United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of
Emergency and
Remedial Response
EPA/ROD/R05-89/114
September 1989
SEPA
Superfund
Record of Decision
Northernaire Plating, Ml
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50272.101
REPORT DOCUMENTATION 11. REPORTNO. 12.
PAGE . . EPA/ROD/R05-89/114
3. R8c1pIenI'a Acce88lon No.
4. Title and Sublltle
SUPERFUND RECORD OF DECISION
Northernaire Plating, MI
Second Remedial Action - Final
7. Aulhor(a)
5. Report Date
09/29/89
a.
8. Pwfonnlng Organization Rapt. No.
a. Perfonnlng Orgalnlutlon Nama and Add....
10. Projec1/TaalllWork Unit No.
11. Con1r8C1(C) or Grant(G) No.
(C)
(G)
12. Sponaorlng Organization Nama and Addr888
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
13. Type 01 Report. Period Covered
800/000
14.
15. Supplamantary No..
III. Abatrac1 (Umlt: 200 _Ida)
The Northernaire Plating facility is a former electroplating facility in the Cadillac
industrial park in the city of Cadillac, Wexford County, Michigan. Approximately 40
industries operate in the 1-square mile industrial park including Kysor Industrial,
another Superfund site. The Kysor Industrial site will be addressed by this action as
well. There are several private residences including a trailer park within the
iustrial park, and another residential neighborhood lies adjacent to the northern
lndary of the park. The city of Cadillac water supply well field is located near the
center of the park, and ground water beneath the site generally flows towards the city
wells. The Clam River flows through the southeast portion of the site draining runoff
from the site. The Northernaire Plating facility provided custom chromium and nickel
plating finishes to automobile and other metal parts. Improper waste handling and
faulty sewer systems are believed to be responsible for releasing toxic compounds
(including hexavalent chromium, chromium, and cyanide) to the soil which have
subsequently leached from the soil to the ground water. A 1985 Record of Decision
addressed the soil contamination and included excavation and offsite disposal of
contaminated soil and sewer sediment. Ground water contamination has since been detected
throughout the shallow and intermediate aquifers underlying the park. At present the
deep aquifer (in which the Cadillac city well field is located) is not affected by this
"'''''''''''rn~,.,''''~,",'''' Tno ........~rn"...., "'~-"'~-~n::"'\..'" ,,1' On,.,. 1(',,n..;n1101"'1 "n no v.. .....",.,.0\
17. DocUllllflt Analyaia L O88crIptor8
Record of Decision - Northernaire Plating, MI
Second Remedial Action - Final
Contaminated Medium: gw
Key Contaminants: VOCs (toluene, TCE, PCE, xylene), metals (chromium)
b. IdantitlenlOpan-End8ct T-
-
Co COSA 11 FWdIGroup
..18bIIty .........
1;' !I8cuity a- (ThIa A8part)
None
2IL !I8cuity ClaM (Thi8 ...)
Ncnp-
21. No. of Pagee
112
22. Prtce
(See A"'z:I8.lI)
See "..~- Oft 111-
1212 (4-17)
(Formatty NTlS.35)
o.p.nr.nt of Commerce
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EPA/ROD/ROS-89/114
Northernaire Plating, MI
16.
Abstract (Continued)
a ground water are VOCs including toluene, tce, PCE, and xylene; and metals including
. chromium.
The selected remedial action for this site includes a two-stage ground water pumping and
treatment system using carbon adsorption for the removal of chromium and air stripping
with vapor-phase carbon adsorption for the removal of VOCs and discharge to the Clam
River; ground water monitoring; and institutional controls including site access and
ground water and land use restrictions. The estimated present worth cost for this
remedial action is $16,000,000, which includes present worth O&M costs of $5,000,000 over
60 years.
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~ JItR 1BB ~ ~ nrr~
Site NaIll! ani Ia:aticn
..
Nort:hemaire Platinq ~'1Y
~i 1 1 ac, Michigan ,
Statement of B!sis ani ~
'Ihis decisicn doo-l'tt ~ sents'the united States Envira1mental
Protecticm }qerI::y'S (U.S. EPA's) selected r--Jbl acti.cm for the
NortJ1e.maire Plat.:1n;J ~ny site located in ~i11~, Midligan. 'Ihis
decisicn doo-l'tt was develc:pd in acxmdance with the ~rebensive
Envira1mental Response, O..\e~tiat,' an::l Liability Act (~), as
amer1:ied by the SUpert\n:1 Amemments am Psauthcrizatiat Act (~), an::l
to the extent practicable, the Naticnal 021t.ingency Plan (Na». '!his
decisicn is based at infomatiat an::l~~ cxrrt:ained in the
administrative record fer this site. '!he attached iroex identifies the
items that ~ise the administrative record upa1 wch the selectiat of
the ~;,.1 actiat is ba~. - '
., '
'I11e State of Michigan does not o::rx:ur with the u. S. EPA' s Reo:mi of
t:ecisiat. '!he Michigan Department of Natural P2saJrc:es (MrNR) has
i.rx:licated that they 'agree with the ~;"1 ted'1nola;y se.lecta:l by U.S.
EPA to ~bte the Nart:hemaire site. However, the State of Midligan
does not cxn::u:r with the clearJJP level for Trichloroethylene specified in
the R:X) Sl1I'IWft:'Iry.
},ss ~IL of the site
J.cbJal or threatened releases of hazardous substances fraI1 this site, if
not addressed by Uplement.in; the respa)S8 acticn se.lecta:l in this P.eccrd
of Decisiat (RX», 'I11q pt ~ ant an inminent an:! sut:stantial ~
to public health, wJ.fare, er the envi.ramIent.
DescriDt.ia1 of the Se.1-+-' ~...:>.~
'Ibis ~~ is the final ra--1;,.1 acticn for the Northemaire Platin;
Q::q:any site. 'Ihe gt"CUI'Cwater extracticn an:! treaaent alte1:native for
the Northemaire site dx:sen in the attached Pa:crd of t:ecisiat
CXI1Stitutes the final an1 cwerall lcw=tly for the site. '!he primary goals
of the :r--ib1 actia1S at the Northemaire site are:
to eliminate any human EDCpOS'Jre to residual hazardous wste
Ii;~ of or cr:::nt:aminated materials at the site, an::l:
to &1t.h.~ all potential risks to human health and/or ~ to
the envira'IDent.
'lhe ~i11~ Area Groun:Jwater ~;i,.1 Investigatiat \/hich in::1u:3ed the
NortJ1e.maire Platinq ~ny site identified areas of c:x.ncem that
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incluje areas of CXI1taminated gzomdwater.
'!he pot:ential risks associated with the site are posecI by human
cx:n;uzrptia'l of CXI1taminated cn-site gzomdwater. '!he selected l.~
addresses these site a:ncems by a
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1'R"I'~:&'Pn"'8f RB 'lBB .~ C6 I'R'!T~Qf
site Name ani IJx:ati.a1
Kj'sor of cadillac, Inc.
cadillac, Mid1igan
Statement of ""!c:]s ani ~.I.d)06e
nus decisim &:Jo-rrt: pl ~ents the united States Envira1mental Protect.im
}qen:;y's .(U.S. EPA's) selected r-ni::..H,,' actim for the RysOr of ~;"ac,
Inc., site located in ~i 1l~, Mic:tiigan. '1his decisim doctm-,t was
develqe1 in aocordan::e with the O:mprehensive Envira1mental Respc:nse,
O::IIpansatia1, and Liability Act (CEaA), as amemaa by the SUperf\1n1
Amen::!ments and Reauthcrizatiat Act (SARA), and to the extent practicable, the
Natiaal ~ Plan (NC?). '1his decisim is based m intormatim am
dco.ments CCI"Itained in the administrative reoord for this site. 'Ihe attached
~ identifies the items that o:::.qri.se the administrative r&::X)~~ upcn which
the selectim of the ~b1 actim is based.
'n1e State of Mid1igan does not cx:nc:ur with the u.s. EPA's Record of Decisia1.
'!be Michigan tepartment of Natural Rescurces (MINR) has inticat:a:1 that they
agree with the ~;,,' ted1nclogy ~ecta:i by u.s. EPA to ~;,.te the
~r site. ~, the State of M.id1igan does not conaJr with the cleanup
level for Trichloroethylene specified in the R::o SI~"Y..
~~<:;1I-lt of the Site
.
Actual or threatened releases of hazardaJs su1::st:ances fran this site, if not
a~ by iIIplementin:;J the respc:i15e actia1 selected in this Record of
Decision (R::o), may present an imni.nent and sutstantial enda.r'qeJ:ment to
public health, welfare, or the enviIa1ment. .
DescriDti.m of the Se1~M ~
'!his .LI::IL-ly is the first ani final ~;,., actim for the ~r of
cadillac, Inc., site. 'Ibe c:x::ubinatim of the soil cleanJP altemative am
the groon:lwater extractim an1 treatment alternative for the Ryser site
d1csen in the at:tad'1ed ReOo1:d of Decisim ccnstitutes the final an1 overall
ldl:!l.1y for the site. 'Ihe primJ:y goals of the ~;,., actias at the ~r
site are: .
to el~te any human exposure to residual ha.zardc:us
waste n;~ of or ocntaminated materials at the site,
and:
to address all potential risKs to human health anvor iIIpacts to
the env:ira1ment. .
'IhS cadillac Area Grouniwater ~i~l Investigatioo which inclmed the
KYsor of ~;'lac, Inc., site identifiEd areas of ccn::em that include areas
of ~ted soils an1 groon:lwater.
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'!he potential .risks associated with the site are posed by c:ont.inJed
ocntaminatiCl'1 of the gromdwater by the ocntaminated soils, and human
c::cnsuzrptiCl'1 of ocntaminated aHiite gromdwater. 'Ihe selected l~Y
addresses all site cx:n:eJ:nS by a CXJIi)inatiCl'1 of treatment, and site use
restrictiCl'1S. Ccnt:aminated soils will be treated using a wamm extractioo
system remavinq the ocntaminatiCl'1 frcm the Soils, thus reducing the
likelihood of future grcun:1 ~ter ocntaminatiCl'1. A gromdwater extracticn
and treatment system will be installed to eliminate gromdwater
ocntaminatiCl'1. M:liticnally, the selectecll.~ will provide for lm;-term
.mcnitorirq of the gromdwater. corrective actiCl'1 measJreS will also, be taken
should this mc:nitoring indicate a failure of any .:> .,\a1ent of the .cwr:dy.
Site use and aa::ess restrictiCl'1S will be placed CI'1 the prcperty to ensure the.
inteqrity and performance of the l.~.
'!he major o.~'1.':x1el1ts of the selected l~ c:x:I'1Sist of the followi.n;J:
o
Install gromdwater extra.ctioo and treatment system to rem:JVe
gromdwater. ocntaminatiCl'1 fran area surroon::tinq the s~te.
Install wamm extra.ctiCl'1 system to rem:::lVe ocntamination ~
fran the soils. .
.
o
o
COn:iuCt gromdwater mcnitorirq to ;:ts~"-C! qt:ality of area
gromdwater .
o
I:ap::&Se . acx:ess and use restrictia'lS.
o
Estimated Total Q:st:
$ 16,000,000.00
o
Estimated time to a::mplete: . 64 years
Declaratiat of Statut-nrv Det-~; n;:ri-; tYI
'!he selected l.-=-ly is protective of human health and the environment,
attains Federal am State requirements that are legally ~licable or
relevant ard ~t.e to the ~b1 actia1, and is cost-effective. nus
.~ utilizes pemanent solutims and alteJ:native treatment technologies to
the ma:v; 11'11111 extent practicable for this site. Treatment is a major 0 .'\ .a~
of this l.~, as soil and gromdwater ocntaminatia1 will be treated to
. reduce the tcxicity, mcbility, and volume of the cx:ntaminants. '!he
canbinatioo of the soil and gromdwater alteJ:natives satisfy the statutoz:y
preference for treatment as the principal elea:ent of the final . al.:rJy .
will be c::crxfuct:ed within five years after ~ of remedial
~ ~ L~.=- m ~:9::9~m of
t.Or
Regia1 V
Valdas V.
U.S. Env'
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RECORD OF DECISION
ROD Su..ary
Horthernaire Plating Company Site
Kysor of Cadillac, Inc., Site
Wexford County, Michigan
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1.0. srm NN4E, IDCATIaf, AND ~J..J.CIf
'!he Cadillac irx:1ustrial pa%ic eno "'I .,...-- an ~te 1-square-m.ile area
alooq the northem ~ of the city of Cadillac, Wexford Cbmty, Michigan
(Figure 1-1). 'lhe pa%ic is J:xuded by 'D'J.rteenth Street to the north,
Mitchell Drive (Rcute 131) to the east, wright SL.~ to the SOJth, ard
Le:S'at AvenJe to the west. 'Ihe city of Cadillac water Slg)ly '-'!J.lfield is
located near the center ot the iIdJst:rial parle. 5eYeral private residen:es,
,includinq 'a trailer parle, exist within the i.rd.JStrial park. Another
residential neighbortxxxi, referred to as the North Parle SUbiivisiCl1, is
located adjacent to the northem ~ ot the parle, across 'Ihirteenth
Street, in Harinq Township. 'Ihe Clam River flows thrcu;h the SOltheast
portia1 of the site and accepts z:un-oft frc:m the site.
OJrrently, awroximately 40 in:hJstries operate in the industrial park, t'wo of
which are SUpe.rfun:i sites; Northemaire Platinq ~ny (Northernaire), an:l
~r of cadillac, Irrorporated (Ryser).
Northernaire ~ a former elec:1:rq:)latinq facility which operated fran a 100-
foot by 50-foot prefabricated metal Dlild.irg CI1 U.75 acres of lard at the
corner of sixth Street and Eighth AVerAJe.
'!he ~r facility, located en Wright Street CI1 the SOlthern ed;e of the
irrlustrial park, is a lazge active man..tfacturer of truck parts. Use of
solvent cleaner and degrea.sers is e::::mrm at this facility.
Site geolc::gy consists of five strata; three sam aquifers alternately
separated by t'wo clay aquitards. 'the ~ aquitaztl, ran;inq in thickness
fran zero to aJ:x:ut 20 feet, slc::pes upward frcm the sart:hwest to the
northeast, until it pind1es cut alcrg a nortlrwest-sc:ut:neast t.rendi.rq line
halfway across the .in:lustrial parle. 'the lower aquitaztl ~rs to 1:e a
clay-san::l-clay sequence, which is thickest (Le., 30 to 35 feet) in the
inmediate vicinity of the city '-'!J.lfield. 'Ihis lower aquitaztl, previcusly
thought to 1:e extensive an:! thick, was shewn to 1:e thick a\ly below the
wellfiel~, becanin;J substantially thirner (i.e., 3 W 8 feet) short
dist:ances in all directiCftl away frcm the W1ellfield.
Grcun:iwater JmJSt 1:e considered separately in ead1 of the three aquifers,
al thc:u;h there is vertical s: ~~ dcwnwaJ:tl between aquifers. 'the san:i
above the ~ aquitard defines the shallow cq.rl.fer, in which grourxtwater
flows north to northeast at 200 ft/yr. 'the intermediate aquifer is cc:nfined
in areas where the upper aquitard exists an:! is un:x:nfined elsewhere; flCM
directia1 is north-nort.hwest. \oI1ere the shallow and intermediate aquifers
merge, the latter daninates an:! grourxtwater flow turns northwest. Average
grc:un:}water flow in the intermediate aquifer is 80 ft/yr. 'the 1IL1nicipal
\Jater 5UR'ly aquifer lies below the lower aquitard. Q11y a few wells.
penetrate this aquifer (3 m::nitorinq wells an:! 7 city 5UR'ly wells)
therefore, informatiCl1 c:x::n=emirg this aquifer is limited. 'the soils are .
similar to these in the aquifers above. but may locally CXI'1ta.in mere gravel.
'!he flow directiCl1 east of the well field is westward toward the city wells
(prOOably unjer their ptmt)inq influence). .
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'Ihe sits, located in an area of both irdJstrial and residential properties,
is a relatively fiat q1acio-1aaJStrine El'NU\oII-=I1t. 'n1e pcpllatiat of
Cadillac, Michigan, is apprcadmately 10,000. 'Ihis ~11atiat has a potential
to be iJzpcted by the sits ~ tney are seXV8d by area grounjwater.
2. o. srm IIIS1tRr AND ~ AC1TIl'1'1BS
2.1.
Nc:1rtheJ:naire Plat:in; (\ -1-n:1
Northernaire, located at the northwestern CX)t'nIBr of Sixth Street an:! Eighth
Avenue, c:perated trcm 1971 to 1981, providinq 0JStaD chrcmium- an:! nicJcel-
p1atin1 finishes to aut:.cm::'lbile and other metal parts. IIIproper waste
han:U.in;J an:! faulty sewer systems are believed respcnsible for releasin;
toxic CC'IrpOUnds" (incl1.Xiirg hexavalent c:hrani.um, c:admi.um, an:! cyanide) to the
surrc::un::tinq soils. As a result: of leach.in; thra.Jgh soils to the
"grounjwater, the highly soluble hexavalent c:hrani.um was detected in private
W1el.ls ~ent of Northernaire in 1978. 'n1e city revoked Northernai.re's
wastewater discharge pendt: an:!.pl~ their discharge pipe, forcin;
Northernaire to seek. other means of ni ~in; their wastewater.
Also in 1978, MtNR ordered Northernaire to cx:n:!uct hydroge.oloqic sb.xties of
the problem. In 1979, Northemaire subDitted a plan for the requested
st:OOy, bJt later stated no fun:ls were available for the investigatia1. A
1981 MI:NR inspection of the sits found the facility cloSed an:! ~y
aIt of DJsiness. F\1rther inquiries revealed that: Northernaire's assets had
been p.1rChased by Top Locker Enterprises of Florida, which had also ~~
c:peratia'lS. 'I\.1o d1i1dren playin; in the area received d1emic:al turns fran
the hazardc:us wastes stored in CCI1tainers" aItside the Northernaire tuildin3".
Emergency respcuse ~c:ures were cx:nmcted by U.S. EPA an:! MtNR shortly
thereafter in 1983, inc11.Xiirg d1emic:al testinq; remcval of waste drums ani
liquids fran process tanks, decart:aminat.in; tanks an:! tuildin; surfaces
(with hypodUorite for treatment: of cyanide); an:! remcval of a sectien of the
di.scha%ge sewer line.
On March 13, 1984, Reqien"v referred an actiat to the. Cepartment: of Justice
for the fililq of a civil CXIIplaint for the ret::J:Nery of all "respcnse o:sts"
associated with the reax:wal actiat. A CiCq)1aint: was filed in the District
Q:aJrt for the Westem District of Michigan, an:! at May 6, 1988, the Q:aJrt
rerrlered a jnt~nt grcmtinq the U.S. EPA allot its respcnse o:sts,
incl1.Xiirg prejui;ment interest an:! indirect: costs. 'Ihi.s jt~nt was for
$268,818.25. '!he Q:aJrt i.nstructed the }qercy to file a stataDent: of the
exact amamt of Its prejt~nt interest. '!hat was da1e, an:! en Au:;ust 8,
1988 the Q:aJrt made a seocn:i rulin; grantinq the U. S. EPA $74,004.97 in
prejujgment: interest. Q1e defendant, R.W. Meyer, Inc., has ~ed the case.
to the 6th Circuit: Crort of Arf-ls. '!hat case has been fully briefed an:! we
are presently await:i1q a decisien by that: ocurt.
'!he site was inc1uded at the NatiCl'Bl. Priorities List: (NFL) in July 1982
primarily based on cx:n=erns for the pcssibl1). iJIpact of wastes en the
r.
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JIIJI'licipal well field (atnIt a quartar1dle northeast and ~y
cbm;radient of Northemaire) and the potential for direct ccntact hazards.
A P-"i;!ll Actiat Master Plan (1WIP) wu cx:apletec1 for NortheJ:naire in 1983.
For the Narthemaire p.:.-Ib1 IrNestigat.ia1 (RI) (1984-1986), a series of
borin;s and DI21itorizq wells were installed by hollcw-stem au;er and screened
au;er saDplizq ted1niques to dsteJ:mine site stratigrap1y and the vertical ard
horiza'1tal distribltiat of site CCI'1taminant:s. '1be RI was a state-lead,
federally tunded project. Dlrizq th8 initial phase of the RI, gra.n7water
saDples were analyzed for metals, cyanide, and VOCI. Cyanides were oot
detected: the ~ noted were not attriJ::utable to NortheJ:naire. ~ were
detected at similar oa~ticnl in both ~~ent and cbm;radient wells
at Northemaire. 'n1ere were no historical records or indicaticnl of
significant solvent usaqe at Narthemaire.
Elevated levels of SaDe metals were fa.n:l in the gra.n7water: nx:st ~
believed to derive frcm saltizq of area roads (SaDe \..1f'.paVed) for dust
control in suzmer and ice CXI'1trol in winter. Hexavalent du'aDium,
attr:ibJted to Northemaire, was detected in Oic wells in the il1ter1%e:ti.ate
aquifer, W'hid1 led to a secc:n:1 P1ase of well installatia1S to determine its
distribltiat. . ~, ~ that voc oart:aminatiat was the fOC1JS of the
future Cadillac Area RI, the screened au;er gra.n7water scmples were
analyzed for ~ in aatitiat to heJcava1ent chrcmi.um. '!he well screens for
the Northernaire st1x!y m::nitorizq wells .(identified by the designatia'1 ''MW'')
were placed in the Za'1e of highest heJcava1ent chrcmi.um ca1Cel1tratia'1, which
usually did oot CX)J:.~~ to the Zate of highest \u: oart:aminatia1.
At that time it was decided to proceed with a SOJrCe control operable unit in
order to ~i te remediatiat of the soil oart:aminatia1 and CCI"ltirIue
investigatia1 of the gra.n7water oart:aminatiat. A f'!x'J1Sed Feasibility St1.xly
eFFS) of pzqx:sed SOJrCe cxntrol 'lftA::U::IJreS for the Northemaire site was
a::mpleted by MI:NR in July 1985. SI~y, with i.np.lt frcm the p..1blic, a
u:merJy was selected. for the soil clear&.1p. A Record of Cecisia1 was signed
for this SQJX'Oe centrol operable unit ('1) l=ucrJy at Sept:.eai:)er 11, 1985.
'!his included e>ccavatiat of oart:aminated soil and sewerline ~; ~nts and
d.isposal at an off-site f~ility, limita;111Diificatiat of the t:uildi.n;, and
restoration of the sewerline. A r-ib] design for this soil remcval. was
a::mpleted for MI:NR in 1987. 'nUs actiat was iIrplemented in 1988 and is
scheduled for cx:apletiat in Sept:.eai:)er of 1989.
2.2. R'ysar ~ ~'H11~, Inc.
'!be Ki'SOr facility is a large marufacturer of truck parts located at Wright
Street at the southern ed:]e of the in::!ustrial park. '!his facility lY'I'mr'I\ly
uses solvent cleaner and degreasers. Past ni ~l practices included
~izq barrels of spent solvent directly at the soils behind the plant.
'n1e site was pzqx:sed for the NPL in Sept:.eai:)er 1985.
A series of borin;s and wells were installed for the Ki'SOr facility
hydro;eoloqic studies in 1980 and 1983. A total of 24 borin;s with
DD1itorizq wells were widely distriJ:uted CNer the in:!ustrial park with
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several in the vicinity of the city wallfield. 'Ihese wells (designated by
"1<") mc:nitor both the shallow an1 i.nt"Al"'ftArH~te ~ers. All of the K wells
were installed by KYsar. ']he well .imtallaticns CCl'Bisted principally of 4-
.ina1 galvanized steel casin;s with 2- to 5-foct-lc:.n; stainless steel
-....-15. vertical sc:reen.in;J far VOOI in the groJI'1dwater was o:n:mcted durinq
installatien. Analysis of groJI'1dwater ~- traI K-4 in 1983 found
elewted levels of TCA, 'ta, t..st.c!8Chloroethan8 (PCZ), 1, l~chloroethene
(CCE), 1,2,~chloroethane (IX:A), xyl..., tolUIE!IW, ethyJbenzene, and
chloroform. Specific details were net ~~"ted en the mc:nitorilq well .
installatien tedU'1icpes. HcweYer, borin; logs indicate that the borehole.
anraUus was net typically g:rcuted after .imtallatic:n of the well. WithaIt a
grout seal (usually ~red bent:.aUte) in the anrulus, the effectiveness of
the ~ clay aquitard to :reoL.lct dcwmIarcl groJI'1dwater flow is essentially
eliminated at the well point locatien. A cx::r1duit for cxrrt:aminant migratioo
fraD the shallow to the i.ntemedi.ate ~fer exists under the Uprt:us of
measured dcwmIarcl hydraulic gradients.
'Ihe 1983 hydrcgeol~ic ~ for KYser also in:luied a 24-hcur puup test of
City Well N\.mi:)er 7. Water levels in the i.ntemedi.ate aquifer were mcnitore:i
in nearlJy .K-24 & 'Ihe report cxn::luied that there was little or no apparent
. influence of pmpin; in the DJnicipal well ~fer en graniwater flow in tl1e
i.ntemedi.ate aquifer. Ji:1weYer,!Om and u.s. EPA are CXI'1OernSd that (1) the
test was inadequate because it was of limited duratia1: an1 (2) the ~t
effectiveness of the aquitard at the well field might not exten:i t.hrc:u;;bc:ut
the st1.x!y area.
Partial remediatioo of the cx:rrt:aminated Soils at the d; ~ 1 area was
cx:n;iucted by.~ in 1981. ExcavatiCl1 depth averaged ~rcximat.ely 6 feet
in two primary rem::JVal areas. ~t.ely 700 OJbic yams of soil were
remcved; MI:NR cb;ervers noted :::iL.'-8q cxkJrs remainin; in the <:x:q)leted
excavatien pit. 5cmples taken by MI:NR inticated greater than 100 parts per
million (RZ) of 'la, 'lQ, PCE, ethyJbenzene, and xylenes remainin; in soils.
'Ihe excavatia'1 was backfilled with clean material.
'!be mPs were given the qprt1mity to perform the cadillac area RIfFS but
declined to do so. 'Ihis lUfFS was a state-lead, state-furded project. 'Ib
date there have been no significant enfozcement efforts (apart frail the
Northernaire c:xst ret::Otler'f actien descri1::8i abcYe) W'hidl address the cx::.mi;).ined
cadillac area grcun:1water cx:rrt:aminatiCl1 prci)lem. en May 20, 1988 a general
notice letter an1 infoxmatiCl1 request was sent 0It to a n.~..r of potentially
respa lSible parties.
