Final Report
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY:
A PROSPECTUS
Part IV — Management Plan
Prepared for:
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK, NORTH CAROLINA
CONTRACT 68-02-0207
SRI Project 1365
Menlo Park, California 94025 ° U.S.A.
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Final Report
January 1972
REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY:
A PROSPECTUS
Part IV - Management Plan
Prepared for:
THE ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK. NORTH CAROLINA
CONTRACT 68-02-0207
SR I Project 1365
R. T. H. COLLIS. Director
Atmospheric Sciences Laboratory (Project Director)
DON R. SCHEUCH, Vice President
Office of Research Operations
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FOREWORD
This Prospectus was prepared by Stanford Research Institute for the
Environmental Protection Agency under Contract No. 68-02-0207. While
this Prospectus has been reviewed by the Environmental Protection Agency
and approved for publication, approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental Protec-
tion Agency, nor is it intended to describe the Agency's program.
The complete Prospectus for the Regional Air Pollution Study is pre-
sented in four parts.
Part I
Part II
Part III
Part IV
Summary
Research Plan
Research Facility
Management Plan
A table of contents for all parts is provided in each of the four
parts to facilitate the use of the Prospectus.
iii
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
This Prospectus was prepared at the Institute by a project team
representing the full range of disciplines necessary for the comprehensive
analysis of problems of air pollution. Research team members were drawn
from four of the eight Institute Research Divisions, including the fol-
lowing:
Electronic and Radio Scien.ces
Physical Sciences
Information Science and Engineering
Engineering Systems
Because of the interdisciplinary nature of the effort, the contributions
and research findings of many team members are distributed throughout this
Prospectus rather than concentrated in one or more specific chapters. Ac-
cordingly, contributions are acknowledged below by general areas associ-
ated with the study of air pollution problems.
This Prospectus was prepared under the supervision of R.T.H. Collis,
Project Director. The Project Leader was Elmer Robinson (now of Washing-
ton State University) until 15 January, when Richard B. Bothun, who had
been Deputy Project Leader, succeeded him.
The main contributions were as follows:
.
Elmer RObinson--Project leadership and the formulation of the
Research Plan
.
Richard B. Bothun--Project leadership and administrative man-
agement and the formulation of the Management Plan.
Technically, the principal contributions were:
.
Richard B. Bothun--Management, scheduling, costing, planning
.
Leonard A. Cavanagh--Air quality instruments, atmospheric
chemistry
v
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.
Ronald T. H. Collis--Meteorology, remote sensing, research
planning
.
Walter F. Dabberdt-~Transport and diffusion modeling, mete-
orology, instrumentation
.
Paul A. Davis--Solar radiation, tracer studies
.
Roy M. Endlich~-Meteorological models, satellite systems
.
James L. Mackin--Helicopter and aircraft systems
.
Elmer Robinson--Meteorology,
chemistry, research planning
instrumentation, atmospheric
.
Sylvin Rubin--Data processing systems
.
Konrad T. Semrau--Source inventory and emissions
.
Elmer B. Shapiro--Communication systems
.
James H. Smith--Atmospheric chemical transformation processes
.
Eldon J. Wiegman--Synoptic climatology
Valuable contributions were made in the latter stages of the project
by Dr. W. A. Perkins and Mr. J. S. Sandberg, consultants.
The Institute wishes to express its appreciation for the assistance
and provision of informati0n by many staff members of the Environmental
Protection Agency, especially Charles R. Hosler, Contracting Officer's
Technical Representative; Dr. Warren B. Johnson, Jr., Chief, Model Devel-
opment Branch; Robert A. McCormick, Director, Division of Meteorology;
and Dr. A. P. Altshuller, Director, Division of Chemistry and Physics.
Additionally, the constructive criticism and comment provided by
members of the Meteorology Advisory Committee of the Environmental Pro-
tection Agency during the preparation of the Prospectus were of signifi-
cant value, and our indebtedness is hereby acknowledged.
vi
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CONTENTS
PART I - SUMMARY
FOREWORD. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDGMENT.
III
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
I
THE BASIC PREMISE
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
II
SCIENTIFIC AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT
. . . .
. . . . . .
The Basic Tool--The Mathematical Model. . . . . . . . . .
The Processes To Be Modeled. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Accuracy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Current Limi tations of Modeling. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Steps To Improve Models. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Regional Scale. . . . . . . . . . .
THE REGIONAL AIR POLLUTION STUDY (RAPS) .
. . . . iii .
Concept. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pur po se . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Organization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
IV
SI TE SELECTION
" . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
V
THE RESEARCH PLAN. . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Model Evaluation and Verification Program. . . . . .
Meteorological Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pollutant Source Estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air Quality Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Atmospheric, Chemical, and Biological Processes. . . . . .
Human Social and Economic Factors. . . . . . . . . .
RAPS Technology Transfer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
vii
iii
v
1
3
3
3
4
4
5
7
9
9
10
10
14
17
19
19
21
24
25
25
26
28
28
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CONTENTS
v
Continued
Schedules and Task Specifications for the Research Plan. .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
100 Model Verification. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101 Boundary Layer Meteorology Program. . . . . . . . .
102 Emission Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
103 Air Quality Measurements. . . . . . . . . . .
104 Model Calculation and Verification. . . . . . . . .
200 Atmospheric, Chemical, and Biological Processes. . .
201 Gaseous Chemical Processes. . . . . . . . . .
202 Atmospheric Aerosol Processes. . . . . . . . . . . .
203 Other Pollutant Related Atmospheric Processes.
204 Atmospheric Scavenging by Precipitation. . . .
205 Air Pollutant Scavenging by the Biosphere. . . . . .
206 Atmospheric Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
300 Human, Social, and Economic Factors. . . . . .
301 Human and Social Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
302 Economic Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
400 Transfer of RAPS Technology for Control Agency
Applications and the Formulation of Control Strategies
401 Source Inventory Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . .
402 Atmospheric Monitoring. . . . . . . . .
403 Data Handling. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
404 Modeling Technology. . . . . . . .
405 Other Significant Factors in Control Strategy
Formulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
VI
THE FACILITY
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
Rationale. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basic Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Basis for Monitoring Network . . . . . . . .
The St. Louis Regional Monitoring Network. . . . . . . .
viii
30
30
45
46
46
47
47
48
49
49
51
51
52
53
54
54
55
55
57
57
58
59
60
63
63
63
63
66
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VII
VIII
CONTENTS
MANAGEMENT AND SCHEDULING
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facility Activation Schedule. . . . . . . . .
Permanent Management and Staffing. . . . . .
. . . .
COST SUMlVlARY
. . . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Permanent Facilities and Staff. . . . . . . . . . .
Helicopter and Mixing Layer Observational Program. .
Research Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instrumentation and Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Cost of Research Plan. . . . . . . . .
Total Costs of RAPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ix
71
71
71
73
77
77
80
80
81
83
85
86
86
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CONTENTS
PART II - RESEARCH PLAN
FOREWORD. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDG~ffiNT . . .
III
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . .
I
INTRODUCTION TO THE RESEARCH PLAN
. . . . . . . .
. . . .
II
RESEARCH PLAN--OVERVIEW OF AIR POLLUTION MODELING
. . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Model Evaluation and Verification Program
. . . . .
. . . . .
RESEARCH PLAN--METEOROLOGICAL PROCESSES.
. . . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . .
Atmospheric Dispersion Models
Gaussian Formulae. . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . .
Gradient Transfer Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Model s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Numerical Weather Prediction Models.
Model Sensitivity to Meteorological Variables. .
Experimental Meteorology Program. . . . . . . . . . . .
General. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tracer Studies of Transport and Diffusion . . . .
Urban and Rural Radiation Budget Studies. . . .
The Role of Remote Probing T8chniques . . . . . . . . .
Upper Air Sampling Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plume Di spersion Studies . . . . . . . . .
Studies of Spatial Variabilities . . . .
References
. . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
IV
RESEARCH PLAN--ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND TRANSPORTATION
PROCESSES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduction
. . . . . .
. . . . ., .
. . . .
. . . . .
x
ii i
v
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-30
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-79
-81
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IV-l
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CONTENTS
IV
Continued
The S02 Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emission Sources of Sulfur Compounds. . . . . . . . .
Chemical Reactions of Importance to the SO -Cycle Model
2
Removal Mechanisms for Sulfur Compounds. . . . .
The Research Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Photochemical Cycle--Hydrocarbons:Nitrogen Oxides:
Oxidant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sources of Nitrogen Oxides. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reactions of Nitrogen Oxides in the Absence of
Hydrocarbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hydrocarbon Sources and Removal Processes. . . . .
The Hydrocarbon-Nitrogen Oxides Reactions. . . . . . .
The Research Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Particulate Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Background Haze. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Natural Background Aerosols. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Particulate Emissions Inventory. . . . . .
The Chemistry of Particulate Formation in the
Atmo sphere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Research Program. . . . . . . . . . .
Development of Continuous Rainfall pH Measurement and
Sequential Precipitation Collection. . . . . . . . . . .
Carbon Monoxide Cycle. . . . . . . . . . . .
Source of CO . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Important Chemical Reactions of CO . . . . . . . . . .
CO Sinks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The CO Research Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Chemical Research Program Schedule. . . . . . . . .
Aerosol Research Program . . . . . . . . . . .
The S02 Flux Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . .
The HC:NOx Research Program. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The CO Research Program. . . . . . . . . .
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xi
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VII
VIII
APPENDIX
CONTENTS
V
RESEARCH PLAN--EMISSION ESTIMATES. . . . . . . . .
Requirements of the Emission Inventory System. . . . . .
Classification of Emission Sources. . . . . . . . . . .
Source Processes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Source Uni t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stationary Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pollutant s
. . . ~
. . . . . . .
. . . . "
Factors Affecting Emi ssion Level s . . . . . . . . .
Stationary Sources. . . . . . . . . . .. ....
Mobile Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inventory Procedures and Accuracy. . . . . . . . . . . .
Accuracy of Estimates . . . . . . . .
Procedures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Emission Model
u .. .. . . . .
. . . . . .
. . " . . . .
Control Strategy Studies
Inventory Schedule. . . . .
. . . .
. . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . . . .
VI
RESEARCH PLAN--ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACT STUDIES.
Introduction. . . . . . . . .
Human and Social Factors
Economic Factors. . . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . . ..
. . . . .
. . . .
. . . . .. .
RESEARCH PLAN--TECHNOLOGY TRANSFER
. . . . . .
. . . .
Introduction
. . . .
. . . .
. II " . . .
. . . " .
Technology Transfer Program. . . . .
. . . . . .
OTHER AGENCY RESEARCH PROGRAMS
. .. " .. . .
. . . .
METRO Nlli X . . . . . . . . . .
NCAR Fate of Pollutants Study (FAPS)
NOAA's !llliSOMEX . . . . . . . . .
" .. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
SCHEDULES AND TASK SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE RESEARCH
PLAN
. . . .
. . . . . .
. . . . . ,. . . . . . .
xii
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CONTENTS
PART III - RESEARCH FACILITY
FOREWORD. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDGI\IENT
. . . .
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . . .
IX
INTRODUCTION TO FACILITY DESIGN AND OPERATIONS
. . . . .
X
ST. LOUIS SITE SELECTION
. . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Site Selection Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Method of Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . .
National Summary Analysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Meteorology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fossil Fuels. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Regional Isolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Res ul t s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Analysis of Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pollutants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geographical Separation. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sunshine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Space Heating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Resul ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Agricul ture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
XI
NEAR-SURFACE ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCH FACILITY
. . . . . . .
General Considerations. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Horizontal Extent of the Network. . . . . . . . . . . .
Network Orientation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Characteristics of Stations. . . . . . . . . . . .
Meteorological Instrumentation. . . . . . . . . . . . .
xiii
iii
v
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XII
XIII
CONTENTS
AIR QUALITY SAMPLING
. . . . . .
. . . . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permanent Network Monitoring Stations for Pollutants
Semipermanent Monitoring Station. . . . . . . . . . . .
Pollutants To Be Monitored for Establishment of Air
Qual it Y . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Carbon Monoxide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Methane, Nonmethane Hydrocarbons, and Total Hydro-
carbons. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ni trogen Oxides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sulfur Oxides and Hydrogen Sulfide and Total Sulfur. .
Ozone. . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
Suspended Particulate Material. . . . . . . . . . . .
Other Pollutants of Interest Not Measured by Network
Pollutant Monitoring Techniques. . . . . . .
Carbon Monoxide, Methane, and Total Hydrocarbon.
Nitric Oxide, Total Nitrogen Oxides. . . . . . . . . .
Sulfur Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Total Sulfur. . . .
Ozone. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Suspended Particulate Material . . . . . . . . .
Summary of Pollutant Instruments . . . . . . . .
Instrument Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Local Calibration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calibration Vans for Primary Calibration. . . .
Role of Research Programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DATA ACQUISITION AND HANDLING.
. . . . . .
. . . . . . .
Introduction
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
Policies and Principles. . . . . . . . . . .
System Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instruments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Data Acquisition Equipment at Stations. . . . . . . . .
Data Formats. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Central Data Collection Facility. . . . . . . . . .
Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Functional Tasks
Equipment Complement
. . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
xiv
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XIII
XIV
CONTENTS
Continued
The Central Data Collection Facility (cont.)
Disk File Organization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manual Data Entry. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reliability Considerations and Maintenance. . . . .
Communications for the Data Collection Network. . . .
The Telephone Companies.
Facilities . . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
. . . .
Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alternative Communication Approaches. . . . . . . .
MIXING LAYER OBSERVATION PROGRAM
. . . . .
. . . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Mixing Layer Observation Methods. . . . . . .
Primary Aircraft Support for the Regional Study. . . .
Helicopter Support Function. . . . . . . .
Schedule of Operations. . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Helicopter Instrumentation Package. . . . . . . . .
Balloon Tracking System. . . . . . . . . . . . .
System Design Concept. . . . . . . . . .
Activation Schedule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Special Aircraft-Based Meteorological Observations
General Concepts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instrumentation Cons iderat ions . . . . . . . . .
Special Aircraft-Based Air Quality Observations. . . .
Western Environmental Research Laboratory (WERL)
Selection of Parameters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selection of Surveillance Techniques. . . . . . . .
XV
GENERAL CLIMATOLOGY OF ST. LOUIS
. . . . . . .
. . . .
Introduct ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Principal Seasonal Meteorological Characteristics
Cold Season (Mid-October to Mid-April) .. . .
Warm Season (Mid-April to Mid-November) . . . . . .
xv
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XVI
CONTENTS
XV
Continued
Meteorological Parameters Relating to Pollution. . . . .
Stagnating Anticyclones. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LAND AND BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
. . . . .
. . . . . . . .
Central Facility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selection Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interior Space Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Outdoor Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instrument Station Sites. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Selection Criteria. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xvi
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CONTENTS
PART IV - MANAGEMENT PLAN
FOREWORD. . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ACKNOWLEDG~ffiNT . . . . . . .
XVII
XVIII
. . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
INTRODUCTION TO THE REGIONAL STUDY SCHEDULING,
STAFFING, AND COST . . . . . . . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The St. Louis Facility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facility Activation Schedule. . . . . . . . . .
Permanent Management and Staffing . . . . .
Cost s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Permanent Facility and Staff. . . . . . . . .
Helicopter and Mixing Layer Observational Program. . .
Research Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tot a 1 Co st s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Hi
v
XVII-l
-1
-2
-5
-7
-9
-9
-12
-12
-14
IMPLE1ffiNTATION SCHEDULE OF THE ST. LOUIS FACILITY. . . XVIII-l
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prototype Instrument Station and Central Facility
Schedule Network and Estimated Activity Durations. .
Activity Descriptions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Network Critical Path. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Activation Schedule of Class A and Class B Stations. .
Uni t Schedules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sequential Station Activation Schedule and Mainte-
nance Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Full Facility Implementation. . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Scheduling Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . .
Class A and B Station Activation with Prior Proto-
type Station Acceptance. . . . . . . . . . . .
Class A and B Station Activation Without Prior
Prototype Station Acceptance. . . . . . . . . . . .
Class C Station Activation Schedule. . . . . . . . .
Aggregate Facility Activation Schedule . . . .
xvii
-1
-3
-3
-17
-27
-33
-33
-36
-44
-44
-53
-55
-59
-63
-------
XIX
XX
XXI
CONTENTS
PERMANENT ~ffiNAGEMENT AND STAFFING. . . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Regional Study Management. . . . . . . . . . . .
Research Triangle Park Staff. . . . . . . . . . . . .
St. Louis EPA Operating Staff with EPA Operation
St. Louis EPA Staff with Prime Contractor Operation. .
St. Louis Facility Implementation . . . .
Staff Scheduling . . . .
ST. LOUIS FACILITY INITIAL COSTS AND ANNUAL OPERATING
COSTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Introduct ion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ini t ial Costs of the St. Louis Facility . . . . .
Air Quality and Meteorological Instruments. . . . .
Instrument Station Preparation, Facilities, and
Appurtenances. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ditigal Data Terminal and Communication Equipment. .
Central Facility and Equipment . . . . . . . .
Vehicular Support Facilities. . . . . . . . .
Total Initial Costs. . . . . . . . . . .
Annual Operating Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instrument Replacement and Spare Parts . . . .
Telephone Communication System . . . . .
Motor Vehicles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Building and Land Rental . . . .
Miscellaneous. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Estimated Annual Operating Costs. . . .
RESEARCH PLAN COSTS.
. . . .
. . . .
. . . . .
. . . .
Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Personnel. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Requirements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cost s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Instrumentation and Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Operat ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Total Cost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xviii
XIX-l
-1
-1
-6
-13
-25
-26
-32
XX-I
-1
-1
-3
-5
-6
-9
-11
-13
-15
-17
-17
-19
-20
-21
-22
-23
XXI-l
-1
-2
-2
-5
-6
-10
-11
-------
XVll-l
XVIll-l
-10
XIX-l
ILLUSTRATIONS
PART IV - MANAGEMENT PLAN
St. Louis Facility Class A and B Instrument Station
Locat ions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Critical Path Network for Completion of a Class A
Prototype Instrument Stat ion. . . . . . . . . . . .
-2
Critical Path Network for Completion of the Central
Facility Data Processing System. . . . . . . . . .
-3
Estimated Instrument Station Activation Schedule
and Maintenance Technician Requirements. . . . . .
-4
Estimated Instrument Station Equipment Installation
Schedule. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-5
Full System Activation Critical Path Network
. . . .
-6
Class A and B Instrument Station Implementation
Schedule with Prior Prototype Station Acceptance. .
-7
St. Louis Facility Activation Schedule with Prior
Prototype Stat ion Acceptance. . . . . . . . . . . .
-8
St. Louis Facility Activation Schedule Without Prior
Prototype Station Acceptance. . . . . . . . .
-9
Class A and B Instrument Station Activation Schedule
Without Prior Prototype Station Acceptance. .
Class C Instrument Station Activation Schedule
Summary Organization of the Regional Study. . . .
-2
Research Triangle Park Organization for the Regional
Study
. . . . .
. . . . . . . .
. . . . . . .
-3
Organization--St. Louis Facility.
. . . .
. . . . .
xix
XVII -4
XVI 11-5
-7
-39
-43
-46
-54
-56
-57
-58
-62
XIX-5
-7
-15
-------
XVII-l
XVII 1-1
TABLES
PART IV - MANAGEMENT PLAN
Classification of the Regional Study Instrument
Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-2
Estimated Initial Costs of the St. Louis Facility
by Principal Installation. . . . . . . . . . . . .
-3
Estimated Initial Costs of the St. Louis Facility
by System Components. . . . . . . . . . . . .
-4
Estimated Total Annual Operating Costs of the
St. Louis Facility and Permanent Staff. . . .
-5
Estimated Initial and Operating Costs During
Implementation of the St. Louis Facility.
-6
Estimated Costs of Helicopter Operation by Quarter.
-7
Total Estimated Costs of the Research Plan
. . . . .
-8
Estimated Total Quarterly Costs of the Regional
Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prototype Instrument Station and Central Facility
Ac t i v it i e s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-2
Estimated Total Float Time for Prototype Instrument
Station Activities. . . .
. . . .
. . . . . .
-3
Class A Station Activation Requirements
-4
Class Bl Station Activation Schedule.
St. Louis Instrument System Activities Following
Full Prototype Station Acceptance. . . . . . .
. . . .
-5
-6
Instrument Station Locations by Contractor Area
-7
Facility Completion Schedule by Principal Activity
Groups. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
xxi
XVII-3
-9
-10
-11
-11
-12
-13
-15
XVIII-9
-32
-34
-35
-47
-52
-64
-------
XIX-l
XX-l
-10
-11
-12
-13
XXI -1
TABLES
St. Louis Facility Operating Staff. . . . . . . . . .
-2
Instrument Station Clusters for Maintenance Technician
Assignment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-3
Regional Study Staff Requirements
. . . . . . .
Initial Unit Costs of Instrument Station Air Quality,
Meteorological Instruments, and Calibration Equipment
-2
Initial Unit Costs for Instrument Station Site
Preparation, Housing, Fixtures, and Appurtenances
-3
Initial Costs of the Instrument Station Digital Data
Terminal Equipment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-4
-5
Initial Costs of the Central Facility
. . . . .
Initial Cost of Vehicle Support Facilities. . .
-6
Estimated Total Initial Unit Cost of the Instrument
Stations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-7
Estimated Total Initial Equipment Costs of St. Louis
Facility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-8
Estimated Initial Expenditure Schedule for Activation
of the St. Louis Facility. . . . .
-9
Estimated Annual Personnel Costs of the Regional Study
Estimated Annual Cost for Instrument Station Equipment
Replacement Parts and General Maintenance. . . .
Estimated Instrument Station Reporting Circuit
Assignment and Circuit Length. . . . .
. . . .
Estimated Total Annual Operating Costs of the
Regional Study. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Estimated Quarterly Operating Costs During Activation
of the St. Louis Facility. . . . . . . . .
Estimated Professional and Technical Staffing
Required To Carry Out the Research Plan
. . . .
xxii
XIX-14
-19
-33
XX-4
-5
-6
-10
-12
-13
-14
-16
-18
-19
-20
-24
-25
XXI-3
-------
XXI-2
TABLES
Summary of Personnel Requirements for the Research
Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-3
Estimated Personnel Costs To Carry Out the Research
Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-4
Summary of the Estimated Costs of Personnel Required
by the Research Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-5
Estimated Costs of Specialized Equipment for the
Research Plan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
-6
Estimated Operational Costs of the METRAC System. . .
-7
Total Estimated Costs of the Research Plan. . .
xxiii
XXI-6
-7
-8
-9
-10
-12
-------
Chapter XVII
INTRODUCTION TO THE REGIONAL STUDY
SCHEDULING, STAFFING; AND COST
Introduction
The Regional Study will constitute the largest and most comprehen-
sive scientific investigation and analysis of the phenomenology of air
quality and pollution yet undertaken. Field data describing air quality,
meteorology, and other pertinent factors will be obtained by an instru-
ment and data processing system unprecedented in the study of air pollu-
tants. This critically important effort will require the most careful
planning and management both before and during its execution to ensure
effective utilization of the facilities and personnel assigned to the
Regional Study and the most appropriate expenditure of funds.
This part of the Prospectus presents findings largely applicable to
the scheduling, management and staffing, and the estimated costs of the
st. Louis facility. However, this chapter also summarizes the estimated
costs of the Research Plan presented in Part II of this Prospectus, the
costs of the Research Plan as given in Chapter XXI, and the costs of the
mixing layer observational program as presented in Chapter XIV. It is
clear that the scope of the Regional Study is such that continual review
and modification will be required of all the estimated schedules, costs,
and other factors presented in this Prospectus. This tends to be of par-
ticular importance in regard to the estimated activation schedule, since
many policy and design considerations are entailed and not all of them
can be anticipated or evaluated at this time. Moreover, several impor-
tant aspects of the schedule and perhaps certain costs will depend on
the actual conditions found to exist in st. Louis after authorization
of the Regional Study. Accordingly, the planning factors presented are
regarded as having an accuracy and reliability suitable for the planning
purposes of this Prospectus and for the purpose of providing a working
format for additional and more detailed planning efforts.
XVlI-l
-------
The st. Louis Facility
The st. Louis facility, as defined in Part III of this Prospectus,
is conceived as ultimately consisting of 77 instrument stations and a
central facility housing the necessary data handling and processing and
remote recording equipment, as well as office, laboratory, and mainte-
nance space. Six types of instrument stations are included as summarized
in Table XVlI-1 with respect to their major characteristics and equipment
This facility concept is used as the basis for all estimated requirements
for personnel, costs, and scheduling.
strong similarities can be noted among the various station classes.
For example, the Class A1 and A2 stations are identical, except for the
far fewer meteorological instruments allocated to the Class A2 stations.
Both classes include 30-meter towers and are expected to make air quality
and meteorological observations at not less than three elevations on the
towers. Both are expected to be permanently sited. The Class 81 and 82
stations are shown to be identical, except that the eight Class 82 sta-
tions are housed in trailers rather than permanently sited. The stations
in Classes A1' A2' and 81 are viewed in a sense as the basic system to
be augmented as necessary by the transportable Class 82' C1' and C2 sta-
tions.
The four Class C1 stations are equipped with the 30-meter towers
and a complete complement of meteorological instruments. The station
is provided with no air quality instruments. The instrument shelters
are viewed as consisting of trailers and is shown to be transportable.
However, since the station is equipped with a 30-meter tower, freedom
of movement will be far less than either the Class 82 or C2 stations.
The Class C2 stations are shown to have minimal equipment. They
are intended to be used in direct support of the research experiments
and consequently will be equipped with a variety of specialized instru-
mentation during the Regional Study. Funding for such instrumentation
will be allocated to the various research experiments rather than to the
f ac i li t Y its elf.
The analytically derived pattern of instrument station location,
as discussed in Chapter XI of this Prospectus is shown in Figure XVlI-1.
The ultimate location of the stations will depend on the availability
of suitable sites which only a field survey can reveal. For purposes
of subsequent discussion, the instrument sites are identified in code
defined as follows. First, the sites have been placed in three groups
as a function of their distance from the st. Louis arch. Thus, the
farthest stations have an initial code entry of "1," while those within
XVII-2
-------
Table XVII-l
CLASSIFICATION OF THE REGIONAL STUDY INSTRUMENT STATIONS
Air quality instruments
Carbon monoxide-methane-hydrocarbon
Hydrogen sulfide-sulfur dioxide
Total sulfur
Ozone
Nitrous oxide-oxides of
Nephelometer
Carbon monoxide (NDIR)
Hi-Vol sampler
nitrogen
Meteorological instruments
Temperature
Wind direction and speed
Pyranometer
Pressure transducer
Mercury barometer
Net radiometer
Dew point hygrometer
Rain-snow gage
Tower height
30-meter
lO-meter
Data recording
Remote
Local
Mobili ty
Fixed
Transportable
Number of instrument stations in
each class
XVII -3
A
1
Class of
A B
2 1
Station
B
2
C
1
C
2
Number of Instruments
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Station Characteristics
x
x
x
9
x
x
x
8
x
x
x
24
x
x
x
8
x
x
x
x
x
x
4
24
-------
FIGURE XVII-1
1N1A,
2N7B2
.
2NWBA,
2NW6B2
.
2NE8B2
.
2N5A2
2W8A2
3NW18, 3NW28, 3N38, 3NE48,
X X X X
3NW68, 3NW78, 3N88, 3NE98,
X X X X
3W118, 3W128, 309A, 3E138, 3E148,
X X . X X
3SW158, 3SW168, 3S178, 3SE188, 3SE198,
X X X X X
3S228, 3SE238,
X X
25W7A,
287 A2
.
28E5B2
.
284B2
183A,
2NE5A,
2E6A2
1 E2A,
28E5B2
.;iA-'365-29
ST. LOUIS FACILITY CLASS A AND B INSTRUMENT STATION
LOCATIONS
XVII-4
-------
the urbanized area have an initial entry of "3." The fallowing letter
entry indicates the compass quadrant or cardinal in which the station
is located. The st. Louis arch station is indicated by the letter "0."
Following the compass notation is the sequential number of each station
within its respective class.
The location of the central facility tends to be somewhat flexible.
However, since a substantial mixing layer observation program is antici-
pated, the location of the central is suggested to be most appropriately
located in the vicinity of a superior airport. Therefore, two possibili-
ties are suggested, with the first in the Alton-East Alton, Illinois,
area near the Bethalto Civic Memorial Airport. The second location is
on or near Scott Air Force Base, Illinois.
The central facility will also include maintenance vehicles, instru-
ment station calibration vans, and similar infrastructure components to
support both the continuing operation of the instrument system and the
research experiments and field activities planned during the five-year
period.
Facility Activation Schedule
The activation schedule of the st. Louis facility is viewed as hav-
ing three principal components. The first covers the design, installa-
tion, and shakedown and acceptance of two prototype instrument stations.
