LC
AIR POLLUTANT E
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
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Office of Air Programs Publication No. APTD-OS87
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ST. LOUIS AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
prepared by
. Michael McGraw
Keith Bakke
Jack Fensterstock
George Duggan
DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
' U. S. Public Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Air Quality and Emission Data Program
Durham, North Carolina
August, 19C8
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ACKNO\VLEDGHENT'
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The Public Health Service acknowledges with ap?reciaticn the'
many contributions of cooperating agencies in the gathering of the
data for this report.
.In particular, we are grateful for t~e use
of data and personnel assistance furnished by the following:
1.
St. Louis City and County Division of Air Pollution,
2.
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Illinois Air Pollution Control Board,
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. 3.
Missouri Air Conservation Commission.
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CONTENTS
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: 1
. INTRODUCTION . .
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STUDY AREA 1.
SUHNARY OF RESULTS 7
EMISSIONS BY CATEGORY 12
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Fuel Combustion in Stationary Sources 12
Transportation . . 20
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Solid-Haste Disposal 22
Indu~trial Process Losses 26
EHISSIONS BY GRIDS . . . . . . . . 32
REFERENCES 45
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AIR POLLUTANT E.IISSION INVENTORY
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INTRODUCTION
This report presents the results of an emission inventory
of air pollutant sources in the St. Louis metropolitan area,'
1 . .
based primarily on the rapid survey technique. The objectiv~s
of this study were to determine the total quantities of the
. f
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. various air pollutants emitted and. to estimate the geographical
variation in ~ir pol~utant emissfons ...'Ni a~t'6~plish this task,
the study area was divided into a grid coordinate 'system, and
the emission quantities Here reported in terms of tons of
pollutant per grid on average annual day, average summer day,
and average winter day.
The pollutants considered in th~ survey Here sulfur oxides,
particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons., and oxides of
nitrogen. Data presented herein should be representative, for'
..the most part, of 1967 and \-lere mainly gathered by the acknow-
ledged State and local agencies. The report is essentially an
up-dating of the emission inventory which was conducted during
1963-1964 as part of the St. Louis-East St. Louis Interstate
. 2.
Air Pollution Study. All sources of air pollutant emissions
'-lere not cons ide-red in the survey, e.g. solvent evaporation.
However, all other
maj or source categories have been included.
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STUDY AREA
The Study Area, as presented in Figure .lA, consists of the
City of ~t. Louis and seven surrounding counties - St. Louis,
...
St. Charle~, Franklin, and JeffersOn Counties in Missouri and
Madison, St. Clair, and Monroe Counties in Illinois. This area
.. . .
occupies 4,499 square miles. and contains. an estimated 1967
population of 2,412,000 \vhich is a .14 percent. increase over
3. .
1960 (Table 1). Hare than 95 percent of the population and almost
all of the industrial activity are located in the 400.square
miles of the centrally located urbanized part (Figure lB) of the
1
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St. Louis Air Pollutant Study Area'
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Table 1.. . POPUL~TION FIGURES FOR 3
THE ST. LOUIS STUDY AREA.
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Political Jurisdiction 19.60 1967 Percent Increase "
!
St. Louis City 750,026 693,000 7.6 ' "
St. Louis County 703,532 942,000 + 33.9
Franklin County 44,566 54,000 + 21.2
,
'Jefferson County 66,377 95,000 + 43.1
""'.'St..' Charles County 52,970 81,000 + 52.9
Hissouri Total 1,617 ,471 1,865,000 +115.3
Madison County 224,689 251,00~ + 11.7
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St. Clair County 262,509 279,OQO + 6.3
Monroe County 15,507 16,900 + 8.9
Illinois Total 502,705 546,900 + .8.8
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: Area Total 2,120,176 2,411,900 + 13.7
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Study Area. The pollutant emission data presented can be almost
entirely attributed to this urbanized portion of the area. A
land-use map provides an excellent index to the areal distribution
of most pollutant emissions and is presented in Figure 2, This
particular' map was prepared in 1957, but an analysis of the -
1967 land use data for St. Louis shows essentially the same
. {
features "
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. Topography
The St, Louis area is gently rolling, generally with gradual
undulations rather than sharply defined ridges and valleys.
Although there are a feH rises and drops of 100 feet in elevation
'. over a short distance, the area \vithin a 25 mile radius of dmvntom1
St, Louis is generally free of major orographic features that
strongly influence meteorological variab1es~ In general, elevations
range from 480 feet above sea level in the~mvntm.m St. Louis area.
: to about 550 feet at Lambert Field, 12 miles 8\vay, \-7ith a slight
ridge rising to 600 feet in between.
A flat area known as the
American Bottoms, surrounded by a crescent-shaped bluff rising
to an average of 640 feet above sea level, lies on the east side
of the Hississippi River across from St. Loui5. The boundary bluff
extends from Alton, Illinois, on the north, passes 10 miles east
, .
of the Mississippi at East St. Louis, and returns to within 3
miles of the Hississippi opposite the mouth of the River des
- Peres on the south.
The average elevation of the Hississipp"i River 1.8 400 feet
above sea level, and of the American Bottoms 420 feet above
sea level, about 60 feet below the main cowmercial area of
. St, Louis. The Springfj eld and Decatur SHSA' s are located
approximately 50.miles northeast of the Study Area. There are
no other large industrial or populated areas within a radius of
100 miles.
General Climatology-'
The St. Louis area experiences the meteorological condi-
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WILES
EXISTING LAND USE
E:Jj INDUSTRIAL c:=J RESIDENTIAL
[LL~3 COMMERCIAL CJ OTHERS
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Figure 2.
Land use in Metropolitan St. Louis.
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tions typical of most Great Plains' cities that are not influenced
by major natural features such as mountains or large bodies of
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wa.ter.
The winters are brisk and a~ a rule are seldom severe.
Almost every winter has several periods of mild '~eather and
occasional short.spells of extreme.cold. Su~ers are generally
warm, whereas spring and fall are characterized by moderate
temperatures.
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Marked variations in day-to-day conditions are provided
by changes from warm, moist air flowing up from the Gulf of
}Iexico during some periods, to cool, dry air from the Northern
4
Plains durinc others.
Grid Coordinate Systen
For the pruposes of this survey, the Study Area was divided
into 80 grids based on latitude and longtitude, Four grid
sizes of 2 minutes, 4 minutes, 8 minutes, a~d 16 minutes were
. utilized for delineating emissions of sulfur oxides, particulates,
and oxides- of. nitrogen (Figures 1A and lB); and one grtd size of
15 minutes was used for. emissions of carbon monoxide and hydro-
carbons (Figure 3), This latter system was utilized because
traffic flow and vehicular-mile data were not available. on the
~smal1er grid bpsis.