'!be Alternatives Array docl1TnPI"Jt reports that r:Ner 40 imustrial facilities
are located within the cadillac In:lustrial ParK. Of that group, five are
likely sources of the cx:rrt:aminatien of the grcun:1wat.er, accord.in} to the RI.
'Ihey are ~ of cadillac, Inc., Northernaire Platilq 0)., Fa1r Winns, Fo.1r
Starr, and Leo Ingraham. ~ are at:her facilities located in the. area, but
present infoxmatien does net in:iicate that they cx::.ntri1::IUt to the
groJI'1dwater cx:rrt:aminatiCl1 associated with these two sites.
Other mPs identified are lamcwners or scmehcw affiliated with the
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~
aforementiam tive tacilities. 'Ihey are Willard S. GarwIcod CNortherna.ire),
R. W. Meyer Inc. jMeyer Qnrtructiem ~rrJ (Northexnaire), Tq) I.odter
Entexprises Inc. (Northemaire), ani JGIIBr ~ny (Four Star) .
A total ot nine FRPs have been identitiEd to date. 'Ihey are:
Kjrsar ot cadillac, Inc.
Four winns CaIpmy
Four Star Q:)IpOratiem
Jcmar ~rrJ
IBo In3raham
Northemaire Platinq ~
'n:Ip I.cdcer Entcprises Inc.
R.W. Mayer Inc.jMeyer o:nrt.ructiem Q:).
'Willud S. ~
3. o. CXHUa'lY REIATICH;
'!be MI:NR an::I U. S. EPA c:x:n:bJcted a t'Y'WmIJI'lity ~atia1S program to keep the
public infozmed of ~=:iS durin; the RIfFS for the Northernaire an11(ysor
sites an::I to di~,c;.s 11pT'1ftirg events. '!he RI for the cadillac area
grcun.jwater study, in::1udinq the Northema.ire an11(ysor sites, was released
to the public in Au;ust, 1988, an::I the FS an::I Pl. ¥J6ed Plan Wtere released in
July, 1989. '!he MI:NR an::I U.S. EPA provided the public with an q:portunity to
c:x::mnent em the U. S. EPA' s preferred al ternati ve an::I the other al ternati ves
presented in the Feasibility Study durin; a 30 day p.Jblic ~rrt: pericd fran
July 27, to Au;ust. 28, 1989. DJrin; this time pericd, interested irx:tividuals
Wtere encan-aged to review the FS an::I Pl' ~ Plan an1 serd written ccmnents
to the U.S. EPA. In:lividuals Wtere also encan-aged to review the
Administrative Rec::crd for the sites located at the Cadillac Wexford Library,
411 SOUth Lake Street, cadillac, Michigan.
Notification of the availability of the ~-11tS was published in the
Cadillac Evenirg News em July 27, 1989.
on Au;ust 7, 1989, the Mr:NR an::I U.S. EPA held a formal public meetin:J at the
Wexford Ccunty Ccurthcuse in cadillac, Michigan. DJrin; the meetirq, the
MLNRmade presentatia1S to the t'Y'WmItnity em 1:q)ics such as: the results of
the RI; the ~ial alteInatives deveJ.c:ped in the FS; ard the U.S. EPA's
preferred alternative. Followin; the presentatia'lS; MI:'NR an1 u.S. EPA
answered questia1S fran interested parties present at the meetin:J.
A transcript ot the meetin:J is incluied as part of the Administrative Record
(see Administrative Record index, attached as ~ A) for the
Northerna.ire an::I KYser sites. '!he U.S. EPA's respcuses to cxmnents received
durin; this public meetin:J an::I to written ~'1ts received durin; the p.Jblic
ccmnent pericd are incluied in the Respcnsi veness SUum:uy attached to this
rOO -rrt:.
'DUs decisiem dco.Iment presents the U.s. EPA's selected ~i"l acticn for
the Nort:hemai.re an::I KYser sites located in cadillac, Michigan. 'Ihis
decisia1 ~-nt was developed in acx:ordance with the Carprehensive
Enviz'a1menta1 Respa)S8, O::IIp!nsatiem, an::I Liability Act (~), as amerx:ied
by the SUperfund Amen:Dents an::I Rea\Itlx)rizaticn.Act (SARA), an::I to the extent
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practicable, the NaticnU oil an:! HazardcAJs SUbstances Pollutiat 0:::rItin:Jency
Plan (NCP). '1his decisiat is based at intonatiat an:! 000 -rt:.s arrtai.ned in
the administrative record for the sites.
4. o. ~ AR) R>L8 OF ~ 1tCI'IaI
As with many SUperfUnd sites, the problE!llll at the NortheJ:naire Plating
Q:Irpany Site are oarplex. As a result, U.S. EPA organized the W10rX into two
operable units (oos). 'Ihese are:
00 CO:!: Ccntami.natiat in the soils am sewer czM;~.
00 '1\10: Ccntami.natiat in the grcundwater acpifers.
U.S. EPA has selected a lauedy for 00 CO:! (cx:ntaminated soils an:! sewer
sMi~J"1ts). 'n)e R:ID for this actiat was signed at Septed:er 11, 1985. 'n1is
actiat ocnsisted of t'E!UC'Ial of cx:ntaminated soil an:! sewer -.it;mPrrt:s as well
as I"E!DIJVal of parts of the sewer line and adldi.n;J at the NortheJ:naire site.
'the design for the actiat is oc:mplete and iJlplementatiat is urdarway and is
scheduled for cxmpletiat in Sept.e!utJer of 1989. 'n)e grcundwater investigation
determined the grcundwater cx:ntaminatia'\ fraD the Northemaire site had
mirqled with the c;;raniwater cx:ntaminati~ emanatin; frc:m the 1{ysor site.
'Iberefore, U. S. EPA decided to treat the grcundwater, usin;J a two-phased
;q::proac:h, to rem::we the CXI'1taminants associated with both sites. 'Ihus the
graJl"dwater cx::.ntaminatiat fraI1 both sites are bein; ~i "'ted with a1e
actiat. '!here are also other cxrrtri1::utors to the grcundwater cx::.ntaminatiat
00t again the graJl"dwater will be treated for all the CXI'1taminants usin;J this
two-phased treatment prcx:ess. 'n1ere are cx:ntaminated soils at the Kyser site
wtUc:h will be addressed 'a:I this actiat as well. '!his actiat will be the
secx:n:l and final actiat for the Northemaire site am first am final actiat
for the KYser Site.
'n)e ,,~ for the NorthemaireIKYsr sites was selected 'a:I
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gramdwater. Also, since the ~t.ca.;tiat an:! treatment system oculd take as
l~ as 64 years, the site will be re-evaluated ead1 5 years to detem.ine the
effectiveness of the selected l-...;}y.
5. O. s:rm
cs
'Ihe RI c::x:nJisted of m-sita scientific studies an:! latcratory analyses to
detennine the nature an:! extent of CICI1taminatic:n at the sites an:! affected -
areas. DJrin;J' the RI sauples were taken trail surface and sub-surface soils,
gramdwater, and residential wells. 'IbI RI report far the Cadillac area
gramdwater, inclu:iirq the Narthemai.re and Kj'Bor sites, was CCIIpleted in
Au;ust 1988. AppraxjJDately s:ixt:em (16) cbami.cals at the U.S. EPA's
HazartbJs SUbstances List (R;L)' were detected in the various -.--:1;;11 at the
site ('rable 5-1). 'Ihe sutstances were 9J:OJP8d into inorganics and VCCs.
'Ihe:se tw groups were then divided into nararc~ or c:arcinogleJ ~. 'the
results of the RI are sa-,..ize:1 below.
5.1. Gr:a.1ndwat.er
'the nature an:! extent of gramdwater CICI1taminatiat was defined at the site
(Figure 5-1). 'the sb.x!y identified three aquifers beneath the site, a
shallow, intermediate, am deep aquifer, ead1 separated by a clay aqui tard.
. 'the shallow aquifer is (:;'~'\osed of mostly sam an:1 fine gravel with
gramdwater flow generally in a northeastern directicn. 'the clay aquitard
separatin3' the shallow ard intermediate aquifers pin:nes cut in the
oorthwestem half of the imustrial park leavin;J the intezmediate aquifer
Ul"OOnfined to the surface. 'Ihe intezmediate aquifer is a DIJCh thicker san:i
sequence with areas of coarse gravel. 'Ihe gramdwater flow in the
:inteJ:mediate aquifer is in a north-northwest directicn. 'Ihe shallow an:i
intezmediate aquifers ~ to have gcod t'Y-.-~catien as there is evidence
of CXII1taminant flow fraD the shallow aquifer to the intezmediate aquifer.
'the deep aquifer is s:iJzdlar geologically to the ~ tw aquifers, but
contains mre gravel. Gr:a.1ndwater flow directien in the deep aquifer is in a
north-north'westerly directien. '!here is no evidence of ~1nicaticn between
. the deep aquifer ard the intermec1iata qrlfer. '!be cadillac city well field
is 1cx::ated in this deep aqw.fer.
GroJrdwater a:nt:aminatien was detected throlr;ba1t the shallow an:1
intezmediate aquifers (see Figure 5-1). 'Ihis a:nt:aminatien c::x:nJists of ~
small hexavalent du:t:mium plumes, emanatin3' frcm the Northernaire facility,
ooe in the shallow aquifer an:1 CD! in the intermediate aquifer. Cr:mnin:Jled
with this hexavalent d1rani.um CICI1taminatien in the shallow aquifer is a large
VQC plume ~ frcm the KYsor plant. 'Ihis l'Tmm;rgl~ occurs in the
intezmediate aquifer as well, ~ a large VQC plume frcm KYsor has miriJled
with the hexavalent ctu:ani.um CICI1taminatiat. Other small VQC a:nt:amination
plumes oriqinatin) en the property of FaJr Star COrpcraticrt and FaJr winns
Calpmy are t'Y'I'\"Ift;rgled with these afO£.~a1Sd hexavalent an:! VQC plumes
creatin) a collage of hexavalent ctu:ani.um and VOC a:nt:aminaticm in the
shallow and intermediate acpifers. At ~smt the deep aquifer is net
affected by this a:nt:aminatien.
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5.2. Sail
'1h8 aUy soil CCI'1taminatia1 remaininq at either ot the sites is ~
CCI'1taminated soil just north ot th8 main ~ plant. 'lhe CCI'1taminated soils
am ~i~ at the Northemaire tacility wre rE!IIII:M!d thra.¥3h an earlier
source OQIllt..ol temedy (tirst "operable uni~") .
'n1e t:q) 6 feet of CCI'1taminated soil was excavated at the ~ site in 1981.
'!he remaininq CCI'1taminatia1, ocnsist:in; of voca, is trc:m 6 to 25 feet in
depth. 'Ihe highest <.x:..c-tL.atia1 ot c:x::ntaminant: was foun:i to be .
~tely 150 feet north fraD the middle of the main ~ Cuilc:tin:I at a
depth of 20 feet. 'n1e primary c:x::ntaminant: fc:a.n1 inc100ed xylene, toluene,
ethyJbenzene, 'Ia:, am '10.. 'D1.is CCI'1taminatia1 is relatively loc:alizad.
NuIrerous Simples were taken to establish ~ levels am cx:ntaminant
mic;ratiat. Results did net indicate that off-site soils have been affected
by site activity. .
Table 5.2 shews indicator cnemi.cals for gro.DVwater am soil CXI'1taminants am
target cleanup levels ('!as).
5.3. Air
on-site air sanplinq ani m::nitorinq was cxn:mcted durin:; the drillinq of the
m::nitorinq wells for the grcuxlwaterst:u:ly~ Iz:tt,erpretatiat of the results
indicated that at-site or off-site air CCI'1taminatiat 'wOlld net oc:cJr unless
there is a substantial surface ~ of the site, partio.1larly in the
area ot the soil CCI'1taminatia1 at l(ysor. DJrin;J the ccnst:zu:tiat ~ of
the l:e.u6ly cx:ntrols will be ~lemented to minimize. ~.
6. O. StJM\R! OF srm RISPS
'!he MI:NR cxn:mcted a risk ~...--~ to detemine if the sites p:se a
potential effect a1 PJbli9 health am the envira1ment. '!he st:u:ly cxn::l\Ded
that the sites presently pose a significant risk to l'uIman health thra.¥3h
in:;1estiat of CCI'1taminated grcuxlwater ani if untreated the CD1tam.inated
gro.DVwater cculd cx:I1tin.Je to pose significant future risks. '!here are also
risks associated with posSible CD1tam.inatiat of the city W1ellfield, h.It due
to the diffio.1lties in detenD.ini.n; the migratiat of CXI'1taminants thra.¥3h the
lower aquitard these risks are net quantified. .
6.1. Int:rcductiat
'!he risk a$--""""''1t did use the indicator selectiat prt:a!:SS in the SUDerfurd
Public ~'th Evaluatim !ianl1~' (SFHEM: U.s. EPA 1986g). '!he cnemi.cals of
cxn:em (Table 6-1) were as follows:
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VOr~TTTF. ~C a::MRXJNIS
~?T'!:inxJens
~?T'!iJ~~
1, 1, l.Jt'ric:hloroethane
Acet.aw
Toluene
Trans-l, 2~chloroethene
1,1-Dic:hloroethene
1,2-Dic:hloroethane
Methylene Chloride
Tetrachloroethane
Trichloroethane
OU:ani.um (Hexavalent)
cyanide
Elevated levels of inorganics such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and
magriesium W1ere also foun:t in the shallow and intexmediate aquifer;s. 'Ibese
CXI'1taminants are believed to have been caused by saltirq of roads for ice and
dust '-o1OI&~vl. Althcu;h they effect water quality, they are net believed to
be asscciated with arrj man.1facturin; facility.
Cyanide was net detected in the June and Au;ust 1987 san:plin; events.
However, this cx:ntaminant was of cxn::em in the Northernaire stmy because of
its preserx:e in plat.1n; baths. Low levels of cyanide W1ere detected in
Northernaire wlls in 1985 (Day;n'll1!ft cxn::entratia'1 = 22 R:b), and it can be
aSSl~ that the recent lOW1er cxn::entratioos (nc:I'H:Setects) may be due to the
fact that we are ro.I 5aDplin; a different portia'1 of the Northernaire plume.
'lberefore, the DIa.Y;1'I'IDn value of cyanide detected in 1985 was evaluated in
order to~C!..._~ the p:rl:.ential for that chemical to pcse a risk to p.Jblic
health.
6.2. P.:)(posI.Jre Ass ~-It
'tt1e CXI'1taminants of cxn::em identified in the grourxtwater durin; the RI \oIIeI"e
evaluated to detemine the level of risk they pc&! to PJblic health. I)Je to
the absence of c:cntaminants a'1 the surfaoe of the groun:i in soil or
~;TnP-nts, or in surface water, rema.i.nin;J at either the Northernaire or Ryser
sites, the risks for inhalatia'1 of CXI'1taminants and in:Jestia'1 of soil or
c:.=n;TnP'1t W1er8 net~s~-~ quantitatively. Cc:I'1seqUently, the a1ly risk
aC!"'--~ quantitatively was the in:Jestia'1 of grourxtwater.
6.2.1. In;Jestia1 of Gram Water
"
'n1e risk asg~~ made the ccnservati ve ~~c:! "Ttia'1 that the grourxtwater in
both the shallow and intermediate aquifers wa1ld be used for a water StWly
because there are no legal restrictia'1S for grourxtwater use. '!he risks
asscciated with grourxtwater use W1ere e:stiJDated bas«! a'1 June and Au;ust 1987
grourxtwater mcnitorirq wll data.
Based a'1 the CXI'1t.inJcus use a~~a'1, the ~o::...~~"1t identified a
potential risk fraD dr:i.nJd.lq water asscciated with the sites in both the
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-u-
shallCM am inter:mediate aq,dfers. 'lbe plumes of oa1taminated ~ter
addressed by this ~eu.-.1y are limited to the areas shewn in Figure 5-1. '!he
gromdwater associated with the Northemaire and &j'Bcr sites did oa1taminate
ruaercus private gromdwater supplies. 'Ibes8 private walls have since been
placed at city water, .t the state's expnI8i to alleviate this initial
CXI'1CBm. ~ter in this area 0CI'It:a.in8 \0)1, hsxavalent d1raIdum, am
cyanide. certain levels detected ~ the u.s. !:PA's Ma>ti'll'l1!ll CCntami.nant
IsYels (M:::Is) am May; '11'1 JIll 0::r1taminant l4M!l Goals (JCLGs) for drinkin; water
('rable 6-2). '1berefore, ~at of the gromdwater poses a risk to mman
health.
'lhe risk evaluatiat for prEsmt c;romdwater in;Jestiat is SI-rizecl in Tables
.6-3, 6-4, am 6-5. Groun:lwater in the sballcw aq,dfer W'here carc;nogens were
detected in:urred e.~ lifetime cancer risks ran;inq fraD 4xl0-4 to 5xlO:-2,
while in the inter:mediate aquifer the lifetime cancer risks in:urred fraD
carcinogenic 0CI1taminants rari;Jed trc:m lXlO-5 to 4xlO-3. Nc::n-carcinogenic .
hazard in:tices ran;JEd fraD less than 1 to 11 in the shallCM aquifer am the
rarJ;l8 in the inter:mediate aquifer was fraD less than 1 to 66.
Alt:haJgh the risks were net a~,:,-"'«\ quantitatively, the Sl1bsurface
oa1taminated soils at the Ryser site, until ~i"ted, will be a CXI'1t.in..1in;
sc.urce of c;romdwater oa1taminatiat by~. 'Ihi.s wolld acXi to the actual
risk in:urred by in;estim of this c;romdwater. .
Anotl1er additiat to actual risk in:urred is the risk of oa1taminatinq the
city wellfield.. '!his risk is net addressed quantitatively, rut cculd be
significant in the years to cxme if no ~btia1 is dcne at these sites.
Alt:haJgh these risks are significant, expc6ure is unlikely to ocx:ur at this
t.im!. ~ter aH;ite in.the shallCM am inter:mediate aquifers is
currently net used as a drinkin; water source am the 0CI1taminants will be
reDrNed as part of the 1:~ for the site. Residents in the area are
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'!he adverse potential risks associata1 with the. sites are 9~"ized bela..'.
Gl'a.1nclwa+-~"
'!here are no anTel1t exposures associata1 with c;rcun:Mter, but it .
residential wells were initalled m-site, residents ~d be A'q')OSed to an
...-... litetime cancer risk ;an;inl trail 4xlO'" to 5xlO-2 in the shalla..'
~fer and a rarge of lxlO-5 to 4XlO-3 for the intemediate aq..dfer. 'I11e
residents would also be A'q')OSed to <:u-..-.tratia'18 of ncn::arciJ~ at levels
that ~ their respective RfDs.
'!he risk ="~-~1"Jt ="~c::Itmad that a 7o-kq adult ~d drink 2 liters of
~ter per day CNer a 7o-year litetime, and a 35-kq child would drink 1
liter of c;rcun:Mter per day CNer a lo-year span. All tcxiookinetic factors
were asss--" to be 1.
Limi tatia'lS and AssuIrctia'lS
'I11e risk =".,,-~snent is based at a var~ety of factors inc1u::lin;J:
*
*
*.
*
*
*
Scmplinl and analysis
Fate and transport estimatiat
Exposure estimatiat .
Toxicological data
Possible synerqistic/antagoni.stic effects
Additia\al routes of ~
Within the limits of these ="~c::I~a'IS ard factors this risk characterization
does present an a
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. -13-
an indiviCiJal has a cnI in cne milliat manes of deYelc:ping cancer as a
result of sit&-related ~tre to a c:arcincqen OYer a 7cposures within a single medium or across media.
6.6. . Pot:.ent.ia1 P\Jb.Jre Risks.
'I11e Northemaire site is no l~ in operatiat and the soil a:nt:am.i.nation
has been ~i;tted (first "cparable unit") rem::JVln; artf further SOJI'Ce of
groundwater a:nt:am.i.natiat by hexavalent dm:mium and cyanide. 'Ihe ~
facili t:j is still in operatiat and current waste han:iling p~ 1I'eS shcW.d
prevent artf new a:nt:am.i.natiat fraD ocxurrirq at the facilit:j. Ji:wever soil
a:nt:am.i.natiat still remains at the ~ site and a major ~b' actia1
objective for the ~ site is to remcve the a::nt.in.rin:;J saJrOe of ~
a:nt:am.i.natiat of the groundwater. Althcu:Jh the groundwater is not being used .
for drinJein; water purposes, there is still a potential threat of migration
of the a:nt:am.i.natiat off-site. to the north into residential areas or areas
which cxW.d be develcp:d for residential use. 'lbere is also the significant
threat of a:nt:am.i.natinq the cit:j wellfield.
To evaluate future risks posed at the sites £'ran in;estia1 of a:nt:am.i.nated
groundwater, CXI'1tamina.nt c:xn:entraticnJ were mdeled to theoretical L-.q.JLor
locatia\S a1 the projected center line of the plumes at 13th street (see
Figure 6-1). Using variOJS mdeling techniques the arrival time of the plume
at its ~tor well was estimated as well as the lerqth of time the plume
WOlld remain at its r&...q.Itor well before migratirq past the reoq...tor
locatiat. May;mlllft and average (x:..:~rt:J:aticnJ were calculated in order to
determine average and W1CI'St-case scenarios for future risk ;II~--~ .
assn"';rg no ra:-rliatiat would be performed at the sites. USln; these ~
residents drink:inq the groundwater in t~ tuture would be ~ to ~9
lifetime cancer risks rarqinJ fraD 7Xl0-5 to lxlO-3 for the shallow acpifer
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and 6xlO-S to 5xlO-J tor the intermediate acpi.fer tar at least another 10 to
15 years. Ncn=arc:inogenic. hazarcI in:iioes tar tubJre CCI1SUI!ptiat ot the
grounjwater waad raJ'9I traD less than 1 to 1.29 in the shallCM aq.U.fer and
in the intermediate acpiter the ral'9I is traD less than 1 to 17.14,
in:iicatin; there '-01ld still be significant risJaI in the years to CXIIIe if no
~btiat is dcne at the sites. 'Ihe risk evaluatiat tor tuture grcurdwater
i1qestiat is 5'~~ized in Tables 6-7 and 6-8.
Again the majar ~ at the sites are the large grounjwater CXI'1ta:mination
plumes in the shallCM and intermediate acpifers. 'n'1ese c:x::ncezns shall be
ackJressed thrcugh. iDplementatiat ot the selected grounjwater treatment
l~. .
7. o. DXI:.MDfrATIaf OF SIGaFICANl' cmH':ZS
. '!his Pecom ot DecisiCl1 selects an extractiat,. treatment and c1i.sd1arge system .
tor cleanJp of the CXI'1ta:minated grounjwater. ~ter Alternative 3A
usin; cartJcn Adsozptiat tor treatment ot the du'aDium and soil Al ternati ve 5,
as descri.1::ea in the Pl- y:J6ed Plan and later in this Ia>, will be use to
~; ate the Noi:thema.ire and Rysor sites. '!he u. s. EPA has reviewed and
responded to all relevant ~ received frail the interested parties,
inc:ludin; those frail the State and t'Y'WmlltrUty, durin:; the ~lic tT'J'TI'nP-"1t
period. CaJments ~ made at the selected alternatives as well as other
remedial alternatives. BasEd at the ~lic tT'J'TI'nP'1ts, the u.s. EPA has
detem.ined that there is no need for arrj significant ~ to ~ter
. Alternative 3A with cartxn Adsorptioo, and SOil Alternative 5.
In the event that additiatal data or infoJ:matioo durin; the design of the
~eiu&Jy reveals the need for a mcd.ificatioo, the u.s. EPA will notify the
~lic of arrj ~ to the ~~ presented here in this PecolU of
Decisia'\ in acx:crdance with ~licable law and }qert::f guidance.
8.0. ~l'J.Qf OF ~
Based CI1 informatiCl1 gathered c:bJrin;J the RI, ~ in oocp!ratiCl1 with u. S.
EPA CX'Irp1et.ed a FS that .b1volved reviewin; all possible ~;;!I' methods,
am identifyin; and evaluatirg several. ~;;!I' al ternati vas to address
ccncerns related to the Nort:heInaire and }(ysor sites.
'!be FS presented a detailed analysis of four alternatives for ~;;!Itioo of
the cart:aminated grcurdwater and six alternatives for the ~i;!ltioo of the
CXI'1ta:minated soils at}(ysor. '!he evaluatioo c:xniidered the effectiveness of
each al ternati ve in minimizin; pX.ential risks am future threats posed by
the sites. It also estimated the CXJSts and ~lementatioo time associated
with each alternative. A brief S1mwMry of each alternative is presented
belCM .
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-15-
8.1. ~ Alt.emilti"8
0. to the t"Y'Wftfti rglirq plumee of ~ter cx:rrt:aminaticm, the ~ter
treatml!l1t wculd need. to be in two st.aqI8. '1b8 VOC an:! hexavalent dlrc:mi.um
CXI1t:8:inants differ cxnsiderably an:! camet be treated by the sam8 ~~.
'lb!retore, the ~ter r--'iatia\ wculd re&J1ire c:na treatJDent for
hexavalent chraDium and a separate treatJDent. far the VOC cx:rrt:aminaticm.
HcweYer, both of these treatJz&1ta wculd be cxnb::t81 in the. same treatment
facility .
All of the alternatives cxnsiderEd far ~ter r--'iaticm, ~t. the
"no act.im" alternative, wculd incluie the follawirq:
~ ~l&;~itWI Syste8: 'Ihis wa1ld a::nsist of a systen of
pmpinq wells for ext:racticit of ~ter in the shallow and
intermediate acpifers. 'lhese extractim wells walld be strategically
located to i.nteroept CCI1taminated ~ter. An 1.nSergrcun:i pipin;
system walld inte1;u..II-::t the extractim wells and transport the
extracted ~ter to the VOC and hexavalent d1raIU.um .treatment
~il~.. .
Hexavalent Qm:mi\ll Treat:IB1t: '!here are two cptias which can be
utilized to treat the hexavalent d'1rc:mium. ere of these two cptions
walld be inclu:1ed in all of the treatment alternatives. ~ are as
follows: .
~m 1 ;. Im Exd'1arge
'!his treatJDent W1CUld require the extracted graJndwater to be I\In
thrt:u3h a treatment pzooess where toxic metals sa! ts inclu:ii.n;
d'1rc:mium, and iatS are electrostatically baJnd to a solid resin
material and remcYed frail solutim. 'Ihe resul~ residuals
include spent. resins '-ihich walld be regenerated a1-Site by
~ with caustic and acid soluticns. '!his regeneratim wculd
prcxmce abc:ut 500 gallcns of c:hraDium waste per day requirin;
off-site iti~l.
