U, S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION. AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
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Office of Air Programs Publication No. APTD-0878
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CINCINNATI - HAMILTON - MIDDLETOWN
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by
Alan J. Hoffman
David V. Mason
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Air Quality and Emission Data Program
Durham, North Carolina
October, 1968
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Study Area 1
Topography 4
Grid Coordinate System 5
Summary of Results 5
Emissions by Category 9
Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources 9
Area and Point Sources 11
Emissions from Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources. ... 15
Transportation .• •. . * 23
Aircraft and Railroads 24
Solid Waste Disposal 29
Industrial Process Losses . 29
Emissions by Grid 33
Emission Densities by Grid ....... 35
References 49
Appendix -..SO
FIGURES
Figure 1 • Cincinnati - Hamilton - Middletown Study Area ... 2
Figure 2 Cincinnati - Hamilton - Middletown Grid Coordinate
Map 6
Figure 3 Point Source Location foi* Cincinnati - Hamilton -
Middletown Study Area, 1967 34
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. - Figure 4 Sulfur oxide emission density from all sources . . 44
Figure S Particulate emission density from all sources 4S
.'"
Figure (; Carbon monoxide emission density from all sources. 46
,I' Figure 7 Hydrocarbon emission density from all
- sources
surveyed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Figure 8 Nitrogen oxide emission density from all sources . 48
TABLES
Tab le 1 Populati.on characteristics for the Cincinnati -
Jlami 1 ton' - ~liddletO\\'n Study Area . . . . . . 3
Table 2 Summary of Air Pollutants in the Cincinnati -
Hand 1 ton - ~1iddletOim Study Area, 1957 . . . . . . 7
"
.. ' Tab Ie 3 Summary of Fu e 1 Consumption by Stationary Sources
for the Study Area, 1967 . . . . ..... . . . . 10
,
Tab 1 e 4 ~l1rnmary of Fuel Consumption by Steam Electric
. :. . . ~ .. Utili ties for the Study Area, 1967 12
. . . . . . . .
Table 5 Sulfur and Ash Content of Fuels Consumed in the
Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Table 6 Summary of Fuel Use b)' Jurisdiction and Source
for the Study Area . . . ' ,' . . . '. . . . . . . . 14
Table 7 Summary of Domestic Heating Units by Fuel Type
fOl~ the Study Area . . . . . . . . . '. . . 16
Table 8 Summary of Fuel Consumption by Jurisdiction for
Stationary Sources in the Study Are(~ . 17
Table 9 Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions from Fuel
Consumption ~n Stationary Sources for the Study
Area. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Table
10
Summary of Air Pollutant Emission from Stationar)"
Sources by Jurisdiction for the Stu~y Area. . . .
19
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Table 11 Hotor Vehicle Fuel Consumption' and Registrations
for the Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
. .,
Table 12 Airport Fights in the Study Area . . . . . . . . . 26
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Tab Ie 13 Air Pollutant Emissions frornTransportation
Sources by Jurisdication for the Study Area. 27
Table 14 Air Pollutant Emissions from Airports in the
Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Table 15 Solid \'laste Disposal by Jurisdiction
for the. Study Area . . .' . . . . . . . 30
Table 16 Air Pollutant Emissions by Jurisdiction from
Solid \';aste Disposal for the Study Area. . . . . . 31
Table 17 Summary of Point Source Emissions by ~eas6n
for the Study Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
Table 18 Summary of Area Source Emissions by Season
for the Study Area . . . .'. . . . . ~ . . . . . 39
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ACKNOI'iLF. DGNENTS
The Public Health Service acknowledges with appreciation the
. .
contributions of Local and State agencies in the gathering of data
for this report.
In particular, we are grateful for the use of
data and personnel assistance furnished by the following:
1.
Bureau of Air Pollution Control and Heating Inspection,
City. of Cincinnati
2.
Kentucky Air Pollution Control Commission
3.
~liddleto"lI1, Ohio Health Department
4.
Hamilton, Ohio Health Department
s.
~lio~ Kentucky, Indiana Regional Planning Commission
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...
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AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVE~~ORY
INTRODUCTI ON
,'"
This report is a compilation of air pollutant emissions in the
Cincirmati - Hamil ton - I,.!iddletown metropolitan areas.
TIle ob j ecti ves
of this emission inventory were to determine the quantity',of the various
air pollutants emitted as well as their geographical and seasonal
variations.
This was done by using a modified form of the rapid
ch. 1
survey te n1quc.
The Study Area was divided into a grid coordinate
system and the emission quantities were reported in terms of tons of
pollutant per grid on an average annual day. average summer day, and
average winter day.
The pollutants considered in this survey ,...ere sulfur oxides, parti-
culates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of nitrogen.
Data
"
presented herein were gC?thered mainly by the acknmvledged state and
local agencies and are representative' of 1967 unless other\dse noted.
STUDY AREA
,The Study Area,. prC'sented in Figure 1, consists of Cincinnati and
the surrounding counties (Boone, Campbell, and Kenton in Kentucky; ,
Dearborn in Indiana; and \\Tarren,: Clermont, and the balance of Hami 1 ton
in Ohio) as 'vell as the Hamilton - ~1iddleto\m area which consists of
Butler County in Ohio.
The area occupies 2,620 squar'(; miles and
contains an estimated 1967 population of :.,658,880 which 'is a 13
percent increase over the 1960 population (See Table 1).
About SO
percent of the people live in the cities of Cincinnati, Covirtgton,
.,
Hamilton, a:'1d ~'!iddleto\.;n; and almost all of the industrial acti vi ty
.
01
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SHELB '(
'.
LOGAN
UNION
DELAWARE
CHAMPAIGN
DARKE COLUMBUS
MIAMI 0
SPRINGFIELD
0 MADISON FRANKLIN
CLARK
DAYTON
PREBLE 0 PICKAWA Y
GREENE
MONTGOMEf\Y FAYETTE
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.Figure 1.
