations of sediment contaminants
have very small probabilities of exceeding acceptable human
intake through the relevant exposure pathways.
Assuming that East Foundry Cove Marsh is remediated, in
addition to the fact that significant levels of contamination
will be removed from the source, natural processes may result
in the deposition of clean sediment over the contaminated
sediment in East Foundry Cove and in Constitution Marsh, as
well. In general, substrate deposition in estuarine marshes
keeps pace with the rise, which is approximately 3 millimeters
per year (Renwier and Ashley, 1984). In time, therefore, the
contaminated zone may be sandwiched between layers of low
permeable material and become hydrologically isolated.
Availability of this remaining cadmium to plant life and other
biota should decrease with time as marsh sediments become
covered with sediments.
In view of the extensive potentially detrimental effects
resulting from dredging and removal of contaminated sediments
from 40 ha of the Constitution Marsh, as well as the determina-
tion that cadmium levels up to 900 mg/kg pose no human health
concern, the no-action alternative in Constitution Marsh
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The cadmium in East Foundry Cove Marsh is highly available.
As a result, no action in East Foundry Cove Marsh would allow
a signific~nt amount of cadmium contamination to remain,
presenting a continuing threat to the environment and public
health. Accordingly, no action is inappropriate for this
sub-site, and has been deleted from further consideration. In
Constitution Marsh, the cadmium is less available than in
East Foundry Cove Marsh. Because of the potentially significant
disruption of a sensitive ecosystem by implementing a remedial
alternative in Constitution Marsh, no action would be the
least damaging remedial alternative in terms of environmental
impacts.
II.
HYDRAULIC DREDGING/THICKENING/FIXATION/OFF-SITE DISPOSAL:
Alternative ECM-2
The major features of this alternative include hydraulic
dredging of East Foundry Cove Marsh, sediment chemical fixation
and off-site disposal, dredging water treatment and disposal,
restoration of the marsh, and long-term monitoring.
Hydraulic dredging over an area of approximately 5 ha in East
Foundry Cove Marsh would be performed to remove contaminated
sediment to a depth of approximately 0.6 m from the marsh,
outfall area, and channels, as well as the area in East
Foundry Cove in the vicinity of the channel outlet encompassed
by the 1000 mg/kg isopleths of surficial cadmium (See Figure
9.) Hydraulic dredges, able to remove and transport sediment
in liqu.id slurry form containing approximately 10-20% solids,
require that a 2 m water depth be maintained for mObility.
In order to maintain the required water depth, a containment
dike approximately 1000 m long and 2.5 m high, with 3:1 side
slopes would be constructed to surround East Foundry Cove
Marsh. This earth containment dike would also contain sedi-
ments generated during dredging, and provide truck access
around the site. In addition, a silt curtain would be con-
structed around the dredging site to contain suspended sedi-
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Following flooding, the marsh vegetation would be harvested
in order to reduce the vegetation in the dredge area. The
harvested vegetation would be dumped onto a conveyor that
would load it directly to trucks for transport to an appro-
priate disposal facility. Whether this facility is a sanitary
landfill or a hazardous waste disposal facility will be
determined after an analysis of the vegetation to determine
whether or not it can be considered hazardous.
Finally, the root mat and sediments would be removed. Approxi-
mately 23,000 m3 of sediments would be removed from East
Foundry Cove Marsh over a period of about four to five months.
The pumping rate of the water-sediment dredge slurry with
approximately 20% solids would be approximately 63 liters per
second.
The dredged slurry would be pumped through a floating piping
system to a treatment system located on the former battery
facility property. After thickening, the sediment would be
chemically fixated.
Based upon the bench scale tests performed by two companies
on the contaminated sediments, two possible fixation process
scenarios were considered.
The "CHEI~FIX" pr'ocess, developed and patented by Chemfix
Technologies, Incorporated, is based upon a chemical treatment
utilizing thickened/dewatered sediments, dry reagent, and
liquid reagent. The dry reagent is made from clay and limestone
and is similar to portland cement. The liquid reagent is
made from high purity beach sand and soda ash which has been
pulverized, calcinated and dissolved in water.
In this process scenario, the sediment and dry reagent would
be throughly blended in a high powered mill. After completion
of the blending, the liquid reagent would be injected into
the mass, followed by further blending. At this point, a
rapid chemical reaction would occur, transforming the product
into a gel that binds the metals within its matrix. The gel
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The second of bench scale tests was performed by Associated
Chemical and Environmental Services. In this process, measured
quantities of waste contaminated sediment and fly ash would.
be introduced into a mixing unit. A rotating mixing blade
would be introduced into the mixer for a brief period, then
removed. A specified amount of lime would be added, followed
by a second slightly longer mixing period. A material of
damp soil consistency would be produced which would bind the
metals within its matrix.
For both processes, EP toxicity tests were performed on the
product, indicating that the product was not hazardous.
After fixation, 47,000 m3 of the processed sediments would be
loaded onto trucks for transport to a local sanitary landfill
as either a daily cover or as a waste.
The supernatant from the thickeners would be pumped into
clarifier tanks where alum and polymer would be added and
mixed in order to precipitate the suspended solids. The
clarified supernatant would then be decanted, tested, and
returned to the dredging cell via a pumping system. The
settled solids from the clarifiers would be pumped back to
the thickener tanks and be treated in the same manner as the
contaminated sediments.
After completion of the hydraulic dredging operation, the
marsh would be restored by replacement of sediment and replant-
ing of vegetation.
Replacement of the sediments would be accomplished by backfill-
ing of ~he marsh with approximately 0.3 m of clay having a
high affinity for cadmium and 0.3 m of topsoil. This process
would require approximately 14,000 m3 of clay and approximately
14,000 m3 of topsoil to replace the marsh to approximately
its original elevation. The containment dike would be used as
a portion of the backfill material. Revegetation of the
marsh would follow.
To minimize the disturbance of the replaced sediments in East
Foundry Cove Marsh, the storm sewers would be diverted in the
same manner as described in Alternative ECM-l.
In order to evaluate the performance of this remedial action,
a long-term monitoring program would be implemented. It
would consist of annual site inspection, as well as sampling
and testing of sediments and water. Sampling/testing would
be performed every three months during the first postconstruc-
tion year and every six months thereafter for a period of
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Alternative CM-2:
The major features of this alternative are hydraulic dredging
of the marsh, sediment chemical fixation and disposal off-
site, dredging water treatment and disposal, marsh restoration,
and long-term monitoring.
Hydraulic dredging would be performed to remove contaminated
sediments to a depth of approximately 0.3 m. Most of the
features associated with dredging in Constitution Marsh are
essentially the same as discussed previously.
The total area of the Consitution Marsh is approximately 117
ha. The area to be dredged to clean up the sediments with
cadmium concentrations above 100 mg/kg is approximately 40 ha
in the northern portion of the marsh.
In this operation, the dredge area would be divided into two
cells in order to maintain tidal flow between Constitution
Marsh and Foundry Cove. Each cell would be approximately 20
ha, and dredging would be performed in one cell at a time.
The cell would be enclosed by an 2.4 m earthen dike 4 m wide
at the top with 3:1 slopes in order to maintain a level of 1
m of water in the cell. Outside the dike, a silt curtain
would be erected to contain the" transport of sediments outside
the cell during dike construction and dredging.
As the sediment is dredged, the slurry would be pumped through
a floating piping system to an on-site treatment facility.
It is anticipated that approximately 120,000 m3 of sediments
would be dredged from the marsh. Considering the 10-20% solids
content of the dredged slurry, it is estimated that approximately
600,000"m3 of slurry would be generated. The treatment for
the sediment and the dredging water would be the same as
indicated previously.
The fixated sediments, which would amount to approximately
250,000 m3, would be disposed of off-site in a local landfill
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After completion of the dredging in the cell, clean fill
would be deposited to attain predredging contours to the
maximum extent possible. As much of the dredged area would
be replanted with cattail-arrow arum as is practical.
The aqueous treatment system for supernatant from the thickeners
would be the same as described previously.
The marsh restoration procedures and long-term site monitoring
would be the same as described previously.
Discussion
The removal of the bulk of the cadmium source from East
Foundry Cove Marsh would eliminate a significant source of
contaminated sediment being transported to Foundry Cove and
Constitution Marsh. The mean concentration of cadmium in
East Foundry Cove Marsh sediment is about 28,00Q mg/kg,
compared to about 1100 and 180 mg/kg in sediments of Foundry
Cove and Constitution Marsh, respectively.
Dredging in East Foundry Cove Marsh would achieve sediment
cadmium concentrations of 100 mg/kg or less. Since most of
the dredged area would be recontoured with clay and clean
fill, the residual cadmium should be isolated from hydrologic
and biologic processes. Dredging of contaminated sediments,
therefore, would remove what is believed to be the primary
source of cadmium which is currently exposing the larger
Constitution Marsh complex to potential toxic effects. It
would also minimize possible direct contact of fish and
wildlife with highly contaminated sediments.
Removal of the East Foundry Cove Marsh, however, would destroy
approximately 5 ha of cattail-arrow arum habitat. This area,
however, is considered small relative to the 117 ha similar
habitat in Constitution Marsh. Effects from the lost marsh
will be largely temporary, as a cattail-arrow arum marsh
would be reconstructed on the same location after recontouring
with clean fill. The re-established marsh would support lower
densities of plants and would contain less underlying organic
muck. It would be less productive and less effective as a
sediment trap, but both these functions would, with time,
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One of the primary concerns associated with revegating the
marsh is the potential that the revegetation will not be
successful. ~rrow arum is currently the dominant species in
the marsh. A modification in the ecological nature of the
marsh may occur, however, since cattails tend to spread
faster than arum. In addition, unless the organic content of
the replacement soils is similar to the excavated sediments,
it is possible that the ability for the cattails and arrow
arum to spread may be impeded. It is believed that maintenance
and handcutting for one to two years, however, will prevent
undesirable plant species from establishing themselves (ERT,
1986), improving the likelihood that arrow acum will reestab-
lish itself. Despite the concerns, it is believed that the
risk of failure to revegatate the marsh is small.
Since the existing sediment contours would be replaced,
remediating East Foundry Cove Marsh would not appreciably
impact the exchange of tidal waters between Foundry Cove and
Constitution Marsh. In addition, no long-term major impacts
on wetland communities are anticipated as a result of interfer-
ing with the East Foundry Cove Marsh.
Impacts associated with removal of 40 ha of mostly cattail
vegetation in Constitution Marsh may be extensive. Almost
half of the nesting area available for least bittern, a New
York State species of "special concern," could be temporarily
eliminated. The quality of undredged portions of the cattail
marsh as nesting habitat would likely be reduced due to
increased human activities occurring over at least a two year
period. Waterfowl use of the site as a resting area during
spring and fall migration could be similarly affected. A
small portion of the dredged area includes floating mats of
cattail, which are an unusual feature found in tidal marshes.
Restoration of such floating mats is probably not possible.
Dike construction may resuspend contaminated particulates,
increasing exposure to aquatic and wetland biota (Ebasco FS,
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Removal of the extremely high levels of contaminated sediments
from East Foundry Cove Marsh as called for in Alternative ECM-
2 would eliminate further transport of highly contaminated
sediments to East Foundry Cove and Constitution Marsh, signi-
ficantly reducing the cadmium availability to the biota.
It is believed that implementation of Alternative CM-2 would
cause extensive environmental degradation in Constitution
Marsh far outweighing the benefits that would be realized by
dredging and removal of the contaminated sediments. The
dredging and removal options require diversion of tidal
waters around the work areas, affecting tidal flow patterns.