Time to I12plement:
capital o:&t:
Anraal 0 , M o:&t:
Tot:.al ~ sent Worth o:&t:
18-21 D01ths
$ 271,000
$ 977,000
$1,248,000
~m 2 - cartx:n Adsorptiat
'!he hexavalent c:hraDium-a::ntaminated ~ter wculd be passed
thrt:u3h an activated camcn fil te.ri.n; system in this treatment
process. 'the activated camcn selectively adsorbs organics an:!
certain metals such as c:hraDium by a surface attractiat
~ that Dims organic 1IIJleolles to available camcn
pores. 1his ~~ walld ~ 15,000 pc:un:!s of spent camcn,
used in the filterin:; process, per year for it i c:p:6al.
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-16-
Tim to !q)lement:
Capital o:&t:
AnnJal 0 , M o:.t:
Total Pres mt Werth o:&t:
18-21 JDa1t:hs
$140,000
$364,000
$504,000.
'n:'eated Gr'aJndwater 0:1 ar"t\a1'1}8: A8 a .~ .., ,-".e.lt ot the groun::t..Iater
treatment alternatives, treated water '-01lc1 be c1isc:harged to the Clam
River. Discharge to the river '-01lc1 require cxnrt.xucticn of a force
main cxnst:zuctecl of polyvinyl d1laride (PJe) pipin;.
GI:'cuD.iater Jb1itc.l:in): Grc:Iurdwater '-01lc1 be mc:nitored fraD the
ex:ist.inq mcnitcrin; wells to detem.ine effectiveness of the
extracticn system and plume mic;ratiCl'\. 'Ihis '-01lc1 incl\XJe. ~lin; of
the mcnitorin; wells arnJally.
'Ihe major ~.-.ents of the groun::t..Iater alternatives are described be!0II.'.
8.1.1. GI:'cuD.iater A1t-~ive 1 - No ~it'Wt.
'Ihe no-actiCl'\ alte%native cx:nsists solely of groun::t..Iater mcnitcrin; and a
five-year review for the site. A mc:nitorin; PIU:jL4W, inspectiav
ma.intenarx:e program, and c:x::ntin;Jency plan '-01lc1 be ilIplemented. 'nlis
alternative wculd allOll.' the groun::t..Iater plumes at the cadi.1lac In:!ustrial
Park to n i ~.rse and dilute by natural mechanisms. A groun::t..Iater mc:ni torm;
plan ~d be ~'iary to periodically aso;-'!f the fate and transport of the
ccntaminant plumes. A five-year review wculd be da1e to deteDni.ne whether
public health and the envircnDent ~ protected.
Time to !q)lement: NCI'1e
capital Cost: $ 0
Annual 0 & M Cost: $824,000
Total . Present Worth CD:it: $824,000
8.1.2. ~ ~lt-~ive 2 - b-LLcs...tiat. He!xavalent Qu:-nmium
Treabuc:..L. UV/~mt.iCl'\ ani n;~nwa
'Ibis alternative wculc1 inc1\XJe extractiCl'\, a treatment for the hexavalent
c:hrcmi.um CCI1tami.natiat, ani c:lisd1arge as described previously.
Aci:iitia1a.lly, a ultraviolet (tN) light/oxidatiCl'\ treatment wculd be utilized
for treatment of the voc CCI1tami.natiCl'\.
'Ihe W/oxidaticn treatment wculd chemically oxidize the organic 0.'\ a.D'X3s "in
the groun::t..Iater usin; a CXJIi)inatiCl'\ of W light, ozooe, and/or ~
peroxide. 0Za18 ani ~ peroxide are pcwerful oxidants of organic
o.'t-oorm in water.
'lbere are fan- main ~ .,,,.'%8 tts of a W/,::Dd.datiCl'\ system: an air exupressor,
an OZa18 ~tor, a reactor tank," ani an electrical source for the W lanp
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-17-
b1l1::8. 'Ihe system ~d utilize a baffled TN/ozawa a:ntactor, within wtUdl
the TN b1l1::8 are mcunted imide cpu1:Z sheets. ozaw is diffused into the
bcttaD of the cx:ntactor, and allowed to JIIIke c:cntact with the CCI1tam.inated
water in the preserD! of TN light. A 1IIInifold attacnacI to the cx:ntactor
collects any residual ozaw trail tb8 1&'~ ard catalytically 0CI'1Vert.a it
back to mclea1lar axyqen. ~Or.jdl perax:i.d8 'I1I!JJ:f be added to the influent
stream prior to enteri.rq the cx:ntactor. ~~\ percDdde ard ozme are
CDddants that can be utilized separately or in QCIIi)inatiCl1 to adrleve maJl; 1'IIIJIU
CDddatiCl1 cxn:iiticns. 'Ihis syst:aD ocU1d be tully autaDatic, has no filteriIq
or adsorptiCl1 medium to rlic::pn-t of or regeI.erate, ard treats groJrXiwater
CCI1tam.inated with vocs withalt air EDissicns or generatiCl1 of ha..zardo1s
wastes.
Time to Drplement:. l8-2111a1ths
UsiIq ICI1 E:xchan;e for Hexavalent O1raIdum Treatment:
capital Cost: $ 6,115,000
ArIr'aJal 0 , M Cost: $32,358,000
Total Present Worth Cost: $38,473,000
UsiIq Cartx:n AdsorptiCl1 for Hexavalent O1rCmium Treatment:
capital CC6t: $ 5,935,000
AnrL1al 0 , M CC6t: . $31,611,000
Total Prescmt Worth Cost: $37,546,000
8.1.3. ~mrir.At-'"" Alt'~i:ve 3 - ~LL-~it"rl. Hexavalent Q1rnIthma
Treatment. Air St:riD>ira ani ni~1'nA
nus alternative WOlld incl\D! extractiCl1, a treatment for the hexavalent
dlranium CCI1tam.inatiCl1, an:! di.sd1arge as described previoosly.
AdditiaW.ly, an air str4Pin; treatment WOlld be utilized for treatme.nt of
the ~ CCI1tam.inatiCl1.
'111e air str!Win; treatment is the mass transfer of VOCS fran the liquid
(water) ~ to the gas (air) P1ase. 'Ihe licpid waste is desceroej thrcu3h
a ~w.ed tower. Air is supplied by ,a blCM!r or ~Lessor that is intro:iuoed
to the bcttaD of the tower. '!be pack:inq material furcticn; to inc:rease the
area of cx:rrt:act bet:ween the air and the descen:tin:;J liquid waste. As the
liquid waste ,"'--~ thrcu3h the packed tower the organics are transferred
fraD the li~ p,ase to the gas P1ase. Air striwin; requires treatme.nt of
gases generated durin; the pIocess. 'Ihere are two methcx!s of air str4Pi.n;
whidl o::uld be iJlple.mented at these sites. 'Ihey are as follows:
8.1.3(A). Air StJ:'i{::cira with V'aDar-~ ~riYTI ~LA:.iCl1
nus methcxl of air str!Wi.n; treats the off~ with a vapor ~
camon filteri.n; system. nus system ~d OCI1Sist of two str4Pi.n;
columns operatirq in series. '!be first air stri~ ~d be designed
to I"E!!IIJYe 99 percent of- the VOCS frcm the licpid~. '!be secx::n:i
air stri;pr ~d reduce ~ ...u...cutra~cns to meet the liq.lid...pw;e
effluent d.i.schaxqe recpirements. 'Ihe sea:n:l stri~ WOlld provide a
50: 1 air-to-r-Iater ratio whidl ~d not need treatment of the off-
-------
-18-
gases. Hcwever, vapcr-phase treatment is ~ far the off-qases
trail the first air striA:Ier, 1It1ic:h wculd be 6(\(u'I,lished by a vapx-
phase carl:x:I1 adso%pt.iat unit. 'Ihis ~ unit uses a carlxn
tiltarirq system 1Iftici1 wculd be IeC}elmat.ed in-situ and avoids the
need tor off-sita ,.H~ ot spent ~~.
TiJI8 to IDplement: 18-211D'1ths
Usinq Iat ~ tor Hexavalent O\raDiuaa Treatment:
capital 0:ISt: $ 4,414,000
Arn.1al 0 , M CCst: $11,631,000
'DXal Present Worth CCst: $16,051,000
Usinq cartx.n Adsotptiat for Hexavalent ChraDiuaa TreatJDent:
capital 0:ISt: $ 4,234,000 .
Arn.1al 0 , M 0:ISt: $10,890,000
'DXal Present Worth 0:ISt: $15,124,000
8.1.3{B). Air Sh-i~irYY with T.i""li~~and VaDaI:-~ ~mnn
~LlLicn
'!his methcd of air stri;pinq wculd use atly ate stri;pinq ool\ml'1.
'n1e cx:nt:am.inated vapor exitin; the oolUDl'1 wculd be treated by vapor-
phase carl:xx1 adsorptiat, as de:sc:ribec1 in the first air stri~iIq
system. Water that c:lischarqes fran the base of the. striR:;er wculd be
p~ to the ca.rtx:n adsorptiat beds for liquid~ ca.rtx:n
adsorpticn treatment:. Approxi:mately 225, 000 ~. of spent ca.rlxn
wculd be produced per year for d;~ at an off-site ~ facility.
Time. to ~lement: 18-21 mart:hs
UsiIq Iat ~ far Hexavalent O1rcmiuaa Treatment:
capital 0:ISt: $ 4,959,000
Annual 0 , M 0:ISt: $16,174,000
'DXal rre sent Worth 0:ISt:. $21,133,000
Usinq cartx.n h!sorptiat for Hexavalent O1raD.ium Treatment:
Capital a:st:.. $ 4,779,000
AnnJal 0 , M a:.t: $15,421,000
Total ~Settt Worth a:.t: $20,206,000
8.1.4.
Grn1l'rlw::lt-~ A]~~ive 4 -
SteaIII ~
'!his alternative wculd include extracti.at, a treatment for the hexavalent
du'anium cx:nt:am.inatiat, and disc::harge as described previOJSly.
Additiatally, a Steam Stri;piIq treatment: wculd be utilized for trea~ of
the va: cx:nt:am.inatiat.
As with air stri;piIq, steam stri;piIq cp!ratss at the principle ot mass
transfer ot organics frca the licpid phase to the vapor phase. '!his method
also 0Ctm'S in a packed tcwer, bit instead ot usinq air, steam is USEI:i in the
packed tcwer. '!be cx:nt:am.inated steam, whici1 ~""-s cut t.hrcu:;h the top of
the oolUD\, is- cx:n:iensed to a liCJrld and decanted to prMt10e a ~a.cntrated
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-1,9-
licpicl st:reaII that JIIJSt be treated anVar rH~ at an ott-site pemitta:l
tacility. AppraXimately 231 gallaw per hem' ot O;:i&-=a'~iSted organics wculd
be ~~ tar d;~l at an ott-site ~ tacility.
T1m8 to !q)lE!lllBl1t: 18-21 1ID1th8
Using Iat ~ tor HexaYalEl1t O'lraIiUII Treatment:
Capital COSt: $ 4,590,000
Anmal 0 'M o:&t: $17,708,000
Total PreSent Worth o:&t: $22,298,000
Usm; 0U1xIn 1dsarptiat tor HexaYalEl1t O1raIdum Treatment:
Capital o:&t: $ 4,410,000
AnruIl 0 , M a&t: $16,961,000
Total Present Worth 00St: $21,371,000
8.2. soU Altel:rBtives
8.2.1. soU A1i-~ive 1
- No at'+i t"ft
'nUs alternative ocnSists ot establlshment ot institutia1a.l c:x:.ntrols,
develc:pEl'1t ot a site inspectiat an:! maintenance plan, installatiat of a
per:iJDeter surface barrier,. and a tive-year review for tl1e site.
Institutia1a.l ,-,-,l..\Jls (e.g., Qeed ard lard restrictic.ns) 'aOllc:l be l~"":"azy
to restrict tUt:me site use 'for tl1e protectiat of p.1blic health. 'Ihe.se
ocntrols would restrict site activities of tl1e au:rent site cwners/qerators,
as well as alert tub.1re owners to pX.ential si~related ris)cs. Additia-al
fencm; would need to be installed at ~ to restrict ~. A five-year
review would be done to deter:mine whether p.1blic health and the environment
are protected.
Time to !q)lement:
capital 00St:
Annual 0 & M 00St:
Total ~ -L1 ant Worth 00St:
Ncne
$ 24,500
$138,500
$163,000
8.2.2 soU 1't-~i.ve 2
~
- surfic;'" ~in:J and sa1h::l..u. r~ Q:nt"~; ~
'!his alternative CXI'1Sists .ot installatiat ot a surficial cap and a
9~.11"faoe sluny wall to CXI'1tain CD1taminated soils at ~r.
'lbe slurry wall would be cxn;txucted in an excavated trenc:h and wculd be tied.
in to the low-permeable un:3erlym; clay layer al:n.It 90 feet below the qrc:und.
It 'MOlld CXII:pletely surJ:'Cln1 the CD1taminated soils.
To prevent rainfall sO! ~ into the CD1taminated soils a DIJltilayer cap
'MOlld be cxnstructed to o:Ner the area encircled by the slurry wall. 'Ihis
cap 'MOlld CXI'1Sist ot 24 ilxt1es ot low-permeability clay, follawed by a
synthetic liner. '!he liner would be ccvered with a m.inimJm 12-in:h
r-~le dra:i.naqe layer ani 24 inc:bes (.It soil, wc:h would SI.g:ort a
tq)soiled vegetative layer to reduce the pX.ential for soil erosiat.
. .
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-20-
. .
Time to !q)lement:
capital cmt:
ArrIJa1 0 , M cmt:
Total Pi S Hit Worth cmt:
24-30 JIICI1t:h8
$1,050,000
$ 125,000
$1,175,000
8.2.3. SOil I1t-~ive 3 - ~it'W'l and ~.--.~tn,... 'It---....1
~rmirq
'Ihis alternative WOlld OC'I1Sist ot 8)CI2Wticz ot ocntam.inated soils am
treatJDent ot these soils by low t~ture thermal str~in;J.
Low t'~ture the%mal str~in;J is a treatment met:hcd that uses
t-arr-ratw:es typically 1.50 to 700. F to rear::Ma adsaz:bd oc:ntaminants frcm the
soils. '!he the%mal stri;pirq unit oc:nsists ot a ptOO=iS teecl system, large
rotatin;J cb:um (kiln), an:! a tarr-.rature-.-1L..vlled bD:ner system. 'Ihe
thermal str~in;J unit is q:erated urDer a..JL..vlled cx:n:iitiaw, an:! will
generate emissia1S sud1 as particulates, water vapor, VOOI, an:! prcduct.s of
:incarplete ~a1. To prevent these emissia1S frail bein;J released into
the envirament, ry::\seoJS emissicz CCI1trol eql1ir-rzt will be required.
Process emissia1S are typically CCI1trolled usin; an aftetb.D:ner to thennally
de:strcy the oc:ntaminants, or vapor-p,ase carb::n adsorptiat. It vapo~
activated cha.ra:Ia,l canisters are E1q)loyed in the emissicn '~Jt..vl, the
canisters will be transported am treated off~ite.
'n1e ocntam.inated soils at Ryser WOlld be excavated an:! burned ~ a thennal
strippin;J unit to rem:JYe the \tt ocntam.inatiat. '!he clean soil ~d be
backfilled an:! t4i~ of a1Site. Arrf em.issims frcm this process ~d be
treated, either captured or burned, in an afte.!:bJmer emissiat cx.ntrol unit.
T:iJDe to !q)lement:
capital Ccst: .
Annual 0 , M Ccst:
Total Presc:mt Worth Ccst:
24-27 DD1ths
$8 , 600, 000
$ 0
$8,600,000
8.2.4. soil A1t-~~t.ive" - rn-sit:u Soil Fl~
'!he cx:ntaminated soils WOlld be flushed with water causin;J migratiat of the
\tt ocntam.inatiat fraD the soil into the gran:iwater where it WOlld be
treated by cme of the a1Site gran:iwater treatments descril:e:i earlier.
'!he soil-flushiJ'q system WOlld oonsist of Wil tratiat pipin;J installed
above the Za1e of ocntam.inated soils. A sa.xroe ot flushin; water W01ld be
provided at the Ryser site. '!he water W01ld be flushed thraJgh the affected
soils an:! subsequently discharge to gran:iwater. '!he cxrrtaminated
groundwater WOlld be collected usin;J groundwater reccNerf wells an:! treated
at the a1Site groundwater treatment tacility ~.~ for groundwater
~i"tiat.
-------
Tima to Inplement:
capital COst:
AnnJal 0 , M COst:
Total Pl..d ant Worth .COst:
-21-
21-27 JID1th8
$l54,000
$ 71,000
$225,000
8.2.5. Soil Alfo~tWt 5 - 1D-situ v.an..... EkLLaet"it'ft
'1his alternative walld errt:ail WO"" aAt.CIIC.'t::i.at ot the soil ca1taminants by
placin;J a series of ~ls to cl.ra1lata soil gas within the unsaturated zOO!!
of the ocntaminated soil. A series ot irID:tiat and extractiat' wells woold
be irstalled to the water table at the ~ site. A gas in!ucti.at blower
system would force clean qases into the unsaturated zen! am soil pore
~. 'Ihese purqin;J ~ volatilize the VOCB trcm the soil. At the same
time, the vacuum c:At.ca.:tiat systEm would be withdrawin; the ocntaminated
gases trcm the unsaturated zcn!. 'Ihese ocntaminated gases are treated by
EllLissiat CD1trol eq1;~ before beinq released to the ann. ~.
Time to Inplement:
Capital CDit:
Ann.Jal 0 , M CDit:
Total Present Worth COst: .
21-27 1II:I'1ths
$925,000
$ 0
$925,000
8.2.6. Soil A1fo~ive 6 - Soil Excavat:ia1 am cnsite Inc:ineratim
'Ihi.s alternative wculd o:nsist of excavatin;J the ocntaminated soil an1
in::.ineratiat of this soil cnsite. .
'Iherma1 destructiat is a treatment methcd that uses high t~rat:ure to
oxidize ca1taminants 1..1I'D!r CD1trolled cx::n:iiticns, thereby degradirq a
subst:ame into prcducts that generally inclu:!e carlxn dioxide, water vap::lr,
sulfur dioxide, ~oric acid gases, and p%'OOe:SS ash. 'Ihe hazardcus
prcducts ot the thenIal destructiay'incineratiat unit (e. q., partia1l.ates,
sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide, ~oric acid, an1 prcducts of i.ncctrplete
c::x::ub1stiat) require air pollutiat UAlt.\,Il etJ1;~ to prevent release into
the env:ircnDent. '1henBl destructiat methods can be used to destroy organic
ca1taminants in liquid, 9iJ..~, and solid wastestreams.
'Ihe ocntaminated soils would be excavated and staged for cnsi te
inc.ineratiat. A mobile incinerator W10Uld be installed at the ~r site, and
all ocntaminated soils would be incinerated. If delisted an1 o:nsidered
nc:ri1azartbJs, the residual ash will be it;~ of at ~r using backfilling
methods. If net delisted the residual ash woold be it;~ of in a RCRA
larDfill.
Time to Inplement:
Capital O::st:
Anmal 0 , M COst:
Total Present Worth COst:
25-27 DD1ths
$14,300,000
$ 0
$14,300,000
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-22-
9.0. StIK\R!' ~ ~ ADT~ ~
'I!1e al temati ves are evaluated by bal.ancin;J t.ec:tmiatJ. cx:ndderatiaw
(i:q)lementability) with the CXBt an:! protecti,- T (etfectiveness) of the
altemativee. 'Ihis evaluatia1 dstacIine8 the DDIt CXBt-etfectiw
altematiw that will meet the ciJjectiw. of the feasibility stu:!y for
i:q)lEllB1tatia1 at the ~ site8. 'Ih8 altematives are
evaluated against the nine criteria reo3- ....-ded by u.s. EPA (U.S. EPA,
1987) . 'I!1e criteria are as follows: "
1) 0W!rall prnt"-+it'llt ~ bI8m bealth and tbe envircnEnt. U. S. EPA
~6IJreS each altematiw against hew it protects human health an::l
the envira1ment an:! descri.be8 hew threats are eliminated, rarlt'Ced,
or ~It.vlled thra.J;h treatment, en;ineerin; met:hcds (e.9., a soil
an:! clay cap), or institutia1al oOut.vls (e.9., deed restrictia1S) .
2) ~H",~ with state and federal regu1at.i.aB. 'I!1e altematives
" are evaluated for a:mpliance with these envira'1mental regulatia1S
deteImined to be ~lic:able, or relevant an:! ~iate to the
site.
3) Ia'q-t.eca eftect.i,- . I.cn1-term effectiveness relates to the
l~crJy's ability to ma.intain reliable protectia1 of human health an:1
the ~ira1ment aver time aD! it has been iIIplemented.
4) AedLJct.iat of antaminant t-nwi~ity, -mility, ani vclume. u.s. EPA
evaluates ead1 alternative based "at 00w it rs:rltv-s (1) potential
threats to human health an:! the envircrment, (2) the c:x:ntaminant 's
ability to 1DCM!, an:! (3) the anomt of cx:ntami.natiat.
5) Shcr:t-1:.erJa effecti,- . IlIplement.in; ead1 al ternati ve may take
varyin; lengths of time an:! pt'I'J!i H .t different risks to human health
an:! the enviJ::aiul::i1t durin; iDplementatiat (e.9. I will cx:ntami.nated
dust be prr-rlt~ dJJrirq soil excavatiat?).
6) D1plE!llB1tabilit:x. U.S. EPA CXI'ISiders the ted1nical (e.g., hew
diffiallt is the altemative to <.ni1:tt.ux:t an::l cp!rate?) an::l
administrative (e.9., ccordinatiat with other ~ agencies)
feasibility of a lew.:.ly, in::1udinq the availability of goods an::l
services .
7) O:st. '!he benefits realized by inplementirq a remedial alternative
are weighed against the cost of inplementatiat.
8) State "'O::~lance. After reviewin; the ~; ~l Investigatiat an::l
Feasibility Stujy reports, the state may ccn=ur with, ~, or
have D:) ~'1t at U. S. EPA' s ~.~ plan for cleaninq up a site.
9) n--1I1ity ~:x:~. U.S. EPA cx:nsiders ~ni.ty respcnse to the
prcp:sed clear&.1p plan an:! the IJt:her ~i al al tematives when
sel~ the final ~;,,1 actia1. .
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9.1. 0Im'all p:ot«*ial of b.-m health ani the ~
9.1.1. Grtudwater Altemat.iV18
ifith the .xceptiat of the ~at altematiw (Grourdwater Alternative
'1), each alternative ~d prctect bJmim health and the envircnDerit.
Both tec:::.hnoloqies for treatDent of the hexavalent chrtmium
CXI'Itam.inatiat q,tiat 1 (Iat ExI::::harge} and q,tiat 2 (cartx:I1 Adsorptioo)
~d be protective by reduc~ the d1rcmium iaw to the levels requira:l
by MDm limitatiaw for disc::haJ:ge to the Clam River. Because state
levels are below the !CIs an:! ADi;)ient Water Quality Criteria (AiQ:),
c1:i.sc:nar98
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-24-
1hese levels were calO11.ated so that the cleartJP lev&l for ead1
cx:ntami.nant meets or exr:-rW MaYf 1ft! JIll CC:I1taminant tBvels (1CIs) recpi.red
by the Safe Drinkin:J Water Act and the acW.tive risk of all o::ntam.inants
falls within u.s. £PAIs ~"'.hl. risk rarq8 ot lxlO-4 to 1xlO-7.
9.1.2. Soil Altemati:YI!IB
SOil Altemative 5 by reduc~ the VOC soil ocntamiratia'\ thrtn;Jh
treatment wcW.d provide -'-pate protectia'\ to human health an:1 the
envircnDent. Risks to public health wcW.d be ~~ due to the
minimizatia'\ ot organic chemicals prn et ,t in the soils, an:1 therefore
eUmi.natin; the SCm"08 tor a21t:.inlin; ~ter ocntamiratia'\. 'Ihi..s
alternative wcW.d result in an ~ in the env:iraDent ovp..r
cm-rent site cxn:titia'\S.
soil Alternatives 3 an:1 6 wcW.d be very protective of human health and
the environment by <:X::q)letely eliminatin; the soil ocntamiratia'\
thrtn;Jh excavatia'\ ani in::i.neratia'\. . 'lberefore these altematives \WOUld
eliminate the soorce of ~ter ocntamiratia'\ at the ~r site,
reducin;J future site risks to p.1blic health.
SOil Alternative 4 wcW.d eliminate the risJcs associated with soil
ocntamiratia'\, D.1t wcW.d flush the o::ntam.inants into the g:roJn:}water,
thus requiring ~ter treatment in order to be protective of mman
health and the environment.
Soil Alternative 2 ~d reduce risks by ~in; and cx:nta.inin:; the. soil
o::ntam.inants an:1 wcW.d be DX'e protective than an-rent site c:crx:titions.
However, most of the risks incurred at this site fran the soils are as a
soorce of ~ter ocntamiratia'\. SOil Alternative 2 wcW.d mt
permanently rem::we the soil ocntamiratia'\ and therefore is mt as
protective as Soil Altematives 3, 4, 5, or 6.
. under Soil Alternative 1, no r:--ii"l actia'\ wcW.d be c:cn:hx:ted at the
site, an::i therefore risk to human health an::i the environment as
ic:3entUied in the riSk ;IIIC!--~rrt: W1CUld not be r-it~. As this
alternative is judged to oot be protective of human health, Grourrlwater
Alternative 1 will be ~~ frc:m further cx:nsideratia'\ or rH '=l"!1$$ion.
'!he clearIJP levels, whidl will be used to determine protectiveness, for
eadl of the soil treatment alternatives are outlined for the iniicator
o::ntam.inants as follows:
~
~ ~ IEVEI.S
(m;/Ja:J)
Trid1loroethylene
Xylene
1, 1, 1-Trid1l0r0ethane
Toluene
0.07
141.00
. 7.60
724.00
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Soil cleanJp levels were cala1latsd 80 that residual CXI'1taminatia\ in
the soil will not result in a CXI'It.in.1inq sc:urce of CXI'1taminatiat to the
gran!water abaYe gran!water cleiU'q) lfMals.
9.2. ,,",,1 fal'1C8 with Jc:p1i-.h1. e&- ABl.sv8rE ani ~ ~rI.
(ARARB) .