SUMMARY OF RESULTS
The follm~ing is a brief sumi,'ary of pollutant emissions and
sources in the Study Area:
1.
Particulate matter (184,900 tons per year) is emitted
primarily from the combustion .of coal, vartous indus-
trial processes, and transportation sources.
The
'"I
combustion of coal:contributes 66 percent~ industrial
processes 26 percent, and transportation'S percent of
the total particulate emissions.
bute the remaining 3 percent,
Other sources contri-
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Figure 3. ' Grid Coordinate System for Emissions of. Carbon }In'10xide and Hydrocar~ons.
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;.
. 2.
More than 81 percent of the total sulfur oxide emissions
..
are discharged
The burning of
and fuel oil 3
during the combustion of fossil fuels.
coal contributes more than 78 percent.
percent of the total emissions.
Industrial
process emissions account for approximately 18% of
the total emissions.
Total sulfur oxide emissions were
665.000 tons per year.
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3.
Oxides of nitrogen (181.000 tons per year) are discharged
primarily from the burning of coal (53 percent).
transportation sources (31 percent), and burning of
natural gas (9 percent).
percent.
Other sources contribute 7
4.
Motor vehicles emit approximately 84 percent and in-
dustrial' process emissions almost 13 percent of the
total hydrocarbons included in this survey. Total
hydrocarbon emissions were 326,400 tons per year
(excluding solvent evaporati~n).
5.
The major source of carbon monoxide emissions (1,644,00
tons per year) is the operation of gasoline-powered
motor vehicles, which emit 77 percent of the total
emissions. Industrial processes contribute 20 percent
of the total emissions.
"'"
The emissions of pollutants discharged to the air from the
Study Area are summarized in Table 2. The 'validityof the results
depends' primarily on the accuracy and applicability .of the
presently available emission factors.5 These factors, for the
. most part, represent the average emission rates for a particular
industry of fuel group.
Because of the inherent differences in
. .
type of equipment, operating rates. and efficiency of operation
'among the plants or fuel, users within a given category, the
application of the emission factors to any individual plant or
even a smaller number of similar plants or processes may result
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Table 2 SUNMARY OF. AIR POLLUTANT EMI.SSIONS IN
. ~ . -'. .. -
THE ST. LOUIS AIR POLLUTION STUDY AREA, 1967 (TONS/YEAR)
Sulfur "f
Source Partic- Nitrogen Hydro- - Carbon :.
u1ates oxides oxides carbons monoxide' "
category
Transportion 8.800 5,100 56,000 276,000 1,271,000
Road vehicles 5,400 4,100 49,900 267,000 1,245,000
Other 3.400 1,000 6,100 9,000 26,000
Combustion of fuels from . . '";'J,'
stationary sources 123,210 542,102, 118,982 6,668 28,197
Industry 46,300 . 113,924. 32,530 1,172 3,258
Steam-electric 50,411 368,592 72,386 684 1,402
Residential 22,058 49,201." 11,986 4,249 20.744
Other -.. .. 4,441 10,385 2,080 563 2,793
..
'. Refuse disposal . 4,918 634 2.163 887 17,561
Incineration 2,294 306 361 68 2,052
'Open.burning 2,624 328 . 1,802 819 15,509
,...~ .. . .j
Industrial process \ '-.. 4:] , :
, .-- . -. - '-- - - .~
emissions .48,000.: 117.781 3.995 .42,874 327,600
<. . . :
-"'-. _h_. -_..~ .....-- \:.
Totals 184 ;928 665,617 181.140 326,429 1,644,358
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'in a considerable discrepancy between the actual and estimated
emissions. However, the estimates of ,total pollutants from all
sources in the Study Area should be fairly accurate since the
emission factors are based on average conditions.
Some of the estimates presented in this survey are reported
to six significant figures, but because of the limitations of
the data involved, they should be considered accurate to no more
. r
than two significant figures.
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Since this inventory is essentially an updating of the 1963
Interstate Air Pollution Study, any large differences in emissions
from 1963-67 can be explained either in terms of new or controlled
sources.
The increase in emissions from transportation sources is
primarily due to the growth in motor vehicle activity in the Study
Area.
This increase is a natural outgrowth of the increase in
population and the increas~ng popularity of'the automobile as a
source of , transportation.
The increase in particulate and sulfur oxide emissions since
1963 by steam-electric utilities is primarily due to the portage
de Sioux power plant, which was not on line in 1963. The coal
consumption used for this plant was an estimated capacity, and
according to reports the plant did not actually operate at this rated
capacity.
The fact that emissions from residential sources increased in 1967
is misleading. A more detailed survey was ciade in 1967 than in 1963
on coal consumption in the City of St. ,Louis. This study showed that the
the amount of coal consumed by residential sources was much higher
than that reported for 1963. Since no new homes between 1963 and
19~7 burned coal, then the coal value reported for 1963 was
actually too low.
For this reason emissions from this source are
higher than thoserepor~ed in 1963.
Sulfur Oxide emissions from industrial processes was higher
than in 1963 because a lead'smelting plant, whic11 emits 84,200
tons annually, was not included in the 1963 survey.
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In the Study Area a large number of open-burning dumps
were replaced by sanitary land-fills. The emissions from open
burning were, therefore, considerably less in this survey than
,in the 1963 survey.
ENISSIONS BY CATEGORY
For the purposes of compiling the basic data and emission
'.".
estimates, the air pollutant sources were classified into the
. following four categories:
1.
Fuel combustion in stationary sources
Transportation
2.
3.
Solid-waste disposal
Industrial process losses
4.
,In the following sections, each of. the categories is discussed,
and a summary of' the resulting emissions is 'presented.
Fuel Combustion in S~2?~~~~~
Although all of the three maj or fuels are consumed \.Ji thin
the Study Area, coal is the most sig~ificant. In 1967, coal
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accounted for 256 x 10 Btu's for 55 percent of the total energy
input while natural gas accounted for 35 percent and fuel oil
10 percent. As sho\Vll in Table 3, approximately 9,100,000 tons of
coal, 315 million gallons of fuel oil, and 162 billion cubic feet
of natural gas were consumed in the Study Area.
The seven ~teani electric generating plants within the Study
Area c'onsumed 71 percent of the total coal utilized 'by all sources.
All of 'the power plants are equipped w~th some form of air
-.
pollution control device. Six of the seven steam-electric utilities
, are f~lly equipped with electrostatic precipitatorg that range in
efficiency from 90 to 99.5 percent. The remaining installation
is equipped with settling chambers and
an overall efficiency of approximately
the other prime user pf coal consuming
mechanical collectors, with
70 percent. Industry is
18 percent of the ,total.