If restoration does not achieve pre-cleanup conditions and
contours, the existing tidal flow patterns .may not return.
This would adversely affect the entire Constitution Marsh.
Even though revegetation of the 40 ha marsh would be attempted,
it may prove extremely difficult by virtue of the extensive
area involved. Because of the need to install access roads,
even the removal of the hot spot areas in Constitution Marsh
may result in significant environmental impacts. Constitution
Marsh is an important resource, and any potential 1055 of all
or a part of it would be very difficult to justify. For the
forgoing reasons, Alternative CM-2 was deleted from further
consideration.
III.
HYDRAULIC DREDGING/THICKENING/FIXATION/ON~SITE DISPOSAL:
Alternative ECM-3
The major features of this alternative include hydraulic
dredging of East Foundry Cove Marsh, sediment chemical fixation
and on-site disposal, dredging water treatment and disposal,
restoration of the marsh, and long-term monitoring.
This source control alternative is exactly the same as Alterna-
tive ECM-2 except that the fixated sediments will be disposed
of on-site.
Under this alternative, rather than off-site disposal, the
fixated sediment would be transported from the curing area to
a 2.7 ha landfill constructed on-site, for disposal. While
an on-site, non-RCRA disposal facility would be viable, as an
added measure of protection to public health and the environment,
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requirements for hazardous waste landfills. It would contain
a double liner, including leachate collection and leak detec-
tion systems, and a RCRA cap would be placed over the landfill
following completion of disposal operations. The total
fixated volume to be disposed of from East Foundry Cove Marsh
would be approximately 47,000 m3.
Under this alternative, the storm sewers would be diverted in
the same manner as described in Alternative ECM-l.
Long-term monitoring of the site and the RCRA landfill would
follow completion of the restoration of the site.
Discussion
Because of the sensitive wetland and historic areas, the only
site available with adequate size for on-site disposal would
be the former battery plant grounds.
The landfill design consists of a clay
liners, capping with runoff collection
Foundry Cove. This design is intended
leachate generation. Lost recharge to
of the capping and drainage design, is
lent to less than 0.6 liters per sec.
liner, syntheti!=
and drainage to East
to assure virtually no
the aquifer, because
estimated to be equiva-
The fixated sediments derived from East Foundry Cove Marsh
meet the RCM EP Toxicity Test and would be "non-hazardous."
Cadmium concentrations in test leachate were less than 1
mg/kg. Even if such materials were disposed of in unlined
and uncapped landfill, the threat of groundwater contamination
would be considered relatively low.
Because of the very low solubility and mobility of fixated
sediments and high reliability of RCRA-designed landfills,
the potential of ground-water contamination is considered
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This proposed on-site landfill is estimated to be adequate
for the fixated sediments from East Foundry Cove Marsh, but
would not, however, be able to accommodate the fixated sediments
from Constitution Marsh, or East Foundry Cove, West Foundry
Cove, and the Cold Spring pier area if removal and fixation of
sediments from these areas is required.
Because the landfill would be constructed in a residential
area, and because the available area is not sufficient to
accommodate any dredged sediments from the remaining portions
of the site, on-site disposal for East Foundry Cove Marsh may
not be consistent with other actions eventually selected for
other portions of this site. Therefore, this alternative was
deleted from further consideration.
IV. HYDRAULIC DREDGING/SEDIMENT THICKENING AND DEWATERING/
OFF-SITE DISPOSAL
Alternative ECM-4:
The major features of this alternative include hydraulic
dredging of East Foundry Cove Marsh, sediment thickening,
dewatering and off-site disposal, dredging water treatment,
restoration of the marsh, and long-term monitoring.
This alternative is the same as Alternative ECM-2 except that
the sediment would be thickened and dewatered, but not fixated.
The dewatered sediments would, therefore, remain as hazardous
waste and would be disposed of off-site in a permitted hazard-
ous waste facility. The dewatered sediment would be transported
to the Model City, New York hazardous waste landfill, approxi-
mately 640 km from the site. It is estimated that 23,000 m3
of dewatered sediments would be generated over four months.
Discussions with the Model City facility indicated that
adequate capacity is available and no problem is anticipated
in handling cadmium/nickel/cobalt-contaminated sediments.
The aqueous treatment system for effluent from the thickeners
would be the same as ECM-2. The filtrate from the dewatering
vacuum filters would be pumped back to the thickeners.
Under this alternative, the storm sewers would be diverted as
described in Alternative ECM-l.
Long-term monitoring .would follow completion of the restoration
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Alternative CM-3:
The major features of this alternative include hydraulic
dredging of Constitution Marsh, sediment thickening, dewatering,
and off-site disposal, dredging water treatment, marsh restoration,
and long-term monitoring.
Hydraul~c dredging of Constitution Marsh would be the same as
in Alternative CM-2.
The sediment treatment would be the same as in Alternative CM-
2 except that dewatering would be perfomred instead of fixation.
The approximately 120,000 m3 of dewatered sediments, which
would remain as a hazardous waste, would be loaded onto trucks
as described in Alternative ECM-2. It would then be transported
to the RCRA landfill at Model City, New York for disposal.
Model City landfill authorities have indicated that adequate
capacity is available and that the dewatered sediments conta-
minated with heavy metals do not pose any problems.
The aqueous treatment system for effluent from the thickeners
would be the same as in Alternative ECM-2. . The filtrate from
the dewatering vacuum ~ilters would be pumped back to the
thickeners. Marsh restoration and long-term monitoring would
be included.
Discussion
According to regulations promulgated pursuant to the 1984
RCRA amendments, prior to disposal, the liquid content of the
dewatered sediments must be determined. Since long-distance
transp0rt of these sediments to the disposal facility might
cause separation of "free liquids" from the sediments, it is
possible that the sediments might not be acceptable for disposal
at the facility when they arrive (ERT, 1986).
Hhile the costs associated with off-site disposal of the
cadmium-contaminated sediments are not significantly greater
than fixation and sanitary landfill disposal, the possibility
of hauling losses of hazardous wastes and the consumption of
limited off-site hazardous waste landfill capacity, and the
possibility that the sediments may not be acceptable for
disposal, warrant the elimination of these alternatives from
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v.
CONTAINMENT
Alternative ECM-5:
The major features of this alternative include containment of
the undisturbed sediments in-situ, construction of a new marsh
adjacent to the containment area, and long-term monitoring of
the site.
Containment of the contaminated sediments in East Foundry
Cove Marsh would be accomplished by construction of a 610 m
long, 2.5 m high containment dike along the southern edge of
the marsh and a multi-layer cap consisting of:
o
Geotextile layer (bottom)
0.3 m gravel layer
15 em Armorform layer
0.3 m topsoil layer
Hydro-turf layer and grass
(top)
o
o
o
o
An open field habitat would be established on the surface of
the containment area. A new marsh of equal area, approximately
5 ha, would be constructed in East Foundry Cove adjacent to
the containment area. The new marsh would be developed in
generally the same way as presented in Alternative ECM-2.
Long-term monitoring would consist of annual inspection of
the cap and restored marsh as well as sampling and testing of
sediments and water in East Foundry Cove. Sampling and
testing to monitor sediment releases from the containment
area and to evaluate cap performance would be performed
every three months for the first year following construction.
It would then be performed every six months for a period of
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Discussion:
Containment of the contaminated sediments underlying East
Foundry Cove Marsh would immobilize the cadmium which is the
source of cadmium currently being transported into East
Foundry Cove and Constitution Marsh. Containment would also
prevent direct exposure of aquatic and wetland biota to
highly contaminated sediments. Containment, however, is not
considered as reliable as removal, and extensive monitoring
of the containment structure would be required.
Approximately 5 ha of the East Foundry Cove Marsh cattail-
arrow arum would be replaced by the open field habitat estab-
lished on the surface of the containment area. The effects
associated with loss of marsh habitat would be minimized by
construction of an additional cattail-arrow arum marsh of
comparable area in the south side of East Foundry Cove or
west of the railroad embankment immediately north of Consti-
tution Island. This new marsh, however, may influence the
tidal flow patterns within East Foundry Cove, possibly eliminat-
ing flow to some areas and increasing flow velocity in other
areas. This could influence the volume of Hudson Riv~r water
exchanged with the northern part of Constitution Marsh. There
is some evidence that marsh productivity correlates with
tidal flushing, and therefore, such interference could negatively
impact Constitution Marsh.
From the environmental viewpoint, the containment alternatives
for East Foundry Cove Marsh and for East Foundry Cove (should
this alternative be selected in the subsequent ROD) are not
compatible with each other. If both areas are covered with
armormat, because of the impact on tidal flow to Constitution
Marsh, .the environment may be affected to such an extent that
severe adverse environmental impacts may result.
Because of the potentially significant environmental impacts
associated with the containment alternative, Alternative ECM-5
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It has been suggested that partial removal options which
would include limited dredging within East Foundry Cove Marsh,
so as to reduce the potential impact on the existing vegetation
while removing the highly contaminated sediments from the
outfall and existing flow channels, be considered. While
this operation would probably provide the maximum cadmium
removal per cubic meter of dredged sediment while minimizing
the short-term adverse effects of a dredging operation in the
entire East Foundry Cove Marsh area, it would allow areas in
East Foundry Cove Marsh with contaminant levels in the tens
of thousands to remain. In addition, in the early 1970s,
approximately 3,500 m3 of cadmium-contaminated sediments with
concentrations greater than 900 mg/kg were removed from the
outfall area, channels, and a portion of East Foundry Cove.
Since it is believed that the battery facility did not discharge
appreciable quantities of cadmium contamination to Foundry
Cove after the dredging operation, and since it is apparent
that this dredging operation was unsuccessful in alleviating
the contamination problem, not only would the threat to the
environment and public he.alth remain by limited dredging,
but the undredged contarnined sediment would probably migrate
and deposit in the channel areas, necessitating further
dredging. .
Table 14 summarizes the results of the alternative evaluation
process, and Table 15 summarizes the annual operation and
maintenance the costs associated with the remedial alternatives.
Community Relations
Throughout the remedial investigation/feasibility study
process, all data and information were made available to the
public via a public repository.
A public meeting was held in the Municipal Building on
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-54-
After publicly releasing the draft supplemental RI/FS on
August 15, 1986, a public meeting was held on August 26,
1986. The public meeting, announced by a press release and
direct mailing, indicated. that the meeting was to be held in
the Municipal Building and that the public comment period
would end on September 15, 1986. Attached is a list of
attendees. In response to a request by the PRPs for an
extension of the public comment period, the comment period
expiration date was extended to September 23, 1986.
A responsiveness summary is attached. This document summarizes
the comments on the supplemental remedial investigation/
feasibility study report, includes meeting notification
documents, and summarizes the public meeting comments and
responses to those comments (see Attachment 1).
Consistency with Other Environmental Laws
The recommended remedial alternative complies with all substantial
requirements of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act,
the Clean Water Act, and the Clean Air Act.