9.2.1. ~ Alt.emative8
,La
All gran!water treatment alte1:natives will meet K:I/s under the Safe
Dr:inkinq Water Act (SDiA). 'Ihe:;a.a is ccnsidered to be relevant an::!
~iate to the treatment of gran!water. All alte1:natives will also
~ly with cxrstructia\ am qmatin1 standards rEq.1ind by the
Michigan Safe Dri.nkin;J Water Act an::! the emissia\ standards of the Clean
Air Act an:! Michigan Air Po.llutia\ O21trol Act 348.
Beth hexavalent chraIdum treatment qJticn!l \«W.d create ha.zamcus waste
for ()ff-site Ii;~l. '!his waste shall be handled, treated, and/or
Ii;~ as a ~ ha.zamcus waste pursuant to .federal ~ regulaticns
an:! the MidUgan Ha.zartb.1s Waste ~ Act 64. Disposal shall .
ocx::ur in a fully pemitted ~ facility an:l transported in a
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Grc:IUrdwater D:nitorinq, &l.ca..-t.iCl'l, and treatment under all alternatives
shall be CXI1Sistent with ~ ~u-..-:tiV8 ActiCl'l MaUtorinq.
ARAR reqrl.raDents are turther t'tial"'t~"'"fId in Secticnl 10 anr:1 U.
9.2.2. soil Altel::niltiv.
All of the Soil Alternatives shall exmply with ~ anr:1 Michigan
facility design anr:1 ~tin;J st:.arDards, Michigan hazardcus wste
Dalitorinq regulaticnl, and c:sHA Standards far HazardoJs Waste
q,eraticnl. FU;itive emissia18 trail gradinq anr:1 EM::aVatiCl'l shall be
oauu",lled so that the CAA anr:1 Michigan Air PollutiCl'l a...ll.vl Act 348
regulatia1S are net ~.
Soil Alternatives 3, 4, 5, anr:1 6 shall achieve the clear&Jp st.arnards
established in Sectia1 9.1 thus reducin; the risks associated with
ocrrtin.1i.nq graJn:lwater C'a1taminatia1 by reducin; the amamt of
contaminatia1 in the soil t:hrc::u;h treatment.
Soil Alternative 2 shall achieve the reqrl.raDents of health based TBC
c:ri teria for soil by usinq a cap anr:1 cx:nta.i.nDent wall to prevent direct
cx:rrt:act with the contaminated materials. '!his cap anr:1 cx::nta.irment wall
shall also limit the migratia1 of this soil contaminatia1 into the
graJrdwater, ha.1ever, it wa1ld rot eliminate it.
Soil Alternatives 3, 5, and 6 shall CXII:ply with the substantive
requirements of the CAA an:! Michigan Air Po11utic:n 0::I1tr01 Act 348
. regulatia1S to cx:ntrol emissia'\ rates, quantities of emissia1S, fu;i ti ve
dust and partia1l.ates. 'Ibese three alternatives wa1ld also generate
hazardoJs wastes and shall therefore c::x:IIply with ~, DeparbDent of
Transportatia'\, and Michigan generator and transporter regulatioos by
proper hanfiirg of the hazardoJs waste.
Soil Alternatives 3 and 6 shall excavate C'a1taminated soils and wa1ld
therefore cxmply with ~ ClosurejPl:st Closure regulatims and Michigan
HazardoJs Waste Manaqeaent Act 64. '!he cap design anr:1 a::nst.m:::tia1 of
the cx::nta.irment wall.of Soil Al temati ve 2 shall. cx.aply with RCRA and
Michigan landfill regulatioos.
Soil Alternative 6 wa1ld use an incinerator and wa1ld CXII:ply with RCRA
and Michigan requiremei,ts for incinerators.
Potential ~ for all of the soil an:! groundwater alternatives are
sumnarized in Table 9-1, and further n;c:rm=ia1 is located in Section 10
and 11.
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9.3. Iaq-'l'eDI Etfecti,-
9.3.1. Grcumwater Altemativ.
Bath of the hexavalent du:aDium treatment cptiaw ~d eq..ally provide
l~-term effectiveness am. penranence. S.in:e these treatments ~d
aUy be neoe"'""'ary for ~tely " years to reduce the hexavalent
du:aDium to ~table levels they beth provide the neo"""''''ary
pemanen:e. .
All of the Grcurmster Alternatives are penanent remedies and therefore
provide for l~":'tm:m effectiveness. Grcurmster Alternative 3(A) is
~le to 2, 3 (B), ard 4 in the lcn;r-tem effectiveness ard
permanence it affords. 'Ibese remedies involve laq-tem treatment of
gran1water in ~... of 60 years. All of these gran1water
alternatives WOlld inclu:5e an extract:.iat, treatJDent, and di..scharge
systeIi web wculd req.rlre laq-tem operatiat and ma.intenan=e.
Alt:hcu;h it ~rs unlikely that the shallow or int:eaIediate aquifer
gran1waters WOlld be used, all these alternatives WOlld have to provide
for lcn;-tm:m restricticns of gran1water use of these tt.1O aquifers.
'Ihis wculd be den! usin;J institutia1aJ. cxrrt:rols (i. e., deed. . .
restrictias) . .
9.3.2. SOil Altez:nati. Yes
A permanent .~ for the soils is feasible at the Ryser site. Soil
Alternative 5 afforos ~rable l~-tem effectiveness and permanence
to Soil Alternative 4. Both are permanent remecties for treatment of the
\tt soil aJ1taminatic;:n. No l~-tem mai.ntenan::e wculd be required for
either alternative. Soil Alternative 4 ~d req.rlre limited m:ru.torirq
to verify the effectiveness of the treatment.
soil Alternative 5 WOlld e»oeed the 1m; tem effectiveness of soil
Alternative 2. soil Alternative 2 ~d minimize the aJ!ICU1t of
CXZ1taminants leachinq to the gran1water: hcwever, additia1aJ.
degradatiat of graIl"dwater is possible. Also the surficial cap and
subsurface oc:ntairIDeDt wall my require repl~11t after 20 to 30
years.
soil Alternatives 3 and 6 provide very good lm;-tem effectiveness am
permanence of the alternatives. Since e)CC8Vatiat is bein;J performed in
both of these alternatives the CXZ1taminants are bein;J rem::wed and no
lm;-tm:m management wculd be required.
9.4. Per1Ir+;~ of Tax:i.city, Mr;i)ility, ani Valuae
9.4.1. GraJmwater Altemat.i.ves
Carta11dscxptia'1 \iICUld reduce the 1IIJbility of hexavalent chranium in
the extracted graIl"dwater as \iICUld the Ia'1 ~ treatme.aat. 'n1ese
treatments WOlld reduce the ~ .oentratiat of the chranium in the
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qrc:urdwater to aa::eptable levels. '!he mcbility ot the chraDi.um
cxntam.inatiat ~d be rr:ri~ t:hrcu;h the transfer ot the CD1taminants
traD the qrc:urdwater to the spent ~~ an:! rMin residuals. '!he Iat
Exc:han;Je treatment ~d produce ~t.ely 200,750 galla18 ot
hazarcbJs regeneratiat waste per year, 1Ibile ca.rt::a1 AdsoIptiat wa1ld
produce about 15, 000 ~ ot spent c:mtxI1. Both of these residuals
~d be di ~ in otfsite ~ facilities am ~d net pose risks at
the site.
All of the treatment altematives fer groundwater, Grc:undwater
Altematives 2, 3 (A), 3 (B), am .., ~d reduce the Jld:)ility of VOC
cxntam.inatia1 in the groundwater t:hrcu;h treatment. 'Ihe Jld:)ility of the
VOC cxntam.inatia1 waUd be rr:ri1t"'Ja(i t:hrcu;h the transfer of the VOC
CD1taminants frt:m the groundwater to the treatment residuals. '!he
differences lie in the amr.::urt:s ot residual hazardcus WIaSte created in
these treatment proo--""es. Grc:undwater Altemative 3 (A) waUd avoid tne
need for arrj off-site. di ~ ot spent carb:I1 a:nsequent to thermal
IegeJ~tia1 of the c::aJ:t:xm in-situ, .nile Grc:undwater Altemative 3 (B)
~d prodL1ce 225,000 pc:um of spent carb:I1 for oft-site d;~l.
Grc:undwater Al temative 2 waUd net prodL1ce a seocniary wastestream or
air emissicna req.drin) treatment. Steam str~in), Grc:undwater
Alternative 4, waUd prodix:e ~tely 84,000 galla'S of
cx:I'Dmtrated organic c:xn:Jensate per year requirirq off-si te d;~.
Nooe of tnese. residuals prrrlt~ ~d pose risks at the site due to
regeneratia1 a1Site or offsite d;~.
9.4.2. Soil Altematives
'!he Jld:)ility of the VOCs in the soils waUd be pennanent.ly ~ usirq
Soil Alternative 5. 'Ihrcugh filtratia1 of the off gases the
cxntam.inatiat waUd be transferred fraD the soils to residual cartcn.
~rably, Soil Altemative 4 waUd reacve the VOCs fraD the soils arx1
transfer the c::a1taminants to the gra,D'Xiwater, thus pemanent1y reducirq
the Jld:)ility of the CCI'Itaminants in the soil. How1ever, iJIplementation
of Altemative 4 \iCUld increase the toxicity, 1mbility, and volume of
groundwater CCI'1t.aminimts.
. .
'Ihrcugh ~vatia1 the toxicity, Jld:)ility, arx1 volume of the soil
CCI'Itaminants waUd be petmanently r-it~ in Soil Altematives 3 arx1 6.
Soil Alternative 2 waUd net reduce the toxicity or volume of the
CD1taminants in the soils at ~r. Soil Altemative 2 WOlld however,
reduce the JOObility of the contaminants thrcu;h CXII'1ta.i.znen.
9.5. QxztJI'em Effect.i,-
9.5.1. GraJmwater Altmnatives
'!he hexavalent du:'cmium treatment q:da1S ~d reduce du:'cmium to
aa:eptable level in 4 years. All of the gra,D'Xiwater alternatives WOlld
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-29-
need an ~"" ot 60 years to reduce voc: cxrd:aminatia'\ in the
.inteImediate ~ter to ~tabl. l8Y8ls.
'Ib8 atly short tam hazaJ:ds posed by th8. h8xavalent chraI1ium q:Jtia\S
wculd be miner cx:nIt%u:tia'\ hazaEd8. Far CA~ adsorptia'\ slight risks
wculd be ina1xred when han:D.inJ th8 spmt ,.1'tYwt. Ia'\ ExI::harqe wculd
pose slightly greater risks durinq han:D.inJ ot the acid and caustic
solutiaw.
Alternative 3 (A) wculd provide no shcrt-tem ----DUty or worXer health
bpacts, again except for minor CXl'Btr\x:tia'\ haza%'ds. 'lbese hazards can
be effectively mitigated by careful c:x:I'1St%UCtia'\ t.ec:hniques. '!he
wo~ aHiite will also have ~te ~ protect.ia'\.
Alternative 2 wculd be very ~le in short-term risks.
Alternatives 3 (B) and 4 wculd include short-term risks asscx:iated with
the handlin; of ha.zarcbJs waste materials. Prcp!r safety t.ec:hni~
can effectively reduce these risks. .
9.5.2. Soil Altematives
'n1e alternative prcvic:lin; the best short-t,em effectiveness is
al ternati ve 2. Protectiat provided by this al te.rnati ve wo.1ld be
achieved in en! year. Alternative 3 oculd pravide soil ~; ~,
respcnse objectives in awrcximately 14 D01ths. Alternative 6 WOlld
require abc:ut 22 ma1ths. Alternatives 4 and 5 wculd need ~tely
2 years to reach soil remedial respcnseobjectives. .
}fa.1ever, the alternativesWidl reach the soil clean.JP goals the
SOCI1eSt, alternatives 2, 3, and 6, also prcNide the greatest short-term
risks to wo~ t:hrcu;h de%mal exposure to ca1taminated soils, or
inhalatia'\ ot VOCS. 'Ihese three alternatives also prcxhx:e f\J;Jitive dust
and ~ emissia\S Wid'1 oculd potentially effect wo~ or the general
PJblic. 'n'u:c:u;h the required prcpr 1ID'\itorinq and dust CXI'1trol
~c:ures these risks can be mitigated.
.
Alternative 5 'MtW.d also in::ur short-term risks to worKers t:hrcu;h
deDIal oaItact or inhalatiat of dusts or vapors W'he.n drillinq the
extractia'\ wells. 'lbese risks can be eliminated t:hrcu;h p~ safety
p~T1"ES and equipDent. .
soil Alternative 4 'MtW.d in::ur the least risk of any of the soil
al ternati vas to m-site worXers durinq ~lementatiCl'\ because it.
involves no soil excavatia'\ and has limited potential for c:x:rrtact with .
c:x:.ntaminatedsoils. It poses a high potential for risk to the .
envira'mant and groun;twater ~~t.ors because the migratia'\ of
CD'1tami.nants into groun;twater is bein;J ~YIIU-ted. .
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9.6. 1IIpl
~-nf1 ity
9.6.1.
GmJrdwater AltSl:Dlt:1~
Both the Hexavalent O1raIiua Treatment cptiaw are readily iDplementable
at these sites and shcW.d recpire. approximately ~ tbDes to
bplE!llB'1t, 18-21 DD'1t:h8. Most of this t.im8 ~d be spent cxnitroctinq
the gramdwater ~_:tiat syst.Ea with ally a few days J"!'AA1ed for
CX81Structiat of the treatment facility. 'lhis treatment facility would
incl\XJe the treatment for the voc CXI'1t:aminatiat. .
All of the treatment al tematives for vo:: gramdwater CXI'1t:aminatiat,
Grourx:lwater Altematives 2, 3 (A), 3 (B), and 4 are technically feasibly
for these sites and the ~,iI-1t is readily available. DlplE!!JB1tation
~d cx.n9ist of oc:r1St%uctiat of a treat:JDent facility in each case, am
~d take ~roximately 18-21 Da1tl'1s, again with m::st of the time spent
at OCt Eat:. \JCtin; the extractiat system. .
Inplementatiat of these treatment al tematives o::uJ.d be
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-31-
<>
altemative is available an:! 24-27 JIICI1ths 1«IUld be nqdred for
bplE!llE!l'1tatian.
soU Altamative 6 1«IUld recpir8 DlCbUizatian, a::nIb:uctian, an:!
operatian of the DlCbU. a1-Si te incinerator in aatitian to the
excavation ot the soils. A t:.-t l:m:n 1«IUld be r--""~ durin; the
start~ P1a58 to detezmine operaticnU parameters. OHIita
incineration often ~ - ants a material hannin; c:ha.llen::fB. 'Ihis
alternative would pose the greatest Eq1ip-'lt problea&, an1 ~d need
25-27 DIa1ths to iJlplement.
9.7. CCst
9.7.1. GEan3water Altematives
COSt is a major factcr in decidinq'Mhich ot the Groundwater Alternatives
to dxx:se in remediatian of these two sites. All of the alternatives
are prat:ective, <::c:q)ly with ARARs, an1 provide a pm:manent I.~ by
reduction of the oontaminatian thrtu;h treatment. '!here are tradeoffs
in short-term effectiveness an1 bplementability b.1t these- differences
are net major.' .
Iat ~ is slightly ~re cx:st:.l.y than c.art:x:n Mso~at for
treatment of the hexavalent c:hrcmium oontaminatian due to the generaticn
of mre hazardous waste for r1; ~1.
Alternative 3(A) is the least cx:st:.l.y of the ~ter alternatives,
~e 3 (B) is slightly more cx:st:.l.y due to generatian of ~ c::arDon for
r1;~1.
Alternative 4 is just slightly mere c:cstly than alternative 3 (B) due to
the generatian of mre volume ot hazardcus waste for off-site r1;~1.
Alternative 2 is the most c:cstly of the ~ter alternatives due to
a mre expensive treatment pxooess.
9.7.2. sail Al t.eJ:nid:i.ves
Cost is net a det:.em.inin; factor in the SOil Al ten1atives si1r.e there is
CXI1Siderable variance in the lm;-tem effectiveness an1 pemanence of
the soil remedies, as 'Mell as reductian of 'IMV, short-tem
effectiveness, an1 bplementability. However, all soil remedies are
protective an1 oculd <::c:q)ly with ARARs.
'!be least c:cstly of the soil alten1atives is Alten1ative 4, due to low
capital CXBts an1 maintenance. 'Ihis I.~ may cause the CXJSt of the
. Groundwater Alten1ative to increase due to a possible need for lm:Jer
c:peration of the ~sen Groundwater Al teJ:native.
AlteJ:native 5 is slightly more ocr..ly due to higher capital CXJSts, b.1t
it has no major maintenance or c:pratinq cx:&ts.
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Alternative 2 has slightly higher capital ard CM!rall a:&ts than 4 or 5,
ard it does oot provide a pemanent ~a&mdy.
1h8 biIO excavatic:n remedies, Alt:emati'Yell 3 am 6 are by fu the D:&t
CX&tly due to DIJd1 higher capital. CXISt8. Hcw8Y8r, these biIO nmedi.es
provide the D:&t pemanent remedies. -
9.8. State ".:-:~
'!he State of Midligan does oot cxn:ur with the u.s. !:PA's clearup level for
Trichloroethylene ('la) of 5 parts per billic:n (5 ~). Instead, the State
wculd seek a 'la clearup level of l~. U.S. EPA has ~;11IBd the total .
additive risk posed by the two different clearup levels, and has foun:i that
the additive. risk level associated with the 5 ~ clearup level is oot
significantly different frcm the additive risk level associated with the 1
~ clearup level. '!he level ~ by u.s. EPA is within the }qercj's
acx:eptable risk rcsn;e.
~, the State does cxn:ur with the selectic:n of ~en 2, cartx:n
Adsolptiat trea'bDent for hexavalent. chrtmi~ with GroJn:twater Alternative
3 (A) for graD'Xlwater, and Soil Alternative 5 for soil as the preferred .
remedial alternatives for the No~ sites. '!he Mid1igan
tepartment of Natural Rescurces has :iniicat.ed their ~l.~ with the u.s. .
EPA's selected ~al alternatives for these two sites.
9.9. n-.m.1r1i.ty ~
'!he U.S. £PA's preferred .~;~l alternative for the Northernaire and }(ysor
sites was presented at the start of the plblic ~rrt: period thrc:u;h
distriJ:utien of a fact sheet am plblicatien of a clisplay advertisement in
the Cadillac Evenin; News en JUly 27, 1989. '!he advertisement infoxmed the
plblic en the pl-nt of the prcposed plan and plblic ~rrt: FS in the
siteinfoI'1Datien repositor:y. A foz:mal PJblic ~ to d;~1c:.C! the prqxsed
plan was held in (';wi; 11ac, Mid1igan en ALI:JUst 7, 1989. 0:mDents received
iniicata that mst residepts are SlJRX)rtive ot the u.s. EPA's preferred
alternative.
Several residents expressed S1.1R)Ort for the ~tien project ~ by
the ~tien Mid1igan Associates (CX\), pursuant to when the CCI"ltaminated
~ter wculd be treated and used in the ~tien plant. '!he}qercy
is keenly aware that the ~tien project holds st.ra'q possibilities for
su;plementin;J or substituting' for all or part of the }qercy's ~,~
clearAJp activities at the Northe!:naire and 1(ysor sites. However, the .
Iqercy's primary interest is in a
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-33-
1qercf's specificatiaw, then the 1qt!j'Cf waUd exnli.der a ~l for the
cegeneratiC21 project to wz:X with the }qeI.'Cf to meet our envL.\AalSatal 9Oi!ls.
At this time the 1qerr::f is net. intODB1 as to the actual details an:! .
specificatiaw of the cegeneratiat project.
<)
10.0. 'DIE ~.M:~nr.1J ~
Based at the fin1in;s of the ~b1 InYestigatiat an:! the FeasibUity
Study, an:! the evaluatien of the nine criteria, u.s. EPA has identified
GroJn:lwater Alternative 3 (A) as the selected r--'; ,,1 alternative for t:r~
clearJJP of the graniwater oa1taminatiat at the Northemaire an::! ~r sites.
'Ihi.s alternative will in:1u::1e q,tiat 2 (Cari'rw1 Adscrptiat) for treatment of
the hexavalent c:hrcmium oa1taminatiat. SOU Alternative 5 has been
identified as the selected rc:-:rlb1 alternative for clearJJP of the
oa1taminated soils at the ~ site. In the jt~ of the u.s. EPA;
these alternatives, GroJn:lwater Alternative 3 (A) , ~at 2, and SOil
Alternative 5 represent the best balance amen; the evaluatiat criteria an::l
satisfies the statutory nq.drements of protectiveness, CXIIplianoe with
~, c:cst~ffectiveness, the utUizatiat of permanent SOlutia1S an::!
treatJDent to maJl;mml extent practicable.
'D'1e major \.A.U1AAS1tS of the selected ~~ ccnsist of the follcwin;J:
*
'l'aJc:ing eIHA"¥L.1ate ;w+inot to en:;ure that ~uor;:ut or future
larIbmers do net use the CXI"ItaIIinate gran3water ~ers as a
scurce of dri.nJcin) 1IBter. Activities at the gysar site will be
~it.ulled to prevent DElI CD1t.aIIUnmt releases fraa the site by
b); 1 din] en or excavat.:i11g soil fraI the site.
~ a fen:e arcud the ~ site to prevent ~~_C!C!!ilq.
*
*
Qn;t:mctiat of a gran3water -at.tS7it'll\ an1 t.1:Dt-it sySte..
'Ibis syst.eI8 sball cx:ndst of a pWlhn- of c:&t.ca..-ot-i not wells
st:rategically located to. int:.eroept CXI"ItaIIinate grourDBter. An
ur~~-.ni pipin;J syste8 will int.:ac.u.-ct the ~ca:t'it"t\ wells
ani transport the ~t.ae+M gran3water to the treatment ~;1ity
Y8bere the gran3water will be t:reiJted for the hexavalent c:hrcmi.um
ani VOC CD1t:aIIinatia1.
*
o...cat..v+;t'II\ of a far:ce main to disct1arge the treated grourDBter
to the Cl.aI8 River.
Instal.J..ati.a of a vapor ~t.4;t'II\ systaI to rE!IIICYe the voc
ccnt:am.i.natia fraa the soils at the ~ site.
.
'n1ese selected alternatives for ~; "tiat will provide treatment for the
oa1taminated soils ani graniwater associated with the Northemaire an::l ~r
sites. 'lhis treatment is ccnsidered a '9r1maXy 0 .,!.ooent of GroJn:lwater
Alternative 3(A) with ~at 2, an:! soU Altemative 5, an:! the prin::ipal
threat of the oa1taminated graniwater is ~ aciiressed thrcu:1h this
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treatment. 'lhis treatment will meet the r--'btiat goals for cleanJp of the
grcurdwater (page 24) an1 soils (paqe 25) as outlined earlier in this
000-1t.
'Ihes8 alternatives also ad.h-- all I'EllBinbl1 public health and envira1DentaJ.
threats posed by the CXI1t:aIIinat.ed. soils an1 grcurdwater at the sites.
Based at the RI/FS u.s. Ea has cxn::luded that ~ter Alternative 3 (A)
with c:arl:x:In adsoJ:ptiat treatment tar the hexavalent ci1raDium, is the best
d10ice tor r--'; -"tiat of the grcurdwat.er at the Northernaire an1 1(ysor
sites. HcweM!r, allot the other treabDent alternatives are peDBnent
alternatives, easily iJIplemented treatment technologies, an1 WOlld be
acx:ept:able remedies but for their lack ot ccst eftectiveness. u.s. EPA has
also cxn::luded, based at the RIfFS that SOil Alternative 5 is the best
alternative for ~btiat ot soils at the Rysor site.
10.1 E~d..-~;~, Trea'ba::ut, ard D:isct1arge Sysba
An extractiat, treatment, an1 d.i.scharge system will be designed for the
Northernaire and 1(ysor sites to red1x:e grcurdwater cxrrt:aminatiat .to
acceptable l~s.
'n'wa extractiat system will c::cnsist ot ~tely 10 punping' wells for
extractiat in the shallow and ~te ~fers. 'lbese e.xtractiat wells
WOlld be strategically located to intercept cxntami.nated grcurdwater (Figure
10.1). An urCergrcund pipinq system WOlld int:.el<:UII-=t the extractia'1 wells
and transport the extracted grcurdwater to the hexavalent c::hraDium and ~
treatment facility. To install the collectiat piping', existinq aHiite
utilities WOlld have to be c::cnsidered. Water, sewer, storm, natural gas,
electrical, and tel~ lines run urCergrcund thrt::IughaJt the sites. bact
locaticn; of these utilities WOlld have to be identified before cc.nstI'Ucti.on
activities. 'n'wa collectiat piping' WOlld have to be located at least 10 feet
fraD existinq water supply lines and at the opposite side of the :.t.=t,
where possible. 'n'wa ex:istinq roadways genexally have a 66-foot right-of~y,
and several roads within the inmstria1 park have a lO-foot utility right-of-
way at either side of the l'C8:!. 'Ihese areas shculd be utilized to lay the
pipinq. 'D1e cq::prcpri.ate nghts-of--.ay WOlld have to be attained prior .to
cc.nstI'Ucti.at activities. Installatiat of collectiat piping' WOlld take
~tely three 1II:I'1t:hs. Installatiat of the extractiat wells WOlld take
approximately two ~ per well, or 20 ~ for 10 wells. ~rcx:i:mately
8800 feet. of pipe WOlld be required to int.eroa'1nect the system. Force mains
and gravity sewers WOlld be used, dependin::J at t~=.~aP1Y of the area where
piping' is to be laid. SI1~1"'Sible pmp; WOlld punp grcurdwater fraD each
well into a manhole (when d.ischarge fraD well flows into a gravity sewer),
where it WOlld then enter the collectiat pipinq. 'Ibe system WOlld be
designed to transport all flow to an enclosed wet well inside the treatment
facility, which WOlld be situated east ot Holman Street, north of its
intersectiat with Frisbee Street. 'D1e tacility wculd hcuse ~1;r:m-tt for
both VCC an1 hexavalent-d1raDium treatment systeIIII (Figure .10.1) Actual
specificatia1S ot the .al:.ca.:tiat, treat'P2nt, and d.ischarge system will be
detemined durin; the ~;-"l design P1ase of the project.
