-------
Pollutant
Particulate
Matte r
sox
N
I
~
co
NOX
Oxidants
Table 2-1.
Air Quality Summary, Cook Inlet Intrastate Air Quality Region
Maximum
Measured
Air Quality

104 j-(g/m3 x
Annual Geometric Mean
3
9 ;. g / m xx
24 hour maximum
Not Available
3
19 t-g/m xxx
Annual Geometric Mean
Not Available
National Ambient Air Quality Standards
Primary

75 J.Lg/m3
Annual Geometric Mean
250 J.Lg/m3
24 hour maximum
3
365 J.Lg/m
3
80 J.Lg/m
Annual Arithmetic
Mean
Secondary
60 Annual
150

24 hour
260
24 hour
60
Annual
x
xx

xxx
Table 3.2.4 in the Air Surveillance Volume
Table 3.2. 2 in the Air Surveillance Volume
Table 3.2.2 - Elemendorf Air Force Base Data
3
10 J.Lg/m
8 hour maxiTum
40 fJg/m
1 hour maximum
100 J.Lg/m3
Annual Arithmetic Mean
3
160 J.Lg/m
1 hour maximum
Priority
Classification
I
III
III
III
III

-------
Air Surveillance System Volume will provide information necessary to
identify the sources of suspended particulate matter and to implement
control measure s leading to the desired air quality
The high particulate matter concentrations measured in the Cook
Inlet region are related to the topography, meteorology and soil quality
of the region, as well as to the man-made particulate emission sources
identified in the Emissions Inventory (Reference 20).
National Air Surveillance Network (NASN) data for 1969 and 1970
and data from the Triborough Air Resources Management District for
eight stations for March 1969 to March 1971 are available. The local
data were sampled at an elevation of 5 feet; the NASN data at an elevation
of 26 feet.
2.3 PROJECT ED REGIONAL GROWTH
2.3.1 Population Growth
About 40% of the total population of the state of Alaska live in the
greater Anchorage Area (References 10 and. 25). The Department of Labor
forecasts a population increase of 7.30/0 between 1971 and 1975 (Reference
4) while an extrapolation of the Gr~ater Anchorage population growth
(Reference 10), as shown in Figure 2 -2, indicates a 17% populatioh increase.
However, much of the Anchorage population growth in the 1960's can be
attributed to the expansion of the military bases - an expansion that will
not neces sarily continue. The recent discovery of oil and the population
increases that may be expected from the possible construction of pipelines
will probably not be felt before 1975. In view of these factors a growth
projection of 12% of the population and, consequently, of area source
pollutant emissions was adopted as a ground rule in the evaluation of
man-made emissions for 1975. This ground rule has little impact on the
design of control strategies, as discussed later.
Growth rates of pollutant emissions from specific industrial and
commercial s.ource categories are discussed in 'the follo~ing section.
2-5

-------
  190 
  180 
  170 
  160 
 w  
 .....  
 c..  
 8 150 
 c..  
 u..  
 0  
 VI 140 
 Q  
N Z  
I <  
0' :s 130 
 0  
 :I:  
 I- 120 
  110 
  100 
  90 
  80 1960
1___- 190.9 ...,
......
.....
7.3% ~........
.'"
.'
,....~'=-- - -178.0
.'
.'
COOK INLET
REGION
(REF. 4)
----149.4
17%
..
.'
..
.'
.'
.'
.'
.'
.'
.'
.'
.'
.'
..
..
.'
-~.~- -127700
.'- ,
.'
.'
GREATER ANCHORAGE
AREA
(REF. 3)
1962
1964
1966
1968
1970
1972
1974
1975
YEAR
. --
Figure 2-2.
Population Growth in the Anchorage Area

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2.3.2 Potential New Point Sources
Two new potential point sources of major size have been identified
for the Cook Inlet area; a petroleum liquification plant and a cement plant. ~'<:
The expected emis sions from the former will involve considerable NOX
caused by natural gas combustion in gas engines and/or turbines driving
compressors. Up to 7,300 pounds of NOX can be expected to be generated
for each mmcf of natural gas used in this manner. The actual size of the
plant is undetermined at this time but its location has been established
in the Kenai Peninsula area.
The cement plant, to be located in the Anchorage area, is projected
to have aI, 300,000 bbl annual capacity. The particulate emis sions from
such a plant are typically 44-64 lbs/bbl uncontrolled, depending on whether
a wet or dry process is involved. With available equipment which is about
990/( efficiency, the potential particulate emissions would be approximately
285 to 415 tons per year.
Based on the above considerations, neither of the above sources
appears to have a major impact on air quality in the Cook Inlet area. A
summary description of these sources is given in Tables 2-2 and 2-3.
2.4 EXISTING SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
2.4.1
Particulate Matte r
Examination of the man-m::tde emission sources included in the
Emission Inventory (Reference 20) shows that 76% of identifiable particulate
emissions in the Cook Inlet area are attributable to transportation
(Reference 20) page 22). The remaining 24% is caused by stationary
sources. The total emission rate of particulates from point and man-mr.\.de
area sources not including traffic generated dust is 2626 ton/year
(Reference 20) page 10).
~:
-------
Table 2-2. Potential New Source Summary
Type of Operation:
Petroleum Liquification Plant
Firm Name:
Unknown
Probable Location:
Kenai Peninsula
Probable Process Rate:
Unknown; compres sors to burn natural
gas
Potential Air Emissions
(Uncontrolled)
NOX
200 - 7,300 lb/mmd burned by either
gas engine or turbines
Potential Air Emissions
( Controlled)
U ndete rmined
Table 2 - 3.
Potential New Source Summary
Type of Operation:
Cement Plant
Firm Name:
Unknown
Probable Location:
Anchorage area
Probable Process Rate:
1,300,000 bbl/yr
Potential Air Emissions
(Uncontrolled)
Particulates:
64 lb/bbl, dry proces s
44 Ib/ bbl, wet proce s s

415 tons/yr
285 tons/yr
Potential Air Emissions
(Controlled)
2-8
-------
Table 2-4 shows the emission rates of all point sources in the
region. The tabulation indicates all sources in excess of 10 tons per year,
current emissions, and where applicable, the 12% growth rate projected
for 1975. The allowable particulate emissions from fuel combustion were
calculated on the basis of 0.3 lb/l06 Btu of heat input (Reference. 7 ,
Appendix B). This figure is generally applicable to solid fuels, however,
as the table indicates, the fuel used in the Anchorage area is primarily
natural gas, a fuel which contributes relatively little particulate matter
emission. Allowable particulate matter emissions were calculated on
the basis of reasonably available control technology as defined in Reference
23, page J.5495. As a result, the allowable emissions appearing in Table
2 4 are exceeded only in the case of source 72, a process source.
The locations of point sources emitting in excess of 100 tons per
year of particulates or CO are shown in Figure 2-3. Of the point sources
shown, four have particulate emission rates higher than 100 ton/year.
One source is an oil platform (No. 30, Figure 2-3), flaring natural gas.
Its particulate emissions contribute 5% of the yearly particulate emissions
included in the inventory. Another particulate point source is the
Elmerdorf Air Force Base Airport (No. 69, Figure 2-3). Its contribution
to particulate emissions amounts of 10% of the total. The third source is
the Anchorage International Airport (No.1, Figure 2 -3) which c
-------
N
I
.....
o
Table 2-4.
Characteristics of Major Point Source particulate Emissions
    U ncont ro lied Actual I Q70 loJj'~ En1issions Allowable Emissions in IQ75 with
  Rated Capacity AItnual Fuel Emissions Emissions (tons I yr) Reasonably Available Control
Source Designation Million Btn/hr Consumption (tons/yrl (tons/yr) with Fresent Controls Technology (tons Iyr)
1 Anchorage International !\ ot Applicable !\ot Applicable 550 550 620 310*
 Airport      
2 Anchora~e Municipal 350 3245 mmcf 24 24 27 27
 Light and Powe r      
3 Atlantic Richfield 178 1484 mmcf 13 13 No Flaring ** 0
 Flare     
8 Chugach Elect ric 150 6468 thousand gal 49 49 55 55
 Bernice Plant      
11 Chugach Electric 300 3510mmcf 27 27 33 33
 Beluga Plant      
26 General Service 175 1107 mmcf 1.1 II 13 13
 Administ ration      
29 Merril Airport Not Applicable Not Applicable 13 13 15 !5
30 Union Oil Mc- 2260 14,332 mmcf 129 129 No Flaring 0
 Carthna River Flare     
31 Mobil Amoco Granite 1330 8416 mmcf 76 76 No Flaring 0
 Point Flare     
41 Shell- Amoco Middle 800 5050 mmcf 45 45 No Flaring 0
 Ground Flare     
61 Union Oil-ARCO 950 5912 mmcf 53 53 No Flaring 0
 Trading Bay Flare     
69 Elmendorf Air Force Not Applicable Not Applicable 257 257 330 330
 Base      
70 Collier Carbon Not Applicable 10,703 mmcf 80 80 92 92
 and Chemical (gas      
 en..ines)      
71 Collier Carbon and 1063 7067 mmcf 64 64 70 70
 Chemical      
72 Collier Carbon and 95,820 Ib/hr Not Applicable 201 201 224 loll
 Chemical (process)     
76 Atlantic Richfield Diesel 1330 million gal 17 17 19 19
 Sparks Platform      
93 Union Oil 1280 7300 mmcf 66 66 No Flaring 0
 Monopod Flare     
97 Union Oil Grayling 194 1100 mmcf 10 10 No Flaring 0
 Platform Flare     
.Eshmated that the Federal pro} osed aircraft emissions standard for
visibility will reduce particulate emissions by 50%.
..Flaring operations will cease in accordance with regulations.
-------
relatively remote from populated areas and do not contribute significantly
to the higher measured concentrations found in the city. As mentioned
above, they will be terminated during 1972 and are not considered further
in the control strategy development.
2.4. 3 Sulfur Oxides
Only four point sources of sulfur oxides are found in the Cook Inlet
AQR. Two of these, (No. 29 and 69) are airports, the other two (No. 76
and 94) are diesel installations on oil platforms in the Cook Inlet (see map
A). The total emissions from these sources are insufficient to degrade air
quality in the Cook Inlet AQR to the level of the secondary NAAQS.
2.5 IMPACT OF EMISSIONS ON AIR QUALITY
Conversion of pollutant emiss ion rates to an air quality can be made

using a diffusion model which treats each source separately, or by use of

an area model (Reference 6, Appendix A). A diffusion model is not

available for the Region, therefore the area model estimation procedure

was used. The estimation is highly dependent upon the choice of the

basic "urban area." Several reasonable choices are available, which

includes the following three:

1) Area of the city of Anchorage, 129.5 km2.
2
2) Area of Greater Anchorage, 184 km .