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-Fuel
Coal, 'tons/year-
, ,
Fuel oil, ga1/
year
Gas, million
cubic -feet/year
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Table 3.
ANNUAL ;FUEL CONSUMPTION IN POLITICAL SUBDIVISIONS OF
THE AiR POLLUTION STUDY AREA, 1967'
" ,
Steam-electric
Jurisdiction Industry plants Residential Other Totals ,.'
City 507,600 ' 2l,8 ,900 350,200 91,800 i 1 ;198 ,500 ,
,.
St. Louis County !91,000 2,415,000 ,. 126,500 37,500 2,770.000'"
;, ~
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St. Charles County , i ()/IO ., 1.230,000 13 ,900 N* 1,244,54!)
Jefferson County i 40,000 0 11,100 N* 51.100 :
i
Madison County "509-; 100 I 2,,365.000 122,300 19,900 3,016,300
'
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St. Clair County ,'397,500, I 203,000 -;..,,--_: 163,500 24,300 .788,300
Mon,roe County " N1( -.1 0 7,900 N* 7,.900 ,.,j
" . ",
Franklin County N* 13 , 800 N* :.... ...".," 13,800
" ' ,
Totals 1~645,840 'q.;,461.900 ' '. ":' 809,200 -173,500 9 ,090 .4',0
.. ,~....: ;
City 6,280,000 ' 844,000 28,990,000 j~480,000 . '" "h'9 ,594 :000
St. Louis County 23,040,000 0 . ""," 51,300,000 1,670,000 76,010,000
St. Charles County 60,000 c.." ° 7,340,000 20,000 7,420,000
Jefferson County 380,000 ° 8,500,000 3,000 8,883,000
Hadison County 131,630,000 924 ,000 16,700,000 260,000 149,514,000
St. Clair County 7,234.000 730,000 17,200,000, 770,000 25,934,000
Monroe County N* ° 1,460,000 N* 1,460,000
Franklin County N* 6,260,000 N* 6,260,000
Totals 168,62l,,000 2,498~000 137,750,000 6,203,000 315 ,()70 ,U()O
City 18,280' 477 '. 23,577 9,360 51 ,69l,
St. Louis County 10,595 2,351 22,000 1,172 36,118
St. Ch.-\rles County N* 0 816 8 82/,
Jef [er:,wn County N'" 0 1,050 N* 1,050
Nadison County 51,200 2,960 6,190 1,780" 62,130
St. Clair County 2,304 0 5,656 1,995 9,955
Honroc County N* ° 180 N* IHO
FraIlk1.ln County N'" 226 N* \ 22()
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Totals 82,379 5,788 59,695 14,315 162,177
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Fuel_oil is mostly consumed in industrial operations
(54 percent) and for residential heating purposes (44 ~ercent).
Approximately 60 percent of this fuel oil is distillate with
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an averaGe sulfur content of 0.28 -percent. Hos!: of the fuel
oil consumed in the Study Area is burned in Hadison County
(47 percent). This is due to the large consumption of fuel
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oil by the three refineries in Hadison County (over 109
. million gallons).
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Over 50 percent of the natural gas consumed in the Study
Area is u~ed in industrial operations while 37 percent is
used for residential heating purposes.
Only 3.5 percent of
the natural gas is utilized in the steam-electric power plants.
Approximately 60 percent of the dwelling units in the
. Study Area use gas as the heating fuel. Coal and distillate
fuel oil were both used i~ 20 percent of the dwelling units
(Table lj).
The area variation in ~he use of " a particular fuel can be
examined in Table 4. Natural gas is used in approximately
64 percent of the dwelling units in the Missouri portion and
55 percent in the Illinois portion; coal is used in 30 percent
- \
on the Illinois side and 16 percent on the 11issouri side; fuel
oil is used in 24 percent on the Illinois side and 19 percent
on the Missouri side.
It should be noted that some houses
I -
in the Study Area use electricity or LP gas_for heating.
Since there are very few houses which use this type of heating
(less than 4 percent) they were not considered in the total.
-
The commercial-institutional use of fuels is minor when
compared to the other consumer categories.
Similarly, the
pollution load arising from these establish~cnts is relatively
small.
This consumer category consumed -less than 10 percent
of any of the fuels used in the St~dy Area.
"14
-------
.
, ,
"
. '
"
T,ab1e 4. SUMMARY'OF DOMESrIC HEATING BY NUMBER '9F '"
Dh!ELLING UNITS IN THE STUDY AREA, 1967 6,
Missou:t;'.i Portion Illinois Portion
St., Louis St'. Louis St. Charles Jefferson Nadison St. Clair Percent
City County County County County County SHSA of total
A1i occupied units 328,972 218,S34 12,,389 , '.16,692 78,793 86,199 741,5791' 100.0
Coal 71,884 19,346 2,300 1,~6S 21,191 28,986 145,672 19.6
, '
Fuc1 Oil 39,680 52,270 8,082' 10,009 19,30S 20,304 149,650 20,2
Utility Gas 217,408 146,918 2,007 A ,718 38,297 36,909 446,257 60.2
"
~'"",J
cyr,
. t.. ...:
-------
..
,-
. .
- .
The sulfur and ash content of the fuels used in the Study
Area are summarized in Table 5?,8 The 'sulfur conte~t of tr-.e coal
is relatively high while that of the fuel oil is average.
Emissions from Fuel Combustion'
Air pollutant emissions resulting frot fuel Cc~)ustio~'in
stationary sources are'listed in Table 6.
Tne emissions are
presented for industrial, steam-electric utility, residenti~l,
and miscellaneous sources.
Although coal accounts for only 55 percent of the total fuel
energy in the Study Area, it is responsible for ov~r 98 percent
of the particulates, 95 percent of the sulfur oxides, 80 percent
of the nitrogen oxides, 95 percent of the hydrocar~or:s, and 99
percent of the carbon monoxide emitted fro~ statio~~r:' Coc.~ustion
sources in the Study Area. The use of coal. in inc.:..:strial c1?er,,-tio:-_.~
is responsible for 35 percent of the particulates and 17 percent
of the sulfur oxides while its utilization in stea~-electric
power plants accounts for 40 percent of the particulates a~d
68 percent of the sulfur oxides.
The emissions resulting from the combustion of fuel oil
and natural gas are minor compared to that from coal combustion.
Data Sources
Fuel consumption data for the Study Area ,.,rere obtained from
the files of the various agencies, the 1963 St. LO"..1is Emission
Inveritoty, and from literature searches. . These data were
compiled by consumer categories and by major political sub~ivi-
'sions of the Study Area.
It. should be noted that ~hile the
total fuel oil consumed in the Study Area is accurate, its
. distribution by county may not be.