The second includes the activation of all Class A and B stations. The
third provides for completion of the Class C stations.
The overall schedule adopted for the st. Louis facility activation
will depend on a number of critical factors. These include the urgency
for initiation of the research experiments requiring the full instrument
system and the magnitude of funds allocated for the Regional Study. Ad-
ditionally, as discussed in this Prospectus, a number of alternative
methods or rationales may be used to develop the geographical pattern
of station location. In one case, all stations could be installed in
a continuous sequential schedule on the basis of currently available
emission source data and air quality and meteorological information.
In the other case, stations might be installed at a far lower rate, so
that the first group of stations will be allowed to acquire significant
air quality and meteorological data from which possible guidance could
be derived for the second group, and so on. The basic concepts of sched-
uling under each procedure should be essentially the same, and for pur-
poses here the continuous schedule has been selected.
XV II - 5
-------
The design, installation, and operational acceptance tests of the
instrument prototype stations is estimated to require on balance about
44 weeks. The critical path through the scheduling network consists
almost exclusively of the digital data terminal equipment. This situa-
tion is caused primarily by the fact that all air quality and meteoro-
logical instruments are considered to be standard catalogue items with
relatively short procurement times, whereas the digital data terminal
equipment consists of a combination of standard and special-designed
equipment. The latter group of digital data equipment causes much of
the length of the critical path, especially when combined with the design
decisions associated with the telephone communication system design.
Two alternatives have been identified for scheduling the activation
of all Class A and B stations. The first is to delay all activation un-
til the prototype station has been thoroughly tested and all components
have been accepted. Scheduling on this basis is estimated to require an
additional 33 weeks for final station completion or 77 weeks for full
activation of the St. Louis facility.
The second alternative is to initiate activation before prototype
station acceptance. In this case, activation could be started at the
end of the acceptance tests of the prototype station air quality instru-
ments, which is estimated to occur 23 weeks after authorization of the
Regional Study. Since, as noted above, the prototype station critical
path is estimated at 44 weeks, initiation of system activation after
prototype operation of the air quality instruments is likely to achieve
considerable economies in time. Such overlapping is estimated to bring
full system operation 18 weeks earlier than the former schedule, with
completion at 59 weeks.
Moderate risk is estimated to exist in continuing station activation
without full completion of the prototype stations. This risk arises with
the design of the equipment linking the meteorological and air quality
instruments with the bulk of the digital data equipment. However, in
view of the inherent flexibility of digital data circuitry designs and
equipment. any incompatibilities revealed in prototype station design
undoubtedly can be corrected in the digital data equipment before instal-
lation in the remaining stations.
The Class C stations can be scheduled essentially independently of
the other stations, since their digital data terminal equipment provides
for local rather than remote recording. The Research Plan indicates a
need for about ten Class C2 stations approximately eight months after
authorization of the Regional Study, with the remainder following soon
thereafter. Accordingly, initiation of the digital data equipment
XVII-6
-------
procurement cycle can be initiated 10 weeks after authorization, with
station activation beginning 12 weeks later. An activation rate of one
per week brings completion of all stations 51 weeks after authorization,
with the first ten available 33 weeks after authorization.
These activation schedules are based on the assumption that the
central facility and all instrument stations sites have been acquired
before the scheduled station activation. This is regarded as a most
critical assumption, and the lack of instrument sites could indeed cause
serious delay in system activation. Immediate field survey initiation
following authorization of the Regional study, and preferably before,
appears essential to permit station activation to proceed on schedule.
Permanent Management and Staffing
The permanent personnel assigned to the Regional Study are estimated
to include 54 staff members. Nine are estimated to be located at the
Research Triangle Park and 45 in st. Louis.
The significance of the Regional Study is such that the establish-
ment of the position of Deputy Director for Regional Studies appears
appropriate. The Deputy Director will report directly to the Director,
National Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park. The Re-
search Triangle Park staff will consist of three groups as follows.
Office of Programs--This Office will provide EPA coordination,
budgeting, and planning support throughout the study.
Office of Interagency Coordination and Technology Transfer--This
Office will be charged with providing full coordination among
all agencies having an involvement with problems of air pollution
The broad scope of the Regional Study is such that programs of
other organizations and agencies should be continually monitored
to determine possible interfacing points, cooperative ventures,
and other modes of joint operation. Conversely, the Office will
have the principal task of advising other agencies of the pro-
grams planned for the Regional Study to again promote full co-
operation. The Office will have the additional responsibility
of continual review of findings developed in the Regional Study
for application to other areas and experimental efforts.
.
Office of Research Operations--The staff of this office
responsible for the detailed planning, supervision, and
control of the research tasks constituting the Regional
will be
quality
Study.
XVII-7
-------
The office is estimated to require up to three full-time pro-
fessional and one professional representative from each research
Division to coordinate and monitor the research efforts in each
Division. The Divisional representatives would remain adminis-
tratively within their home Divisions but would have scientific
and technical reporting requirements to the Division Directors
and the Deputy Director.
The st. Louis staff will be largely responsible for the operation
of the facility and support of the field research experimental effort.
The staff consists of nine professionals and 36 nonprofessionals, with
17 of the nonprofessionals engaged in instrument station maintenance and
calibration. The professional staff includes the following:
Facility Director--The facility director will be responsible for
all st. Louis operations, reporting to the Deputy Director for
Regional Studies.
Research Coordinator--The research coordinator will provide all
logistic and facility support to special research groups carry-
ing out field data gathering programs.
Instrument Engineer--Two engineers are estimated for system
operation, maintenance, and modification during the five-year
program.
Meteorologist--Two meteorologists are estimated to be required
to provide sustained analysis of meteorological conditions in
the st. Louis area and to provide direct support to field groups
for specific purposes.
Computer System Engineer--One engineer is estimated to be re-
quired for supervision of data handling and recording procedures
special computer program preparation, and related duties.
Control Engineer--The control engineer will be responsible for
development and maintenance of the st. Louis emission inventory.
Effects Research--An on-site professional is estimated to be
required for the purpose of providing direct support for all
effects research in the st. Louis area; he will arrange for
acquisition of all relevant local data necessary for the program
XVII-8
-------
Costs
Permanent Facility and Staff
The initial costs of the st. Louis
about $3.94 million. This includes all
facility, and other equipment estimated
costs are summarized in Table XVII-2.
facility have been estimated at
instrument stations, the central
to be required. These initial
Table XVII-2
ESTIMATED
INITIAL COSTS OF THE ST. LOUIS
BY PRINCIPAL INSTALLATION
(Thousands of Dollars)
FACILITY
Instrument stations
A1
A2
B1
B2
C1
C2
$
771.3
625.6
1,370.4
455.2
134.0
367.2
Subtotal
$3,723.7
121.0
Central facility
Vehicles
98.9
Total
$3,943.6
The estimated initial costs can also be summarized in terms of the
principal system components as shown in Table XVII-3.
The air quality instruments account for almost one-half the initial
costs at $1.6 million, with the digital data terminals at somewhat less
than 18% of the total. One of the lowest cost elements is attributable
to the data processing and communication facilities and accounts for
slightly more than 2% of the total costs. Significant advances in the
state of the art and high volume production of computers and peripheral
equipment have combined to create dramatic cost reductions over the past
two to three years.
XVII-9
-------
Table XVII-3
ESTIMATED INITIAL COSTS OF THE ST. LOUIS
FACILITY BY SYSTEM COMPONENTS
(Thousands of Dollars)
Air quality instruments
Calibration equipment and accessories
Meteorological instruments
Instrument spare parts
Site preparation, housing, fixtures
Digital data terminal equipment
Data processing and communication
General facilities
Support vehicles
Total
$1,606.0
392.2
234.2
220.5
501.5
769.2
81.0
40.0
98.9
$3,943.6
The annual operating costs once full operational status has been
achieved is estimated at about $1.5 million. This cost includes the
staff at both the Research Triangle Park and st. Louis and all standard
operating supplies at st. Louis. These costs are summarized in Table
XVII-4.
The estimated personnel costs are clearly the chief element of the
annual costs, accounting for almost 80% of the total. The remaining ele-
ments stand at 6% or less. A particularly uncertain cost is that for
rental of the central facility and especially land for the instrument
stations. A cost for instrument station sites was taken nominally at
$1000 per site. Undoubtedly, there will be large variations in this
unit estimate which can be known with certainty only after the actual
field survey.
The activation schedule of the st. Louis facility is estimated to
span about five calendar quarters following authorization of the Regional
Study. The overall expenditure schedule for both the initial and operat-
ing costs by quarter are summarized in Table XVII-5. The operating costs
in the fifth quarter are judged to typify all subsequent quarters.
XVII-IO
-------
Table XVII-4
ESTIMATED TOTAL ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS OF
THE ST. LOUIS FACILITY AND PERMANENT STAFF
(Thousands of Dollars)
Personnel
Research Triangle Park
st. Louis
$
225.0
990.0
Subtotal
$1,215.0
91.8
14.5
38.4
78.4
98.0
12.7
Instrument replacement and parts
Motor vehicle operation
Telephone communication system
Building and land rental
Calibration gases
Electric power
Total
$1,548.8
Table XVII-5
ESTIMATED INITIAL AND OPERATING COSTS DURING
IMPLEMENTATION OF THE ST. LOUIS FACILITY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Quarter
1 2 3 4 5
Initial costs $ 48.8 $347 . 1 $2,770.2 $470.9 $306.6
Operating costs 99.1 163.3 288.7 349.0 387.2
Total $147.9 $510.4 $3,058.9 $819.9 $693.8
XVII-ll
-------
Helicopter and Mixing Layer Observational Program
The estimated costs of the mixing layer observational program were
presented in detail in Chapter XIV. The costs cover the acquisition and
operation of one helicopter and a balloon-borne instrument system known
as NlliTRAC. Operational costs of the helicopter are based on 18 hours of
operation during the period March through November and 12 hours per week
for the balance of the year. Total helicopter costs on a quarterly basis
for this operational schedule are shown in Table XVII-6.
Table XVII-6
ESTIMATED COSTS OF HELICOPTER
OPERATION BY QUARTER
(Thousands of Dollars)
Quarter
Cost
-
January-March
April-June
July-September
October-December
$19.3
24.1
24.1
16.9
-
Total
$84.4
Research Plan
The estimated costs of the Research Plan as presented in Chapter XXI
total $9.7 million and are summarized in Table XVII-7. By far the bulk
of the costs are attributable to personnel and account for 85% of the
total. Approximately $900,000 is estimated to be required for special-
ized instruments for selected components of the Research Plan. Because
of their specialized nature or because they require additional develop-
ment to achieve operational status, they were not considered as part of
the permanent facility.
XVII-12
-------
Table XVII-7
TOTAL ESTIMATED COSTS OF THE RESEARCH PIAN
(Thousands of Dollars)
Year-Quarter Personnel Instruments Operations Total
1972-3 $ 175.6 $ 4.0 $ 179.6
-4 232.9 $100.0 4.0 336.9
Subtotal $ 408.5 $100.0 $ 8.0 $ 516.5
1973-1 304.2 4.0 308.2
-2 338.9 160.0 4.0 502.9
-3 395.9 50.0 4.0 449.9
-4 374.4 4.0 378.4
Subtotal $1,413.4 $210.0 $ 16.0 $1,639.4
1974-1 480.1 463.3 4.0 947.4
-2 504.5 13.9 96.0 614.4
-3 476.9 96.0 572.9
-4 474.2 4.0 478.2
Subtotal $1,935.7 $477. 2 $200.0 $2,612.9
1975-1 479.1 189.0 4.0 672.1
-2 470.8 96.0 566.8
-3 467.7 96.0 563.7
-4 459.7 4.0 463.7
Subtotal $1,877.3 $189.0 $200.0 $2,266.3
1976-1 465.7 4.0 469.7
-2 444.2 4.0 448.2
-3 448.6 4.0 452.6
-4 467.0 4.0 471. 0
Subtotal $1,825.5 $ 16.0 $1,841.5
1977-1 442.9 4.0 446.9
-2 430.5 4.0 434.5
Subtotal $ 873.4 $ 8.0 t 881. 4
Total $8,333.8 $976.2 $448.0 $9,758.0
XVII-l3
-------
Total Costs
The total estimated cost of the Regional Study is summarized in
Table ~~II-8 by quarter and is almost $21.2 million. The schedule is
based on the assumption that the Regional Study will be authorized on
July I, 1972, and that activities are initiated immediately. Earlier
or later authorization clearly will cause displacement of the quarterly
estimates. The greatest part of the total costs are attributable to
personnel with about two-thirds of the total costs. Except for the
quarter in which the St. Louis facility is largely completed, the cost
within any category does not exceed personnel costs. The research staff
costs tend to lie in the range of 1.5 times the permanent staff. Com-
bined instrument costs of the St. Louis facility and the Research Plan
are close to $5.0 million or almost 25% of the total estimated cost.
XVII-l4
-------
Year-
Quarter
1972-3
-4
Subtotal
1973-1
-2
-3
-4
Subtotal
1974-1
-2
-3
-4
Subtotal
1975-1
-2
-3
-4
Subtotal
1976-1
-2
-3
-4
Subtotal
1977-1
-2
Subtotal
Total
Table XVII-8
ESTIMATED TOTAL QUARTERLY COSTS OF THE REGIONAL STUDY
(Thousands of Dollars)
St. Louis
Facility
Ini tia1 Costs
Research
Instruments
$
48.8
347.1
$
395.9
2,770.2
470.9
306.6
$3,547.7
$3,943.6
$100.0
$100.0
160.0
50.0
$210.0
463.1
13.9
$477.0
189.0
$189.0
$976.0
Helicopter
$ 16.9
$ 16.9
19.3
24.1
24.1
16.9
:I; 84.4
19.3
24.1
24.1
16.9
$ 84.4
19.3
24.1
24.1
16.9
$ 84.4
19.3
24.1
24.1
16.9
$ 84.4
19.3
24.1
$ 43.4
$397.9
Operating Costs
Equipment Personnel
St. Louis Research Permanent Research
Facili ty Plan
$
2.0
12.1
$
14.1
51. 0
57.0
83.5
83.5
$
275.0
83.5
83.5
83.5
83.5
$
334.0
83.5
83.5
83.5
83.5
:I;
334.0
$
83.5
83.5
83.5
83.5
334.0
83.5
83.5
$
167.0
$1,458.1
XVII-15
$
$
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
$ 16.0
4.0
96.0
96.0
4.0
$200.0
4.0
96.0
96.0
4.0
$200.0
$ 16.0
~
$448.0
Staff
4.0
4.0
$
97.0
151. 2
8.0
$
248.2
237.7
292.0
303.7
303.7
$1,137.1
303.7
303.7
303.7
303.7
$1,214.8
303.7
303.7
303.7
303.7
4.0
4.0
4.0
4.0
$1,214.8
303.7
303.7
303.7
303.7
4.0
4.0
$1,214.8
303.7
303.7
$
607.4
$5,637.1
Staff
$
175.6
232.9
"$
408.5
304.2
338.9
395.9
374.4
$1,413.4
480.1
504.5
476.9
474.2
$1,935.7
479.1
470.8
467.7
459.7
$1,877 . 3
465.7
444.2
448.6
467.0
$1,825.5
442.9
430.5
$
873.4
$8,333.8
Total
$
327.4
864.2
$ 1,191.6
3,546.4
1,236.9
1,117.8
782.5
$ 6,683.6
1,353.7
1,025.7
984.2
882.3
$ 4,245.9
1,078.6
978.1
975.0
867.8
$ 3,899.5
876.2
859.5
863.9
875.1
$ 3,474.7
853.4
845.8
$ 1,699.2
$21,194.5
-------
Chapter XVIII
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE OF THE ST. LOUIS FACILITY
Introduction
The initiation of many experimental phases of the Regional Study is
highly dependent upon completion of a portion and, in some cases, all of
the instrument stations and the associated data-handling and processing
system. Airborne and perhaps certain ground-based observations and meas-
urements could indeed be initiated quite early in the course of the Re-
gional Study, but comprehensive data-gathering operations must await fa-
cility completion. This chapter of the Prospectus provides the estimated
schedule from the authorization of the Regional Study to completion of the
St. Louis facility. Attention is given to all principal activities re-
quired for system implementation, and selected alternative schedules are
presented. The implementation schedule is based upon complete activation
of all instrument stations of the facility. The extent to which this may
be appropriate or desirable during the actual implementation of the facil-
ity could of course change as the Regional Study is further clarified and
developed through the actual implementation process.
In the review of the estimated schedules presented herein and their
expected future expansion and refinement within EPA, special attention
should be given to the survey and acquisition of the instrument station
sites. A number of difficulties that might easily arise in the course
of this effort have been identified in this chapter as well as in Chap-
ter XVI. These potential problems, and perhaps others not foreseen at
this time, could delay the implementation schedule and adversely affect
significant portions of the research plan. Thus, while the schedule pre-
sented here is based upon the initiation of all activities subsequent to
authorization of the Regional Study, the initiation of instrument site
acquisition procedures even earlier than the authorization date appears
to be extremely desirable and strongly recommended. The sites would not
necessarily be actually acquired by lease or other means, but their poten-
tial availability and locations, and the restrictions on usage due to zon-
ing and other constraints could indeed be identified. Acqual acquisition
after authorization of the Regional Study should then be a relatively minor
matter. Acquisition of the central facility site should be handled in much
the same manner.
XVIII-I
-------
The implementation of the complete St. Louis instrument system and
data-processing equipment will have three phases. The first phase covers
the design, procurement, assembly, and operational test of possibly two
prototype Class Al instrument stations. Procurement installation and test
operation of the central computer facility would also be completed during
this phase. Because of the large number of instrument stations and their
pioneering design and method of operation, the assembly and test of at
least major components of the prototype stations prior to full system
implementation is considered mandatory. Full system operation can be
delayed because of this requirement, but this penalty is judged to be
acceptable in order to achieve the highest possible level of reliable
system operation throughout the course of the study.
The second phase follows immediately after successful operation of
major components of the prototype stations and covers the procurement,
assembly and test of the remaining Class Al and the Class A2' Bl' and B2
instrument stations within the inner St. Louis area.
The third phase, carried on simultaneously with the first two, covers
the activation of the Class Cl and C2 stations. The Class Cl stations,
although equipped with 3D-meter towers, are defined as nonpermanent or
transportable instrument stations and their activation can proceed some-
what independently of the more complex stations. Additionally, the
Class C2 stations are intended for use in direct support of the research
experiments, so that their activation would be phased with the appropriate
elements of the research program.
Implementation and scheduling of the aircraft system is treated in
Chapter XIV of this Prospectus because of the differing organizational
elements involved and their utilization within the experimental program.
The implementation schedule for the facility is treated by two com-
plementary formats or techniques in this Prospectus. The first includes
a comprehensive critical path network which shows the principal activities
involved in the design, acquisition, assembly, and test of the instrument
stations, the data processing center, and the system as a whole. The
scheduling network is designed basically for a Class A station but is
applicable to other stations by the elimination of appropriate activities
or assigning them durations of zero.
The second scheduling technique utilizes conventional Gantt chart
and treats instrument station installation and other activities in appro-
priate aggregations of activities shown in detail on the critical path
network. Expenditure schedules shown in Chapter XX are based upon the
latter format.
XVIII-2
-------
A number of alternative schedules are presented. Each depends upon
various system design and policy considerations which will require continual
review and assessment in further planning and actual implementation of the
Regional Study. The sequence of presentation is initiated by the develop-
ment and analysis of the activation and test schedule for the instrument
prototype stations and the central facility. The principal activities
are defined and their durations are estimated. The critical path through
the network is traced and the total duration for prototype station activa-
tion is defined. Selected activities are varied in duration and adjusted
in their location within the network to identify the sensitivity of the
critical path to the activities.
This analysis is followed by the preparation of estimates of
activation times for the Class A and B stations. These estimates
rived from the prototype station activation schedule.
the unit
are de-
The unit activation times are then combined to develop the estimated
duration for activation of the complete St. Louis facility. Two different
schedules are considered. The first applies to the case of full prototype
instrument station acceptance prior to implementation of any additional
stations. The second considers a parallel schedule in which partial ac-
tivation of stations is initiated prior to completion of the prototype
station.
Lastly, the schedules for the Class C stations are developed.
Prototype Instrument Station and Central Facility
Schedule Network and Estimated Activity Durations
The critical path implementation schedule is shown in Figures XVIII-l
and XVIII-2. Activity descriptions are provided in Table XVIII-l. The
activity durations are estimated on the basis of past experience with in-
strument system design and procurement, catalog information, quotations
of equipment manufacturers for other instrument systems, and similar
sources. Activity durations that are considered of particular impor-
tance and at the same time difficult to determine include those having
a planning or organization component. For example, the time required
to assemble the Regional Study staff or to obtain the necessary contract
approvals for instrument procurement is highly dependent upon EPA policy
considerations, the priority level assigned to the Regional Study in com-
parison to other programs, and similar considerations difficult to specify
at this time. The sensitivity of the duration of these activities on the
XVIII-3
-------
8A
-
~0
B
DC
e
DL
CONTINUED ON
FIGURE XVIII-2
DO
.e
DE
.',.."""
97
OM
CONTINUED ON
FIGURE XVlII-2
SC-136S-3
FIGURE XVIII-1
CRITICAL PATH NETWORK FOR
COMPLETION OF A CLASS A
PROTOTYPE INSTRUMENT STATION
-------
8 DR ~8 DS ~8 DT .(9 DU DV DW
~ 104
\
\
\
EF ~8 EG ~8 EH ~8 EI .8 EJ \ EK
~ 116 \
" \
DP " \
98
CONTINUED ,\
FROM FI GURE XVIII-1 FJ CONTINUED ON
CONTINUED FIGURE XVIII-s
FROM FIGURE XVIII -1 /
/ /
/
/ /
EP (0) EQ ~@) ER ~8 ES .8 ET ~@ / EU
/ CONTINUED
I
/ FROM FIGURE XVIII-1
/
FE FF
141
CONTINUED
FROM FIGURE XVIlI-l
~e
-
EB
EC
EY
~e
133
EZ
5B-1365-4
FIGURE XVIII-2
CRITICAL PATH NETWORK FOR
COMPLETION OF THE CENTRAL
FACILITY DATA PROCESSING
SYSTEM
-------
Activity
Table XVIII-l
PROTOTYPE INSTRUMENT STATION AND CENTRAL FACILITY ACTIVITIES
Description
A
Authorization of the regional study
B
Complete initial staffing and planning
C
Review instrument site patterns
D
Field survey of potential instrument
sites
E
Rank potential instrument site features
by selection criteria
F
Identify potential instrument site
owners
G
Review potential instrument site zoning
regulations and other constraints
H'
Negotiate instrument site acquisition
Design instrument site plot plan
J
Select instrument site general contractor
K
Prepare instrument site
L
Construct instrument site fencing
M
Pour and cure concrete for tower and
instrument housing
N
Erect instrument tower
o
Assemble instrument shelter
P
Install 110/220 electric power
Q
Install instrument shelter interior
fixtures
R
Review meteorological instrument re-
quirements
S
Prepare meteorological instrument RFQ
T
Approve meteorological instrument RFQ
U
Distribute meteorological instrument RFQ
V
Prepare meteorological instrument
quotations
w
Review meteorological instrument
quotations
x
Contract negotiation and award for
meteorological instrument procurement
XVIII-9
Immediate
Prerequisite
A
B
C
D
E
F
F
H
I
J
K
L
M, AK
N, AU
o
P, AX
B
R, CF
S
T
U
V
w
Duration
(day s)
1
5 (40)
5 (15)
5 prototype sites;
1 day each for remain-
ing sites or 47 days
5
0.5, each site
0.5, each site
5 prototype sites;
40 days for remaining
sites
2, each site
20
1
1
9
1
2
2
2
5 (15)
5
5
2
15
10
5
-------
Acti vi ty
y
Table XVIII-l (Continued)
Description
Fabricate meteorological instruments
z
Deliver meteorological instruments
AA
Install meteorological instrument
identifier
AB
Specify meteorological instrument mounts
AC
Prepare free-standing tower specifications
AD
Prepare guyed tower specifications
AE
Approve instrument tower and bracket RFQ
AF
Distribute instrument tower and bracket RFQ
AG
Prepare instrument tower and bracket
quotations
AH
Review instrument tower and bracket
quotations
AI
Contract negotiation and award for instru-
ment tower and brackets
AJ
Fabricate instrument tower and instrument
brackets
AK
Deliver instrument tower
AL
Specify air sample tubing
AM
Procure air sample tubing
AN
Deliver air sample tublng
AO
Specify meteorological instrument space
requirements within instrument shelter
AP
Specify air quality instrument shelter
space requirements, sample air flow and
calibration gas flow requirements, and
shelter envlronmental requirements
AQ
Preliminary design of instrument shelter
interior and air sampling-calibration
tubing and control system
AR
Final design of instrument shelter interior
lncorporating estimated digital data equip-
ment
AS
Specify instrument shelter
AT
Negotiate instrument shelter contract
AU
Deliver instrument shelter
AV
Negotiate instrument shelter interior
components
~V11 1-10
Immediate Duration
Prerequisite (days)
X 20
Y 5
Z, DH 0.25
T 1
AB 1
AB 1
AC, AD, DI 5
AE 2
AF 10
AG 5
AH 5
AI 20
L, AJ 5
AE 1
AL 20
AM 5
T .5
BD 5
AO, AP
5
AQ, CI
10
AR 2
AS 5
AT 10
AR 10
-------
Activity
Table XVIII-l (Continued)
Description
AW
Fabricate instrument shelter interior
components
AX
Deliver instrument shelter interior
components
AY
Install air sample tubing system
AZ
Install meteorological instruments
BA
Acceptance test-meteorological instruments
BB
Review air quality instrument requirements
BC
Prepare air quality instrument RFQ
BD
Approve air quality instrument RFQ
BE
Distribute air quality instrument RFQ
BF
Prepare air quality instrument quotations
BG
Review air quality instrument quotations
BH
Contract negotiation and award for air
quality instrument procurement
BI
Fabricate air quality instruments
BJ
Shipment of air quality instruments
BK
Uncrating and simplified operational check
of air quality instruments
BL
Encoding and installation:
instrument identifier
air quality
BM
Installation:
air quality instruments
BN
Acceptance test:
air quality instruments
BO
Interconnect and operational check: air
quality instrument-data terminal system
BP
Local integrated operational check
BQ
Final system operational check
BR
Formulate meteorological instrument out-
put format
BS
Formulate air quality instrument output
format
BT
Define air quality instrument sampling
and calibration procedures
BU
Review instrument identifier requirements
BV
Prepare instrument identifier RFQ
BW
Approve instrument identifier RFQ
BX
Distribute instrument identifier RFQ
XIV I II -111
Immediate
Prerequisite
AV
AW
N, AN
N, AA
AZ
B
BB
BC
BD
BE
BF
BG
BH
BI
BJ
BK, CD
Q, BL
AY, BM
BD, CV
BO, CW
BP, DF, FK
T
BD
AQ
B
BU
BV
BW
Duration
(days)
20
10
0.5
2
10
5 (15)
10
5
2
20
10
10
30
5
0.25
0.25
5
15
1
1
10
3
5
5
2 (10)
5
5
2
-------
Acti vi ty
Table XVIII-l (Continued)
Description
BY
Prepare instrument identifier quotations
BZ
Review instrument identifier quotations
CA
Contract negotiation and award for instru-
ment identifier procurement
CB
Design instrument identifier
CC
Fabricate instrument identifier
CD
Deliver air quality instrument identifier
CE
Specify tentative instrument sites
CF
Specify meteorological instrument identi-
fier mounting requirements
CG
Specify air quality instrument identifier
mounting requirements
CH
Specify instrument identifier output
format
CI
Consolidate digital data reporting format
and operational procedures
CJ
Prepare standard and nontelephone inter-
faced data terminal equipment specifica-
tions
CK
Prepare design specifications for air
quality instrument calibration controller
CL
Prepare telephone interface digital
terminal equipment specifications
CM
Integrate nontelephone and telephone in-
terfaced data terminal equipment specifi-
cations into RFQ
CN
Approve instrument site data terminal RFQ
CO
Distribute instrument site data terminal
RFQ
CP
Prepare instrument site data terminal
quotations
CQ
Review instrument site data terminal
quotations
CR
Contract negotiation and award for instru-
ment site data terminal procurement
CS
Design fabricate instrument site data
terminals
CT
Deliver instrument site data terminals
CD
Install instrument site data terminals
XlVI U-i12
Immedi:>.te Duration
Prerequisite (days)
BX 15
BY 10
BZ 5
CA 20
CB 10
CC 5
C 5
BW 1
BW 1
BW 0
CH, BR, BS 10
CI 10
BT, CJ 15
DB, CK 10 (20)
CL 10
CM 5
CN 2
CO 15
CP 15
CQ 10
CR 40
CS 5
CT 3
-------
Acti vi ty
Table XVIII-l (Continued)
Description
CV
Acceptance test-data terminal
CW
Interconnect and operational check:
meteorological instruments data terminal
CX
Transmit data reporting format and oper-
ating procedures to telephone utility
CY
Prepare alternative line routing and net-
work designs
CZ
Prepare alternative telephone cost
schedules
DA
Review and select telephone system
operational alternative
DB
Transmit telephone equipment specifications
DC
Transmit telephone system equipment require-
ments to telephone utility
DD
Fabricate telephone equipment for instru-
ment site
DE
Install telephone equipment at instrument
site
DF
Install telephone drop
DG
Specify air sample tubing requirements
DR
Deliver meteorological instrument
identifier
DI
Specify instrument site restrictions
DJ
Review central facility support require-
ments
DK
Review central site facility requirements
DL
Survey central facility sites
DM
Negotiate central facility acquisition
DN
Design central data facility
DO
Remodel - modify central data facility
DP
Review data processing requirements and
define central data facility interfaces
DQ
Prepare computer RFQ
DR
Approve computer RFQ
DS
Distribute computer RFQ
DT
Prepare computer quotations
DU
Review computer quotations
JQVII 1-\13
Immediate
Prerequisite
CU
BA, CV
CI
CE, CX
CY
CZ
DA
DA
DC
DD
DE
BD
CC
G
B
B
DJ, DK
DL
DM
DN
B
DP
DQ
DR
DS
DT
Duration
(days)
3
0.5
5
20
15
5
5
5
20
1
1
1
5
o
5 (15)
5 (15)
5
15
20
10
5 (15)
5
5
5
15
5
-------
Activity
Table XVIII-l (Continued)
Description
DV
Contract negotiation and award for
computer
DW
Fabricate computer
DX
Deliver computer
DY
Install computer
DZ
Operational test, computer
EA
Review and select computer program
software
EB
Prepare computer programs for instrument
station remote read-write
EC
Prepare computer program for conversion of
instrument digital data to engineering
units and for data archiving
ED
Prepare computer program for air quality
instrument calibration procedures
EE
Prepare memory RFQ
EF
Approve memory RFQ
EG
Distribute memory RFQ
EH
Prepare memory quotations
EI
Review memory quotations
EJ
Contract negotiation and award for memory
EK
Fabricate memory
EL
Delivery memory
EM
Install memory
EN
Operational test, memory
EO
Prepare peripheral equipment RFQ
EP
Approve peripheral equipment RFQ
EQ
Distribute peripheral equipment RFQ
ER
Prepare peripheral equipment quotations
ES
Review peripheral equipment quotations
ET
Contract negotiation and award for
peripheral equipment
EU
Fabricate peripheral equipment
EV
Deliver peripheral equipment
EW
Install peripheral equipment
xiVI II- 14
Immediate
Prerequisite
DU
DV
DO, DW
DX
DY
DV
EA
EB
EC
DP
EE
EF
EG
EH
EI
EJ
DD, EK
EL
EM
DP
EO
EP
EQ
ER
ES
ET
DO, EU
EV
Duration
(day s)
10
50
5
5
5
5
15
30
30
5
5
5
15
5
10
50
5
2
5
5
5
5
15
5
10
30
5
3
-------
Activity
Table XVIII-l (Concluded)
Description
EX
Operational test, peripheral equipment
Prepare central facili ty data terminal RFQ
Approve central facility data terminal RFQ
EY
EZ
FA
Distribute central facility data terminal
RFQ
FB
Prepare central facility data terminal
quotations
FC
Review central facility data terminal
quotations
FD
Negotiate contract for central facility
data terminal
FE
Fabricate central facility data terminal
FF
Deliver central facility data terminal
FG
Install central facility data terminal
FH
Operational test, central facility data
terminal
FI
Prepare computer program for telephone
system operation
FJ
Operational test, equipment manufacture
standard procedures for integrated
operation
FK
Operational test-integrated data
processing facility
FL
Evaluation of system performance
XVI 11-15
Immediate
Prerequisite
EW
DA
EY
EZ
FA
FB
Fe
FD
DO, FE
FF
FG
EA, EZ
DZ, EN,
EX, FH
ED, FI, FJ
FK
Duration
(days)
1
10
5
5
15
5
10
40
5
3
2
20
3
5
10
-------
critical path is pronounced and they should be given additional attention
both prior to and in the early period after authorization of the Regional
Study. The general effects of variations in the duration of these activi-
ties on the critical path are subsequently examined, but the examination
of all possible scheduling variations was beyond the scope of the work.
