AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION
FOR
MEMPHIS METROPOLITAN AREA
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
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Office of Air Programs Publication No. APTD-0882
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AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
FOR THE MEMPHIS METROPOLITAN AREA
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
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MEMPHIS METROPOLITAN AREA. AIR POLLUTANT
EMISSION INVENTORY
Prepared by:
Michael J. McGraw
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Services
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Division o£...Air Quality and Emission Data
Durham, North Carolina
September, 1969
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE 1
INTRODUCTION 3
SUMMARY OF RESULTS 4
STUDY AREA 7
TOPOGRAPHY 12
GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM 13
EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY 15
Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources 17
Emissions from Fuel Combustion 17
Data Sources 17
Transportation 19
Road Vehicles 19
Aircraft 21
Railroads ;... 21
Solid Waste Disposal 21
Industrial Process Losses 22
Evaporative Losses..... .. 22
EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION. . '. 32
EMISSIONS BY GRID 36
EMISSIONS DENSITIES BY GRID 43
REFERENCES 49
APPENDIX 50
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Table 1
Table 2
Table 3
Table 4
Table 5
Table 6
Table 7
Table 8
Table 9
Table 10
Table 11
Table 12
Table 13
Table 14
Table 15
Table 16
Table 17
Table 18
Table 19
LIST OF TABLES
Page
Summary of Air Pollutant Emissions in Memphis
S tudy Area 6
Area and Population Characteristics, 1967.
10
Annual Fuel Consumption in Political Subdivisions of
of the Memphis Study Area 16
Sulfur and Ash Content of Fuels.
16
Air Pollutant Emissions From Combustion of Fuels in
Stationary Sources 18
Vehicle Miles of Travel for Road Vehicles 20
Air Pollutant Emissions from Transportation Sources.. 24
Air Traffic Activity at Memphis Metropolitan and
Millington Naval Airports ; 25
Air Traffic Activity by Engine Type 26
Solid Waste Balance for Memphis Study Area 27
Air Pollutant Emissions from Solid Waste Disposal.... 28
Selected Manufacturing Establishments in Memphis
Study Area '. 29
Air Pollutant Emissions from Industrial Processes.... 30
Air Pollutant Emissions from Evaporative Losses 31
Summary of Emissions in Crittenden County. 33
Summary of Emissions in DeSoto County . . 34
Summary of Emissions in Shelby. County 35
Summary of Point Source Emissions by Season 38
Summary of Emissions from all Sources by Season 40
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Figure 1 Map of the State of Tennessee Showing the Memphis
Study Area 8
Figure 2 Detailed Map of Memphis Study Area 9
Figure 3 Population Density for Memphis Study Area, 1968 11
Figure 4 Grid Coordinate System for Memphis Study Area 14
Figure 5 Point Source Locations 37
Figure 6 Sulfur Oxides Emission Density Map 44
Figure 7 Particulate Emission Density Map 45
Figure 8 Carbon Monoxide Emission Density Map 46
47
Figure 9 Hydrocarbon Emission Density Map
Figure 10 Nitrogen Oxides Emission Density Map 48
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
We acknowledge with appreciation the many contributions of
cooperating agencies in the gathering of the data for this report.
In particular, we are grateful for the use of data and personnel
assistance furnished by the following:
1. Memphis and Shelby County Health Department
2. Arkansas Pollution Control Commission
3. Mississippi Air and Water Pollution Control Commission.
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PREFACE
This report which ~cesents the emissions inventory of the
Memphis Metropolitan area is another in a series of studies out-
lining the sources and emissions of air pollutants for major
metropolitan areas in the country. These reports provide esti-
mates of total emissions of oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen,
hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and particulate ,matter.
The emissions
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of these pollutants are delineated with respect to source type, sea-
son of the year as well as their geographical distribution within
the area.
These surveys are also intended to determine the present
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level of emissions and status of their control.
The general procedure for these surveys is based on the rapid
survey technique. The Study Area is divided into grid zones that
serve as the basis for locating sources and reporting their emissions.
All sources of pollutants are divided into two subgroups - point and
area sources. Sources that emit large quant~ties of air pollutants
are considered indiv:l,dually and located' specifically within the area.
This latter group which generally contains about fifty to one hundred
sources typically includes large industries, power plants, arid central
refuse burning facilities.
The remaining multitude of sources are con-
sidered collectively as area sources and their emissions are reported
as totals for grid zones.
This category includes motor vehicles, home
heating, smaller industries, on-site refuse burning, etc.
The emissions
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in both ca~es are expressed in terms of tons of'poll~tants ror an'
averaGe 'annual,su~~and~~nter~day~
Emissions for the most,part are estimated using,various indicators
of pollutant emissions and average emission factors that are related to
these. This means, that information and data are collected on fuel con-
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sumption, refuse burning rates, vehicle miles and gasoline consumption,
as well as various production data. ' These are then translated into emis-
sion,estimates by use of average emission factors.
These factors, for
the most part, represent average emission rates for a particular industry
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or fuel type.
Because of the inherent difference in type of equip-
ment, operating rates, control equipment, and efficiency of operation
among the plants and fuel users within a given category, the applica-
tion of the emission factors to any individual plant or even a smaller
number of similar plants or processes may result in a'discrepancy'
between the actual and the estimated emissions.
However, the estimates
of total pollutants from all sources in the study area should be re~sonably
accurate since the emission factors are based on average conditions.
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INTRODUCTION
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The information and data presented in this report were gathered
in cooperation with the acknowledged state and local agencies during
a survey conducted in June 1969.
The data obtained in this study is,
for the most part, representative of 1967 and emission estimates pre-
sented herein should be considered as showing the conditions during
1967.
For purposes of this survey, a Study Area consisting of three
counties surrounding the city of Memphis was selected. 'This entire
area covers some 1,800 square miles and included a 1967 population
of about 835 thousand people.
The Study Area was subdivided into
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63 grid zones ranging in size from 25 square kilometers in the heavily
populated and industrialzied areas to 100 square kilometers in the
outlying areas.
Any individual source which had emissions of anyone pollutant
greater than 0.5 ton per average annual day was classified as a
point source and located specifically in the aforementioned grid
zones. Thirty-five individual sources fall into this classification
and the remaining single sources were added to the area sources and
reported as grid totals.
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SUMMARY OF RESULTS
An estimated 641,000 tons of the' five major. pollutants are
emitted annually in the Study Area.
The breakdcwn of these emis-
sions by type of pollutant and source category are summarized in
Table 1. The. following is a brief summary of pollutant emissions.
as presented in Table 1.
1967 Total = 77,600 Tons
.Sulfur Oxides
Road Vehicles
Other Transportation
Solid Waste Disposal
Industrial Processes
2.1%
0.4%
70.2%
4.5%
0.1%
22.7%
.....