In addition, appropriate actions either have already been
taken or will be taken to ensure that the recommended remedial
alternative complies with the requirements of the following
environmental statutes and executive orders:
o Endangered Species Act - Two federally listed endangered
species (i.e., the bald eagle and the shortnose sturgeon)
are known to be transient inhabitants in the vicinity of
the Marathon Battery Company site. In order to ensure that
these species are not adversely impacted by the recommended
remedial alternative, informal consultation pursuant to
Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act will be initiated as
soon as possible. Based on the results of the informal
consultation, formal consultation and the development of
appropriate mitigation measures will be developed, if necessary,
-------
-55-
o National Historic Preservation Act - There are several
properties in the vicinity of the Marathon Battery Company
site that are listed on the National Register of Historic
Places. In addition, there is a high probability that the
area surrounding the site contains significant prehistoric
resources. In order to properly assess the impact of the
project on significant cultural resources, a cultural
resources site recognition survey will be performed during
remedial design. If significant cultural resources will be
impacted by the project, appropriate mitigation measures
will be developed and implemented prior to initiation of
construction.
o Coastal Zone Management Act - The Marathon Battery Company
site is located within the coastal zone as designated in
the New York State Coastal Zone Management Plan. Accordingly,
a determination of the project's consistency with this Plan
will be obtained from the New York Department of State prior
to the initiation of the construction phase of the project.
o Executive Order 11990 (Wetlands Protection) - The recommended
remedial alternative includes the dredging of sever~l hectares
of wetlands. A detailed wetlands restoration plan will be
developed during remedial design and implemented during
construction to mitigate this adverse impact.
o Executive Order 11988 (Floodplain Management) - The Marathon
Battery Company site lies within the 100 year floodplain as
designated by the Federal Emergency Management Agency. The
recommended remedial action requires the unavoidable encroachment
on the floodplain, however, the project will not result in
long-term adverse impacts on the floodplain or flooding levels.
Based on the above, and the actions taken during the prepara-
tion of the RI/FS for this project, EPA has determined that
the review of this project is functionally equivalent with
-------
-56-
Recommended Alternative
According to 40 CFR Part 300.68(i), the appropriate extent of
a remedy will be based upon the selection of a cost-effective
remedial alternative which effectively mitigates and mini-
mizes damage to and provides adequate protection of public
health, welfare, and the environment. Eight alternatives,
including two no-action alternatives, were evaluated. Based
upon the above analysis of these alternatives, Alternative
ECM-2, hydraulic dredging, sediment thickening, fixation, and
off-site disposal is recommended as the most cost-effective
remedial measure for East Foundry Cove Marsh. Alternative
CM-I, no action, is recommended for Constitution Marsh.
While the bench scale treatability testing of fixation processes
indicate that the heavy metals in question can be tied up in
the matrix created by this process, during the design phase,
pilot-scale studies will be performed to quantify better the
effectiveness and production rates of a largescale treatment
operation.
Because of the unique educational and scientific opportunities
presented by remediating the East Foundry Cove Marsh portion
of the site, it is recommended that an interpretation center
be established at the site so that interested members of the
public and the scientific community can visit the site during
and after site revegetation.
-------
-57-
Operation and Maintenance
Maintenance and hand-cutting will be required for at least
one to two years to prevent the invasion and/or establishment
of undesirable plant species. Besides continued monitoring
for thirty years, there are no other long-term operation and
maintenance requirements associated with these alternatives
since the source will be removed.
Schedule
Activity
Date
Final Record of Decision
Amend Memorandum of Understanding
for Design
Start Design
Complete Design.
Amend MOU for Construction
Solicit Construction Proposals
Award Contract for Construction
Start construction
Complete Construction
September 30, 1986
(MOU)
October 31, 1986
November 30, 1986
August 31, 1987
September 30, 1987
Octobe.r 31, 1987
January 1, 1988
March 31, 1988
March 31, 1991
Future Actions
Upon completion of the Supplemental RI/FS for
Cove, the Hudson River in the vicinity of the
and the former battery manufacturing facility
site, and bioassay work in East Foundry Cove,
prepared to recommend a remedial solution for
the site.
Nest Foundry
Cold Spring pier,
portion of the
a ROD will be
-------
-58-
To better characterize the link between the levels of cadmium
contamination in East Foundry Cove sediments and bioaccumula-
tion in aquatic fauna, bioassay work will be performed in
East Foundry Cove.
Because the battery plant discharged for number of years into
the Hudson River via the outfall at the Cold Spring pier, only
a limited sampling program was conducted in this area. It
was believed, at that time, that since the river at this
point flows at a significant velocity, little or no heavy
metal contamination would be detected in this area. Sediment
contaminant levels ranging from less than one to 2200 mg/kg
were detected, however, since there is no clear definition of
the extent of the contamination in this area, additional
sampling in the Hudson River will be performed.
In West Foundry Cove a similar situation exists with the
available information geing too restrictive to enable the
costing and ranking of alternatives. Cores need to be taken
farther out into the Hudson River and farther to the south
closer to Constitution Island.
Additional sampling is also necessary in the former battery
facility and the surrounding grounds.
The bioassay investigation and the FS planned for the West
Foundry Cove, Hudson River in the vicinity of the Cold Spring
pier, and the former battery facility portion of the site is
scheduled for completion in April 1987. Since dredging,
sediment thickening, fixation, and sanitary landfill disposal
of the cadmium-contaminated sediments is a possible remedial
alternative for this portion of the site, coordination of
remedial design and remedial implementation activities should
be phased in such a way to ensure cost-effective managment of
-------
-59-
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Acres International, 1985. Draft Remedial Investigation Report.
Buffalo, NY.
Anderson, R. A., et. ale 1975.
dissimillis (Chirononidae)
Zinc and Nickel. Quarterly
Research Lab, Duluth, Minn.
"Survival and Growth of Tanytarsus
Exposed to Copper, Cadmium,
Reports." National Environmental
In Acres, 1985.
Axelrod, D. and R. Flacke, 1981. Press Release. New York
State Department of Health/New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation. Albany, NY. In Acres, 1985.
Bondietti, E. A., F. H. Sweeton, T. Tamura, R. M. Perhac, L.
D. Nu1ett and T. J. Kneip. 1983. Characterization of
Cadmium and Nickel Contaminated Sediments from Foundry
Cove, New York. In: Proceedings of the First Annual
NSF-RANN Trace Containants Conference, Oak Ridge National
Lab. 211. In Acres, 1985.
Bower, P.M et ale 1978. "Heavy metals in the sediments uf
Foundry Cove, Cold Spring, NY,"
Environmental Science and Technology 12: 683-692.
Coleman, R. D., et ale 1971. "Zinc and Cobalt Co. Bioconcentration
and Toxicity in Selected Algal Species." Botanical
Gazette, 132. In Acres, 1985.
Digiulio, R.T. 1982. "The Occurrence and Toxicology of Heavy
Metals in Chesapeake Bay Waterfowl." Ph.D Dissentation,
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blac~burg. In Acres, 1985.
Ebasco Services Inc. 1986. Supplemental Remedial
Investigation Report, Marathon Battery Company site.
Lyndhurst, NJ.
Ebasco Services, Inc. 1986, Supplement Feasibility Study,
Marathon Battery Company site. Lyndhurst, NJ.
Eaton J.G. 1974. "Cadmium Toxicity to the Bluegill" Trans.
-------
-60-
Eisler, R. 1971. "Cadmium Poisoning in Fundu10s heteroc1itus
and other Marine Organisms." J. Fish Res Bd. Can.
28:1225. In Acres, 1985.
Erickson, D. w. 1983. "Lead and Cadmium in Musdrat and Cattail
Tissues." J. Wildlife Management 47(2): 550-555. In
Acres, 1985.
ERT, 1986. Comments of the Marathon Battery Company and Gould
Incorported on the Supplemental Remedial Investigation/Feasibility
Study of the Marathon Battery Superfund Site, Cold
Spring, New York.
Freiberg, L. M. Piscator, G. F. Nordberg, and T. Kjeistroni,
1974. Cadmium in the Environment, 2nd ed., CRC Press, Inc.,
Cleveland, Ohio. In Acres, 1985.
Fulkerson, W. and H. E. Goeller, 1983. Cadmium - The Dissipated
Element; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee.
Pub. ORNLNSF-EP-21. In Acres, 1985.
Gregor, Harry P., 1~73. The Dredging of Foundry Cove.' Columbia
University, New York.
Hazen, R. and T. J. Kneip. 1976. "The Distribution of Cadmium
in the Sediments Foundry Cove." Hudson River Ecology,
Proceeding of a Symposium, Hudson River Envir. society~
Ed. March 28-30, 1976. In Acres, 1985.
JRB Associates. 1984. Initial Evaluation of Alternatives for
Development of Sediment Related Criteria for Toxic Contaminants
in Marine Waters Phase II: Development and Testing of the
Sediment-Water Equilibrium Partitioning Approach (EPA
910/9-83-117).
Klinkhammer, G. P. and M. L. Bender. 1981. "Trace Metal
Distribution in the Hudson River Estuary." Estuarine,
Coastal, and Shelf Sci. 12:639-643. In Acres, 1985.
Kneip, Thea. J., et. al., 1979. Cadmium in Foundry Cove Crabs:
Health Hazard Assessment, Final Report. New York Univeristy
-------
-61-
Kneip, T.J. and J. M. O'Connor. 1980. "Cadmium in Foundry
Cove Crabs: Health Hazard Assessment." Final Report to
Health Research Council. New York State Health Planning
Commission. Albany, N.Y. In Acres, 1985.
Kuzia, E.J. 1981. "Cadmium Contamination and Potential Sources
in the Hudson and Mohawk Rivers." Toxic Substances Control
Unit. Unpublished Manuscript. In Acres, 1985.
~100re, J. W. and S. Ramamoorthy. 1984.
Water. New York. In Acres, 1985.
Heavy Metals in Natural
Renwick, W.H. and G. M. Ashley. 1984. "Sources, Storages
and Sinks of Fine-Grained Sediments in. a Flovial-Esturine
System." Geological Society of Amer. Bull. 95: 1343-1348.
In Ebasco, 1986.
Odum, W.E. and J.E. Drifmeger. 1978. "Sorption of Pollu~ants
by Plant Detritus: A Review." Env. Health Persp. 27:133-137.
In Acres, 1985.
Putnam, Hayes, and Bartlett, 1983. Marathon Bat~ery Memorandum
Regarding Archive Search.
Resources Engineering, Inc. 1983. Preliminary Site Background
Data of Foundry Cove, Cold Spring, Putnam County, New
York.
Rod, James P. September 22, 1986. "National Audubon Society
Comments on Draft Record of Decision."
Sittig, M. 1981. Handbook of Toxic and Hazardous Chemicals.
NJ
NYSDEC 1974, State of New York Official Compilation of Codes
Rules and Regulations. Title 6, Division of Water Resources,
part 701.4, October 20, 1974.
USEPA. 1981. Health Assessment for Cadmium (Final Report).
L.D. Grant et a1., Research Triangle Park, North Carolina,
-------
-62-
USEPA. 1979. Quality Criteria for Water.
D.C. 265 pp.
USEPA, Washington,
USEPA, 1980, "Water Quality Criteria Documents," 45 Federal
Register 79318-79379, November 28, 1980.
USEPA(a) 1983. Revised Section B of Ambient Water Quality Criteria
for Cadmium - Aquatic Toxicology (Draft).
Wiedow, M. Alfred, 1981. Distribution and Binding of Cadmium in
the Blue Crab (Callinectes sapidus): Implicatins in Human
Health. New York.
World Health Organization. 1972. "Evaluation of Certain Food
Additives and the Contamiants Mercury, Lead, and Cadmium:
16th Report of the Join FA)-WHO Experts Committee or Food
Additives." WHO Technical Report No. 505. Geneva. "In Acres,
-------
-------
- ..