For certain activities, however, two durations have been examined as noted
in Table XVIII-l, where a second duration is shown in parenthesis.
The durations of some activities within a particular sequence are
strongly interrelated and numerous compromises or compensating time as-
signments appear possible. For example, the procurement of the digital
data equipment might be handled in two ways. In the first, a brief set
of performance specifications for the equipment could be prepared in, say,
five days for inclusion in a Request for Quotation. The burden of com-
plete equipment design could be delegated to the contractor and might
require, perhaps, 50 days. The second approach could provide for the
preparation of a full set of performance specifications along with a
prototype design. This approach would clearly alter the time relation-
ships from the 5-50 shown above to, say 25-30. The same overall duration
would apply, but the specific activity durations would have marked dif-
ferences. The activity durations shown here are intended to portray a
schedule in which relatively detailed specifications are prepared from
which the contractors essentially prepare final equipment production
designs. Alternatives are recognized to exist and indeed may be de-
sirable under certain circumstances. Accordingly, the estimated aggre-
gated duration of a sequence of activities is judged to have greater
reliability for planning than each activity itself.
The activities shown are those estimated to require lO days or longer
for completion. However, selected activities of lesser duration are shown
for purposes of continuity and in situations where the activity is espe-
cially critical in controlling the completion of subsequent activities.
To limit the complexity of the network, the activities shown are those
associated with each of the principal broad tasks to be accomplished in
the implementation effort. For example, even though six to eight types
of air quality monitoring instruments are to be included at most instru-
ment stations, their procurement, installation, and test are shown by
one sequence of activities rather than in six to eight parallel sequences.
The latter presentation would needlessly complicate the network and per-
haps imply an unwarranted level of precision of the estimated time re-
quired for each activity. During the actual implementation of the fa-
cility, however, activity scheduling should be developed in greater
detail than shown here to reflect the degree of precision of scheduling
information.
XVIII-16
-------
The schedule network shown in Figure XVIII-I generally covers the
activities associated with the acquisition of the instrument stations.
The network is intended to apply basically to the prototype stations,
but it is applicable also to the activation of the remaining stations
in that most of the activities will have the same immediate prerequi-
sites and other similarities. These relationships are used in the de-
velopment of the full system activation schedule as portrayed subse-
quently in the Gantt format.
Figure XVIII-2 applies primarily to the acquisition of the equipment
situated at the central data-processing facility. To provide continuity
between Figures XVIII-I and XVIII-2, selected activities are shown in both,
The figures together cover all activities from the regional study authori-
zation up to operational acceptance tests of the prototype stations.
Activity Descriptions
The activity descriptions of Table XVIII-I were prepared as brief
identifiers of each activity; an expanded definition for them is provided
in the following discussion. Descriptions of selected activities may be
found elsewhere in this Prospectus and these will be noted as appropriate.
On the other hand, descriptions of other activities, even though available
elsewhere in the Prospectus will be summarized here for purposes of con-
tinuity.
The basic premise used in developing the critical path network was
the following. First, the air quality instruments represent second-
generation designs and have not heretofore been used in operational con-
figurations and procedures incorporated in the instrument stations.
Second, with small exceptions, as noted later, the digital data system
consists of electronic equipment of proven design with high operational
reliability and possesses remarkable flexibility and versatility. Ac-
cordingly, the air quality and meteorological instruments incorporated
in the system are assumed to have currently accepted design and operating
standards and existing measurement output characteristics. All necessary
requirements for data reporting, compatibility, commonality of remote
control techniques, and similar considerations will be achieved through
the design of the digital data electronic components. The sole exception
to this premise applies to the instrument identifiers, whose procurement
specifications are indicated as being completed prior to preparation of
specifications for both the air quality and meteorological instruments.
This phasing is necessary so that the physical dimensions, mounting re-
quirements, and similar features of the instrument identifiers can be
XVIII-17
-------
taken into consideration in the instrument design, primarily the instru-
ment housing. Little difficulty is anticipated with the air quality in-
struments; however, the compact weather-proof design of the meteorological
instruments may pose some difficulty in incorporating the instrument iden-
tifiers, so that external mounting may be required.
The schedule can be implemented by either a prime contractor or an
EPA intramural program. Certain detail differences in scheduling and ac-
tivity content may exist between the two methods, but on balance each
approach should follow the same overall procedure.
The implementation schedule begins, of course, with the authorization
of the study-Activity A. While the act of authorization itself has per-
haps no time dimension, the administrative uncertainties associated with
the scope of the Regional Study can be such that a definite time increment
should be provided.
Immediately following authorization the central project staffing and
planning--Activity B--should be completed. Tasks within this activity
will include the review of this Prospectus and the adjustment of the
scope, schedule, and other factors of the Regional Study to correspond
with the funds actually allocated for the Regional Study. Additionally,
in the event a decision is reached to utilize a prime contractor for im-
plementation, the contract covering his effort should be negotiated with-
in this activity. Staffing requirements for Activity B are discussed in
Chapter XIX.
Following Activity B, the scheduling network expands into nine major
activity sequences leading to the completion of the prototype instrument
stations. These are as follows listing generally from top to bottom of
Figure XVIII-I.
.
Instrument site acquisition and preparation--Activities C-M
Instrument tower procurement and installation--Activities AB-N
Meteorological instrument procurement, installation, and test--
Activities R-BA
.
Design, procurement, and installation of instrument shelter and
interior components--Activities AQ-Q
Air quality instrument procurement, installation, and test--
Activities BB-BN
XVIII-IS
-------
.
Design and acquisition of instrument identifiers--Activities BV-
CC
.
Design, procurement, and test of digital data terminal equipment-
Activities CH-CW
.
Design and planning of telephone communication system--Activi-
ties CX-DF
.
Instrument installation and operational acceptance tests of the
instrument system--Activities BM-BQ.
The remaining activities not included in these principal sequences
are generally associated with more than one sequence or are information-
transfer activities linking major sequences.
The sequence of activities covering the acquisition of instrument
sites--Activities C through H--is somewhat of an anomaly in the sched-
uling network but the activities are included because of their critical
importance. Their anomalous character arises from the fact that site
acquisition activities must continue throughout the course of prepara-
tion and test of the prototype instrument stations, whereas essentially
all other activities are directly applicable to the prototype stations
of Phase I with their sequence essentially repeated for Phase II.
The sequence of activities covering the acquisition of instrument
sites is covered in Chapter XVI and therefore will not be addressed in
detail here. The remainder of the sequence I-M, however, represents a
logical extension of the acquisition activities. The initial activity--
C--provides for a review of the instrument location pattern as defined
in this Prospectus and perhaps modification because of later technical
developments or budgetary and policy considerations. Activity D covers
the actual field survey of all potentially available sites in the vicin-
ity of the analytically defined locations, as discussed in Chapters XI
and XII. In urban or built-up areas, the survey would consist of a
street-by-street search and cataloging of all open land perhaps up to
one mile from the analytically defined location. In open rural areas,
the survey should be considerably simpler because of increased visibil-
ity. This initial survey likely can be carried out by the Research Pro-
gram Coordinator (see Chapter XX).
Ranking potential sites--Activity E--may have two phases. In the
first, the survey results are compiled by the Research Program Coordina-
tor in accordance with the selection criteria. These should be reviewed
XVIII-19
-------
by the interested Divisions at the Research Triangle Park. In the event
of unusual conditions or difficulties with a site, a second survey per-
haps may be required using members of the Divisional professional staff
as consultants. The Research Program Coordinator should continue through
the remaining activities until all sites are acquired.
The first instrument sites acquired should, of course, be those in-
tended for the prototype stations. The selection of the general contractor-
Activity I--need not absolutely follow site acquisition, except that his
submission of a realistic quotation likely will require knowledge of the
site conditions and locations. The activation program for Phase II, as
discussed subsequently, is estimated to require three general contractors.
It appears appropriate for the general contractor selected for the proto-
type stations to be one of these three.
The following seven activity sequences covering
the meteorological and air quality instruments, data
and other items have a number of common activities.
following:
the procurement of
terminal equipment,
These include the
Review of requirements
Preparation of the Request for Quotation
Approval of the Request for Quotation
Distribution of the Request for Quotation
Preparation of the Quotation
Review of the Quotation
Negotiation of contract for procurement
Fabrication of equipment
Delivery equipment.
These activities should essentially be identical under both an EPA intra-
mural or prime contract facility implementation. In each procurement
sequence, the total number of instruments and other equipment is speci-
fied. However, delivery is divided into two phases. The first would
cover delivery of the instrument(s) for installation in the prototype
instrument station. The second provides for periodic delivery in con-
formance with the facility implementation schedule after successful
operation of the prototype. Clearly procurement specifications and
contracts must be provided for possible equipment design modifications
that may be required as a result of the prototype station operational
tests.
XVIII-20
-------
Once initiated, the procurement of each instrument and equipment
category continues essentially independently of others. However, timing
of the initiation of each procurement sequence is interdependent. These
interdependencies are summarized below.
Most appropriately, the procurement sequence should be initiated by
review of requirements and preparation and approval of the instrument
identifiers--BU, BV, and BW. Since these units will be installed with-
in or on the housing of both air quality and meteorological instruments,
their physical dimensions, mounting requirements, temperature tolerances,
and similar characteristics should be known so that they can be taken
into consideration in preparing instrument specifications. (Instrument
suppliers, however; likely will not actually install the identifiers.)
During Activities BU, BV, and BW, the requirements for meteorological
instruments--Activity R--and air quality instruments--Activity BB--can be
reviewed and revised as appropriate to reflect the actual funding level
of the Regional Study and other factors. Moreover, preparation of instru-
ment specifications can be initiated. However, prior to final preparation
of the Requests for Quotation for the instruments, the instrument identi-
fier specification should be completed and transmitted to the meteorologi-
cal instrument group--Activity CF--and the air quality instrument group--
Activity CG. After these two activities have been completed, instrument
procurement can be carried through the delivery of the first item for in-
stallation in the prototype instrument station.
Completion of the sequence BU, BV, and BW, of course, leads to the
procurement sequence for the instrument identifiers--Activities BX, BY,
BZ, CA, CB, CC. Delivery of the identifiers is shown by Activities DH
and CD, for the meteorological and air quality instruments, respectively.
These are shown separately because some differences in their housing and
mounting design may occur as previously discussed.
Installation of the instrument identifiers is shown by Activity AA
for the meteorological instruments and BL for the air quality instruments.
These two activities could be carried out by EPA or prime contractor per-
sonnel at the St. Louis facility. An alternative does exist in that the
identifiers could be delivered to the instrument contractors for installa-
tion in the instruments prior to delivery. Coding of the identifiers
could be completed by the identifier manufacturer. Because of the need
to ensure absolute accuracy in instrument identification, this alterna-
tive does not appear attractive in that the chances of erroneous coding
and installation appear high. The preferable procedure is to code and
immediately install all identifiers at a single point, where thorough
control and quality record-keeping can be assured.
XVIII-21
-------
Initiation of Class A station tower procurement must await the com-
pletion of specification and approval for the meteorological instrument
Request for Quotation--Activities Sand T--and the specification of in-
strument tower mounts--Activity AB. Additionally, the aggregate station
air sampling requirements must be specified in Activity DG, since the air
sampling tubing requirements might affect detailed tower design considera-
tions. Two tower designs are contemplated. A free standing design speci-
fied by Activity AC and a guyed design specified by Activity AD. Before
tower procurement can be initiated in lots, the instrument site survey
should be completed and all zoning requirements and available site de-
scriptions must be provided by Activity DI. Quantities of each tower
type can then be determined and procurement initiated.
Following the completion of specifications for all instruments and
instrument identifiers, the design and procurement of the digital data
terminals can be initiated. Meteorological instrument output charac-
teristics are specified in Activity BR, air quality instrument outputs
are derived in Activity BS, and instrument identifier output properties
are given in Activity CH. These three activities converge to event
No. 72 and permit the initiation of Activity CI.
Activity CI provides for the preparation of the format for the digi-
tal data flow between the instrument stations and the central computer
facility. The activity also includes the definition of station report-
ing frequencies, required digital data flow rates, and the structure of
the remote commands necessary for the central facility to transmit to
the instrument stations. Activity CI also provides the basis for digital
data design and selection to achieve compatibility among the various air
quality and meteorological instruments, and is viewed as one of the more
critical activities of the network.
Activity CJ can be initiated immediately after CI and includes the
preparation of specifications for the electronic and digital data equip-
ment necessary for air quality and meteorological instrument scanning
and analog-to-digital data conversion, for the station memory, and for
other equipment. These items are almost entirely standard catalog items
with remarkably short order lead times.
A second important activity that can be initiated after instrument
specification is the design of the instrument station shelter interior--
Activity AQ. Tasks included in the activity cover instrument rack design
and instrument layout, IIO/220-volt distribution system, heating and cool-
ing design, and the like. One of the most important design problems will
be associated with the air quality sampling tubing, pumping, and valving
XVIII-22
-------
system combined with the instrument calibration tubing and valving system.
Several alternative designs are likely to emerge with each and to require
careful consideration. Selected station alarm systems likely will be in-
corporated in the design, such as high or low air sample flow, shelter
temperatures, and perhaps detection of unauthorized entry.
Following completion of Activity AQ, the requirements for electronic
and electromagnetic control systems and equipment can be formulated as pro.
vided in Activity BT.
Activity BT converges with CJ to permit the initiation of CK. This
latter activity provides for the design and preparation of specifications
of the air quality instrument calibration controller. This device will
provide control over the calibration cycles of air quality instruments,
and, for Class A stations, it will control the sequence of air sample
heights. The calibration controller is not expected to be commercially
available as a complete catalog item and will require some original de-
sign effort.
Following the completion of Activities CI and CE, an additional im-
portant sequence of activities can be initiated. It will be recalled
that Activity CI provided for the digital data-reporting format and re-
lated specifications. Activity C called for the review of instrument
sites. Completion of these activities will permit the transmittal of
tentative site locations--Activity CE--and data formats--Activity CX--
to the telephone utility serving the central data facility. As pre-
viously noted in Chapter XIII, a number of alternatives are available
for the design of the reporting system using telephone facilities.
Given station locations and reporting procedures, the telephone utility
can develop a routing plan and a tariff schedule, Activities CY and CZ,
respectively, for each alternative requested. Routing plans should be
developed to avoid nonautomated facilities, low quality lines, and simi-
lar facilities. Telephone links requiring quality upgrading should be
specified by the telephone utility and the costs provided.
These costs and network routings must be reviewed in careful detail
by EPA or the prime contractor to achieve economies in initial and annual
costs and simultaneously to acquire a communication system suitable to
the reporting requirements--Activity DA. The decision specifying the
network alternative is viewed as somewhat critical with respect to
operating flexibility. The instrument station and central data facil-
ity designs provide for the flexibility necessary to support a five-
year research effort. Instruments at any number of stations can be
modified and changed without affecting other stations. Additionally,
XVIII-23
-------
instrument stations and the central data facility will be under the con-
trol of the EPA. The communication system, on the other hand, does not
generally have equivalent flexibility. For orderly communication system
management and data flows, reporting doctrines for all stations likely
should be identical, and modification of reporting procedures at one or
more stations could well affect the complete system. Finally, although
telephone utilities provide very acceptable service, their general opera-
tional and administrative procedures, service lead times, and related
factors frequently do not lend themselves to a research environment.
All these factors suggest careful selection of a communication network
which to the greatest possible degree matches the flexibility of the in-
strument stations and central data facility.
Following the decision of Activity DA, the detailed specifications
can be developed for telephone utility equipment necessary to interface
with the instrument station data terminals--Activity DB.
Activity CL can then be initiated, which provides for the design of
the instrument station master controller linking the telephone utility
equipment with the instrument station data terminal. As in the case of
the calibration controller, this equipment is not a completely standard
catalog item and will require some original design.
Activity CM provides for a final integration of all instrument sta-
tion electronic and electromagnetic equipment and the preparation of the
request for quotation for the equipment group. The sequence of Activi-
ties CM through CW provides for the acquisition and installation of the
digital data system.
Returning to Activity DA, selection of telephone system alternative,
the decision is transmitted to the telephone utility--Activity DC. The
subsequent Activities DD, DE, and DF cover all the tasks required of the
utility to provide the service specified. Activity durations are diffi-
cult to specify here but undoubtedly they will be substantially less than
the network critical path.
Activity EY also follows Activity DA and covers the design and acqui-
sition of the digital data terminal at the central data facility. Activi-
ties subsequent to EY are shown on Figure XVIII-2.
The final activities for instrument station activation are included
in BN, BO, and BP, where instrument acceptance tests and local integrated
tests are completed. Activity FK covers the completion of the central
data facility and is continued from Figure XVIII-2.
XVIII-24
-------
Activity BQ applies to both the integrated operational test of the
prototype stations functioning with the data center and to each subsequent
station as they are completed. Of course, the prototype station tests
will likely have considerably greater duration than the later stations.
The final group of activities on Figure XVIII-l apply to those as-
sociated with the central data facility. Activities DP and DK cover the
review of planned data processing requirements and central facility re-
quirements, respectively, in light of the actual funds allocated to the
Regional Study. Activity DJ covers review of the experimental support
requirements to be supplied by the facility. Both of these activities
are continued in Figure XVIII-2.
The implementation schedule for the central facility is shown in
the network of Figure XVIII-2. In contrast to Figure XVIII-l which por-
trays both the prototype station schedule and the subsequent operational
station activation schedule, the central facility schedule covers essen-
tially a one-time-only set of events. That is, the central facility serves
as its own prototype.
Following the completion of Activity DP, the network diverges into
three major activity sequences. The first covers computer acquisition
and includes the sequence DQ through DZ. The second provides for acqui-
sition of the memory equipment and includes Activities EE through EN.
The third provides for acquisition of the peripheral equipment and in-
cludes Activities EO through EX.
The display of these three activity sequences is not meant to imply
that three different contractors are to be involved. In fact, other things
being equal, a single data-processing equipment contractor would be pre-
ferred. However, the major items of equipment required in the central
data facility are standard catalog items whose characteristics are well
known, so that the acquisition of the major items from separate contrac-
tors ought not introduce serious problems of compatibility and the like.
Potential problems of compatibility can be treated in Activity DP when
specifying equipment interfaces.
A fourth major sequence includes the acquisition of the terminal
equipment linking the telephone utility facilities with the data-processing
system. As will be recalled, Activity EY as shown on Figure XVIII-l cov-
ered the preparation of specifications for the terminal equipment and was
initiated after selection of the communication system configuration and
operational mode. Sequence EY through FH covers the acquisition of test
of the digital terminal equipment.
XVIII-25
-------
The sequence of Activities EA through ED provides for the preparation
of the primary computer programs to be used for data acquisition, logging,
and processing. This effort can be initiated as soon as the specific com-
puter to be acquired is known since program debugging and test need not
be completed at the St. Louis computer.
As noted previously, most of these activity sequences can be carried
forth with a minimum of interaction among them. They are to some extent
influenced by the schedule for the preparation of the data facility site.
Activities DL, DM, DN, and DO cover facility preparation. DM includes
site acquisition and DN provides for design. Proper design must consider
the equipment to be incorporated, so that Activities DV, EJ, ET, and FD
should be completed. The completion of Activity FD appears to be of mar-
ginal importance in that space and other requirements for the data termi-
nal could be relatively accurately estimated by at least the end of Ac-
tivity EY.
Activity DO, preparation of the facility, should be completed prior
to equipment delivery. This is not an absolute requirement, but clearly
efficiencies would be achieved by final equipment installation upon de-
livery.
Activity FJ is designed to complete an integrated test of the facil-
ity using standard procedures employed by the equipment contractors, and
Activity FK provides for a final integrated test of the facility using
the programs prepared in Activities EA through ED and Fl.
Finally, the full operational test--Activity BQ--is carried out. As
noted previously, Activity BQ applies to both the instrument station pro-
totype and subsequent station activation. The operational test of the
prototype station undoubtedly will reveal the need for revision of se-
lected equipment and component designs. Activity FL covers the overall
review of the prototype performance and the specification of the neces-
sary revisions. Activity BQ will include the field modification of sta-
tion components and layouts, where malfunctions do occur, and perhaps
differing schemes of equipment placement and the like not considered in
the original design will be tested. At the conclusion of Activity BQ,
a systematic review of performance will be required as provided by Ac-
tivity FL. A large number of alternative schedules can be devised to
accomplish complete activation of the prototype stations, with each hav-
ing a particular cost and risk. For example, by scheduling more activi-
ties simultaneously rather than sequentially, the overall time to com-
pletion could be shortened. This practice, however, might require
fluctuating staff size during the course of the implementation effort
XVlll-26
-------
and might thereby create management difficulties and inefficient use of
personnel. Additionally, many activities are interrelated in one way or
another so that one should be completed before another can be initiated.
Thus, as the number of simultaneous activities is increased, a concomitant
increase in risk tends to occur, because the assumption must be made that
the planning factors will in fact be realized. For example, the network
schedule indicates that the development of the specifications for the in-
strument identifiers--Activities BU, BV, and BW--should be completed prior
to completion of the specifications for the air quality and meteorological
instruments since the instrument identifiers will require specialized de-
sign. This sequence is not absolutely mandatory, however, if the risk is
assumed that the instrument identifiers will in fact have final design
characteristics virtually identical to the preliminary concepts. In this
case the instrument identifiers and the air quality and meteorological
instruments could be procured simultaneously. If, however, the assump-
tions covering identifiers turned out to be false, a penalty could arise
from the need subsequently to alter the specifications of the air quality
and meteorological instruments.
Network Critical Path
The schedule network shown in Figures XVIII-l and XVIII-2 is some-
what conservative in that simultaneous scheduling is confined to essen-
tially separate major elements of the project, such as the procurement,
installation, and test of the meteorological and air quality instruments,
and the digital data terminal equipment.
The critical path through the network
tive conditions. The first applies to the
XVIII-2. The critical path from event No.
type stations at event No. 44 was found to
path consists of the following events:
was traced for three alterna-
network of Figures XVIII-l and
1 to acceptance of the proto-
require 220 working days. The
1, 2, 3, 63, 64, 65, 29, 30, 31, 72, 73, 88, 89, 90, 91, 75
76, 77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 41, 42, 43, 44.
The activities of
should likely be given
analysis are discussed
prime importance in the critical path and which
considerable attention in subsequent schedule
below.
Activities A and B provide for the authorization of the Regional
Study and the initial staffing and planning. Activity B, especially,
could have very wide time limits depending upon EPA policy and other
XVIII-27
-------
considerations. For example, a small core group conceivably could con-
tinue planning, scheduling, preparation of preliminary specifications,
and similar activities throughout the period of review and evaluation
of the Regional Study at higher organizational levels. At the time of
authorization, augmentation of the core group should prove to be rela-
tively rapid and implementation should proceed without difficulty. The
estimate of five days is based upon this situation. On the other hand,
because of budgetary or staff limitations, for example, consideration
of the Regional Study might be suspended during the period of review
and evaluation. At the authorization of the Regional Study, selection
of personnel staffing and detailed planning would be initiated. The
duration of this effort could well cover six to eight weeks, depending
upon the level of priority or urgency assigned to the Regional Study.
The sequence of Activities CX, CY, CZ, DA, and DB might be treated
by alternative techniques to shorten the critical path. These activities
are associated primarily with the selection of the mode of operation of
the telephone communication system linking the instrument stations to the
central computational facility. Activity CX provides for the transmittal
of the digital data format to the telephone utility. Activity CY of 20
days covers the time required for the telephone utility to prepare de-
scriptions of the various possible modes of system operation, and CZ,
DA, and DB include the review and selection of the mode of operation.
Activity DB then leads to final design and procurement of the digital
data equipment.
This sequence could be both decreased in duration and carried out
in parallel with other activities by making the decision perhaps within
the context of Activity CI, as to the mode of operation of the telephone
communication system. In this situation, the telephone terminal equip-
ment could be immediately specified and the communication network could
be designed by the telephone utility without delaying activities other-
wise dependent upon the selection of the mode of operation. This approach
might involve costs greater than would be required under the sequential
activity schedule.
The sequence of activities from CL through CV involves the procure-
ment of the digital data terminal equipment with a duration of 118 days.
Some reduction in time for this sequence may be possible by somewhat
simultaneous procurement of the standard catalog items and the design
and procurement of the nonstandard equipment. However, again the risks
involved are clear.