Conflicting infornaticn ~as
obtained on determining this distribution and that ,..'hich has
been presented is the only result \,'hich C~:1 be justified.
!:le
techniques used in assessinp, the fuel consu~ption for eac2 or
the user categories are briefly StL:J.marized belm.,r.
. ..1 r.~
-. u
-------
. . - ..~. : .
..
. .. . .
.
. .
'.
.'
"Tabie 5. CHEHICAL ANALYSIS OF FUELS
,.---'-- ~. .. '-- .. . .
. IN THE ST.. LOUIS STUDY AREA, 1967
Fuel
Chemical Analysis of Fuels
Sulfur Ash Volatile
% % %
3,0 9.1 35
1.50 N*
,28 N*
. ,0008 N*
. . . -- -.--~.
Coal
Residual fuel oil
Distillate fuel oil
Gas
N* = n'eg~igib1e
.~ M
"1,
-------
.
.
Fuel
Coal
Fuel oil
Gas.
.r
Table 6. AIR POLLUTA7~T E.'!ISSrc:s FROn COHnUSTI9~: OF :-UELS I~'i
..STAT~O~~I~'(sQliRCES IN !!IE ST. .LOUIS ~~n POLLUTI_~N"STLiI)Y~~~_~~~._1967
. : :.:(.~o.~siyear)..'~~..
User Cate&ory
Industrial
Steam electric
Residential
Other
Totals
Industrial
Steam electric
Residential
Other
Totals I
Industrial
Steam e1e'ctric
Residential
Other
Totals
Grand Totals
N* = negligible
Partic-
ulates
-43,620
50.313
20,970
. '4,300
Sulfur
oxides
.. -
93,800
}68,300
46.123
9.?89
'121,743 . 518.112
1,939
46
551
12
2,548
741
52
537
129
'1,459
l23.2~.O
20,108
291
3,066
493
23,958
16
1
12
3
32
51,2.102
Nitrogen
oxides
. 20,690
71.611
3,296
446
. 96.043
3,026
156
2,303
103
5.588
8,814
619
6.387
1,531
17,351
118,982.
Hydro-
carbons
1,034
680
4,120
557
6,391
138
4
129
6
277
N*
N*
N*
N*
N*
6,668
Carbon
oonoxicle
3,104
1.397
20,603
2,784
27,888
138
4
129
6
277
16
1
12
..3
32
28,197
i "
-1. v
-------
.
Industrial
The coal usage for the City of St. Louis was obtained from
. .
a questionnaire sent to 230 of the largest coal consumers by
the St. Louis City and County Division of Air P911ution.
total of 198 of, the 230 responded 'to the questionnaire.
A
These
users accounted for over 90 percent of the industrial coal use
'f
in the City of St. Louis.
The coal usage for the rer,iaining-
- counties was obtained either by personal contact or by
updating the 1963 ,survey.
Because of tbe lack of availahle information, tile fuel oil
totals for all counties except Madison and St. Clair were
assumed to be the same as those used in 1963.'
In Hadison and
St. Clair counties more recent data were available from the State
of Illinois.
The gas totals for each county \-Jere obtained from the
utility companies' which serve each area.
Steam Electric
The annual consumption of fuels by each of the seven public
utility steam-electric generating plants was obtained by tbe
local agencies through questionnaires and verified by info~ation
published by the National Coal Association.9
Residential
The coal ,consumption for the City of St. Louis was obtained
from coal ~ales:data. For the, rest of the counti~s, the coal
usage was assumed to be the same as in 1963.
The total fuel oil
'and gas consumed by each county ,vas determined by updating the
1963 numbers on the basis of population increases in each county.
'Other
There are more than 12,000 commercial and institutional
establishments in the Study Area.
Included in this total are
public and private institutions, schools, cor::!:lcrcial concer~s,
and, hOf;pitals.
Except for the City.of St. Louis, where roore
.... -f~,'
. 1 '-;
..J.- ....J
-------
"
'.
. . ~ ..~ .
'recent data were available, the same values were used as were
. ~:
used in 1963.
This is only a rough approximation and should be
.
interpreted as such.
In any event, the fuel use data and the
resulting pollutant emissions from tllis consume! category are
minor Hhen compared to the total"emissions from fuel use in.
the Study Area.
. .
,
-
Transportation
Four types of transportation sources of air pollution are
.
considered in this survey - road vehicles, aircraft, railroad,
and vessels.
Road vehicles (automobiles, buses, and trucks)
which are by far the most important cOllIDlunity-wide transportation
source of air pollution are further subdivided according to
the type of fuel
gas~line or diesel.
. Road Veh:f.cles
The quantity of gasol.ine and diesel fuel consumed in it.
community is an index to the amounts of the various pollutants
rcleased 'to the air of the conullunity from the operation of
automobiles, buses, and trucks.
The quantity of gasoline sold
in a metropolitan area is approximately the same as the amount
consumed in the area. For the purposes of this investigation,
gasoline saleS- in the Study Area, less evaporation and other
losses, are considered to equal the amount consumed.
I .
On the basis of gasoline sales data, it is estimated that
approximately 856 million gallons of gasoline (after evaporative
. .
.,
losses) were consumed in the Study Area during 1967 (Table 7).
Approximately 76 p.ercent qf.. this total' was consumed in the City
and County of St. Louis (Table'S).
The annual diesel fuel consumption in the Study Area is
ap~roximately 14 million. gallons per year, of Hhich buses consume
8 million gallons and trucks 6 million (Table 7).
il
I
j
\
I
1
!
These estimates .of motor fuel consumption are based on grm.:th
factors \vhich were Applied to the 1963 Interstate Emission
-. 'f) \i
twU
-------
I -~
. -~.- -- .----.... . ~ .
.' - -..
. .
0' .
., .
. Table 7., GASOLINE AND DIESEL FUEL CONsuMPTION'
;,~',----", '~'ROAD ,. USE IN TIlE AIR 6POLLUTION STUDY. ,
, ,.: ,'j AREA, 1967 (10 gallons/year), d' ..'..
Fuel and use ." .---. Quantity
Gasoline "
,
'Road use 856.5
Evaporation 17.5
Diesel fuel
Buses 8.1
Trucks 6.3
.. -- ,- ..... ~
. ....- .. .. . -.. ---
.. ,-",.'~--'- p--'
. . -- ... .'.--.- .
. - . - --
. -." -." . .-' -
_..-.__.~.- .
_...~_.._-- - .-.... .._-- -
, '
. . - ..". . -. .""', ...- .. .'
-------
-.- --. -.- -..--- --~~_.- -- . ..- .
. ~
..
Inventory. Approximately 1. 5 to 2.0 percent of the gasoline \-1as
. lost through evaporation and this amounted to over 17 million
gallons.