Cincillnati, Hamil ton, Middl etown study area.
.,
nq
U'-'
CLINTON
ROSS
HIGHLAND
PIKE
BROWN
ADAMS
. SCloro
.,
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Table 1 POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR THE
CINCINNATI - IWIILTON - r.lIDDLETOWN
SWDY AREA
I
Population 1967 Popelation
i Land Area Density
County (Square mil C~) 1960 1967 person/sq. i:ii.
"
Cincinnati S~ISA 2,149- 1,268,479 1,4:';0,555 665.7
,
I Clermont 458 80,530 105,513 230.4
"' Hamilton 414 864,121 949,876 2,294.4
I Warren 408 65,711 £5,266 209.0
..
.
'Boone 249 21,940 26,300 105.6
I Campbell 149 86,803 98,000 657.7
Kenton 165 120,700 135,000 818.2
Dearborn 306 28,674 30,600 100.0
Hamil ton -
r.1idd1 etown
SMSA
Butler 471 199,076 228,325 484.8
Total Area 2 ,620 1,467,555 1,658,880 633.2
...
": r-,
U,)
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,
is located here.
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TOPOGRAPHY
08
The entire Cincinnati !.1etropolitan area is part of an upland plain
about 900 feet above sea level, with the floodplain of the Ohio some
800 feet 100'1er.
Downtown Cincinnati is located in the basin formed by
the junction of the ~j:i.ll Creek and Licking River valleys with the flood
plain of the Ohio.
The basin area and flood plains are surrounded by steep bluffs
°rising 200 to 400 feet to the general plateau level.
TI1ese b luffs are
cut frequently by the valleys of small tributary streams which produce
a setting of promontories and steep hills.
111e Hamilton - ~1iddletown area is located about 2S 1i\iles north of
o the Cincinnati area \\'hile the Darton Standard ~Ietropolitan Statistical
~
Area (SMSA) is S3 miles north of Cincinnati.
TI1erc are no other large
industrial or populated areas within 7S miles.
GENERAL CLI~~TOLOGY
TI1e climate in the Cincinnati area is basically continental with a
wide range oin temperature.
The Cincinnati area is subjected to frequent
changes in weather due to the passage of numerous cyclonic storms °in
the winter and spring and thunderstorms in the summE~r.
The temperatures
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range from an all-time high of 1090 in the summer to 170 obelO\~ zero in
the winter.
On the average, a temperature of 340 could be expected in
Cincinnati in the winter.
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The prevai ling south to south\\'cst Hinds on the western side of the I
Bermuda high during the summer carry \\'a1'l11, moist air from the Gulf of
Gt..;
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Mexico up the ~'ississippi,~nd Ohio valleys into the Cincinnati area.
This gives the area a high frequency of thunderstorms. . The wind
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speed averages about 11 mph in the winter and about 7.5 mph in the
summer.
GRID COORDINATE SYSTH1
For the purposes of this survey. the Study Area was divided into
62 grids based on Universal Transverse ?-tercator Projection (Ul1.~).
Three grid sizes of 20,000 meters, 10,000 meters, Clnd 5,000 meters ,...ere
utilized for delineatiug emissions of the sulfur.oxides, particulates,
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carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides (Figure 2).
. SW.~'ARY OF RESULTS
The follO\...ing is a brief summary of pollutant emissions and
sources in the Cincinnati - Hamil ton - ~Iic1dletown Study Area:
1.
Sulfur oxides (about 428,000 tons per year) are
emitted primarily from stationary fuel combustion.
The combustion of coal, mainly from steam electric
power plants, contributed 91 percen~; industrial
processes, 7 percent; and transportation, less
than 1 percent.
2. - Coal combustion accounted for more than 6~ percent
of the total particulate emission of 122,470 tons
per year. . Trallsportation sources contributed
6.~~ percent; industrial processes, 23 percent;
and refuse burning, 3.5 percent.
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~~--------.,.-
4390000
1. 2 3 4 5
'. 1
6 7
N
8 9 110 11 12 13 18
BUTLER
WARREN
14 15 16 17
4350C":>~
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 44
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HAMIL TON 26 27 28 29
31 32 33 34 35 36 43
DEARBORN
42
45. 53 58
CLERMONT
54 55
BOONE
.~ 43100:)0
60 .
0000
68 0000
700000
72.0000
74 0000
7600?<, .
o 5000
b:u:rl
. 20.000 -
1----.-3 .
meters
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Figure 2
-
Cincinnciti-H(lmilton-r\1iddlctown grid coordinate m
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Tab Ie 2 SUi.L\1.i\RY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE
CINCINNATI-IIAMILTON-~tIDOLETO\~N STUDY AREA, 1967 (Tons/Year)
..
Source SOx Part. CO HC NOx
Transportation
f\.U'tO 1, 720 2,290 472,800 35,820 24,370
Trucks & Buses 1,240 3,400 1,860 4,200 6,860
Trains 440 1,220 670 1,510 2 , 4 80
Plan e s Neg. 780 7 , 130 1,420 810
Total 3,400 7,690 482,460 42,950 34,520
Stationary Fue 1 Combustion
Industry 34,500 3S ,300 3,500 2,450 21,000
Steam-Electric 332,000 18,500 1,500 600 61,000
Residential 6,950 6,780 7,710 1,650 4,030
COi7ullcrcial & Institutional 19,000 21,800 23,000 5,500 6,550
.
Total 392,450 82,380 35 , 710 10 , 200 92,580
Solid Waste
Incineration '470 1,79() 240 70 470
Open Burning Neg. ' 2,610 12,000 620 1,200
Total 470 4,400 12,240 690 1 ,670 :
Industrial Process 3l~OOO 28,000 6,600 1,500 1,050
Total 427,520 122,470 537,000 5S , 340 129,820
Ner-. = Ner,ligihlc
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3.