XVIII-28
-------
The final integrated station test--Activity BQ--is indicated to have
a duration of ten days. All air quality and meteorological instruments
are scheduled to have been in operation for at least 15 and 10 days, re-
spectively, and, as will be noted subsequently, could have been subjected
to operational tests for considerably longer periods. Accordingly, Ac-
tivity BQ covers the operational tests of the digital data equipment in-
terfaced with the air quality instruments and the central facility. Some
possibility appears that this duration could be decreased given reliable
digital data equipment design.
To identify further the scheduling constraints imposed by the activ-
ity sequence CX, CY, CZ, DA, and DB, a second case was examined in which
Activity DB was shifted to link event Nos. 91 and 82 and was assigned a
duration of ten days. The shift in effect substantially reduces the de-
pendence of the design of the digital data terminal equipment on the
telephone system mode of operation. Under this schedule the critical
path duration was reduced to 204 working days within the critical path
including the following events:
1, 2, 3, 63, 64, 65, 29, 30, 31, 72, 73, 74, 75, 76,
77, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 85, 86, 41, 42, 43, 44.
As can be noted, the sequence remains the same through event No. 73.
sequence then shifts to event No. 74 and leading to event No. 75 and
sequently following the previous critical path to event No. 44.
The
sub-
It is of interest to note that the next most critical path has a
tion of 201 days. The same event sequence is followed through event
No. 73 at which point the path includes the following events:
dura.
88, 89, 90, 91, 135, 136, 137, 138, 139, 140,
129, 130, 131, 106, 107, 108, 109, 110, 43, 44.
In other words, the critical path in this sequence includes events asso-
ciated with the instrument station and, from event No. 91 onward, events
associated with the central computer facility. The path length again
tends to be controlled by the activities covering the analysis of the
telephone system. This latter path may be somewhat artificially long
because of the scheduling requirement that the central facility commu-
nication terminal characteristics be specified prior to design of the
XVIII-29
-------
facility. This requirement may be overly conservative, in that an ex-
perienced electronic or telephone design engineer can likely provide space
and other specifications of the terminal equipment with sufficient accuracy
to permit the design of the central facility without detailed knowledge
of the precise mode of operation of the telephone communication system.
The third case to be considered covers the network of Figures XVIII-l
and XVIII-2 but increases the duration of activities associated with ele-
ments of organization and planning. Specifically, the following activi-
ties were increased to the indication duration:
Activity
Duration
(days)
Original Revised
B
C
R
BB
BU
DJ
DK
DP
CL
5
5
5
5
2
5
5
5
10
40
15
15
15
10
15
15
15
20
These durations may apply to the situation mentioned previously, where
further planning and analysis of the Regional Study would not take place
during the period of review and evaluation at the higher organizational
levels. In this situation a somewhat extended period of orientation,
staff acquisition, and project review appears almost unavoidable. These
revised activity durations do not affect the critical path sequence but
do indeed extend the duration time from 220 to 265 days. This duration
could prove excessive given the importance of the Regional Study.
For all scheduling alternatives considered here, the critical path
includes many activities associated with the digital data equipment.
This situation is not unexpected since several equipment components re-
quire specialized design unlike the meteorological and air quality in-
struments which are assumed to be acquired as standard catalog items.
The critical path as identified allows considerable total float time
in the other principal paths through the network. While the high float
time allows flexibility in the scheduling of the activities, it also
XVIII-30
-------
demonstrates that considerable scheduling benefits might be achieved by
adopting a crash schedule for the digital data terminal equipment and
telephone communication system design. Early relatively high risk deci-
sions could well shorten the critical path duration and all decision
options should be continually reviewed during the course of implementa-
tion. To show the potential benefits of crash scheduling the critical
path, the total float time of the network activities for the 220-day
critical path case are given in Table XVIII-2 in alphabetic order.
The total float times of the activities in the critical path, of
course, have a value of zero. The longest total float is shown as 153
days, but this covers the instrument site acquisition activities which,
as noted previously, require a special interpretation in the schedule
development. The float times of greatest interest are those associated
with the air quality instrument sequence BE-BN with a float of 85 days
and the meteorological instrument sequence U-Z having a float of 118 days.
Floats of this magnitude clearly indicate the benefits of reducing the
critical path by appreciable margins. However, if reduction of the crit-
ical path duration is not possible, the float times can still be used to
advantage by providing longer instrument test periods, complete design
modification, as necessary, and attempting to resolve any unforeseen
problems.
Any number of other alternative scheduling conditions should be ex-
amined which incorporate additional simultaneous activities or an increas-
ing number of early decision points having various risks, and such an
examination should be a continuing process during the Regional Study.
For purposes of overall planning for this Prospectus, however, the analy-
sis of all possible combinations is not appropriate and would tend to
imply a level of precision to the analysis which would be unwarranted.
On balance, the activity-event sequences that have been examined
lead to the general conclusion that the elapsed time from authorization
of the Regional Study to completion of the prototype stations could be
expected to have a duration of the order of 220 working days or approxi-
mately 10 calendar months. As has been noted periodically, this esti-
mated duration is subject to considerable change depending upon the
assumptions utilized in planning and the extent of risk to be taken in
scheduling increasing numbers of simultaneous activities. Opportunities
do indeed exist for reduction in activity durations to provide a shorter
critical path, but, at the same time, unforeseen difficulties in organi-
zation and planning, equipment malfunction, and other pitfalls exist in
equal or larger numbers.
XVIII-31
-------
Table XVI II-2
ESTIMATED TOTAL FLOAT TIME FOR PROTOTYPE
INSTRUMENT STATION ACTIVITIES
(Days)
Acti vity Time Activity Time Activity Time
A 0 BO-BQ 0 DQ-DV 86
B 0 BR 7 DW 98
C 42 BS 0 DX-DZ 30
D-L 153 BT 30 EA-ED 86
M 156 BU-BW 0 EE-EK 81
N-Q 103 BX-CD 111 EL-EN 33
R 15 CE 42 ED-ET 103
S-T 7 CF 7 EV 124
U-Z 118 CG 0 EV-EX 36
AA 118 CH 20 EY-FD 33
AB 108 CI 0 FE-FH 25
AC-AK 103 CJ-CK 25 FI 93
AL-AN 142 CL-CW 0 FJ 33
AO 44 CX-DB 0 FK 33
AP-AQ 35 DC-DF 106
AR 104 DG 103
AS-AU 124 DH 119
AV-AX 103 DI 120
AY 112 DJ 126
AZ 116 DK 126
BA 116 DL 126
BB 8 DM 126
BC-BD 0 DN 33
BE-BN 85 DO 33
DP 81
XVI II-32
-------
Activation Schedule of Class A and Class B Stations
Unit Schedules
The activation of an instrument station has three principal compo-
nents. The first includes the preparation of the site, tower erection,
and assembly of the instrument shelter. These activities can be con-
strained by weather and ground conditions and must be scheduled accord-
ingly. Assembly of the instrument shelter and installation of the elec-
tric power drop should follow the erection of the 30-meter towers to
provide maximum maneuvering room for the erecting crane.
The second component includes the installation and test of all com-
ponents and instruments within the instrument shelter. Because of space
limitations within the shelter, not more than two craftsmen could be
reasonably scheduled for work within the shelter at anyone time.
The third component includes the installation of meteorological in-
struments and the air sampling tubing on the tower and other tasks out-
side the instrument shelter. These can be carried out at almost any time
subsequent to tower erection, but tend to be slightly constrained by
weather conditions. The estimated elapsed time for the tasks within
each of the three components for the 30-meter tower stations is summa-
rized in Table XVIII-3.
The table indicates a total of 50 calendar days required for complete
activation and acceptance tests for an instrument station. This interval
includes nonworking weekends and eight working days each for the curing
of concrete and operational shakedown tests for the instrument station.
A total of 20 working days, however, is required for actual on-site ef-
fort, assuming that tower instruments and equipment are installed simul-
taneously with equipment within the shelter.
The implementation time for Class Bl instrument stations with 10-
meter towers is somewhat less primarily because of the absence of the
massive concrete work for the 30-meter tower base. Otherwise, the se-
quence of the Class B stations corresponds almost exactly with that of
the Class A stations, as can be noted from Table XVIII-4.
The implementation time for the Class B2 stations is slightly less
than the Class Bl due to the absence of any concrete work and the fact
that the two-day effort to assemble the instrument shelter is eliminated.
These two activities are estimated at seven days for the Class Bl station.
Hence, the Class B2 station activation time is estimated at 23 calendar
days or 17 working days.
XVIII-33
-------
Table XVIII-3
CLASS A STATION ACTIVATION REQUIREMENTS
Activity
Prepare site
Concrete work
Concrete curing
Erect instrument tower
Assemble instrument
housing
Install electrical system
including utility drop
Install air sampling and
calibration tubing system
Install equipment racks,
benches, cable trays, and
other fixtures
Install air quality instru-
ments and initiate test
Complete calibration of air
quality instruments
Install digital data
terminal equipment and test
Station shakedown
operation
Final station test
Install tower instruments
and air sample tubing
Elapsed time modification
for two-day weekend
Duration
(working
days)
Man-
Days
1
2
8
1
2
2
2
2
1
2
2
10
3
2
14
Elapsed Time
(cumulative)
2
1
6
3
o
11
3
12
4
14
4
16
4
18
4
20
4
21
4
23
4
25
o
35
6
38
5
38
o
50
xlvI 11- 34
Remarks
Clear and level; excavate for
tower and instrument shelter
foundations and fencing
Fabricate forms, install rein-
forcing bar, and pour concrete
Complete site paving during cur-
ing period
Restricted to periods of stable
soil conditions
The sequence of these activities
may be interchanged depending on
the detailed interior design
Stations maintained by permanent
facil i ty staff
Completed simultaneously with
air quality instrument in-
stallation
-------
Table XVIII-4
CLASS Bl STATION ACTIVATION SCHEDULE
Duration Elapsed Time
(working Man- (calendar time,
Activity days) Days cumulative) Remarks
Prepare site 1 1 Clear and level, place in-
trument shelter piers, erect
security fence
Concrete work 1 2
Concrete curing 4 6
Assemble instrument 2 8
shelter
Install electrical system 2 10 I
The sequence of these activi-
Install air sampling and 2 12
ties may be interchanged de-
calibration equipment
pending on the detailed
Install equipment racks, 2 14 interior design
benche s, cable trays, and
other fixtures
Install air quality in- 1 15
struments and initiate
test
Complete calibration of 2 17
air quality instruments
Install digital data ter- 2 19
minal equipment and test
Station shakedown operation 8 28
Final station test 2 30
Install tower and instru- 1 2 30
ment s and air sample tubing
XVIII-35
-------
Since the Class B2 stations are transportable, the opportunity appears
to exist for the installation of the instruments, digital data terminals,
and other equipment at the central facility rather than at the instrument
site itself. This may be especially appropriate for the more remote sites,
where excessive travel times may be involved. Equipment shakedown and ac-
ceptance tests, however, should be carried out at the site itself to en-
sure operability after transport and to test the telephone data link.
Scheduling of the Class C instrument stations, as discussed subse-
quently, has slight similarity with the Class A and B stations. That is,
since the Class C stations are intended to be designed specifically for
support of the various research experiments, their schedules are closely
linked with the experimental research program. In general, equipping and
testing the Class C stations is expected to be carried out during the
winter months when field work likely will be at a minimum. All work
would be carried out at the central facility. In addition to equipping
the Class C stations themselves, it is likely that selected Class C sta-
tion instruments will also be installed in the Class A and B stations
from time to time. For instruments designed to be compatible with the
Class A and B station design and having instrument identifiers included,
their installation likely can be included in the routine maintenance
visits made to each station. Instruments requiring special handling
and installation would require specialized technicians associated with
the experimental research groups.
Sequential Station Activation Schedule and Maintenance Requirements
Marked flexibility exists for the development of the implementation
schedule. At the limit, all instrument sites could be prepared simulta-
neously by a different general contractor. Equipment order lead times are
relatively short, so that equipment installation at the instrument sta-
tions could likewise be completed in a short time by use of a large
field force. Clearly, such a procedure would be administratively dif-
ficult and chaotic, and it would entail risks of poor workmanship, pos-
sible lack of station uniformity, and other potential disadvantages.
Additionally the St. Louis facility staff would be confronted with the
overnight existence of the total system and without tested operational
routines and maintenance programs. The facility staff could certainly
cope better with a more slowly expanding system, developing operational
routines with experience.
XVIII-36
-------
An additional constraint on the activation schedule arises from the
role and capacity of the central facility. The central facility will be
the principal receiving point for almost all equipment and supplies neces-
sary for the implementation and operation of the instrument system. Prob-
ably, only the instrument towers and instrument shelters will be delivered
directly to the instrument sites because of their weight and bulk. The
central facility is sized on the basis of system operation rather than
implementation, so that massive deliveries and storage of equipment prior
to installation do not appear practical.
The most important activities will cover the coding and installation
of the instrument identifiers, instrument assembly and preliminary test,
and the assembly of the instrument cabling for connection to the digital
data equipment. Installation and coding of the identifier is most impor-
tant and will require competent instrument technicians working under close
supervision to eliminate all chances of error.
One aspect of the implementation schedule, which is difficult to
treat in this Prospectus, covers the site acquisition and preparation
activities. The extent to which the instrument sites have been acquired
and prepared for equipment installation clearly will be critical. Site
acquisition time is perhaps one of the most difficult activities to es-
timate in the entire implementation schedule. Yet, it is one of the most
critical. The extent to which uncooperative land owners, zoning commis-
sions, and similar groups may delay site acquisition cannot be readily
anticipated. Fortunately, past air quality and related studies carried
out in the St. Louis area have been well accepted and public cooperation
has been provided when necessary. Hopefully, such cooperation will pre-
vail for instrument site negotiation. In a sense, perhaps the instrument
sites might be considered as property used for the public good and con-
demnation procedures instituted for those not easily acquired. However,
such procedures are generally lengthy and frequently produce undesirable
side reactions. Therefore, unless compelling need exists for such sites,
it would appear that generally other, although less desirable, sites
should be acquired.
Site preparation activity durations are comparatively simple to es-
timate in absolute terms but difficult to place in real time. This dif-
ficulty arises from the fact that winter conditions in some portions of
the study area preclude efficient site preparation, tower erection, and
concrete work. Since the initiation date of the Regional Study cannot
be predicted with good reliability at this time, the possible constraints
due to weather cannot be readily predicted. In the actual execution of
the implementation plan, the constraints arising on construction due to
XVIII-37
-------
winter conditions should be immediately assessed and compared with the
expected acceptance schedule of the prototype instrument station. For
example, if acceptance is expected in late autumn, then all acquired
instrument sites should probably be prepared before the winter construc-
tion hiatus to permit subsequent activation. The number of contractors
would be derived according to the number and location of instrument sites.
On the other hand, if prototype acceptance is expected early or in the
middle of the construction season, the site preparation schedule would
be developed accordingly with perhaps fewer general contractors.
The installation of the air quality and digital data facilities and
subsequent station acceptance tests are the controlling factors of the
schedule. These tasks appear as critical because they should most ap-
propriately be carried out for a group of stations by the same technician
group. This is not meant to discount the importance of the meteorologi-
cal instruments. However, their essentially standard design and compara-
tively well-known operating and reliability characteristics are such that
their installation and test procedures offer far less possibility of un-
expected difficulty and therefore they need not be the heart of the ac-
tivation schedule. All other tasks included within the activation sched-
ule, such as assembly of the instrument shelter and installation of the
110/220 volt electrical system, are essentially standard contractor tasks
involving no unforeseen risks. Although it is highly desirable that these
tasks be completed at a number of instrument stations by the same groups,
no truly compelling reason can be identified.
As noted in Table XVIII-3 for the Class A station, the installation,
calibration, and operational check of the air quality instruments is es-
timated at three working days. Installation and operational check for
the digital data equipment calibration controller and associated equip-
ment is estimated at two days. Because of space limitations within the
instrument shelter; the two tasks probably cannot be carried out simul-
taneously. Table XVIII-3 indicates a ten-day period for operational
shakedown tests.
Using these factors as stated, one possible activation schedule for
a group of stations is presented in Figure XVIII-3 which indicates the
equipment installation schedule, the shakedown period, and the acceptance
test period. Figure XVIII-3 also indicates the supporting technician
staffing required during the period as well as the manner in which the
permanent instrument technicians can be phased into the system operation.
For simplicity, Figure XVIII-3 does not take account of holidays and week-
ends which can, of course, extend the schedule. However, under certain
conditions, the implementation might indeed be carried out on a seven-
day week.
XVIII-38
-------
TIME - days
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 A. Air quality instrument installation
~ ~ I I A ~ 6 B. Digital data terminal equipment installation
A D STATION D
STATION NO.6 C. Shakedown operational tests
NO.1 STATION D. Acceptance tests
STAT'ION NO.7
NO.2 ..
STATION STATION
NO.3 NO.8
STATION STATION
NO.4 NO.9
STATION STATION
NO.5 NO. 10
1 1 1 1 1 6 6 6 6 6
STATION 2 2 2 2 2 STATION 7 7 7 7 7
_NO. NO.
VISITED- 3 3 3 3 3 VISITED- 8 8 8 8 8
-SHAKEDOWN SHAKEDOWN
OPERATIONS 4 4 4 4 4 OPERATIONS 9 9 9 9 9
-t-Number of 5 5 5 5 5 Number of 10 10 10 10 10
- t- Technicians Technicians
Required 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1 Required 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
STATION NO: 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
VISITED- 5 5
ROUTINE 6 6 6 6 6 6
MAINTENANCE 7 7 7 7 7
8 8 8
9 9
Number of 10
Technicians 3 2 4
Required 1 0 0 1 1 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 2 2 1 1 2 2 0 3 2 1 2 3 2 1 4 2 2 3 3
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 2 1 3 1 1 3 2 0 2 4 0 1 2 1 1 2 2 0 3 2 2 2 3 3 2 3 4 3 2 4 4 1 5 3 2 3 4 2 2 4 2 2 3 3 3 2 4
TOTAL NUMBER OF TECHNICIANS REQUIRED
SC-1365-7
FIGURE XVIII-3
ESTIMATED INSTRUMENT STATION
ACTIVATION SCHEDULE AND
MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN
REQUIREMENTS
-------
Instrument installation at each station requires five days with the
air quality instrument work preceding the digital data equipment installa-
tion. Thus, at the end of the 15-day period, air quality instruments would
have been installed at five stations and the first station would have had
a shakedown period of 10 days. After the shakedown period has elapsed,
installation of equipment at additional stations would be suspended and
the technician crews would return to the first station for the final
operational acceptance tests covering a period of three days for each
station. Following the acceptance tests of the first group of stations,
the sequence would be repeated for the second and subsequent groups.
Station acceptance denotes that a station is considered to be ready
for full-time operation in the system to monitor and report meteorological
and air quality conditions on a periodic basis. It is not meant to imply,
however, that all obligations of the instrument and other contractors have
been discharged. These obligations should be controlled by the procure-
ment contracts which should contain provisions for parts and workmanship
guarantees and related matters for a specified period, perhaps one year,
after operation is initiated.
Station acceptance is also regarded as the point at which transfer
of responsibility would take place. That is, for example, in the event
the St. Louis facility is implemented by a prime contractor, transfer of
the station to EPA would occur at acceptance. Other transfer combinations
are, of course, possible depending upon the contracting structure chosen
by EPA.
The requirements for technician maintenance of the instrument sta-
tions are also shown in Figure XVIII-3. During the period of instrument
station shakedown, a station should probably be checked by a technician
every other day. Each visit might extend over approximately a two-hour
period to provide sufficient time for a thorough check of all facilities.
Probably the most time-consuming duty in each visit would be to monitor
a complete cycle of the air quality instrument calibration procedure.
Replacement of instrument parts of entire instruments will probably
be required at certain stations. For a la-day shakedown, five visits
will be required. These are shown to start the day after station activa-
tion. The total number of stations visited per day is shown below the
visit sequence. Not more than two stations are included in any day, so
that this task can be handled by one technician. Although, as noted
above, the detailed scheduling of the installation of air quality instru-
ments and digital data equipment may well consider weekend intervals, the
technician assignments for the shakedown period should be carried out on
a seven-day basis.
XVIII-41
-------
After the instrument station acceptance tests are completed, the
mode of technician visits shifts to the twice-weekly schedule and sub-
sequently to a weekly basis. The days of station visit are tabulated
on Figure XVIII-3 with visits starting one day after station acceptance
and thereafter spaced by alternating two- and three-day periods. This
would tend to correspond, for example, to a Monday-Thursday schedule.
The necessary buildup of the technician staff is evident. Under
this schedule the increase is somewhat gradual, thereby providing a
suitable learning period prior to full system operation. The final
tabulation on Figure XVIII-3 shows the aggregate number of stations
requiring technician visits through the activation of 10 instrument
stations. The number of visits start at one per day and gradually in-
crease to a stabilized cycle after acceptance of the tenth station to
a maximum of four per day. Again, this scheduling does not recognize
weekend intervals and holidays. It would be premature for this Prospectus
to recommend the actual technician visit schedule for station maintenance
with respect to weekend and holiday duty. Operational considerations and
EPA policy are expected to influence such decisions, and these cannot be
foreseen at the present time.
The station activation schedule shown in Figure XVIII-3 provides for
the installation of eight air quality instruments at each station over a
three-day period. Additionally, if the installation of the meteorologi-
cal tower instruments is scheduled simultaneously or slightly ahead of
the air quality instruments, the total number of instruments installed
increases to about 15. These instruments will require processing at the
central facility prior to their installation. Processing, it will be
recalled, includes uncrating, simplified operational checks, and the
installation of the instrument identifier. On the average, a one-hour
interval was estimated for this activity, so that approximately two days
will be required to complete the processing for each station. Close
coupling of instrument processing at the central facility and installa-
tion at the instrument stations appears desirable in order to eliminate
long storage times of instruments unprotected by their shipping containers.
An installation schedule of this type would also allow for a sequential
delivery of instruments and equipment from the suppliers rather than call
for delivery of all instruments at one time.
The timing of the general contractor activities as constrained by
the equipment installation activities is shown in Figure XVIII-4. As
previously noted, other factors influence the general contractor's sched-
ule, such as the construction season, the pattern of site location, and
the site acquisition schedule. Additionally, the general contractor may
XVIII-42
-------
CLASS A STATIONS
1 2
3
4 5 6 7 8
9 10
12
r--I
STATION NO.1
A
II
II
I I I I I I
...........
...........
STATION NO.2
II
III I
I I
~
II 1 I I I
I---t
I I I I
t---i
~
STATION NO.3
II
~
STATION NO.4
II I
II I
~
STATION NO.5
CLASS B STATIONS
12
3
5 6 7 8
9 10
12
I----t
STATION NO.1
411
t-H
III
1 I I
H-f
I---f
STATION NO.2
III
I I
I I
t-H
I I
I---t
STATION NO.3
III
1 I I
1 I
I-H
1 1
I---t
STATION NO.4
III
1 I I 1 I
H'i
I I
t--t
STATION NO.5
o
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
70
1. Site preparation
2. Concrete work
TIME - days
7. Install air sampling system
8. I nstall fixtures
3. Concrete curing
4. Tower erection
9. Install and calibrate air quality instruments
5. Shelter fabrication
10. Install digital data terminals
11. Install meteorological instruments
6. Install electrical system
12. Operational test and acceptance
SA-1365-8
FIGURE XVIII-4
ESTIMATED INSTRUMENT STATION EQUIPMENT INSTAllATION SCHEDULE
XVII 1-43
-------
wish to schedule the activities of site activation with construction
projects for other clients to achieve maximum utilization of his equip-
ment and labor force, thereby perhaps lowering his contract price. De-
tailed matters of this type cannot be specified in this Prospectus, but
they should be considered during the actual implementation of the
St. Louis facility.
One alternative could be to specify completion dates for each site
and allow the general contractor to develop his own schedule within this
constraint. This has a potential disadvantage, however; of causing
awkward delivery schedules of the instrument shelters and interior fix-
tures and appurtenances or, on a regular delivery schedule, a need to
store the materials at the central facility until the general contractor
withdraws them for installation. This potential difficulty notwithstand-
ing, the general contractor might still be granted some flexibility in
scheduling his basic construction activities of site preparation and all
concrete work not involving prime contractor or government-furnished
equipment.
The schedule shown in Figure XVIII-4, as
ditions under the assumption that the general
for all sites. The use of more than one crew
ble for the more remote stations where travel
cessive.
noted above, shows the con-
contractor uses one crew
could indeed prove desira-
distances could become ex-
The schedule shows the sequence in which the first activity--site
preparation--is initiated 20 days prior to the installation of the air
quality instruments. One activity follows the next without interval.
No allowance is made for unforeseen difficulties, except that a two-day
period exists between the start-date for each site. This would provide
some cushion to cover unexpected difficulties. Additionally, the two-
day interval would possibly allow the general contractor to schedule
projects for other clients as well. Depending upon the number of sta-
tions committed to the general contractor, say 10 in this case, work
could continue at the same general schedule for the additional five
stations during the acceptance test period of the first five instru-
ment stations.
Full Facility Implementation
General Scheduling Conditions
The planning factors developed previously can now be used in the
preparation of the full implementation schedule for the facility. The
overall schedule ultimately adopted will depend upon a number of critical
factors. First, the urgency for initiation of the research experiments
XVIII-44
-------
requiring the full instrument system is of vital importance. Second,
budgetary or manpower ceilings may impose restraints on the rate of
station activation thereby necessitating a longer-term program. A
third factor must recognize the possibility that the activation sched-
ule may be rather closely coupled to technical design considerations.
That is, elsewhere in this Prospectus the technical concepts covering
the instrument location pattern were presented. The first concept in-
cluded an essentially symmetrical pattern about the St. Louis arch with
slight bias toward the north due to the climatological winds. The second,
while retaining some degree of symmetry, favored a more pronounced north-
ward bias. Both concepts considered a time-phased schedule in which an
initial group of stations was activated prior to the completion of the
remaining stations. In this way, the meteorological and air quality
information acquired from the first group of stations would provide
guidance for the pattern design of the second group.
For overall planning purposes here, the assumption will be made
that the Regional Study has an urgency or priority sufficiently high
that budgetary and manpower limitations will not constrain the activa-
tion schedule. Scheduling in the face of the possible technological
alternatives of pattern design is more difficult to treat on a station-
by-station basis, but on a system-wide concept a meaningful schedule
can be developed. That is, even though the alternative station patterns
differ in detail, the differences are such that schedule planning factors
for each are essentially identical or applicable to both alternatives.
Two basic alternative schedules appear to be suitable for considera-
tion here. The first applies to the situation where complete prototype
station operation has been achieved prior to the initiation of work at
any additional stations. The second alternative covers the condition
in which work is initiated at additional stations as the major components
of the prototype station are being tested and accepted.
Under the first alternative, it will be recalled from Figure XVIII-2
that Activity FL covered the review and evaluation of prototype station
performance.