3) Area of "air shed" (Figure 2.4) which is bounded
by the 1000 - foot elevation line on the eas t the
seashore on the west; and was selected straight 2
east-west lines on the north and the south, 450 km .
A typical average wind speed for this area of 2 9 ml sec was used
in the calculations (see Appendix 2A). The calculated air qualities
corresponding to these urban areas, respectively, are:
= 27 g/m3
= 20 g/m3
= 10 g/m3
Much higher particulate concentrations are habitually measured in the
downtown section of Anchorage which suggests that the calculation
procedure is questionable. Several obvious shortcomings include our
estimate of the urban size. The true area over which the pollutants are
distributed is not really known. A second shortcoming is the knowledge
2-11
-------
o Oil Platfonn
An...
~@.17

.0 501,8.;1 Pla~"'m
oOilPiatform
TradIng Bay .
Oil Platform
Gtanite Point °
~v
,," '.
\\~
c
oOiI Platform
Kin,
. 9
,,~
~~
\)
6
lilP1atfrrm
Gtaylin,o
Oi' Platform 0
Baker
atlorm
IfardenO
Oil Platform A 0
Oil Platform Co
+
Oil Platform
Oillono
.,:-
,
;
",.--
"
-~~ (.
Figure 2-3.
Cook Inlet Area - Major
Particulate Point Sources
2-12
-------
SCALE 1:250000
o
5
10
15
20
25 MILES
5
o
5
10
15
20
25 KILOMETERS
I--<
>--<
>--<
Figure 2 -4.
Area of City of Anchorage (129.5 km2) and
Area of Greater Anchorage (184 km2)
2-13
-------
of all the sources of particulate water. Sources of particulates not
included are traffic-generated road dust, dust from exposed soils or
blown in from glaciers and moraines, and smoke from forest fires. The
extent of the contribution made by these sources is examined in the follow-
ing section.
2.5. 1 Aix: Quality Data II?plications
The suspended particulate measurements taken in Anchorage from
1963 to 1970 (Reference 6) are tabulated in Appendix 2B and illustrated
in Figures 2B-l through 2B -4. These data indicate that there are two
seasons of the year in which a maximum particulate matter concentration
occurs in Anchorage, spring (April/May) and the fall (September/October).
As pointed out in Reference 12, this is a predictable pattern. The spring
thaw comes in March and by April considerable road dust develops.
Mud
tracked in by motor vehicles and the dry road surface recreate a dusty
condition. After the rainy season in June and July, the unpaved roads
are graded in orde r to be smooth for the winter. Thus, the unpaved road
surfaces are again a source of loose soil in September and October until
a winter frost and snowcover begins. The minimum particulate count
occurs during the winter months, November through March.
Table 2C -1 of Appendix 2C shows quarterly maximum and minimum
particulate concentrations measured by the NASN. The average varia-
tion between maximum concentrations measured (second or third quarter)
and minim'.lm concentrations (first or last quarter) is 65%. Since no
identifiable man-made source would account for such a variation, it is
reasonable to conclude that about two-thirds of the suspended particulate
in the Anchorage area may be generated by sources not considered in the
Emi s s ion Inventory.
Examination of air quality data presented in Table 3.2. 1 of the Air
Quality Surveillance Volume, for the ye ars 1957 through 1964 shows a
marked decline in particulate concentrations during those years. This
decline, achieved despite a large increase in population and in traffic
volume, can only be attributed to the effectiveness of road and street
paving in reducing suspended particulate concentration. However, the
2 -14
-------
decline is not steady - indicating a considerable contribution from natural
sources, such as volcano eruptions, and forest fires. The contribution
from less predictable sources, such as dust blown in from moraines, silt
beds and glaciers cannot be separated from traffic generated dust today.
2.5.2 Potential Sources of Particulate Matter
Top soil quality in the Anchorage area is such that a great deal of
dust is generated wherever the soil surface is exposed. A large number
of glaciers surround Anchorage. Moraines and silty river beds are
potential sources of wind generated atmospheric dust.
Although there are few fires in the Anchorage area which could be
classified as forest fires, periodic smoke emissions from distant fires
do reach the area in the summer months. These emissions, coupled with
considerable quantities of open burning during land clearing in the Greater
Anchorage Area Borough, can make a significant contribution to the
particulate concentration in the air.,H6wever, suspended particulate
concentrations have not been shown to increase when visibitity ~s decreased
by a forest fire. In the one case where data is available, the fire was
probably too far .a'W~y (east of Fairb~nks) to draw informative. conclusions.
Further investigation~ of these sources of particulate are necessary.
The traffic patterns that exist in the Anchorage metropolitan area
reflect the land use patterns that have evolved in-the community. Primary
industrial and commercial activity is centered in the downtown business
district and near the International Airport. The predominant land use in
most of the metropolitan area is residential of various densities. Land
use patterns are shown in Figure 2-5 (Reference 9). The traffic patterns
presented in Figure 2 -6 and 2 -7 (Reference 26) indicate that the largest
traffic volumes occur on main thoroughfares which interconnect the resi-
dential areas with the com~ rcial/industrial areas and also those that
serve the two military bases: Elmendorf Air Force Base and Fort Richardson.
An examination of Anchorage metropolitan area road maps and
available information concerning the condition of roads in Anchorage
(Reference 10) show that only 45% of the roads and alleys in the city of
Anchorage and only 20% of the roads in the service areas of Spenard,
2-15
-------
Muldoon and Sandlake are paved. The main traffic thoroughfares pre-
sented in Figures 2 -6 and 2 -7 are paved but many of the roads in the
residential areas leading onto the main thoroughfares are unpaved. In
addition to city and borough maintained roads, there are many miles of
private roads. Traffic produced dust which adds to the suspended parti-
culate concentrations will be produced by vehicles on the unpaved roads
within the central business district (CBD) and the residential and service
areas. Additional dust will be carried into the city by vehicles that have
been driven on unpaved roads.
Paved roads in Anchorage are quite dusty and, or course, traffic
generates dust on the unpaved roads. A central strip of dust and dust
deposits near curbs can be seen in the business district of Anchorage.
Cars driving across the central strip or along the curb raise a cloud of
dust, particularly if their speed is high. Sitnilar~y, access roads to the
business district are dust producers. The center strip is covered with a
thick layer of dust and the shoulders are unpaved. Any car straying from
the center of a traffic lane, maneuvering to pass another car or to pull
off the road, generates a great deal of dust. Unpaved roads, of course,
are the biggest dust producers. Traffic on unpaved roads isgenera!ly
no slower than on paved, and all cars raise large dust clouds. These
sources of particulate matter cannot be quantitatively defined at fhis time.
A correlation between traffic-produced dust and suspended particu-
late concentrations in the Anchorage region is not available although an
attempt was made to examine and correlate traffic flow and road surface
conditions to dust production. The special studies proposed in the Air
Quality Surveillance Volume will lead to a mor e definitive unde rs tanding
of this phenomenon. When a correlation between dust fall and suspended
particulate concentration becomes available from the special studies, a
further correlation between road paving and suspended particulate concen-
trations will be possible.
2-16
-------
t
N
-"",
-".,
"-.
.......... .
, ""
~tlilllwl~ LOW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL ',,-