The major source of carbon monoxide (537,000 tons
per year) was the operation of gasoline powered
motor vehicles which emitted 90 percent of the
total emissions.
Coal combustion in commercial and
institutional buildings accounted for another 4 percent.
Sources such as refuse burning, industrial process
and fuel combustion in stationary sources accounted
for the remaining 6 percent.
4.
Oxidcs of nitrogen (129,820 tons per year) were
discharged primarily from coal combustion in steam
electric utilities (45 percent) and in, industrial
plants (13 percent).
Transportation sources account
for 27 percent.
5.
Motor vehicles account for appro'ximately 6S percent
of the 55,340 tons of .hydrocarbons emitted.
Stationary
fuel combustion accounted for 18 percent of the total
hydrocarbons included in this survey (solvent evaporation
was not included).
The emissIons of pollutants discharged to the air in the Stud)'
Area are summarized in Table 2.
Tne validity of these results are
dependent on the accuracy and applicability of the e:mi.ssion factors
2
used. . . These factors, for the most part, represent averap.e emission
rates for a particular industry or fuel type.
Because of the inherent
differences in type of equipment, operating rates, control equipment,
and efficienc)' of operation among the plants and fuel users \vi thin
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a given category, the appllcation of the emission factors to any
. .
individual plant or even a smaller number of similar plants or
. .
processes ina)' result b a discrepancy between the actual and the
estimated emissions.
~10wever, the estimates of total poll)Jtants from
all sources in the study area should be fairly accurate since the
emission factors are based on average conditions.
Some of the estim~tcs in this report are reported to five
significant figures, but because of the limitation of the data involved,
they should be considered accurate to no more than two.
E~fISSIONS BY CATEGORY
For the purposes af cO!11piling the basic data and emission estimates,
the air pollutant sources were classified into the following four
categories:
1.
Fuel combustion in stationary sources
2.
Transportation
3~
Solid-waste disposal
4.
Industrial process losses
Fuel Combustion. in Stationary Sources
All three major fuels are consumed within the Stud)' Area Ivith
coal being the most significant.
In 1967, coal accounted for
2.77 x 1014 Btu I s or 72 percent of the total energy input while
natural gcs accounted for 24 percent anJ fuel oil the remaining
. 4 percent..
Approximately 10,667,000 tons of coal, 104.8 million
gallons of fuel oil ard 92.2 billion cubic feet of natural gas
'.
\vere consumed in the Study Area Cfable 3).
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,Table 3 SUf\1f\1ARY OF FUEL CONSUf\IPTION BY
STATIO~ARY SOURCES FOR THE
STUDY AREA, 1967
Residual Distillate Natural
Coal Fuel Oil Fuel Oil Gas
Source (1,000'5 tons)' (106 gal.) (106 gal.) (106 ft3)
Steam-electric 5,920 0.75 0.60 8,730 I
Industry 3,437 13.95 7.5 22,270
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Residential 310 Neg. 77.0 41,200
Cc.mmercia1 &
Institutional 1,000 Neg. 5.0 20,000
! :rota1 10,667 14.7 90.1 92,200
Ncg. = ~cr-ligiblc
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The seven stearn-electric po\'!er plants consumed 56 percent of the
. ,
total coal utilized by all sources as shO~TI in Table 4.
All of the
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power plants are eithcr equipped with air pollution control equipm~nt
or use natural gas,
Industry \"'a5 the other prime user of coal
consuming 32 percent 6f the total.
Fuel oil was consumed primarily in industrial operations (20 percent)
and for residential heating (74 percent), approximately 86 percent of
this fuel oil \.:a5 dist~.l1ate \-lith a sulfur content r<:mging from
0.15 - 0.20 percent (See Table 5)~
Over 44 perccnt of the natural gas consumed in the Study Area
was used for residential purposcs i.;hi Ie 24 percent was used in
industrial operations,.
Steam-electric utilities used 9.5 percent
of the total mainly at Cincinnati, Gas and Electric's West End facility
in the city of Cincinnati,
Area and Point Sourccs
Fuel consumption in area and point sources is summarizcd by county
in Table 6.
For theclltire Stud}' Area, 82 percent of the total coal
usage has been ?.ccounted for in point sources"
(A point source for.
the purpose of this stud)' i"ClS any industry, commercial or institutional
establishment. steam-electric pO\ver plant, incinerator. open dump, or
airport that emitted mere than 0.5 tons of an)' of the five surveyed
po 11 utan ts per day,)
For fuel oi l, less than 3 percent \vas consur.;cd
in point sources, but fuel oi 1 only accounts for 4 percent of the total
encrgy input ascxprcs!ed in Stuls,
For natural Bas. no point sourccs
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. Table 4 SUMMARY OF FUEL CONSUMPTION BY
STE~1-ELECTRIC UTILITIES FOR THE
STUDY AREA, 1967
Coal Natural Gas Fuel Oil ..
Plant (lPOO's Tons) (106 Ft3) (l, 000' S . Gal) Controls*
,
W.C. Beckjord 1,975 0 250 ESP
~Iiami Fort 881 0 I 250 1/2 ESP 1/2 Mech.
\~: cst End3. . 0 8,400 0 None
Tanners Creek 2,900 0 750 ESP
Hamilton 138 . 0 0 Mech.
Reading 24 0 0 Mech .
Butler 0 330 0 None
Total 5,920. 8,730 1,250
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*
ESP = Electrostatic precipitator
i'-1ech. = Hcchanical .collectors; consists of cyclone
separately or in combination.
collectors or baffles,
:\;c,st End pl~nt u:,ed 3~l.0no tans of c')~l in ]~)(,7 but swi :'chcd to f':IS in l~lM~.
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Tab 1 e 5
SULFUR AND ASH CONTENTS OF FUELS
CONSilllED IN THE
CINCINNATI - HAMILTON -;; fv1IDDLETOWN
STUDY AREA.~
.