Activity FL led to six parallel activity paths as shown on Fig-
ure XVIII-5 and described in Table XVIII-5. The terminal activities
in the six sequences--FP, FT, FX, GB, GF, GJ, GN--cover the activation
of all stations of the system and lead to full system operation--
Activity GO. As in the scheduling of activities in Figure XVIII-I, such
as air quality instrument acquisition, where one sequence of activities
is used for all instruments rather than one sequence per instrument, one
XVIII-45
-------
FN
FR
FV
146
149
152
FO
FS
FW
e SO FZ GA
~ 155
to-< CONTINUED FROM
to-<
to-< FIGURE XVIII-1
I
~ AND XVIII-2
IJ) GO GE
158
GH
GL
FIGURE XVIII-5
161
164
GI
GM
SA-1365-5
FULL SYSTEM ACTIVATION CRITICAL PATH NETWORK
-------
Acti vi ty
><
<
1-1
1-1
1-1
I
""
--1
Table XVIII-5
ST. LOUIS INSTRUMENT SYSTEM ACTIVITIES FOLLOWING FULL PROTOTYPE STATION ACCEPTANCE
Description
FM
Review tower design and performance
FN
Modify instrument tower design
Fa
Negotiate instrument tower design changes
FP
Initiate delivery, installation, and acceptance
tests for instrument station tower
FQ
Review meteorological instrument design and
performance
FR
Modify meteorological instrument design
FS
Negotiate meteorological instrument design
changes
FT
Initiate delivery, installation, and acceptance
tests for meteorological instruments
FU
Review air quality instrument design and
performance
FV
Modify air quality instrument design
FW
Negotiate air quality instrument design changes
FX
Initiate delivery, installation, and acceptance
tests for air quality instruments
FY
Review digital data terminal design and
performance
FZ
Modify digital data terminal design
Immediate
Prerequisite
FL]
FM
FN
Fa
FL ]
FQ
FR )
FS
FT
FU
FV
FW
FL)
FY
Dura tion
(days)
77, see Figure XVIII-6
and Figure XVIII-9
93, see Figure XVIII-6
and Figure XVIII-9
105, see Figure XVIII-6
85, see Figure XVIII-9
165, see Figure XVIII-6
75, see Figure XVIII-9
-------
Activity
GA
GB
GC
GD
GE
GF
~ GG
<
I-f
I-f
I-f
i GH
>i'o
00 GI
GJ
GK
GL
GM
GN
GO
Table XVIII-5 (Concluded)
Description
Negotiate digital data terminal design changes
Initiate delivery, installation, and acceptance
tests of digital data terminals
Review data center design and performance
Modify data center design
Negotiate data center design changes
Initiate delivery, installation, and
tests of additional or modified data
equipment
acceptance
center
Review telephone equipment design and
performance
Modify telephone equipment design
Negotiate telephone equipment design changes
Initiate delivery, installation, and acceptance
tests of additional or modified telephone
equipment
Review instrument shelter layout and design
Prepare engineering designs for preassembled
interior fixtures
Negotiate procurement contracts
Initiate delivery, installation, and acceptance
tests of instrument shelter and interior
fixtures
Operational check, full system
Immediate
Prerequisite
FZ ]
GA
GB}
GC
GD
GF
FL j
GG
GH }
GI
FL
GK
GL
GM
FP, FT, FX,
GB, GF, GJ,
GN
Dura tion
(days)
30
30
77, see Figure XVIII-6
and Figure XVIII-9
-------
activity is shown here to represent all stations. Indeed, these terminal
activities represent a synthesis of almost all activities shown in Fig-
ure XVIII-I, which, as previously noted, represents the scheduling net-
work for both the prototype stations of Phase I and the stations included
in Phase II. The interdependencies of these six sequences are essentially
the same as those presented in Figure XVIII-I. Each path in Figure XVIII-5
incorporates a sequence of activities of the following type:
Review design and performance
Modify design and specifications
Negotiate design changes with equipment contractor
Initiate delivery, installation, and acceptance tests.
A separate sequence is shown for the following major items of equipment:
Instrument tower, FM-FP
Meteorological instruments, FQ-FT
Air quality instruments FU-FX
Instrument station digital terminals FY-GB
Data central equipment, GC-GF
Telephone utility equipment, GG-GJ
Instrument shelter facilities and equipment, GK-GN.
In each sequence of activities for each major type of equipment, the re-
sults of the prototype test will provide measures of the extent to which
the original procurement specifications will require modification. Over-
all the greatest cause for design changes may stem from the total opera-
tion of the wide variety of air quality and meteorological instruments
as an integrated unit. It is not expected that design change will result
from malfunctions of individual instruments unless their designs are in-
herently poor. Consequently, the most significant activity sequences are
considered to be those associated with the instrument station digital ter-
minal, due to its incorporation of the calibration controller and master
station controller, and the instrument shelter facilities and equipment
sequence.
The calibration controller and master station controller, unlike
other digital system components, are custom designs rather than standard
catalog items. Consequently, some redesign for quantity production can
be expected. The calibration controller, additionally, directly inter-
faces with the air quality instrument complex, so that any unanticipated
XVIII-49
-------
systemic difficulties arising from the
quality instruments could be reflected
tion controller.
unprecedented combination of air
in design changes of the calibra-
The activity sequence GK-GN applicable to the instrument shelter and
especially the interior components will essentially cover the design of
components for quantity production. That is, the prototype station(s)
are expected to be largely assembled in the field from items acquired
separately. For example, the air quality sampling system including the
tubing, manifolds, valves, pumps, and the like, will be assembled at
the instrument site. Following this procedure for all instrument sta-
tions would be inefficient and costly. Accordingly, following prototype
acceptance, designs for quantity production of interior components, such
as a complete air sampling system, will be required.
The methods for initiating quantity deliveries of the instrument
station equipment after acceptance of the prototype station(s) appear to
have several alternatives. For planning purposes here, the procurement
contract for the instruments used in the prototype station is expected
to cover all additional instruments as well, provided the instruments
function satisfactorily in the prototype. It appears, quite properly,
that the procurement contract could specify the delivery schedule of
the remaining instruments as a function of the acceptance date. The
contract could (and should) make provision for modification of the in-
struments, if appropriate, with a flexible or negotiable delivery date
specified. The alternative--to plan the delivery schedule on the normal
procurement cycle--does not appear attractive, especially under a con-
strained schedule, and centralized control of the schedule would be
weakened. In view of the fact that nearly all equipment included in
the instrument stations is produced on at least a semi-assembly-line
basis, a procurement contract provision calling for a future delivery
schedule contingent upon acceptance ought not place an undue obligation
on the contractor. Moreover, as will be shown subsequently, the station
activation schedule is such that delivery of the full lot need not be
completed at one time thereby further easing the obligation for delivery.
The principal and attractive alternative to this scheduling concept
is to overlap the assembly and test of the prototype instrument stations
with the activation of the remaining stations. Table XVIII-2 identified
a float time of 85 days for the air quality instruments, Activities BE-
BN, and greater times for the other principal activity sequences.
Although the scheduling networks show Activity FL as providing a re-
view of system performance prior to the initiation of the activation of
the remaining instrument stations, a low risk decision should indeed be
XVIII-50
-------
considered to initiate partial activation prior to the completion of
Activity FL. That is, Activity BQ leading to FL provides for the com-
plete integrated station operation test, including all digital data
terminal equipment. Activity BQ is estimated to begin 194 working days
subsequent to initiation of the Regional Study. However, a number of
instrument station components, such as the instrument shelters, their
interior fixtures, and the instrument towers, have no direct interface
with the digital data terminals. Accordingly, the prototype design of
these components could indeed be reviewed, modified as appropriate, de-
livery orders placed, and field installation completed long before
Activity FL. A similar but higher risk decision would involve the air
quality and meteorological instruments.
The risk is higher because the instruments directly interface with
the digital data terminal equipment, so that assurance of compatibility
in operation may be significant. However, since the instrument scanners
and the analog-to-digital data converters--the direct digital data links
to the instruments--have known standard characteristics and do not require
basic original design for use in the instrument system, the risk tends
to be moderated. Balancing the risk is the advantage to be gained by
earlier operation of the air quality and meteorological instruments.
Although data would not be systematically recorded at the central data
facility, manual operation of the stations would be possible in support
of selected studies. Indeed, analog recorders, if appropriate, could
be utilized at some stations. A possible added advantage of implementa-
tion overlap is that more extensive operational and maintenance experi-
ence would be developed prior to full system operation. As discussed
in Chapter XIX, the planning factors used for facility staffing should
be verified at the earliest possible time and adjusted as appropriate.
It is generally anticipated that the air quality and meteorological
instruments will account for the bulk of the maintenance effort, so
that staff planning factors can be almost fully developed in the ab-
sence of the digital data terminal equipment.
The location pattern of the 17 Class A and 32 Class B stations is
such that the use of three general contractors appears to be most appro-
priate and would result in approximately 16 stations per contractor.
Three contractors should provide for a relatively short period for ac-
tivation of all stations and should not cause undue administrative dif-
ficulties or overtax the central facility instrument processing capabil-
ity. The symmetrical station location pattern results in 18 stations
situated in Missouri and 31 in Illinois. Thus, one contractor might be
used for all Missouri instrument stations and the Illinois stations split
between two contractors on a north-south geographical basis. The Illinois.
Missouri division appears desirable for two reasons. First, the scope of
XVIII-51
-------
the instrument station activation effort is not inordinately large, so
that interest will likely be limited to the smaller general contractors.
Since certain statutory requirements most likely exist in each state for
contractor licensing, bonding, and the like, it appears probable that
many smaller contractors may not be in a position to function in both
states. Thus, the contractors expected to have the greatest interest
in the work would be ruled out of competition if a single contractor
were sought for all instrument stations.
Second, the Mississippi River stands as a natural barrier between
the two states with few bridges outside the immediate St. Louis area it-
self. Thus, movement of one contractor's equipment and labor force among
stations could require excessive travel distances for some stations re-
gardless of where the contractor's base of operations was situated.
The Illinois division between north and south is somewhat more arbi-
trary. However, except for a relatively large contractor, 31 stations
appears somewhat large and distances for movement of equipment appear
excessive. A division into 15 north stations and 16 south stations
should be an appropriate planning factor with the southern group in-
cluding the Illinois stations on the St. Louis arch latitude and all
those further south.
Table XVIII-6 summarizes the distribution pattern of instrument sta-
tions within each of the three areas.
Table XVIII-6
INSTRUMENT STATION LOCATIONS BY CONTRACTOR AREA
Station Illinois
Type Missouri North South Total
Al 4 3 2 9
A 3 2 3 8
2
Bl 11 5 8 24
B2 5 3 8
Total 18 15 16 49
XVIII-52
-------
Slight adjustment of the table should be made to account for the two
prototype stations. The discussion of selection of the central facility
and prototype instrument sites suggested that they be in relatively close
proximity. The two most appropriate central facility sites appear to be
either near the Civic Memorial Field at Bethalto, Illinois (near East
Alton), or Scott Air Force Base. Both of these locations are relatively
near Class Al and Class A2 instrument stations which could serve as pro-
totype stations with perhaps both designed as Class Al stations and allo-
cated the full complement of equipment. For purposes here the central
facility location will be taken to be near the Civic Memorial Field, so
that the number of Class Al instrument stations in the north will be de-
creased by two in developing the activation schedule. This reduction
might suggest a slight adjustment between north and south Illinois to
equalize the number of stations. However, since the Missouri area con-
tains the greatest number of stations, the completion of the activation
schedule will depend upon the Missouri sequence.
Class A and B Station Activation with Prior Prototype Station
Acceptance
Combining the scheduling estimating factors previously developed re-
sults in the stationwide schedule as shown in Figure XVIII-6. This sched-
uling example is based upon the premise that the implementation of the
stations is initiated after acceptance of the prototype stations. The
Class Al and A2 stations are shown to be completed first with the Class B
stations following immediately thereafter. Depending upon the numerous
technical concepts and questions discussed in Part II of this Prospectus,
this time phasing perhaps may be changed to provide for some delay in the
completion of the Class Bl and B2 stations, especially the Class B2' Sta-
tion equipment is installed in groups of five stations, as previously
shown, where more than five are involved. Again, this method is some-
what arbitrary and more attractive alternatives may be found during the
actual implementation. For example, seven Class Al and A2 stations are
situated in Missouri and these are shown in two groups of five and two
stations, respectively. For various reasons, the equipping of all seven
stations before acceptance tests may be preferred to the five and two
sequence shown here. Moreover, for many possible technical, logistical,
and administrative reasons, some mix in the activation sequence of the
two principal classes of stations may be desirable over the completion
of all Class A stations before the Class B. For example, if the digital
data communication system is designed such that six to eight instrument
stations report over a single circuit, the station activation sequence
might be designed around grouping stations in this manner. This would
certainly appear attractive in regard to coordination with the telephone
utilities.
XVIII-53
-------
I I I 1 I I I I 1 I I I I
(a) MISSOURI STATIONS
CONSTRUCT A, AND CONSTRUCT B,
A2 STATIONS (7) STATIONS (11)
A, AND A2
STATIONS I
(5)
(5)
(2)
(2)
r::::J
I
(3)
B, STATIONS L-.-..J
(3)
(5)
(5)
(3)
(3)
I c=:J
.. ,
I
I
I
(b)
NORTHERN ILLINOIS STATIONS
CONSTRUCT A' CONSTRUCT B CONSTRUCT B
, 2
AND A2 STATIONS STATIONS. STATIONS
(3) (5)' (5)
A, AND A2 (3)
STATIONS ~
(3)
c:::=J
(2)
B, STATIONS C:J
(2)
(3)
(3)
I c::::::::J
I.
I
(5)
(5)
B2 STATIONS I
I:
.1
(e)
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS STATIONS
CONSTRUCT A, AND
A2 STATIONS (5).
CONSTRUCT B,
STATIONS (8)
r--- CONSTRUCT B2 STATIONS
, (3)
A, AND A2
STATIONS I
(5)
(5)
.
.
NO. OF
STATIONS
,
(0)
c=:=:J Install and Calibrate Instrument and Data Terminals
9 chec~ and Alccept I~strume~ts and pata TerminalS I
(5)
(5)
(3)
(3)
B1 STATIONS I
I
I
I I
I
(3)
(3)
t:::::I
I
B2STATIONS I
I
I
I
I
50
52
54 56 58 60 62 64 66 68 70 72 74
TIME AFTER AUTHORIZATION OF THE REGIONAL STUDY - weeks
76
78
SA-'365-9
FIGURE XVIII-6
CLASS A AND B INSTRUMENT STATION IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
WITH PRIOR PROTOTYPE STATION ACCEPTANCE
XVIII-54
-------
The full system activation schedule is shown in Figure XVIII-7. Under
the planning assumption that instrument station activation is not initiated
until prototype station acceptance, the full system is estimated to be op-
erational 77 weeks subsequent to the authorization of the Regional Study.
This might be regarded as a minimal risk schedule, since it involves a
relatively small number of simultaneous activities. With the instrument
station activation starting 50 weeks after authorization, ample time
should be available for instrument site acquisition, contractor selec-
tion, and the completion of all other detailed planning and scheduling
matters. The rate of station activation does not appear to impose un-
reasonable requirements for delivery of instruments and other equipment
from suppliers. Sufficient time should be available to permit the cen-
tral facility to be fully operational to support the instrument station
implementation effort. Any number of alternatives to this particular
schedule naturally can be defined which will result in greater or lesser
durations and have varying degrees of risk. All of these, of course,
cannot be examined here, but one particular alternative to the schedule
of Figure XVIII-7 is of particular interest.
Class A and B Station Activation Without Prior
Prototype Station Acceptance
As discussed previously, the activation schedule of the prototype
stations includes appreciable float time in the activity sequences as-
sociated with the air quality and meteorological instruments and most
other important sequences. Only the central facility sequence approaches
the critical path. These float times are readily apparent from Fig-
ure XVIII-7. In view of these lengthy float times, the possibility
clearly exists, as previously discussed, to initiate activation of the
instrument stations before completion of the prototype stations.
The activation schedule under this premise is shown in Figure XVIII-8
and in greater detail in Figure XVIII-9. The planning assumptions provide
for the following actions. First, the air quality instruments would be
installed at the prototype station with test operation during the 20th
to the 23rd week. Any necessary design modifications would be negoti-
ated with the manufacturer and delivery would be initiated at the 26th
week. Installation at all stations would be initiated as shown in Fig-
ures XVIII-8 and XVIII-9 with completion at the 48th week. Second,
this installation schedule clearly requires prior initiation of instru-
ment station construction and procurement of instrument towers and
shelters and other station fixtures and appurtenances.
XVIII-55
-------
I I~ISRT~~;~~~~ I ;;- ACCEPTANCE TESTS
rMETEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
I
FULL PROTOTYPE SYSTEM TEST
DIGITAL DATA TERMINALS AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
(Critical Path)
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
REVIEW AND MODIFY EQUIPMENT
[SPECIFICATIONS, SELECT GENERAL
CONTRACTORS, INITIAL
ACTIVATE MISSOURI
STATIONS
r INSTRUMENT SHELTERS
t--:--i
ACTIVATE NORTHERN
I ILLINOIS STATIONS I
I TOWERS I
ACTIVATE SOUTHERN
ILLINOIS STATIONS
CENTRAL FACILITY
o
4
8
12 16
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48
52 56 60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88 90 94
98 102
TIME AFTER AUTHORIZATION OF THE REGIONAL STUDY - weeks
SA-1365-10A
FIGURE XVIII-7
ST. LOUIS FACILITY ACTIVATION SCHEDULE WITH PRIOR
PROTOTYPE STATION ACCEPTANCE
XVII I-56
-------
ACCEPTANCE
TESTS
INSTALL INSTRUMENTS REVIEW AND MODIFY EQUIPMENT
'~ SPECIFICATIONS, INITIATE DELIVERY
MISSOURI STATIONS L-INSTALL DIGITAL DATA EQUIPMENT
AT MISSOURI STATIONS
~ ~ INSTALL DIGITAL DATA EQUIPMENT
L INSTALL INSTRUMENTS, AT No. ILLINOIS STATIONS
No. ILLINOIS STATIONS
~ 1*1
L METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS
INSTALL INSTRUMENTS,
So. ILLINOIS STATIONS 1
t
INSTALL DIGITAL DATA EQUIPMENT
~ AT So. ILLINOIS STATIONS
DIGITAL DATA TERMINALS AND
COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
FULL PROTOTYPE TEST
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
LNSTRUMENT SHELTERS
.- CONSTRUCT MISSOURI STATIONS
I L I
REVIEW AND MODIFY DIGITAL DATA EQUIPMENT
SPECIFICATIONS, INITIATE PROCUREMENT
r CONISTRUCT No. ILLINOIS STATIONS
H
I TOWERS 1
[CONST:UCT So. ILLINOIS STATIONS
**
I---i
CENTRAL FACILITY
"Review instrument performance and initiate procurement.
""Review acceptability of station equipment and fixtures
and initiate del ivery.
tSelect general contractors.
o
4
8
12 16
20 24 28 32 36 40 44 48 52 56 60 64
68
72 76 80 84
88 90 94 98 102
TIME AFTER AUTHORIZATION OF THE REGIONAL STUDY - weeks
SA-1365-10B
FIGURE XVIIl-8
ST. LOUIS FACILITY ACTIVATION SCHEDULE WITHOUT PRIOR
PROTOTYPE STATION ACCEPTANCE
XVIII-57
-------
---(0)
NO. OF STATIONS C=:J
(0)
c:::::J
Install and calibrate instruments.
Check and accept instruments.
(a)
MISSOURI STATIONS
CONSTRUCT A, AND A2
STATIONS (9)
CONSTRUCT 8,
STATIONS (11)
A, AND A2
I
STATIONS
(5)
(5)
(2)
(2)
c:J
[
(3) (3)
8, STATIONS c:::::::::J 1 'I
(5)
(5)
(3)
(3)
I r::::::::I
t\
I "
CONSTRUCT A,
AND A2 CONSTRUCT 8, CONSTRUCT 82
STATIONS (3) STATIONS (5) STATIONS (5)
(b)
NORTHERN ILLINOIS STATIONS
A, AND A2 (3)
STATIONS ~
(3)
t:::J
(2)
8, STATIONS CJ
(2)
(3)
(3)
I [:::::J
INSTALL DIGITAL
DATA TERMINALS
AT THE RATE
OF 1 UNIT/3 DAYS
I I
(5)
(5)
~
82 STATIONS I
CONSTRUCT A,
AND A2
STATIONS (5)
(e)
SOUTHERN ILLINOIS STATIONS
CONSTRUCT 8,
STATIONS (8)
CONSTRUCT 82 STATIONS
(3)
A, AND A2
STATIONS 1
(5)
(5)
(5)
(5)
(3)
(3)
I c:::::J
~
8, STATIONS I
I
'I .
(3) (3)
82 STAT I ON S c:=:=J r::::::::J
22
26 28 30 32 36 38 40 42 44
TIME AFTER AUTHORIZATION OF THE REGIONAL STUDY -- weeks
60
SA-'365-1'
FIGURE XVIII-9
CLASS A AND B INSTRUMENT STATION ACTIVATION SCHEDULE
WITHOUT PRIOR PROTOTYPE STATION ACCEPTANCE
XVIII-58
-------
The final task covers the installation of the digital data terminals.
The duration of this activity is estimated at three days per terminal for
a total of 10 weeks for the Missouri and southern Illinois stations and
eight weeks for the northern Illinois stations.
As can be noted from Figure XVIII-8, a total of 59 weeks is estimated
for completion of the entire system--19 weeks less than under the more con-
servative schedule. The achievement of this schedule would not be without
some possible difficulty. This would likely be especially true with re-
spect to the acquisition of the instrument station sites. Construction
is indicated to start in the 22nd week of the schedule. Ideally all in-
strument sites should have been acquired by this time in order to permit
an optimal or minimal cost schedule of construction. Given the potential
problems of site acquisition a period of 22 weeks may not be sufficient,
and construction scheduling would be carried out on a somewhat flexible
basis possibly resulting in slightly higher costs. The more compressed
schedule of 59 weeks brings the advantage of early instrument delivery
for possible use of some in the Class C stations, or conversely tempo-
rarily equipping some of the Class A and B stations with local recording
instruments intended for use with the Class C stations.
Class C Station Activation Schedule
The Class C stations have the least complex design of all classes of
stations in that they have a minimal complement of equipment and most is
of standard catalog design. The Class Cl stations are limited to meteoro-
logical instruments alone. The Class C2 stations consist of the basic
trailer equipped to accommodate a variety of instruments as provided by
the research experimental groups with the instruments not considered as
part of the permanent facility. The initial activation schedule, as well
as subsequent modification program of the Class C2 stations, should be
based upon the timing of the vario~s field research experiments in which
they will be used. Review of the Research Plan reveals that the initial
field experiments requiring the use of Class C2 instrument stations are
scheduled about eight months subsequent to authorization of the Regional
Study. This eight-month period, however, is in part contingent upon an
assumed authorization of July 1, 1972. Alternative authorization dates
could affect the initiation date of the field experiments and the corres-
ponding requirements for the Class C2 stations.
The number of Class C2 instrument stations required to support the
initial research experiments can of course vary to some extent depending
on the detailed experimental design. As a planning factor for scheduling
XVIII-59
-------
purposes, here, a total of 10 fully equipped Class C2 stations will be
taken as required eight months after authorization of the Regional Study
with the additional provision that the first units be available at six
months or approximately 26 weeks to allow for first-item installation
and testing of the necessary instruments and related equipment provided
by the research experimental groups.
An activation schedule to meet the required delivery date of six
months subsequent to authorization of the Regional Study, of course, can
have any number of configurations. The principal decision affecting the
schedule lies in the selection of the digital data terminal equipment.
Two major alternatives appear at hand. The first is to acquire standard
catalog items which include a scanner, analog-to-digital converter, mag-
netic tape recorder, and all control equipment. Acquisition lead times,
including the complete Request for Quotation sequence of activities, is
estimated to be at the most 65 working days. The sequence of activities
would be largely analogous to that associated with the procurement of the
air quality and meteorological instruments as shown in Figure XVIII-I.
The second alternative would be to include the design and acquisition
of the digital data terminal equipment for the Class C2 stations as an ad-
junct to the terminal equipment for the Class A and B stations. Careful
consideration of this alternative, however; will be necessary. even though
virtual standardization of terminal equipment for all stations would be
achieved. In the scheduling network of Figure XVIII-l, Activity CJ
covers the preparation of standard data terminal equipment specifica-
tions. These include the scanner, analog-to-digital converter, clock,
and related equipment not directly associated with the communication
system interface equipment. These items of equipment are required for
both remote and local data recording operation. Activity CJ terminates
at event No. 74 following study authorization by an estimated 51 days.
Subsequent activities in the digital data terminal equipment path pro-
vide for incorporation of the telephone interface equipment, calibration
controller, and related equipment, which results in an integrated design
of the terminal equipment. Virtually all of these later items of equip-
ment, however; are not required for the Class C2 stations. Thus, the
question arises as to the appropriateness of independently initiating
the procurement of the Class C2 terminal equipment subsequent to event
No. 74, rather than treating it as an integral part of the procurement
activities for the Class A and B terminal equipment. If, indeed, the
Class C2 stations will be required in six months, it is clear that the
later alternative is unacceptable because of the overall duration of the
digital data terminal equipment activity sequence. The risk of initiating
procurement of the Class C2 terminal equipment subsequent to event No. 74
XVIII-60
-------
independently of the Class A equipment would be expected to arise from
the extent to which the design of the telephone interface and remote
reporting equipment affects the terminal equipment common to all stations,
i.e., the scanner, and the like. The likelihood of any effects cannot
be foreseen at this time, but their impact would be expected to result
in the lack of standardization among digital data terminal equipment.
No impairment in operational capability would be expected. This would
also be the case if the first alternative of procuring standard catalog
items for the Class C2 station was selected.
Thus, on balance, the scheduling of the Class C terminal equipment
following event No. 74 is judged to be the more desirable procedure, al-
though during the actual implementation of the St. Louis facilities, al-
ternatives should be continually reviewed.
Independent scheduling of the Class C terminal equipment within the
context of the major implementation associated with the other station
classes, as noted above, can be initiated 51 days or approximately 10
weeks subsequent to authorization of the Regional Study. Using the es-
timated duration for the Request for Quotation cycle of seven weeks and
a six-week period for any special equipment design and production prob-
lems, delivery of the first terminal unit is estimated at the 23rd week
or about three weeks prior to the required availability date.
The rate of equipment delivery should be specified during procure-
ment negotiations; however, it would be expected that any limitation on
station activation would arise from the equipment installation schedule
at the central facility rather than from the equipment delivery rate by
the manufacturer.
The scheduling of the remaining components of the Class C stations,
such as the trailers and interior fittings and appurtenances, can be
largely discretionary, since their procurement lead times are relatively
short.
The overall scheduling of both the Class Cl and C2 stations are
shown in Figure XVIII-IO. For scheduling purposes here the complete
complement of four Class Cl and 24 Class C2 stations are shown. The
activation of the four Class Cl stations is shown to follow the Class C2
stations. This schedule is based on the activation schedule of the
Class A and Class B stations, so that the site preparation for the
Class C follows with the same general contractors, and the meteorologi-
1
cal instruments are installed by the same technician crews.
XVIII-61
-------
DATA TERMINAL
RFQ CYCLE I
DATA TERMINAL DESIGN I I
DATA TERMINAL DELIVERY I
CLASS C2 STATION ACTIVATION I
CLASS C1 SITE PREPARATION I
CLASS C STATION ACTIVATION I
1
INSTRUMENT
SHELTER ANDI
FIXTURE RFQ CYCLE
INSTRUMENT SHELTER AND I
FIXTURE DESIGN
INSTRUMENT SHELTER I
AND FIXTURE DELIVERY
o
2
4
6
8
10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42
TIME AFTER AUTHORIZATION OF THE REGIONAL STUDY - weeks
44 46 48 50 52
SA-1365-12
FIGURE XVIII-l0
CLASS C INSTRUMENT STATION ACTIVATION SCHEDULE
XVII 1-62
-------
Activation of the final 14 Class C2 stations will, of course, depend
intimately on the precise timing of the various research experiments and
their need for Class C2 stations, so that some may be delayed for varying
periods of time. However, delivery of digital data terminal equipment
for all stations may be appropriate, if its design includes any apprecia-
ble nonstandard components or subassemblies. Acquisition of nonstandard
equipment on a periodic basis could incur severe cost and schedule penal-
ties.
Aggregate Facility Activation Schedule
The overall facility activation schedule as derived from Figures XVIII.
8 and XVIII-9 is summarized in Table XVIII-7 by quarter for each station
type following authorization of the Regional Study. Station activation
is grouped within three major categories. Station preparation covers the
preparation of the site, all concrete work, tower installation, and the
assembly of the instrument structure, if any, and the installation of
all equipment, fixtures, and appurtenances within the instrument struc-
ture or trailer. The second includes installation of the air quality
and meteorological instruments and their operational acceptance tests.
The third covers the installation of the digital data terminal equipment.
The quarters are shown also during which the principal activities cover-
ing the central facility and the acquisition of vehicles are carried out.
The scheduling assumptions employed here provided for completion of the
Class A stations prior to the Class B units. Accordingly, the Class Al
and six of the Class A2 stations are shown as completed in the fourth
quarter with all the Class BI and B2 stations completed in the fifth
quarter.
The aggregation of the activation schedule on a quarterly basis
provides for the development of both the initial cost schedule as de-
veloped in Chapter XX and the staffing schedule of Chapter XIX.
The aggregation of the activation schedule on a quarterly basis
provides for the development of both the initial cost schedule as de-
veloped in Chapter XX and the staffing schedule of Chapter XIX.
XVIII-63
-------
Table XVIII-7
FACILITY CO~WLETION SCHEDULE BY PRINCIPAL ACTIVITY GROUPS
(Number of Stations)
Calendar Quarters
Acti vi ty 1 2 3 4 5
Station Preparation
Prototype 2
Al 7
A2 8
Bl 24
B2 8
Cl 2 2
C2 5 13 6
Instruments and Accessories
Prototype 2
Al 7
A2 8
81 24
B2 5 3
Cl 4
C2 3 13 8
Digital Terminals
Prototype 2
Al 7
A2 6 2
81 24
82 8
Cl 4
C2 4 13 7
Central Facili ty
Data Equipment 1
General Facilities 1
Equipment 1
Vehicular Support
Calibration Vans 1 2
Maintenance Trucks 2 4 3
General Transport 1
XVIII- 64
-------
Chapter XIX
PERMANENT MANAGEMENT AND STAFFING
Introduction
The management and staffing requirements for the Regional Study have
two principal elements. The first includes essentially permanent groups
located at the Research Triangle Park and St. Louis having responsibili-
ties, respectively, for overall management and coordination of the
Regional Study and for design and operation of the St. Louis facility and
field support of the research experiments. The second element includes
the special requirements arising from specific needs of the various
research experiments and analyses as specified in the Research Plan.