,

if!fi!!ff![!fff!!f![!ff!i!i!fM HIGH DENSITY RESIDENTIAL "'-,
RECREATIONAL OR OPEN SPACE, ""
~ PUBLIC LANDS AND INSTITUTIONS ""-.
i- COMMERCIAL, IN DUSTRIAL '"
Figure 2-5. Existing Land Use, Anchorage Metropolitan Area
2-17
-------
,
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Figure 2-6..
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Average Daily Traffic Volumes -1968, Study Area
(Anchorage Metropolitan Area Transportation Study,
Wilbur Smith and Associates)
2-18
-------
......................................
: 4800 6000 6200 6500
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 6000  9000 
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 7000 6900 6800 2500 
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Figure ~2 -7.
Traffic Volume Flow-1968, Central Area
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2.6
PROPOSED CONTROL STRA TEGY
Measured concentration of particulate matter in Anchorage
indicate mean annual values of about lOO/Cg/m3. Thus a reduction of
suspended particulate of about 40% is required to meet the Secondary
National Air Quality Standard. Unfortunately, it is not presently possible
to re late this improvement to a' percentage roll back of pollutant emissions
from sources because the background levels are unknown. Seasonal
variations of about 650/1.' of the measured concentrations between summer
and winter indicate that a significant fraction of the observed particulate
matter is caused by sources other than the conventional point and area
sources. Traffic generated dust is probably the largest contributor,
however an accurate quantification of the traffic dust contribution cannot
be made with the available i~formation. An aggressive control strategy
is proposed in which reasonably available control technology is applied
to industrial sources and a program of control measures are instituted
directed at reducing traffic and other sources of dust. A special studies
program will be carried along in parallel with application of these
control measures which has the goal of accessing the progress of the
plan and of further defining the air pollution problem. This control
strategy will remain flexible so as to find solutions to the problems
defined.
The proposed control strategy will achieve the
on particulate matter by 1975.
The control strategy,is summarized below:
1972
secondary standard
Pave 17 miles of streets in Greater Anchorage Area
Borough by 1973. This is in accordance with the
Borough's paving plan as it stands today according to a
communication from the Borough Planning Department.
An increase in the paving schedule is not presently
recommended since this is a very expensive measure
($40, OOO/mile) and its effectiveness is not clear.
Increase street cleaning frequency from May to
September. Four wet street sweepers are currently
operated in the Greater Anchorage Area. These sweepers
operate for 8 hours/day, 5 days/week, covering a total
of 28 miles of roadway per day. It is proposed that this
operating schedule be increased so that at least 40 miles
of streets are cleaned each day. This increased effort
should be concentrated in the center city area and on
2-20
-------
1973
major arterial streets. The exact schedules and routes
will be negotiated between the Tri-Borough Air Pollution
Control Officer and the Borough Road Maintenance Depart-
ment.
.
Oil soft road shoulders on main access roads and gravel
roads between May and September. This extention of the
current oiling program to include the soft shoulders of
paved access roads will be initiated to attempt reduction
in the amount of loose material carried onto hard-surfaced
roads.
o
Initiate a planting program on all lands from which ground
cover has been removed (strips along roads, vacant lots,
construction sites after work completion).
o
Require street cleaning around construction areas where
trucks track dirt onto public roads. Construction sites
which require considerable hauling to and from the site
will be subject to daily road sweeping to control dust
resulting from truck load losses. Road sweeping will
be performed in mid-morning and mid-afternoon on heavily
traveled roads servicing the construction areas. Additionally,
gravel hauling in these areas will be controlled by requiring
dump trucks to provide a dust cover over the carriage.
These restrictions will be in effect in the City of Anchorage
and in the Muldoon, Spenard and Sand Lake Service Areas.
o
Evaluate dust fall and air quality data collected in 1972
(See Air Quality Surveillance Volume). Accelerate the
most effective measures tried in 1972, and if feasible,
replace sand-salf mixes on streets and roads in winter
by 3/8-inch chips of quartz rock (such as used in Fairbanks).
This would eliminate the approximately 10,000 tons of sand
used annually in the Greater Anchorage Area.
o
Continue the control measures instituted in 1972.
1974
.
If Primary Air Quality Standards have been met, establish
new schedules for paving, street cleaning, road and road
shoulder oiling, to meet secondary standards.
2-21
-------
.
If primary standards have not been met, accelerate all
programs to:
1)
Reduce unpaved road mileage to zero by 1975 for
streets used by 1000 or more vehicles! day
Clean streets downtown daily
2)
3)
Oil road soft shoulders six times each year for all
roads utilized by as many as 500 cars! day
4)
Require that exposed dirt during construction be
covered as soon as feasible
5)
Require daily street cleaning around any construction
The above program, specifying a variety of control measures and
annual progress reviews, is required because of the undefined nature of
the suspended particulate problem in this area. Continual review of air
quality data as generated by the air quality surveillance system .and the
special study will be essential in achieving the air quality standards by
1975.
2.7 ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE CONTROL MEASURES
The following cost estimates were derived for the recommended
control strategies. The detailed calculations are given in Appendix 2E.
The results of these calculations are shown in Table 2-5. These
estimates have been provided by the appropriate governmental agencies
(i. e., Alaska Department of Highways, Greater ~nchorage Area
Borough Department of Roads, etc.).
Table 2-5. Road and Street Maintenance Costs
  Frequency Cost  Cost
 Cost/Mile Times /year $/mile-year $ /mile-year
    "
paving $40,000. 1/5 $8,000  
    I 
Resurfacing 1,000. 1 1,000  )"'10,000
  .',   
Wet sweeping 10. 100'" 1,000 J "
Grading 15. 2 30  
     2600-3900
Oiling 640. 4-6 2560-3840  
Oiling - road shoulder 215. 4-6 860-1290  860-1290
 ------   
':'Approximate n~ber of d~ys warm enough for wet-sweeping.
. I
2-22
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2.7. 1 Costs of the Plan For the First Year, 1972, are as. follows:
. Paving - No cost attributable to the implementation plan since
this program is in accordance with the paving plan as it
stands today.
. Increase in street cleaning by wet sweeping from 28
miles to 40 miles per day from May to September.
Increment in cost ( 40 - 28) x 1000 = 12,000 dollars/year.
. Oil road soft shoulders and gravel roads. The current oiling
program of gravel roads is not known accurately; schedules
and miles oiled are largely determined by other demands on
men and equipment. We shall assume that the increase in the
oiling frequency for gravel roads is four times per year and
that road shoulders will be oiled four times a year.
Total number of unpaved roads in the Service Areas (Spenard,
Muldoon and Sandlake): 102 miles, oiling costs are
102 x $2560 = 262,000 dollars /yr.
Oiling of road shoulders on the following major roads is
recommended:
Glenn Highway and 5th Ave - from the CBD to Muldoon Rd.
3.9 miles.
Seward Highway - from the CBD to Huffman 6.7 miles.
Tudor Rd, Muldoon Rd - 6.9 miles.
Boniface Parkway - from Thedor Rd to Glenn Hwy - .
2.8 miles.
Northern Lights Blvd. - between Boniface and Turnaagen
5.0 miles.
IntI. Airport Road. - between the airport and Seward
Highway.
Debarr Road and 15th Ave - from the CBD to Muldoon Road
3.4 miles
Total: 32 miles.
The cost of oiling the 32 miles of road shoulders four times
a year is 32 x 860 = 27,500 dollars

Costs of plan'ting cannot be estimated as no similar program
under the climatic conditions of Anchorage exists today.
.
2-23
-------
.
Similarly no basis for the estimation of street cleaning costs
around construction sites could be found.
The total estimated cost in 1972 is 12,000 + 262,000
+27,500 = 30l,500dollars/year.
The costs of the proposed control strategy for the 1972-73
period were not made because the exact nature of the measures
are so dependent upon the success of the 1972 measures.
Estimation of cost incurred in the installation of control devices on
taken
stationary or mobile pollution sources can be made with some degree of
accuracy. Evaluating what portion of the cost of road paving and mainte-
nance should be assigned to the implementation of the Clean Air Act is
not so simple. As growing population concentrations are transforming
what used to be a settlement into an urban center unpaved streets and
roads becoine increasingly u~acceptable. Increased mileage of paved
roads and streets and increased maintenance go hand in hand with urbani-
zatiol1.
The Clean Air Act requirements may speed up the process,
but since the rate of the proces s cannot be projected in the first place
(road paving programs and maintenance budgets are subject to citizen
control), the future incremental cost can hardly be projected. The costs
shown, then, are only useful as rough guidelines and the actual implemen-
tation of the proposed control measure must be closely coordinated with
Borough Planning and Budgetary agencies. This will be a continuing
process.
A thorough examination of expenditures and air quality improvement
will be made periodically from 1972 to 1975. The results of the special
studies, correlating dust fall and suspended particulate concentrations near
roads will be used to determine the most cost-effective control measures,
i. e., the amount of money expended to achieve a given particulate con-
centration reduction. The program for the following year can then be
implemented with good assurance that the needed reductions iri particulate
concentration will be obtained without unnecessary expenditures.
2-24
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3.
THE NORTHERN ALASKA INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
3. 1
REGIONAL DESCRIPTION
3.1.1
Topography and Climatology
The Northern Alaska Intrastate Air Quality Control Region con-
stitutes those portions of the 1956 Election Districts 18 -23 which are
not included in the designated Cook Inlet Intrastate Air Quality Control
Region. The boundaries of the region are shown on Figure 3 -1. This
region includes the Fairbanks North Star Borough, which accounts for
the bulk of the population and economic activity of the region. The
remainder of the region has neither significant urbanized areas nor
large air pollutant emission sources; therefore, the control strategy
developed is for attainment of the NAAQS in this borough and maintenance
of the air quality in the rest of the region.
Fairbanks is a city located on the Chena River, in a basin surrounded
by hills on the northwest, north and northeast. The Tanana River plain
lies south of Fairbanks and borders on the Alaska Mountain Range at the
south. The Fairbanks area has the severe continental climate of interior
Alaska. The sun is above the horizon for 18 to 21 hour s each day during
the months of June and July. In December the sunshine period declines
to les s than 4 hours per day (Reference 24). Temperatures in the summer
reach about 900F and fall to -60oF in the winter.
3. 1. 1. 1 Wind Characteristics
The prevailing low level winds are north and northeast in winter
(December, January, February), north in spring and fall (March, April,
May and September, October, November), and southwest in the summer
(Reference 3, Figure 5). Prevailing upper air winds, as measured at
the Fairbanks International Airport, are from the east in winter and
summer and from east or west in spring and fall. The surface winds
are not strong, 2.3 m/ see average (Reference 3). The most striking
feature is the number of calms, especially frequent and long in winter.
Low level winds have been studied and measured in connection with
winter inversions and ice fog (Reference 3).
3 -1
-------
W
I
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.".
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COOK INLET INTRASTATE AIR
QUALITY CONTROL REGION No. 008
.
.a .

.~ 0
...! \).~A. .
~.~
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. .,.~
Figure 3 -1.
,..
.
~oc.
NORTHERN ALASKA I NTRAST A TE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
No. 009
FAIRBANKS
SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
No. 011
SOUTH CENTRAL ALASKA INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION No. 010
(CONSISTS OF FOUR NO NCONTINGUOUS AREAS)
~
Air Quality Regions of Alaska-Northern Alaska
Quality Control Region No. 009
Air
-------
_I
3. 1. 1.2 Temperature Inversions
Temperature inversions are frequent and steep in the Fairbanks
basin. Surface,inversions are present in more than 60% of all night
soundings the year round. During the dark months of December and
January, when diurnal changes in weather are virtually nonexistent,
surface inversions are present more than 80% of both day and night
soundings (Referel ce 3, page 7). The Fairbanks inversions are among
the steepest in the world (up to three times stronger than in Los Angeles).
Moreover, the fair banks inversions start usually at ground level, and
are extremely persistent, existing often for weeks at a time. Under
such extreme conditions, air pollutants tend to accumulate near their
emission sources and the sharply restricted air volume available for
their diffusion leads to high pollutant concentrations.
3. 1. 1. 3 Ice Fog
, Ice fog is formed when warm air carrying water vapor is inj ected
into the atmosphere at temperatpres below -3SoC (-31 of). The ability
of air to hold water vapor is decreased by three orders of magnitude when
the air temperature drops from 1000C to -3SoC (Reference 2). Ice
crystals form rapidly when combustion exhaust gases are injected into
the cold dry air because such gas contains abundant nuclei (small
particulates and ions). Breathing also causes ice fog to form, a'S does
water evaporation from heat rejected into river and cooling ponds. Ice
fog is formed by a plethora of small ice crystals of about 10 microns
diameter, which appears at temperatures below -3SoC in populated
regions where topography, combined with strong inversions, 'causes air
to stagnate (Reference ,2, page 1). Ice fog is not a pollutant according
to the National Ambient Air Quality Standards. However, its appearance
creates hazardous traffic conditions because of very low ("arm's length")
visibility and coincides with the long, steep temperature inversion
during which pollutants accumulate. High carbon monoxide concentra-
tions have been also detected during steep clear weather inversions,
indicating ice fog is not required for its accumulation. For example, a
CO concentration of 71 mg 1m3 was measured i~ April 1971 , on a clear
3-3
-------
o
day. The temperature on the ground was 20 F and the temperature
. >!<
inversion steep. " Thus, the highest concentrations do not necessarily
coincide with ice-fog formation. Reduced automobile traffic in ice-fog
may be one explanation. Lower carbon monoxide concentration on the
ground may be caused by temperature gradients in the first 10-20 meters
above the ground being reduced by the presence of the ice-fog; radiation
starts at the top of the ice-fog layer rather than at the ground, and slow
mixing currents increase diffusion of pollutants throughout the ice-fog
layer.
3. 1. 1.4 Precipitation
Annual precipitation in the Fairbanks region is fairly light
(t 2 inches). Rain showers begin in May and continue throughout the
summer with a maximum in August. Precipitation amounts decline
from September through the middle of December when snowfall increases
markedly and reaches a maximum in January. Snowfall continues
through March with persisten snow cover throughout the winter months.
April averages the lightest precipitation and also realizes the greatest
percentage of possible sunshine.
Freezing temperatures persist from the first of September through
mid-May. Ice-fog and adverse air pollution conditions frequently occur
with the extremely low temperatures during anticyclonic conditions.
These conditions may persist for several days. Ice begins running in the
Chena Slough at Fairbanks during October and remains frozen until the
breakup in early May.
3. 1. 2 Soil Characteristics
Examination of the geologic map of the Fairbanks Quadrangle
reveals that the city of Fairbanks is sitting on a "flood-plain alluvium"
band of soil. Immediately to the north of the city is a plain of perenni-
ally frozen silt streaked with reworked creek gravel river beds. To the
south, beyond the Tanana River, there are land slide debris and
abandoned flood-plain alluvium and coarse gravelly facies. Everyone
of the above described soild will produc'e an abundance of dust when dry
~ ~