(
I
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-------
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-------
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Figure
-------
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"0'1
ALL VALUIS LISS 'hf.... 011 IGUAL TO '11£ DurCTIO.. LMT
0' OOO~"'/I""( hPAU$(CAS THu VALUI
LIGINO: ~
~~:=== ;
-... .
~ , It........ --- .
'-a.._- ,
.
~
-mut- -
."Ir COw,
.. It COWl
....... COWl
800ft.. COWl
.... .,.
TOTAL CAD....,.
CONCENTRATIONS" WATER
MARATHON BATTERY SITE
Ap.. .
j
-
.
*
"
ao"
..
-
.
-....s
-
.
--
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1&101088 ..".... MID
tUllOII 'IIW. ...
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u .~.
. .as
f'..
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o .83
...-
.----
.... .
.......
---
SOLUBLE CADMIUM
CONCENTRATIONS IN WATER
MARATHON BATTERY SITE
..
~
!
-
J
3
i
.
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.."
...
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LEGEND:
"on.
ALL VAlUfS [OUAL TO 011 LISS '''AIj THI DCTECTIO.. uw"
0' OC,..,/' . lo'l AR[ UPA£SS[I) AS TltAT VALUE
~a..__-
. "'....... ."'fIDII
-....
~..._-
'-...--,-
.
A8A
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w.
COoo8'""... -...
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wr" eoVI'
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Iou,.. COvl
..... ""
.
.
.
'0
II
I
..
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.
----
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III",
1III.-"!ln0000
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"-Gso.. -.vI lit ...
'hrOl, 8A...
',"",
4
A~~m
Flgure
-------
.8&
- .'7&
CII
I
<:) .68
. .58
;::
CD .411
E
-
0 .38
tJ
..J .28
<
~ ..1&
o
~ 8.88
SOLUBLE COBALT
AND TOTAL COBALT
CONCENTRA TlONS IN WATER
MARA THON SA TTERY SITE
-
CII
I
Q
..
.89
.'79
.68
.58
.
,
!:II
E
-
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.49
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o
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w
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=
:)
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fn
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. .19
9.88
.1 2 3 4 5 6 '7 8 9.111.1.1
AREA
*+*********
1 2 3 .. :5 6 7 8 9 1& 11
AREA
~OTE;
ALL VALUES EQUAL TO OR LESS THAN THE OETECTION LIMIT
OF' 0.50 mall I 10 -Z ARE EXPRESSEJ AS Th':'T VALUE
LEGEND: ~ ~~n~
~~~m
~' ITAlCAItO OIVIATICItfS
, IT AHOAIIIO CllVlATIQH
-WIAH
~ , IT AHOAIIIOIIIIIIIOfil
'--, IT 4HOAIIIOlllllllo.lS
ABU
~SCR1PTIQ!:I
,
2
3
4
5
.
CONSTITUTION WARSM
EAST COVE
WEST COVE
NORTH COVE
SOUTH COVE
PIER SITE
7
.
8
'0
11
HUDSON RIVER DOWN
HUDSON RIVER MID
HUDSON RIVER UP
TIVOL, 8A Y
TROY
-------
.1.6
-
~. .1.4
o
'; .1.2
;::
at
E
-
.1.8
SOLUBLE NICKEL AND
TOTAL NICKEL
CONCENTRA TIONS IN WATER
MARA THON SA TTERY SITE
.8
j~
z
W
..J
CZI
:I
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o
CI)
8.8~
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*'
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.11811
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at
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Z .&4&
~ .e30
~ .112111
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8. lIear,
.2
1. 2 345 6
AREA
? 8 9 1.g1.~
I
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t --- ',--,-.&.--"
~ .................--' , ~'--
1. 2 3 4 :5 6 ? 8 9 J.Ia1.J.
AREA
~OTE:
ALL VLLUES EQUAL TO CR LESS THAN THE DETECTION UMIT
01=' O,OC~ mo/ J ARE EXPF/ESSE~ AS TI'1AT VALUE
LEGEND:
r-' IT&ICI~ DtoIIATIOIots
,~' ITAIeOAIilO OIVIATIOIiI
'-MlA'"
~ , IT A/oIDAIilO ""'0lIl
'I \""'ITAIeOAIilO PIIIQlltI
ABU
,
2
3
4
5
.
Q(KRIPTIQ!f
~
CONSTITUTION MAASH
EAST COVE
WEST COVE
NOATH COvE
SOUTH COVE
~IER SITE
7
8
8
10
"
J
I
~~~ft
DESCRIPTION
HUDSON RIVER DOWN
HUDSON RIVER 104'0
HUDSON RIVE~ UP
TIVOL' 8A 'f
TAOY
-------
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C
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= U-r
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LIGI..C:
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W!TLANC VEGET4TION
CO"'CENTRA TIONS
-
.
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AAIA
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....
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AREA
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AREAS:
STATION, CONSTTT1.mON "'''RSH
, EAST COVE OUTFAU.
3 EAST COVE
.. TIVOU IA y
Figure
-------
NOTE:
.
"
.. ...
:I t
z s..
0
- ...e
~
c
C 3e. f
~
z aee l
1&1 j:
() .I.e.
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.
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()
ARE.A.
All data expresSed IS dry wefght.
LEGEND:
./
F'ITACIAIIO ~,....
. lTAClAr./ DtvIAftOw
'-_all
~, .,a-=4IIO",0II
~, .' aClaq "'0111
~
AQUA TIC MACROPHYTE~
WHOLE PLANT ANAL YSIS
~~~f~
AREAS:
11 CONSTITUTION MARSH
12 EAST COVE
13 EAST COVE OUTFAll
14 SOUTH COVE
15 TIVOll SA Y
16 WEST COVE
-------
18
J
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il
8
18
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,
CAOMIUM CONCENTAATIONS
~~CAOINVEATEBA A TU
18
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j
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j
*
MCKEL CONCENTRATIONS
MACAOINVERTEBRA TU
18
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F' ..--- 1- COIos''''''1CIN '"-t
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Figure
-------
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CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS
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,- .'SCI( IClGHfI
1- '1VOl, "YI 1IIDCIrIIa_-
.- .11' COVE
AREAS
,- CONsr"UTICIN..-.
'-lAS' COVE
e- ""VIlIS'''.. 8AYllro..y '08or
8'--""""
.- PIIA 11'1
1- IOu'" COVE
ACH[~
-------
a a a
.... .... ....
0. .48 a J.8. 8 a 4.8
::II ::II ::II
Z Z Z
0 I 0 ".8 0
~t: .38 t: (/)t: 3.8
a:-C a:e( 6.. Ce(
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0 0 0 J..8
Z . J.8 Z a... Z
0 0 I o .
0 0 0
V 8.88 V 8.8 8 8.8
0 I. .. O. J 8 J 8
AREA AREA AREA
0. a
....
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0. ::II
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Z Z
0 .38 0 4:1
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0 .JM 0 J.:I
Z - Z .
0 11- 0
0 0
8.88 V 8
V 1 U
0 0 .. 8
AREA AREA
'._~--.. -
An data expressed IS vet weight.
AREAS
1- CONSTITUTION MARSH
2- EAST COVE
3-HAVERSJRAW BAY/STONY POINT
4- HUOSON RIVER
5- PIER SUE
8- SOUTH COVE
--- --
A~~R
. NOTE:
LtG£HO.
F' IIAICIAIIO 0hIA'1ONI
. If UoOAIIO III VlAfIQ8t
--..a..
, ,- . ."NDa- .""Oft
- '-, .'UoOAIIO .""Oft.
AREAS
1- SEASIDE HEIGHTS
8- TlVOlI BAY/ ROGERS ISlAND
8- WEST COVE
CADMIUM CONCENTRATIONS
REPTilES
-------
CAD~IUa.4 CONCENTRA TrONS
~
at at at
' .- , .... , ...
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de CIII-
~e III Q~
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at at at
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CADa.4IUM CONCENTRA TICNS
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-------
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-------
8IOAC:::;';MULATION S~UOV
'UNOULUS I-fETE~C'JCLITUS
iOOYREMA//oIOER--
.
.. ...
. .
.. .. a
. . a. ...
. a. J . .
. . " ~ .. EAST COVi
o 0 ..
;: ;: . c
. ...
c c . .. ~
c . .
.. .. III .. j
. . 4 t u I y
III III .
U ..... U . ..i 0 ... ,
. . u ...
0 ,. 0
I,J .. . u 0 .. "
. , .4 .. - . a4 .. - I,J . ' .4 .. -
. i
I,J
DAY DAY DAY
.
...
. . .
.. ... . TIVOLI SA'"
. . a. ...
. .. ~ . I .
. . a 0
0 .. 0 .. ..
;: ;: . c
c .. c . .a.
..
c c . .
.. .. .. .A
. . 4 I,J I
.. III .
I,J .. I,J . 0 ...
8 .
0 . - - - 0 - - I,J
u .. u 0 ..
. , a4 .. .. . , .4 .. .. I,J . ' .4
. i
0 DAY DAY OAV
"OACCUMJLATION ST"Oy
CAMB.CluS IMM:JIS
100Y ItEM41NOER
. .
... ..
. .. . .
. .
. ... I . £4ST COVE
0 0 a.
;: .. ;:
c C
. a.. . .
.. ..
. .
.. .. .. .
I,J u
. .. .
0 .. 0
u ... . ..
. . a. i
I,J
DA., DA.,
. . TIVOLI BAY
..
.. : .
.
. .0
. .
0 ... 0 a.
;: ;:
c .0 c
~. .I.a . a
.. :
. ..
.. a. III .
I,J U = ,.
. .. .
0 - - - 0
U .0. - u . .4 .. ..
. .4 .. .. i
. DAY
U DA' .
r ~'Q'''D:
'--'''---
I ,--'''---
' ,~:-:;=--
--'''--.
I
~
NOTE ALL VALUES EOUAL TO OR LESS T,.,A,.
Tl-fE OETECTION LIMIT ARE
EXPRESSEO AS 000
-OT[: AU Uta tXO"Utd as tllft tllffgllt.
-
I
AOHfS
Figure
-------
.'
I'ropert I. of Ioi I.
...", ~ ~to
IRIS lRdibllltJ Hydro- 1'bt8lt 1.1 CD &e.on.l
... HIp Soil -- ... Ilape hnnt a.-:ib- a&- Ic8lc vI vlo I8drodt lIIteor Tete .......IUt, (~MC)
IWt QUt (I) lIIteorul. face -it etnb8 ~ CXM!r CXM!r (.) (.) WIeoi I ~tl'8t\8 -
A tM thY-
tine 88dy.- I . 10-) to I . ur2
:H Claclal aatweh .... .... Iar A Iar .... ~ 2t- )4 . ur)
. tI!C 8-1S . Cladal 0ItwIh .... "" .Iar A Iar .... ~ ~ I . 10-) to I . ur2 )4 . ur)
c 018 OI8rlton
TIRe 88dy 1«88 4 . 10--' to 4 . 10-) 4 . 10-4 to 4 . 10-)
2-8 eleclal till Iar IIiah RWi I. w., 1Ifty ~ 1+
hWi
D Ole 8-U . elacl.1 till Iar Hi,I. HWt . w., \'ery It 1+ 4.10--' t04. 10-) 4 . 10-4 to 4 . 10-)
hWi
I CH) Is-n CI.-:I.I till w., 1IWt .... . .... ~ry ~ 1+ 4 . 10--' to 4 . 10-) 4 . 10-4 to 4 . 10-)
hi;.