Utility Power Plants
Industrial Fuel Consumption
Particulates
1967 Total = 34,000 Tons
Road Vehicles
Other Transportation
7.9%
3.5%
Fuel Combustion
Industrial
Residential
Commercial
1.8%
0.6%
0.3%
44.1%
11. 8%
30.0%
Utility Power. Plants
Solid Waste Disposal
Industrial Process
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Carbon Monoxide
1968 Total = 401,000 Tons
Indu~trial Processes
79.8%
3.5%
3.1%
13.6%
Road Vehicles
Other Transportation
Solid Waste Disposal
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Hydrocarbons
1967 Total = 85,400 Tons
Road Vehicles 29.8%
Other Transportation 3.4%
Solid Waste Disposal 5.5%
Evaporative Losses 56.8%
Industrial Processes 4.5%
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Nitrogen Oxides
1967 Total = 43,400 Tons
.. Road Vehicles
Other Transportation
42.5%
5.2%
Fuel Combustion
Industrial
Residential
10.7%
3.2%
2~2%
31.4%
4.7%
Commercial
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Utility Power Plants
Solid Waste Disposal
Industrial Process
0.1%
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TABLE 1
S~ARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN ~~HIS STUDY AREA
1967 (TONS/YEAR)
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Source Category SuI fur Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Oxides u1ates .- Monoxide carbons Oxides
Transportation
Road Vehicles 1,600 2,700 320,000 25,400 18,400
Other 300 1,200 14,000 2,900 2,200
Sub-TQtal 1~900 3,900 334,000 28,300 20,600
Fuel Combustion in
Stationary Sources*
Industry 3,500 600 20 10 4,600
Steam-Electric
Uti Ii ty 54,500 15,000 240 100 13,600
Residential N 200 N N 1,350
r.cI.:mercial and ,---
Institutional N 100 N N 900
Sub-Total 58,000 15,900 260 110 20,400 ..
Solid-Haste Disposal
Incineration N 1,900 4,900 2,200 1,100
Open Burning 100 2,100 7,400 2,500 900
Sub-Total 100 4,000 12,300 4,700 2,000
Industrial Processes 17,600 10,000 54,300 3,800 430
Evapora.tive Losses
Dry Cleaning -- -- -- 1,660 --
Automobile -- -- -- 15,700 -- t!\
Gasoline Storage & . ' .,
Handling -- -- -- .., 31,100 --
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Sub-Total --.. -- -- ," 48 ,460 --
TOTAL ALL SOURCES* 77 ,600 34,000 401,000 85,400 43,400
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~~otals have been rounded
N::Negl igib1e
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STUDY: AREA
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The Study Area for the emission survey of the Memphis Metro-
politan Area consists of three counties--Crittenden County, Arkansas; .
DeSoto County, ~lississippi; and Shelby County, Tennessee. The three-
county area is located in the south western tip of Tennessee and
extends into three states. Figure 1 shows the location of the Memphis
Study Area relative to other large cities in its vicinity.
Figure 2 represents a mpre detailed drawing of the Memphis Study
Area, showing the boundaries of the urban areas of Memphis and West
Memphis. The Study Area occupies 1,840 square miles and contains an
estimated 1967 population of 835,000 which is approximately a 16
percent increase since 1969 (Table 2). The population density map
(Figure 3) shows that the heaviest population is concentrated in and
near the city of Memphis.
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MISSOURI
little Rock
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ARKANSAS
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Atlanta
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GEORGIA
MISSISSIPPI
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Figure 1. Map of the state of Tennessee showing the Memphis study area and surrounding cities.
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TABLE 2.
AREA AND POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS FOR MEMPHI~
STUDY AREA
Land Area population population
. (sq. mi.) 1960 1967 Density ( 196 7)
Crittenden County 608 47,600 55,500 91
DeSoto County 476 23,900 29,500 62
Sr.e1by County 755 627,000 750,000 993
Tc:al Study Area 1,839 698,500 835,000 454
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Figure 3.
Population density for Memphis study area, 1967.
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TOPOGRAPHY.
The topography of the Memphis .area varies from the level alluvial
area in east-central Arkansas to the slightly rolling area in north-
western }fiss~ssippi~ The terrain of Shelby ~ounty is relatively flat
with elevations ranging from 200 feet above mean sea level (MSL) along
the Mississippi River t~ 400 feet MSL in southeast Shelby County.
There are no natural obstructions in the Memphis area to hinder the.
movement of weather systems.
Memphis is bounded on the west by the Mississippi River and is
dissected by the Wolf River in the northern part of the city and by
Nonconnah Creek in the southern part. The low areas adjoining Wolf
River and Nonconnah Creek are important topographic features since
some major pollution sources are located in these areas.
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GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
Grid coordinates based on the Universal Transverse Mecator
System were used in this, study to show the geographical distribution
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of sources and emissions. As shown in Figure 4, the Study Area was
divided into 63 grids of two different sizes - 25 and 100 square
kilometers.
Different size grids are used to limit the number of grid zones
and yet allow a satisfactory definition of geographical gradation of
emissions in areas where the majority of pollution occurs.
For this
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reason, the 25 square kilometer grids are used in the downtown areas
, and areas of high industrial concentration where the emission densities
would change abruptly within short distances. In areas primarlily rural
in nature, the use of small zones are not as important.
As illustrated in Figure 4 each grid line is identified by a co-
ordinate number. The north-south and the east-west coordinates are
expressed in meters.
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The point sources in the Study Area are identified by both hori-
zontal and vertical coordinates to the nearest 100 meters. The grids
are identified by the coordinates of their geographical center.
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EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY
For the purposes ~~ compiling the basic data and emission estimates,
the air pollutant sources were classified' into the following five cate-
gories:
1.
2.
3.
4:
5.
Fuel combustion in stationary sources
Transportation
Solid Waste Disposal
Industrial Process Losses
Evaporative Losses
Each of these categories are considered individually in this section
where' data sources are given and methods of calculation are discussed; .
It is important to note that the estimates presented herein are,
in most cases, partial totals.
This stems from the inavailability of
emission factors as well as appropriate production data.
should be viewed with these limitations in mind.
The results
Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources
Table 3 presents the fuel consumption withi. the Study Area. As
'sh~ in the 'table, natural gas is the primary fu~l used. .Approximately
960 thousand tons of coal, 14 million gallons of fuel oil and 37 billion
cubic feet of natural gas were consumed in the Study Area. The break-
down of fuel consumption by user category and by jurisdiction is also
shown in Table 3.
The steam-electric generating plant within the Study Area consumed
over 99 percent of the total coal utilized by all sources. Industry is
'the other user .of coal consuming less than 1 percent of the total.'
Distillate fuel oil is consumed entirely by the steam~electric
. plant in the ~tudy area while residual oil is used entirel~ in indus-
trial operations.,
Natural gas, for all practical purposes is the only fuel used for
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residential home heating. ,There are homes heated by other fuels but
they represent a very small percentage of the total.