Fuel % Sulfur % Ash
Coal
(everything except
C.G.&E.)* 1.0 8.0
Coal
(C.C.&E)*. 3.0 15.0
Residual Fuel Oil 0.9-1. 0 -
Distillate Fuel Oil 0.15-0.20 -
Natural Gas 0.0008 -
*Cincinnati Gas & Electric Company.
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were identified since ~missions from this fuel are relatively low.
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Approximately 71 percent of the total dwelling units in the
, .
Study Area used natural gas as the heating fuel.
Coal was used in 11
percent, fuel oil in 17 percent, and other type of fuel \Vere used in
the remaining I percent as shown in Table 7.
ll1e areal variaticn in the home heating fuel use can be seen
from Table 8.
Natural gas is used mostly in the heavily pop~lated
areas of Cincinnati - C.ovington - !\cwpon and lIamil ton - ~Iiddleto\in.
Coal is used mainly in the older sections of the City of Cincinnati,
while fuel oil is used more in the rural areas.
SOlile d\Vellings in
the Study Area arc heated by ,electricity or wood but these account
for less than I percent of the total.
The sulfur and ash contents of the fuels in the Study Area are
summarized in Table 5.
The sulfur content of coal is relatively 10\V'
bei,ng only I percent compared to an Ohio State average of 2.7 percent
while that of fuel oii is about average.
E~issions fTom Fuel Cowbustion in Stationary Sources
Air pollutant emissions resulting from fuel cO!TIbustion in stationary
sources are listed in Table 9 and by jurisdiction in Table 10.
Al though
coal accounts for only 72 percent of the total fuel ener~YJ it is
responsible for 99.8 percent of the suI fur oxides J 98 percent of the
particulate:3, 99.9 percent of the carbon monoxide, 99.9 percent of the
hydrocarbons, and 89 percent of the nitrogen oxides ami tted from
stationary sources in t~c Study Area.
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Table 7 StJr.1HARY OF DOMESTIC HEATING' UNITS
BY FUEL TYPE FOR THE STUDY AREA, 1967
. .
. Total
County Dwelling Units Coal Oil Gas
.
. Clermont 26,300 4,940 15,760 4,700
Hamilton 289,000 26,800 30,100 230,500
Cincinnati 159,400 19,000 8,600 130,500
Balance of
Hamil ton 129,600 7,800 21,500 100,000
Warren 23,000 4,000 9 ,900 8,600
Boone 7,200 7,840 . 2,100 2,600
Campbell 28,800 3,430 1,300 23,800
Kenton 41,100 3,320 4,000 33,100
Dearborn .8,800 3,100 2,600 2,500
Total Cincinn~ti
SHSA 424,200 47,430 66,360 305,800
. Butler 67,200 8,730 18,900 39,300
Total Study Area 491,400 56,160 85,260 345,100
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Table 9 S~1MARY OF AIR POLLUTNH Er.lISSIONS FROM
. FUEL CONSWIPTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES
FOR THE SlVDY AREA, 1967 (Ton/Year)
. .
Source SOx Part CO HC NOx
Industry
Coal 34,140 34,790 3,470 2,420 16,860
Fuel Oil ! 360 230 30 30 820
i
Natural Gas Neg. 280 Neg. Neg. 3,320
Total 34,500 35,300 3,500 2,450 21,000
Residential I
Coal 5,800 6,100 7,620 1,530 1,230
Fue 1 Oil 1,140 290 80 120 430
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Natural Gas 10 390 10 Neg. 2,370
Total 6,950 6,780 7,710 1,650 4,030
Commercial & Institutional
Coal 18,920 21,440 23,000 5,500 5,210
. Fuel Oil 80 60 Neg. 'Neg. 180
Natural Gas Neg. 300 Neg. Neg. 1,160
lotal 19,000 21,800 23,000 5,500 6,550
Steam-electric
Coal 331,970 18,430 . 1,500 600 59,230
Fuel Oil 30 10 Neg. Neg. 70
Natural Gas Neg. ' 60 Neg. Neg. 1,700
Total 332,000 18,500 1,500 I 600 61,000
Total ;
Coal 390,830 80,760 35,590 10,050 82,530
Fuel Oil 1,610 590 no 150 1,500
Natural Gas 10 1,030 10 Neg. 8,550
Total . 392,450 82,380 35,710 10,200 92,580
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1\cg = 1icgliS!ihle
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Fuel burning in industrial plants accounted for 8.7 percent of the
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sulfur oxides and A? ,S .percent of the particulates while :;team.clectric
po\...er 'plants contributc(\ RS percent of the sulfur oxides and 22.5 pc:;:-cent
of thc particulates.
COr.1mercial and institutional cstaulishmcnts
accounted for 26 percent of the particulates from coal combustion.
Data Sources
Fuel consumption data for the Study Area \'lere obtained from diverse
sources.
N8tural gas numbers'HcTc obtained from the gas companies in
the area and are the most accurate.
111ey \-Jcre providetl on a county basis
wi th a breakdO\
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in ~tarch 1968.
Thus, for this report the emissions for the West End
, .
plant were dcterm;,ncd by its gas usage.
'.
Residential coal by cot:nty 1:as fOt:r.d froD the numbcr of dwclling
units using coal and the total number of degree days.
This method is
described in detail in the Rapid Survey Technique publication~'
The remaining co<'.l consumption, Le., area sources consisting of
industrial, cOJmnercial and institutional zones are estimates Made by
subtracting current pt'int source data in these zones from the estisate
of the total fuel consumption for the jurisdiction involved.
'Transportation
Three types of transportation sources of air p,)l1ution are
considered in this survey - road vehicles, aircraft. and railroads.
Road vehicles ,.hich are by far the most im110rtant source of air
~
pollution in this category are further subdivided a~cording to type
of fuel - gasoline or diesel.