Staffing requirements for the latter element are expected to have con-
siderable variation during the course of the Regional Study.
This chapter of the Prospectus covers the organizational requirements
and responsibilities of the permanent staff. The requirements stemming
specifically from the Research Plan are presented in Part II of this
Prospectus and summarized in Chapter XXI.
The general responsibilities and functions of the permanent staff
are discussed in the following sections with staff requirements phased
over time as a function of the facility activation schedule. Personnel
requirements are estimated for both facility activation and full operation
for conditions of a complete EPA intramural effort as well as a prime-
contractor-supported program.
Discussion of detailed staffing requirements for aircraft operation,
maintenance, and related functions are provided within the integrated
discussion of aircraft measurements of Chapter XIV and the various research
experimental programs requiring airborne instruments.
Regional Study Management
The Regional Study is considered to be one of the principal research
efforts supported by the Environmental Protection Agency. As demonstrated
by the research plan, it will provide a comprehensive examination of air
XIX-l
-------
quality problems and will require the coordinated efforts of a large
interdisciplinary task group. Within the National Environmental Research
Center at Research Triangle Park, the Divisions of Chemistry and Physics,
Meteorology, and Atmospheric Surveillance will be heavily committed over
virtually the entire period of the Regional Study. The Division of
Effects Research, while not as fully involved in the execution of field
experiments for model verification and similar studies, will profitably
utilize the accumulated air quality data as well as pollutant concentra-
tion predictions and other results developed by the transport and diffu-
sion models.
Additionally, other organizational elements within the Environmental
Protection Agency will undoubtedly interact extensively with the Regional
Study through the use of experimental data and in an advisory and consul-
tative role for the design and execution of selected research experiments
and data acquisition programs. Such interactions could go beyond air
quality interests alone and include water quality, solid waste disposal,
and other areas.
Given the scope of the Research Study and the intensive involvement
of numerous EPA organizational groups, the management of the Regional
Study, of necessity, should be lodged at an organizational level above
that of the Divisions at the National Environmental Research Center,
Research Triangle Park. At the same time, to provide efficient coordina-
tion among Divisions and promote a smoothly functioning interdisciplinary
program, the Regional Study management should most appropriately be
placed within the organization of the Research Triangle Park facility.
Accordingly, the most appropriate assignment of the Regional Study manage-
ment responsibility appears to be in the Office of the Director, National
Environmental Research Center, Research Triangle Park. Two options appear
open for consideration. The first is the establishment of the position
of Assistant Director for Regional Studies to function in parallel with
the two currently established Assistant Director positions for Operations
and Special Staff. The second option is to establish the position of
Deputy Director for Regional Studies reporting to the Director. The
basic distinction between the two options is that the former is essen-
tially a staff position while the latter is a line position. Since the
duties assigned to the position, as discussed below, involve the overall
responsibility for the management and control of the St. Louis Regional
Study as well as possible planning and implementation of additional
regional studies conducted concomitantly or following the St. Louis
the position is most appropriately established as a line-function:
Director for Regional Studies.
Study,
Deputy
XIX-2
-------
The principal responsibilities of the Office of the Deputy Director
will include the following:
.
Acting as Contracting Officer's technical
procurement, installation, and acceptance
facilities of the St. Louis facility.
representative for
of all equipment, and
Management of the St. Louis facility staff and equipment.
Master
me nt s ,
cation
scheduling of facility use in support of research experi-
including priority assignments for experiments, and allo-
of facility personnel for support.
.
Coordination and preparation of annual budgets for the St. Louis
facility and all research experiments using the facility.
Assignment of Research Triangle Park Divisional resources as
required for interdivisional Regional Study research experiments.
Coordination of Regional Study programs with EPA elements not
located at the Research Triangle Park.
Policy development and coordination with non-EPA institutions
carrying out experimental and other efforts in the St. Louis area.
Staffing of the Deputy Director's Office will have two components.
The first will include personnel required for the procurement and subse-
quent operation of the St. Louis facility itself. The second component,
located at the Research Triangle Park, will include the necessary staff
to handle the various tasks associated with the overall research program
and coordination activities.
Additionally, because of the clearcut need for close cooperation
and coordination among the various organizational units having vital
interests in the Regional Study, the Deputy Director should be supported
by two consultative groups. Membership in the groups should not be fixed
but should change as the requirements of the research program evolve.
The first group, the Interagency Coordinating Committee, consists
of a representative from EPA Headquarters and one from each of the federal
organizations having pronounced interests or ongoing activities in
meteorology or air quality or both. These agencies include the following:
XIX-3
-------
Atomic Energy Commission
Department of Defense
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Research Council
National Science Foundation
National Center for Atmospheric Research.
The second group
of representatives of
Triangle Park. These
functions as an EPA Advisory Committee composed
the interested Divisions based at the Research
include the following:
Division of Physics and Chemistry, Research Triangle Park
Division of Meteorology, Research Triangle Park
Division of Atmospheric Surveillance, Research Triangle Park
Division of Effects Research, Research Triangle Park
Office of Air Programs.
Additionally, for purposes of coordination and liaison with state
and local groups--private and pUblic--the Advisory Committee should profit
by the membership of two regional administrators; specifically:
Regional Administrator, Region V (Illinois study area)
Regional Administrator, Region VII (Missouri study area)
The structure of the overall organization is summarized in Figure
XIX-I.
XIX-4
-------
DIRECTOR,
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL
RESEARCH CENTER
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
FOR
REGIONAL STUDIES
INTERAGENCY COORDINATION COMMITTEE EPA ADVISORY COMMITTEE
EPA, Hq. METEOROLOGY
NOAA PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY
AEC ATMOSPHERIC SURVEILLANCE
DOD EFFECTS RESEARCH
NRC ADMINISTRATORS REGION V AND VII
NSF/NCAR OFFICE OF AIR PROGRAMS
r I
RESEARCH TRIANGLE ST. LOUIS
PARK STAFF FACILITY STAFF
~
t-I
~
I
tJ1
FIGURE XIX-1
SA-1365-13
SUMMARY ORGANIZATION OF THE REGIONAL STUDY
-------
Research Triangle Park Staff
The staff of the Deputy Director for Regional Studies at the
Research Triangle Park will provide direct support to the Deputy Director
in the development of the overall Regional Study program.
The staff is anticipated to have three major operational components
as shown in Figure XIX-2. The first may be defined as the Office of
Programs, the second as the Office of Interagency Coordination and Tech-
nology Transfer, and the third as the Office of Research Operations. The
functions of these offices are highly complementary and close coordina-
tion will be required. The first will provide administrative support
for the Regional Study by ensuring proper scheduling of research experi-
ments and completion of logistic support and all budgetary procedures.
The Office of Interagency Coordination and Technology Transfer will
be concerned with the technical and scientific aspects of the Regional
Study. This office will require personnel with broad scientific back-
grounds capable of integrating the research findings of all disciplines
involved and extending the research findings to other disciplines as
well. These two offices would be expected to function largely in a staff
advisory capacity rather than as line offices. The Office of Research
Operations provides the direct link between the research experiments
carried out in the St. Louis area and the EPA Divisions at the Research
Triangle Park and perhaps elsewhere.
The staffing requirements are difficult to estimate at this date.
The Office of Interagency Coordination and Technology Transfer will
probably grow as the Regional Study evolves, since the volume of research
findings will grow over time, thereby causing increasing possibilities
of technology transfer and increased multidisciplinary involvement.
Initially, however; the Offices of Programs and Technology Transfer are
estimated to require two professional staff members each with three
clerical staff members to serve both offices and the Deputy Director.
The Office of Research Operations is estimated to require up to three
permanent professionals.
Office of Programs--The principal responsibilities of the Office of
Programs include the following:
XIX-6
-------
:><:
~
:><:
I
--J
DEPUTY DIRECTOR
FOR REGIONAL
STUDIES
RESEARCH
TRIANGLE PARK
RESEARCH DIVISIONS
OFFICE OFFICE OF OFFICE OF
OF TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH
PROGRAMS TRANSFER OPERATIONS
SA-1365-14
FIGURE XIX-2
RESEARCH TRIANGLE PARK ORGANIZATION FOR THE REGIONAL STUDY
-------
Regional Study Scheduling
In cooperation with the appropriate divisions, the staff will
prepare, using this Prospectus as a guide, increasingly detailed
overall research programs for the study. This will include the
time phasing of all research programs and the preparation of
supporting information on costs, staffing, equipment requirements,
and other necessary documentation. The level of detail to which
the program elements are treated will vary with the scheduling
of work. The Regional Study must remain responsive to overall
federal and EPA budgetary policies and related considerations and
must take complete advantage of all changes in the state of the
art in air quality analysis, modeling, and control strategy.
Regional Study Coordination
The staff will coordinate the various research experiments
planned by the EPA divisions and by other agencies and institu-
tions to achieve the maximum utilization of the St. Louis facil-
ity as well as all special equipment and personnel relocated to
St. Louis. The activities of other agencies and institutions
may impact on the independent EPA research schedule, and adjust-
ments in the EPA schedule may be appropriate. Such priority
adjustments would be a matter for the attention of the Deputy
Director. Inherently, this duty also includes the evaluation
and judgment of which research experiments are indeed a legitimate
component of the Regional Study. Such evaluation should include
not only the research experiments planned for future implementa-
tion in the Regional Study but also the research programs
scheduled elsewhere in the EPA. As the Regional Study evolves,
some interchange of planned research experiments between the two
will likely be found to be desirable.
Regional Study Participants
Research tasks of the Regional Study likely will be allocated
to EPA organizational elements, to other federal agencies, and to
contractors. Standard considerations will be involved in the
allocation, including competence of the respective groups, EPA
personnel availability as compared to the required staffing of
the research experiment, and the timing of the experiment. For
example, a two-month research experiment requiring a IO-man field
team might be more appropriately carried out by contractor
XIX- 8
-------
personnel rather than EPA, if use of EPA personnel caused dif-
ficulty with other EPA-staffed programs. Solicitations for
research experiment proposals from contractors, where use of
the St. Louis facility is planned, should have the approval of
the Deputy Director as recommended by the Research Triangle Park
staff.
Office of Interagency Coordination and Technology Transfer--The
activities of the Office of Interagency Coordination and Technology
Transfer are, in a sense, in support of both the EPA Advisory Committee
and the Interagency Coordinating Committee, although additional duties
are also involved. The principal tasks are shown below.
.
Develop Applications of the Regional Study Technology and Research
Findings to Other Geographical Areas and Environmental Tasks
These applications should have a variety of forms. The instru-
mentation and data-processing facilities to be employed in the
Regional Study are unprecedented in environmental studies. The
design and operational experience gained from this system should
have direct application to air quality and meteorological moni-
toring systems planned for establishment elsewhere. Such systems
need not be research facilities alone but can include operational
systems for day-to-day use in control and abatement programs,
episode control, and other purposes. Additionally, the opera-
tional experience should also be of significant value in the
design of systems to monitor other environmental factors, such
as water quality.
The large air quality and meteorological data base developed in
the Regional Study combined with the results of the research
experiments should have application in many other city-rural
areas of the nation. This would most likely be true for the
areas enjoying the Continental climate exemplified by St. Louis,
but selected findings of the Regional Study may well have even
wider applicability. Accordingly, constant surveillance of the
Regional Study results should be maintained to identify and
utilize such results.
XIX-9
-------
Prepare Periodic Regional Study Reports
The size and scope of the Regional Study combined with the wide
range of disciplines represented in the participating groups
should create intense interest in the activities. To provide
a comprehensive overview of the Regional Study and to facilitate
interdisciplinary communications, periodic reports covering all
aspects of the Regional Study should be prepared. The status of
all active research experiments should be included, along with
those firmly scheduled in the near term. These research experi-
ments should be treated individually and as groups wherever
interrelationships exist. The operational status of the St. Louis
facility should be reviewed periodically along with the services
provided by the facility to the research experimental groups. It
is imperative that these reports carry a format and literary style
such that a research experiment in any discipline can be fully
understood by all investigators in all the other disciplines.
Without this characteristic, the reports would have marginal value.
Technical reports, of course, will be prepared for each research
experiment and the progress reports should in no way attempt to
duplicate these. A skilled technical writer with a broad back-
ground and an interest in all phases of the Regional Study would
be most appropriate for assignment to this task.
Organization of Complementary Multidisciplinary Research
Experimental Tasks
The research experiments identified in this Prospectus are
designed to achieve the purpose and goals of the Regional Study;
as the Regional Study evolves additional research experiments
will doubtless be conceived which have less relevance to the
Regional Study but which can profitably utilize the St. Louis
facility and the accumulated air quality and meteorological data.
The St. Louis facility could provide the framework in which these
more limited-scale projects in one discipline could interact with
complementary work in others. This should be of especial impor-
tance to individuals and small groups not having administrative,
logistic, and other support for large programs.
Specifically. the functions to be carried out include: (1) the
identification of appropriate generalized research themes; (2) the
solicitation and review of proposals from individuals and groups
to carry out studies associated with these themes; and (3) the
appointment of theme leaders to coordinate the various disciplines
XIX-10
-------
involved and to integrate the results into final reports. The
theme leaders could be either contractors from universities and
research institutions or governmental agencies. The Office of
Interagency Coordination and Technology Transfer would provide
overall guidance to the theme leaders.
A typical example of the type of problem amenable to this
approach is the investigation of the role played by the biosphere
in restoring the polluted atmosphere. Given this general theme,
a number of research projects could be carried on by groups of
botanists, soil chemists, agriculturists, geographers, and other
disciplines. Their link to the Regional Study would be the use
of the results of investigations concerned with the downwind
dispersion of pollutants emitted by the urban center.
.
Interaction with Other Programs
The broad scope of the Regional Study is such that programs of
other organizations should be constantly monitored to determine
possible interfacing points, cooperative ventures, and other
modes of cooperation. The number of occasions where these oppor-
tunities may arise is not fully known, since the preparation of
this Prospectus did not include an exhaustive review of agency
programs likely to interact with the Regional Study. Typical
of these programs, however, are the NASA Earth Resource Satellite
program and the studies by the National Center for Atmospheric
Research. The former program may provide opportunities, for
example, to correlate on-site measurements and visual observa-
tions with satellite measurements. Clearly, both programs would
profit by such analysis. In the latter program, covering por-
tions of the same geographical area would permit exchange of data
and other cooperative activities which would clearly be of con-
siderable value.
Office of Research Operations--The Office of Research Operations is
viewed in a sense as a hybrid organizational element which provides the
direct technical link between the Research Divisions at the Research
Triangle Park and the St. Louis facility. The Office would be staffed
by at least one technical representative from each of the Research
Divisions but who would remain administratively within the Division. The
chief responsibility of each representative would be to organize and
supervise the research programs within his Division that will make use
of both the routine and specialized data acquired by the St. Louis
XIX-II
-------
facility. In a research project to verify a transport and diffusion
model, for example, the appropriate Divisional representative will be
responsible for specifying the exact data requirements and carrying out
all the necessary tasks with assistance, as necessary. from personnel
in his Division.
The Divisional representatives would be expected to allocate at
least 50% of their time to the Office of Research Operations in deal-
ing directly with Regional Study matters. This time division should
ensure a close coupling of the Regional Study and other EPA research
programs, so that each will derive the maximum benefit from the other.
The Office, in effect, should constitute an integrative force at the tech-
nical level comparable to the same force at the administrative level
through the EPA Advisory Committee.
The professional research personnel within EPA that will be assigned
to the various programs as outlined in Part II of this Prospectus could
be in a sense lent to the Regional Study usually for significant inter-
vals. These groups could be assigned by one of two organizational arrange-
ments. In the first, they could be incorporated outright within the
Office of Research Operations reporting technically and administratively
within the Regional Study organizational structure. This organizational
form, however, would create in a sense an additional research Division
at the Research Triangle Park which would be a composite of the existing
Divisions. The second and more attractive alternative is to retain the
participating personnel within their respective Divisions, even though
they may carry long-term commitments to the Regional Study. For admin-
istrative purposes, they could be considered as an integral part of their
Division. Scientific and technical supervision and research quality
control would be provided by the Divisional representatives of the Office
of Research Operations acting for the Deputy Director for Regional Studies
and the Division Director. Thus, while the dual nature of the scientific
and technical control in this organizational format may be of some dis-
advantage, the retention of the participating staff in their home Divi-
sions should lead to stronger links between the Regional Study and other
EPA research activities.
The same general organizational concept should be applicable to the
use of contractors in the Regional Study. That is, contractors could
function as a quasi-dedicated staff group with the appropriate Divisional
representative of the Office of Research Operations functioning as the
Contracting Officer's Technical Representative. This should ensure that
the contractor satisfactorily utilizes the St. Louis facility in the
course of his work and otherwise performs in an acceptable scientific
and technical manner.
XIX-12
-------
St. Louis EPA Operating Staff with EPA Operation
The staff of the St. Louis facility shown in Table XIX-I is expected
to consist of 45 personnel assigned on a permanent basis. The facility
staff will have the responsibility to maintain and operate the facility
and to provide the framework and support for research experiments carried
out by other groups.
The organization of the facility staff and their principal func-
tions are summarized in Figure XIX-3. Normally each organizational group
will report directly to the system chief. The groups have relatively
well-specified tasks so that the span-of-control of the system chief
ought not be exceeded. Selected duties and characteristics of each
group are discussed as follows.
System Chief--The System Chief is the local senior official having
overall authority and responsibility for personnel and equipment asso-
ciated with the Regional Study facility. Within the guidelines of the
Regional Study Program, the System Chief will establish policies and
procedures covering the use and operation of the facility and will be
responsible for initiating negotiations and carrying out agreements with
state and local organizations and agencies.
Research Program Coordinator--The Research Program Coordinator
acting under the System Chief provides support and liaison with all
groups carrying out research experiments that require data and assistance
from the facility. Based upon the research experimental design and
schedule, he will ensure that the facility has the proper operational
configuration and that appropriate personnel are available. The Coordi-
nator will also provide required logistical support to the experimental
group, including equipment installation and maintenance, personnel and
equipment transportation, and standard laboratory supplies. The Research
Program Coordinator will also maintain cognizance of the progress and
status of research experiments conducted by agencies and organizations
other than EPA groups in the St. Louis area.
The Research Program Coordinator should be assigned initially a
group of three experimental technicians. Their principal responsibility
will be to provide assistance to the research experimental groups for
the installation, calibration, maintenance and other tasks associated
with any research instrumentation requirements. Since these technicians
will frequently be working with advanced instrument designs and in an
experimental environment rather than on routine tasks, their general
XIX-13
-------
Table XIX-l
ST. LOUIS FACILITY OPERATING STAFF
Group and Staff Titles
System Chief
Research Program Coordination
Coordinator
Experimental Technicians
Instrument Systems
Senior Engineer
Engineer
Technicians
Meteorological Service
Senior Meteorologist
Meteorologist
Control Engineering
Senior Engineer
Data Aid
Effects Research
Senior Analyst
Data Aid
Data Processing
Systems Engineer
Systems Programmer
Data Aid
Center Attendant
Clerical
Total
Number of Personnel
Professional Support
1
1
o
1
1
o
1
1
1
o
1
o
1
o
o
o
o
9
XIX-14
o
o
3
o
o
20
o
o
o
1
o
1
o
1
1
5
4
36
Total
-
1
1
3
1
1
20
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
5
4
45
-------
x -- Professional
y -- Nonprofessional
z -- Total Personnel
:><
H
:><
I
""'"
(J1
INSTRUMENT
SYSTEM
2
20
22
Maintenance
Field Modification
Design
Laboratory Service
OFFICE
MANAGEMENT
Clerical
Purchasing
Vehicle Pool
Personnel
METEOROLOGICAL
SERVICE
*Supported by additional contractor personnel.
**Includes part time personnel.
Analysis
NOAA Coordination
Special Data
FIGURE XIX-3
SYSTEM
CHIEF
1
o
o
4
4
2
o
2
1 *
CONTROL
ENGINEERING
2
Source Inventory
Special Analysis
RESEARCH
PROGRAM
COORDINATOR
1
3
4
EPA Aircraft
Research Project Support
Extramural Research Surveillance
EFFECTS
RESEARCH
2
Economics
Health
Ecological
ORGANIZATION-ST. LOUIS FACILITY
DATA
PROCESS
7**
8
Recording
Analysis
Archiving
SA-1365-15
-------
competence and appreciation of experimental procedures should be signi-
ficantly greater than those of the instrument technicians discussed sub-
sequently. At the discretion of the System Chief, however, these
experimental technicians should be assignable as supplemental support
to the instrument technicians in the event of gross system malfunction
or unusually high instrument failure rates.
Instrument Systems--The types and complexities of the instruments
included in the regional facility are expected to range from simple
temperature sensors to complex pollutant sensors and to have various
combinations of electronic, mechanical, and chemical components. The
instrument system engineering group, accordingly, must have a broad
capability to calibrate, maintain, and perhaps complete field modifica-
tions of the instruments. Since the larger part of the instrumentation
system is expected to consist of pollutant sensors and their complexity
tends to be greater than the electronic and other components of the
facility. the senior engineer should be primarily competent with pollutant
sensing instruments. The junior engineer should provide general engineer-
ing support with marked competence in the electronics field.
Instrument Technicians--Technicians will require the general
capability to carry out independently routine maintenance and adjustment
of all instruments and associated devices and to replace pollutant sensor
reagents on a periodic basis. They should be capable of reading and
interpreting engineering drawings, electrical schematics, and similar
data for purposes of maintenance and field modifications.
The staffing plan for the instrument technicians presents
unusual difficulties arising from a combination of factors including the
following. First, the sheer size of the area over which the instrument
sites will be distributed and the number of instruments at each site is
unprecedented in air quality studies. Simple linear expansion of the
technician staffing based ppon smaller existing instrument systems tends
to result in an exceedingly large technician staff. Second, a number of
the instruments planned for installation are relatively new designs;
consequently, detailed operational experience on reliability, component
failure rates, calibration frequencies, and similar data necessary for
precise technician specification is not available. Installation and use
of less-advanced and less-proven instruments would, of course, virtually
eliminate this problem, but such a solution does not appear justified
for the St. Louis facility.
XIX-16
-------
Accordingly, technician staffing for the facility as
provided below is intended to be primarily applicable for the first year
of combined system shakedown and operation. The technician staff can
be divided into three groups. The first includes the technicians
required for maintenance and servicing of the instrument stations. The
second covers the instrument calibration requirements, and the third
covers the technician staffing normally assigned to the central facility.
Instrument Station Maintenance--Instrument station main-
tenance has two principal components. The first provides for maintenance
of the air quality instruments and all other equipment within the instru-
ment station shelter, and the second includes the tower-mounted meteor-
ological instruments. Air quality instrument maintenance as discussed
in Chapter XVIII is estimated to have two phases. In the early period
of system operation, each station is estimated to require two visits
per week for a two-hour period. As the reliability of the instruments
and the characteristics of the stations are revealed by operational
experience, it is quite likely that visits to a large portion of the
stations could be reduced to once per week for a two-hour period. The
number of technicians, however, would remain essentially the same
because, although corrections for equipment malfunctions during the
early period of system operation may be largely the responsibility of
the equipment manufacturer, failures later in the course of operation
will require correction by the facility staff. This shift in responsi-
bility is estimated to result in the requirement for two to three
instrument technicians at the central facility for major instrument
repairs. These technicians should be expected to have greater capability
than the roving instrument station maintenance personnel and to be on
call for specialized maintenance at the instrument stations.
Station maintenance on a once or twice weekly basis will
include the following responsibilities:
Station component replacement, as necessary
Replacement of calibration gas cylinders
.
Refilling of water reservoir of the hydrogen generator
.
Replenishment of air quality instrument reagents
.
Visual inspection of meteorological instruments
.
Replacement of filters and clean hi-vol unit
XIX-17
-------
Check of precipitation gauge
Check on barometric pressure
Checking of shelter heating and cooling systems and
replacing air conditioner filter, as necessary
.
General site clean-up and housekeeping
.
General observation of instrument and digital data
operations to detect incipient failures.
The development of the estimated number of technicians
to execute the maintenance task is significantly complicated by the
pattern of station location. For some stations the travel time might
well exceed the time at the station. Some stations might well be 100
road-miles from the central facility thereby causing excessive travel
times, when the technicians must visit the central facility to exchange
instruments, replenish spare parts supply, and the like. The location
of the technicians' residences can also playa part in determining the
number of personnel required because of travel-time considerations.
These difficulties notwithstanding, a reasonable estimate
of personnel required can be developed by grouping the instrument stations
in geographical clusters to include the stations that can be visited on
anyone day. The grouping is somewhat arbitrary at this point, but a
total of 20 instrument clusters have been identified. Nine clusters
contain three instrument stations each, and 11 clusters contain two
instrument stations. These are shown in Table XIX-2.
Generally the stations situated within the urbanized area
are contained in the three-station clusters, and the wider-spaced sta-
tions in the rural area form the two-station clusters. The groupings
are expected to be strongly influenced by the highway network and the
associated travel time among stations. This is particularly important for
the stations in the rural portions of the southwest quadrant, where
principal highways are relatively scarce and station location may be
largely constrained by the requirement for convenient access to the
station.
The clustering of stations in this manner results in the
requirement for eight maintenance technicians working a 40-hour week to
carry out visits twice per week at each station. Technician work weeks
will have to be staggered to complete station visits on a regular basis
and would have the following general pattern.
XIX-IS
-------
Table XIX-2
INSTRUMENT STATION CLUSTERS FOR MAINTENANCE TECHNICIAN ASSIGNMENT
Two Station Cluster Three Station Cluster
lSW3A - lS3A 2SW7A - 3SW20B - 3SW2lB
2 1 1 1 1
lW4A - 2W8A 3SW15B - 3SW16B - 3WllB
1 2 1 1 1
2NW8A - 2NW6B 3W12B - 309A - 3N8B
1 2 1 1 1
INW4A - lNWlB2 3NWlB - 3NW6B - 3NW7B
2 1 1 1
lNlA - 2N7B 3NW2B - 3N3B - 3NE4B
1 2 1 1 1
1 NE2B - INEIA 2N5A - 2NE8B - 2NE6A
2 2 2 2 1
lSE3B - ISE2A 3NE5B - 3NE9B - 3NEIOB
2 2 1 1 1
2E6A - lE2A 3E13B - 3S17B - 3SE18B
2 1 1 1 1
3S22B - 3SE23B - 2S7A
1 1 2
2S4B - 2SE5B - 2SE6A
2 2 1
3E14B - 3SE19B - 3SE24B
1 1 1
XIX-19
-------
Work Week
Number of
Technicians
Monday-Friday
Friday-Tuesday
Saturday-Wednesday
Wednesday-Sunday
2
2
2
2
This estimated personnel requirement is judged to be somewhat conserva-
tive, so that no additional staff is added to compensate for annual
leave, sickness, and the like. Moreover; depending upon the schedule
for research experiments and the technical requirements for the data more
routinely collected by the instruments, some possibility appears to
exist to suspend operations at selected stations for portions of a year.
For example, it is likely that field experimental efforts might be dis-
continued during the winter months and instrument station data from, say,
the southwest quadrant might be of marginal value. This would, of
course, lighten the maintenance load and thereby permit, for at least
selected personnel, annual leave.
The maintenance of the meteorological instruments is
estimated to require three technicians occupied on a full-time basis.
This estimate is based upon the need to inspect and calibrate the bulk
of the meteorological instruments every 60 days or two months. The
effort would, of course, require lowering the station tower. The 21
30-meter tower stations, including the Class C stations, are estimated
1
to require three men one day each for inspection and maintenance. The
56 stations with 10-meter towers (Class B , B , and C ) are estimated
122
to require two men for one-half day or 28 days total. This scheduling
allows a float of approximately one man for a 28-day period out of the
60-day maintenance and calibration cycle. It must be expected that some
portion and perhaps all of this float time will be required for emergency
maintenance caused by vandalism and perhaps severe weather conditions.
As noted above, meteorological instrument and tower main-
tenance for Class C2 stations is considered as a function of the facility
maintenance staff. These are essentially standard equipment items and
present no unexpected difficulties. The situation with respect to the
air quality instruments tends to be somewhat more uncertain. In some
cases the Class C2 instruments may be identical to one or more of those
at a Class A station, while at other times they will be of specialized
. 1 It ". .
deslgn or perhaps bread board unlts requirlng specialized knowledge
for their maintenance and operation. Accordingly, maintenance of the
Class C2 stations might be divided among three groups. First, the main-
tenance of the standard instruments could be assigned to the facility
maintenance technicians. Their duties would also include the collection
XIX-20
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of the locally recorded data tapes, replenishment of fuels for those
stations having engine-generator units, and similar more-or-Iess routine
duties. The maintenance of the nonstandard Class C stations could be
2
divided among the three experimental instrument technicians reporting
to the Research Program Coordinator and the technicians accompanying the
research experimental field team.