, 811: Ibllie-b:lt
tCrop-Ouil"ltan
IS
.111. p8't elac 1.1 till .... HitfI D Hi&ft- \'ery 0.)..0.6 It I . 10-) to 4 . 10-) 1.10-) t04. lor)
wry hi;.
hi;.
Ib:tt autetq» ..rt Bedroclt D ~ \'ery CHJ.] 2t-
hip hip
o..lton p8rt elacl.1 till w., Hi. Hi;. . w., \'ery ~ 1+ 4 . 1a-4 to 4 . 10-) 4 . 10-4 to 4 . 10-)
hip
e so ~lfi'-i.t.. ~i.lI, ~ D ~ Very O.s-G
.. ,.nllt m ..... I, floorled hip hip
H tit 1M>.. lad TOO VARIABLE TO CLASSl,y
-------
Hydrologic Soil Group.
Hydrologic
Group
Soil Series
Infiltration/Runoff Characteri.tic.
A
I
c
D
A, I
Soil. havina hiah infiltration rate., even when
thorouShly wettedi con.i.ting chiefly of deep.
well- to exce.sively drained .ands or gravel or
both. The.e .oil. have a high rate of vater
tran.mi..ion and would re.ult in . low runoff
potential.
C, D, E, r
Soil. havinS moderate infiltration rate. when
thoroulhly vetted, con.i.tina chiefly of
moderately deep to deep, moderately well to well-
drained .oil. with moderately coar.e to medium
texture.. The.e .oil. have a moderate r.te of
water tran.mi..ion.
None
,
Soil. having .low infiltration rate. when
thoroughly vetted, con.i.ting chiefly of (1) .oil.
with a layer that impede. the downward movement of
water, or (2) .oil. with moderately fine to fine
texture. and a .low infiltration rate. These
.oil. have a .low rate of water tran.mi..ion.
F, G
Soil. having very .low infiltration rate. when
thoroughly vetted, con.i.tins chiefly of (1) cl.y
.oil. with a high .wellinS potential, (2) .oil.
with a high permanent water table, (3) .oil. with
a claypan or clay layer at or near the .urf.ce,
and (4) .hallow .oil. over nearly impervious
material.. The.e .oil. have a very .low rate of
water tran.mi..ion.
Source:
Modified from USSCS, 1979.
-------
CONCENTRA nONS IN SEDIMENT
(,
CADMIUM COBAl T NICKEl
~... ..... CIIII8 8I88In '"~ Dka CQIIC II80brT IDn1»t ~ -~ ...... c:u.. ~ "'Dka ~ -..'" 8OY~ c:u.. -"'n ~ CIIIII --'" "'DDU c:u....~ 8DTTc.o ~ -...
8TATIDo ...",1 '"'',' -..,..- -..,... ...,... ''''.,. '..,.,. -""" -"'''II
- --------- ---
0.. - 8.A ..: 28 ,.: II 420 .. :0
Dt84 7.:: c'.o '.4 CII "0 '-.0 .. .. I.
0084 ~ 20 -- 4J .e -- 4:0 58 _.
0.7 n CO.47 -- '0 :1.7 -- ~ zo _.
0.1 .. 'O.D -- '.e 4.1 -- :7 IS --
lD08. "'0 :14:0 -- .e ... ....- :rTJo ::"0 --
UM82 110000 2,- -- 3r.o :. -- 8(':00 58-..0 --
8'Ot8: 8:800 1:0000 II "00 =0.0 S.IO :0. 56'00 107<>00 e790
aDoe. "- UJoo -- :'.0 0::. -- 71- 19200 --
aDo8:I "- ..- -- :':0 1120 -- 58700 S.- --
80486 2" 8.:1 -- .. 4.0 -- n. I' --
aDf87 I'r2o 1780 --- '1:1 - -- :'100 - --
ao.e ..... I~- 27710 .770 ~ .. 40..0 ~ 10::0
u... - .SJ: -- In 7.4 -- ::1.0 .8: --
aDoe.o aoo :11 --- ,. 4.0 --- .::so .e --
lO.ll 1:610 ~ -- 1120 .. -- =:~ .- --
u_. 17.- ::00 -- 6700 .:10 -- 'S6000 :100 --
ft:>8. z:o .. -- '2 1.7 -- .:0 .. --
~ IJO 1:10 -- 10 <10 -- ':0 '7 --
10183 ::zo 8.S -- ':1 '7.4 -- '10 ::s --
.8084 1100 1:10 110.. - '0 67 .- lOa 9>0
IC>o:I:I .- .10 -- 57 17 - 770 no --
ft>8sA .200 .:10 8.0 s:s ::: ,4 7:10 '10 n
10'17 120 28 -- :14 .: -- 2:10 .. --
~ 70 IJ -- CO.A II -- eo 17 --
Ie.. 1100 10100 -- I.. :.0 -- S800 8:100 --
11:8:: 1::.00 8:00 - :100 1::0 '.0 1::00 ~ ~o
las 2700 :1:1 II n II IJ 1)00 :I. =-
ICa4 ... ... :.0 21 2e IJ - S80 =7
CD: eo 1.1 :.. '.1 U 14 :.. :I:: ~
lI:8e AIO CO.:9 0.6: 21 ZO '1 Z:Io n =.
IC87 14 CO. 16 0... 20 'A II J4 :J 2:
IC88 CO.s. CO.:I:: CO.::II II IS U :0 .. --
left 280 I. A 0.:17 17 IS .:: 170 a =.
Us.o - A.I CO.::II 27 II .e ~ ~ =.
11:811 ... o.s. 0.:: :so .: II :::0 :u =.
11:8.:: S.8 0.60 -- I.e e.1 -- '2 .: --
UII: e7 -- -- 1.:1 - -- 17 -- --
IrW.A II :.2 -- 8.0 :.. -- J4 U --
us.s .7 -- -- e.1 -- -- ~ -- --
IC'III 110 ..: '.1 17 .. I' 17 8T 21
les,:: "' . :I.e :e .:: IJ S.I 4, =-
un: 7.0 0.. '0.:0 12 10 '.1 21 ::: I'
lC8u 712 IA :.1 22 .s IJ :::s 10 -.
1m:! 267 IS. :.. 21 Ie .: 1:10 13 ;.
uu. SIS 2.8 I.: 24 II II 1', ::0 --
US87 ... S.. 1.1 :so II II "e :so 2.
IC8a8 I.' CO.4J :0.10 IJ U II :so ::e =,
ICQI .. A.I 0..,.. Ie II II .. :0 .-
1C881. II J..: 1.7 'II IS 17 2. ~ 2'
11:8811 'I" n S., 1:1 II II .610 :s: 2-
1ICN12 ., S.S ..: U '".3 .... 6J 20 II
US"3 8.: :17. -~,. 2:1 I) -- :zo ,44 --
,"I J.e 1.1 ... 8.S 8.: .: 2e Z4 =,
hU '0.28 co.:o -- 8.7 II -- .. zo --
,"3 CO.::II co.::. 'C..:- II II 13 28 .. :0
h.. 2.7 O.s. 0.:7 IJ .- 0.'" " ::: --
,... 1.3 - - O.~. 24 20 II :a :. =0
_..
..,,: AREA
CUI- CONITITUTIOIf IIA"SH I~NT
ICHI- IAIf CO VI HO' I..or
leUI- IAIf COVI WA"I" SIOIICNT
lel- IAIf COVI 1rD""-("f
less- IAIT COVI Iu..UUtNfAl IE0fa4N1'
leSWA- IAIT COVI arnOUEN' WHITI! AREA
T8S- TIVOU 8AY SIO'UEN'
A~Hm
Table
-------
SEOIPENT SMIUS laJtsrl'l'U'l'lOf IIWJIIItIZss NDI'fD'
SW'IZ DEPI1I NIOCEL
SAHPL£ t(/'fI£R Ian) ( I SoUI>L£ Df.:SCIUPI'lm Elf PIt TDtP .C . 10C . OOLIOO
AI. UI 0-10 12u 20 120 GHAY IIR(Hf LUYEY SILT 111111 PEAT 5.7 J1.8
AI.U2 40-SO 4 17 JJ GRAY IIIICHf SILTY ClAY Hl11' PEAT -40 7.0 19 11.7 )2.8
AI. U2 IU'LICAft "U-5U 5 19 19 GRAY IIRGH SILTY ClAY WI11I (45" PEAT +40 6.9 5.8 27.4
AI.0J IIO-!IO -10 -IU 26 GRAY 8IOoN ClAYEY SILT +20 6.7 6.1 H.J
Al.UI U-lo '2JO 2U 19U DARK 8IOoN a.AYEY SILT +50 7/J 18 6.7 J6.1
A2.02 40-50 t«JI' JI£COfERABL£
Al.UJ 110-90 t«JI' JlfX.WERAIILt:
81. 01 0-10 220 21 220 GRAY IIIOtf SILTY ClAY +10 '.0 21 J.7 42.11
81. 01 IXI'LICA1'I 0-10 2JO 26 2JU GRAY IIIOH SILTY ClAY -20 7.4 21 4.0 41.9
82.01 0-10 170 2J 180 PEAT AND GRAY ClAYEY SI LT -JO 7.J 17 ,6.9 J2.5
82.02 40-50 NOr ~R.£
CI.UI t 0-10 140 16 120 GRAY SILTY a.AY -52 6.7 27 4.1 JII.O
ci. 02 40-50 -8.J 17 J7 GHAY SILTY ClAY -50 1.0 24 J.J 411.U
CI.OJ 80-90 -1J U 40 IWUC 8ROIff alGANlC SILT -140 6.8 25 ).1 )0.0
C.I.Ol t 0-10 170 24 210 GRAY BROH ClAYEY SILT +280 7.J 21.5 7.4 )).0
C2.01 DUPLICATE 0-10 180 19 180 GRAY 8ROIff SILTY a.AY +2!i0 8.J 24 7.4 J9.U
Cl.Ol 4U-50 -10 -U 41 PEAT AnD GRAY ClAYEY SILT -)0 6.1 22.5 4.9 26.9
C2.0J 10-80 U -10 1) LOOsE ....,. PEAT -20 7.7 21 9.8 19.J
CI.OI 11-10 1110 19 150 OAAK GRAY CLAYEY SILT +150 7.2 25 J.8 39.8
CJ.02 40-50 8 17 44 IWUC G.,"Y CLAYEY OI&\NIC SILT fllJD' -25 7.0 25 6.2 211.U
C).OJ 80-90 t«JI' RECO.'EIIABLE
C4.01 0-10 170 20 150 IWUC GRAY ClAYEY SILT -00 8.4 20.5 ).6 J7.9
C4.02 40-50 -J 5 19 OAAK GRAY ClAYEY SILT AND RlfIIOES +lUO 6.8 19 12.0 2'1.0
C4.0J 110-90 t«JI'RE'COIERA8L£
01.01 0-10 150 JJ 100 DARK BIOH ClAYEY SILT +)00 6.6 24 !i.4 41.!i
02.01 0-10 940 44 660 GRAY, SILTY ClAY, fl)lsr -54 6.8 24 9.8 J2.8
Ol.02 4~0 NOr Il£U:NERAII.E
02.0J 8U-90 t«JI' REC'OJERABL£
0).01 0-10 J20 211 J10 PEAT AND GRAY 8RCItf SILT -70 1.4 24 4.2 J5.7
O4.Ul 0-IU 1i9 15 84 PEAT AND ClAYEY SILT +50 7.7 25 9.5 J5.9
04.U2 40-50 t«JI' JlfX.WERAR.E
1J4. OJ 1ID-9U t«JI' RECOfERABU:
05.01 0-10 270 Jl J60 GllAY OROH ClAYEY SILT +100 6.8 24 2.1
06.UI 0-10 170 2J 160 GRAY 8ROIff HIGltLY OI&\NIC ClAYEY SILT +280 6.8 JU 5.5 4J.0
Ob.U2 4U-!iU 19 -19 411 bANK I!IUff 1'0 III.\(]( CLAYEY (ft;MIC SILT +20U 6.6 27 6. 7 21.U
OIl.UJ 80-90 t«JI' Rf.'COfERABL£
01.U1 U-IO 110 17 J60 DARK BHOH HIGltLY (R;AHIC ClAYEY SILT +290 1.2 ).0
08.UJ t 0-10 100 -20 100 IWIK 8ROIff ORGANIC SILT -j!) 6.8 4.9
01l.U2 4o-~s -:!S -25 -25 GHAY CLAYEY SILT, PEAT IIOnat SOt -110 6.6 4.8
Ott. OJ t«JI' RECOfERABL£
El.01 0-IU 200 20 J60 GRAY crAYEY SILT AND PEAT +110 7.1 22 6.5 27.7
£1.02 40-50 t«JI' REC'OJERABL£
£I.U) 8U-90 t«JI' REXUIERA...£
£).01 0-10 1110 18 160 GRAY 8ROIff CLAYEY SI LT +110 6.9 25 ).8 41.0
- AC11JAL CO«:fNJ'RATlat 15 LESS TfJAH t(/tl!EM SfOH.