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'Ih8 Micbigan Sate Drinkinq Water Act 399 Shall be exIIplied with ciJrinl this
design ~ and the Micbigan ~ ot PUblic Health shall be c:xnIUltEd
before arf/ tinal desigzw are iqUE!IIISI'It:a1. care shall be taken to see that
tugitiw cUlt ElDissiaw de net ~ th8 HnO stan:Sard8 under the CM -
NMOS (40 en SO), ciJrinq cxnrt:ructia1 ot th8 kL.c:a..'tia1, treatment and
disa1arqe system.
As a (p,,«S1t of the groundwater treatment altematives, treated water would
be c:li.scnarqed to the Clam River. Di.sc::harge to the river shall require
cx:nst.ructien of a force main oc:rwt%ucted of polyvinyl chloride (~) pipin;.
~tely 6000 teet of pipin; would be recpi.red to d.ischarge the treated
water. '!be d.ischarge point (Figure 10.2) would be located a1 the Clam River
at its junctien with River St..~, en the northern side of River St..~ and.
the west.em side of Mitchell SL.aet.
Discharges . to surface water shall OCIIply with several tederal and state
requirements. Michigan is authorized to administer the NPI:E3 pemit ~~a1D
W'hicn gcverns. di.sd1arges to surface waters. under the Michigan wastewater
Discharqe Pemit ~es (*CPR), MtNR has established t.ed1nology-based
discharge levels for total ~ am hexavalent d1raDium to the Clam River
(page 26). '!be prqx:sed groundwater treatment technology is expected to
reduce -..-..d"Itratic:ns ot VOCs ard hexavalent d1razdum to the d.ischarge levels
established ~ MtNR. Because disa1arqe will Occur cn-site, a Michigan
Wastewater Discharqe Pemit is net ~ tut the substantive I-equirements
ot this pemit will be met. In additia1, rcutine OCIIpletia1 of mcnitorin;
. records DUSt be perfoz:med in ac:cordance with !M)FR 323, Part 21.
A groundwater ~lir9 ani analysis ~ shall be develq:e:l to evaluate
the effectiveness of the ~btien by groundwater extractia1. '!he ~
of the mcnitorin; px~QIII are to (1) ae--... the amount: of cxntaminant:
reductia1 near the center an:! at the edges ot each identified plume by
~lizq groundwater fraD 1DCI'1itoring wells at these locaticns: an:! (2) ensure
that CXI'1t.aminatien is net migratizq in the directia1 of regicral groundwater
tlCM. 'Ihis wa1ld be ~lished ~ cbt:.ain.iIq water level measurements to
detemine groundwater tlCli directiaw in the plume areas toward the
extractia1 WBlls. Grcundwater ~lizq shall ocx:ur cparterly for the first
year, after 'abicn the ~lin; shall be pwilY"JI:It't to an anrual frequency.
Usizq periatic groundwater 1DCI'1itorizq and SClq)lizq, the effectiveness of the
designed system can be evaluated and p.mpin; oc:n:titicns changed as ~.
'Ibis periodic ~lin; is a neoee9'U'Y ~ of the ~;" J alternative to
evaluate ~U:I.~ toward reachirg clearHJP cbjectives. 'Ibis groundwater
1DCI'1itorizq \WCUld be c::x:I'1Sistent with ~ corrective Actien M::nitorin; (40 ern.
264 .100) .
Grcundwater treatment will arJt.iraJe until the clearJJP staroards n; «:n\c;;'7"'-" in
Sectia1 9 are achieved.
All cn-site ~i;lll activities will be cx:n:hx:ted in exmpliance with ~
Stan:Jards far the HazardaJS Waste ~cStiaw (29 CfR 1910).
. .
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10.2 BexaYalEl'lt 0:Iraa:hIa Tl..-t-£
'Ihe ext:racted grcunjwater \iIa1lc1 be treated to reduce the hexavalent du:aldum
ccntam.inatia'1 us~ a c:artxn adscI:ptia'1 treatment. In this treatment the
activated c:artxn matrix selectively at'kantbl hazardaJs organic a:nttituents
am certain JIIItals suc:b as c:t1raIdua by a surface aLt..ca..tia'1 pheuaz.eucn that
bin:1s inorganic (or organic) mclecul- to available au1x:It sites (Le.,'
intema1 pores). 0utxI1 adsoIptia\ with grarular activated au1x:It is usually
~lished in dcwn-flow CXI1tact:.ors, a.z:rarqec1 in series to dXain high
levels of remcwal am to inc:rease cp!rat.in;r times. 'Ihis au1x:It adscrptia1
system shall cx:n;ist of two au1x:It adscI:ptia'1 beds cp!rat.in;r in series
(Figure 10.3). It is estimated the hexavalent c:t1raIdum CXI'1taminatia1 oculd
be ~~ to acx::eptable levels in 4 years 2a~_;1'¥J 90t efficiency of the
treatment system.
021struct:ia\ am operatia\ of the proposed treatment system shall be in
oarpliance with RCRA regulatiaw for Envuc.U:ntal Perfozmance of .
Misoellaneous Treatment units (40 CFR 264, saJtpart X). In~, these
requirements state that the ~.~ treatment system shculd be protective of
I=Ublic health -am the. envirtnDent, am prevent releases am migratia'1 of
oontaminants to envira1mental media; waste analyses am trial tests shculd' be
perfox:mecl; am all equipDent am materials JI11St be deo:rJtaminated prior to
closure.
. .
'!his treatment will prt:duce spent au1x:It which JI11St be handled as a hazardaJs
waste. 'n1e spent carlx.n will be transported, treated, ~or d;~ of
properly ac:x::crd.in; to RCRA regulatia\S (40 CFR, 262 thra.1gh 264) am the
Michigan Haza%da.1s Waste Management Act 64 (R 299) . 'l'ransp:)rtatim will
occur via a licensed am pemitted hazardaJs waste hauler and vehicle. Final
rH~ will occur in a fully pemitted RCRA facility operatirq in
oarpliance with 40 CFR 264. .
10.3 VCC TJ:eaclII::ul
'!he extracted grcunjwater shall be treated for VOC CXI'1taminatia'1 usirq an air
str~in; with vapo~ carl:xI-. adsotptia'1 methcd. 'lha air stri+Pin;
treatment is the mass transfer of VOCs £rem the liq.rld (WlCiter) i=hase to the
gas (air) P1ase. 'Ihe licpid waste wculd be descemed thra.1gh a packecl tower.
Air is 5UR'lied by a blower or
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treatment is ~ for the off~ traI the first air stripper, ~c:h
shall be ao:>ell.lished by a ~ c:arlxI1 adsorptiat unit. 'Ihis vapo%-
phase unit generally cc:nsists of two l'!:III~ ~-1.: a18 in q:eratiat am
th8 other in stard:Iy JIIXJe. 1ben th8 tirst ,- -1 reaches exhaustiat, the
system aut.aDatically switch8 to the seoad vessel. 'Ih8 exhausted bed is
reqE!lm'ated in-situ by -a themal t'ftlidi,C', YU.ch c:btain!I mcst ot its heat
traI the desorptiat ot VOC ':' ell -:JJI'ds trail the c:arlxI1 durirg the CDddatiat
prooess. 1his ~tiat ~"-S negates the.need tor di ~ ot spent
c:attIcn.
AsS'1IftiT1; a got efticiency rate of this treatJDent system it wculd take
apprc»dmately 29 years to r-_H "'ta the shallcw ~er to acx:eptable levels
and 64 years to have the inteJ:mediate qdter cleaned up to aa=eptable .
stan:iards .
ARARs ass
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At the xyscr site, this WO"- aAt.ca..'tia1 systeaa shall inc1\XJe install1rg a
seri- of in:3uctia1 and ext:1ad:.ia1 W8l.l8, ~It-~ b._d1es, ~~ pipin;,
air-<::iJ:a1latia1 erJ1i~, and air pollut.ia1 u..-..t.ul EM:l1i~ (Figure 10.5).
1h8 1iJc81y place to ir&t:all the ~.... _t..ae:t:.ia1 and Ellisaia1 u..-..t..ul system
wculd be out traa the northwestam camer of the ~ tuild.in;, and south of
the gr2Mtl aooeE'9 road 1eed1n:J fom tH!21 AW!I'IJ8. ~aP1Y of this area
is relatively flat and c.pen for the insta11atia1 of u..-.--.ete pads to ~rt
the WO"- extractia1 and emissia1 u..-..t.~ ~lipn-1t. '1hese site areas shall
recpire bprovements to SI~ the wow- aAt.ca..'t1at system, p.mpin;J, air
pollut1a1 ~.t.ul eq1i~, and an=i"~ activities. 'Ibe pX'q)er spacin; of
the wells shall be detetmined traD pilot testin; at the RYser site; however,
a 50-by-50-foot horiza1tal grid is typical, a:rwiderin;J the extent and depth
of cxrrtam:inatiat.
It is est.iJDa.ted in b.1o years the soils at ~ wculd be able to meet the
cleanJP criteria specified in Sectiat 9 in order to prevent CXZ'It:.irui.n; ..
cxrrtam:inatiat of the gramdwater.
CAA ARAPS inc1u:1e partiallate matter stamams (40 em 50), which DUSt rJ:Jt be
~ durin;J ccnst:.r:uctiat and cperatiat of the tJ:9atment system. under
Michigan Air Pollutiat centrol Act 348 regulaticns, the in-situ ~n1lft
extractiat system is considered a source of air cxrrtam:inatiat; therefore the
same requirements shall ~ly as in the Air St:ri+Pin; ted1nique (see secticn
10.3).
It is possible that radiatiat problems can originate with vaon1lft extraction
systems because soils can CXI'1tain 0CIi .o.:nt.raticns of radioactive rada1 (radon-
222) and thcra1 (radcn-220) gases. ~tiC:ns at the site will be m:nitored
to ensure that there are no mcp::sures to radiatiat.
'Ihe RCRA and Michigan facility design and qmatin;J stamams (40 em 264
and R 299.9604) ~ly to the ~ locatiat af the tJ:9atment unit, as
W1elJ. as any final o:::Ner systems.
Spent t'o;:1Irirt1 frcD this treatment shall be ccnsidered ha.zart:bJs waste. '!he
carl:x:n shall either be regesmated aH5ite, or collected and regenerated off-
site by a lioel~ facility. If carl:x:n is rJ:Jt Ieget~ted cnsite, it shall
be handled as a hazaJ:tbJs waste and transported via a Michigan-licensed
ha.zart:bJs waste hauler and licensed vehicle to a pem.itted ~ ni ~l
facility, in cxmpliance with 40 em 264.
10.5 GraJmwater ani I.aIXi Use IL..~ :t+irqs
Rest:ricticns at gramdwater use for dri.nkin; water ~ in the shallo.l
and int:e%mediate aqUifers, shall be placed at the Northe!:naire and l(ysor
sites ~ gramdwater cxrrtam:inatiat is located. '!here are wells,
previously used for residential CXI'1SUIIptiat which are 01d.d1t.ly cxrrtam:inated.
'Ihese residents are new a1 city water, b.1t a cback shall be made to ensure
that nc:I18 of these cxrrtam:inated wells are still bein; used for CXI'1SUIIptiat
purposes.
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~te actia'\S shall be taken to ensure that ~.t::Itt or future
lan:bmers de net use the ocnt:aminated grcurm,ater aqrlters as a scuroe of
drink:inq water. Activities at th8 ~ site will be ')(:~uL.'-Jlled to prevent
new CXI1taminant releases traI the sita by 1::ui.1di:q en or f!)CI2Wt.inq soil frcm
- the site. .
10.6 p-'n"+i~ of site Risb
Strin;Jent health ard safety ~CIIJreS shall be taken due to the heavy
Eq1; fI"P'1t ard intense clean-up q:eratiCl1S durin; cxnstructia'\ of the ~ i ~ 1
alternatives. Measures shall be taken to ensure the health ard safety of .
'oIiCrkers aHlite as well as the local residents near the. site.
10.7 Qst
'!be total estimated lA-1't 'oIiCrth ot the .cwr::aly is $16,000,000 W'hidl includes
an aJ'1I"J.Jal. q:eratia'\ ard maintenance pr;esent 'oIiCrth ot. ~rax:iJDately
$5,000,000. 'Ihese ccsts are based a'\ a present 'oIiCrth value of 60 years an:!
itic::--.,mt rate of st. '!be costs associated with the soil remediatia'\ at the
Xysor site wo1ld be about $925,000, while the grcurm,ater ~i~tiCl1 \WOlld
be just CNe:r $15,000,000. It is diffi01lt to break cut ccsts associated with
the hexavalent d1rcmium ard VOC treatments, . as eadl treatment WOlld require
the extractia'\ an:! ~ systems. Also the grcurm,ater is so
inten1irqled it will be very diffi01lt to detemine what volume is
CXI'1taminatsd with the different CXI'Jtaminants.
11. o. srA'lt1ltR!
11.1 '!be 5electa:i ~ is PJ:nt"~ve of !bIBn Health am the ~
'!he remedial al tematives selected for the Northernaire an:! Rysor sites will
eliminate current am pctential future risks to human health ard the
envira1ment by the follcwin; means:
.
.
~in;J grcurm,ater CXI'1taminatia'1 by extractia'1, treatment, an:!
di.scmrge of the CXI1taminated grcurm,ater.
Rs:1ucing soil CXI1taminatia'\ at the Rysor site by usirq a vaanJm
extractia'\ treatment system to remove the CXI'Jtaminants.
.
Prev~ exposure to CXI'1taminatsd gro.tn:lwater an:! soils by
restrictin; grcurm,ater ard lard use.
11.2 '!be 5electa:i ReDedy Attains ARARs
.
'!be selected l~ will meet or attain all ~licable or relevant ard
~rq>riate federal ard state requirements. 'Ihes8 requirements are lista:i
below .
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01em.i ~ 1 SCecific
*
sate Dr:inJd.n; Water Act (SDlA) -!CIs and for ncIt-earCinogens for
\lh!cn no K:L has been prcIIL1lgatec1, M:LG's (40 ~ 141.11-141.16)
Clean Water Act AJli)ient Water Q.1ality criteria (~).
*
*
RCRA Corrective Actiat (sutpart F).
Health advisories as described in Table 9-1, inclUl:tin3' RfI); and
CPFs, will be used in det:.em:inirq risk levels where no !CIs, etc.
exist. .
*
All of these criteria '
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*
'Ibese treatments will prcxt.Ice spent c:arlx:I1 wen shall be hanned as
a ha.z.aI'dcJJs waste. '1b! spent c:arlx:I1 shall be transported, treated,
an:Vor di~ ot prcp!rly aaJOrCU.n) to R:RA regulatiaw (40 em,
262 t.hra.J;h 264) an1 the Mic:higan Ha.zardcus Waste ~.OMtt Act 64
regu1.aticnl (R 299) . Transportaucz shall occur via a lioes ~ am
pemitted hazarda.8 waste hauler an1 v81icle. Final di~ shall
occur in a tully pemitted R:RA facility operatinq in CJ:q)liance
. with 40 em 264.
'1b! Air Strippin; and V~1I" Extracticz syst.eas shall CJ:q)ly with
the federal eM regulatiaw (40 em 129) and the Midligan Air
Pollutim O..-ut.-ol Act 348 regulatiaw (R ~36), am shall need
a;.pravals req.Und before lcx:atinq the system at state, city, or
private~. Relevant eM regulaticns incl\D! the partia.1l.ate
matter standards. tJn:Jer the Mid1i.gan Air Pollutiat o...d:.\,/l
regulaticns, the air strippin; treatment system shall be oc:nsidered
a source of air ocntaminatiat am shall neoee"'itate CJ:q)liance with
the substantive recpirements for installaticz and operatiat of an
air strippin; unit (R 336). Midligan regulaticns limit ~itive
dust (usually a prci)lem durin; a:nstn1ctiat or exr:::avaticz p,ases of
rplI'~ltH"tia'1) am establish the DaV;1ft1!ll allowable emissiat rate frc:m
T'lE!N sources of VOCS based at IW:I' (R 336). F\1rthermore, . Mid1i.gan
regulatia\S prohibit the emissim of air cc:nt.aminants in cpant.ities
that will cause "injuricus effects to human health or safety, animal
life, plant life, of significant ~-..mic value, or prc:perty," or
"unreasa1able interference with the ocmfortable enjoyment. of life
am ~ (R336.1901). .
*
U.3 ']he Sel-+-' ~ is Q&t Effective
Al ternati ve 3 (A) with caztxn 1dso%ptiat for g:rom:1water, am Al ternati ve 5
for soil represents a ccst~fective lewea.ly for the Northemaire am ~r
sites. carlx:n Adsorptiat for treatment of the hexavalent d1rcmi.um
oc:rrt:aminatiat will reduce the risks frail in;lestiat of g:rom:1water just as
well as the Iat ~ wen is a mre ccstly l.~y. Similarly the
gra.n:lwater alternative >(A) will reduce risks as effectively as artf of the
other g:rom:1water alternatives at a mre cost-effective value. GraIndwater
alternative 3 (A) am c:arlx:I1 adsorptiat for hexavalent du:'t:mium treatment also
provide as DIJd1 lar;-term effectiveness as artf of the ather g:rom:1water
alternatives.
Soil alternative 5 will reduce risks associated with the cart:aminated soils
as well as al ternati ve 2 which is a mre expensive 1 ~ arx1 net a permanent
l.~. Soil alternative 4 is a less ccstly l.~ arx1 will reduce the soil
ocntaminatiat risks as well as alternative 5, b.1t alternative 4 wculd
increase the already significant g:rom:1water prci)lem which U. S. EPA feels is
too big a risk to justify the savin3S in cost. Soil Alternative 5 W1a1ld also
provide an excellent degree of la1q-term protectiat, ~red to alternatives
2 and 4. Althcu;h soil alternatives 3 and 6 may offer slightly inr::reased
lar;-term reliability the relative cost increases. c:ubleigh the expected
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benefits.. 'l1'1ese additia'\aJ. CX&ts are not justified ~sed at OJ1.u:l'lt site
cx:rditims an::l cx:ntaminatiat levels.
U.4 '!be Sel-+~ ~ Ut'i1i,.... ~ SOluticnJ ani Altemate
Treab.:.d.. T&..tJlwoqi,s or:r JlJrC8 ~ 'l'Ea.b~ngi- to the Ma,M1III1IQ
Extent ~;~~e
'!he p'n_H" 1 actiat selected far bplElDlel'1tatia'1 at the Northernaire an::l
Rysor sites satisfies the statutory reqJ.inment:s of aa:IA Sectiat 121. 'Ihe
selected .L~ is CXI'1Sistent with the !CP, prctects 1uDan health an::l the
env:ira1ment, attains ARARs, an::l is cx:&t-effective. 'Ihe u.s. EPA has
determined that the selected l~ .L~ S htts the 1IBV;lIUII extent to which
pennanent solutims an::l treatment t:ec::i1mlogies can be utilized in a cx:&t- .
effective manner for the Northemaire an::l Rysor sites. Of these alternatives
that are protective of human health am. the envUGIU&-=l'It an::l cx:mply with
ARARs, the U.S. EPA has detemined that this selected l~Y provides the
best balarD! of tradeoffs in tens of lag-tam effectiveness an::l peI'manen::e,
reductia1 intcDd.city, D::bility, or volume adUeved thrcu;h treatJDent, short-
tam effectiveness, iJrplementability, cx:&t, also CXI'1Siderinq the statutoIY
preference. for treabent as a principal element: an::l cx:nsiderinq State an:!
cxmt1.1nity acceptance.
'!he selected l~ is j\d:;1ed to prcvide the same degree of protectiveness as
the other groun:lwa.ter alternatives at a substantially lc:wer cost, which is
DJre cost effective.
'!he selected l~ will provide la'X3-tam effectiveness frc:m the risks
associated with the cx:ntaminated soils at a cost less than all of the soil
alternatives except (%}e. 'Ihe (%}e less costly soil alternative will prcvide
adequate la'X3-tam effectiveness, but will also greatly in::rease risks
associated with the groun:lwa.ter cx:ntaminatiat.
'!he selected l:~ is ~rable in short-ten! effectiveness to any of the
other soil or groun:lwa.t.er alterna~ves. '!he selected l~ will also
utilize permanent treat:meat tec:hnclogies to reduce oot a1ly the principal
risks, :but all risks associated with cx:ntaminated groun:lwa.ter and soil.
t-I1ile the selected l:=u=rJy does not offer as high a degree of la'X3-term
reliability an::l pe.rmanence as the qrt:.ioos wch ~te an::l bum the
c::cntaminated soils, it will significantly reduce the ime.rent hazards pcsed
by the cx:ntaminated soils thrcu;h vaaJUII1 extractiat treatment.
'!he selected lQL-.ly does satisfy the statutory preference for a pennanent.
solutiCl'1, hcwever since the selected l~Y will take up to 64 years to
cx:rrpletely reduce groun:lwa.ter cx:ntaminatiat to acceptable levels, the
effectiveness of this ~;,,1 actiat DIJSt be reviewed at least aa! every 5
years.
-------
-43-
o
U.5 'IbB Selectm Remedy pariI- 'l\:JIdclty, Jl:billty, or VOlUIB f1 Waste
~ as a Prin:ipallD.E8!I1t
Grc::urx1water alternative 3 (A) with c::az:t:x.n adsotptia1 tor the hexavalent
d1raIU.um treatment will reduce the JDd:)ility of the c:D1taminants within the
groundwater at the Northemaire and KYsar sites. 'Ihis reduct:ia1 will be
. ~.,lisbed by extractia1 and treatment of the cart:am.inated groundwater. By
treati.nq this cart:am.inated groundwater the ~=uaJy acktresses the principal
threat posed at the Nort:hemaire and ~ sites thrcu;h the use of treatment
tec::hnoloqies .
Soil Alternative 5 will reduce the DlCbility of the soil c:xrrtaminants at the
}(ysor thrcu;h treatment of the soils by vacuum extractia1. 'Ihi.s treatment
will reduce the soil cart:am.inatia'1 to acx::eptable levels. 'n1erefore, all tr..e
threats posed at the Northemaire and l(ysor sites are bein;J rem:died thrcu;h
treatment tec::hnoloqies.
-------
FIGURES AND TABLES
All fiqures and tables come directly from the Cadillac Area RI,
FS, or Proposed Plan or information contained within these
documents.
-------
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, ,', '.' ,':,' ,,~::,: NORTHERNAIRE PLATING, ",
'. ~':': ::~' ::"~:iCOMPANY" ,: '0' , . " ': ,'" ~'
'0' ',:: ,:,,' ",', ~.SUPERFUND SljES' ,',' -,
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[)W AOUlfER AND TOTAL
lE ORGANIC COMPOUUO
:ENTRATIONS: JUNE 1981
CADILLAC AilE A fS
CADILLAC, MICIIiGAN
,
INTERMEDIATE AQUIfER AND TOTAL
VOLAtILE ORGANIC COMPOUNo
CONCENTRATIONS: MAY/JUNE 1987
. CADILLAC AREA fS
CADI.LAC, MICHIGAN
LEGEND
. '018 I". .WI
. D... .aul
G . nua IftU.I
. ... -uu .-.........
o en, -w """1
. lOUIIC8 UM:Ano. IrIUI
. ...... .''11
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. ...~
.. . no. 1-. --.ca.
... ... 8IO..a, ..U.
,-11- we COlIC'.,..,,,
C"'OUII .. -
.JJ.11- --''''''81'.' ..
......a AOUI...
.-
. woe C~.,..,.. .. ....
NORTtlERNAIJt", PLUMIS Atm
tlEJC.CtlnOME coucnnnAIIC1t1S
.II"Y' ......- ..~...
.
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~hCA&..a~ IOC81ONI
CADIllAC IItMA..
«:ADIIIAC.IIICNUA18
Ec.ona.NCO .' .
-------
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. ~.A&. W8U.8
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. 8..08 ... " II
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+
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---- aauc_....
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'''ACTION SYSlfU ~JI" 5 RJOY
.. CAOILLAC AHtA ~. MoCHGA.. ---'
a:-f3" """'"111"'''''.00
~~
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c
OJ
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:.. ~:. --------"; 0". ~'. J~I.O"
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1- " . -"', I, L-.J
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-'.JBU~ ~"; ::-::: /~~:?~ j // -----..-.:'.
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..... " ---;... \:=I - COO CoOlL .i:.4:wlm
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-------
CARBON
ADSORPTION
VESSEL
if.~6 51
PUMP
h~~lIn' 111- I .
.
I JUMP
INFLUENT
CARBON
ADSORPTION
VESSEL
EFFLUENT
.. C OtSCHARGE JO VOC
1REArMENT SYSTEM)
Cft
AC-2 : HEXAVALENT CHROMIUM -
CARBON ADSORPTION
JLAC ARE~ GROUNDWATER STUDY
CADILLAC, MICHIGAN
r- ~ .
-------
o.
INFLUENT
BLOWER
,.. r ...-.,
Fi)',III-" 10-/,
VAPOR - PI lASE CAnnON
- AnSOnPTlON UNITS -
PACKING
MA TE nlAL
PUMPS
BLOWER
I
.0
c
PACKING
MATERIAL
EFFLUENT
. C DISCHARGE TO
ClAM RIVER)
GW-3a : AIR STRIPPING WITH
VAPOR - PHASE CARBON ADSORPTION
CADIllAC AREA G~OUNDWATEn STUDY'
CADILLAC, MICHIGAN'
r" .""r---r-o. _.. .
-------
.------.-.- --- -------.----------
Fi 1','11"" 10- r)
CANIOH AOSOMfIl
I
fOAClD DRA" f1N
AR .. AI( A SA"'" IHG AN)
.. It RING
r..
t
f
, I
J I
/
.
-- - -- - -- ..-
. .
SC-9: aN SftTa..D VACUUM EXTRACTION
CADILLAC AREA. FEASIBILITY STUDY
. CA 011 I A(, .c~I(,UI~ 1\ ...
-------
TABLE 5-1
CADILLAC AREA GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION
CONTAMIN~TS DETECTED
"
NONCARCINOGENS
Acetone
Ethy1Denzene
1,1-Dichloroethane
Toluene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Trans-l,2-dichloroethene
Xylenes
NON CARCINOGENS
Chromium (hexavalent)
Cyanide
ORGANICS
INORGANICS
CARCINOGENS
Chloroform
l,l-Dichloroethene
1,2-Dichloroethane
Methylene Chloride
Tetrachloroethane
Trichloroethane
Benzene
-------
UIU ~.1
CADILlaC UfA ill
'IOU.DWAIEI CO.IAMI.AIIO. (VAIUAIION
.0Il.II.AIII/I'SOI SIIES
IIISII.' MAIIMUM CONCENIIAIIONS (ag/I) UICH
U UNUP
SMAll OW I.IfI"fDIAU .011.11"111 UVHS
.