Average values for the sulfur and ash contents of the fuels used
are summarized ,in Table 4.4,5
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MINnA!. FilET. r:ON~,IIr-IPTTON TN pm.TTTr:AT. snrHHVTSTONS
OF TIlE MEMPmS STUDY AREA,
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Steam-electric Commercials &
Fuel Jurisdiction Industry Utilities Residential Institutional Totals
Natural Gas
Hi Uion Cubic
Feet/Year Crittenden 680 -- 1,310 410 2,400
DeSoto 160 -- 120 40 320
Shelby 35 ,800 21,200 21,400 15,000 93,400
Totals 36,640 21,200 22 ,830 15,450 %,120
Coal.
Tons/Year Shelby 6,600 956,000 N N 962,600
Total 6,(>00 956,000 N. N 962,600
Fuel Oi 1
1000 gal./Year Shelby 13 ,600 20 N N 13,620
Total 13 , 600 20 N N l3,620
N = negligible
TABLE 4
SULFUR AND ASH CONTENT OF FUELS, 1967.
Fuel
% Sulfur
% Ash
Distillate Oil
Natural Gas
3.0
3.0
0.2
0.0008
8.7
Coal
Residual Oil
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Emissions from Fuel Combustion
Air pollutant emissions resulting from fuel combustion in station-
ary sources are summarized in Table 5.
The emissions are presented for
industri41, steam-electric utility, residential and commercial--institu-
tional sources.
Emissions from natural gas consumption account for ap-
proximately 28 percent of the total nitrogen oxide emissions and less
than 1 percent of the total for any other pollutant.
Data Sources
Fuel consumption numbers were supplied by the local air pollution
agencies which had obtained these numbers by jurisdiction with a break-
down by industry, residential, commercial.and institutional source
categories. The largest industrial users in each county, as well as the
steam-electric plant were considered individually as single sources.
The balance of the fuel was distributed to the three area source cate-
gories of fuel consumption:
tional and (3) industrial.
(1) residential (2) commercial--institu-
The amount of fuel burned for home heating purposes was calculated
6
using the procedure described in the Rapid Survey Technique. This
method involves' the use of such variables, as total annual degree days,
average number of rooms per dwelling unit, and the number of units
using each type of fuel.
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TABLE 5
AIR POLLUTANT ErITSSIONS FROM CO}ffiUSTION OF FUELS IN
STATIONARY SOURCES IN MEMPHIS STUDY AREA
1967 (TONS/YEAR)
Fuel User Category Su lfu r Partie - Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Coal Industrial 240 120 10 N 70
Steam-Electric 54,500 14,800 240 100 9t500
Residential .N N N N N
Commercia 1 &
Institutional
'N N N N N
Tota1:f'r 54,740 14,920 250 100 ' 9 ~~OO
Fuel Oil Industrial 3,240 130 10 10 560
Steam-Electric N N N N N
Residential N N N N N
Commercia 1 & ...
Institutional
N N N N N
.
Totals 3,240 130 10 10 560
Gas Industrial N 330 N N 3,930
Steam-Electric N 160 N N 4,130
Residential N 220 N N 1,350
Commercial &
Institutional,
N 150 N N 900
Totals N 860 N N 10,300
GRA.ND TOTALS * 58,000 15,900 260 110 20,400
..
* Totals have been rounded
N=NegligibLe .
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Transportation
Four' types of transportation sources of air pollution are considered
in this ;survey--road vehicles, aircraft vessels and ra~lroads. Road
vehicles, which are by far the mOlt significant source of air pollution
in this category, are further subdivided according to type of fuel--
gasoline or diesel.
", Road Vehicles
The'~iles of travel by motor vehicles in the Study Area are sum-
'.
marized in Table 6.
Vehicle mile ,.data for essentially all of the roads in Shelby County
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were supplied by Harland, Bartholemew and Associates for about 600 traf-
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fic zones. The vehicle miles were transferred from these traffic zones
onto the previously mentioned grid system.
Vehicle mile data for all major arterials and highways in Crittenden
County were obtained from traffic flow maps supplied b~, the local highway
department. In DeSoto County vehicle mile information was not available
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and thus gasoline consumption was used. to find vehicular emsssions. The
gasoline consumed in DeSoto County was apportioned on a grid basis by
population.
The contribution to the total road vehicle pollution by diesel
powered vehicles was determined by assuming that approximately 3 percent
of the total vehicle miles traveled were by diesel vehicles. This was
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checked by estimating diesel fuel consumption in each county. These
emissions were apportioned on a grid basis by assuming they were pro-
portional to ga8~line emissions.
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TABLE 6.
VEHICLE MILES OF TRAVEL FOR ROAD VEHICLES IN MEMPHIS
STUDY AREA PER DAY FOR 1967
(X 1000) Diesel (X 1000)
Jurisdiction Gasoline Vehicle Miles Vehicle Mi 1es Total
Crittenden 780 20 800
DeSoto 520 20 540
Shelby 8,900 300 9,200
TOTALS 10,200 340 10,540
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'Emissiotis from road vehicles are a function of the speed at
which the vehicle travels.
Average speeds ~f 10-20 mph were
assumed for downtown areas; 20-30 mph for the residential areas;
and 30-45 mph for the rural areas.
From all transportation sources, road vehicles accounted for
84 percent of the sulfur oxides. 69. percent of the particulates, 96
percent of the carbon monoxide, 93 percent of the hydrocarbons and
89 percent of the nitrogen oxides. Gasoline powered road vehicles
contributed a greater percent of all pollutants than diesel powered
road vehicles. Emissions from tran~portation sources are summarized
in Table 7.
Aircraft
Table 8 shows the air traffic activity at the two largest air-
ports in the Study Area.
The local air pollution agency contacted
. .
the two. major airports in the Area in order to obtain their flight
data for 1967. The breakdown of all flights at each airport by
engine type is, shown in Table 9.
aircraft accounted for 10 percent
the carbon monoxide. 5 percent of
the nitrogen oxides.
From all transportation sources
of the particulates 4 percent of
the hydrocarbons and 4 percent of
Railroads and Vessels
Railroads consume about 11 million gallons of diesel fuel per
. year in the Study Area. Th~se figures were obtained from the various
railroads in the Study Area. River vessels consume about 3 million
gallons of diesel fuel per year. The air pollutant emissions arising
from railroads and vessel sources are insignificant when .compared to
other transportation sour~es.
Solid Waste Disposal
Approximately 1.-1 million tons of refuse were generated during
1967 in the Study Area. Table 10 presents a solid waste balance for
the Memphis Study Area, showing the various methods' of disposal and
the quantities disposed of by each method. Refuse data for each of
the counties were supplied by each local air pollution agency.
- 21 -
'c"- - '." - --
. ''''''-r-''.' .
-------
Dumps accounted for 61 percent of the total refuse disposed,
open burning dumps 12 percent, wood waste burning 20 percent and
other disposal methods 7 percent.
Table 11 show the air pollutant emissions from solid waste
disposal in the. Memphis
- Study Area.