"'Personal communication from Joe Holty.
3-4
-------
and exposed to wind. Ground cover does not grow back too readily in
a near arctic climate and, though the hills around Fairbanks are
forested, the lowlands are not.
3.2 PRESENT AIR QUALITY
The air quality data available for this region are discussed in the
Air Quality Surveillance System volume. The location of the major
point sources in the air quality control region is shown on Figure 3-2.
The resul~s of the air quality data evaluation are summarized and com-
pared to the NAAQS in Table 3-1.
Air quality data relating to SOX are considerably below the primary
and secondary standards. The NOX concentrations are also below
National standards. Primary standards are, however, exceeded for
suspended particulate matter and for carbon monoxide according to
measurements made in the central section of the city of Fairbanks. The
Air Quality Control Region is therefore classified Priority I for parti-
culates and for carbon monoxide.
The highest particulate and carbon monoxide concentrations were
measured in the Central Business District (CBD) of the city of Fairbanks.
However, the particulate concentrations measured at the Eielson AFB
guardhouse (22 miles southeast of Fairbanks) are also excessive. The
available air quality data are not sufficient to permit identification of all
sources of suspended particulates. The surveillance system described
in the Air Surveillance System Volume should provide information
necessary to identify more closely the sources of suspended particulates.
The high particulate and carbon monoxide concentrations measured
in the Fairbanks region are related to the topography, climate, wind
conditions and soil quality of the region, as well as to the man-made
stationary and mobile sources of pollutants identified in the emissions
inventory (Reference20). The influence of climate on man-made pollution
is particularly great under the extreme climate of this Borough.
"
3-5
-------
"
.. 1 W r; If
'''TI:''~_O.Oa,.OG1C'''L IoU"".". "'A~'l~';IE.C -....
&4.45'
147"3C1
Figure 3 -2a.
. . °t MaJ. or
Fairbanks and ViCini Y -
Particulate Point Sources
3-6a
-------
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Figure 3 -lb.
3-6b
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,..TaJt--.ooM:.AL_I(1""'''''';7~.DE.(:-'''.
6O'0S-
107"30'
Fairbanks and Vicinity - Major
CO Point Sources
-------
Table 3-1.
Air Quality Summary
Fairbanks North Star Borough
Pollutant
Measured
Air Quality
Primary
Standard
Secondary
Standard
Priority
Particulate
3
175 }.I.gm/m
3
75 }.I.gm/m
3
60 }.I.gm/m
I
Annual Geometric Mean
Annual Geometric Mean
Annual Geometric Mean
 SOX 107 }.I.gin/m 2 365 }.I.gm/m 3 260 }.I.gm/m 3 III
  24 hr maximum 24 hr maximum 24 hr maximum 
w          
I          
""          
 CO 81 mg / m 3  40 mg/m 3    I
  1 hr maximum 1 hr maximum   
NOX
3
96l-
-------
Four years of suspended particulate data are available from. the
NASN Station in Fairbanks. These data are examined in Appendix 3 A
in an attempt to isolate the influence of wind, precipitation and
temperature on particulate concentrations and thus try to separate out
the natural background concentrations from the man-made emissions.
This attempt was not successful because the data are not sufficiently
detailed. Some salient features of the available data are relatively
low particulate concentrations in winter (75 to 100 p.g/ m3) illustrating
the combined effects of freezing temperatures, low wind speeds and
snow cover. Highest concentrations are found in September of about
400 JJ.g/m3, the result of very dry weather and high winds.
3-8
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L
3.3 PROJECTED REGIONAL GROWTH
3.3. 1 Population Growth
Fairbanks is the second largest city: in the State of Alaska. It is
the sole trading center for a vast region and has a history of sharp but
short-lived population growth increases. The growth rate was high at
7 to 8% per year in the 1950 decade, corresponding to the buildup of
military establishments. Growth of about 2. 5% continued between 1960
and 1964. The population then stabilized around 41, 000 until 1968
(Reference 23 ). The Fairbanks area population was 60% of the tot~l
area population in 1969. The Labor Department projects continuing
growth at 3% per year for that region between 1969 and 1975. The
impact of the construction of an oil pipeline is not expected to be large
before 1975. Thus, a 12% growth between now and 1975 will be accepted
as a reasonable ground rule for emission rate increases of all sources
other than automobiles when calculating projected air pollution emissions
for 1975.
3.3.2 Potential New Point Sources
The establishment of the North Slope pipeline will constitute a
major industrial development in this region. In addition to the local
producing facilities, up to 12 pumping stations will be located along the
length of the pipeline. Pumping stations north of the Brooks Range will
be supplied with natural gas fuel. Stations south of the range will burn
high grade distillate fuel which will be either transported to the stations
or produced on site in a crude tapping unit. Pumping power will be
provided by gas turbines in either case. The sulfur content of the dis-
tillate oil to be used is below 0.2 % sulfur (Reference 7).
At design capacity, the crude tapping units will produce about
2,350 barrels of turbine fuel per day. Under normal conditions, off-
gases produced in the process will supply most of the fuel for the tapping
unit heaters.
A double chamber incinerator will be installed at each pumping
station for disposal of solid waste, including sludge from the tapping
plant. The maximum projected waste load for the station is estimated
to be 154 pounds per day. -
3-9
-------
The estimated emission for such a pumping station~:' will consist of:
Carbon.Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides
Hydrocarbons
.44 tons/yr
460 tons/yr
750 tons /yr
575 tons /yr
550 tons /yr
Particulates
Sulfu r Dioxide
Evaporation losses from storage tanks will be minimized through
the installation of vapor recovery units as required by the proposed air
pollution regulations for the State of Alaska.
In addition to the oil pipeline, an oil refine ry and a rowe r plant are
also scheduled for construction in this area. The refine ry is to have
15,000 bbl /day throughput;:":, Depending upon the sulfur content of the oil
refined, SOX emissions without recovery could be as high as 1,500 tons
per year if fluid catalytic cracking units are used.
The power plant, to be integral with the refinery, will be rated at
626 x 106 Btu/hour and is scheduled to use refinery and/or fuel oil.
Uncontrolled particulate emissions could be of the order of 420 tons/yr
(23 lb/1, 000 gallons) and SOX emissions about 2,850 tons/yr (157 lb/
1,000 gallons at I % sulfur) if run on residual oil. The characteristics
of these sources are summarized in Tables 3-2. and 3-3.
3.4 EXISTING SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
Examination of the man-made emission sources, (Reference 20)
exclusive of traffic or climatologically generated dust shows that
transportation contributes about 10% of particulate emission and 85% of
carbon monoxide emission in Fairbanks (Reference20, pages 27 and 29).
Power plants are a major source of particulates and a very minor source
~:'Abstracted from Alaska Pipeline Environmental Impact Study.

~:":'Information obtained from T. F. Borden, Deputy Director, Industrial
Development Division, Depa rtment of Economic Development, State of
Alaska.
3-10
-------
Table 3-Z. Potential New Source
Type of Operation:
Power Plant
Fi rm Name:
Energy Company of Alaska
Probable Location:
Fairbanks area in late 1975
Probable'Process Rate:
Burning fuel oil and refinery gas
626 x 106 Btu/hr
Potential Air Emissions:
(Uncontrolled)
Indeterminate - Unknown sulfur
content of fuel
Table 3-3. Potential New Source
Type of Operation:
Oil Refinery
Firm Name:
Energy Company of Alaska
Probable Location:
Fairbanks Area
Probable Process Rate:
6
320.4 x 10 Btu/hr
15,000 bbl/day throughput
Potential Air Emis sions:
(Uncontrolled)