Emissions from road vehicles "ere determined feom a transportation
study done by the Ohio - Kentucky -Indiana. Regional Transy>ortation
Commission (OK1) in 1965.
Vehicle mi Ie totals ".'ere obtained by county
for automobiles .on major arteries from traffic flow maps.
This HaS
estimated to be 85 percent of th~ total vchicle miles on all roads in
the 8-county arca.
'The adjusted totals \'Jere then updated to 1967 by the incre
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trips for the entire eight county area was available, it was assumed
that truck trips ill each county were proportional to automobile
,.
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vehicle miles hy county.
An average trt'.ck trip '\'85 6 miles and a
'I 7
truck consumcd 1/6 of a gallon of diesel fuel per ml c.
(See Table 11).
Aircraft and Railroads
Total aircraft operations '.;ere supplied by the Federal Aviation
Administration.
~ocal operation~
A breakdown is given by itinerant (-perations and
An o:1cration is defined as a combination of a
landing and takeoff (See Table 12).
Railroads consume 1. 8 million gallons of diesel fuel per year
in the Stud)' Area.
Thl:se figures \\ere obtained from the various
railroads in the Study Area.
Emissions from Transportation Sources
The quanti ties of pollutants attributed to transportation sources
is summariz{'d in Table~. 13 and 14.
Hore than 482,000 tons of carbon
monoxide, 43,000 tons (If hydrocarbons, and over 34,OaO tons of oxides
of nitrogen were cmitt0d in the Study Area.
Motor vehicles account for over 98 percent of the total carbon
monoxide, 84 percent of the total hydrocarbons, and 70 percent of the
total nitrogen oxides.
I .
Aircraft account for a small percentage of the total transportDtion
e111issions.
Hmo'over, because of their liinited land area, the emission
density is high and th~s, they become an important point source.
'n!
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Table 11 MOTOR VEHICLE FUEL CONSUMPTION
AND REGISTRATIONS FOR THE STUDY
AREA, 1967
.. .--
Gasoline Diesel Automobile Truck and Bus
County (106 gal) (106 gal) Registration Registration
C1 eTIIlont 18.1 2.6 4,600 3,150
Hamilton 242.8 37.6 370,000 28,000
Warren 28.9 4.1 36,000 3,100
Boone 9.8 1.4 14,600 1,600
C:1mpbell 13.4 1.9 36,800 3,200
Kenton 29.5 4.2 52,800 5,000
Dcarborn' .10.4 1.5 12,200 3,400
Total Cincinnati 352.9 53.3 527,000 47,450
SHSi\
gut1er ,56.5 8.1 95,000 8,000
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Total Study Area 409.4 61.4 622,000 55,450
--
'-
l)t-
"'.)
-------
. .
'.'
,".,.:..-.., ~.'
TABLE 12 -
AIRPORT FLIGHTS HI THE CINCINNATI - f!N,HLTDrI - rHOOLETf)!!N STUDY fI.REA,
(1967)
Total Air General
Airport F1ights* Carrier Aviation ~1i 1 itary
Greater
Cincinnati 73,488 44,186 28,49n 803
Lunken 94,379 7. 93 ; 85~1 514
.
Total 167,867 44, 193 122,357 1 ,317
* A Flight is defined as a combination of a Landing and a Take off
" ('
1 -:-)
(.; t.>
>,' .;.
:".,
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Table 14 AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM
AIRPORTS IN THE CINCINNATI -
HAMILTON - MIDDLETOWN STUDY AREA, 1967 (Tons/Year)
•
Airport
Lunken
Greater
Cincinnati
*
Total Cincinnati
Hamilton -
Midclletown
Study Area
,
Type of Carrier
Air Carrier
General Aviation and
Military
Itinerant
Local
Total
Air Carrier
General Aviation and
Military
Itinerant
Local
Total
Air Carrier
General Aviation and
Military
Itinerant
Local
Total
SO
X
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Neg.
Part.
0.1
14
8
22
750
•
8
2
760 •
750
22
10
782
: ... . co
0.1
3,000
1,660
4,660
770
1,430
270
2,470
770
4,430
1..930
7,130
HC
0.0
560
320
880
220
270
50
540
220
i
830
370
1,420
NOX
0.1
140
80
220
510
70
10
590
510
210
90
810
Nep = Negligible
-------
\"
,Solid Waste Disposal
. ,
.
Approximately 1.52 million tons of refuse were generated during
1967 in the Study Area.
lhis was determined by assuming a per capita
9
disposal rate of five pounds of refuse per day.
The disposal of this
. refuse is divided fairly evenly bct,':cen landfills, nunicipal incineration.
and open dumps (See 1a)le 15).
Any balance was assumed to be backyard
burning.
Landfills account.~d for 30 percent; municipal incineration. 31
percent; open dumps. 30 percent; and backyard burning, 9 percent of
o the total refuse disposed.
At lancifills no burning occurred.
Tne amount of refuse burned at
the 40 dumps varied.
Some burned 100 percent of the refuse collected
while others did not burn at alL
A total of over 12,000 tons of
..
carbon monoxide. 4.400 tons of particulate matter, and 1,600 tons of
nitrogen oxides were e~itted from solid waste dispos3l practices in
the Study Area.
TIlese totals and a breakdo~1 hy jurisdiction are
presented in Table 16.
Industrial Process Losses
The Cincinnati.. I1amil ton - HiddletOl'.'I1 Study Area is for the most
part void of heavy industry and thus emissions from this cate~ory did
not constitute a major portion of the total.
As is t.he case in any
emission inventory, the lack of emission factors for some industrial
processes did not a11o\\' for a complete estimation of process emissions
e.g. soap manufacture.
1)0
:'...J ,]
I.
-------
~
Table 16. ArK POLlUTANT HlISSIONS BY
. -
. .
J~R!S~ICT!a~ f~OM SOLID ~A~TE DISPQSA~
! .