t 8D«Jf 9:AL£ 'reST
EBASCO
-------
"
.,
. . . _H . -
"'lOf4
SEDII'Uft' fWIIUS (CDlSr11Vl'10t MRSH UNU:ss NOrm)
SMPU: DI:PTIf CADfUtM NIcn:L
!WIPU: tQII£R 10111 I I I SAll>U; DESCIU PI' 101 DI Pff 1UU> 0c . ro: . SI1IDS
E).Ol 40-50 11 11 27 DARII IIRCNt CLAm SI LT AHD 1'&\1' HO ,.) n 6.2 n.O
E4.01 O-JO 170 18 110 GRAY BIOoN CLAyEY SILT AND PEAT +110 6.8 26 8.1 28.0
~.UI 0-10 JIJU 25 2JU DJlRI BRa.. (.Q;AHIC CLAYEY SILT +100 6.1 21 1.) ]2.0
£S.U2 4()..50 NOr REC()fERABLE
£S.OJ 1tO-90 NOr R£t.UYEAAILE
'1. 01 0-10 270 21 2)0 tWIll IIR(Hf TO II(ACJ( 'INE TO ..ruM SNtD -220 7.9 22 22.0 29.0
,J.OI t 0-10 ]1U 32 350 GRAY IIIUff CLAYEY SILT +150 1.0 2.1 ]1.0
F4. U1 0-10 200 24 220 GRAY CLAYEY SILT +J5 6.8 35 6.1 41.u
,4.02 40-SU °21 °21 021 bAAJC BIICw. CLAYEY SILT AHD PEAT +20 6.1 21 9.] 15.0
'5. OJ 0-10 91 12 100 IWUt I!R(Wf OR>AtIlC CLAYEY SILT ~o 7.J 25.S 4.8 ]).0
GJ.Ol 0-10 160 11 110 MRJ( IIRaM ClCANIC SILT AM> PEAT -100 6.8 19 1.8 11.0
Gl.02 40-50 tICJI' R£aNEIWlLE
GJ.OJ 80-90 tICJI' REaNERAlLE
G2.01 0-10 9J 4 60 PEAT ""TI'ED \IIn."1'J\nOt +90 7.7 II 8.9 6.5
GJ.Ol 0-10 2110 2! JOO GRAY I\R(Wf CLAYEY SILT TO SILTY CLAY,
OG\NICS +JO 6.8 It 6.2 ]8.0
G4.01u 0-10 9 25 511 DARK IIRCHf CUI YEY 51 LT 4.8 28.1
G4.02°o 40-50 2]0 28 ]60 Do\Rk 8A(Hf CLAYEY SILTS Wt'l1f OIIWfICS +25 6.5 8.9 42.)
GS.Ul 0-10 200 20 1]0 DARK BROIl' TO BLACK CLAYEY SILT Wl'l1f PEAT +180 1.8 20 5.] 14.9
CII.UI O-JU 14u 22 2]0 GRAy BIO.tf SILTY CLAY AND PEAT -IUO 6.2 5.5 )9.J
Cl.01 0-IU 440 40 6tIU CRAY SILTY CLAY, 9:Jp. PEAT 12~1 -30 7.8 21 5.8 40.0
C8.01 0-10 90 18 JOO GRAY 810., SILTY CLAY, 00f£ RHUO£S -220 6.9 20.5 5.0 J1.0
C8.01 36-44 . °9 02) °9 DAHl( IIHCWf f'EA'f -160 6.6 2O.S U.O 111.0
Hl.01 0-10 210 21 220 GRAY BRG.M TO Do\RII BI\(Hf CLAYEY SILT -70 1.1 J9 4.1 41.0
111.02 40-50 °10 IS 45 GRAY IIRGff SILTY CLAY 00f£ PEAT Uft) +60 6.9 19 H.O 36.1
H2.01 O-JO 2JO 2) 220 GRAY 8RCHI SILTY (].Ay +60 5.9 J9 3.9 41.0
HJ.Ol O-JO JIIO J1 ]00 GRAY 8ROff SILTY CLAY +10 6.9 22 6.0 J9.0
H3.02 40-50 18 1) 36 GRAY ~ SILTY SIIILE REVEHSA1. or G4.UJ AND G4.U2 BECAUSE 01' SAll'LII«>, PACKAGII«i (JI ANo\LYTICAL ERRm EBASCO
-------
AlC)I!Jof4
SEDltUIl' SAfI>t£S (mtsrI1Ul'1(Jf MRSI UNlEsS NOrm'
SAHPU: DEPnf NICKEL
5AHPLf: IUI!ER (01' ( , SAItPL£ D£9:RIPrIQI Di PIt TDfp.C 'm: , OOLIDS
I~.UI 0-.10 711 17 116 CHA Y IIIU.H lo"LAYF;Y SI LT ..IU 7.7 2J J.8 44.u
1~.01 DUPLICATE 0-10 200 22 160 GRAY ~ SILT. SLIGHTLY CLAm,
!n£ HltlZO£S -50 7.2 22.5 4.1 41.2
16.01 0-10 91 17 110 GRAY BIOotf CLAYEY SILT -)U 6.8 24 7.2 JJ.4
Ib.U2 40-50 *5 *5 10 DARK BlUff 1'0 BLACIC Pf'AT SO£ CLAYEY SILT -10 6.8 2) 6.1 2u.0
17.01 U-4 200 14 150 PfAT WI11I MRK IIROhIf SILT (75/25' -100 7.4 24 ~.2 29.U
111.01 0-) ;.uu *28 lJU ""TI'ED BRaff PEAT -70 7.1 22 6.9 lJ.4
III.U2 4U-~0 oor Rf.'COfERJ\8L£
19.01 0-10 U 11 45 GRAY BRa" SILTY CLAY, LITn..F. IffIZQf0£5 -50 7.5 20.5 6.~ ):./.9
HU.OI 0-10 *10 *10 43 GRAY ~ PlASTIC SILTY ClAY,
9:M: HlIlZU£S -ISO 7.) 22 4.5 J'J.7
JI. 01 0-10 18 *9 )6 ~ mGAHICS - CA1TAlL LFAVIS, llfllzoa +300 8.) 14 4.5 8.2
J2.01 O-Iu n *9 75 BIOf.I (RjANICS - ""TI'ED YfX;ETATI(Jf +60 7.6 16 7.0 9.1
J2.02 40-50 oor Rf.'COfERABL£
.1J.uI U-IU 4 4 )J GRAY IIR(Wf SILTY CLAY. SI'M'IZ IflIZOfE +220 7.J 22 12.0 )~.9
J4.01 0-10 *9 17 43 GRAY IIROhIf SILTY CLAY Pk>IST -220 7.8 2J 5.J 43. J
J4.02 40-50 7 10 J2 GRAY IIR(Wf SILTY CLAY (2~, PEAT' -1)0 7.4 21 S.J H.4
J4.02 DUPLICATE 40-50 7 7 )J GRAY IIR(Wf 51 LTY CLAY I JOt PEAT' -70 7.2 22 4.8 5~.0
Kl. Ul 0-lu 56 21 49 DARK I!~ (U;A/fIC SILT. SA~TED -200 7.4 22 5.6 26.6
Ill. 01 DUPLICATE 0-10 57 17 57 MRII B~ OfGANIC SILT -200 7.4 12 5.6 24.1
111.01 t 0-10 8J 12 17 GRAY BROIl CLAYEY SILT +80 7.9 2.4 H.O
112.U2 40-50 16 7 42 GRAY IIR(Wf SILT CLAy '20\ PEAT, -180 6.5 2J J.2 )1.4
112.0J 8U-90 *4 10 1J DARK GRAY IIRCIoN PLASTIC CLAY. IU£ -150 6.8 21 J.O ~4.5
ORGANICS
10.01 0-10 U 1J JS GRAY SIL'IY CLAY. LI1TLE PEAT 115', -400 20 6.4 44.8
114.01 U-I0 *10 *10 15 IIR(Wf Pf'AT. 5O'tE GRAY CLAYEY SILT (20U -210 17 11.0 39.8
114.02 40-50 BROil PFAT. IU£ GRAY CLAYEY SILT (JOt, -190 19 6.0
115.01 0-10 14 14 JJ GRAY IIR(Wf CLAY, LI'ITLE PFAT 115" 18.5 8.4 41. 5
LI. 01 0-10 U 17 J~ DARK GHAY BIO" CLAYEY SILT tnlS'r -130 19.5 6.4 4l.4
Ll.UI 0-10 18 1] JS IIHOoN 1'0 GRAY SILTY CLAY, LI1TL£ RHIZOtt:S 19 1.3 44.1
Ll.Ul DtJI'LICA'I'£ 0-10 12 12 J8 GRAY SILTY CLAY 19 to.O 42.0
LJ.OI 0-10 1J 1J J4 GRAY Bro." SILTY CLAY, SOfIE PFAT (JOU 19.5 5.0 4J.J
HI.UI O-IU J70 2U 160 GRAy BOO" SILTY CLAy AHu PEAT 'SO/50' .70 6.1 2J 5.1 J4.2
"1.02 40-SO 1 *5 14 [WIll IlRAY 1'0 BlACK PEAT WI11I CLAYEY SILt' -120 6.5 22.5 4.9 11.0
H.l.UI 0-10 S3U 51 660 GRAY IIR(Wf SILT loUY "20 6.7 21 5.4 41.6
"3.01 0-10 510 J4 SSU PfAT AHD GRAY IIROhIf slLn CLAy (50/50' +110 6.8 20.5 5.0 40.U
"3.02 4U-50 *U *6 44 BROIN PEAT Wl11l CLAYEY SILT ClOt' -120 6.5 21 4.7 I1.U
H4.01 0-10 211U 15 16U IIR(Wf 1'0 BlACK OKOANIC SILT, Llm.£ PEAt' -270 7.1 20 4.J 16.1
"5.UI 0-10 220 25 210 eRA Y IIR(Wf 51 LTY CLAY ~o 6.4 24 5.9 4). I
'.6.01 0-10 150 21 170 GRAY BAOfi SILTY (].Ay +50 6.2 22 ).8 40.0
In. 01 0-10 900 99 1600 PFAT AND CLAYEY SILT (SO/SO, -20 6.2 22 6.J 19.1
* AC'lUAL CO«:EHmAT1CJf 15 u:ss TIfAH N./HBER SlUff.
t Bt:t«:H OCAU: TESr
EBASCO
Table 4
-------
to
"
RlCJe . of 4
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-------
COMPOSITE WATER SAMPLES FROM
EAST COVE TRESTLE - OCTOBER 25, 1984
Cd Concentration (mg/l)
Tide Stage Top Bottom
High Slack 1 <0.0005 0.0006
Ebb 1 0.0018 0.0021
low Slack 1 0.0013 0.0016
Flood 1 <0.0005 <0.0005
Hi gh Slack 2 <0.0005 <0.0005
Ebb 2 0.0026 0.0024
Low Sl ack 2 0.0050 0.0061
A~Hm
-------
c
l'
talClaln fOLlmAIIT
'1111-"117
I~"-IC hAL"I'
-
"II'" '''011 .., f. eo.. tholl .., t. eo. to eo..