Particulates
(Maximum Value s)*
SOX

CO
HC
NOX
-840 Ib/l, 000 bbl of oil burned
-525 Ib/l, 000 bbl of fresh feed
-13,700 Ib/l, 000 bbl of fresh feed
-220 Ib/l, 000 bbl of fresh feed
-2, 900 Ib /1, 000 bbl of oil burned
':
-------
of carbon monoxide emissions. Automobiles are high carbon monoxide
emitters and contribute somewhat to particulate concentrations through
traffic produced dust.
3. 4. 1 Particulate Matter
The emission sources of particulate matter in the Fairbanks
North Star Borough can be classified into point sources, such as coal
burning power plants. and area sources consisting of smaller combustion
sources. dust generated through road traffic. wind. forest fires or
other phenomena having a large area distribution. These emission
source categories are discussed in the following sections.
3.4. 1. 1 Point Sources
The major point sources of particulate matter considered to have
an impact on the air quality of Fairbanks North Star Borough (sources 19.
28. and 38 listed for information purposes only) are listed in Table 3.4.
Those over 100 tons per year emitting particulates and CO are indicated
on Figure 3-2. Managers of aU "coal-burning sources were contacted by
questionnaire during the Emission Inventory effort and indicated that
they all use cyclones for emission control. Efficiencies reported
varied from 70 to 94% at 10 microns. For the purposes of the control
strategy. cyclone efficiencies of 84% are believed to be the maxi.mum
attainable and the numbers presented in the column "Actual 1970 Emissions"
reflect this efficiency. As indicated. the actual 1970 emission sources
(excluding airports) contribute about 6300 tons of particulate per year.
Though a projection of approximately 3% annual growh can be made for
civilian' sources. the phase-out of federal facilities, Fort Wainwright and
the Eielson AFB, could also occur in the near future thus affecting the
projection drastically. Transportation. other than aircraft. and area
sources such as re$idential burning of coal and open burning, are
estimated to account for an additional 750 to 1000 tons of particulates.
Forest fires are estimated to contribute around 10,000 tons of particulates
per year.
3-12
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Table 3-4,
Characteristics of Major Emission Sources,
Northern Alaska Air Quality Control Region
W
I
.....
W
        Actual 1970  Allowable Particulate
     Uncontrolled Emissions  Emissions in 1975 with
   Rated Annual Fuel 1970 Emissions (tons Irr) 1975 Emissions Reasonably Available
Source   Capacity Consumption  (tonslyr)  (tons Iyr) with Control Technology
Number Designation  (million Btu/hr) (tonslyr) CO  Particulates  Present Controls (tons Iyr)
     I   
8 Eielson Air Force Base - Aircraft Not Applicable Not Applicable 50  58 58 Unknown 58
      !    /
      !    
9 Eielson Air Force Base - Coal 1200 150,000 150  8482 420 470 387
 Burner     '    
      I    
      I    
10 Fairbanks Municipal Airport - Not Applicable Not Applicable 709  190 190 220 11 0*
 Aircraft         
   ,       
11 Fairbanks Community Hospital - 6 2426 2  73 II 13 6
 Coal Burner     I    
12 Fairbanks Municipal Incinerator  3200 I  48 48 56 7
13 Fairbanks Municipal Utilities - 200 82,369 41  4500 900 1040 215
 Coal Burner         
14 Fairbanks Municipal Utilities - 37 16,044 8  880 176 200 42
 Coal Burner         
19 Fort Greely - Open Burning Not Applicable 4500 191  36 36 Unknown 10
20 .\fort Wainwright - Coal Burner 135 15,000 15  1219 366 Unknown 38
21 Fort Wainwright - Coal Burner 175 18,297 18  1481 180 Unknown 46
22 Fort Wainwright - Coal Burher 1200 166,240 168  13,700 1(,50 Unknown 421
28 Colden Valley Electric - 250 103,274 103  6377 955 1070 270
 Healy - Coal Burner         
38 NASA  Diesel 651 million 106  8 8 9 8
    ga      
47 University of Alaska - Coal 100 50,000 50  3250 520 600 131
 Burner         
'"Estimated that the Federal proposed aircraft emissions standard for
visibility will reduce particulate emi88ions by 50"!..
-------
3.4. 1.2 Area Sources
Based on the atmosphere diffusion calculations the conversion of
coal-burning power plants to either natural gas or distillate oil would
also present a meaningful strategy for the control of particulate
emissions from these sources. Current plans call for a local refinery
at Fairbanks if the pipeline project is undertaken. This will result in
the availability of distillate oil for the power plants. In the case of .
natural gas, current plans call for the supply of such gas from the
North Slope oil fields to pumping stations up to the Brooks Range.
An extension of such a line to Fairbanks would mean an additional
200 miles of pipe. Although the use of distillate oil or natural gas
could potentially increase the emission of water vapor, thus increas- .
ing the ice fog density, the relative merit of such conversion should not;
be discounted, since the reduction of water vapor emissions can
probably be attained by technology under development. By con-
ducting a development program to define the r~quired design features
of a water vapor condenser, this problem could conceivably be solved
by 1975. The current experimental installation of such a device at the
facilities of the Bureau of Land Management in Fairbanks is a step in
this direction. Data from this installation will be available during this
winter and maximum use should be made of such results to ascertain
the operating characteristics of such a system.
The air quality data for Fairbanks has been discussed in pre-
ceding sections. Very high particulate concentrations have been
measured in the CBD. However, few samples have been taken (in
particular, few winter samples) and the inlet to the sampler for the
NASN measurements was only 3 feet off the ground on the busiest street
of Fairbanks. Better measurements are needed to fully evaluate the
extent of particulate pollution problems and especially its spatial
distribution. However, application of corrective measures must be
initiated now and the control strategies modified as needed between 1972
and 1975.
3-14
-------
. The very large seasonal variation in measured particulate concen-
trations indicate that the contribution of blown-in and traffic-generated
dust, and possibly open burning and forest fires is very large. The con-
tribution of forest fires to the particulate concentrations in the summer-
time is believed to be. significant. Shutdowns of the Fairbanks Municipal
Airport have occu rred on seve ral occasions because of a lack of visibility
resulting from distant forest fire smoke being blown over the city. The
magnitudes of these fires vary of course, but they do occur from April
through October.
Open burning for land clearing operations is yet another source,
perhaps a major source, of particulate emissions during the summer
season. Current regulations in the North Star Borough permit the clear-
ing of sm~lliand parcels (1/2 acre) by open burning. Permits are
required for larger fires. Judging by the large number of fire reports in
the files of the Bureau of Land Management, the number of large man-
made fires reported in the area are probably associated with land
clearing operations initially intended to be limited in size.
3.4.1.3
Traffic and Road Sources
Most of the streets in the CBD are paved as are the main access
roads. However, Figure 3-3 shows that the streets of the residential
section northeast and south of the CBD are unpaved. Tra.ffic in the CBD
is high, especially so in the summer as shown in Figure 3-4 The access
roads, which carry a great flow of traffic as shown on Figure 3- 5
have soft shoulders. In dry weather, the road surface outside the normal car
car tracks is dusty so. that cars cutting across lanes to pass or pulling
over onto the road shoulder raise a great deal of dust and the higher
their speed, the thicker the dust cloud.
In wet weather the dust is transformed into mud and transported
onto the city streets. Construction sites, street repairs and underground
utility installations are sources of tracked-in mud.
Projected improvements in traffic flow, resulting in accelerated
car flow may further aggravate the dust problem, unless steps are taken
to cope with it.
3-15
-------
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The streets in the Fairbanks CBD are cleaned every night during
the warm season, when the temperature is not so low as to freeze the
water in the sweepers. A wetting agent is added to the water to increase
its cleansing action. Residential sections in which the streets are paved
are cleaned on a rather irregular schedule (which is influenced by
complaints) .
In winter 3/8-inch chips are used on the icy streets and roads.
These chips are quartz rock cubes and do not disintegrate under the car
wheels. Oiling of unpaved roads starts after the thaw. Good quality
highly wetting oil is used. The schedule is not regular as road grading is
also necessary.
3.4.2 Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monixide emissions for Fairbanks are 35, 182 tons /year
(Reference20, page 10). Of this total 23, 323 tons /year are from gasoline
motor vehicles and 2,253 tons/year from diesel motor vehicles. The
remaining 10, 000 are fairly evenly divided between other sources. Point
source contribution is very small.
3.5 IMPACT OF EMISSIONS ON AIR QUALITY
The Area Model Estimation procedure (Reference 6) was used to
convert the emission rates into air quality - as was done for the Cook
Inlet Region (Section 2. 5). The estimation of air quality is highly
dependent on the choice of "urban area" on which the estimation is based.
Two reasonable choices were made and air quality calculations were
made for both (see Appendix 3B). These urban areas are the following:
1)
Area of a rectangle enclosing the city of
Fairbanks: 42 km2
2)
Area of an "air shed" (Figure 3 -6) bounded
on the north and northeast by the rdiges of
hills, on the west by Happy Creek and Chena
River, on the south by the Tanana River and
on the east by a north-south line ~elected to
include Fort Wainwright, 227 km .
A typical average wind velocity for this area of 2. 3 m/ sec was used
(Reference 3).
3-19
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3. 5. 1
Particulate Matter
Particulate concentration from man-made emission sources
exclusive of traffic-generated dust were
x
= 11 6 jJ.g / m 3
3
= 59 jJ..g/m
on the basis of 42 km2
on the basis of the 227 km2 area.
and
x
Thes e particulate concentrations are close to monthly geometric
mean concentration values measured during the winter months, 75 to
120 IJ.g/m3, shown on Figures 3A-1 through 3A-5.
Figure 3A-5 shows the 4-year average of the monthly geometrir
means (1 967 -1 970). The primary NAAQS c onc entrations of 75 IJ.g / m 3
are exceeded even in the winter months and soar above 400 IJ.g/m3 in
September.
3. 5. 2 Carbon Monoxide
Carbon monoxide 8 -hour average concentrations were calculated
usi~g the area model for city areas of 42 km2 and 227 km2 (Appendix' 3 B).
These areas correspond to the City of Fairbanks and the larger "air
shed" area, respectively. The concentrations were found to be

X = 4.2 mg/m3 (42 km2)

x= 1.6mg/m3 (227km2)
for an average wind speed of 2.3 m/sec. Measured values much higher,
81 mg/m3, have been observed by NASN. This calculation clearly
shows that the emission sources considered do not account for the
carbon monoxide problem.
A review of stationary sources showed that the very stable inver-
sion layer is so low that stacks protrude through the ceiling. Therefore,
emissions from these sources do not return to ground level, at least
not in Fairbanks.
A review of mobile sources, primarily automobiles, showed
several interesting facts. Because of the low ambient temperature,
. .