U!V rea, ..I on year
County , Type of Disposal SOx Part CO HC NOx
Clermont incineration 0 0 0 0 0
open dump 0 0 0 0 0
on-s He 0 60 205 7 7
TOTI\L 0 60 205 7 7
, Hamilton i nci nerati on 400 1470 200 60 400
I open dump 0 1140 6,070 360 790
on-site 0 90 330 10 10
TOTAL 400 2700 6,600 430 1200
Harren incineration 0 0 0 0 0
open dump 0 0 0 0 0
on-site 0 45 155 5 5
TOT!\L 0 45 155 5 5
Boone incineration neg neg neg neg neg
open dump 0 0 0 0 0
on-5 i te 0 100 360 10 10
TOTAL 0 100 360 10 10
Campbe 11 . incineration 20 150 10 3 20
open dump 0 80 4?5 25 25
on-site 0 250 885 30 30
TOTAL 20 480 1,320 58 105
Kenton incineration 16 55 8 3 16,
open dump 0 120 640 40 85
'.... 0 1,;?90
on-5 ll.C 305 45 45
TOT/.\L 16 540 1,93[1 88 146
FOR THE CINCINNl1.TI-HAmL TON-f'-tIDDLETOI.JN
St d 1\ 1°67 (T / )
') 'i
LI '"
-------
~
,. . .
Table 16 AIR POLLUTANT nHSSIONS BY
JURISulCTluN ~ROM SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL.
FOR THE CINCINNATI-HAMILTON-MIDDLETOWN
St d A 1967 (T / ) C t'd
," .
U Iy , rea, on ''year on
County . Type of Di sposa 1 I SOx Part CO HC NOx
DZ2rborn i ncinera ti on 0 . 0 0 0 0
open dump 0 0 0 0 0
on- s ite 0 20 30 3 3
TOTAL 0 20 30 3 3
Cine.
Si'1SA incineration 436 1675 218 66 436
i open dump 0 1340 7 ,1 35 11')C: 930
,,--
on-site 0 930 3,305 110 110
TOTAL 436 3945 10,658 601 1476
Butler i nci nerati on 35 115 20 5 35
open dump 0 200 1 ,060 65 140
on-site 0 140 500 20 20
TOTAL 35 455 1,580 90 195
Study
Area incineration 471 1790 238 71 471
open dump 0 1540 8,195 490 1070
I on-site 0 1070 3,805 130 130
I TOTAL 471 4400 12,238 691 1671
I .
Nea = Nenligible
~ oJ
3/)
\. i.J
-------
I
I
.. ,..',.""'..
There are over 30 foundries in the Study Area which were c.onsidered,
. .
..
most of which did not have any air pollution control equipment.
However,
with the exception of one foundry in Cincinnati \.,hich did have control
. ..~.
equipment, the others \~crc small ranging fr~m}.~ to 7,000 tons per year
of production.
Tn :1ddition there are 10 concrete batching plants all of
which are small (production ranges from 17,000 to 140,000 cubic yards
per year), 7 asphalt batching plants, one refinery which has a carbon
monoxide \
-------
ri~ure 3
Point Source Location for Cincinnati - Hamilton - t1idd1eto\'lIl Study Area, 1967
, -
1
~
x
x
x
X
BUTLER
x
WARREN
x
x
DEARBORN
u
CLERMONT
;').~OO~
680000
740000
72 0000
70.0000
LEGE:m
o 5000 20,000
h:ID;!--,----r--j
. meters
x
~
[ndustria1
.0
~ or.1!ilC I'C i (11
institutiont11
A
,.~,..
Inci nertd:'j on
I~
f\; roort
.6
.
a
Pm',:cl' Plim t
i ~::
;; U~. r1
r~ /,
'-' LX
439000~
4350';O~
4310.:
-------
system shown in Figure 2."
An immediate need for the apportionment by grid is for the
purpose of dcsirnatingAir Quality Control Regions.
111e emissions of each pollutant were divided into two source
subgroups - point and area sources.
TIle 62 point sources were
identified by source category, and horizontal and vertic:l.l coor-
dinates.
They are presented in Table 17, along with emissions for
the five pollutants fe:r an average annual, winter, and summer day.
The appendix presents the method for calculating these three
averages since it differs from the Rapid Survey Technique.
The emissions for area sourccs on the annual, ,'inter and
.
sUr.1mer average bases are shOi>11 in Table 18.
The ca1culation of
these averages is similar to that presented in the ~rpcndix for
~,
point sources.
Emmission Densities by Grid
Emission densities on a grid basis were obtained by summing the
annual area and point 50urce emissions for each gr~d.
This total,
"divided by the grid area, gives an emission densityi.n tons per
square mile per day. "Figures 4 through 8 present the emission
density maps for thc five survcycd pollutants.
Figure 4 presents the emission density for sulfur oxides.
As
can be seen the densities arc hi"~h in a P.lumbcr of grids located in
the sparsely populated areas of noome, CCir.lpbell, and Dccuborn
counties.
This is primarily"due to the fact t.hat the steam electric
,..'
.
'~ ;:'
v ~J
-------
.'"
pmITer plunts which are the major source of sulfur oxides, are
located here.
In Figure 5 the particulate emission density has been delineated.
This too is high in t:'e outer areas because of thc effect of the
power pl.ants.
The carbon monoxide densities are shmm in Figure 6.
This shows
that the emissions arl} highest in the downtO\m areas of Cincinnati,
Hamilton, Middleto\',~ ;}s would be expected. . However, as one moves
out of the cities the densities are higher in a north-south direction
rather than in an eas ~:-west.
This is due to the predominance of
heavily traveled road~, in this <1i rection such as th~ interstate
freeNay 1-75.
.
Because motor vehicles account for a large percentage of the
.,
total hydrocarbons, tr.e same effect is observed for hydrocarbon
densi ties as \Vas founc for carbon monoxide, i. e. 'high in the
cities, radiating in a north-south rather than an east-\\'est direction.