Aircraft; Railroads~ and Vessels
In 1967 itinerant operations"(flights that do not originate
and terminate at St. l.ouis) totaled 320,485; local operations
-l
(flights that do originate and terminate at St. Louis totaled
21,108. An "operation" as used here means a takeoff and landing
A sun~ary of air traffic activity by category is given in Table 9.
~. ..
Railroads consume about 27 million gallons of diesel fuel
per year in the Study Area. Approximately 10,300 vessels,
primarily diesel-po\-1ered tugs, pass through the area each year.
An estimated 13,000 gallons of fuel oil are consumed per month
per mile of river. These figures for railroads and vessels are
from the 1963 Interstate Air Pollution Stu~y~
Emissions from Transportation Sources
The quantities of pollutants attributed to transportation
sources is summarized in Table 10.
More than 1. 2 million tons of
carbon monoxide, 276,000 tons of hydrocarbons, and over 56,000
tons of nitrogen oxides are emitted per year.
I
Road vehicles account for over 98 percent of the carbon
monoxide, 89 percent of the nitrogen oxides, and 97 percent of
the hydrocarbons emitted from transportation sources. TIle
contribution of diesel fuel is almost insignificant in comparison
with that of' gasoline.
.Solid-Waste Disposal
Appro~imately 1.5 million tons of combustible refuse were
generated during 1967 in .the.. Study Area. The bulk of this refuse
(53 percent) is disposed of by sanitary landfills, and the
remainder by municipal incineration and open.burning (Table 11).
A variation of disposal practices among the different political
subdivisions within the Study Area is clearly evident and is
. () ')
t... L'"
-------
. .
. .
..,-..~-_..
Table 9.
AIR TRAFFIC ACTIVITY AT LAMBERT FIELD,
ST. LOUIS COUNTY, HISSOURI,
FOR CALENDAR YEAR 196710
. ;
~
.. .
Itinerant Local
operations operations
Air carrier 145,911 None
General Aviation 153,943 19,833
. Military 20,631 . 1,975
Totals 320,485 21,808
".
..
:23
-------
'.
, .
.
, ,
'. ~ . ,..
Table 10. AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM TRANSPORTATION SOURCES IN
"THE ST. LOUIS AIR POLLUTION STUDY AR~~. 1967 (tons/year) ','
,
.'
Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen Sulfur
monoxide carbons oxides oxides Particulates
Road vehicles a 1,245,000 267,000 49,900 4,10<;> 5,400
' ,
Gasoline
Exhaust 1,245,000 169,300 48,300 3,900 4,700
Blowby N* 55,300 N* N* N*
Evaporation (tank 40,800
and carburetor)
Diesel
Exhaust 425 1,200 1,600 200 700
'a 25,800 5,500 2,000 215 1,200
Aircraft
Jet 1,700 1,000 900 211 1,000
Piston 24.,100 4,500 1,10.0. 4 100
b 800 2,500 : 3,000 500 1,500
Railroad
Ve~selsb, 360 1,100 1,350 250 670
Totals 1,271,000 276,000 56,000 5,100 8,800
a
1967 data
,b1962 data
'N* = Negligible
.
, 2' ,
- 1...'.
b.
-------
. ,
"
,,'
'.' ..' ..
Table 11.' REFUSE DISPOSAL IN S~DY AREA, 1967 (TONS/YEAR)
, ,
l-
I
.~--- --"
Combustible
Political " l~efuse Incinen~tion OpenBu~in&.
Subdivision Generated Nunidpa1 'On-Site Dumps On-SHe Landfills Transferred Ou't
St. Louis City, Hissouri 430,000 - 213,000 43,000 89,000 + 80,000
St. Louis County, Missouri 585,000 30,000 31,000 420,000 + 104,000
F~anklin County, Hissouri 34,000 300 2,000 7,000 18,000 + 6,700
Jefferson County, Nissouri 59,000 4,000 20,000 13 ,000 86,000 64,000
St. Charles, Missouri 50,000 5,000 21,000 40,000, 16,000
;'iadison County, Illinois 156,000 2,000 2,000 63~000 31,000. + 58,000
St. Clair County, Illinois 173,000 4,000 10,000 65,000 187,000 93,000
I-lonroe County, Illinois. 10,000 1,000 4,000 16,000 11,000
-;
Totals for Entir~'Area 1,497,000 218,000 88,300 35,000 293,000 798,000' ~ 64,700
. - f'-.J,
Ul
",
. t- -.:
-------
therefore considered in making emission estimates',
These totals
were obtained by updating the 1963 survey on the basis ot the
population' increase,
Emissions from Solid-Haste Disposal
A total'of 2,100 tons of nitro~cn oxides, 17,500 tons of
carbon monoxiJc, and 5,000 tons of particulates are coittcd fro~,
solid-\vaste disposal practices in the Study Area, The breakdohLl
. of emissions by type of disposal practice is presented in Table 12.
The majority of the emissions is due to on-site open .burning of
refuse transferred from the City of St,' Louis and St, Louis
County to the counties on the Illinois side of the river.
Industrial Process Losses
, The St, Louis metropolitan area i8;'a heavily industrialized
complex \vith a significant number of plants that generate air
pollutant emissions from their processes, ,The major emission
sources include4~~etroleum refineries, 2 cement manufacturing
plants, 2 steel mills, 3 ~teel_foundries. 10 grain handling and
processing facilities, 4 chemical manufacture plants, 5 sulfuric
acid manufacturing plants, and a host of other operations,
These
major point sources are identified in Figures 4A and 4ll.
Also
presented in ~lese ,figures are the major point sources based on
fU,el combustion~ ~;:rhere adequate information \vas available,
emission estimates \vere made and are included in this survey.
is the, case' 'in any emission inventory, the lack of enission
As
factors for some of the industrial processes did not allm.;' a
, complete estimation of process emissions.
.Emissions from Industrial Process Losses
Air pollutants from industrial process losses account for
,
48,000 tons of particulates, '118,000 tons of sulfu~oxid~s., 4,000
tons of nitrogen oxides, 43,000 tons of hydrocarbons, and 327,000
tons of carbon monoxide in the Study Area ,annually.
The sources
,of these emissions arc presented in Table 13 by jurisdiction.
(' ('
--e:O
",
.
~
. .