shoppers habitually leave their automobiles running while they are
in the stores. Further, workers start and run their automobiles
several times daily for about one-half hour so ~hat they will start easily.
3-20
-------
This continual running of automobiles results in very large quantities
of carbon monoxide being released. Then, because of the low inversion,
it is trapped in the city. The calculations of Appendix 2C show that 240/0
of the carbon monoxide generated by automobiles (on a yearly average)
is produced during idle. Automobiles are the primary source contribut-
ing to the high carbon monoxide levels.
Other potential sources of carbon monoxide were reviewed to
check on the conclusions of the previous paragraph. Eielson AFB con-
tributed essentially no carbon monoxide to downtown Fairbanks. The
inventory showed that mobile sources contributed 71 % or more of the
total CO to the downtown area. The other 25% is fairly evenly distributed
among six other contributors.
3-21
-------
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,'0.
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i L A K E
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'21
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Fairbanks "Urban Area"
and "Air-shed Area"
3-22
-------
3.6 PROPOSED CONTROL STRA TEGY
3. 6. 1
Particulate Matter
The reasonably available control technology can reduce the 1970
emissions listed in Table 3-4 to approximately ,3470 tons per year, or
a reduction of 47%. This technology corresponds to 0.3 lb/million Btu
for coal burning power plants and 0.2 lb/ 100 lb of refuse for incinerators.
.These figures represent the suggested control requirements of the
Environmental Protection Agency and are delineated in Reference 6,
Appendix B. The requirements of the proposed Rules and Regulations
of the State of Alaska reflect even more stringent abatement to facilitate
the attainment of the secondary NAAQS. This requirement imposes a
limitation of O. 1 grain/sd which corresponds to about 0.2 lb/million
Btu. Appendix 3 -B shows this reduction will increase chances of the
attainment of the secondary national air quality standards and still
allow for a considerable contribution from other sources such as roads
and forest fires.
This stringent requirement is justified on the basis
that considerable contributions exist from road dust and forest fires.
The former is much more expensive to control while the latter is not
controllable at all in the conventional sense. The State regulations will
require particulate emission control of coal fired boilers of about 97%,
assuming typical uncontrolled emission rates of 7.4 lbs /million Btu.
A special study is proposed in the Air Quality Surveillance Volume
which will provide direct evidence as to the effectiveness of the control
of major coal fired installations in Fairbanks. The results of this study,
which will bp. available in July 1973, will be used to validate the control
specifications for these sources.
Prohibition of open burning and regulation of incineration are also
recommended control measures. These potentially, will reduce the
total particulate emissions in Fairbanks by 5300 tons per year.
Quantification of the impact of road paving, oiling and street and
road sweeping is not possible at this time (see the discussion on the
Anchorage area). However, it is known that dust is generated by traffic
on gravel roads and on paved roads and streets covered with tracked-
in dust. The following improvement schedule is proposed to be imple-
3-23
-------
mented in parallel with a data gathering and evaluation effort, and
modified in accordance with the findings of that effort.
Phase 1.
1972
] )
Paving Southwestern and Southern Residential Sections.
In summer, the prevailing winds are from the southwest,
so that dust from the Jones and the Bjerremark Subdivision
is most likely to be blown into town, where the particulate
concentrations are highest.
Implementation of this strategy will be accomplished by
negotiating with City and Borough officials to insure that
air pollution priorities are included in the normal road
improvement schedule.
2)
Increase Street Sweeping,. Increased operation of existing
street sweeping units will be undertaken with the daily
cleaning carried out on the central section of the cit y
extended to the heavily travelled streets designated for
soft shoulder oiling.
3)
Oil Soft Shoulders. A program will be initiated to apply
oil to the unpaved shoulders of 11 miles of arterial road
way.
The following roads are designated for oiling (4 times
during the 'period May through September) and daily street
sweeping: Airport Way, University Avenue, College Road,
Illinois Street, and South Cushman Street.
Phase II. 1973
Air quality monitoring data and the results of special studies
will be reviewed to determine the exact magnitude of the
suspended particulate problem and the effectiveness of the
control measures taken. Additional reduction of emission
levels may be required at this time.
If heavily tr~velled paved roads and streets are found to be
large contributors of suspended particulate, further increases
of street cleaning fequency and extension to more streets will
be necessary. If unpaved roads and streets are found to be
responsible for much of the particulate concentrations.
o
An extension of the paving program must be implemented
o
Increased oiling of gravel roads and of oiling of unpaved
shoulders on hard surface roads initiated,
Control of construction and land clearing operation to reduce
blown dust and tracked-in mud will also be considered.
The above strategy describes specific initial steps to be used in
reducing suspended particulate levels in the Fairbanks North Star Borough.
3-24
-------
Review of air quality and emissions data are essential steps in the
definition and implementation of strategy to achieve primary particulate
standards by 1975.
...
3.6.2 Carbon Monoxide
Maximum concentrations of carbon monoxide are found in the
central business district of Fairbanks under sharp temperature inversions,
low wind speed and low ambient temperatures. The maximum one hour
concentration measured of 81 mg/m3 and a one month average of I' .8
mg/m3 have been recorded. This data is limited having been taken at only
one site. Therefore the spatial expanse of these high concentrations is not
known. Evenso, the data does show a serious problem. A roll back calcu-
lation indicates that 50% (80 to 40 mg/m3) reduction is required.
, .
3.6.2. 1 Federal Motor Vehicles Program
Moble sources are the major contributor of .carbon monoxide
to Fairbanks. The Federal Motor Vehicles Program will reduce the
emissions rates from these sources. A reduction of 27% is expected
by 1975 and 45% by 1977 (Reference 7, Appendix I). These figures
apply to the average driver in the continental United States where the
climate is relatively moderate. Adjustments to these expected reductions
are required to account for the severe winter driving conditions occurring
in Fairbanks. A 35% reduction in emissions by 1977 is a more realistic
figure for the Fairbanks area.
3.6.2.2 Summary of Control Measures Considered
Extensive study was conducted to determine potential solutions
to the carbon oxide problem and many alternatives were evaluated. A
summary of the alternatives studied and rejected is given in Appendix
3C. Recommended control measures are described in the following
section.
3.6.2. 3 Recommended Control Measures
Plug - Ins - Installation of additional plug-in facilities was one of
the measures retained to be implemented. A p~ug-in is an electric
outlet (110 volts) located in the proximity of a parking space for auto-
mobiles. It permits the car owner to operate headbolt and circulation
heaters installed in the engine compartment. The heaters, having 1 to 2
3-25
-------
kw rating, keep the engine. warm for subsequent operation. Some cars
may have a heating plate under the battery and a space heater in the car
interior. The use of these plug-in facilities, therefore, would permit
quick startup in below zero weather without the necessity of extended
idling times. The advantages of plug-ins are their almost total elimination
of carbon monoxide emissions from idling, they are relatively inexpensive,
they could potentially pay for themselves, and they represent a savings to
motorist. The disadvantages are that they are effective only in cold
weather, they are difficult to install in existing parking areas and they
require an extensive electrical distribution system.
Parking spaces with plug-ins are rented by the month at a
premium. The normal rental fee is $20 per month on an annual basis.
The demand currently exceeds the supply for persons employed in the
center city. There are approximately 500 plug-in parking spaces today
in use by persons employed in the Center city, at high schools and at the
airport. No parking spaces are currently available for shoppers. It is
estimated that about one hour of idling is eliminated by the availability of
plug-in parking spaces per person employed in the center city area.
Staggered Work Shifts - Staggering the work shifts for the
downtown area has the advantages that it is a very effective measure
in reducing hourly peak concentrations, however, it may not effect
longer term averages. It smooths out traffic flow and reduces rush
hour traffic concentrations. A problem is that the exact effects on
air quality of staggered work shifts are not known.
Elimination of On-Street Parking - The advantages of eliminating
street parking is that it provides for an additional lane of traffic which
improves traffic flow - thus reducing emissions; eliminates excessive
circling of the block when shoppers look for on-street parking spaces,
which reduces emissions. However, alternative off-street parking
has to be provided in order to make this measure acceptable to down-
town merchants.
3-26
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Bypass Roadways - The advantages of bypass roadways are that
it eliminates many motor vehicle trips that would otherwise go through
downtown Fairbanks. The traffic diverted by the bypass would reduce
traffic volume through downtown and thus impro,:,"e traffic flow.
A bypass roadway is to be constructed in 1972 - 1973. It is
called Project F - 061-1 (6) Gaffney Road to Farmers Loop. It runs from
Gaffney Road (southern section of town) across the river and ties into
the Steese Highway (northeast section of town). This path can be
traced on the map of Fairbanks, Figure 3-6.
Bus System - The use of an extensive, permanent bus system for
Fairbanks including a terminal facility and waiting stations has been
considered but rejected because of high cost and the anticipated low
public acceptance. However, if the other strategies considered and
proposed in this plan do not result in the projected reduction of carbon
monoxide emissions, a bus system may have to be reconsidered as a
measure in spite of cost or public acceptance.
Though waiting for a bus
in extreme cold is not conducive to public acceptance of a bus system,
a system operated on a tight sChedule may gai~'1 public support.
Such
a system may receive additional reinforcement if one considers the
expense of running a car in the winter time in the Fairbanks area.
Improved Traffic' Flow. Carbon monoxide concentrations can also
be somewhat reduced by speeding up traffic flow. Carbon monoxide
emissions increase with reduced speed as well as with idling in traffic.
Traffic flow can be enhanced by increasing speed limits, or by use of
flexible traffic control, such as SAFER, in which traffic signals are
operated as CI. function of car density.
\.
3-27
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3.6.2.4
Recommended Strategy

1972 Prohibit any idling of an unattended automobile,
effective September 1972

Require that all new parking spaces be equipped
with plug - in fa cilitie s

Require that 75% of all existing parking spaces
be equipped with plug-in facilities by 1975.
A plan of the implementation shall be submitted
from the Borough to the Department of Environ-
mental Conservation by June 1972.
1972-73
Conduct studies to determine the effect of the
following on CO concentrations: 1) staggered
work shift; 2) elimination of on-street parking;
3) traffic volume; 4) stationary source emissions
1973
The Gaffney Road to Farmers Loop bypass road-
wa y will be completed
1974
Continue any studies mentioned above if determined
necessary
1975
75% of all existing parking spaces will be equipped
with plug-in facilities

Elimination of on-street parking will be imple-
mented if determined necessary by the results of
the special study in 1972.
Expected Emission Reduction from Proposed Control Strategy. As
calculated in Appendix 3C, 76% of CO emissions are attributable to driving
and 24% are attributable to idling.
A 45% reduction of emissions from driving can be expected by 1977
from the Federal Motor Vehicle Program under normal operating condi-
tions. Since control of 1975 and later model year vehicles will rely
heavily on "no-choke" driving conditions, a 45% reduction may be too
optomistic for Fairbanks winter driving. Assume a 35% reduction from
the Federal Motor Vehicle Program to be more realistic for the driving
portion of CO emissions in Fairbanks.
The idling portion of CO emissions in Fairbanks will be controlled
by the limit on idling as well as the plug-in facili~ies,_. The regulations
will provide for a 63% reduction in excessive idling emissions by 1975
(Reference 7, Appendix C).
3-28
-------
Combining these percentages, the following total reduction may be
realized:
Driving:
35O/c expected reduction in 1977
weighted 76o/f! for driving = 26. 6O/c
Idling:
63o/f! expected reduction in 1975
weighted 24o/f! for idling = 15. 2o/f!
Total Expected
Reduction in Carbon
Monoxide Emissions: 26.6 + 15.2 = 41. 8
The bypass roadway is assumed to provide an additiona110O/c, .
therefore, the required 50O/c reduction will be achieved by 1977.
.. >
3-29
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4. THE SOUTH CEN,TRAL ALASKA INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY
CONTROL REGION
4. 1 REGION DESCRIPTION
The South Central Alaska Intrastate Air Quality Control Region
constitutes those portions of the 1956 Election Districts 7 -17,

inclusive and Election District 24 described in Article XIV,
.,

section 3 of the Constitution of the State of Alaska, which are not
included in the designated Cook Inlet Intrastate Air Quality Control
Region as designated August 12, 1970.
This region encompasses a portion of Western Alaska, Southwest
Alaska (the Aleutians) and South Central Alaska. (Figure 4-1).
The region is sparsely 'populated with approximately 37,000 persons.
The major economic activities in this part of Alaska relate primarily
to the fishing industry. In addition, there are numerous military instal-
lations on Kodiak Island and the Aleutian Island chain.
4.2 PRESENT AIR QUA LITY
There are currently no air quality data in existance ,
for evaluation in connection with this study. Air quality measuring
instrumentation recommended for installation in this region is defined
in the Air Quality Surveillance Volume of this Implementation Plan.
4. 3 EXISTING SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTANTS
A summary of the major emission sources of particulate matter,

SOX and carbon monoxide (in exces s of 100 tons per year) identified

in the emission inventory are listed in Table 4-1. Roads are not
extensive; as a result, motor vehicle traffic is not a significant

contributor to air pollution. Approximately 41 million vehicle miles

are travelled in the region per year by approximately 5800 registered

vehicles. With the exception of King Salmon Airport and
4-1
-------
~
I
N
,
.\
NORTHERN ALASKA INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CO NTROL REGION
No. 009
FAIRBANKS
"'~

'---- -
\.
COOK INLET INTRASTATE AIR
QUALITY CONTROL REGION No. 008
.
4.