Since power piants account for almost half the total of the
nitrogen oxides, the high density locations are similar .to those of
sulfur oxide and particulates, as can be seen from Figure
8.
..
~ r 'i
\.
L.t tJ
.
-------
..0 1.
2.
3.
. S.
~
0:.
I.
\ .
.f!'
,..
...
.
\11
REFERENCES'
Ozolins, G. and Smith, R.', Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
Commu~~ty Air Pollutions, llilEW, PHS, October 1966.
Duprey, R. L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
DHEW, PHS, April 1967. .
Personal Communication with Cincinnati Bureau of Heating and
Air Pollution.
4.
Fuels and Electric Energy Consumed in Manufacturing Industries,
U. S. Bureau of the Census, 1962.
Ope cit. Ozolins, G.
6.. Ope ci t. . Duprey, R. L.
7.
Ohio, Kentucky, Indiana Regional Transportation Commission.
8.
FAA Air Traffic Activity, Calendar Year 1967, Department of
Transportation, Fe:1cral Aviation Administration, Feb. 1968.
9.
Persona.} Communication \vi th NCUIH, DHEW, PHS, Cj ncinnati Ohio.
1.0
~~ ..J
-------
.. M\D SOURCE fb!\ THE STUDY AREA-. 1967'
.
'. . Coal ,'. ( -- Rcsidual Oil Distillate Oil 1" ') G~
Coun ty (1000' s tons) (106 gal.) . (106 gal.) (106 ft. 3)
-
Clermont
Point Source .1,976. 0.0 0.0 0
Area Source 104 0.7 .14.8 1,400
Total 2,080 0.7 14.8 1,400
Hamilton "
Point Source 2,110 1.0 0.6 0
Area Source 1,078 7.4 34.7 62,400
Total 3,188 8.4 35.3 62,400
!
Warren
Point Source 0 0.0 0.0 0
Area Source 84 0.6 9.5 2,900
Total 84 0.6 9.S 2,900 I
Boone
Point Source 0 0.0 0.0 0
Are, Source .30 0.1 2.6 900
Tot a.! 30 0.1 2.6 900
,
,
Campbe 11 I
,
Point Source .. 2 0.0 0.0 0
Area Source 108 0.6 1.8 5 ,100 1
I
Tot... 1 110 0.6 1.8 5,100 I
I
I
.
Kenton
Poir.t Source 3 0.0 0.0 0
Area Source 142 0.8 4.6 6,900
!
Tot a.! , 145 0.8 4.6 6,900 I
De arbc rn
-.
Point Source ~,90(j " 0.8 0.0 0
Area Source 43 .. 0.3 2.7 2,000 .
Total 2,943 1.1 2.7 2~000
Total Cine.
S~4SA
Point Source 6,991 1.8 .' 0.6 0
Area Source 1 ,589 10.5 .' 70.7 81,300 I
Total' 8, 5 80 12.3 71. 3 81,300 I
I
Butler I
Point Source 1,832 0.3 0.0 0
j
Area Source 255 2.1 18.8 lC,~OO I
i
1 '- I I
Total 2,087 L 2.4 18.8 I lC, son I
I
; I .
.. Total Stud}' Area .. i
'
Point Source. 8,82.3 2.1 0.6 0
Area Source 1,844 12.6 89.5 92.200 I
,
I I
,..' .10,667 14.7 90.1 92,200 . ;
Total -.. I
----- _.-- ~---=----- - -- ~ .- ------ -~ - - _. - -. ---- -=--._--~- "-~~-' ~~~ .--- - -~._--_.~- - -~ . - .
~
~
-------
~
Table 8 SU~1MARY OF FUEL CONSUMPTION 13Y JURISDICTION
FOR STATIONARY SOURCES IN THE S11JDY AREA, 1967'
.
't
Distillate "
Residual Coal Natural Gas
Fuel Oil Fuel Oil 1,000's tons 106 Ft3
106 gal
106 gal .. .." .
County Res lnd CO Res TndCl- C&I Res Ind'~ C&I
ClErmont 14.2 0.4 0.2 0.7 27 2,011 . 42 600 500 300
Hamilton 27.3 4.9 3.1 8.4 148 2,386 654 27,000 21,400 14,000
WaiTen 8.9 0.4 0.2 0.6 22 30 32 1,20G 1,000 700
Boone. 2.4 0.1 0.1 0.1 10 5 15 500 200 200
Campbell . 1.1 0.4 0.3 0.6 20 35 55 . 3,000 1,100 1,000'
Kenton 3.6 0.5 0.5 0.8' 18 43 84 4,000 1,600' 1,300
Dearborn 2.4 0.2 0.1 1.1 17 2,912 ' 14 400 1,500 100
I . !
Total Cincinnati ,
..
SMSA 59.9 6.9 4.5 12.3 262 7,338 896 : 36,700 27,300 17,300
,
Butler 17.1 1.2 0.5 2.4 48 1,935 104 4,500 3,700 2,700
Total Study Area 77.0 8.1 5.0 14.7 310 9,357 1,000 . 41,200 31,000 20,000
,
".
a. Includes steam and electric power ,plants
Res = Rcsidential
Ind = Industrial
, .
:
C & I ~ Commercial and Institutional
. .
17
, ...
\~
. ~ .
-------
I
..