-------
I~~
. .-.- r,
Table 12. AIR POLLUTANT ENISSIONS FRm: SOLID t'!\STE DIS?OSAL
- . -..' STUDY AREA. 1967 (TO~-;S /YEAR)
IN ST. LOUIS
-" -
Sulfur Nitror;en Carbon
Oxides OxidQS Honoxide Fydrocarb-:':15 pzrticulG:ss
- ~
Incineration 306 361 2,052 68 2,294
Nunicipa1 218 218 109 33 1,353
- On-Sf te 88 143 1,943 35 441
Open Burning 328 1,802 15,509 819 2,624
Dumps 35 192 3,060 .87 280
On-Site 293 1,610 12,l149 732 2,341,
-
Total 634 2,163 17,561 887 4,918
. ., ~."='
.' )
-. '" -j
-------
r---.-.-.-.-.-.-;
[ . . ,.-1. /._1[,," j-." .
r- _.1 """'. /", '.. 6S
i ST..O:H RL£S~' oF-oJ .~/ MA DISO~
o ./fi>./ .
I 16 IT I ~ . /. . DO ~5 .
10';". Ii . ~ s0-r;-1oUIS --:- /ST L--.--. ~ o' 0 ~ ~ -..,
.' . / co. 0 lOUIS} I
I \ I /1 "e. "T ICIr'y . 73 0'
"-0""\ 0 0iJ . I
i ',1. .
-------
. '
, ,
, '
. ~ . . .
... ,'.
.
... ...
,.
. . - .
. ..'
, ,
y ,
'. ~
......~
(,0 ....... 6~
..... (fj)
@ '.
"2 (,,3. 5 \ (J) i"L/
..... . ~ . , " - " "'[.J GJ
, 1
'- , /
/
.
, /
II --"
7 I
" "
'v I
i3@!'"1~~ 15
/ /
/ "
i @f <00>
20 :u . 2.7. 23 2 ~8 fo9
J- ~ "'v ,scl CL~fF:
. '@ '@ 3Sf2>
/ '@ ~ 37 ' 1@)~
-------
{
~
i
I
i
I
..
. . ,
. .
Table 13. SUMMARY OF INDUSTRIAL PROCESS EMISSIONS IN
.THE.AIR POLLUTION. STUDY AREA, 1967 (tons/year)
Nissouri Illinois
St. St. si:. Jefferson St. Nadison Area'
Louis Louis Charles County Clair County total
City County County County
Pollutant and sources
Particulates
Sulf~ric a~id manufacturing
Coffee processing
Grain industry
S!:r'el mills
Asphaltic concrete batching
St~e1 foundries'
Gray iron foundries3
r~onferrous foundries ~
Coke plants
Cement plants
Superphosphate manufacturing
Ammonium nitrate manufacturing
Rock processing .
Othcr sources
o 77 0
18 N 0
4,218 0 0
o 0 0
28 94 0
215 N 0
265 0 0
32 3 3
9 0 0
o 3,140 0
o 57 0
o 0 0
o O' 7,124
188 6 50
--
4,973 .3,377 7,177
Totals
Sulfur Oxides
_.~ -- .-. ---- .
.--- -- ---.,.-..
o 156 0 233
0 2 18 38
0 3,254' 2,031 9.,503
0 0 12,120 12,120
0 7 69 198
0 0 331 546
0 116 . 12 393
4 1 43
0 0 64 73
0 0 0 3,140
0 166 0 223
8,000 0 0 8,000
0 312 0 7,436
0 2,4J5 3,384 6,063
8,000 6,452 18,030 48,009
... - . . .'--"4' -. . -. -- - ~- ... -..- ..." ------- .... _..
Sulfuric acid manufacturing
. Lead Smelting
o 8,663
o 0
NA NA
NA. ,.8,663
o 0 14,418 0 23,081
o 84',800 '0 0 84,800
NA 1,150 3,250 5,500 9,900
NA 85,950 17 ,668 5,500 117,781
Other sources
TOTALS
. '.
',::. .:. .~ .' :>~~.:." ':"':':, ~.::.-:~..:.~,... ....". .
: ". ~:-' ~ . :~ ..:. ~....
. -~_.--._---,----_.
r -
'-'~
~..,
'-~,
-------
,-~---
i
i .
I
,
, ,
-- -- .---
.
Table 13., page 2
,-
0 0 0 2,475 0 0 2,l175
o 1,220 O ,~ . .:0 0 0 1,220
., 5'" NA NA ,; NA 300 NA 300
--
5 :!'l, 220 NA,',' ::2,475 300 'NA' 3,995
Nitrogen oxides
~itric acid manufacturing
Ce:TIent plants
Other sources
Totals
..----
Hydrocarbons
~efineries,
,Other 'sources
0, ° 0 0 : 3,927 28,000 31,927
, 9,447 NA NN'; NA 1,500 N~~ N*
9,447 N* N* N* 5,427 28,000 42,874
Totals
Carbon monoxide
Refineries
Other sources
()
N* - '
N* ,
° 32,600
N* ,N''c
N*. 32,600
°
N*
N*'
°
N*
N*
295,000
N)',
---
295,000
Totals
-----.---.
'327,600
N*
327,600
N* =
Negligible
NA = Information not available or ,not reported'
~
;-',\
'\
t t....;
-------
-
,
J .
";'1
'~ .
i . .
~
,. .
III
I '
r1
J
1
i
:II
'Tbe major sources of process particulates in the Study Area
are the steel mills (20 percent). grain handling and processing
, '
operations (25 ~ercent), rock crushing (15 percent), and ammonium
'nitrate manufacturing (17 percent).
Sulfuric acid manufacturing plants are responsible for.
approximately 70 percent of the sulfur oxides emitted from process
loss sources. These emissions mostly originate from St. Clair
, [
~
County.
Refineries located in Madison County and in St. Clair
County account for approximately 75 percent of the hydroc;:arbons
and 100 percent of the carbon monoxide emitted from process
9
10ss sources in the Study Area. The catalytic cracking units
are responsible for most of the carbon monoxide; and tank
farms, vacuum jets and catalytic cracking units for the hydro-
carbon losses.
I
1
I
j
I
,~
j
j
J '
1 '
B1ISSIONS BY GP-IDS
Fo~ the purpose of modeling. the air pollutant emissions in
the Study Area, the resulting emissions are apportioned on the
,grid coordinate system.
As was pointed out in the discussion of
the grid coordinate system, two different grid systems were
utilized in dafining the emissions. Sulfur oxides, particulates
and nitrogen oxides are apportioned on one grid system (Figure 1A
and IB) while hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide on another (Figure 3).
Transportation is the biggest source of hydrocarhons and carbon
monoxide in the Study Area.
Since traffic, flow and vehicular-mile
data were not avriilable for the smaller grid system a new Crid
system was used to define the hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide
emissions.
. '
The emissions of each pollutant is divided ,into t~vo source
subgroups - point sources and area sources. The 72 major point'
sources are identified'by type of indtlstry, gtid number, and
j
I ~
11
'i
I
I
total emissions on an average day in ~able 14.