',0
..o! ~-rA. .
--~. ...
'-0
Figure 4-1.
,..
.
..;.;.:::

. ...~ ~~
SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
No. 011
~
SOUTH CENTRAL ALASKA INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION No. 010
(CONSISTS OF FOUR NONCONTINGUOUS AREAS)
Air Quality Regions of Alaska-South Central Alaska Air
Quality Control Region No. 010
-------
Table 4-1.
Major Emission Sources (>100 Tons/Year)
Region 010 - South Central Alaska Intrastate
     Emissions
  Source No.  Political (Tons /Y ear)
 Pollutant (Inventory) Source Name Jurisdiction (Uncontrolled)
 . Particulate 24 Naval Station-Kodiak 5 200
 S02 22 Naval Station-Kodiak 5 1880
 CO 11 King Salmon Airport 3 350
  15 Kodiak Electric 5 384
  19 Naval Command Station-Adak 1 153
~  20 Naval Command Station-Adak 1 680
I 
IJ.)     
  24 Naval Station-Kodiak 5 1058
  28 Shemya AFB 1 488
  30 Shemya AF B 1 122
-------
Kodiak Electric, all major" sources are federal facilities, many of which
have diesel generators. The largest single source, the Kodiak Naval
Station, accounts for emissions as high as 1880 tons of S02 from its
power plant burning oil having a sulfur content up to 3.5%. It also burns
solid waste in the amount of 24,900 tons/year. In light of calculations
performed in Appendix D-l for sources of similar magnitude none of
these emissions appear to sufficient to result in violation of the
secondary national air quality standards. The compliance of these facil-
ities with the proposed Rules and Regulations for Air Quality for the
State of Alaska is expected to necessitate the use of fuel oil not exceeding
sulfur content of about 1 %, resulting in a 70% reduction of SOX emissions
at the Kodiak Naval Station.
4.4 POTENTIAL NEW SOURCES
In addition to several pumping stations (see S.ection 3.3.2 for typical
emiss.ions) along the north-south pipeline route in this Region, the terminal
for crude oil transport will be located at Valde z. Air pollutants will be
emitted at the terminal from fuel burning equipment and storage. The
estim:ated fuel burning equipment emissions, from diesel engines, fired
heaters and incinerators are as follows. (Reference 7)
Particulates
Sulfur Dioxide
23 tons/year
572 tons/year
2650 tons /year
1,190 tons/year
84 tons/year
Car bon Monoxide
Nitrogen Oxides.
Hydrocarbons
Hydrocarbon emissions are to be minimized by equipping oil storage
tanks with vapor recovery systems as required by the proposed
regulation for Alaska.
I.
4-4
-------
,-
A copper ore processing operation is projected for the McCarthy
area of this air quality region. It is estimated that approximately
5,000, 000 tons of ore per year will be proc,essed if the undertaking
materializes. The air emissions of such an operation depend on the
processes used, the abatement equipment installed and its efficiency.
The estimated characteristics of this source are summarized in Table 4-2.
The minimum controlled emission indicated represents the application of
reasonably available control technology while the maximum emissions
represent the use of low efficiency abatement equipment. As plans for this
installation become formalized the State of Alaska will, through the
Permit System~ coll~ct data n~cessa.ry for a comprehensive eva.lua.tio~
of the impact of thes e sources on air quality.
4.5 PROPOSED CONTROL STRA TEGY
No specific control measures are required for this AQCR since there
are no adverse air quality measurements or estimations.
Enforcement of statewide air pollution regulation and implemen-
tation of the permit system in which a comprehensive review of all
new source construction is made will provide for the maintence of
ambient pollution levels below the secondary NAAQS. The ambient
air quality surveillance system, proposed in this Plan, will allow
detection of air quality deterioration and provide the baseline data
upon which to plan industrial and population growth in the region.
4-5
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Table 4-2.
Potential New Source
Air Quality Region 010
Type of Operation
Copper Ore processing crushing
and milling only
Firm Name
International Nuclear Exploration Company
INEXCO
Probable Location
McCarthy area
Probable Process Rate
Unknown - Probably 5,000,000 ton/year
Potential Emissions
(Uncontrolled)
Particulate Matter
"'11 Ib/ton of ore (Table 88 of the Emission
Factors Handbook)
. Potentia 1 Emis s ions
(Reasonably available
control technology)
"'47 Ib/hr
205 ton/year
4-6
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5. THE SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA INTRASTATE
AIR QUA LITY CONTROL REGION
5.1 REGION DESCRIPTION
The Southeastern Alaska Intrastate Air Quality Control Region
includes those portions of the 1956 Election Districts 1-6, inclusive,
as described in Article XIV, section 3 of the Constitution of the State
of Alaska. The boundaries of the region are shown on Figure 5 -1.
The southeastern region consists of several major islands,
thousands of smaller islands, and a thin strip of mainland bounded on
one side by Canada and on the other by the Pacific Ocean. This land
area of approximately 30,000 square miles is similar in size to the state
of Maine. Ferries of the Alaska Marine Highway System serve to inter-
connect the major cities of the area. The only other modes of intercity
transportation involve scheduled airlines and small amphibious aircraft.
I
. The population is engaged primarily in fishing, lumbering, pulp
manufacturing, and tourism. The bulk of Alaska I s pulp and lumber
activities are in this area; forests of spruce and hemlock cover most of
the islands.
5.2
PRESENT AIR QUA LITY
There are no air quality data in existence for evaluation
in connection with this study. Air quality measuring instrumentation
recommended for installation in this region is outlined in the Air
Quality Surveillance Volume of this Implementation Plan.
5. 3 EXISTING SOURCES OF AIR POLLUTION
Major economic activity in this part of Alaska relates to industries
dependent on lumber. Two major pulp mills utilizing the sulfite process
are currently in operation. One of the mills, the Ketchikan Pulp Company,
is located at Ward Cove near the town of Ketchikan and the other, Alaskan
Pulp and Lumber, is located at Sitka. The se two mills are separated by
5-1
-------
U'1
I
N
~.
.,'.
NORTHERN ALASKA INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CO NTROL REGION
No. 009
"'~

'---- -
FAIRBANKS
SOUTHEASTERN ALASKA INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
No. 011
"
COOK INLET INTRASTATE AIR
QUALITY CONTROL REGION No. 008
.
4.

.~ 0
...! .~A. .
-. .id>-
'-0
Figure 5 - 1.
p.
.
~
SOUTH CENTRAL ALASKA INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION No. 010
(CONSISTS OF FOUR NO NCONTINGUOUS AREAS)
Air Quality Regions of Alaska- Southeastern Alaska Air
Quality Region No. 011
-------
200 miles.
Considerable SOX emissions occur from lhese mills as a
result of process venting and the burning of Bunker C fuel oil (average
sulfur content 1. 3%). Particulate matter is also emitted as part of the
liquor incineration process.
Several lumber companies also operate in this region; among these
are Alaska Wood Products, Wrangell Lumber and Alaska Price Timber.
Lumber companies of this type dispose of major quantities of wood waste
through the use of large conical burners typically 40 feet in diameter and
60 feet in height. Wood waste is also used as boiler fuel to some extent.
As a result, these lumber companies are sources of particulate and
carbon monoxideemis sions.
A summary of typical emission rates for the significantly large
sources are indicated in Table 5-1. The SOX emissions of the boilers
at Alaskan Lumber and Pulp .are unknown and assumed to be the same
magnitude as that for Ketchikan Pulp because the plants produce the same
amount of product.
There are approximately 14,700 registered motor vehicles in this
region. There are no major highways and very few roads, and the aver-
age vehicle travels about 5250 miles per year.
Calculations were performed to establish whether ground-level con-
centrations of SOX and CO, and as appropriate, particulates, would
exceed the primary and secondary material air quality standards at loca-
tions downwind from the major sources in the Region. The details of
these calculations are presented in Appendix SA. A summary of results
is presented in Table 5-2.
5-3
-------
Table 5-1.
Major Stationary Point Source Emissions - Southeastern Alaska
    Actual Emissions, Tons/Year  Allowable, Tons /Y ear
    Type of  Par ti-   Parti-
 . Name   Source SOX cu1ates CO SOX cu1a te s
 Ala ska Lumber Sulfite Mill 1600 1000*  2260  
 & Pulp         
 Ketchikan Pulp Sulfite Mill 3400 2000*  2260  
    Boiler 2820* )20*  2170  
    (two stacks)      
U"1          
I Alaskan Wood Products Conical  107 1988   
~    
    Burner      
 Wrangell Lumber Conical  253* 4693*   
    Burner      
*
Represents a revision of the Emis sion Inventory dated August 1971.
-------
Table 5-2.
Maximum Downstream Concentrations for Major Point Sources, SOX, CO,
and Particulates (Stability Class D -- Im/sec Wind Velocity)
Estimated Maximum
Dow nstream Concentration
Alaska Lumber &
Pulp.
(Process)>:<
3
130 IJ.g/m
3
341J.g/m
National Air Quality Standards

SOX, jJ.g/m3 CO, mg/m3 Par}ic~lates
IJ.g m
(max 24 hour) (max 24 hour)