~
Table 10 SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM
STATIONARY SOURCES. BY JURISDICTION. FOR
THE STUDY AREA, 1967 (Tons/Year)
&
I
County Source SOx Part. CO HC NOx
:
Clermont Industrial , 720 720 50 20 440
Residential 790 660 760 170, 240
Commercial & Institutional 800 850 1,050 210 190
Steam-electric 112,630 7,410 500 200 19,770
Total 114,940 9,640 2,360 ,600 20 , ~40
Hamilton Industrial 22,780 19,780 6,400 2,800 13,240
Residential 2,950 3,060 3,420 720 2,250
Commercia~ & Institutional 12,000 14,000 14,000 3,700 4,700
Steam-el,ectric 59,450, 5,280 260 110 12,120
Total 97,180 42,120 24,080 7,330 32,310
Warren I::dust~ial 630 620 50 20 " 440
! "
Reside1tia1 600 520 ' 600 ' 130 " 220
Commerci al & Institutional 610 650 800 160 180
Steam-electric 0 0 0 0 0
, Total 1,840 1,790 1,450 ' 310 840
Boone Industrial 105 100 5 5 90
. Residential 235 220 260 ' 60 70
,
Commercial & Institutional 290 300, 375 75 75
'. . ,
Steam-electric 0 0 0 , 0 0
.
Total 630 6~v 040 I 140 235 I
'V
i
.
. '.
.;
20
-------
.
". ~;.
.,
Table 10
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT Er-nSSIONS FROM
STATIONARY SOURCES BY JURISDICTION FOR
TI1E S'IUDY AREA, 1967 (Tons/Year) (cont' d;)
IL
.
County Source SOx Part. CO HC NOx
Butler ' Industrial 39,400 40,210 4,450 1 ,060 . 6,390
: Resfdentia1 1,220 1,120 1,290 280 590
Commercial & Institutional ...2,380 2,920 2,950 580 630,
Steam-electric Neg. 'Neg. Neg. Neg. 70
Total 43,000 44,250 8,680 1,920 7,670
. Study Area Industrial 65,495 63,300 10,100 3,950 .22,050
Resid~ntia1 6,955 6,780 7,710 1,650 4,030
.Commercial & Institutional 19,000 21,800 23,000 5,500 6,550
Steam-electric 332,000 18,500 1.500 600 61:000 .
.
'*
Total 423,450 110,390 42,310 11 ,700 93,630
c
~
a;
Nep = Neglip,ihle
\:~
!
21
-------
, I
, ,
. ,
, '
~ . -; .
I "....;
, . ~ ":
. ,
..
. :"
..
.'
"
.. ;, ..
., t. ' 'Jt
"! . 1'! . .
~, 10.
. .
,
, , .
Table 13 AIR POLLUTANT EmSSIONS FRO~I
T~SPORTATI9N SOURCES BY JURISDICTION.
. FOR SWDY AREA, 1967 -(Ton/Year)
(EXCl.UDI~G AIRPORTS) .
, .
~. -
County Category SOx' Part CO HC I NOx
-
. Clermont ~1otor Vehicles 1
I
Gasoline 75 100 20,950 1,590 1,O~.J
Diesel 50 145 80 18Q I 29)
Trains 25 70 40 '.. 90 I IS'}
Total 160 315 21,070 1,860 1,52C1
Hamilton Hotol' Vehicles I
Gasoline 1,020 1,360 280,400 21,240 I 14,45u
Diesel 750 2,060 1,130 2,550 I 4 , 1 -: ~'
Trains 230 630 350 780 I 1,2::)
Total 2,000 4,050 281,880 24,570 i i9 , 8:; C
.,
Warren r.1otor Vehicles
Gasoline I 120 160 33,400 2,530 I 1,7::
.. I
Diesel 85 230 125 280 4E ,)
.. Trains I Neg. Neg. ~eg. Neg. Ne':::.
Total i 205 390 ~ -)~ I 2,S10 ' 1" -
.).),::Jw;) i _,1::' ,
Boone Motor Vehicles I
Gasoline i 40 55 11,250 850 5S0
Diesel I 30 75 40 95 160
Trains 30 80 50 100 I l~O
Total 100 210 11.,340 I 1,045 ! 0' "1
I
, ..
Campbell ~1otor Vehicles. t
I
Gasoline 55 75 15,500 ' "1,170 sca !
Diesel 40 105 60 130 2!:5
Trains 80 230 120 280 4EO
Total 175 410 15,680 I 1,580 1,4, 3
,
Kenton Motor Vehicles hI2S
Gasoline 165 34,000 2,580 1,730
Diesel 85 230 125 285 4-~
Trains 65 180 100 , 220 ! 3 -: ':\
, Total 275 575 34,225 I 3,085 I 2;:; ,; 'I
! , ..... - .,.;
Dearborn Notor Vehicles
Gasoline 45 60 12,100' 920 6:0
Diesel 30 80 45 100 165
'.
. Trains Neg. Neg., ~eg. Keg. Ne;.
Total . 75 140 12,145 I 1,020 i 73;;
,
( I
" I
Total r.1otor Vehicles
Cincinnati Gasoline 1,480 1,975 407,600 30,880 21 , 0: ;)
SMSA Diesel 1,070 2,925 1,600 3,620 5,9:':;
Trains 430 1,190 650 f 1,470 '2,4-':C~
Tota] 2,980 6,090 409,S50 . 35,970 i 10 ~ ,. -
! -~, -'-~
I
Butler Motor Vehicles 1
Gasoline 240 315 65,200 I 4,940 3 ::.~"\
f
! ' - ..... '.
Diesel 170 470 255 f 580 I ~..c;::
.
Trains 10 30 20 t 40 i -=''-0;
I - -
Total 420 815 6S,,~75 ;),~60 i ..j.,.::;~
- I
I
Total f.!otor Vehicles I
Study Gasolinc 1,720 2,290 I 4i":::..SOO I 3,),820 ! ~4~:'-~
I
Area Diesel 1,240 3,395' , ,-. - - ';,200 I (',~~.:5
.:. , ~)-J:" , i
Trains 440 1,220 --'" :; 1 n. " 4'1.~:
I . ~ .. J ".' _. 'w '"
---
.. Total 3,400 6,905 475,.325 ,~1,530 I 3::;, '7 ~j,:,
. I.
I
::-
~
-"=-
Keg = ~erlj~ihle
. "
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