"'OU.D AQUIfU AQUIfU PlUME (av") IUUUCI
'...Irlchloroethono J1.00 1.20 O.u. 0.200 MCl
'ono...l-dlchloroethylene 4.60 0.04 0.010 MU'
'.Dlchl.roethylene 1.00 0.099 0.026 O.OO~ UOl
l-llchl.roethone 2.00 O.OOS MCl
thyl.n. chloride 0.69 0_24 O.OOS Colculoled
trochiorooth,Iene 0.11 0.11 0.00) 0.001 Colcuhled
I chi oroothyhne 78.00 7.S0 I.SO O.OOS MCl
r..lu. C.o.ovolent) 0.11) O.OSO MCl
len. 1.10 0.4(,0 MUG
I u.n. J.20 0.001 0.040 SMCl
Ih. voe. pre.ent Mllhln the boundarla. 01 Ih. Northernolr. plu.e are nol d~rlv~d 'roa Northernalre; the chr..lu.
Ir08 northernolr. .nd VOC. 'roa olhor .ourco. have al.ed In the oqui'er.
L . "o.l8U8 Conto.lnont lavol; MClG. "o.laua Contanlaant level Co.l;
Cl . Secondary Ma.l8U8 Cont..ln.nl lovel; CIOl. Contract .equlred Oete~tlon level
SOil CONIAMINAIION (VAlUAIION
ICYSOII SI JE
COMPOUND
M" I MUM
(ONCUI..I ION
(pp.)
I AlICE I
Cl (ANUP
I ( VE I
( PpIII I I
'rl~hloroethyl~ne
Jlyl~ne
1.1.1.IrI~hloro~th.n.
rolu~n.
"
S10
11"
9S
0.01
1(,1.00
, .611
1/1".00
r All leis 'or 5011, .r. 10.6 rllk b..~d lev.ls.
HOlE: lone o' (ontlminllt.d 5011 (de,.th below 'jllllt..) = 6 10 ....L
I stlmllt..d "olllm.. 01 5011 to he re..,.IIII'"'' = ".700 ..lIhl.. YIIII'S.
.
-------
Bcn~l!"e1n"~~~
1.1.1oTrlchlor04~&n'
Acttone
Tol~n.
Tr&~.1.2.d1chlore~.ne
Table 6-1
cu:MI CAU 01 COHC!1N
~n.LAC AUA c;aOUN1)tiATD St"rmY
1A.SEl.INt USX ASSESSXI:::':
\'OU!'IU OP.::A..""'H: ~~~S
l.t.::-F.:A.\:!~ c~-n"-,,,~s
Chl"om!~ (beuvalent)
Cyani~
-i
C4r:.1!",~H~-~
O'\lonforw
l~l.Dlchlorotthen.
1.2.~1chloro.th&ne
Metbylen. Chlor1d.
T.tr.chlo:o'~.ne
':. :..:":o:oe t.hene
-------
CADILLAC AHIA CNOIINMWAWI STUDY: GNOUNDWATfcK
CAL-.Smiim: AIIAKS COHPANISON
I AIM I.I.AC AKKA ttASIDILITV STUDY
KXISTIMC MAXIMUM COMIItMTIIATIOMS (•!/!)
COHPrUMI) HCI.
1.1,1-Trichloroethane 0.2
Trans* 1,2-dirhloroet hylene
1, l-Dirhloroethylene 0.007
l.2-0ichloroelhane O.OOS
Mel hylene chloride
Tetrachloroe .hylene
Fricliloroelhylene O.OOS
rhromuM (hexavalent ) 0 OS
[ylene
'oluene
AKAKS («K/f)
MCl.f. A
0.2 18
0.07^
0.007 0
0 0
0
0--* 0
0 0
O.I2--- 0
0.44«
2.0-- . 14
WJC- HCXAIK
.4 0.017
0.048
.000)3
.00094
.00019 0.078
.0008
.0028 m.o
.OS
--
J 0.042
IIPPEK IMTtHHtOlATE
AQUIFER At/11 U'£K
32.0 |./
4.6
1.0 O.O99
2.0
0.69 U.24
0.72 0.11
78.0 7.5
--
1.7
J.2 11.001
NOMTIIEKNAII
PLUlt1
0.44
0.04
0.026
—
' -•
O.OOjf
2.5
0.77J
--
--
AWQC *re adjutlrd for drinking water eNjiosiire only (IISKI'A, I9H6) or
drinking water exposure value does not e.xisl.
l'roi>»sed levels.
cd fur water and fitli incecilon If
present uillun I de lioumlar irs ol I In- Nm I li. m.i 1 1 1- |>linuc 4 it- m,( i|<-iiviil 1 1 UM Nor t Item* 1 1 «r , tlie cttrumlttm fr»M
i re <«inl VOti -Iruni <>ili«-r ioum-% luv<- niim-il m i In- j>|inlri.
'>'0( - Aiiiliiriil Wjlir (/u.iliiy (
, H(!l - M.IXMII ..... ( .ml .IM.I ii.int I <.v. I , til I li -
.>»< it^nl f.cvtfl
-------
tABU 6. J
11$1( CAHUlAIIOII SUMMAU
IIOIIHI.IIAIII/.'SOI SII(S
SHAll 0" PI UMI
(PIESUI)
;IOUIOVAIII II'ISIIOI
IDlC.ICIIOGII,C (fflCII
.'.'.Irlehloroethene
oluene
eetone
12000. °
)200.0
920.0
5102.0
129.4
".5
HAlAIO INOU
M051 PIOUILI win CAlf
CHILD ADULI CHilD AOUll
1.0) 1.0) 10.6) 10.6)
0.01 0.01 0.)0 0.'0
0.01 0.01 '0.26 0.26
1.06 1.06 1'.20 11.20
:OM'OUIO
leUI"UM
[OIl[(NIUIION
Cug/l)'
AVUAGE
COICIIIUIIOI
CUI" )2
~.rr 0' le..rd Indle..
AICIIOGElle EffECIS
CANCU 1111(
MAXlMU" AVIUGI
COIICIIIUIIOI COIICII1U1101 "051 'IOUILI win CAlf
DIC'OUIO CUI,I) CUll' I) CHILD AOUl' CMllO ADUlI
."Dlchloro.th.n. '000.0 91.9 2.22.10.4 I.U1I10', 1.'11110-' 1.6611 '0'1
ttr.ehloro.thone 120.0 64.6 1.)41110-5 9.411110-) 1.501110-4 1.05.10.)
'hhlorolth.n. 111000.0 21119.4 1.29.10-4 9.051110 .,. '.501110" 2.U.IO'1
.Ioro'or. IS.O 0.4 I.J1.10-1 9.261110-' .4.961110-6 ].41.'0,5
l'Dlehioroethone 2000.0 104.4 J.1I8.10-5 2.111110-4 1.4hI0-4 9.20.10-)
,thrllnl Ch'orlde IIYO.O B.9 1.04.10-6 1.26. '0 - 6 2.111110-5 '.48.10-4
...rr 0' Cone.r I..t 4_05.10-4 2.IIJaaI0') 6.19.10 -) 4.n.10-2
,n:
1 Ma.I.UIII concro'ra' Ions wrrr usrd '0 calcula'r wor., c..e .crnarios.
2 Ivrralll concrn'r.,lons wrrr usrd '0 calcul.'r .0" prob.blr .(rn.rios.
-------
..IU 6-"
IISK CALCULA' ION SUMMAI'
IOI.NIIIIIAllf/K'SOI 51'15
11II'11"IOIA'1 PLUME
(PUSU')
~IDWA'I' II'IS'IOI
ICAICIIOGIIIC IfflC'S
I.I-'rlchloro.th.n.
luene
ttone
.n.-I.Z-0Ichloro.t".n.
1200.0
1.0
uO.O.
4600.0
NAUIO IIIIOU
AVUAGI
COIIICEI.UIIOI NOSI PlOUIU IIOU. CASf
(uIII )2 CIIIl 0 AOUl' CHilD AOUlf
18S.2 0.06 0.06 0.40 0.40
0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
)S.9 0.01 0.01 0.04 0.04
419.0 S.99 S_99 6S .71 6S.71
6.06 6.06 66.n 66. IS
"OUID
""'''U''
COIIICU'UIIOI
(ul/l)1
..r, 0' I".rd Indlc..
lealOGUIC UfEcn
CANCfl IISK
.... I"U" AVUAGf
COIIIUIIII..1 10111 COIIIUItIUJlOIt "OS, PIOUlLE "oU, CASE
l'OUIllD (ug/l) (U8/1 ) CH II 0 Aoul. CIIIl 0 ADUl.
-Dlcht.ro.t".n. 99.0 12.0 2.8hl0.S 1.99.10'4 2.)hI0-4 1.6h 10. J
r.chl or..th.ne 11.0 0.8 1.6"10-7 1.11.10'6 J.ShI0-6 2.48.10.J
chloro.th.n. 7~00.0 llS 1.7 1.0hI0-4 7.08.10'4 J.I1.10-4 2.J6.10.J
olo'or. 4.0 0.1 6.6"10-8 4.6hI0'7 I.J2.10.6 9.26.10.6
h,len. Chloride 21.0.0 n.1 1..61.10.7 ).21..10-6 7.)SaI0.6 S.lhIO-S
..ry o' C.nc.r II.k I. )0.10-1. 9.1"10-1. S.8hIO'4 4.08.10-)
( :
1 M..I.ua COn(~nlr.llons w~r~ u\~d 10 (.I(ul.l~ wor.' c's~ .c~n8ri05-
1 Av~r'ge Co..(~nl..1 io..\ w~.~ u,~d 10 (.I(u..I~ .osl pro"''''~ Sft'''... 10'-
"
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..IU 6-\
.151 CAlCUIAIION 5UM"A"
NOlllf..AI.(/1'501 511fS
.O.I.(..AI.( PlUME
(PIUUI)
'IOUIDVAIII IICI'IIOI
IDICAICIIOGIIIC I"ICI'
IIAIUD I.Dn
"U I"U" AVEIACI
CO.CUI..flO. CO.CUI..IIOI ..051 ~'01A'1 ( W'5I CASE
COM'OUID (ulI/1) I (UI/I)l CHilD ADUlI CMIlD ADUlI
Ch,.-IWI 11J.0 10J.9 0.\9 0.\9 4.U 4.U
CYlnld. 22.0 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.02 0.02
1,1,1-I,lchlo,oethlne uO.O U.6 0.01 0.01 0.1\ o.n
I'ln.-1.Z'Dlchloroethen. 40.0 2.4 0.0) O.OJ O.H O.H
Iu..lr, of 11'lrd Indlce. 0.64 0.64 S.16 \ .16
CAICIIOGIIIC 1'.ICIS
COM'OUND
CANcn .151
"U I "U" AVElACO(
CONCUIUflO. CONCUIUIIO. MOSI PIOUlllE WOU I CASE
(ulI/I) (ug/I) (11110 ADUlI CIIIl 0 ADUlI
26.0 1.1 4.01.10-6 2.82.10.5 6.16.10-S .4.)"'10-4
J.O 0. I 2.08.10-8 1.46.10.' 6.1hI0-' 4.J1a10'6
2\00.0 201.1 9.06.10-6 6.J'-10.\ 1.12.10-4 1.861110,4
1.)"'10-\ 9.11.10-S 1. 1h10-4 1.2la 10')
1.1-0Ichloro.then.
I,',.chloro.th.n.
1,lchlorolt"ln.
1u..1', of Clnc., Illk
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I ....1- c onc.nl r .11 o~, ...r. u,.d 10 c.1 cul.l. ..or a t c .s. ,C ....r i 0'. .
2 Av.rlge concenlr.tlon, ...r. us.d 10 c.l(ul.l. .011 probable sl."ftrios.
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~IOUIID""U IIGUIIOI
OMC.ICIIIOGEIIIC EfflCIS
o..'OUIID
.1.1.Irlehloroethene
oluene
u..arr 0' 1.I.rd Indlee.
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cetone' .
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'ICIIOGfIIC EffiCIS
)IIIPOUIlD
I'Dlehloroethene
'Iehloroelh.no
Itr.,t\ I oroOlhlno
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Ichloroeth.no)
."chioroeth.neJ
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MAl UIUII
CONCU'UIIOI
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1066.0
B.O
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1192.0
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MAUMU"
CONCUIU'ION
«u8/1 )
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2600.0
12.0
61.0
2108.0
89.0
260.0
U8U 6.7
11$( CAICUIAIION SUMMAI'
IIOII"IIIIAI~I/.'SOI SillS
SHAllO" PIUMI
«'UIURE )
AVIUGf
COII(U'UIIOII
(11,11 )2
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0.16
0.12
0.02
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(U811 )
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CIIIIO ADUlI
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2.6S.10-~
2. os. 10 - 6
J.J1II10'6
1.7hI0'~
4.96.10'~
, "1.1- concenarlilon, were u,ed 10 clicuilio wor,t c.se ,ce...rlos.
1 Averl,e concenlr.llons were used 10 c.lcul'le .0Sl prob.ble SCt'II.rlOS.
) lhese rI,.. .re assocl.lt'd wilh Ihe 'our "Inns plu..e \.. Ihe shello.. "Iulft'r.
487.0
24.~
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OYA.I. IIGII'IOM
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IABU '6 - 8
IISK CAICUIAIION SUMMAIY
MOIINIINAIII/KYSOI SillS
IMIIIMIOIAII PIUMI
(fUfUU)
HAIUO IIOU
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CONCUI..I 101 COMCUnA.IOM "O~' 'IO..IU "Din CASE
1110 Cug,,)1 CU8/I)l CIIIl 0 AOUII CIIllO AOUl.
',rlc.loroetheneS 1)2.0 49.0 0.02 0.01 0.04 0.04
".l.Olchloroeth.n. 1200.0 66S.0 9.S0 9.S0 -".14 11.14
1...4 600.0 294.0 1.69 0.10 ).41 ).41
10001liC IfflCII
110
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CONCUI"IIOI
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y 0' Cence, Ilek
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S8').0
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, 0' Canc.r 11.11
CAIilCU II II(
MOn 'tOUllI Wt.. CASI
UIlD AOUlI CIIIl 0 ADUlf
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S.)81110.S ).111110-4 9.611110-' 6. 'SaI0.4
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, "a. I..... conc..nl~.llon~ ....r.. u...d 10 calcul'l.. wo~.1 ca... "c..norios.
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" n....... .r.. rl..1 ,"Of i.,..., with '10.. lour SI.r ,.Iu.... On 110.. 1",...",,.<1111'" olQulf.
4. Ih.,,,.. .,.. ~I..~" ''',",oc 1"'..,1 00' ,to 'h.. (~I-omlur. plum.. in 110.. In','.m,',I...... ""'" "'1-
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9-1 (continued)
KiioH-irtcmc AJU««
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••••«fc«* 01 era fin iit, iif.
*i era r*tt* iei. m.i-ui.»
DOT ••!•• f«r Ttt*tf*rittlt* *f
•titr4»* Hii«ii«i* (t* era r«»«*
I0». IM.I-IM.J)
MUUI*
nickl«,t* - N«ftr4»t V**|«
rf li-ktuf (••(••IttlUct It*
Tkl* it|vl«tl*« 4t*tl*ft fitt>4vitt ftf Ik*
»i*t*ctl*« *l *fck«tl»|l ••llUt* »**c*4tl*| *l
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•CM t(|«l*ll**«.
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Mtl* 1*1 lit ycllmlti (*•((»( )• Ik* Hit* •(
•r* 4«*trlk*4.
Tkl* t*|«l*ll*« c«l«lft* Ik* t*|ltlttllt« t*4
11*1 •( u*4*t|c*i«4 *l*f«|«
Dl*»**tl »f e««lt*l*il«4 ••ittltl* If** Ik* *||*
•ail k* t* • ICU-t«r*lll<4 Itcllllf Iktl tMfllt* »llk
• II (CM U«4IIII ><|«Ull««.
If | r •••*«•• l«» Iktl ktt *«•• ltt*l*4 kf •••ill* lr«»tM*l
I* 4ltck*ri<4 !• ••-•II* *»fft«t v*l«r. ltttl«4
•••I k« •• «*«*ll»«(« ollk >ffllt«klt «tl*r
•.••Illy *l*«f4*. !• t44lll««, • 4l«k>f|« •«all»«lt|
ff>|c>* •»•! k* l*pl«M«l«4. •••Ill* 4l«ik»|« •••ll*cl*f
ft<*f4* •*•! k*
If • (•ll*cll«* »r»««^ I* l««l»ll«4 t«4 Ik* 4ltcktr|* !•
• ••I !• • POTV, Ik* fvlW MM*! k«*« •• tfpt«vt4 *f«tf««l««Bl
Tk» c*ll«cll*« if«it» viltr ^••Illt •*>•! k* U
»r«|>t«. r>l*( l» 4l*cktf|l«|,
t itfctl *u*l k* ••t»lttt4 f«*i«l«l*| I4t*tl(fl*| lt(»r»«>
!!••, lltl »f •fftt«t4 f«r»ll>, 4«tt«lfll*« »l •fertile**
ll*v M»*«*»4>l», •••••trMtl •< y>ll«l««l*, *«>ll(lttll«*)
t*4 • l»^ll*tc* tckt4>l*.
*l**4*t4) kf
f«|ltl*< 4«*l *»l**l»*» fr*« *ll*
•III k* •tl«l*l*t4 ktl*v 119 •!/•
4»i» ••ff(*****l*l II •tc*tt*C7>
If *(ckttl*|lttl l«t*wrc«* tt* t«ftwltf<4 4«cl«| ttll
• ICtftll**, «••!» «lll tl«p Mill lk« *f«* ktt k««» «**l*«*4
kf f*4ti«| •
Ct*lt*l»tt*4 *Ml«rl*l* vlll k* ftcktftl, k**lf*tl*4. **4
lf**tf«tl*4 !• • llc**«4 *rf-ill« 4ltftitl fttllllf !•
vllk
••€•••• lk»*» fttilfnttl* *vff IrMtl (CM k«ltf4«»*
•••I* i«|«l*ll«tl, Iktf *Mtl •!•• kt C**tl4tit4 tl Ik*
• II*.
ftftl(»ltlf •tll«r r«lttl»«t IIM *ll« *tct*ttl**
•cllvlll** •»•! k« ••(•lt|«<4 (I t* ••*•*!
(••••Kit •••• »l It in/m* **4 • «••!•>• )l-k*«f
! *• •(/•' (filMtf *ltt4tf4t).
All*nttl**« (•«,«l«l*| ik*
*iw« *l«(«|« l»
l*« !• k* C***I4*>*4.
»r Ictltlltllt* *f
-------
T.'ltilr '»- | (, ,,nl iltilc.1)
(MMILAC Mf« II
«n«it
•tl •«. Hf, r.«. Mil
fkl* • •(•|«||«*> r»««lr»* IftM
«••«»««»« !•> k>i»t<*»< •••!• •!•••
f»f
•ll*t«*il*««.
Ik*
IW
V«*l*»»l«t •!•€•••§« tcivllt •• fOfWt. T»» 4l*>t«t|* »*t»lt
•ct HI. • III. r*tl* *. II * •III ••
oltk
lk**> f«4*i*t f*«/Bli**v«lt.
-------
APPENDIX A
-------
g~ N~.
/lJ/89
CH~/FRAM8 PAGES DArE
89/08/07
2
89/08121
89/08/24
89/08/26
89/03/J0
ACM[NISrRArIV~ R~CORD INDEX
UFDATE tZ
~o~rff~RNAIRE SIr~
CADILLAC, MICHIGAN
rIfLE
.~urHOR
UCIPHNf
DCCNl'I'.E;,~
DOCU/l8Nr FH
Leeter r~gardiag
tb~ citiH' rele
and posici~a 10
th~ cl~aa up
D.Becker-Hayar
of CadlIlac
USEPA
Carrespcadec~e
Letter coacernlng
quescioas about
cleaaup and ocher
related [('pics
If.StJrk-CfH
D. 0 'Riardaa
Correspoade~::e
Letter concernIng
tbe respcasible and
participating partIes
in th~ cleanup
Sa.!uel Bailor
D.Roycratt-/lONR
Corresp('adea:e
Lecter accOlpanYlnq
Kysar Industrial
CorparHicn's c('uents
en tbe RI/FS and pr('p~sed
plan
J.Ounn
-~arner, Nercross S Judd
C. .' '.iiordaa-USKFA
Correspcu1~:~~
Calleats 00 Reledial R.Cooper & O.Skrocki
Investigation/FeasibillCY .ASI
Study 00 bebalt at Feur
Wiaas, lac: biseor}',
perspective ot proposed
soil aad vater
re.ediatioos
O. O'Riordan-US8PA Carrespoade~ce
2 89/09/05 Su..ary ot coe.ents If.Sbanks S. Sanders-US8PA Cortespandeoce
fro. public beariag -Black & Veaccb
.eeting on Kysar
Induscrial aad
Hartbernaire Plating
Superfuad Sites
5 89/09/15 Calleots 00 tbe O. Raycraft-HOHR . S, Sanders-USEPA Correspondeace
revieved Reccrd
at Decisioa draft
-------
I~~ No. 2
}1l]/~~
ADHINISTRATIVE 8~CCRD INOEI
UPDATE 12
NORTHKRNAIR8 SITE
CADILLAC. MICHIGAN
:CHEllRAHE PAGES DATE TIfLE AUTHOR RECIPIENT DOCUKUf ryPK DOC.¥UK3ER
o
89/09/22 COllent, on tbe dratt D. ,q~y~ratt-KDNR S. Sanders-USE?A Corresp~adea~e
Re,poasireness SUllary
tor tbe Nortbernaire/
Kysor Re~ord of Decisioa
by KDNR
2 89/09/28 KDNR cOlents D. Rector V..4dukus-USEPA Correspcnden~e
ccacernlng Record KDNR
of Decision:
selection of re.edial
te~bnologr, cleanup
levels of TCE, rationale
used to support selected
reledy, & descriptioa
of tbe site
8 89107/00 Fact sbeet describlng: USEPA lace Sb~ec
background, results of
RI, goals of cleanup,
aleernatives, and
scbedule for public
cOllents
2 89/08/07 Statelent regarding City at Cadillac lact SbeH
Cadillac groundraeer
problel: bistory and
proposed plan of
actioa
56 89108/07 Transcript fro I Transcribed by H~eeiag .Yotes
Cadillac Area Reerork Reporeing
Grouadlfater -A. H,}lIes
Public /leeting
(ritb KDNR, USEPA
and E.C. Jardaa)
] 75 89106/08 Feasibility Study on g.c. Jordan I!D.¥R/US!PA ,qeporWStudies
Cadillac Area Groundrater
Coatuinacion
129 89/08126 Kysor Industrial Kysor Induscnes Reports/Studies
Corporation's cOllents
-------
gt 110.
II J/89
J
CH8/fRAH8 PAGBS DArB
120
89/091 Z9
Aa~INIsrRATIr8 RKCORD IND81
UFDAfK 12
NORTHSRNAIR8 SITK
CADILLAC. MICHIGAN
rITLK
AUTHOR
CD cbe RIIFS dDd prcposed
plda fcr cbt Cadillic
Idustrldl Park
Rtcord 1t DecisicD
(ROD); docUltDC
erplaiaiDg tiDal
re.edf
US KF A
RECIPIBNT
DOCUllur TYP8
DOCNU.~8gR
Reports/Studits
-------
P.~e k
C€/12lZ9
~(;Arf - ~CKIIISrKArI7f F.feCF.C lFCCI
iCKTrEF.GAIF.l SIrf
CAe I~L!e, I!IeEIWi
liCEr/FHA!! PA~rs CATS r' ". . }.ureCH F.EeInEH c~e~.~EH rT?~ C~=.C~:
i..lJb
f 88/r,!1Z4 C2~illac «egio~al lie! !21colr liel~-USfP~ Er~ce !e2~5'USEP}' !Hc:a~~a
Ri~k }.55e!!.e~: F.erier
.c::be::aire Si:e,
Ca~illac, !icbigaiJ.
48 e!/CUCr, 'C2dillu: !rea f.e.;0:C2~ Co. I!CkK F.e;e::!/S:~cie:
~:oiliJ~'a :er
COiJ:aliiJa:ioiJ 1easibili:r
S:il~!-C2cillac, !icbigaiJ
;~:e:il Celiverable ie.
1. 0
rbis «e;e:: ;.e5e~:5 :be
.uecial ac:ioiJ
ol:jec:iru
10. :be C2~illac 1S,
i~clilci~g ;:eliIIQa:y
:2:ge: lerels, a~~
::ea:ed g:e~~dv2:e:
ciscba:ge :e~ili:Ele~:s.
Jr.8 S8/C7/r,C 'C2cillac !:ea f.e. Jerca:: Ce. ~=H ;.t;o::S/S:~cles
G:Cil~~¥2:e:
CO~:2IiiJa:10iJ lea!ibili:r
s:il~y.eacillac, !icbig2iJ
;~ :t:il Celi re :able Nc. 2
H :e:~a:i ru !.:ay
CCCilU~:. °
H8 8S/r,7/CC O!;;wiiz ! f.e.Jo:caiJ Cc. [UK F.e;cr:lIS:~cies
!F.!R ;~ct~:ifica:io~ \)
Chckli,:,. °
17r, S8/r,S/r,r, °Caaillac Area f.e. ;o.eaiJ ec. [cn «e;c::~/S:Jcie: <0
G:oiliJdra:e.
Co~:ali~a:ioiJ Rereeial
;~res:iga:ioiJ . Cadillac,
l!icbigaiJ. °
-------
,," '0.
11117/"
.~'I'I'rl.rl'r "COID '.',LI"ID.r. 11"1
IG.r".'AI" $Irl, C.DILLAC, 'IC'I'..
$,.,lio,/d.e, doc..f.e. .,.il.&l, tor r"", .e f,rFA
",io. " Cair.,o,IL.
.U. rln. ur'GI '''11111r IGCUUr rUf
. '7/"/" ',ro.d "'04 CLI $..,1, '"r,ce 1. '01,-"" '.lr I.'r~e./'oo.'SrPA S",IUf/C,:,
"..lc.: ,,,,1, '0',.
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- - H, lZS , 121, U U 11,
Z, CO 1S, ZS IlL. Z( e.
S1. C, IS , II, 1, J, (5,
",, ", 7, ., ". ".
JI'-",11'. 1"-", la!,
H, U. HD. If Cd U,
Z'. "-17. U, U. 11,
lJ Co II. I" '. U, 75.
70, IJ, IS, J'S. ,".
Z1. ZJ. If I" Co 1'7,
107-11, I" C. 114.
DU' I co 7, , Co 11.