J\ sumr.1ary of
,s.u1fur oxide" par'ticulate, and ni trogen oxide c:,lissions froD
. 4) ()
.,-~Lt
,t..
j ,
-------
. .
area sources is presented in Table 15, and emissions of carbon
monoxide and hydrocarbons are presented in Table 16. .
"'
... ~
'{ '.1
'u d.
-------
~
Table 14.
SUMMARY OF SULFUR OXIDES, PARTICULATE, AND NITROGEN OXIDES EMISSIONS FROM POINT SOURCES.
(TONS/AVERAGE DAY)
. Type of Industry Grid No. 50 Emissions Part. Emissions NO Emissions
x x
POvler Plants
1 61 .248.8 95.3 43.64
2 34 116.8 14.91 21. 81
3 34 38.9 4.98 6.84
4 38 31. 94 4.05 5.66
5 6 i92.1 1.97 33.70
i' 6 25 4.58
3.59 .63
7 54 377 .2 12.04 , 67.42
Rock, Gravel, and
Sand Processing
1 17 0 1.20 0
2 7 o. 19 .18 0
; .
3 7 0 8.22 0
4 76 0 13.7 0
c.,.)
I-t- ...
....
j too ._~
-------
,--- -- ---.
.'
~
. .
I '. ~
.~
;
Table 14.
Page 2
i.
, .
: '..
"';~ .' '
I
J
SO Emissions
x..'
. --~'~\...
'Part. Ernissic;ms
"
.. ~... '.~
~ :
; ,)
,. ~1'
\~ ,
....;', . Grid No.
: ~ . .
~..
-----t'!.. .~. '.
.. .
'~,'~.'.~' ,'~;"~
. .' -, .~.:. '\
; Type of. .Industry " ,~
NO
x
Emissions
. '...
, \;:~
. .
Petroleum Refineries
. I
1
2
3
4
5
5
24
45
9.84
60.76
1.46
19.87
1.09
5.51
.15
.32
6.53
27.38
1.82
2.41
Cement Manufacturing
1
2
13
76
o
o
2.79
5.80
1.08
2.26
Steel Mills
1
2
61
29
1.63
6.02
2.04
.56
i '
1.43
4.91.
Steel Foundries
1 23 5.14 7.98 1.59
2 29 .92 1.01 .34
3 29 6.19 .59 2.20
Asphalt Roofing
1
39
6.95
8.70
1.23
/
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Table'14.
Page 3
, ,
"
- <".
Type of Industry,
Asphaltic Coricrete
Batching Operations
. : Grid No.. \, . SO
., \---,----_., x
Emissions "
'Part. Emissions
NO Emissions,
, x
.'~. ". .
1
74.
o
1.95
o
BteHeries
1 43 1.58 2.01 >1'.28
2 43 17.9 2.29 3.14
3 50 3.17 4.0 .56
Sulfuric Acid
Nanufacturing
1 68 12.0 1.90 0
,2 71 17.98 9.27 ; 1,34
3 38 '11.0 .17 0
4 44 50.77 19.77 5.28
5 76 44,.0 4.09 96.23
Nitric Acid and
Ammonium Nitrate Prod.
j :
1
54
o
21.9
6.76
Paint Industry
1
74
o
2.4
o
- -
.
.
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Tah1e 14.
Page 4
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Miscellaneous
Hanufacturing
Grid No ~\" ":--~SO Emissions!
'...--. . ..,.' . x
'.--"" ..: '
Part. Emissions'
NO Emissions
x
Type of Industry,
,
1
18
3.70
.71
.64
Rubber Plant
1
-44
2.12
4.26
.37
Dairy
1
41
1.35
1.73
.23
I~
Chemical Plants
1 5 15.57 7.06 1.68
2 34 ' 26.74 5.12 4.69
3 38 2.63 2.36 .46
4 70 -7.82 5.99 1.37
I,
Ceramic and
Clay Processes
! -
1
17
o.
3.04
o
i
j
II
I'
[I
Ii
11
I;
".~. ".
t
c.~
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....
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Tahle 14;'
PaRC 5
, ,
,Type of Indus~ry-
. ---\.' ',. 0 ..' ~::
. Grid~to.!- \ _\ 50 Emissions: ::.
-- ,x .
. . '''''' -- . .
'''- . '-. .' , .
. ;--..---:--.--:... . . .. ..,..'
'Part. Emissions"
....---.
NO Emissions
x
Starch .Manufacturing
Plant
1
23 .
18.79
10..80
'3.08
. Feed and Grain Mills
1 '"24 0 2.98 0
, 2 28 0 2.28 0
'..
3 34 0 1.49 0
4 34 0 2.04 0
5 37 0 2.48 0
:
6 38 0 2.48 0
7 43 0 4.96 0
, '
8 43 0 1.49 O. .
9 60 0 3.48 0
10 70 0 3.78 0
..
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Soap Manufacturing
1 27 2.38 .76 .42
R.:1ilroad Cars
1
21
.98
1.22
.28
c... -~
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';'Table 14.
Page 6;
--
f:" .1. "1
-
...' ,,".
-~."'''' .
. ". ...
-,
Type of Industry
:Grid , N,o .
~ .
SO Emissions
. 'x
.:..... .1:.': .~ .-
. . '
Part. Emissions
\ ' '
. .. .'~.. -'''--..----''. ~
NO
x
Emissions -
... ...
, "
. :~ -"..:;.. ..- .-'-
,
. .. . - ...
Auto Manufacturing
1
, 2
2,6
74
5.66
4.74
4.70
6.05
.99
.82
; Heat Processing
1 33 2.30 2.05 .40
2 35 11.56 9.05 1.59
3 36 6.08 5.44 1.07
Fertilizer Plants
1
35
o
8.0
o
Glass Nanufacturing
1 39 0 3.5 0
2 54 '2.93 .374 .50
, '
COTIunercia1
Establishments
1 ' 26 .. 1.68 " .21 .29
2 32 ' " 3~29 2.94 .58
3 37 '2.22 2.84 .39
4 41 3.15 4.02 .55,
"
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Table 14. . Page 7
. ,'"'
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,
. , .
Type of Industry
,
--. - .-.-~
SO Emissions'
x
Part. Emissions
j .\
NO Emissions
.x
,.
j I .
.. I
. Grid No. . \.
- .-\
. "
',:
5
6
76 .
58
2.50
.1.42
: 3.19
.27
. t.2 .
.24
Incineration
1 28 .30 2.55 .30
2 43 .30 . 2.55 .30
,. .
. '.'
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i .
I Lead Smelting
I
I
I
1 54 " ':' 5.98 .82
I .232.33 "j
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.Sulfur Nitro;en
O;ddes Particulate Oxiccs
Grid No. - Emissions Emissions Emissions
-,
,
:.