PRlMAR Y3STANDARD: 3 3
365 J1g/m 35 mg/m 260 IJ.g/m
1 hour max
Name
3
SOX, J1g/m
(max 24 hour)
CO, mg/m3 Pali}iclllates,
IJ.g m"'
(1 hour) (max 24 hour)
(J1
I
(J1
Ketchikan Pulp
(Process)*
(Boiler)
Total
78
SECONDAR Y STANDARD:
260 10 150
8 hour max
250
51
301
Alaskan Wood Pro-
ducts
(Conical Burner)
3
0.5 mg/m
0.8
Wrangell Lumber
(Conical Burner)
O. 1
1.8
*
The uncontrolled emission rates for Alaska Lumber & Pulp and
Ketchikan Pulp were assumed equal because the plants produce
the same amount of pulp.
-------
5.4 POTENTIAL NEW SOURCES
There are three industrial operations currently proj ected for this
region. These consist of a pulp mill and two ore processing facilities.
The available details of these are summarized in Tables 5-3, 5-4, and
,
5- 5 showing potential emissions using reasona~ly available control
technology.
Although particulates represent the major air pollutant emis sions
from the ore processing facilities, the possibility of other air con-
taminants, especially fluorides, from the pelletizing and processing
operations must not be overlooked. As plans for these installations
become more definite the State of Alasks will, through the Permit
System, collect data necessary for a comprehensive evaluation of the
impact on these sources on air quality.
5. 5
PROPOSED CONTROL STRATE.GY
The emission reduction requirements which appear to be evident
in Table 5-2 are those relating to meeting the secondary national air
quality standards for SOX emissions from the pulp mills. In the case of
Ketchikan Pulp, pollution concentrations due to process emissions approach
the secondary standard within the accuracy of the calculations. When SOX
outputs from fuel burning are combined with the process emissions (all
emissions occur in close proximity), the secondary standard is exceeded
by a considerable margin. Alaska Lumber and Pulp indicates SOX pro-
cess emissions roughly half of that of Ketchikan Pulp, even though their
process rate is about the same. The reason is that the former is current-
ly not using all of its liquor. With the new water pollution regulations in
force, these lower emissions may only be temporary.
The process rate for both pulp mills is about 620 tons of dried
pulp per day. SOX emissions were assumed to correspond to emission
rates of about 30 pounds per ton of dried pulp based upon EPA factors.
Reasonable available control technology permits a reduction of such
emiSSiOns to 20 pounds per dried ton (Reference 27), a reduction
of 33%. This attainable reduction is reflected ill Table 5- 6 for
5-6
-------
[ ,-
Table 5- 3.
Potential New Source
Air Quality Region 011
Type' of Operation
Pulp Mill
Firm Name
U. S. PI ywood
Probable. Location
Berner I S Bay - 42 miles north of Juneau
Probable Process Rate
600-750 tons/ day of dried pulp,
process unknown
Potential Emissions
(Reasonably Available
Control Technology)
Particulates
9 Ib/ ton of dried pulp
990- 1220 tons /year

26.4-30.5 Ib/hour
116-134 tons/year
SOX
Table 5-4.
Potential New Source
Air Quality Region 011
Type of Operation
Tin, berrylium, fluoride ore processing
and pelletizing
Firm Name
Snettisham Iron Ore
Marcona Company
Probable Location
30 miles south of Juneau
Probable Process Rate
5,000,000 tons/year of ore processed
Potential Emissions
(Uncontrolled)

Particulates
-11 lb/ton of ore (Table 88 of the Air
Pollutant Emission Factors Handbook)
Potential Emissions
(Reasonably Available
Control Technology)
-47 lb/hour
-205 tons/year
5-7
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Table 5- 5.
Potential New Source
Air Quality Region 0 II
Type of Operation
Iron ore pelletizing plant
Firm Name
Mitsutitchi Company
Probable Location
Klukwan - 90 miles north of Juneau
Probable Process Rate
5,000,000 tons/year of iron ore
Potential Emis s ions
(Uncontrolled)
Particulate
-11 lb/ton of ore dry process (Table 88
of the Air Pollutant -Emission Handbook)
Potential Emissions
(Reasonably Available
Control Technology)
-47 Ib/hour
-205 tons /year
Ketchikan Pulp. Additionally, to meet the requirements qf the proposed
Rules and Regulations for Air Quality Control of the State of Alaska,
an emission rate of 500 ppm of SOX which corresponds to the use of
fuel oil will be limited to about a 1 % sulfur content (Section 7, Appendix
D-l). The net result of these reductions, indicated in Table 5- 6, will
provide for the attainment of the secondary standards. The attainment
of these reductions is projected for January 1975, in accordance with
the Compliance Schedule Volume.
The atmospheric diffusion estimates shown in Table 5-6 repre-
sent the maximum expected downwind groundlevel concentrations based
on a local wind speed of I m/ see and a Class D Stability category.
This stability category is characterized by limited horizontal and verti-
cal mixing and occurs frequently at night or under conditions of heavy
overcast. This estimate is believed to be a representative maximum for
ground level concentrations in this part of Alaska.
5-8
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Table 5-6.
SOX Rollback Requirements for Sulfite Pulp Mill (Ketchikan Pulp)
(Class D Stability, 1 m/sec Wind Velocity)
Pulp Mill
30 1b/ton
of pulp
(e st)
 Maximum 24 Hr Maximum 24 Hr  
Currently Estimated    
Available Current Projected National Air Quality
Technology Air Quality Air Quality Standards
20 1b/ton 250 f.J.g/m 3 167f.J.g/m 3  
of pulp max 24 hour max 24 hour  
     PRIMARY:
     365 f.J.g/m 3
     max 24 hour
     SECONDARY:
160 1b/kga1 51 f.J. g/m 3 40 f.J. g/m 3 260 f.J. g/m 3
 max 24 hour max 24 hour max 24 hour
     (Primary Standard)
Source
Estimated
Current SOX
Emis sion Factor
Boiler
206 1b/kga1
of oil
(J'1
I
\0
Total
3
30 IJ.g / m *
3
207 IJ.g/m *
*Assume boiler and process outputs are additive.
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10.
11.
12.
13.
6.
REFERENCES
1.
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning
Engineers, Inc. , ASHRAE Guide and Data Book - Fundamentals
and Engineers, Inc., New York, N. Y., 1963. .
2.
Benson, Carl S., Ice, Fog, Low Temperature Air Pollution.
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, Research
Report 121, Hanover, N. H., June 1970.
3.
Benson, C.S. and G. Weller, A Study of Low-Level Winds in the
Vicinity of Fairqanks, Alaska. Report to Earth Resources
Company. Geophysical Institute University of Alaska College,
Alaska, 1970.
4.
Brownson, D. A., et. al., A Progress Report on ManAirOx -
Manifold Air Oxidation, General Motors Report.
5.
Chilton, Flat R,-,te and Part Manual, 1970.
6.
Environmental Protection Agency, "National Ambient Air Quality
Standards," Federal Register, volume 36, number 67, part II,
April 7, 1971.
7.
Environmental Protection Agency, "Requirements for Prepara-
tion, Adoption, and Submittal of Implementation Plans, II Federal
Register, volume 36, number 158, part II, Aug. 14, 1971.
8.
Environmental Protection Agency, Federal Register, volume 35,
number 219, part II, Nov. 10, 1970.
9.
Greater Anchorage Area Borough Planning Commission, Upper
Campbell Creek Area Land Use Plan, Anchorage, Alaska,
Mar. 1971.
Greater Anchorage Area, Planning Department, Anchorage Census
Division - Population Growth., 1960 - 1968 - 1970, April 1970.
Heiner, C. M., Thermal Considerations in Exhaust Emission
Control Systems, SAE Paper 486J, Detroit, Michigan, Mar. 1962.
Herrick, Robert A., Herrick Associates, Reston Virginia, to
Irwin Grossman, Sept. 8, 1971.
Larson, R. 1., IIA ~ew Mathematical Model of Air Pollution
Concentration Averaging Time and Frequency, " Journal of
Air Pollution Control Association, 19, J.Ll, 1969.
6-1
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14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
REFERENCES (Continued)
Mark, Lionel S., Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers,
Seventh edition, McGraw Hill, 1969.
Miller and Dobrovolny, Surficial Geology of Anchorage and Vicinity,
Alaska - Geological Survey Bulletin 1093, U. S. Printing Office,
Washington, D. C., 1959.
McGraw, M.J. and R. L. Duprey, Compilation of Air Pollutant
Emission Factors, Research Triangle Park, N. C., April 1971.
McMichael, W. F. and A. H. Rose, Jr., A Comparison of
Automotive Emissions in Cities at Low and High Altitudes, U. S. '
Dept. Hea !th, Education, and Welfare, June 1965.
Polk, R. L. and Co., Passenger Cars, Registration Counts by Make
Year of Model. For the state of Alaska as of July 1, 1970.
Smith, W. S. and C. W. Gruber, Atmosphere Emissions from Coal
Combustion - An Inventory Guide, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare, Cincinnati, Ohio, April 1966.
TRW Systems Group, Air Emission Inventory, State of Alaska.
Prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency, Report
No. 18425. 002, August 1971.
TRW Systems Group, The Economic Effectiveness of Mandatory
Engine Maintenance for Reducing Vehicle Enhaust Emissions,
Vol. I: Executive Summary, August 9, 1971; and Vol. III:
Inspection/Maintenance Procedures Development, August 20, 1971.
Turner, D. B., Work Book of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates,
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Public Health
Service, Environmental Health Service, National Air Pollution
Control Administration, Cincinnati, Ohio, revised 1970.
United States Census as reported in Fairbanks - A 11 America City -
1970, General Information and Economic Concerning the Fairbanks
Community, 1970. .
United States Department of Commerce, Local Climatological Data -
Annual Summary With Comparative Data, Fairbanks, Alaska, 1970.
United States Department of Labor, Alas ka Manpower Outlook -
19701s, Number 10, February 1971.
6-2
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26.
27.
28.
29.
REFERENCES (Continued)
Wilbur Smith and Associates, "Inventory of Current Trave 1 Demands
and Facilities, II Vol. 1, Anchorage Metropolitan Area Transportation
Study, August 1970.
Wilbur Smith and Associates, IIparking Study, Central Business
District, II Fairbanks Metropolitan Area Transportation Study,
October 1970.
Wilbur Smith and Associates, "Topics Study, II Fairbanks Metro-
politan Area Transportation Study, May 1971.
Williams, Glen V., Memo to File, Subject:- "Road Data,"
Anchorage, Alaska, June 21, 1971.
6-3
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