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'"olt,. S..pl, 'a',.
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Co U. r-u. If-JaP,
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'7/07/0a jl,o trot ,7/a,/0'. f,'r't: ,,1, - KDli '.lr f. ,.,c",oo-USfFA SUpllqIC.:.
S,eood '..ad CLI '..pl,
'",lc,. S..pl, '0'"
SU-I to su-n.
'7/07/01 S,e..d loocd ot CLI "'pl, "'l'Ct 'ol,-KCI. K.1T ,. ,.,tet,oD-aSIPA SUF U =;.'r.:.
",.lc,. S"pl, 10',.
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-------
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""71"
1
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rzru
'7/"1" tJt.e r...d CLI ,..,1,
. r".le.. 1..,1, .,',.
'11 ~ e, 11' 51. ,. I e,
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e, i. ,.d 1'. If 7, ,
CO JJ, JJ CI U. I I,
I, 7, JJ, U, 16, 11, 1J.
If I" C, 114. ", I eo
7, , eo JZ. " U7,
", e. '11, 'IJ eo '1',
!I'l'llT'ATlr, .,ca'D SAI'LI"IDAfA I.Dll.
'O'f""Al', SIr" CADILLAC, I1Cll'A'
'..pli'f/d.e. d.C..',CI ".il.bl, tor r"l" It 'SIFA
. "fi.. r, Cbic"o,lL,
"rIo,
"crl1"r
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'.rT ,. ,.,t,llo.-'SrIA
HCII"r r'1I
'"plilf/D,U
\)
"
-------
.... ----... - .
~.ge Ne.
Og/~a/a7
1
TITt.E
=~mmunity R.l.t~~ns Res~onsiv.-
".ss Summ.;;y
~ppe~di~ E to OSCR - Contr.~t
Issued to C~ntr.~tor
~~-S~.~e C~ordi".tor'5 Re~ort
(OSi:R>
;~Mrnary of Rerne~ial Alter~ative
;"'\e~tl~n
j,'ourIC\ooi~t er'
Fa~t
Sheet
~ccen~1x P to 05CR
Jh~,to;ra=hs of Si~e
- ~3
Hte M;rnt.
~e~ort
P 1 a r, - 5 t . t us
:~~r;ani~ Contarni~~nt A~alY5es
.00e 10444-1 C44 7
. .etter to W.S.Go1rwGQd (NPC>
'e Time ~Ktension for PIPP
j u brn 1 t t a 1
lc:.ti~e of Inc:.p.rative
;~rubbers
\ ~ t~ '11. - RE: Meeting
" C.dillo1~ H..Ith D.ct.
~tenti.l Ground Wolter Con~
Amin.tion Souree - Identi'i-
....,,.... ..-... ft_-,--
,,-----
NORTHERNAIRE
AUTHOR.
v.v. Ado1rnkus,USEPA
K.P. So1nas:ek, .t~., USEPA
K. Sanas:ek, USEPA
v.V. Acamkus,USEPA
M~NR
EPA
Ml~Mi;a" DNR
D.W. Darnell, MCN~
D. Dar~ell, MDNR
J. He i n:1I1ar,.
MDNR
DATE
p~c;::s
1
11
1~
18
~
J
..
z'~'
~
78/10/2:; k.
76/1.:./~1 .3
7'3/1."\1/1'3 1
7'311::.l1 C,,;; 0::
7'3/ 11 /CI~ 6
-------
- .. ...
Page No.
Og/~e/a7
2
TIT~E
Site Safe~y Plan
Conversation re~ord with
~tty fcr Ncrthernaire
Site Ins~e~tic~ Re~ort
~oti~e ~.tters toTo~ ~o~ker,
~ortMernaire a~d ~eyer
~~tice cf NortMernaire
~iu'kr\J~t cy
=Qte~tial IM~ac~ of GrC\Jnd-
..a t er C-:)r'\t _rn. .
~.quest fcr ~rQductien of
Jc;.cs. Under FOIA
,
~Qti~e of Meeting fer Respo~s.
~c:ticns
~ctice of Re~rese~t_tion
~~~endi~ C to OSCR- Follow-
Jp Letter to ~RP fer Verbal
\lc;.tlfic:_tion
~pp.ndi~ Q to OSCR - S_m~le
:;esults
~CI ~e.r.d i Mat 0 OSC R - Ph or.e
~.mos and ~.tters r.
'\4c,t i fi cat i or.
NORTHERN~IRE
AUTHOR
D. S.wall, E~ol & EnvironMent
~. Neuberger, U5E~A
P.D. Shea, E~ol
& Er,vircr'\r"er,t
B. Co~stantelos, U5E~A
Willard GarwQod, Ncrthernair.
J. Lovat ~'. MD~H
S. Darliels~n
s. Neucerger,U5E~A
J. Olson, Atty fer Meyer,
CATE
p~G::~
8~/O:;/Ci6 ~
82/07 1 ~,~ 1
8~/(1=/07 14
82/10/19 6
8'::/11/": 1
el/l~/:~ ':
8~/la/c,s 1
S~/12/1:! 1
",
Ir'\c. S~/l.~/:::':: 1
~DNR, Pet roc:nern
Cc;.r.st ar.t II! 1 0.5,
Neuoerger,U5E~A
eZIO('/\')I:' 31
8Z/OO/00 ::;
8:5/0"/(10 e
-------
.._---- -_...- .
pag. No.
03/28/87
~
'TITI..E
Res~on.. of R.N. ~.y.r to
Cl.anup
~reliminAry ~ssessment
N~ti'i~.tion 0' PlAnt
I'I"I.~e~tion
~.rmi..ion t~ Ins~e~t PlAnt
.~lt8 Insl:l8t:tion
J.~i5ic,rl Mer"~: Co~perA-:ive
~gr..ment Pr~pos.l
~~tion ~.mo: ~uthcri:.tion
;0 Pro~e.d ~ith RI/FS
~PP.ndi~ ~ to OSCR - 10 -
)~i nt CQ~um.nt
:mmediat. Removal R8Quest
u 4ppe"'d i Ie 0 to OSCR
4~til:e to PrO~..d
;hort Form ContrAl:t
~ppendi)( S t~ OSCR - Site
~..f.ty Plan
.ndiIC H to OSCR - Caily
dAry CERCI..A Cl.anup Forms
~~pendi~ U to OSCR - Chronol~gy
., C l..nuD
~~P8rlcH M F to OSCR - TOO
NORT)oIERN~IRE
AUT)oIOR
O~TE
p~G~S
JAme. .Ol.Qn,~tty 'or ~.yer,In~ 8J/Ol/la a
A. SAuse, Ecol & EnvironMent
s. Neuberger, USEP~
O. SamardiCh, ~tty fo~ Meyer
Westc.r,
v. ~daMkus, US~~A
W. Hedeman, USEP~
w. H.
Saroders, USEP~
W.H. Sanders,USEP~
West c.r./Sper
Pet rc.~her.1
~. D.
£lan..:.~-
U~~DQ
83/0~/C}~ ~
83/0:/~:; :.
8:/03/1:; :.
8.3/04/0() ~:-
8:/06/(,: :.
8J/06/~O ~
8J/CI6/Z: S
8.3/(16/Z.3 S
8:::/07/C5
1 :
8::: 1 (; 7/ (I:; 6
831 Cl7 1 c):; sc
e~/07/'1e. i::1
a ~ I ~,-, J . ~ ~
-------
~.._._..I..' --
-' .
J~;e No.
)9/28/87
.
- I TL.E
"0,. T~T
?eQuest 'or- Review of Re~ords
tutho"i:&tion for- RI/FS ~emo
iite M~n~gement Plan -
.~lend.,..
'eQuest to D.fend ~nd. Provide
overa;e
ommunity
R e 1 at i or, s
Pl ar,
I/FS Pl.nnlng Meetlng
r-ogress Re~~rt .~ and ~;enda
or- 2/~a/e4 CI~ Meeting
.I.C. ~eeti1"lgs,
ember L.ist
Re~c:.rt ar,d
afety Pl~" for- RI/FS
e~omMendation 0' Case to DOJ
ost Re~ever-y
l~nned Site Use by EPA
otice 0' Citi:en Infor-mation
ornmi tt e. ~eet i rig
eturn 0' ~ey to Site
NORTHERN~IRe:
~UTHOR
J. Niewiek, Har-tfor-d Ins Co.
w. Heder.,an,
USEPA
EPA
G.
. .
Atty-Norther-nair-e
Re1",t rep,
E-=':'
E.~. Jc:.rd an, Co.
G. S:i.rn.~ns,~DNR
G. Simons,MCNR
MDNR
v. ~d arnk us,
USEPA
G. Simons,MDNR
G. Sir.,ons,MDNR
G. S im<:.ns, MDNR
"
DATE
p~G~S 0
82/07/1'3 a
8:::/08/24 7
e.2/12/~S l
s~/o~/~:; :
6':"/Q:/2:: ::
84/0:':: 5
84/0';;/13 4
84/0::;/(:':: ~
84/':': / (,~ ~=
e 4 1 c. :,' l: ..
84/0~/~1 1
84/04/.!~ 1 .
84/04/~S 1
-------
;»_;e No.
09/28/87
~
T1T1.E
Ci t i :en Info.
CCMMittee MeMbe~.
Commel"lcement of Civil ~ction
Unde~ CERCL~ by DOJ -
Recomrnend ed
~ro;re5s Re~Qrt -Z
~ro;~ess R.~crt .3 ~ddenduM
~~pp
~rovisiOM of Docs.
~oti~e of Counsel & Re~uest for
)OC5.
Jeni.l of Pr~duction Re~ue5t
Jffer of G.ner~l Susiness
~~c~rds of NcrtMern~i~e
:o~pl.tion of RI/FS
J~d.te on ProJect
U Dr~ ft
I~tice of C.l.C. Meeting
;cnedule of ~ctivities
'~ip Reoor on.RI/FS And Public
"fo..Meetin;s
NORTHERN~IRE
AUTHOR
C'. O~ice
MDNR
MONR
E. C. Jcrdarl
J. Gr~'ss, DOJ
J. Krui5,~";ty
fe,r Meyer,
J. Kruis, Atty for Meyer,
J. Gross, DO.!
G. Sirn.:,r,s, !'IONR
G. 5 i rI1'='MS, MDNR
E. C. J~,"c....n C~"
G. SirI1c.r,s, MONR
M. Gust ofsc.rl,
USE~A
M. G1.Jstofsc.rl,
USEPA
I r,c.
DATE
P~GC:~
84/C)&/~:: 1
84/07/31 2
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:lag. No.
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6
TITLE
~I - Pha.. II Vol.
1 and ~
~.port on C.t.C. Meeting
~e~uest to Re~.iv. a~d Inspe~t
)o~s.
~o~used FS Draft of Proposed
;our~. Control Measures
Jctifi~ation to No~t~er~ai~e
hat They May ~e p~p
1',1'"1(:1 U I'"I~ er".I'", t
eetin;
of Pucli~
r~g~ess ~ep~rt .4
ge~da of. Pucli~ Meeting
espcl'"tse 0' C.dill.~ to Sourc~
orltrol Measures
e~u.st to Pr~~eed wit~
.:.~k Pl art
rou~dwater Clean-Up Questl~~S
eport on Publi~ Meeti~g
.port On Citi:.n Info.
wNMittees
-------
- ,-0'-
O. . -----....-----.
Page No.
09/28/87
7
TIT1.E
ROD'
Cc~ti~u.d I~v.stig.tion
P~.liM. Desig~ Dc~s. fo~
Sou~~e Co~t~ol
R.~uest fc~ Ex~e~sion RI/FS
R.W. M.y.~, I~c. .5 Recc~d
',e,. 0 ~ p,.c pert y
~~.nt AMe~dMent Re~uest
:~dlll.~'s Re~offlMenda~ion Fo~
~.pla=ern.~~ of Sewer w/Map
J~tli~e for R.D. S~e~s
~ro;ress Report .:;
~e~uest fcr Docs.
~CNR Reques~ fcr bld fo~
~erl'edi...l Actio!". at N.:.rtherr,alre
~i te
1.sPQ~s. tQ Request by
~~-th.rM.i~. Atty's
~.Qu.st to Discha~g. Decon'd
~.st. i~to C.dill.~ S.w.~
;yst.rn
~e~.pta~~. of Wast. into
. .. - ....... ---
NORTHERNAIFfE
AUT1040R
v. Ad&ll1kuS, USEPA
G. SimOl"ls,MCNR
R. Kost.r, E.C. Jc~d.~
G. Sirnons, MDNR
.. . - .""
DATE
~~GC:$
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85/10118 1
8S/11/14 9
e:;/1:2/0::: a
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\..I. Ma,..ks,
MDNR
~. De\..litt, CaC:illa= City £:"1;.
J. Atwell,E.C.Jcrdan Co.
,.,CNR
J. Kruis, Atty f~,.. Meye,..,
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P.age No.
09/29/87
8
TITl.£
~eMedi.l Desi;n T.~hni~.l
;I='.~S.
~el='ort on 5ul='l='leMe~t.l RI
~.~u.st for TiM. E~t.nsion
'ubli~ Ncti~. - I='r~gress
~.~c:.rt .S
:crps. of Engineers - Army
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:ep~rt en Pu~lic Mee~ing
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.:.rnrnerlt s
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ernO"'.l Act ion
JNR Pregress Report .1
ewer R.p la~.mar,t
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ita MgMt. Pl.n - Status
ep\jrt
o~firmation of Filing -
uppleM8nt.l MeMorandum -
" ...... ~,. - . - - ... - -
NCRTHERN~IRE
AUT}04CR
R. Koster, E.C. JordAn
G. 5 i rnQrrS, MDNR
G. Simons,MDNR
MDNR
S. Carlc'Ck,
U. s. Arrny CCE
G.S:.r.t.=-ns, MONR
'i
DATE
!:;)~G€S
ae./os/::;:: '3~
8e./07/11 1
ae./07/a:1 :.
8e./08/11 ~
86/C>S/~: :;
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R. Trem~,Atty -Cty 0' Cadalli~ 86/06/~7 ~
Sj CarlO~k,u.S. Army COE
J. MaIm, U.S. ArMY COE
MDNR
R. Koster,E.C.JQrdan Ce.
J. Kruis,Atty 'or Meyer,
Irl~.
EPA
R. Cakley,U.S. DCJ
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6:'/12/03 1
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-------
--------. ---------. -. ----...-. . .
Page No.
09/28/87
9
TITt..E
Raspcnse to Questions
~upplement&l RI
;chedulinQ of Meetin; to Set
:>ep.
~~ti~e of Deps: Rennie,
~a~nell and &~le w/P~oofs
:,f 5.,...
Jap. Subpoe~a5 to Da~~ell a~d .
?~l as - Cc:.py
J.5. Dist. Court - ~e5t Dist.
11 - S~. Div. Opinio~ on
.,~t i on5
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11 - So. Div. O~de~ o~ Motions
~ork Plan fo~ RI/FS
3atisficatio~ w/Named
).ft's.
)i scussi 01"1 01"1 FS
~adeQYate Notice of Dep.
'Icellation
Hte "'gmt. Plan - Status
ieport
.e.t t.,. on FS
.. . .'--_41-
NORTHERNA1RE
AUTHOR
G. S i m<:.I"IS" /IIDNR
E.C. J'o~dan Co.
e. Neube~;e~, USEPA
'.1. Kruis, Atty for Meyer,
E. e-:.le,
MDNR
D.~. Hi;lman, Chief Judge
D.W. Hillman, Chief Judge
E. C. Jc,~dan CGo.
. .
D~TE
P~G~S
86/1~/l~ 1
67/01/00
118
67/Q'-/(i€, :.
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671 C:.;. I : '- ::
67/C'';'/~~ 1:
8 7 1 (; '- I : (I ~
67/05/00
I::'
R. T~eMp, ~tty-Cty of Cadillac 67/0:/01 1
M. Gustafson, USEPA
R. Cakley,DCJ
EPA
G. S i m<:.I"IS, /IIDNR
67/0:/2':' 1
87/0:/':'0 1
87/(16/Ul :3
8.71 Cleo 1 C/4 1
-------
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Page No.
09/28/87
10
TITL.E
- ..... ----000_000_- -
..' . - -- ...
NCRTHERN~IRE
~UTHOR
CATE
~~GES
JeMand 'o~ PaYMent .0' ReMQVal
:osts
;ite Mgmt. Plan - Status
~epo~t
Ro Oakley, DOJ
87/07/07 ~
EPA
87/07/16 3
-------
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2 89/08/07 Letter regardlDg D. Becker-I!alw L'55FA Correspoodence
tbe citles' role of Cadllla"
aod posicioo 10
tbe cleao up
89/08I1J Letter concerning II.Star.~-cr,~ V. O'Riordan Correspoodence
questioos about
cleanup and other
related topics
8~/08124 Letter concerning Suuel Paller D. ROFraft-IID,YR Corresp"ndence
tbe respoosible aod
participating partIes
in ebe cleaaup
89/08/26 Leeter accolpaaY1og J.Dur.n V,Q'P!:dao-USSPA Correspondence
Kysor Industrial -Warner, ,\'Ci'C;CSS & Judd
Corporation's cOllents
on ebe RIIFS .lad proposed
plan
J 89/08110 COileaeS CD Reledial R.Coaper & D.Skrccki O.O'Riordan'U~EPA Correspondeace
IDrestigatioD/Feasibility -ASI
Study 00 bebalf of Four
WiDa$,IDc: bistory,
perspecti1e of propose~
soil aDd vater
relediatioDS
89/09/05
SUI.ary af COllents
frol public bearing
leetiag 00 Kysar
Iodustrul and
Nortberaaire Plating
SuperfuDd Sites
H.Shanks-
Elack & Veacch
~. :lnders-USEPA
Correspondence
5
89/09115
Conelles all tbe
reriued Record
O.Roycrafe-H~NR
S. Swiers.USUA
Co r re spa ode ace'
-------
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"J1.! /89
ADHINISTRATIVK RECCRD IN DEI
UFDUK I I
KYSOR INDUSTRIES
CADILLAC, HICHIGAN
:Hf/FRAMr PAGES DATB rIfLE AUTHOR RKCIPIE,H DOCUlf8Nr rrPE DOCNUH~KR
ot Decision dratc
4 89/09/22 COlleats on che drafc D.Roycratc-NDHR S. Sandus-USKn Co rre sponde nc.e
respoasiveness SUllary
tor cbe Narcheraaire/
Kysar Record at Decision
by MDHR
2 89/09/28 MOHR calencs D. Reccar V. Hakus-USKPA Corr!spcnd!oce
concerniag Record MDHR.
ot Decisiaa:
seleccioa ot reledlal.
cecbnolagy, cleanup
levels ai rCB, raciaaale
used co supporc selecced
reledy, & descrIpcioa
of Che sice
8 89/07/00 FacC sbeec describing: USKPA Face Sbeet
background, resules ot
RI, goals of cleanup,
alcernacives. evaluacion,
and scbedule for public'
cOlleaes
2 89/08/07 Seaeeleac regarding Ciey of CadIllac Face Sbeee
Cadillac grouadvacer
problel: biscory and
proposed plaa ot
accion
66 89/08/07 Transcript irol Traascribed by Heeeing Noees
Cadillac Area Hecvork Reporclag
Grauadvater -A. Holies
Public Neeciag
(vieb KDNR, USEPA
aad B.C. Jordaa)
129 89/08/26 Kysar Iadustrial Kysar Iaduscri!s Report/Scudi!s
Corporatioa's COlleacs
on tbe RIfFS and proposed
plaa for tbe Cadillac
Industrial Park
-------
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CCHE/FRAIIS PAGSS DArs
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89/06/08
120
89/09/29
AOHfNISfRlfIVE RECCRD INOEI
UFDHE 11
KrSOR LY2U~r.q[ES
CADILLAC; MICHIGAN
fIfLS
lUfHOP.
Feasibilicy Study en E.C. Jerdaa
Cadillac Area Groundwater
Coatuiaatioa
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(ROO): doculeat
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USEPA
RGCIPIENr
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RESPONSIVENESS SUMMARY
NORTHERNAIRE PLATING COMPANY &
KYSOR OF CADILLAC, INC.
CADILLAC, MICHIGAN
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RBSRI6IVENBSS StI8RI'
~ ~ a:IIEMY ~
DSCR C6 CADIIl.1tC, DI::.
CYDI.lAC, III~
'~.~-'_'_~"I_.- ,
'Ihe Michigan Department: of Natural ~ ~) in oocperatiat with the
u.s. Envu~aucnt:aJ. Protect:.iat }qeJcy (U.S. EPA) has gathered infonatia1 at
the types and extent of CCI1taminatiat, evaluated x-r-iia1 -cm-es, and
reo....-xJed x-r-ii,.1 actiaw" at. the Northemaire Plat.in;J ~
(Northernaire) and ~ of cadillac, Inc. (~) sites. SeYeral PJblic
meetings were held to explain the intent of the project, ~-- 2%ll:e the results
of investigaticns, and to receive o.....-f1ts fraa the pj)lic. ~rtunities
for PJblic participatien in SUperfun:1 projects is ~ by the
~rehensive Envi.ramentaJ. ~~spoose, c. .,,, .ensatiat. and Liability Act
(ax:IA), as amerrled, and the NaticnU Oil and Ha.zardcuI SUbstarx:es
Ca'1t:in;Jency Plan (NCP). ~'1ts received frcm the PJblic are CXI'1Sidered in
the selectiat of the ~;;!Il actiat for the site. 'Ihis oc.:,1'!TI8:aTTt Slmw-n.::\rizes
the o:mnents received regardin:; the pt:q)06ed final l~ and describes hew
they were in:x:>tp:)rated into the. decisicrmaJdn;J process. .
'!he ccmruni.ty relaticns respctlSiveness !=:Imw-n.::\ry has five secticns:
.
0Yervi.ew di~l.C::-es U.S. EPA's reo::> ....-rrled alternatives for 1::~
of e>qX:SJre to CCI1taminated material at ti'..e Nort:hernaire and ~r
sites. .
~ at rnm.1P1ity IlM:l1.n:.-:a!t ani Cl..t......:ua provides a brief
histozy of ~ nU ty interest and cx:rcerns raiseddurin:J remedial
plannin; activities at the site.
.
.
PliU.ic 0 ...I-ils aaceived cmin:J PliU.ic n .''''-IL Per:ia! SI~"'izes
both oral ani written 0 ....~ received frcm the ~nUty and u.s.
EPA's respa~ graJped by the foll~ tcpics: general ~r'Jts,
reo .I.I~-rded alternative (~.I.I~.
.
~ Pi ~a~e Party n....-.ls $2.mw-n.::\rizes ~'1ts received
frcm the ~ and U.S. EPA's respa~.
)fitofoli'7'n am O.'.'-Ils S'mw-n.::\rizes cxmnents received !ran Michigan
am and U. S. EPA respcnses.
In additiat, Attad1ment A outlines ~nUty activities performed durin:J the
~i;!ll respcn;e act! vi ties o:n:iucted at Nort:hernaire and 1(ysor SUperfurd
sites.
.
'Ihe detailed 1:ran5c:ript of the Feasibility St1xty p.lblic meetirq and the
written 0 ......:-nts are not included, 1::ut they are available for PJblic
inspectiat fraD U.s. EPA, Reqiat V, in Olicago. O::pies are also available in
the Administrative Record at the followi.n:J repositoJ:y:
Cadillac Wexford Camty I..ibrazy
411 South Lake Street
Cadillac, Michigan
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U¥J5KV J.J5II
At the time of the PJblic () ....-.t pericx1, u.s. !:PA had selected a preferred
alternative for the Northernaire anti RYser sites in Cadillac, Michigan. U.S.
!:PA's r~~ ....~ altemative aa1h-~ the soil OCI'1t.amimtiat prcblEIDS at
the xysor site anti the ~ter OCI'1t.amimtiat prc:blEIDS at both sites.
']be preferred alternative specified in the ~. v:'J6ed plan involved ~1I1I'ft
~~_.'tiat to reduce soil OCI'1t.amimtiat at ~, and p,mpin; anti treatirq
the OCI'1t.amimted ~ter. TreatDEnt ot ~ter WOlld involve air
stri;pinq anti carlxn filtratiat. 'Ihe treated c;ro.n:Mter WOlld then be
c::lisc:harged to the Clam River.
J\D:;Jin; frcm the o.....-nts received c:k1rinq the public 0 ....-nt period, the
residents anti town cnn::il ot cadillac would like to see the use of a
prqa;ed O::.generatiat facility for cleanJP of the groun:iwater. '!be p~
for the c:x::nst%'Uctiat of a large O::.generatiat facility ~ brt'Uj1t forward by
an entity Jcn:M1 as O::.generatiat Michigan A9s0ciates (O!A). '!his ccqeneratia\
facility would use large aDD.D'Its of water in its q;:eratiatS and O!A has
prqa;ed to extract and treat the OCI'1t.amimted ~ter for use in their
ccqeneratiat facility. O!A's~.~ treatment methcd WOlld involve the use
of air stri;pin; to cleanJP the <;Jr'OJlX!water. '!his ~l is also SUI=POrted
by at least en! of the imIs. '!be cxmrunity in general had no cbjecticns to
the alternative prqa;ed by U.S. !':PA, DIt scme representatives of the
carm.mity W1ere in favor of usin; the O::.generatiat facility to il%pl~ the
clea.ruJP.
~ elf CXJoH:NITY ~
C::mILmity interest in the area <;Jr'OJlX!water OCI'1t.amimtiat began in 1978 when
cx:ntaminatiat ~ disc:cYered in private \Wells dcwn;radient of the
Northernai.re facility. In 1980 cx:ntaminatiat of private \Wells ~ di.scxJvered
dcwn;radient of the lCysor facility. ']be major' ccn:::ems expressed durin; the
~; al plannin;J activities at the Northernai.re am ~ sites fOOJSed an
pcssible health effects trc:m the OCI'1t.amimtioo at the sites am the ~
delays in get:t:.in; the sites cleaned up. 1bese cxn:::erns am hc:M u.s. EPA
addressed them are descri.1:ed belOtl: .
1.
I.ocal residents were cc:.ncemed with the health effects of drinki.rq
OCI'1t.amimted ~ter.
Respa~: All residents usin; private \Wells .nid1 were
OCI'1t.amimted W1ere put at city water at the State's~. A
health study ~ dcne to determine the actual health effects. .
"
2.
ere ot the major cxn::erns expressed by local officials and
residents regarded the perceived delays in the cleanJP sd1edule.
Fespa1se: MrNR an1 U.s. EPA distr:ib1ted infoxmtiat describinq the
~;..1 pl.~ an1 the time recpired for ~ial activities.