A total of l2.30~ tons of
carbon monoxide. 4.000 tons of particulates 4.700 tons of hydro-
carbons.and 2,000 tons nitrogen oxides were emitted from solid waste
disposal practices.
The largest sources were five open burning dumps
. .
one auto body incinerator, one commercial incinerator. and one wood
waste incinerator in Shelby County and one open burning dump in
DeSoto County
Industrial Process Losses
Table 12 shows selected manufacturing establishments in the
. 9
area by county for 1963. It may be noted from the table that
Shelby County accounts for the largest s~ngle percentage of every
..
type of manufacturing.
At least eighty-five percent of the estab-
lishments of any type are located in Shelby County.
industrial process losses are shown in Table 13.
Emissions from
Evaporative Losses
Three source categories are considered for evaporative losses--
solvent evaporation from dry cleaning plants, gasoline storage and
handling losses. and evaporative losses from automobiles.
Organic solvents emitted from dry cleaning plants were deter-
mined by assuming an emission rate of approximately 4 Ib/yr./capita.10
The resulting emissions were apportioned onto grids by population.
Automobile evaporative losses were calculated from vehicle
mile data and the emissions apportioned onto grids using the same
methods as for road vehicles.
Approximately 400 million gallons of gasoline were stored in
.Shelby County in 1967. The evaporative losses from this storage and
- 22 -
-------
1---
I
~
!
. .
the subse~uent handling of the gasoline were apportioned onto
grids based on the location of the largest bulk terminals.
i
. 1
Evaporative losses from automobiles accounted for approxi-
mately 32 percent of the total hydrocarbon emission~dry cleaning
plants 4 percent and gasoline storage and handling 64 percent
(See Table 14),
f.
I
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. I
~
, i
i
. .
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- 23 -
.. ".", ,...".,_',-,~,.._-,...~." -"'; ~'".
-------
TABLE 7.
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES
IN MEMPHIS STUDY AREA, 1967 (TONS/YEAR)
I
/.
I
Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Sources Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Road. Vehicles
.Gasoiine . 1, 100 1,500 319,400 23,900 15,900
Evaporation, -- -- -- 15,700 --
Diesel 500 1,200 700 1,500 2,500
Sub-Total 1,600 2,700 320,100 41,100 18,400
Aircraft
Jet N 350 400 100 240
Piston N 50 13,100 1,900 . 480
Turboprop N 'N N N N
Sub-Total N 400 13,500 2,000 720
Railroad 210 600 320 740 1,200
Vessels 50 150 80 190 310
Total All Sources* 1,900 3,900 334,000 44,000 20,600
.
N = Negligible
*Tota1s have been rounded
.".. "--'. .
- 24 -
-------
.
~a ---
TABLE 8.
AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT MEMPHIS METROPOLITAN AND MILLINGTON
NAVAL AIRPORT FOR 1967
\
J
. ,
Memphis Metropolitan Millington Naval
"~ t
0iItinerant! Operations** Local Opera tions ItlineranN Operations Local Operations
Air Carrier 78,.900 -- -- --
General Aviation 122,200 72,800 -- --
Military 4,500 3,100 60,000 *
TOTALS 205,600 75,900 60,000 *
.j
r r
* Included under ltineranf operations
** Operation-take off or landing
- 2S -
-------
TABLE 9.
AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY BY ENGINE TYPE FOR
MEHPHIS STUDY AREA 1967
Engine Type Number of Fligh ts-Jc
1 Engine Jet 10,500
2 Engine Jet 20,700
3 Engine Jet 5,700
4 Engine Jet 4,000
2 Engine TurboRrop 1,600
4 Engine Turboprop 1,200
1 Engine Piston 76,700 ~
2 Engine Piston 47,200
4 Engine Piston. 3,100
TOTALS
170,700
* Flight combination take off and landing
- 26 -
-------
. .-
.
.... .
~------~
.--------
--;"-.''-'"
~ ~--,..."'-
- .~...._-,.
------. -
- i
TABL~ 10. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL IN MEMPHIS,
STUDY AREA 1967 (TONS/YEAR)
, !
: t
i .-.!
;
j-
Total Refuse Incineration .Open Burning Auto Body Wood Waste
Generated On-Site Municipal Dumps On-Site Dumps Burning Burning
Crittenden County 55,000 -- 15',000 -- 8,000 32,000 -- --
DeSoto Coun~y 37,000 -- -- -- 6,800 27,200 3,000 --
Shelby .County : ~ ,000',000 19,000 -- 667,000 -- 74,000 17,000 223,000
TOTALS 1,092,000 19,000 15,000 667,000 14,800 133,200 20,000 223,000
.
i -.
I' .
, -
-',
- 27 -
-------
TABLE 11.
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM SOLID-WASTE DISPOSAL IN
MEMPHIS STUDY AREA, 1967 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro - Nitrogen
Ca tegory Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Incineration
Hunicipal N 130 80 N 10
On-Site N 170 420 10 50
Wood Waste N 1,680 4,400 2,230 1,080
Sub-Total N 1,980 4,900' 2,240 1,140
Open Burning
Dumps 90 1,060 5,660 2,000 730
On -Site ,N 120 630 220 90
Auto Body 10 920 1,150 270 70
Sub-Total 100 2,100 7,440 2,490 890
GRAND TOTAL* 100 4,100 12,300 4,700 2,000
'.
- 28 -
-------
~
.
. I
I
.' I
f
I
. I
i'
. i
.,
J
I
1
,
TABLE 12.
SELECTED MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN THE
MEHPHIS STUDY AREA
I
I.
f
Type of Number of Estl blishments b, County
Establishments Crittenden DeSoto Shelby Study Area
Food' & Tobacco 1 1 76 78
Paper & Printing 2 -- 38 40
Chemicals, Petroleum
Products -- -- 39 39
Metal Production 5 -- 40 45
Lumber Production 2 2 SS 59
Stone, Clay & Glass 1 -- 15 16
TOTALS 11 3 263 277
- 29 -
..,. '._._~~.~-~.",~- ~
. "
Po' -. -;\-:~-'-'.;"'~--";~'~---" ;--;-... .. '-:.' ,
-------
TABLE 13.
PROCESS LOSS
AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM
SOURCES IN THE MEMPHIS STUDY AREA
1967
(TONS/YEAR)
Type of Industry SOx PART. CO HC NOx
Refineries 600 -- 19,000 3,800 430
Gray Iron Foundries 650 9,600
Lead Smelting 950 210
Rock Wool Production 100
Chromium Alloys Production 4,630
Chemical Plants 16,000 380
Armnonia Plants 40 25,700 .
Asphaltic Concrete 370 .
Feed & Grain Mills 3,230
Cotton Ginning 360
Alfalfa Mills 270
TOTALS* 17,600 10,200 54,300 3,800 430
*Tota1s have been rounded.
- 30 -
-------
r--------- -
j
I
...