1 .01 .04 .03
2 .01 .04 .03
, 3 .27 .13 .03
'.
4 1.28 .50 .23
.'
5 2.80 1.41 .61
6 .21 .23 .09
7 .18 .24 .04
8 .48 .21 .18
9 .77 .23 - .24
10 .20 .13 .05
11 .21 .10 .09
. ~. 12 .23 .13 .15
13 .14 ': .09 .12
14 .07':: .12 .09
15 .01; .07 .05
16 .44" .28 .08
i7 .88.. .47 .27
18 2.29 1.38 .74
19 1.12 .52 .61
20 1.43 .73 .51
-21 .77 .46 .60
. 22 .67 .33 .11
- .23 1. 78 1.02 .51
..
24 .85 .48 .22
25- 1.07 .49 .16
26 . 3.74 3.38 2.51
I 27 1.17 .84 1.17
....~
-:.:: 1
. - .~''';'."-:-:..::':..----o::-" ":-:;;~-"-=-"o"o;-~.
Table 15. SlJ}!}!ARY' OF SULFUR OXIDES, PARTICUL~.TE, ANTI
NITROGEN OXIDES>:.I:::nSSIm:S FRO:.! AREA SOURCES BY GRIJ LOCATIOX
. FOR ST. LOUIS STUDY AREA
~ (TONS/AVERAGE DAY)
-------
--~-_.. - -
.-..-. ..-------.
; Table 15. Page 2
" , Sulfur NHrogcn
I ,!
'Oxides ; .......-. Particulate Oxides
,-. Grid No. Emissions \
."i> I " Emissions , Emissions,
. "
. ..- ,. "
. " 28
,~ 1.21 ,97 .94
29 2.08 2.01 .40
30 2.82 2.11 1.16
'.
31 19.28 7.68 2.68
32 11. 61 4.83 1.67 'f
"
-t"
33 6.95 3.15 1.89
34 4.35 2.26 2.30
35 .86 2.35 .59
36 8.66 3.84 2.16
37 6.02 ' 2.66 .84
'38 2.76 1.20 1.67
39 2.26 .96 .25
40 2.89 1.97 .42 '
41 5'.31 ' 4.90' 2.99
42 2.83 1.16 .97
43 5.15 . 3.05 2.04
44 1.21 .67 .75
45 .23 .15 .10
46 1.90 1.85 .70
47 .58 .34 .15
48 .48 .18 .13
- 49 ~14 ' .11 .01
50 2.20 .89 1.19
51 1.43 .65 .22
52 1.41 .69 .22
53 1.16 .58 .33
'.
.'- 54 1.00 .39 1.20
\0
II' 55, .43 .24 .04
56 .70 .24 .14
57 .05 .15 .01
58 .41 .24 .12
59 1.3,4 .69 .25
- . ..-
t', 'i"
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Table 15. Par,e 3
)
? Sulfur Nitrogen
: Oxides Particulate Oxides
\
"'\ Grid Ho. Emissions, Emissions - Emissions
. '.-., ...'
, .
. . 60 ,68 ,80 . ,10
~
61 ~88 .28 - .62
62 .13 .07 .03
63 .09 .22 .02 .,.
64 1.66 .80 .42 .
65 . .32 .17 .13
66 ,42 .22 .07
67 .84 .57 .23
68 5.62 2.49 .79
69 1.57 2.90 .28
70 3.12 7.58 .73
71 8.12 3.43 .97
72 .49 .26 .11
73 2.24 .92 .30
74 .62 .26 .20
75 .44 .12 .16
76 .43 .37 . .27
77 .33 .68 .06
78 .35 .16 .06
79 5.21 2.09 .68
80 1.36 .53 .23
.
,-
..'
'0>
.~ 3
-------
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I .
. -
Table 16. SUMYJARY OF CARBON HONOXIDE AND
HYDROCARBON ill1ISSIONS BY GRID LOCATION'
FOR ST. LOUIS STUDY AREA .
(TONS/AVERAGE DAY)
. .. f .
-~. fJ r.1>
~
.. .'
,":- ;
. ..
Area Sources
Grid. No.
123
18.9 19..3 65.6
3.9 3.9 24.2
CO E;;)issions
roc~rbon Emissions
4
170.4
34.6
5 6 7 8 9 10 11
18.8 20.3 109~9 2438.9 373.7 36.6 3.5
3.9, 4:1 23.6 518.9 71.0 7.8 .57
12 13 . 14 15
117.2 100.2 26.5 9.7
25.7 22.4 5.3 1.9.
16 17. 18 19
1.9 9.4 9.8 1.5
.30 1.9 1.8 .24
Point Sources Sulfuric
1---"'.
Category Refinery Refinery Ref inery . Refinery Power Plant Power Plant Acid Plant I
Grid l~o. 4 4 4 . 45 3 13 13 ---..
:0 Emissions 206.1 ,?22.1 82.4 89.3 1.1 1.7 3.1
'ocG.rbon Emissions 19.8 50.0 .: 7. .6 10.7 ,44 .66 2.7
;
I '
:.......
~ '
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..
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,,(
~
.
,,'
.'
.
,..
REFERENCES,
1.
Ozolins, Guntis, and Smith, Raymond: Rapid Survey Techniques
for Estimating Community Air Pollution Emissions, DHEt.J ~ PHS,
October 1966. -
2.
Venezia, R. and Ozolins, G.: Interstate Air Pollution Study
II. Air Pollutant Emission Inventory, U. S. DHEt-l, PHS ,-.
December, 1966.
.'
. r
'3.
The St. Louis Post Dispatch (March 21, 1965).
4.
Martin, D.O., Humphrey, P. A;, and Dicke, J. L.: Interstate
Air Pollution Study, V. ~leteoro1ogy and Topography, U. S.
DHEW, PHS, April 1967.
5.
Duprey, R. L.: Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors,
U. S. DHEW, PHS, 1968.
6.
United States Census of Housing, U. S.,' Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census, 1960.
7.
Burner Fuel Oils, Petroleum Products Survey.
Miner?l Industry Survey. August 1967.
Vol. 51.
8.
Smith t \-l. S. t and Gruber, C. H.: Atmospherit Emissions from
Coal Combustion, U. S. DHEt-l, PHS, April 1966.
9.
. Steam electric plant factors, National Coal Association, 17th
ed. Nationa~ Coal Association. 1130 17th St., N~ W.
Washington,' D. C. August, 1967.
10.
FAA Air Traffic Activity, Calendar Year 1967, Department of
Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration, Feb. 1968.
11.
Pet.roleum fa'cts and figures.
1271 Avenue of. the ~ericas~
American Petroleum Institute.
New York, N. Y. 1967.
'r:
~a
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