"wail ..,
IAsr/1ltUTIAl. ~ QUilt II'''.'CS ..I.
.. ". .. Cw C\t .. fI_...,",,, . COI..._,.- III ACID C~ "'"
III
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.18I',..'...OIIO...op,I lit... IIIJ ID :::;~,,;:....... 10 II!: '..81"'00"''''' lID
lID IC IIJ
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IDS 1'5 I.ts "."'''01''''0,1.. I.. IIIJ 11:1 ,.,,,, -.. 1Ij .: ""',,'''''_, IIJ 10
IIIlt c:o.. I." II CI." 1""'''01 I,...,...... II) :oJ :~~';~~:~;:::::. lID II! ,,.....1 IIJ
I) . IC
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~.t c_. 1.1 II CD.SI II. ., I.U "."'''.''...,110810.'''' HO . 'rG"ocHc"'or....,,,1I'8 lID III
'ot,I ...,,1 ",...10'. 110 11:1 1.,.".810'_"- III. It ,'sr/1lIIlTUl C~OlJIID\ "".
........,,1 ""0.1". IIJ "".-'.1."..1....._.. to r. 110
"1'01"'0"0'" ,: I( .'IIIP"Ibe"8 IIJ
"''''Dct" ""..1". III IC 018'000<81..._,.... I) I: ...., '81", IIJ IIJ
"' .. '" TI a.. ..".,1 ""0.10.. II) a) 1.1""'1<.''''00''- a;:, a; -,l.t-crtc............... IIJ IIJ
""'8,. ",...hu II IC ....... ~:' a; "'.."."'0"""'" ao
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T....II I., CJ.I '" ".'01.1-"..... ..
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..u... 1:8.. C). I C).I III 1.1'''''0' ,"". ..,....) .. ., '."'''''0''' ~O a: '.e"1oronID"'"'''''' II~ .~
III CI.' '..,oltln"".....,.., 1'''''0,1-1-,,",- tC a:
. T.tr."1orOtt"tftI to a: 1,'.d "" 1orQC)fn"", 10 ao
.ar "'" I. I.l.I.,.traclal.....t".A8 10 a: 1,)."""109"Obe""'" 110 ao
tJ CJ. J C'.I c'.I '" IC'".''''''''''' . IIJ 110 '01.... 8) II! I.'-"'cta1or.ft".... 10 ao
-80..
'...... '",'" ..... 110 t.:I C"'...o....... "" II: 1.1-. I
-------
"""'JIL
-------
,.-TIL CtJl(rll"'l1'rc.~ r. IDLA.!'tII
!lUlL Cc.cr"'UTrc.5 'I Itl1\I" IL"(
t t1 "'" I,U.' CIiO.'t
tut C89t ICP.J ...,. 100 ~ u
1",.,i,18 Co8.lt~ On lS I~ .to 11
;" UU!OII Ou. I!etel Icp.I ... IS ... 15 U
.,, II JJ l! '.0
bit c... 1'".1 ... II 1.100 I.zao lZO .... " 1)0 '" I.'
CI
-------
"'se.. loci, --tllCltr GlIII Lh.r
a..... ~t.. I-I. "'''9' I..,. ...,. Cd 110"9'
Cd "' Cd 1\ Cd It It
IC JIg",.. -.r te.ft. 1 0.1110 -O.UO 'O.uo -I.ZOO 1.1110 -1.600 5.400 -'.0lIO 1.1110 -3.110 1.300 9.400-41.110 ".0lIO- 3.1
IC !!2!!!! .ltbllo"'1 1 0.034 0.330 1.600 1 . 5110 0.410 0.460 4.900 '0.11
-
01 ..eroDC.." u'e.., 1 0.11021 0.510 - - 0.053 3.600 O.oaa 0.7
CII "'roo", ......c.... 4 0.11019-0.180 O.uo -1.100 0.1163 -1.ZOO 1.1110 -'.0lIO 0.091 -3.0lIO 0.410 ".400 3.300'25.110 0.160. I.
CII l!e!!!!.! .II bIIo \!!.I , 0.011 -0.051 1.300 -3.100 0.031 -0.110 1.1110 -3.100 0.014 -4.100 0.310 .3.1110 3.1110-3.100 .0.350-'1.
CII 1Io\_I_I.I;rnOloucu , 0.010 -0.110 0.180 -0.3110 O.tto ...300 0.140 ....300 0.480 -0.510 0.510 -1.0lIO 3. 5110 '0."
-
Ij( ~~ 3 0.11091-0.11610 -0.057 -, .1110 0.056 -0.170 1.300 -7.100 0.110 -3.300 .0... -0.4. 0.059-.4.00 ".1110- O.
Ij( .l.se!!1J ~ 1 0.075 0.110 0.400 1.5110 O.UG O. 5110 4"00 .0.
-
'5 ~ alyr"wft("u 1 0.01161 0.180 0.330 1.600 0.039 O.UO 0.110 .0.
'S !!I!!!!U .II bIIo II!! 1 0.0013 0.110 O.JIIO 1.300 0.110 0.6aO 0.130 '0.41
-.
.., IIIDr"O~ ....rfCl"l 1 0.013 -0.055 0.130 -1.400 0.OJ9 '0.150 1.0lIO -4.400 '0.180 -0.091 0.430.- 3.100 1.900-1.5110 .0.840'.11.
ICI 'tire"" _r'un. 1 0.014 0.150 0.019 0.7110 0.055 -0.110 4.900 I.
II ~t"IQO",,1 cr.Jsol~('1 1 0.0031-0.0aa0 0.043 -1.900 O.OU" 0.840' '0.011 -0.055 '0.340 -0.550 0.110 -0.
II i!e!! ~bIIoIUI 1 0.1101' 0.110 0.01' 1.1110 O.OIU 0.5110 0.1161 '0.1
CAIIIILfI AIIO ""Ill COIIC£NI"'IIOII~ OF FISH "'SCH. 1001 '£"'"IOU
Gill AIIJ) IIV[I IISMS Ug/g wel we '9"1)
110
110
100
600
980
860
100
o
00
400
Ibte ,
"I '-I.
5110
90
'1S14 lIIOI.1 800' .0." ~AL CDIICIITUTIOIIS tJ;/'1 -. _19/1.)
," -..-.-- -_. 114"90 I
'
a..... s ~.,.. s.~"' os Cd .. ,
14n co.. (IC) "01"'0"- uut11ts 1 0.640 I. seo
1 0.510 1.800
IC ~;~;~~, ;~~:~~~UI 1 1. 5110 1.100
IC
Ie ~W":~; loll "'.t:"oc ITt",. 1 1.600 1.5110
Ie w"c. 1011 0110"''''''1 I 0.09>-0.4.80 0.830-1. 400
.
COftU1twt1on 1 I.~ 1.600
"'"" (01) ~~::1~1::~~~;~~~~1
01 l' 4.300 1.100
01 ~I"s ".UI'"CC , tul 1 3.100 4.900
01 ~fI~I'.dU! ~ap~I""! 4 0.11~-1. 5110 1.000-1.600
01 ~ "'ClIO"'''1 3 0.140-1.5110 1.100-3.100
01 ~ I"'Oltrau 1 0.110 3.800
_I~CCO.' (.~I ~I"'O'" sunIT,. I ~:g~ g:~~
;;CI"'OQtaOolI tQfrlC04 1
WC ~ I'I1.I410n,,,. 1 0.130 0.120
'1'~SStto IPS "'or"O"f ''''''''c,n, ~ W. ,OJ-oJ. ow I ~.Jw'J.,O(J
~'CrO?Uh" tOf"Cod 0.0'1-0.084 O. 3S0-1. 100
PS ""0"'1011 ~'I;"I"US 1 0.034 1.300
" Not'"":lg 1" ""O"Q"'1oI1 1 0.069 I.S0~
SGu~" co.. IS( "'",.. _'1".4 Z 0.11015-0.1900 0.051.3.600
se
se ~qO"UI 'mol'uell I 0.210 1.700
SC )'0""';' ;'OOOlUI 1 0.100 1.100
se I 0.050-0.051 1.100-'.600
SC '~~:~,~: ~::::~~tu, 1 0.100 15.000
SC t.at"OO1l "'t.la'=",,,~ 3 0.065.0.150 1.800-5.400
-"lOft CollI (111) :'",O.dIIl .-.. I 0.015 1.100
ItU 1 0.049 1.100
.., 1"'0'" ~"~CI".
IIU "~r"OI' U ".'UI J 0.044-0.071 0.410-4.500
~.~. o-i(HI ) 1 0.1I6a 0.320
."","- Slut it h
ICI :";'f'CQICIoiS tOl'lCod 1 0.045 0.]90
ICI 1"0". '"","'c,n, I 0.OS9-0.1161 0.410.1.600
ICI NCtf'0011 I'twdSCI"'t.l1 1 0.01:1 0.460
ft.oJ t .., l1'E "'1"0'" ."'''1CI''. 1 0.044 3.900
TI
f, t.=:' g~CDO~wl 1 0.0079 ,.~
TI "," u ill ~ Z 0.024-0.049 1.100-4.100
TI ,"1.1"4" I ul taroc \tUI 1 0.051 1.400
I
ACRIB
Table
-------
c_".. COOCI~'AAllo..s I~ "~RO".tRII8IIAiI IC.III"""I.. ''''''~.) 11551,.(5
(urji/Q -l -.~t) - -
NIrft.t DfttrC' r... Ihor«lC "".:h CI../I.., ,,-"I. CII 10 Con..,.
-- ....... ---
loc.t tan pl. R.- R...- ......
5.1'.
(n) "'.. MI". .... "'.. IIln. ..... "'.. "1n. "'.. "'.. M.tn. .... "'.. 'Un. "'..
-
t... Caw. ~ J9.0 1.011 It.. 1.loo !.Ioo t.too 0..011 0.0" O.IU J.~ 0.640 1.111 2.011 O.UO 0.110
"''''8,.tt- .. . ".0 5.10 '.5 O..~ 0.160 D.UD 0.086 O.OU O.OU 1.'0 0'''0 D.150 1...0 0.08' 0"10
Ston, ""inl . 1.10 1.90 '.5 0.510 O.O~J .. ail 0.0'1 0.010 D.Dlf 0.1011 0."1 '.560 1.20 0..,0 D..90
50..,. "I~h . 1.90 O. JIll D.87 O.O!lO 0.01~ D.1Ia 0.0" 0.0010 D.DIJ 0.1011 0.029 D.01l 0.261 0.0" D.II7
...1., 1),1, 1 (no1/ U"'.ic ".1. U.- _I. - _I".., lor £e.1 eo...
c:.ai.. c...c_r.u- u. ~'''9 lurtl.. (o."~" Sorponll...)