Air Quality Instrument Calibration--As discussed in
Chapter XII of this Prospectus, the air quality instruments will require
on-site calibration and standardization among stations on a once-per-
month schedule. Generally, calibration would be limited to the permanent
facility stations, although on occasion selected Class C stations might
2
also be included. The calibration effort is estimated to require an
average time of one day per station. Accordingly three calibration vans
are estimated to be required with two technicians per van for a total of
six calibration technicians.
Laboratory Service--The functions covered by laboratory
service are intermixed between operation and maintenance of the instrument
system itself, and the development of experimental and routine field data.
The functions include, for the most part, chemical analyses and similar
duties. The function of laboratory service is currently considered to
be a part of the instrument system staff component with the Senior Engi-
neer providing administrative and technical supervision. However, unlike
most other functions carried out by the St. Louis staff, the possibility
appears that the demands for laboratory service could increase markedly
beyond that presently foreseen. Such changes will depend upon many
factors, including the emergence of a need to monitor additional pollu-
tants, or a need on the part of the experimental research groups for
increased facility support because of staff deficiencies or conflicting
requirements with their organization. In this event, the function of
laboratory service could indeed be redefined as a separate group headed
by a chemist or chemical engineer or it could be transferred to the
Research Program Coordinator.
The functions provided by the laboratory service include
the following. First, general support will be provided for the pre-
paration of reagents and routine analyses requested by the research
experiment groups. Analyses will also be provided using the gas chromato-
graph, as required.
Second, support for the instrument system maintenance and
operation will be provided by carrying out instrument calibration tests,
XIX-21
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gas sample analyses, tests of new instruments, and similar
task would be supported by the central facility instrument
the time instrument station maintenance visits are reduced
tasks. This
technicians at
to one per week.
Third, the analysis of materials accumulated by the hi-vol
samplers will be continued on a routine basis. This function is expected
to undergo marked change during the term of the Regional Study, since the
design of these instruments is currently being intensively examined.
Designs are moving in the general direction of increased automation, so
that technician staffing for hi-vol analysis may be reduced over time.
A total of three laboratory technicians are estimated to
be required for these tasks with two heavily occupied with the hi-vol
sampler analysis.
Technician Scheduling Analysis--During the first year suffi-
ciently detailed operational experience should be developed to permit a
system analysis of technician staffing for the remainder of the life of the
facility. Moreover, this analysis should also yield findings applicable
to other monitoring systems used as both research and air quality manage-
ment systems. Such an analysis would provide guidelines in the following
principal areas.
Work Shift Assignment--Shift assignments are customarily
made on the basis of five eight-hour shifts per week with allowance for
overtime as appropriate. In view of the large areas over which the
instrument sites are distributed, significant times are required for
travel among stations, especially in the rural areas. With an estimated
site-servicing period of two hours each, it is clear that the latter
parts of many shifts will not be productive if the technician arrives
at a site less than two hours before the end of his shift. The condition
is made more difficult if shift assignment is made on a portal-to-portal
basis. Several alternatives appear worthy of consideration. The first
covers the possibility of differing shift assignments. That is, tech-
nicians covering the St. Louis metropolitan area, where station locations
are relatively dense and travel times are low, might be assigned the
standard eight-hour shift. On the other hand, technicians in the rural
areas may be more efficiently assigned on four lO-hour shifts. A second
alternative covers a situation of flexible shift assignment wherein
technician time is based solely on a 40-hour week wherein shifts may vary
from, say, 12 hours to six hours depending upon the pattern of instrument
sites assigned for a particular shift. These two alternatives are based
upon the technician operating daily from a single base, normally his
XIX-22
-------
residence. Thus, a third alternative, especially in the rural areas,
would include placing the technician on a travel status for a portion of
each week with shift assignments flexibly designed as in the second
alternative.
Contract Maintenance--Since travel times for instrument
technicians will be unavoidably large, an attractive possibility is to
contract at least routine station maintenance in the rural areas to local
units near an instrument site. Typ~cal organizations which might be con-
sidered are television repair shops, appliance repair shops, and plumb-
ing and heating system installation and repair shops. The extent to which
contract maintenance is appropriate will depend upon the instrument per-
formance and, of course, the competence and interest of the local groups.
After the first year of system operation the possibility of maintenance
by contract should be analyzed in detail.
Technician Dispatching--During the shakedown and early oper-
ation of the facility, routine periodic visits at each instrument site are
anticipated. As operating experience is gained, a routine of more
selective site visits likely may be possible. With the central computer
facility obtaining periodic instrument calibration data, actual and per-
haps potential instrument malfunctions will be known at the computer
facility. Accordingly, the possibility should exist to schedule tech-
nicians on a day-to-day basis from the computer facility by advising the
technicians at their residence each morning of their schedule for the
day. Flexible shift scheduling may be desirable with this method of
operation. Periodic visits to each site may nevertheless be required
for general surveillance and inspection.
Meteorological Service. Adequate support of the various research
experiments will require an experienced air pollution meteorologist.
He will develop and implement meteorological forecasting and descriptive
techniques for the region based upon meteorological data gathered by the
study facilities and from other sources. He will also assist in the main-
tenance of the meteorological instruments and provide general synoptic
data as well as detailed special-purpose reports as may be required by
individual experimental research groups. If detailed forecasts are needed
at least two meteorologists will be needed.
Control Engineering--The control systems engineer will have respon-
sibilities covering routine facility operation and special support of
XIX-23
-------
research experiments. These duties primarily involve the execution and
archiving of the emission inventory for the region and the preparation
of specialized data for research projects. Although the initial emission
inventory will be developed under a separate research program, as dis-
cussed in Chapter V, probably with the control system engineer as proj-
ect officer, the updating and maintenance of the inventory will be a
major continuing effort. Individual research experiments will need a
variety of emission data taken, for the most part, from the inventory
files, but some special studies involving detailed source analyses should
be anticipated.
Effects Research--The effects research coordinator will be expected
to function as liaison with Effects Research groups in both the Research
Triangle Park and elsewhere within the EPA. In this capacity he will be
responsible for support of all direct effects research in St. Louis and
will arrange for the acquisition of all pertinent local data appropriate
for the Effects Research program which are not readily available from
standard sources. The St. Louis area tends to be sufficiently large and
contains a heterogeneous mix of population groups, industry, agriculture,
and other components, so that it should prove to be an excellent base
for application of models and other studies of the economics of pollution
control and abatement. Considerable local data will be required for these
research efforts.
Data Processing--Personnel requirements for data processing are
estimated to include the following:
Computer/Communication System Engineer
System Programmer/Computer Operator
Data Aid
Data Center Attendants.
This requirement is based upon five necessary data-processing tasks:
Data recording from continuously reporting fully automated
facility instruments
Data recording from manual and partially automated facility
instruments
Data processing to support research experiments, including data
recording, retrieval, and possible additional processing of facil-
ity instrument data, and other specified procedures
XIX-24
-------
.
Data archiving, reformatting, and related procedures
Real time observation of data.
The system engineer should be fully conversant with all equipment
in the data center and capable of routine maintenance. He would also
monitor on a sample basis the incoming data thereby requiring an under-
standing of the nature of the data. The systems programmer/computer
operator would develop all general purpose computer routines for data
storage and retrieval. He would also prepare special purpose programs
at the request of groups involved in research experiments of the Regional
Study. The data aid will handle and record all appropriate data for
computer processing and will provide assistance as necessary in data
analysis and processing.
The requirement for computer attendants arises from the anticipated
need to staff the data center on a three-shift basis. This causes the
requirement for two full-time attendants (Monday through Friday) and
three part-time attendants for eight-hour weekend assignment. Routine
duties, such as data recording from nonautomatically reporting stations,
can be assigned to the computer attendants during their shift but these
duties should be limited in complexity to prevent unnecessary upgrading
of the position.
Clerical--At least four clerical personnel are estimated to be
required to provide general support to the facility staff.
St. Louis EPA Staff with Prime Contractor Operation
As a matter of EPA policy, the St. Louis facility operation could
be carried out by either a contractor or the EPA itself. The mode of
operation selected will depend upon several factors. The number of per-
sonnel positions authorized for EPA could, of course, be a significant
factor in determining contractor versus EPA operation. Additionally,
although the Regional Study is expected to continue for five years, the
advisability of increasing the EPA staff by the magnitude required with-
out some generally specified need for the staff at the conclusion of
the Regional Study should be given some consideration. The number and
responsibilities of the staff members should be essentially identical
for each alternative. Under either method of operation, however, the
staff should include EPA representatives as follows. First, the system
chief most appropriately should be associated with the EPA. A facility
of the size and complexity considered here clearly justifies a senior
XIX-25
-------
member of the EPA staff to be present in St. Louis. Additionally, the
necessary interactions and negotiations with state and local public and
private groups and the general public suggests such a staff member.
Second, the Research Program Coordinator function appears most
appropriately filled by an EPA staff member. He will likely work with
both EPA and contractor research groups in providing all support, includ-
ing perhaps government furnished equipment and experimental apparatus.
The task will involve close coordination with other EPA groups and may
require access to information considered proprietary to EPA.
Third, the facility meteorologists most properly should be EPA staff
members. Considerable interaction is expected with other federal organi-
zations, including NOAA, and the U.S. Air Force, so that an EPA staff
member fully conversant with federal procedures and programs is appropriate,
Lastly, the positions of control engineer and effects research co-
ordinator tend to be most appropriately filled by EPA personnel. The
development of the emission inventory, the principal responsibility of
the control engineer, will be a long-term task, since the inventory will
be constantly changing. Coordination with the Regional Administrators
will likely be necessary and most effectively accomplished within the
EPA. Similarly, the effects research coordinator's responsibilities will
require extensive interaction with numerous groups in the EPA, and con-
tractor personnel do not appear appropriate for this role.
The remainder of the facility staff should be essentially identical
with operation by either a contractor or the EPA itself. Contractor
operation, however, may require one additional staff member for contract
management and personnel supervision. Ideally this function would be
carried out by contractor staff resident in St. Louis for other purposes
of the contractor. Alternatively, the contractor might select one of his
senior professional staff members, such as the senior instrument engineer;
for contract management.
St. Louis Facility Implementation
The implementation of the St. Louis facility, including the design,
procurement, and installation of all instruments and equipment, can be
carried out by two principal methods. The first would provide for essen-
tially a complete EPA intramural program, in which procurement of all
instruments, data-handling facilities, and other equipment would be car-
ried out by a procurement group established wlthin the Deputy Director's
organization.
XIX-26
-------
The second method would provide a prime systems contractor respon-
sible for the implementation of essentially the entire St. Louis facility.
Technical monitorship would be lodged within the Deputy Director's
organization.
The choice between these two alternatives is judged to be a matter of
EPA policy as well as of considerations of the availability of qualified
personnel and related factors. Recommendations concerning a preferable
alternative are jUdged to be inappropriate here. Each method, however,
is discussed in the following sections with respect to staffing require-
ments, management control and related items.
Under both alternatives the Deputy Director's staff at the Research
Triangle Park would be expected to have substantially the same organiza-
tional configuration and responsibilities. Activation of the Office of
Programs could be expected to be required during the first six months
following authorization of the Regional Study, whereas the Office of
Technology could be established at approximately the end of the first
year of full facility operation.
EPA Implementation--The implementation of the facility within EPA
will require the establishment of an initially small core group which
expands as the St. Louis facility evolves toward operational status.
Implementation can be divided into three principal phases.
Phase I--The staffing requirements
implementation schedule. For staff planning
six distinct components as follows:
can be tied directly to the
purposes, the schedule has
Development of Requests for Quotation and procurement of
standard catalog instruments and data-processing equipment
Specialized designs for instrument station interior compo-
nents and layouts
Preliminary design and development of Requests for Quotation
for nonstandard electronic and electromechanical equipment
Site selection in the St. Louis area
Installation and shakedown of central data-processing
facilities and prototype instrument stations in St. Louis
.
Implementation of the complete system.
XIX-27
-------
The initial group is estimated to consist of nine professional
staff members, excluding the immediate staff of the Deputy Director. The
group would be headed by a senior professional proficient in administra-
tive and contractual procedures who would function as the chief Con-
tracting Officer's Technical Representative for all equipment and other
procurement. The group head preferably should be selected with the intent
that he would be assigned to the position of facility chief in St. Louis
for at least a portion of the Regional Study. The professional staff
members functioning under the group head will have the following
responsibilities.
Two staff members are estimated to be required for the prepara-
tion of specifications and Request for Quotations and all related activi-
ties concerned with the procurement of the air quality and meteorological
instruments. It is expected that these instruments will essentially be
standard catalog items that are thoroughly familiar to EPA. Most if not
all have been used in the field or at least laboratory tested by EPA
personnel. Accordingly, design and performance specifications should be
readily available for use but adapted as appropriate for the St. Louis
facility. All procurement specifications should be coordinated with the
interested divisions at the Research Triangle Park. Selection of these
two professionals may properly be made with the intent that they be
assigned to the St. Louis staff as the senior instrument system engineer
and the instrument system engineer, respectively.
One staff member will be required for preparation of specifica-
tions and request for quotations and related activities for the electronic
data-processing equipment to be installed at the central facility. This
professional might well be selected with the intent of subsequent assign-
ment as the data-processing systems engineer in St. Louis.
Two professionals are estimated to be required for the procure-
ment of all digital data equipment and the calibration controller. As
noted in Chapter XVIII, the basic concept in the design of the instrument
station is to select standard catalog instruments of known characteristics.
Any necessary modifications of instrument reporting format to achieve
compatibility or for other reasons will be accomplished in the digital
data and control system. Thus, although most of the components of the
system are standard catalog items, some components will require special
design. Moreover, the proper interfacing of the standard components will
have to be considered in the system design.
The air quality instrument calibration controller has perhaps
the least standard design of any item of equipment at an instrument sta-
tion. Because of these factors, the two professionals should be highly
XIX-28
-------
conversant with electronic and electromagnetic technology. The depth
to which the noncatalog equipment should be designed for incorporation
into the equipment Request for Quotation is difficult to specify but at
least all performance specifications should be clearly defined.
A seventh professional will be required for general engineering
designs of the instrument towers, station interior layout, preparation of
instrument station and central facility layouts, maintenance vehicle
specification, and similar activities.
The eighth professional will have the general responsibility
for selection of the central facility site as well as the instrument
station sites. It appears imperative that this position be filled early
in the staffing process and his permanent transfer to St. Louis be car-
ried out soon thereafter. This staff member might well continue in St.
Louis as the Research Program Coordinator.
The ninth professional will be responsible for the emission
inventory. This task should continue throughout the course of the
Regional Study and, depending upon the course of events and perhaps
local St. Louis interest, it could be continued on a permanent basis.
Initiation of the emission inventory and selection of contractors, as
appropriate, could be carried out from the Research Triangle Park loca-
tion. However, to facilitate the inventory effort and achieve the
greatest degree of cooperation with the local agencies and the EPA
Regional Administrators, the transfer of this activity to the St. Louis
central facility should likely be carried out at the earliest date.
Phase II--Subsequent to the award of all principal equipment
contracts and the establishment of firm delivery schedules, Phase II is
initiated. This is a transition period covering a small increase in
staff size in the Research Triangle Park followed by significant per-
sonnel transfer to St. Louis. The first staff addition should be the
Systems Programmer/Computer Operator, and he will be responsible for the
preparation of all computer routines used at the facility. His assign-
ment should be scheduled after computer equipment award so that the
available computer software can be fully identified. Two types of pro-
grams will be required. The first covers those necessary for the logging
of real-time monitoring data from the facility instrument stations.
Preparation of these programs will involve close coordination with the
Research Triangle Park instrument groups. The second type of program
will cover those necessary to reformat and convert the monitored data
to be compatible with the existing and planned computer routines at the
Research Triangle Park facility and other EPA installations. Since both
XIX-29
-------
types of programs require close coordination with Research Triangle
personnel, the initial assignment of the Systems Programmer at that
installation appears most appropriate.
Park
Further staff additions appear unnecessary until transfer to
St. Louis occurs after acquisition of the central facility. At this
time the principal professional personnel identified in Phase I would be
transferred to St. Louis to continue their activities with respect to the
acquisition of instruments and other equipment and to initiate the acti-
vation of the prototype instrument stations. Professional staff w.£mbers
remaining at the Research Triangle Park would be reassigned as the proto-
type stations reach their completion. Maintenance technician staffing
would be initiated at the rate of two per prototype station. Additionally.
depending upon the scheduling of research experiments and the need for
the Class C2 stations, the experimental technician staff would be acquired
during the first six months following authorization of the Regional Study.
Phase III--The final phase of implementation includes the
activation of all instrument stations. As discussed in Chapter XVIII,
two distinct scheduling options are readily apparent with many alterna-
tives between the two. Facility staffing timing clearly will be affected
by the activation schedule selected, although the final staff requirements
will be the same. For purposes here, the overlapping activation schedule
for facility staffing will be used, wherein the station activation
schedule is initiated upon acceptance of the air quality monitoring
instruments and not delayed until acceptance of the digital data terminal
equipment.
The overall St. Louis facility staffing schedule based upon
this station activation schedule is shown in Table XIX-3. Scheduling
of the professional staff members, such as the meteorologists, is some-
what arbitrarily shown and will likely be dependent upon the detailed
scheduling of the research experimental program.
Prime Systems Contractor Implementation--The implementation of the
St. Louis facility by a prime systems contractor naturally creates a
considerably different staffing and management program within EPA. A
systems contractor can, of course, be required to function in a wide
variety of modes depending on his contract specifications and scope of
work. These factors are clearly subject to EPA policy and related con-
straints. The general tasks of the prime contractor, however, should
parallel those shown for an intramural EPA implementation program.
XIX-30
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In general, a system contractor would be obligated to deliver a
fully operational facility on schedule. He would procure all catalog
and standard items of equipment by subcontract from qualified vendors
and would design and fabricate special purpose equipment himself or by
subcontract, as appropriate. The prime contractor would be responsible
for all coordination among vendors alld suppliers in the maintenance of
equipment, delivery and installation schedules, and system shakedown
tests.
Under a system prime contractor implementation program, the internal
EPA staffing pattern has slight resemblance to the intramural approach.
In this implementation procedure, the staffing for the Regional Study
would be divided into two phases.
Phase I--During Phase I the staff is estimated to consist of
four members, excluding the immediate staff of the Deputy Director. The
principal staff member would function as the Contracting Officer's
Technical Representative in providing guidance to the system prime con-
tractor throughout the course of the contract. He should be supported
by one general engineer. Since the contractor will be responsible for
all detailed planning and scheduling and other activities of the facility
implementation, no major additional staffing on a full-time basis for
this function appears justified. However, resident staff members at the
Research Triangle Park facility should be available to the contract
monitor on a consultative basis. Such an arrangement is especially
important in the selection of air quality instruments. Even if the types
of air quality monitoring instruments are specified in the prime contract
thereby providing the contractor with no latitude in this regard, the
dynamic state-of-the-art in instrument design necessitates constant
review of instrument selection until at least the actual instrument
procurement phase is reached.
A third staff member, as before, will be required for early
assignment in St. Louis for instrument site survey and acquisition and
similar efforts. Although in some respects this task might be assigned
to the prime contractor, it appears more appropriate that the task be
handled directly by a federal EPA staff member. Site acquisition directly
by EPA rather than by the prime contractor for subsequent transfer to the
EPA should avoid many administrative problems.
The fourth professional staff member will be required for the
initiation of the emission inventory.
XIX-31
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Phase II--Additional EPA staffing would not be anticipated
until the St. Louis facility is nearing completion. Of course, the
staffing pattern will depend upon the manner in which the St. Louis
facility is to be operated--contractor or intramurally. In the event
the former method is selected, EPA staffing of the professional positions
previously identified should occur at approximately the completion of
the prototype instrument station. If the decision is for EPA operation
itself, then staff additions should generally follow the pattern shown
in Table XIX-3.
Staff Scheduling
Chapter XVIII provided the estimated activation schedule of the St.
Louis facility and Table XVIII-7 provided a summary of the schedule on
a quarterly basis. For planning purposes of this Prospectus, the
quarterly schedule summary is considered to be sufficiently detailed for
use in estimating staffing requirements during the implementation of the
St. Louis facility. These cumulative staffing requirements over time
are presented in Table XIX-3. Both the Research Triangle Park and the
St. Louis staff are shown in terms of the principal categories previously
identified. In general it is anticipated that the staff members shown
will be required at the start of the respective quarter rather than at
a later time. Staffing subsequent to the fifth quarter is estimated to
remain at the fifth-quarter level.
Initially, the Research Triangle Park staff is estimated to consist
of eight professionals and four clerical personnel. As previously dis-
cussed, their principal responsibility would be to initiate the acquisi-
tion of instruments and equipment for the St. Louis facility. The
research coordinator, or equivalent, in St. Louis, however, is considered
absolutely essential to immediately begin the acquisition of the central
facility and the instrument sites.
A decrease in the Research Triangle Park staff results from the
transfer of personnel to St. Louis. The procurement director at the
Research Triangle Park is assumed to be the facility director in St.
Louis, for example, and similarly in the case of engineering personnel.
The general design engineer and the digital data system design personnel
would be phased out of the program as designs are completed and equip-
ment delivery is initiated. Staffing of the various offices supporting
the Deputy Director of Regional Studies is estimated as shown.
The St. Louis staffing levels show a continual upward trend until
the permanent staff level is reached at the fifth quarter. Some
XIX-32
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Table XIX-3
REGIONAL STUDY STAFF REQUIREMENTS
(Number of Personnel)
Quarter
1 2 3 4 5
Research Triangle Park staff
Professional
Deputy Director 1 1 1 1 1
Senior Engineer 1 0 0 0 0
Engineer, Instrument 1 0 0 0 0
Computer Systems Engineer 1 1 0 0 0
Digital Data Systems Design 2 2 1 0 0
Design Engineer 1 1 1 0 0
Office of Programs 0 1 2 2 2
Office of Technology Transfer 0 0 0 1 2
Office of Research Operations 0 1 1 1 1
Procurement Director 1 1 0 0 0
Subtotal 8 8 6 5 6
Clerical 4 3 3 3 3
Total 12 11 9 8 9
St. Loui s staff
Professional
Facility Director 0 0 1 1 1
Research Coordinator 1 1 1 1 1
Instrument Engineer 0 1 2 2 2
Meteorologist 0 0 1 2 2
Computer System Engineer 0 0 1 1 1
Control Engineer 1 1 1 1 1
Effects Research 0 0 0 1 1
Subtotal 2 3 7 9 9
Technician
Instrument Maintenance 0 4 8 8 8
Tower Maintenance 0 0 0 3 3
Calibration 0 2 6 6 6
Research 0 3 3 3 3
Laboratory 0 0 1 2 3
Subtotal 0 9 18 22 23
Data Processing 0 0 3 7 7
Data Aid 1 1 1 2 2
Clerical 1 2 4 4 4
Subtotal 2 3 8 13 13
Total 4 15 33 44 45
Grand Total 16 26 42 52 54
XiI X- 33
-------
professional staff positions tend to be fixed as a function of the com-
pletion of the instrument system, such as the computer system engineer.
Others, however, such as the meteorologists and effects research personnel,
appear to be more closely associated with the Research Program and their
assignment timing may be considerably more flexible.
Technician staffing tends to be closely associated with the facility
completion schedule. The instrument maintenance technician staffing is
based upon continual operation of the instrument stations after installa-
tion and acceptance of the air quality instruments. The four technicians
shown in the second quarter are expected to be primarily engaged with
assembly and test of the prototype stations in the second and third
quarters. The research technicians shown in the second quarter would be
primarily engaged in the activation of the Class C2 stations.
Overall, a total of 54 permanent members are estimated to comprise
the permanent Regional Study staff, including those at the Research
Triangle Park and St. Louis. As the Regional Study evolves, continual
review of staffing requirements should, of course, be undertaken with
emphasis on the 23-man group of technicians. Professional research
requirements may also change with time, depending upon the evolution of
the Research Plan.
XIX-34
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Chapter XX
ST. LOUIS FACILITY INITIAL COSTS
AND ANNUAL OPERATING COSTS
Introduction
The facility costs of the Regional Study can be divided into two
principal categories. The first includes the initial costs of the St.
Louis instrument system and its associated communications network, data-
processing equipment, and the like. The second covers the annual oper-
ating costs of the St. Louis facility including all personnel costs of
the permanent staff located at both St. Louis and the Research Triangle
Park. Other costs covered elsewhere in this Prospectus include equipment,
personnel, costs associated with the research experiments and analysis
carried out during the Regional Study, and the costs associated with the
monitoring aircraft. In a sense the aircraft operation and its ground
support equipment and personnel might be regarded as an additional com-
ponent of the st. Louis facility and be treated in the same manner as,
say, the maintenance of the Class Al instrument stations. However, since
the aircraft operation will have a somewhat unique set of requirements
for operation and maintenance and may function within the Regional Study
by differing organizational and administrative arrangements, it appears
more appropriate to consider its costing as a distinct element of the
Regional Study rather than as a facility component.
Initial Costs of the St. Louis Facility
The initial costs of the St. Louis facility include the acquisition,
installation, and test of all air quality and meteorological instruments,
digital data transmission and processing equipment, and all supporting
facilities and equipment expected to be used essentially on a continuing
basis throughout the Regional Study. The estimated costs cover the com-
pletion of all instrument stations, except the Class C2' For these sta-
tions the costs include the acquisition of the instrument trailer and
lO-meter tower, meteorological instruments, the basic interior fixtures
and appurtenances, and the digital data terminal equipment. No costs are
included for air quality instrumentation; these are considered to be a
part of the equipment costs of the various research programs rather than
the facility.
XX-l
-------
The estimated initial costs of the St. Louis facility can be divided
into five major categories. These are:
.
Air quality and meteorological instruments
.
Instrument station preparation, facilities, and appurtenances
.
Digital data terminal and communication equipment
.
Central facility and equipment
.
Vehicular support facilities.
The estimated costs of all standard catalog items of equipment represent
a synthesis of quotations acquired from selected instrument manufacturers
and a review of published prices. The costs are based upon instruments
having the specifications established in Part III of this Prospectus.
The estimated costs do not provide for quantity discounts or similar
adjustments which might well be realized in view of the quantity of in-
struments to be acquired. The costs estimates of nonstandard items of
equipment have been based upon a general estimate of the equipment com-
plexity. Costs of equipment design are considered to be included in the
unit costs of equipment. In general, the nonstandard items of equipment
are simply a combination of standard components and subassemblies into a
unit to provide a required function, and their design requires no advance
in the state of the art in electronic system design. Accordingly, their
estimated costs are considered to be sufficiently reliable for the over-
all planning purposes of this Prospectus.
Cost estimates for instrument site and central facility preparation
and construction by general contractors have been developed by standard
engineering estimating procedures available in the F. W. Dodge Co. pub-
lications and similar sources. These estimated costs are judged to be
less reliable than the instrument and other equipment costs, because
they can be markedly affected by the actual conditions in St. Louis it-
self. Instrument costs, on the other hand, are essentially insensitive
to the location of their installation.
Factors to treat escalation of equipment and labor costs are not
included. Moreover, the economies of assembly-line production may pro-
vide unit cost reduction or at least compensate for inflationary and
other factors. Labor costs for equipment installation might benefit
from an escalation factor, but soundly acceptable values are difficult
to develop for the specific St. Louis area. Moreover, since labor costs
are small in relation to equipment costs, any changes will have almost
negligible impact on the total system cost.
XX-2
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The estimated costs presented in this section are given first for
the major cost categories identified previously. These costs are then
aggregated to define the total initial cost for each type of station.
Finally, on the basis of the activation schedule, the costs are spread
over time.
Air Quality and Meteorological Instruments
The costs of the air quality and meteorological instruments are sum-
marized in Table XX-I along with the equipment and accessories necessary
for air quality instrument calibration. All costs are shown for the six
types of instrument stations considered to be included in the permanent
facility. The air quality instrument costs are the same for the Class
Al and A2 stations and for the Class BI and B2 stations. The difference
between the two groups arises from the fact that the BI and B2 Class sta-
tions do not have the capability for measurement of total sulfur and they
lack the nondispersive infrared carbon monoxide instrument. The estimated
costs represent the approximate average of currently available second gen-
eration instruments designed to utilize the measurement processes dis-
cussed in Part III of this Prospectus.