J
I
. '
. I
I
TABLE 14. HYDROCARBON EMISSIONS FROM
EVAPORATIVE LOSSES SOURCES IN MEMPHIS STUDY AREA
1967 (TONS/YEAR)
Source Category
Hydrocarbons
!
I
i
J
Dry Cleaning Plants
Automobile
Gasoline Storage
& Handling
1,660
15,700
31,100
TOTAL
48,460
I-
'1
f
t
I
I
r
..
. I
- 31 -
-------
I
I
"
.....,
EMISSIONS BY JURISDICTION
" I
" J
,I
In order to detennine which counties are significant'
from an air pollution standpoint, emissions have been sum-
!
marized for each of the three counties.
Table 15, through 17
" ,
present the summary ,of emissions for each county.
The air pollutant emissions are far greater in Shelby
County than in any of the other two counties. Since Shelby
all industry in the Area, this seems reasonable.
Shelby County
II
"~
County is more heavily populated and contains the majority of
accounts for 99 percent of the total sulfur oxides in the Study
Area, 94 percent of the particulates, 88 percent of the carbon
monoxide, 89 percent of the "hydrocarbons, and 93 percent of the
nitrogen oxides.
.t.
- 32 -
-------
TABLE
15
S~}i~RY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN CRITTENDE~ COUNTY
1967 (TONS/YFAR)
l
.. f
,.
,
rurce C~tegory
:ra.TIsporta.tion
Road Vehicles
I Other
Sub-Totals
!
,./
Partic-
ulates
Sulfur
Oxides
120
N
200
N
.120
200
~el Combustion in
~ationary Sources*
Industry
Steam-Electric'
Utility
N
N
--
--
Residential
I .
; Commerc~al and
. Ins ti tu tiona 1
. Sub-Total
N
10
N
N
N
10
~
~olid-Was te Oi sposa 1
~
, Incfneration
, Open Burning'
N
20
130
300
430
Sub-Total
20
ndustria1 Processes
400
700
.
~aporative Losses
t Dry Cleaning
I . .'
i. Au tomobHe
i
--
--
--
-...
i Gasoline Storage &
i Handling.
,
i Sub-Total
--
-..
--
--
I
I
rOTAL ALL SOURCES*
. ,
500
.1,300
-
Carbon
Monoxide
Hydro-
carbons,
Nitrogen
Oxides
21,800
N
21,800
1,800
N
1,400
N
ir,400
1,800
N
N
80
--
--
--
N
N
80
N
N
N
.N
20
180
80
1,700
N
600
10
220
230
1,700
600
700
--
230
--
100
1,200
--
--
--
--
NA
1,300
--
--
--
2l~, 200
3,700
1,800
N=Ne~1igible
NA=Information not available or not reported
* Totals have been rounded
,- --;-~'-"'-'-_. _. ~.<.,
- 33 -
-------
TABLE 16
SU}~RY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN DESOTO COUNTY
1967 (TONS/YEAR)
'"
-'
Source Category Sulfur partic- Carbon Hydro- . Ni trogen
Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
:ransportation
Road Vehicles ~O 100 16,000 1,300 900
-
O~her N N N N N
Sub -Total 80. 100 16,000 1,300 '900 I
:::e 1 Combustion in
5tat:ionary Sources
Inc"..lstry N N N N 20
S:eam-E1ectric Utility -- -- -- -- --
:\esidentia1 N N N N 20
Co::1!l1ercia1 and .
Institutional N N N N N
.
Sub-Total N N N N 40
Solid-Has te Disposal '
Incineration N N .N N N J
O';'en Burning 20 400 1,630 550 200 .1
Sub-Total 20 400 1,630 550 200
,-...
Industrial Processes -- 20 300 -- --
-
Evaporative Losses
... I
Dry Cleaning -- -- -- 60 --
Automob:i_l~ -- -- -- 800 --
.
Gasoline S.tonge &
Handling -- -- -- NA --
Sub -Total 860 .
-- -- -- --
-'"
TOTAL ALL SOURCES* 100 500 17,900 2,700 1,100
-
N=Negligible
NA=Information not available or not reported
* Totals have been rounded
-------
~ ;
TA'3LE 17
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN SHELBY COUNTY
1967 (TONS/YEAR)
f
.. I
~
.
turce Ca tegory
J'
rllnspor ta tion
~ Road Vehicles
rOther
\ Sub-Total
!
~el Combustion in
~ationary Sources
. .
Industry
'Steam-Electric Utility
Residential
Commercial and
J Institutional
~ Sub-Total
~lid-Waste Disposal
6.
Incineration
Open Burning
Sub-Total
~dustria1 Processes
I~aporat~ve Losses
Dry Cleaning
Automobile
Gasoline Storage &
Handling
Sub-Total
I
.
fTAL ALL SOURCES*
.
~
Sulfur
Oxides
1,400
300
1,700
3,500'
54,500
N
N
58,000
N
60
60
17,200
--
--
--
--
77,000
N=Negligib1e
* Totals have been rounded
, .
Partie -
ulates
2,400
1,200
3,600
..
...
'0
..
600
15,000
200
100
15,900
1,850
1,400
3,250
9,200
--
--
--
--
32,000
- 35 - .
"-'.. ~.~ '.- -..
. - <. 0 '. "~-' - - .
Carbon
Monoxide
282,200
14,000
296,200
20
240
N
N
260
4,820
4,110
8,930
53,300
--
--
.'
--
--
359,000
Hydro-
carbons
22,300
2,900
25,200
10
100
N
N
110
2,240
1,340
3,580
3,800
1,~OQ.
13 , 700
31,100 .
46,300
79,000
.'
Nitrogen
Oxides
16,100
2,200
18,300
4,500
13,600
1,250
880
20,200
1,130
470
1,600
200
--
--
--
--
40',300
-------
,
EMISSIONS BY GRID
.l-
i
,
For the purpose of modeling the air pollutant emissions
in the Study Area, the resulting emissions were apportioned
on the grid reference system shown in Figure 4.
The emissions of each pollutant were divided into two
source subgroups--point and area sources.
The 3S point sources
were identified. by source category, grid number and horizontal
and vertical coordinates. Figure S shows the location of all'
major point sources in the Study Area. The point sources are.
presented in Tab~e 18, along with emissions of sulfur oxides,
particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen .oxides
for an average annual, winter and summer day.
The appendix
presents the method of calculating these three averages.
The emissions from all sources on the annual, winter and
summer basis are shown in Table 19.
The calculation of these
~
t
averages is similar to that. presented in the appendix for point
sources.
,1
.j
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.
"- 36 -
-------
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~.
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I
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I
I
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c=a....--
. .
- --- ~.
~
FIGURE 5
POINT SOURCE LOCATIONS FOR MEMPHIS
- -r -~
---______I !...--: 3920000
10 II 12 I
A I
I
I
3910000
14 15 17 II 19 20 01
.