I.....
--
At.. pl. Lh.r 11- ""'.rt "'lIE I. r..n..,.
51..
(n) "'.. !Un. ..... "'.. !Un. "'.. "'.. !Un. "'.. "'.. !Un. .... "'.. !Un. "'..
Cur..t UuUan
"',"" . '.'0 O.JlO I.U 52.111 1.90 12.'0 .)10 .00., 0.077 . JlOII .01110 .056' J.lO .111161 .720
[..I
eo.. n.OII n.OII U.OII 27.011 11.011 11.od O.U O.U 0.25 .060 .060 .060 0.510 0.510 O.SlQ
11.011 . OllIS .0255 .0112 J O.OIIH
Io, ~ -.110 O.OJIO 0. 0602 1.10 0.220 0.588 .0-.0 .0112 J .0111 .0590 .1117'
"'10, . '"'"'-t ~I. 5... (n) . .
IIMoa " C_'IM COIC[~'1IA1I1J<5 I~ -5
.J
lher 1._.. Con.. ilia, .-. ""r
Spec 1-' At.. 50...1 ~I 5wep1 5wep1
~~~ "'.. IIln. ~~~. "'.. !Un. ~~. "'.. IIln. ~~~. "'.. IIln.
"-*r.1
[..I eo.. ([C) C2J 1...0 1.10 (2) 15.0 ..10 C2I 0"10 0.110 --- -- ---
ea...lllutl... .."" (01) (2) 1...0 2.10 (2) 17.0 '.10 (I) 0.012 0.082 h- --- ---
Ui::~ Iol1~~""r. U) O.on 0.0117 151 0.J1O 0.0l0 01 III III -0. --- ---
-.. t..,....t.., "-
[C W) 16.0 0.1011 (I) ..10 0.019 -- --- --- 110) 2.'0 0.07'
01 :1 0.'10 0.065 m O. ,,. 0.1" -- --- --- .) 0.2.. 0.025
18 0.290 0.01l 0.210 0.210 --- h- --- (0) 0.061 0.0111
...,.., "I
[C (J) 270. 10.0 (J) 210. 2.10 (I) 1.20 1.20 (2) '.10 2.111
01 (I) 0.180 0."0 (1) 1.0 2.011 (I) 0.1011 0.1011 --. --- -h
II -eo --. --- --- --- --- --- -e. --- '-. --- -eo
Wat.r Shr-
[C C2I 11.0 62.1 (2) Il.o 0. 57. --- --- (2) '.10 '.90
['II h- --- --- --- 0.- h- --- --- --- h- -- ---
II --- --- --- -.. --- eo- --- --- --- 'U ---
"'1.. 'II dot. .--- - ~9 _t -I~t.
III - "'t dot.tel.
J~~m
Table
-------
FEASIBLE GENERAL RESPONSE ACTIONS AND
ASSOCIATED REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES
GENERAL RESPONSE
ACTIONS
TECHNOLOGY CATEGORIES
MONITORING, RESTRICTED ACCESS,
PUBLIC AWARENESS
NO ACTION
CONTAINMENT
CApPING, SEDIMENT D!SPERSON
CONTROL
HYDRAULIC CONTROL
COMPLETE REMOVAL
TIDAL, RUNOFF
DREDGING, EXCAVAXION
PARTIAL REMOVAL
ON-SITE TREATMENT
DREDGING, EXCAVAXION
THERMAL,
TREATMENT
CHEMICAL,
AND
PHYSICAL
OFF-SITE TREATMENT
TH ERMAL ,
TREATMENT
CHEI1ICAI, ,
AND
PHYSICAL
INSITU TREATMENT
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL TREATMENT
ON-SITE DISPOSAL
LANDFILL (HAZARDOUS OR
NON-HAZARDOUS)
OFF-SITE DISPOSAL
LANDFILL (HAZARDOUS OR
NON-HAZARDOUS), OCEAN
DISPOSAL
TRANSPORTATION
TRUCK, TRAIN, BARGE, PIPELINE
SITE RESTORATION
MARSH REVEGETATION
EBASCO
-------
~
I.~
J. C..CU._l'It
&. S!II!U
. eu,-
. ''''''''uc "ab"".
. 1,.../1,..,.1
. '&1'., 'Uric
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I. ~ WI!L!!!!!
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J. 'l'duuUc Cenuol
&. .'''1 e"".1
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. '-'"
8. 8_1 -...1
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&. IIWI1i!!!
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. ".,1&..
I. ..cynical Ir,'11..1
c. 8y'uuUe D"'1.I."8
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e"u.,
. "'..."c or.',u,
I. ~r Ofl.IUI
&. IIIS.EII1 U-'''''&&..I
I. Cae.inl 7r'U-nt
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. ""."1"""'.',
. ,a..u..
. tr.ea,auU88I
'1".111"'''88
. ""',r."U..
. aft' y.,., C.,88ft
SUMMARY TABLE OF REMEDIAL TECHNOLOGIES
",Ub18 . '."11"
l.ahl.U." .,aollred
IUah,t,' Iroe
'wrt",r I.,aluation
~
c. '''nicel 'teU""1
. I."......
a
o ....u, ft1......
. ''''_8U'''" ".188
,.
,.
,.
a.
I
,
,
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"'.uru,
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(fla,. . "....
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I. lit-lit\! ",uu..",
A. C...acel
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8. I8U.1!!!
. Y'&UUMU"
,.
.
,.
..
,
,
I
a
.
,
,. 11111!!1
A. HRfU~l8....
. C8e8Ulet o.-.U.
lcaa IoAMJUl
. C8ftIUUC' Off"I".
Ie'" wa." II
. 0..... lun,
8CU. Loan.tlll
I. r.:~::~. .:.:~-
. C8881rlet 08-IU.
loU.nu
. cautnct .'-11&'
....." II
. D.. ..uu",
&I"Ual)' wadUU
. OCMa DUpoId
I. YrI,.88DrtU J.Oft
&. II.IW.
I. JIW
c. IIW
I.~
a
I. lite .Inouuo"
. ..ra. ......,.u..
,
,
,
. .... ...,..,.. '8 -aM". ",&. .... '.....1..1...
'.IUtlle .. Putt".r
1".1.."10" ..QuUed
a
,
,
.
,.
IUll"lud ho.
'wrtP\., .....lIoiUIOII
I
,
,
EBASCQ
Table
-------
Comparison of Alternatives Considered to NCP Requirements
No Attains Exceeds Offsite Reduces
Alternati~.e Action ARAR ARAR DisPosal "Threat
- - -
ECM-l X
ECM-2 X xa X
ECM-J X Xa
ECM-4 X X X
EC M- 5 X
CM-l X
CM-2 X xa X
CM-J X Xa X
CM-4 X xa
CM-S X
a Depending the performance of the dredging operations and
on
treatment and disPosal facility.
"
EBASCO
-------
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-- aP -11n> 8I"LUATlCIo II ._OIAi. AI.-TT'1t8
- '''III'..., _lie
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AJ'."" 'ft ,., ....~ -.... 0..:.'''8 a..a. "'. 0':I'a> r ft, -- ..!.~
~I
-,;;-"" I... 0.8 '.11 . 18ft'.' -. .1.. 0 ..., -.,-- o ,"flit.. 0 1'tI8'c- ...J. N:It . ~.O --
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ror "..... ....... " ,t... ~.. 1Gft8' w... '''''
wft" CDIt 88f..... 0_1....,,,,,,.,,,,,,, . o-tu..., 1If'f"C' Gt
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.n.....o b'''',
. fIIM.lb'. to Na'It.. U.5
Kft'. or _nIP., . J .....,..
o '''''''' ~ at fJCJ8I
J8ft.rft.
.-'-'''''''
. ~ *"911.
. --..1 ..,..
ror -..-."
"ftl.! to.~
...., .'- tOIle
...,,.,. ..
-.
.--1., -'"
I2.S left...
....
"-
EBASCO
Table
-------
tUlm'lVnCII -
-- ar ~rL121 IIIrAWAT'lCII 01' -tAl. AI.-nva
CIIoJ ,''" II..., -'Ie
-'0' ~,. ....- ",.,th Itw,,,-O' "'-'CII' 111.'....,_, e»... "-
AJt.nw,.. '0' .....~ anc.rft' t2ftc:pr"8 -mo -."" -mo
~ 1.11 1.9) 0111- '.'-"'", 0 '- -0'___"
II> ,., '''''
.....cI. ~t-- ,..,,,. ...
o "'.,_, lIto"~ .,.. - .ft..
0 -.,....''''' -...
-,.... .., - '- .
IUIf'e.... -rw of
Qt. Cb . .. to C81-
..............,... -
'OII'e'.,.
0 - -'- .., -.
.1It ----~ -
....., "0...... MJ "
- -0' '-''''.
of ,..If..,.. Md t r...
.,- ",....
~lIe SUt 71.. 0 -. ""....... ,.. 0 -- ---... 0 ..... ofr- ,- 0 ~o orrot.. 0 tna 'nrUe.
"""'''' ""rcI. "'1... 8. .... -".ry ,_'" 0 Ollr....,,,.. '" '-
'11'-'''' . .... '-... 01/- . ...., CIIIW -... -..,. .r.. ,...""....
Pt_... --"'" or -., - ".,Ue.
Whl.. .--.... or ....- 0 Pt- '-'''''
-_, - tr_- ".....
0 -.. eI..."",.... or
-..,... r... ~..-
~....
0 lie... ".-'011 ..,
'- eI'U,eu', -
-,.. h..... "I..
"",,'" aer,.,. t...
0 - -,rt-t.... or
U- """" "",'''
'.'- It ,...
~"e n.n 17.11 0"'" ~z 0 ... .. ~, 0 ... ..~, --- orrot.. 0 ... .. ~J.
"""'''' .....-. -. '-
!II,-,,,, '_.1/ -,.,.
-.U'"
au..,.. 01_.
EBASCO
Table l4
-------
SUMMARY OF ANNUAL CPERATla1S AND MAINl'ENANCE OOST ESTIl1b.TES
-( 1986 Dollars)
Alternatives
East Foundry OJve Marsh (ECl1)
EOt-l No Action
ECM-2 Hydraulic Dredging/thickening
Fixation/Off-Site Disposal
ECM-3 Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening
Fixation On-Site Disposal
ECM-4 HYdraulic Dredging/Thickening/
Dewatering/Off-Site Disposal
ECM-5
COntainment
COnsttution ~~rsh (CM)
CM-l No Action
CM-2 Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening
Fixation/Off-Site Disposal
CM-3 Hydraulic Dredging/Thickening/
Dewatering/Off-Site Disposal
Annual O&M
Cost JjlOOO/Yr)
cperation and
Maintenance
DJration (Year)
54 1-30
3,430 1 year
80 2-5
27 6-30
3,184 1 year
137 2-5
84 6-30
778 1 year
80 2-5
27 6-30
200 1-5
148 6-30
100 1-30
8,806 1-2
499 3-5
79 6-30
1,768 1-2
499 3-5
79 6-30
E8ASCO
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Attachment 1
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