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-3-
IURI' XC CXlIIMIS DA: ~ I vm.J IJ:RI}I; W1RI'IC
qercy is not
informed as to the actual details ani specificaticns of the
Cogeneratioo project.
2. Mr. ~1'1'11~' Bailor had questicns at the acute ard latent effects of
the exi.stin; site cx:.ntaminants. Mr. Bailor also questiooed the
ability of the area forests to sustain a project such as
ccgeneratiat.
u. s. EPA' s RespcnSe: Ead1 of the cx:.ntaminants di.sccve.red at the
Northernaire or ~r sites may exhibit certain adverse effects a1
humans un:3er certain ciramstances. '!he risks pcsed by these
cx:.ntaminants were thorcughly stu:U.ed durin:; the "risk ~~~c::m.:>"It"
which was ocrducted as a part of the ~i"-.l Investigatiat (RI).
'!he risk ~~-=-=.c::m.:>rrt: itself c:art:ains specific infODnatiat at the
actual ~~~c::m.:>rrt: of the risk ani the tcxic effects of each
in:iividual CXI'1taminant. Nevertheless, it is the }qercJ's
cbligatiat to l~ these sites so that the poblic health ard
welfare are protected frcm adverse, risk, ani the selected ~ cw::Jy is
designed to do exactly that.
QJesticns relati1q to the raw tin-.r recpired to SUWly the
Cogeneratiat plant are beya1d the scx:p! of this ~bl actiat,
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-4-
am are net relevant to this. ~i ..1 actia\ prq>osed by the
}qerCf .
3. Ms. Mary Stark, SUpeNisar, am:ter '1'cwr&1.ip of Hari.n;, had
cp!Sticns pert.aj.ni1J1 to the a:qeneratia\ project, in partio.1lar:
wcw.d cr.ntaminated soils be remedied with a:qeneratia\?
~t effects wculd the oogeslleratia\ have a\ the lcxal
aq.1ifers?
~t wculd ~ to the disd1arge !ran the o:::qeneratia\
plant?
Will an envu~-=I1tal ~ study be den! a\ the cx:generatim
facility and wculd it be available?
U.S. EPA RespaI:Se: '!he }qercf's selected u::u.-.1y for these sites
provides for clearJJp of the cr.ntaminated soils near the ~r
plant. How1ever, the 1qercf is unaware if the plans for the
O::generatim plant wculd have aITf ~ m the cr.ntaminated soils
problem at the ~r plant. .
'!he p,nrpinq rates projected by the O::generatim plant have not been
projected to have aITf significant effects en the volume of ;..Tater
available fraD the local ~fer. .
'!he }qercy has net been made aware of all the details of the
O::generatim project, and as a result, is net a\Iare of the plans
!ran aITf disc:harge fraD the plant.
Envira'menta1 ~ St1xties umer the National Envira'menta1
Policy Act are required in certain situaticns where federal funJs
are used for a project. ~e there may be other reascrs for doirq
such a stu:iy, the}qe'r'cf is not aware that ere is required for the
O::generatia\ project.
4. '!here were other q.JeSticns at the pJblic ~ a\ Au;ust 7, 1989,
wtUdt were answered at the ~ (See cx:py of transcript of
~ ca1ta:ined in the Administrative Psccrd).
\J
mP a:M4ENlS Pf)::]o:1 'JID IIJRDC FORI' :T~
CIM4EN1' FmIOO AND U.s. EPA ~H~
1. ~ of cadillac, In:. (~r) sutmitted a t"rI'rWnP1"Jt pertain.irq to
the Ryser sitel:leinJlisted a\ the Natia1al Priorities List (NPL).
u.s. !:PA's Respcnse: ~ sutmitted a O""~ relatinq to the
legal aspects of the NPL li.stin:;J for the ~ site. '1hi.s l'nTmPJ'1t
is beyaxI the 5Oq)e of the presmt PJblic (~....-nt period, am the
Jtqen::y will net new respax1 to it.
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,;
2. KYser .:.....~ that the perfatmnC8 of a p:rtiat of the RI W1C%X was
d.rplicative and nX CX8t effect.iw. ~ stat. that even t:b:u;h
it had ~ a ~~logical inYest.igaticn of the area surrc:urnirq
the RYsor site, the State am u.s. !FA cxn:b:ted ancther
~~lcqical i.nwst.igatiat of JUCt1 of the same area.
u.s. EPA/s ~: Althcu3h SCIDB ~~lcqical W10De had 1:een
da1e by KYsor at the KYsar .ita, the prq:I8r ~ity Assurance/.
~ity O:;uL.\,Il ~.....~1t"E!S were nX in place in order to assure
that the data obtained was reliable an:! of high ~ity.
'lberetore, DIJd1 ot the ~~loq1cal W1C%X den! by the State,
althcu;h ~--in; ciJplicati~ in nature, vaa r--""uy in order to
validate the previam data an:! fill aIrf data gaps with reliable
good ~ity data. Also a J"IIm-.r ot the JllCl'\itorinq walls installed
by K'jsor may have been in;talled usizq ~~ installatiat
techniques,. thereCy providin;J a cx::n11it tar migratiat of
CXI'1taminants frcm the shallow aq,Uter to the intemediate aq,lifer
. (see sectiat 2.2 of Ia) sa1l'l"l!A~). 'Ihis r--""itated the need for
installatiat of new mcnitOrizq walls at the K'jsor site.
3. Ryser cxmrent:s that the baseline risk ;II"'~~~ uses E:ul.oll-=-JS
;llCl.9DTf'ticns in the. cala1latiat of ~ risk.. First, RJ'Sor
~'1ts that the expceure ...~~--1'1t' s ~ 1 oq used by U.S. EPA are
flawed, and secx:n:lly, that the expceure ...~~~'1t uses iJIplausible
duratiat ...c:.c:n"rttia1S.
:)
u.s. EPA's Respcuse: It is the U.S. EPA's p:sitiat that the mcdels
used for the cala1latiat ot risJc is ~"¥,,iate for these two
sites. '!he envL.\08aud1tal factcrs taken into a:n;ideratiCl'1 by the
risk :IIe~-~ ~'!II incl\D:d natural recharge and di c::persion,
biological and chemical ~adatiCl'1, adsorptiat, and
volatilizatiat. In a:.rdJct:in; risk :II,,"~-~, the stamard
len;Jth ot expceure used is 70 years. ~e K'jsor states that this
grcssly overstates the actual duratiat of ~, 70 years is the
.:;. ..... r1J.y used stardard which c:x:Jq:)lies with the SUperfun:l Public
Health Evaluatiat ManJal (SFmM).
4. ~ states that the RI rep:rt uses incc:r1sistent and misleadirq
designaticns for the scuroes associated with Four Star and Joynts.
U.s. EPA/s Respa~: '!he RI states that the Four Star and Joynts
facilities are separate scurces of ....-its that the ARARs analysis is based at the ~J.\08~
:IIc:aI~at that the affected aquifers are actual or potential
~ water scurces. .
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u. s. EPA' s F1 e ~CI'8e: 'Ihe ~fected aquifers in the t"'NIi 1 l~
ini1strial parle can and have been used as drinJc.inq water scuroes.
In fact, the saD8 aq.dfers unierlyin; the irdustria1 parle are
prE!!i mtly sexvinq as drinkini water scurces in the North Pa%X
SUbdiVisiat area. M1en establUlh.inq ~ it is the kp...y's
policy to maintain an aquifer' 8 useability as a drinkini water
source. In this 1IIi!U"n!r ~ ~fected aquifers can be used for
dr:inkin; water scuroes after clealq) is ~leta.
6. ~ o-"...~ that the FS report eu.~-=-JSly ~lies certain state
rules and p::Ilicies as ARARa, in partiallar the Part 22 Rules of the
Michigan Water Resc:urces Act (Act 245) and the 10-6 p::Ilicy.
,"
u.s. EPA's RespaISe: For a respcnse, please refer to the respcnse
to ~'1t 1 fraD the State of Michigan as Ii; <:t"'!I's~ below.
7 . ~ ~'1ts that the FS errs in the calculatiat of residual
risk. In particular, flawed mdelirq ~S.SI1"t'ltia1S and failure to
cx:nsider ramm:c:us envircnDenta1 factors. .
u.s. EPA's RespaISe: It is U.S. EPA's p::sitiat that the :ar::del
used for the calculatiat of risk. is ~riate for these bolo
sites (see ~'1t 3) .
8. ~ cx:I11!ent.s. that the FS errs in sett.in; the final grcunjwater
and soil target clearJJP levels for toluene, t.etrac:hloroethylene,
1,1~d'lloroethylene, and trans-1/2~d'lloroethylene.
u.s. EPA's Respc:u;e: It is therespcusibility of U.S. EPA t:.hrt:u;h
the SUperf'urd ~QIII to provide for protectiat of human health at
SUperf'urd sites. 'Ihe}qercf has established l"IJZDet"a.1S guidelines to
meet these respCllSibilities. Q1e of these guidelines is the
establishment of a risJc rarge for tctal acXlitive risk assc:x::iated
with all the oart:aminants of cx:rx:em at a SUperf'urd site. '!he goal
is for the tat:al aantive risk for all oart:aminants to fall within
the 10-4 to -ic?' risk ran;Je. '!be target cleanJp levels establi..shed
at the Northemaire and ~r sites w.re establishe::1 in order to
meet that goal.
9. ~r '-4Ai&1d1ts that the FS overestimates the requirements for the
groun:iwater treatment system because of the use of tmreaserably
high estimates for the pJrge water a:rrt:amirant cx:n::entratia1S.
u.s. EPA's Respc:nse: '!he requirements for the grcunjwater
treatJDent system develc:pad in the FS are a1ly estimates. 'Ihe
actual system will be designed durin; the ~ial design ~ of
the project. HcweYer, u.s. EPA feels that the estimates develc:p3d
for the treatment system are reasa1able. for the site cx:niitia1S at
the NortheJ:naire am KYser si~.
10. ~ o.-",.,~ that the FS umerestimates t..'1e time reqUred for
iJlplementatiat of the groundwater ~~.
-------
. -7-
u.s. £PA's F2spoose: 1Igain the time recpired far iDplementatiCl'1 of
the
-------
-8-
'!he loM.' ¥,&ed plan does net att.eqX to attrib.Ite costs to arTf CI1e
facility so it is e:u,--~ to say that costs are attributed
unfairly.
14. R}'scr 0 ...,~ that the scx:pe ot the <;rcun:!water l--.1y is
. ~"'U'ily broad.
'I
u.s. EPA/s Pe~oose: '!he scx:pe ot the <;rcun:!water l~ is to
t-ii ;ate the cx:ntaminated <;rcun:!water associated with the two
SUperfund sites, Northernaire an:! ~. As mentiam above, sc:me
other scmoes of ~ cx:ntaminatia1 have o::mi.nqled with the ~
cx:ntaminatia1 associated with the Ryser site. In this :instarx:e it
is ;~ible, to separate this ~ cx:ntaminatia1 into thc&e.
p%tia1S ~It..ibuted by the several different sa.lrCeS. 'Ihe Fexa.ir
plume is the CI1e ~a1. .
15. K}'sor ~1"Its that u.s. EPA shcW.d reoousider SOil Flushirg am
other technologies as the l~ for the soil cx:ntaminatia1 at the
K}'sor site.
u.s. EPA/s Respcnse: u.s. EPA did .'I~ techniques,
if U.S. EPA determines durin; the ~i.:.l resign stage that the
treatment for the cx:ntaminated soils at Ryser as c:utlined in the
RX) ~d n:Jt meet the requireDents of the cleanup goals, inclu:i.iIq
c:x:st effectiveness, other technologies (perhaps inclu:i.iIq soil
o .'1 .~) may be ca'lSidered.
16. ~ ~ that the soils L~ for the Ryser site does n:Jt
nq.dre the use of deed restrict.ia1S. .
U.S. EPA/s Resp:l1Se: U.S. EPA feels that deed restricticns are
~"''''ry for inplementatia1 of the St?ils !.~y at the ~ site.
However, the deed restrict.ia1S ".cW.d a1ly be in effect for as l~
as the soil remained cx:ntaminated.
17. K}'sor ...~..U.lIents that <;rcun:!water modelirq is ~"'ary prior to
design and inplementatia1 of. the .--1y.
u.s. EPA/s Respcnse: u.s. EPA cx:n::urs with this Cbl.'~ and the
DCdelin;J will be dcne as part ot the- ~;;al Design.
('
18. Kj'scr (i .,..~ that the oogeneratia1 project provides the
~te l--Jy for the area ~ter cx:ntaminatia1.
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\,
u.s. EPA's F ~crv;e: 'Ib8 u.s. EPA bqi. IIr that the O:qeneratiat
project p1 ~sents p:IS8:ibiliti- far a .--dy far the Cjt'OUrdwater
cart:.aminatiat in the ~i 1 1 At'! Area Imustrial ParK. 1i:IweYer, prior
to erdorsin; sud1 a .--Jy, there are many 1-- that DLJSt be
cx:nIidered an1 reeclved. .
19. ASI DwuaDeJ1tal Tedmo10gie8 .,. .....A1.its that the treatment ~'t-.')Sed
far the Cjt'OUrdwater cleal'q) ~I'8 to be tec:hnically feasible.
HcweYer, it is scaled to cakb.aaa.the _jar cart:.aminatia1 plumes am
is not practicably ~licabl. to the cart:.aminatiat far wdl Four
winns is Iespcusible. .
u. S. EPA' s Respcnie: Since th8 cart:.aminatiat for wtUdl Four WiI'Ins
is potentially resp:;nlible is CX'II1i.n11ed with the other
cart:.aminatiat plumes, in effect makin:; the cart:.aminatiat ate big;er
plume, it is net practical to at:telrpt to separately treat the
potential FaJr winns cart:.aminatiat. 'therefore, the potential Four
winns cart:.aminatiat shculd an1 will be ~ as part of the
larqer cart:.aminatiat plume.
XICHIGQf DR CI:II4ENIS ~~ I '1m IJJRnC 1URI':r~
(XMIIENl' PERICD AND u.s. ~ ~H: ~
1. 'Ibe Michigan Depar1:2Dent of Natural Peso.1rces (M[NR) su1:mi tted
letters dated SEptaIi:er 28, 1989, which stated that MINR cx:n:urs
with the ~b' t.ed1n:Ilogy selected for the ~r an:!
Northernai.re sites ~ k:ut dces net c::x:I1OJr with the target cleanJp
level for TridUoroethene ('Ia:).
",
u.S. EPA's Respase: 'Ihe U.S. EPA welccmes the State's c:x:n::urrence
at the ~; ;1111 t.ed1n:Ilogy ~,~ for the sites. ~, the
MINR raises significant i!5=-c:lWMI regardirg caxpli.ance with State
laws. MI:NR specifically cites Act 245, an:! its rules. 'lhese rules
restrict ~c:aJatiat of waters of the State, an:! C!R)ly to i..rxiirect
or direct "additiat of materials to ~ter frcm aITf facility
or ~tiat \iihidl acts as a discrete or diffuse S01rOe..."
R323. 2202 (j) . 'Ibe MtNR further asserts that, "'Ibe RX> states that
the target clear&JP level for 'Ia: is the ~; 11'1 tift o:rrt:aminant Level
(1CL), \iihidl is 5 parts per billiat (5 R:b). 10m does ~ SUR=Ort
the use of !CIs as target cleanJp levels; the Department SUR=Orts
a ta%get cleanJp level of ate part per billiat (1 R:b)."
Sectiat 121(d) (2) (A) of the ameslded C!ICI.A states that remedies
IIIJSt CXIIply with "arti prazulgated stan:1ard, requirement, criteria,
or Umi.tatiat umer a State envh",ullClatal or facility sitin; law
that is Dm'e strirgent than artf Federal stan:1ard, requirement, or
Umitatiat" if applicable ar relevant an1 ~~iate to the
hazardcus substanc:e ar rel~ in cpestiat. General State goals
that are CD1tained in a praII1lgated statute an1 ~leDented via
specific req.Urements fan:! in the statute or in ather prazulgated
regulatiats are potential ARARs. ~ such prazulgated goals are
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general in scxp, 8.9.. a general prtiUbiticm against d.i.scharges to
the waters of the Stata, cx:IIplianca JIIJSt be interpreted within the
CD1tex ofi:q)lElllel'tt.inq regulaticna, the specific ci.ra.m&t:an:::e at
the site,. ani t:h8 x-"i.] altematives bt.inq CXl'Bi.derec1.
'Iha u.s. E3 ~l8 that a na~adatiat law can be an ARAR.
HoweY8r, the specific l"E9Jlat.icna \itUch iq)lement a general goal
are key in ident:.ityirq \!bat <:X:q)lianca with the goal mea.rw. If a
state has net prc:III1lgated ~~ ~atiaw, then the u.s.
EPA wculd have CXl'Bi.derable latitme in det.em.ininr; hew to <:xq)ly
with the goal. 'Iha u.s. E3 118'/ CXl'Bider guidelines the state has
deYelc:pd related to the prcvisiat, as well as state practices in
~lyinq the goal, tut sud1 guidance wculd net be ~.
'Ihe State of Michigan CICI'It:.enjs that Act. 245 is an ARAR for this
site. A literal reaclin1 of the Act. an:! its Part 22 Graniwater
Di.scnaxge regulatiaw i:q)lement:.inq. the Act. in::licates that the law
is ptospective an:! is i.nterded to prevent ~caJatiat of grard
water qualit:j. 'Ihe ~~ for the ~;Northemaire sites
OCI'1Sists of extract~ a:rn:aminated g:ron:! water, treat.inq
(rem::winq) the cx::ntaminant:s, an:! dischargirq the treated water
into a surface water body. 'Iherefore, the u. s. EPA does rot find
Act. 245 an:! its Part 22 Rules to be ARAR. However, u.s. EPA fully
SURX>rts the State's goal to ensure that the waters of the State
are protective of the public health an:! welfare. .
. 'Ihe State asserts that its 1 ~ clean..1p goal for 'Ia is based crt
Act 245, an:! Part 22. unfortunately, neither Act 245, nor the
Part 22 Rules, provide specific r,:lln~wH "ticrt goals for the
cx::ntaminant:s of cxn:::ern. We note that the crtly rl; c:t"nc:.~icrt
rega.rdin; specific eu"CUt.Clticrt levels fa.md in the Part 22 Rules
~'t"S in 323.2205(3) \ilhich states: "Materials at cx.U::I1tratioos
that ~ the NY;1II11111 CXI1taminant levels for inorganic an:!
organic chemicals... ~ch are prc:III1lgated PJrSUal1t to the safe
drink.:iJ'q water act 42 U.S.C. 3OOf, shall oot be disd1arged into
ground waters in usable ~fers..." 'lberefore, even if Act 245
an:! Part 22 Rules \iere cx:rISidered to be MAR, the rules do net
provide specific criteria or 1"IJIDerical s:tardards which cx:W.d be
a;plied in establishin;J r--1i,,' clearaJP goals.
'Ihe u.s. EPA has deYe.lcp!d a cx:rISistent: policy regarclinq
r--1i "ticm gN"~ for g:ron:! water. 'lhi.s policy may be fa.md in
the Dec-rer 21, 1988 prcposed revisias to the Natia1aJ. oil an:i
Hazardcus SUbst:anc:es Polluticrt ~ Plan (NCP). '!he
u.s. EPA has stated its policy that for surface or g:ron:! water
that is or may be used for drinJcin;J, K:Is are generally relevant
an:! apprqriate as clearaJP s:tardards. 'Ihe basis for this policy
was that K:Is are pnXective of human health am lept": S =111; the
level of water quality that u.s. EPA believes is acx::eptable for
CNer 200 milliat Americans ~ c:cnsume f!N'erY day fraD public
drink.:iJ'q water supplies. As the enforceable standard for public
water supplies, K:Is are tully protective of human health an:!, for
carcincqens, fall within an ~t.able lifetime risk ran;J8 of lE-04
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to lE-07. M1en!CIs de net ed.st tar cx:.ntam.inants identitied in
the gromd ~ter at a site, the SUpertund ~~CUII will use other
stardards, advisarles ar criteria to detemine it the respcnIe
act.icm will achi.... a leYel at protect:.iem within a rang8 ot lE-04
to lE-07 intiviaJal litet.im8 ~.. cancer risk.
'!he ~--.Jy proposed tor the RYBcrj!forthemaire sites establishes
clearLlp goals tar several cx:.ntam.inants. Far exaDple, the~, as
the lead aqercy c::x:I'dx:tin:) the RIfFS, initially 10'" tJCeed to use
!CIs as the target clearLlp l~ tar 'l'ridUoroethene (~), and
1,2-oid1l0r0ethane (S ~). In additiem, the MtNR used a Q..ut.act
~ Cetectiem IBYel ot 5 ~ tar l,l-Dichloroethylene, and a
carcinogenic risk derived leY8l ot 1 ~ tar Perc:hloroethylene. If
a18 were to ~ess the r1sJcs posed by these CXI'1taminants, at these
ccn:::&1tratiem levels, a18 wcu1.d tin1 that 5 ~ ot 'la represents a
lifet.:iJDe. risk of 1.5E-06, 1,l-ocE l~esents a 8.29E-oS risk, PCE
represents a 1.49E-06 risk, and 1,2-ocA represents a 1.3E-oS risk.
'!he u.s. EPA acrept:ed the clearLlp goals proposed by the State
because the additive risk posed by these chemicals (9.9E-oS)
remained within u. S. EPA's acrept:ed risk range. Al thcu;h the MtNR
letters state: ~ does net ~ the use of !eL's as target
cleanJp levels..," there is no ~; c:rt~icn reqardin; the cleanJp
levels for CXI'1taminants other than 'la. 'The State sbply argues
that the K:L for 'la is unacx::ept:able, withalt provid.in1 any ,
support.in;J doct-,taticn, or evidence of an averart::h.in; ratia1ale
for selectin; mere stri.n::Jent clearLlp goals tor particular
CXI'1taminants. A 1 ~ (D ~tiem level for 'It:E represents a
3.14E-07 lifetime risk. 'Ihis risk, :1: ~i acceptable by the MI:NR
for 'la, is an order ot magnit:1m less than the risks d:--q
acceptable for the other CXI'1taminants. 'Ihe u.s. EPA recognizes
that there may be ciroJmstan:::es 'than in:iivi.dua1 cleanJp gca1s may
be adjusted to ensure that a ~~ provides a level of
protectiveness within the u.S. EPA's ~ risk range. 'Ihe
l~ selectec1 far the ~jNorthemai.re sites does net exceed
the risk ran:l8, so adjustments to the clear1JP goals are net
rer:pired. In fact, the additive risk calculated for the sites
usi1q a 1 ~ clearJJP level for'la sbply ~- the total risk
frail 9. 9E-oS to 9. 77E-oS. Given the imerent in:x:r1sistencies
~ :'5 at ,ted by the State's insist:encs em a 1 ~ clear1JP level for
'la at these sites, the u.s. EPA maintains that !CIS are
protective, and declines to adept a 1 ~ cleanJp gca1 for'la.
\"
2. 'Ihe State cnm-1ts that the desc:riptiem of the "Site" nee:is to be
exparDad to reflect additia'\al krx:Iwn sources of oc:ntaminaticm whid'l
are net incl\.Dad within the Pl~ Plan but have been addressej
in the RI/FS a:x,-u upat Ylich the P~, Y--~ Plan is ba-=-1.
Specifically, the ~ i 1'" 'la plume em the east side ot the
1IL1ni.cipal well tield and the oc:ntaminated soils em the Four Wi1'Ins'
property ~ mentiem as to their presence and 'Ikrf they are net
addressej within the Pl, y::6ed Plan.
U.S. EPA's Respcnge: 'Ihe 1qerr::f dces nJt agree that it is
r----""ary to desc:ribe ar ~; c:rt- oc:ntaminatiem which is net
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c:li.rect1y relevant to the d8tem.inatiat ot a l.--ay tor the
Northemaire an! ~ ait.. tI1ile therw 1ll1rf be additia\al areas
ot CXI'1taminatiat in the vicinity ot the in:brtriaJ. pam, the seep!
ot the &Jpertund activities is limited to these activiti8
~'i~ to laa.a:ly a1ly the Narthemaire an! Kysar CXI'1taminatiat.
u.s. EPA ~ Michigan ~ efforts to brinq facilities, cutside
the scx:p! ot c:'!a:tA, into a:apliarr.e with the State's envu.~AId1tal
statutes.
3. 'Iha State <> ....Af1ts that althl:::u.;h CXI'1taminated soils at the Four
winns prq::I8rty are net in::1\.Ded in this PL' ~ Plan, it shcW.d be
stated that each of these soil altematives have been evaluated for
Four Winns' soils.~iatiat of soils at both the ~ and Four
wims prt:t:)erties is "~c:I-1 in det.eminin; the len;th of time to
adlieve clearup goals in the grcurxlwa.ter clearJ.Jp al temati ves.
u.s. EPA's Response: 'n'1e u.s. EPA ~ :5 that the Four winns soil
CXI'1taminatiat was evaluated in the ~. However, the u. S. EPA does
net believe that an -'-pate -d1aracterizatiat was dc:n! at the
CXI'1taminatiat of the Four wi.rn; soils. Witho.rt: adequate
characterizatiat of the type and extent of the soil CXI'1taminatiat
at Four winns it is ;~ible to ~Jate.ly evaluate the
feasibility of arrr altematives for clean..:p. Again, u.s. EPA
SlJPPorts Michigan [NR efforts to brirg facilities, outside the
scqe of ~, into CXIIpliance with the State's envi.ramenta1
statutes.
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Attad1ment A
Public meetin; \IIere held a1 the follcwirq dates to provide a forum for the
public irIput, am upjate the public a1 iIrp:>rtant milest.a1es.
Feb:ruaJ:y 1984
Public meetin; to determine public CX1'1CeI'T1 00
Northernaire RIfiS activity.
Public meetin; to determine pmlic cx:n::::em at
Northemaire RIfiS activi!:y.
August 1984
July 1985
Public meetin;J to provide forum for (u...-'1tat
FFS/p~, pJ6ed Plan for soils lcw::s.1y at Northernaire.
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"
Au;ust 1988
PUblic meet.inq to detezmine public ~ at Cadillac
area grcun:twater RI/FS activity.
Public meet.inq to dot 1IIf"'J- RI tor the area grcun:twater
sb.xiy .
Al.¥;JUSt 1986
'.
,
Al.¥;JUSt 1989
Public meet.inq to provide tOXUl for o:mnent at
FSjPl. 1JC&ed Plan ot area grcun:twater stujy.
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