ClITTlllla (0. .. . SNElIY CO. I
0 I
3900000
22 23 24 27 32 33 34
.
.
31
. 0
---1
3890DO~
I 36 46 47 I
-... I
I I
I 43 44 o!
A
I 0
I 3980000
41 50 51 S2 53 810000
. T~-"NE~~EE ----- ----'- ----....-
~ -----0 tAlSSISSIPI
.
\
.
I 54 S6 57 sa S9
,
I DESOTO (0.
.
\
. .'
l.J14 00. 60 61 62
STUDY ARFA
13
21
63
.r'--
i
____.i
Selt, 1:2SO.000
"
. '80000 \ 770000 1. 0
l/...... f'
. .""" .-",
. ',-./- ~
Xl5,....."""
790000
: .
, c.
. Industry
o Th.1mp
A Incinera tor
A Ai rporl-
5 Steam-Eletric Utili ty
xRefinery
IAuto Body Burning
-. 37 -.:.
3850000
. 800000
-------
TABLE 18
SUNNARY OF POINT SOURCE ENISSIONS BY SEASON FOR THE
MEMPHIS STUDY AREA. 1967 (TONS/ DAY) .
SO PART. CO HC NO
X X
Source Category Grid HC VC S W A S W A S W A S W .A S \-1 A
Airport 10 . 7860 39160 0.2 0.2 0.2 5.7 5.7 5.7 1.1 1.1 1.1 0.4 0.4 0.4
Industrial 17 7767 39066 12.5 12.5 12.5 -- . --
Industrial 17 7748 39060 43.5 44.1 43.7 0.8 0.9 0.8 1.2 2~5 1.7
Industrial 17 7756 39075 0.2 0.5 0.3 0.2 0.3 0.2 70.4 70.4 70.4 0.8 1.6 1.1
!)Jmp 19 7940 39048 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
!)Jmp 20 8046 39074 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
Refinery 23 7575 38914 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.6 0.6 0.6
Industrial 23 7573 38941 0,1 0.1 0.1 2.1 2.1 2.1
Industrial 25 7689 38997 1.3 1.3 1.3 18.7 18.7 18.7
Auto Body Burning 25 7695 38965 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.1
Industrial 25 7691 38962 3.2 3.2 3.2
Industrial 26 7741 38962 0.9 0.9 0.9
Industrial 26 7778 38966 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.6
Indus trial 29 7683 38919 0.9 0.9 0.9
Incineration 30 7703 38925 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.8 0.8
Industrial 30 7702 38906 0.8 0.8 0.8
Industrial 31 7767 38947 0.5 1.0 0.7 0.4 0.8 0.5
Industrial 31 7758 38923 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.4 0.4 0.4
LAHUl' 33 7930 38930 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.8 1.8 1.8 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
Indus'trial 37 7635 38875 1.0 1.0 1.0
Industrial 38 7664 38865 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.5 2.5 2.5 --
Refinery 38 7657 38862 1.3 1.7 ,1.4 52.2 52.2 52.2 10.4 10.4 10.4 0.9 1.3 1.1
Incineration 38 7673 38898 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.9 2.9 2.9 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.1
- 38 -
~
.,~-~......
~ ~-~.~'::.' .
'.
.....~ -~ ~..:'".::~~..~--~:-~
-:.;.~
~-~-""~''''':'::::'''"~.:::.;~;-:,,-~~-='O
.-<,---=:_~- .
$
...
-------
-\
..... ~---_.-c_..... _.....~ . . " .., . ,
~..~..-.: ~- --. . ~ - '_."'--"'-'~.--,
,
,
l
TABLE 13 (cont.)
SUMMARY OF POINT SOURCE EMISSIONS BY SEASON FOR THE
MEMPHIS STUVY AREA. 1967 (TONS/My).
SO PART. CO He NO
x x
Source Category- r.rid HC VC S W A 'S W A S W A S W A S W -A
-I rr,dostrial- 38 - 7699 38862 0.5 0.5 0.5
't -- --
I i - Industrial 38 7684 38863 2.6 2.6 2.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
I
.I Industrial 38 7686 38862 1.1 1.1 1.1
, Industrial 39 7703 38859 0.3 0.3 0.3
Industrial 39 7745 38878 1.2 1.2 1.2
Industrial 39 7744 38888 0.9 0.9 0.9
S.E. Ut~ lity 41 7601 38847 30.8 266.6 149.3 8.3 72.5 40.5 0.1 1.2 0.7 0.1 0.5 0.3 6.2 70.5 37:3
fump 41 7620 38808 0.3 0.3 0.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
- Airport 44; 7756 38830 0.9 0.9 0.9 31.3 31.3 31.3 4.5 4.5 4.5 1.6 1.6 l.6
fump 47 8040 38817 0.5 0.5 0.5 2.7 2.7 2.7 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.4 0.4
fump 50 7693 38760 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 "0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 --
Industrial 53 7950 38708 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.9 0.9
- 39 -
'"
-------
TABU: 19 SlIN!'L\RY OF AIR P01.LUTANT E!'IISSIONS FROM AI.L SOURCES BY SEASON FOn HEMI'IJIS STUDY AREA. 1%7 !TONS/ DA Y)
Land Area SO PART. CO HC NO
x x
Grid (sq. miles) S W A 5 W A 5 W A '5 W A S W A
38.6 0.2 0.2 0.2
2 38.6 1.7 1.4 1.5 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
3 38.6 1.7 1.4 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
4 38.6
5 38.6 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 -- 0.7
6 38.6 4.0 3.2 3.6 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
7 38.6 0.:' 0.:' 0.:' 2.3 2.0 2.2 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
8 38.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
9 38.6 5.8 4.8 5.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 0.4 0.4 0.4
10 38.6 0.3 0.4 0.3 15.1 13.3 14.2 6.6 6.3 6.5 1.2 1.3 1.2
II 38.6 0.2 2.0 1.6 1.8 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.2 0.2
12 38.6 0.8 . 0.7 0.7 0.4 0.4 0.4
13 38.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 3.7 3.2 3.5 0.7 0.6 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3
14 38.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 3.1 2.8 3.0 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.3 0.3 0.3
15 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.9 4.9 5.3 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.4
16 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.9 0.8 0.9 9.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
17 38.6 43.9 44.7 44.2 13.8 13.9 13.8 95.7 91.1 93.4 8.4 " 7.7 8.0 4.0 6.1 4.7
18 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 7,8 6.4 7.1 2.9 2.7 2.8 0.6 0.6 0.6
19 38.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 5.7 5.0 5.3 1'.9 1".7 1.8 0.5 0.5 0.5
20 38.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 2.3 2.2 2.2 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.1
21. 38.6 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
22 38.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 9.0 7.4 8.1 1.3 1.1 1.2 0.6 . 0.5 0.6
23 38.6 1.1 1.0 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8 20.6 17.2 18.9 2.4 2.0 2.2 1.8 1.8 (.8
- 40 -
~
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. ....... ',-)<.;,.::.a';;..a;.o,
-.,--~-
~---':'::::'--,-.-
. .
~.,~_.,~.
..
!:>
.
-------
._._-._--..-~,-'"!- ...-...
--.. ~ .
..... - ....;;.--....-- ~.~ .
.. -~~
..
-
p
..~,-
..
--... &;~~~~
i TABLE 19 TOTAL ALL SOURCES (cant.)
Land Area SO PART. CO HC NO
'x x
J, Grid (sq. miles), S W A S W A S 'W A S W A S W A
24 9.65 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.3
'25 9.65 0.6 0.6 0.6 7.0 7.0 7.0 31.8 30.0 30.9 3.7 3.4 3.5 2.3 2.2 2.2
'I 26 9.65 1.0' 1.4 1,.1 1.1 1.1 33.3 27.6 30.5 10.0 9.1 9.6 9.6 3.7 4.1 . 3.8
t
1 27 9.65 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 0.8 35.4 29.0 32.2 8.9 8.0 8.3 3.6 3.4 3.5
j
1 28 9.65 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2 13.4 11.0 12. ~ 2.0 1.7 1.8 1.1 1.0 1.0
! 29 9.65 0.7 0.7 0.7 1.2 1.2 1.2 78.5 64.4 71.4 11.8 10.3 11. 1 4.2 3.8 4.0
l' 30 9.65 0.8 0.8 0.8 2.2 2.1 2.1 t11.3 91.3 101. 3 21.2 \8.8 20.0 6.6 6.1 6.3
I
31 9.65 2.7 3.1 2.8, 2.3 2.2 2.3. 125.1 102.5 113.8 22.0 19.0 20.1 9.2 8.6 8.8
32 38.6 1.0 1.C 1.C 1.1 1.1 1.1 82.2 67.3 74.8 ']9.9 17.8 18.9 6.7 6.2 6.4
33 38.6 0.4 0.4. 0.4 3.0 2.8 2.9 1.6 1.6 1.5 0.3 0.4 0.3
34 38.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3
. i .35 38.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 2.6 2.3 2.4 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.3 0.3
36 38.6 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1
37 9.65 0.6 0.6 0.6 1.3 1.3 1.3 0.1 0.1 0.\ 0.1 0.1 0.\ 0.8 0.8 0.8
38 9.65 5.3 5.7 5;4 6.3 6.3 6.3 144.2 129.7 137.0 29.8 28.3 29.0 8.1 8.0 8.0
. 39 9.65 0.7 0.6' 0.7 3.0 3.0 3.0 57.9 47.4 52.6 12.6 11.4 12.0 3.8 3.6 3.6
40 9.65 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.8 0.8 0.8 47.0 38.5 42.8 11. 2 10.1 10.7 3.5 3.4 3.4
41 9.65 30.8 266.6 149.3 8.6 72.8 40.8 1.8 2.8 2.3 10.0 10.5 10.3 6.4 70.8 37.6
42 9.65 0.6 0.5 .0.5 1.0 1.0 1.0 65.3 53.5 59.4 11.6 10.1 10.9 4.5 ' 4.0 4.2
43 9.65 0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2 14.3 11.7 13.0 3.7 3.4 3.5 1.2 1.2 1.2
44 . 9.65 0.4 0.4 0.4 1.1 1.1 1.1 34.4 33.8 34.1' 7.2 7.2 7.3 2.3 2.5 2.4
45 38.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.6 0.6 36.4 29.8 33.1 6.2 5.3 5.7 3.2 3.4 3.2
46 38.6 2.9 2.4 2.6 1.1 1.0 1.1 0.2 0.2 0.2
- 41 -
-------
TABLE 19 TOTAL ALL SOURCES (cant.)
Land Area SO PART. CO HC NO
x x
Grid (sq. miles) S W A S W A S W -A S W A S W:: A
47 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 5.7 5.2 5.5 "2.0 - 2.0 2.0 - 0.6 0.6 0.6
48 38:6 0.2 0.2 0.2 1.8 1.5 1.6 0.3 0.2 0.2 0.1 0.1 0.1
49 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 2.3 1.9 2.1 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.1
50 38.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 6.9 5.7 6.3 4.2 4.1 4.1 0.5 0.6 0.5
51 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 8.~ 6.7 7.4 - 3.4 3.2 ~.3 0.6 0.6 0.6
52 38.6 0.2 0.2 0.2 6.3 5.3 5.8 1.6 1.4 1.5 0.4 0.4 0.4
53 38.6 - 0.1 0.1 0.1 1.0 1.0 1.0 0.2 0.2 0.2
54 38.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.8 0.6 0.7 0.1 0.1 0.1
55 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.1 2.6 2.8 0.5 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
56 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.1 3.4 3.8 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.2
57 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.4 3.6 4.0 0.6 0.5 0.6 0.3 0.2 0.3
58 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 5.9 5.0 5.4 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.4 0.3 0.4
59 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.0 2.5 2.8 0.4 0.4 0.4' ; 0.2 0.2 0.2
60 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 4.5 3.8 .4.1 0.7 - 0.6 0.6 0.3 0.3 0.3
61 38.f 0.2 0.2 0.2 8.1 6.7 7.4 1.2 1.0 1.1 0.5 0.5 0.5
62 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.6 3.0 3.3 0.5 0.4 0.5 0.2 0.2 0.2
63 38.6 0.1 0.1 0.1 3.0 2.5 2.8 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2
-.
- 42 -
'-
". ~
,,"'.-.~....- .~:_,.
-.- -"--
- .... --- ,,-
,-
-------
J
i
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i'
\
t
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i
~
;
f
EMISSION DENSITIES BY GRID
Emission densitiea un a grid basis were obtained by summing
the annual area and point source emissions for each grid. This
.tota1, divided by the grid area, gives an emission density in tons
per square mile per average day. Figures 6 through 10 present the
emission density maps for the five surveyed pollutants. It is
difficult to arrive at any valid conclusions from the emission
density maps alone. For this reason, when they are analyzed, the
detailed map of the Study Area and the population density maps
should also be considered.
The emission density maps for carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons
show that the greatest emissions occur within the urbanized area
of Shelby County. Since transportation sources ,are the largest
I
i
1
I
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t
single sources of carbon monoxide, it would seem logical that in
and near the city of Memphis carbon monoxide emissions should be
the highest. Hydrocarbon emissions are highest in and around the
. city not .only because of transportation sources but also because
of the heavy concentration of dry cleaning establishments near
the center ci ty.
Sulfur oxides, particulates and nitrogen oxides emission
densitie~ were highest in grid 41 because of the large power
plant located in this grid.
i-
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-------
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........".,.
.......,."..
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ClITU18tt18 co.
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--¥EHHESSEE
--- -- I MISSISSIPI
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--~-- -
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DESOTO CO.
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',-./- ~
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSION,
ton/mi 2-day
D 0 0.001
0 '
0.001 - 0.01
m 0,01 0.05 J
~
[] 0.05 0,10
m 0,10 1.0
[J
.. 1.0 15.0
I -
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~-~----:......-
"
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-- --.~
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---- I
Figure 6.
Sulfur oxide emission density from all sources for Memphis study area.
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:'::~::::::»::~:'r": - -, - l.
)jf\fff ) - "\. }~
~~;,;;;:;;i"l.;; vl !!}:!!!!!:r::::::j::jj::::::
rmtF~}<:~'');~- . ] ~( li!i)!!!)!!i)i!!! i! i! i! i ~! i! r~\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\1
\ I,iI1~'JII11:lillilillll:illlilllilliilllllilil :1~~~II~~illliil!lil!il!ilill!lilillill:lilllilj
V" \ lilliiilli:i:lillililllill[\\\I\\\\\\i\I\I\\\j!::~~liji:::j:I;:I~
ILl \- r,i
."""',,-,,,,,.,,,,,"..,.i-'
- ..r -'1
--------_..J ~-:
'"'" l::no.ooo
PARTICULATE EMISSION,
ton/ m i 2-doy
o 0 - 0.001
D 0.001 0.002
ill] 0.002 - 0.01
fill 0.01 0.10
:::::::
m 0.10 - 1.0
D 1.0 - 5.0
Figure 7. 'Particulate emission density from all sources for Memphis study area.
- 45
'1';.4 '"
'..' ;~
.:'7'~
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-------
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.)If ---____~_r--r-'L_:
~ \) ~ \ \ \) ~ \))) ~ ~ ~ \ \ ~ \)) \ ~~ ~ I) \ ~ \ \ ~ \ \ ~) \ \ \ ~ ~ ~ \ \ ~ ~ ~ ~ \ \ \ ~ \ \ ~ \ ~ ~ ~ ~ \ \ \ ~ \ \ ~ ~ ~tt \ J;I /. !!!!i!iiiii!i!i!i!!i!!i!i!!i!i!i~jl!!!1I111i1~1i111!i!Ji!1: i!!!!!!! j! i j i i j! i! j! i! i! i! i: i! i! i!!!!!!! i: i
, , , , , , , , , , , , , r ' , , , ',',',',','" "",."..", \Wf ',',"""""'''" ,', .'.','.',',',',',',',",'", , , ,',',',' , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
iijiijiiiii:::'~~I~"illl.111Ifll~~I~il; n_U-
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p,--
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s.e...ll!tOOOO
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-+L':'~-:'---I-' --r=_r:-:-~\ -=~.. "'-
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION,
ton/mi 2-day
D 0 0.01
[] 0.01 - 0.10
EJ 0,10 - 0.20
ill] 0.20 - 2.0
[ill 2.0 - 10.0
D 10.0 - 14.0
Figure 8.
Carbon monoxide emission density from all sources for Memphis study area.
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~~~~,'
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i ::??:.':~; ,,: ~' ~ ::::::::::::/!;~;\~~;~~~~ !!~}r\!?~~j!!I~~!~~\ ~!;~;\~Jrr~~;j~!~~~~~!~r- tfttj,
, -.:1(. \~!, t:.:':.:-:.:.:':':':.:.:': r-£{f...!lS~~ ' ':':':':':':':':"'~
~ ,-- ----- \ittt\: :~w~~rmttrr?-----.
I ~. ,',',',',',',','.',',',',','.',',',',',',',',',',',',.""""""""""""'j I
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...."... "......
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NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSION,
ton/mi2-dcy
"
.. ~I.'''' .......
'. .,..".~.....
L-"==--=~
'~"hl'Ur"""
. ,
- - 'i
.
'"
o 0 - 0.005
R 0.005 - 0.01
is
[ill 0.01 - 0.10
IT] 0.10 - 0.40
w.:.:.:..
D
V~ 0,40 -. 1.0
o 1.0 - 4.0
~
Figure 10,
Nitrogen oxides 8mission density from all sources for f~emphls study are",.
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,
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10.
REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins. Guntis and Raymond Smith, Rapid Survey Technique
for Estim4ting Community Air Pollution Emissions. DHEW, PHS,
October. 1966.
2.
Duprey, R. L., Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
United States. DHEW, PHS, 1968.
3.
Population Estimates, Memphis Chamber of Commerce~ 1967
4.
Smith, W. S. and C. W. Gruber, Atmospheric Emissions from Coal
. Combustion, United States Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare, PHS, April, 1966. . .
5.
Smith, W. S., Atmospheric Emissions' from Fuel Oil Combustion,
United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. PHS.
November, 1967.
6.
Ozolins, op. cit., pp 43-45
7.
Retail Tr8~e Special Report, Census of Business. United States
Department of Commerce, Bureau of the C~nsus. 1963.
8.
Highway Statisties/1967, United States Department of Transpor-
tation. Federal Highway Administration. Bureau of Public Roads.
9.
County and City Data Book 1967, United States Department of Commerce.
April, 1967
Duprey, op. eit., p. 46
- 49 -
-------
,
"
METHOD FOR CAJ,CUL,\T!1;G Sm~fER, WINTER AND ANNUAL
t
AVERAGE EmSS 10:\5 FOR FUEL CONSmlPTION IN' STATIO:-IARY SOURCES
YEARLY AVERAGE (A)
e.g.
A = Fuel Consumed x Emission Factor (E.F.)
Days of Operation
A plant consumed 100,000 tons of coal in 1967 while operating
365 days. The total degree days for the area was 4,800 and
2,800 for the three winter months. The plant was estimated
, to use 15 percent of the fuel for space 'heating and 85 pcr~ent
for process heating. . From this information, the annual
average emission for carbon monoxide would be the following:
. I
I
I
A = 100,000 Tons/year x 3 1bs. COlTon coal
365 Days/year x 2,000 lb./Ton
w = Fuel Consumed x f.F.
Days of l'linter Operation
x Wi~ter De~ree Days
Total Degree Days
!
,
q
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~
f
" j
I
~ j
!'" Fuel Used '\
for space heatin:.
A = 0.41 Ton/Day
WINTER AVERAGE' (N)
x
+ Fuel Consumed x E.F.
365
W I: [100,000 x 2,800 x 0.15
90 x 4,800
x
% Fuel used for "rocess heating
+
100,000
365~
x
. J 3
0.8.:12,000
W I:
0.49 Ton/Day
SUHMER AVERAGE (5)
5 = Fuel Consumed x f.F.
Days of Summer Operation
Summer Degree Days
x '
Total Degree Days
% Fuel Used
x
for space h~atin:,
Fuel Consumed
365
S = [100 ,000
90
+
x E.F.
x
% Fuel used for. process heating
....
o
x 4,800
x 0.15
+
100.000
365
x 0.85J 2,O~O
;)
.;;
S = 0.35 Ton/Day
:.
50
------- |