The estimated costs of the calibration equipment and accessories for
the air quality instruments are shown in Table XX-I since they are an es-
sential part of the air quality instrument system. Differences in cost
among stations have the same pattern as the air quality instruments them-
selves. The air quality valving and manifolding system of the Class BI
and B2 stations is less complex than that in the Class Al and A2 stations.
The estimated costs of the meteorological instruments show consider-
able variation among stations. The Class Al and CI stations have the full
complement of meteorological sensors, whereas the remaining stations are
limited to wind measurement and temperature equipment in the Class A2 sta-
tions.
The Class C2 stations are shown to be limited to the air sampling
tubing and associated equipment and wind sensors. As discussed in Parts
II and III of this Prospectus, the Class C2 stations will be used in the
support of the various research experiments. Air quality instrument
acquisition costs are considered to be included within the costs of the
research experiment for which the instruments are required.
XX-3
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Table XX-l
INITIAL UNIT COSTS OF INSTRUlIIENT STATION AIR QUALITY;
lIIETEOROLOGICAL I NSTRUlIIENTS , AND CALIBRATION EQUIPlIIENT
(Thousands of DOllars)
Alr quality instruments
Carbon monoxide-me thane-hydrocarbon
Hydrogen sulfide-sulfur dioxide
Total sulfur
Ozone
Nitric oxide-oxides of nitrogen
Nephelometer
Carbon monoxide
Hi-Vol sampler
Hydrogen generator
Subtotal
C~libration equipment and accessories
Permeation tube-sulfur dioxide
Ozone generator
~,Iass flow meter
Regulators
Air sample valving, tubing, and
manifolding
Subtotal
lIIetecrological instruments
Temperature
Wind direction and speed
Pyranometer
Pressure transducer
lIIercury barometer
Net radiometer
Dew point hygrometer
Rain-snow gage
Wind shield
Subtotal
Total
Spare parts @ 10~
Grand total
*
$ 7.4
5.6
5.0
4.2
6.8
5.0
3.0
0.3
0.7
$38.0
$ 8.3
$11.0
57.3
$63.0
A
1
A
2
Station Class
Bl
$ 7.4
5.6
5.0
4.2
6.8
5.0
3.0
0.3
0.7
$38.0
2.8
1.4
2.1
0.5
2.8
1.4
2.1
0.5
$ 7.4
5.6
$30.0
1.5
$ 7.7
$ 1.0
38.7
5.1
$42.5
$ 7.4
5.6
4.2
6.8
5.0
0.3
0.7
$30.0
2.8
1.4
2.1
0.4
1.0
$ 7.7
1.0
$ 1.0
38.7
3.8
$42.5
B
2
4.2
6.8
5.0
0.3
0.7
2.8
1.4
2.1
0.4
1.0
1.0
$ 1.5
2.9
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.8
3.7
0.3
0.1
C
1
C *
2
1.5
$ 8.3
1.5
2.9
1.0
0.5
0.2
0.8
3.7
0.3
0.1
1.5
2.9
$11.0
11.0
3.8
$12.1
$0.2
$0.2
1.0
$1.0
1.2
1.1
0.1
$ 4.4
30.7
5.7
$55.8
$1.3
Air quality instruments for the C2 stations will vary throughout the Regional
Study with their costs included in the respective research experiments.
XX-4
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Instrument Station Preparation, Facilities, and Appurtenances
The estimated costs covering the acquisition and installation of the
instrument station towers and shelters and all fixtures and appurtenances
within the station shelters are shown in Table XX-2. Estimated costs for
site preparation are also shown. The estimated costs are for the station
components in-place.
Table XX-2
INITIAL UNIT COSTS FOR INSTRUMENT STATION SITE
PREPARATION, HOUSING, FIXTURES, AND APPURTENANCES
(Thousands of Dollars)
Station Class
A A B B C C
1 2 1 2 1 2
-
Site preparation
Clearing, grading, paving $ 1.0 $ 1.0 $0.5 $0.3 $0.5
Concrete 1.0 1.0 0.3 0.1 1.0
Fencing 1.5 1.5 0.3 0.3 0.3
-
Subtotal $ 3.5 $ 3.5 $1.1 $0.7 $1.8
Shelter, fixtures, and
appurtenances
Tower 4.3 4.3 0.2 0.2 4.3 $0.2
Instrument shelter 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.8 1.8 1.8
Air conditioning-heating 0.7 0.7 0.7 0.5 0.4 0.4
Racks, benches, cabinets,
electric system 0.9 0.9 0.9 0.5 0.2 0.2
- -
Subtotal $ 7.9 $ 7.9 $3.8 $4.0 $6.7 $2.6
General contractor fees 1.7 1.7 0.7 0.7 1.2
Total $13.1 $13.1 $5.6 $5.4 $9.7 $2.6
The work would most likely be carried out by a general contractor, so
that a factor of 15 percent of the costs has been added to cover his gen-
eral overhead and fees. These costs are judged to be less reliable than
instrument costs, for example, because they are highly dependent upon the
actual field conditions found in St. Louis. This is especially true for
the costs of site preparation. Moreover; the estimated costs will likely
be dependent upon the sequence by which the sites are constructed. For
XX-5
-------
example, if the Missouri stations were scheduled for construction on a
smooth north-to-south or east-to-west sequence, the costs likely will be
less than if construction equipment must be moved back and forth during
construction, as might be the case if the instrument sites have not been
fully acquired prior to initiation of construction.
Digital Data Terminal and Communication Equipment
in
The unit cost of the digital data terminal equipment is summarized
Table XX-3.
Table XX-3
INITIAL COSTS OF THE INSTRUMENT STATION
DIGITAL DATA TERMINAL EQUIPMENT
(Thousands of Dollars)
Instrument scanner
Identifier-interrogator
Clock
Analog-to-digital converter
Local memory
Parallel-to-serial converter
Master control
Telephone system modem
Calibration controller
Local recording unit
Subtotal
Instrument identifier
Subtotal
Spare parts @ 5%
Grand total
*
10% due to local tape unit.
A
1
$2.0
0.2
0.2
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.5
$8.2
0.9
$9.1
0.5
$9.6
XX-6
A
2
$2.0
0.2
0.2
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.5
$8.2
0.6
$8.8
0.5
$9.3
B
1
Station Class
C
1
$2.0
0.2
0.2
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.5
$8.2
0.3
$8.5
0.5
$9.0
B
2
$2.0
0.2
0.2
0.8
1.0
1.0
1.0
0.5
1.5
$8.2
0.3
$8.5
0.5
$9.0
$ 2.0
0.2
0.2
0.8
1.0
6.0
$10.2
0.5
$10.7
1.0*
-
$11. 7
C
2
$ 2.0
0.2
0.2
0.8
1.0
6.0
$10.2
0.2
$10 .4
1.0*
$11. 4
-------
The terminal design concepts used for this Prospectus provide for the use
of the same components to fulfill the same required function at all sta-
tions. Accordingly, the same equipment unit costs apply for each type of
station, where the same functions must be performed. An alternative ap-
proach would consist of the individual design of the terminal equipment
for each station. Although this method would avoid the inherent excess
capacity of the digital data equipment at the less complex stations few,
if any: economies could be expected. Moreover, the advantages of stand-
ardization and full interchangeability of terminal equipment among sta-
tions would be lost. A number of components, such as the clock, analog-
to-digital converter, and the telephone system modem, tend to be insensi-
tive to the number and type of instruments, so that the potential for
specialized designs appears to be limited in any event.
The Class CI and C2 stations, of course, have substantial variations
in cost because their design incorporates a local data-recording capabil-
ity rather than the telemetry system used in the other station classes.
The functions performed by the local memory and the parallel-to-serial
converter are combined in the local nine-track tape recording unit, whose
initial cost is estimated at $6000 each. The telephone system modem
function is, obviously, unnecessary when data are locally recorded.
As can be noted, even though the Class CI and C2 stations incorporate
a relatively small number of instruments, the cost of their digital termi-
nal equipment is approximately 25% greater than that of the more complex
stations. This differential is caused by the high-cost nine-track local
recording unit and its associated control equipment. The cost difference
raises the question as to whether local data recording should indeed be
considered for all Class Cl and C2 stations. For the most part, the Class
CI and C2 stations will be served by utility electric power, although on
occasion at very remote sites a local engine-generator unit may be re-
quired. The manner in which the electric power connection is made may
vary markedly. In some cases a special utility-provided power drop may
be necessary, while in other cases power may be available at the instru-
ment site through arrangements with the site owner. Thus, the installa-
tion of a telephone system drop may be quite appropriate and feasible,
at least at those stations provided with an electric power drop. The
desirability of telephone drop will, of course, also be dependent upon
the period at which the instrument station will remain at a site.
With remote recording, the data are immediately available at the
central facility and data archiving can be carried out with minimal ef-
fort. The locally recorded data, on the other hand, will require addi-
tional handling and processing.
XX-7
-------
Standard designs for digital data equipment are available for essen-
tially all functions required, except the master communication and control
logic unit and the air quality instrument calibration controller. \Vhere
appropriate, standard catalog costs have been used to formulate the esti-
mated costs shown in Table XX-3. An important exception to this procedure,
however, applies to the instrument scanning equipment. The smaller com-
mercially available scanners potentially suitable for use at the instru-
ment stations have scanning rates in the order of 12 channels per second
with a capacity of 25 channels. The costs of these units approximate
$2400 each and their associated slave units are typically $2000 each.
The number of instrument and instrument identifier channels at the Class
Al station, for example, is such that two master and one slave scanner
will be required at a total cost of $6800. Somewhat reduced costs could
be attributed to the smaller less complex stations.
An alternative to these commercially available scanners exists in
the special design of the scanners and associated equipment with lower
scan and data-handling capacities. Considerable economies could be ex-
pected with unit costs approximating $2000 in a production lot of 50 or
more units. The quantity production is necessary to achieve the low unit
cost with the result that all stations, regardless of their instrument
mix, would be equipped with the same scanning system. Some stations,
accordingly, would have scanning units with considerable excess capacity,
but the advantages of standardization among all stations would be achieved.
It should be noted, moreover, that use of commercially available equipment
would also result in a form of excess capacity.
All special equipment design factors must be weighed against the es-
timated implementation schedule in which the digital data and control
equipment form the bulk of the critical path. Wide departures from stand-
ard equipment components and designs could indeed lengthen the schedule
to an unacceptable extent and force the acquisition of currently avail-
able equipment. Nevertheless, for system costing purposes here, the
special-design scanning terminal equipment at a unit cost of $2000 will
be used for all stations. The calibration controller; as previously dis-
cussed, requires an original design using standard components. It is
similar to standard industrial process controllers, however, so that the
estimated costs are comparable to these units.
The costs of instrument identifiers are somewhat more difficult to
establish due to the somewhat unique purpose for which they will be used
at the instrument stations and to the rapid and continuing reduction in
the price of many electronic components. Approximately 600 to 650 iden-
tifiers will be required. Procurement in quantities of this magnitude
could indeed reap the benefits of mass production and considerable unit
XX-8
-------
cost reduction. A reasonable cost estimate for the identifiers is judged
to be $50 each for large lot procurement, or $30,000 total. Over time
this unit cost may be reduced to some extent to reflect the advances in
the state of the art of electronic component design and production. The
initial costs of the instrument identifiers as shown in Table XX-3 are
based upon equipping each planned instrument at each station with one
identifier at the unit cost of $50.
Central Facility and Equipment
The initial costs of the central facility include three principal
elements. These are: (1) data--processing and communication equipment,
(2) general facilities, (3) laboratory and shop equipment. The costs
are summarized in Table XX-4.
The data-processing and communication equipment, while constituting
the heart of the St. Louis facility, is one of the least costly components
of the system. As shown in Table XX-4, the data-processing equipment it-
self is estimated at $56,000 total with the essential telephone system
equipment at $25,000. These costs represent a synthesis of current com-
mercially available equipment having the necessary technical characteris-
tics as discussed in Chapter XIII. Computer costs have experienced very
sharp reductions over the past several years, so that the computer unit
cost is the least of all the data-processing equipment. Costs may con-
tinue to decline over time but not likely at the past rate, so that the
computer cost estimate is considered reliable. The unit costs of the
remaining data-handling equipment tend to be relatively high because of
their high precision mechanical and electromechanical components. The
extent to which future cost reduction for these items will occur is dif-
ficult to estimate, but clearly the greatest cost savings can be achieved
by their careful procurement.
The estimated costs of the data-processing equipment are based upon
their outright purchase. This is not meant to exclude the alternative of
equipment rental or lease. A marked advantage of leasing the equipment
lies in the fact that equipment maintenance can be included as a part of
the lease agreement. Maintenance of the mechanical and electro-mechanical
equipment is required at very frequent intervals by highly competent tech-
nicians. Some question can be raised in regard to the desirability of in-
cluding a computer maintenance position in the permanent St. Louis staff,
especially with the problems of weekend maintenance, sick leave, annual
leave, and the like. Assigning two technicians to the permanent staff
perhaps would be required at the most. For purposes of this Prospectus,
however, the data-processing equipment is considered as purchased with
XX-g
-------
Table XX-4
INITIAL COSTS OF THE CENTRAL FACILITY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Data-processing and communication equipment
Computers, two required
Disk memory, two required
Disk controller
Tape drives, four required
Tape drive controller, two required
Communication controller
Telephone system modem, seven required
$
6.0
13.0
5.0
24.0
8.0
18.0
7.0
Subtotal
$ 81.0
General facilities
Office and data central modification
Furnishings
Wet laboratory installation
Humidity controlled storage
Spectrometer laboratory
Shop modification, benches
8.0
5.0
12.0
4.0
2.0
4.0
Subtotal
$ 35.0
Laboratory and shop equipment
General laboratory equipment
General shop equipment
2.0
3.0
Subtotal
$
5.0
Total
$121.0
maintenance provided by the facility staff. Other options, of course,
should be carefully examined during the facility implementation.
The telephone controller and modems are of essentially standard
design. Any substantial change in the mode of communication system de-
sign and operation from that considered in this Prospectus, however,
could substantially alter the costs of the modems, since one per tele-
phone circuit is required.
The initial costs of the general facilities
to estimate. In general, they include the costs
to accommodate desired office and shop space and
are especially difficult
of building modification
related requirements as
XX-10
-------
discussed in Chapter XVI. These costs are largely dependent upon the
precise details of the actual structure acquired for use. IIIoreover,
alternative rental or lease arrangements can be negotiated, wherein
the lessor provides a space configuration as required with a concomitant
increase in lease rates.
For estimating purposes here, the assumption is made that building
modification is carried out by the lessee. General office and shop space
modification is taken at $2 per square foot, and the wet laboratory in-
stallation at $30 per square foot. Preparation of the 100-square-foot
humidity controlled storage area for retention of the Hi-Vol sampler fil-
ters is estimated at $4000 for filter storage equipment and control
equipment. The modification of the general shop and service area and
the acquisition of test benches and related facilities is estimated at
$4000.
The estimated costs for the laboratory and shop equipment are nec-
essarily general. Laboratory costs cover, for example, standard glass-
ware utilized in routine chemical analyses. The costs of specialized
laboratory equipment, such as a mass spectrograph and analytical bal-
ances, are included within the costs of the various research experiments
for which they will be required. Costs of the shop equipment and tools
are intended to include common hand and small power tools and standard
electronic test equipment.
Vehicular Support Facilities
The estimated costs of the vehicular support facilities are shown
in Table XX-5. The support facilities consist of 13 vehicles and their
associated equipment. An estimated total of three mobile calibration
units have been estimated to be required to provide field calibration
and standardization of air quality instruments on a 30-day period. The
equipment requirements for the units are discussed in Chapter XII of
this Prospectus.
Nine maintenance vehicles of standard pick-up or panel truck design
are estimated to be required. The maintenance schedule was indicated in
Chapter XVIII to require initially a twice weekly visit to each instru-
ment station, and this would require eight technicians and eight mainte-
nance vehicles. Over time this maintenance schedule can likely be modi-
fied to a weekly maintenance visit with a concomitant decrease in the
"roving" technicians to five and the reassignment of three to the central
facility for instrument maintenance tasks which cannot be carried out in
the field. Since these technicians would be on call to assist the roving
XX-ll
-------
Table XX-5
INITIAL COST OF VEHICLE SUPPORT FACILITIES
(Thousands of Dollars)
!\Iobile calibration unit, 3 required
Van or modified truck
Sulfur dioxide permeation
Ozone generator
Mass flow meters
Air conditioning
Electric power generator
Permeation tube bath transformer
Racks, benches, cylinder mounts
Manifolding, valving, tubing,
regulators
tube
Subtotal
Maintenance vehicle, 9 required
Truck pick-up or panel
Maintenance equipment
Brackets and restrainers for trans-
porting instruments and calibration
cylinders
Subtotal
General equipment transport truck,
1 required
Total
Unit Cost
Total Cost
$ 8.0 $24.0
2.8 8.4
1.4 4.2
2.8 8.4
0.5 1.5
0.4 1.2
0.5 1.5
0.6 1.8
1.1 3.3
- --
$18.1 $54.3
4.0
0.2
36.0
1.8
0.2 1.8
$ 4.4 $39.6
5.0 5.0
- ---
$27.5 $98.9
technicians in the more complex instrument maintenance tasks, the service
vehicles would continue to be required. The ninth vehicle would provide
general purpose transportation for other personnel and would serve as a
substitute during maintenance of the others.
The general equipment transport truck is expected to be required
for movement of the bulky or heavier items of equipment, such as groups
of instruments, some of which weigh in the order of 250 pounds, and fenc-
ing for the transportable Class B2 and C2 stations. The truck should
also be capable of towing the transportable stations. The frequency of
XX-12
-------
usage of this vehicle may prove upon further examination to be sufficiently
low to suggest the use of a rental vehicle rather than purchase.
The costs of vehicle support for administrative and other duties are
considered to be subsumed within the personnel cost factors subsequently
discussed and are therefore not specified here.
Total Initial Costs
The estimated total initial unit cost of the six types of instrument
stations is summarized in Table XX-6.
Table XX-6
ESTI~~TED TOTAL INITIAL UNIT COST
OF THE INSTRUMENT STATIONS
(Thousands of Dollars)
Station Class
A A B B C C
Station Component 1 2 1 2 1 2
-
Air quality instruments $38.0 $38.0 $30.0 $30.0
Calibration equipment/
accessories 8.3 8.3 7.7 7.7
I\Ieteorological instruments 11.0 4.4 1.0 1.0 $11.0 $ 1.0
Instrument spare parts 5.7 5.1 3.8 3.8 1.1 0.1
Site preparation, shelter
fixtures 13.1 13.1 5.6 5.4 9.7 2.6
Digital data terminal equipment 9.6 9.3 9.0 9.0 11.7 11.4
- -- --
Total $85.7 $78.2 $57.1 $56.9 $33.5 $15.1
For most stations the air quality instruments represent approximately one-
half the total station cost. These station unit costs are aggregated in
Table XX-7 to show the total estimated initial cost of the instrument sys-
tem along with the estimated initial costs of the central facility and
support units. The total estimated initial cost for the facility is
$3,943.6 million. More than 90~ of the cost is associated with the in-
strument stations and about 2% is attributable to the data-processing and
communication system. The Class B instrument stations account for approx-
1
imately one-third of the initial costs primarily because of the large
XX-13
-------
Table XX-7
ESTIMATED TOTAL INITIAL EQUIPMENT COSTS OF ST. LOUIS FACILITY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Station Class
A A B B C C2
1 2 1 2 1 Total
Station component
Air quality instruments $342.0 $304.0 $ 720.0 $240.0 $1,606.0
Calibration equipment/accessories 74.7 66.4 184.8 61.6 $ 4.8 392.3
Meteorological instruments 99.0 35.2 24.0 8.0 $ 44.0 24.0 234.2
:x: Instrument parts 51.3 40.8 91. 2 30.4 4.4 2.4 220.5
:x: spare
I
f-' Site preparation, shelter, fixtures 117.9 104.8 134.4 43.2 38.8 62.4 501.5
H::>
Digital data terminal equipment 86.4 74.4 216.0 72.0 46.8 273.6 769.2
---- -- -- ---
Subtotal $ 771. 3 $625.6 $1,370.4 $455.2 $134.0 $367.2 $3,723.7
Central facility and support
Data processing and communication 81.0
General facilities 35.0
General laboratory and shop equipment 5.0
Support vehicles 98.9
--
Subtotal $ 219.9
Total $771. 3 $625.6 $1,370.4 $455.2 $134.0 $367.2 $3,943.6
-------
quantity of stations in this class. Aside from the four Class Cl stations,
the 24 Class C2 stations comprise the lowest cost element. These stations,
however, have no air quality instruments installed. Hence, their full
cost as an operating unit will be considerably greater depending upon the
nature of the instruments installed in support of the various research
experiments.
The overall facility activation schedule presented in Table XVIII-7
by quarter following authorization of the Regional Study can be used to
define the expenditure schedule for the St. Louis facility.
Table XX-S summarizes the schedule for all classes of instrument
stations within the three activity categories used in Table XVIII-7.
Additionally, expenditure schedules are shown for the central facility
and vehicular support. Expenditures are shown within the quarter in
which the indicated activities are completed. The greatest level of
expenditure is estimated to occur during the third quarter and is caused
primarily by acquisition of the air quality instruments for the Class Bl
stations. Otherwise, expenditure levels for other quarters tend to be
relatively constant. Alternative activation scheduling will, of course,
markedly affect the expenditure schedule for the St. Louis facility. Sig-
nificant budgetary limitations or other constraints imposed on the Regional
Study or elsewhere may indeed cause adjustments in the expenditure schedule
shown in Table XX-So This of course could have serious implications on
the implementation schedule and require extensive reevaluation of the com-
plete facility. Such analyses are beyond the scope of this Prospectus,
but they would be expected to be continually undertaken during subsequent
planning and implementation of the Regional Study.
Annu~!.~E~~~!ing c~sts
The estimated annual operating costs are presented in this section.
The reliability of these estimates vary appreciably among the cost cate-
gories because their bases can be defined to differing degrees of cer-
tainty. Some costs, for example, will be highly dependent upon actual
conditions found in St. Louis, whereas others are largely independent of
the area. Generally, the larger operating cost elements have been exam-
ined in greater detail than the lesser elements. For planning purposes
of this Prospectus, the effort to develop rigorous methods to estimate
the latter cost elements is judged to be inappropriate as their contri-
bution in some instances is 3-5% or perhaps far less than the principal
elements. Accordingly, in these cases these estimates should be regarded
essentially as an order-of-magnitude indication of the anticipated cost.
XX-15
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Table XX-8
ESTIMATED INITIAL EXPENDITURE SCHEDULE
FOR ACTIVATION OF THE ST. LOUIS FACILITY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Quarter
1 2 3 4 5 Total
Shelter, appurtenances,
towers, site preparation
Prototype $ 26.2 $ $ 26.2
Al 91.7 91.7
A2 $ 104.8 104.8
Bl 134.4 134.4
B2 43.2 43.2
C1 19.4 $ 19.4 38.8
C2 13.0 33.8 15.6 62.4
Subtotal $130.9 $ 335.6 $ 35.0 $ 501. 5
Instruments and accessories
Prototype $126.0 $ 126.0
Al $ 441. 0 441.0
A2 446.4 446.4
Bl 1,020.0 1,020.0
B2 212.5 $127.5 340.0
C1 48.4 48.4
C2 3.9 16.9 10.4 31.2
Subtotal $129.9 $2,136.8 $186.3 $2,453.0
Digital terminals
Prototype $ 19.2 $ 19.2
Al $ 67.2 67.2
A2 55.8 $ 18.6 74.4
Bl 216.0 216.0
B2 72.0 72.0
Cl 46.8 46.8
C2 $ 45.6 148.2 79.8
Subtotal $ 45.6 $ 167.4 $249.6 $306.6 $ 769.2
Central facility
Data equipment $ 81.0 $ 81.0
General facilities $35.0 35.0
Support equipment 5.0 5.0
Subtotal $40.0 $ 81.0 $ 121. 0
Vehicular support
Calibration vans $ 18.1 $ 36.2 $ 54.3
Maintenance trucks $ 8.8 17.6 13.2 39.6
General transport 5.0 5.0
Subtotal $ 8.8 $ 40.7 $ 49.4 $ 98.9
Total $48.8 $347.1 $2,770.2 $470.9 $306.6 $3,943.6
XX-16
-------
Personnel
By far the greatest component of annual operating cost is attribut-
able to the Regional Study permanent staff. The overall direct and in-
direct costs of personnel can be developed by a wide variety of techniques
depending upon the mix of personnel levels or grades composing the organ-
izational unit and the general scope of their activities. For overall
planning purposes of this Prospectus, the most appropriate method is
judged to be the use of a single man-year cost factor applied to all
personnel of the Regional Study staff. The development and application
of methods to estimate total staff costs by each element--direct compen-
sation, benefits, travel, general support, and the like--tends to be un-
necessarily complex and to provide a misleading measure of accuracy to
the estimates.
The Regional Study staff has two general components with one at the
Research Triangle Park and the second in St. Louis. The Research Triangle
Park group is composed largely of professional personnel who will be ex-
pected to have considerable travel requirements in the execution of their
assignments and will generally have appreciable clerical and other support
requirements. On the other hand, the St. Louis facility staff has an ap-
preciably greater proportion of nonprofessional personnel whose base salary
is less than that of the typical professional and whose requirements for
travel and support personnel will be substantially less. Accordingly,
the staffing costs estimated for the Regional Study will utilize two man-
year factors. The Research Triangle Park staff will be taken at the rate
of $25,000 per man-year, and the St. Louis staff will be taken at $22,000
per man-year. These factors incorporate all direct and indirect costs,
including employee benefit programs of all types, travel costs, and other
support costs. These man-year cost factors have been found to apply gen-
erally to non-Washington, D.C., field installations of the EPA, and some-
what similar factors apply to the private sector as well. Accordingly,
these man-year factors as extended to the Research Triangle Park staff
and the St. Louis facility staff result in the annual personnel costs as
shown in Table XX-9.
Instrument Replacement and Spare Parts
The annual costs for instrument replacement and spare parts must be
tentative since little operational experience and few measures of relia-
bility of instrumentation are currently available, especially for the
air quality instruments. Instrument and parts replacement rates are ex-
pected to be nonlinear in time with the rate gradually increasing. For
planning purposes here, the average estimated equipment and parts
XX-17
-------
Table XX-9
ESTI~~TED ANNUAL PERSONNEL COSTS
OF THE REGIONAL STUDY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Man-Year
Cost
St. Louis facility staff
Professional, 9
Nonprofessional, 36
$22.0
22.0
-
Subtotal
Research Triangle Park staff
Professional, 6
Nonprofessional, 3
$25.0
25.0
-
Subtotal
Total
Total Cost
$ 19S.0
792.0
$ 990.0
150.0
75.0
$ 225.0
$1,215.0
replacement cost is $100 per year for each air quality instrument and
$25 per year for each meteorological instrument. The meteorological
instrument cost is based upon normal instrument operational degradation.
In the event of severe vandalism, this estimate could prove to be mark-
edly lower than would actually be experienced.
Overall station replacement parts, such as air conditioner filters,
solenoid valves, tubing, and manifolding are taken at $200 per year per
station or 10~ of their original cost at a Class Al station, except for
the Class C2 stations which are taken at $100 per year because they are
not expected to be in operation throughout the year- Digital data equip-
ment replacement components are taken at 5~ of their initial cost or $400
per year per station. The data terminal costs may be slightly low for
the Class Cl and Class C2 stations because of their use of the nine-track
tape system which undoubtedly will require maintenance in considerable
excess of the solid-state system components. These unit costs extended
to a per-station basis result in annual operating costs as shown in Ta-
ble XX-10.
XX-1S
-------
Table XX-10
ESTIl\IATED ANNUAL COST FOR INSTRUIIIENT STATION
EQUIPlIffiNT REPLACEMENT PARTS AND GENERAL IIIAINTENANCE
(Thousands of Dollars)
Station Class
A A B B C C
1 2 1 2 1 2
- - -
Unit station cost
Air quali ty instruments $ 0.9 $ 0.9 $ 0.7 $ 0.7
IIIeteorologica 1 instruments 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 $0.3 $ 0.1
Digital data equipment 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4
General maintenance 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1
- - -
Tota 1 $ 1.8 $ 1.6 $ 1.4 $ 1.4 $0.9 $ 0.6
Total system cost
Air quality instruments 8.1 7.2 16.8 5.6
lIIeteorological instruments 2.7 0.8 2.4 0.8 1.2 2.4
Digital data equipment 3.6 3.2 9.6 3.2 1.6 9.6
General maintenance 1.8 1.6 4.8 1.6 0.8 2.4
-
Total $16.2 $12.8 $33.6 $11.2 $3.6 $14.4
Telephone Communication System
The annual operating costs associated wi.th the full-duplex telephone
leased facilities are based upon a unit charge of $4 per mile per month
which is representative of tariffs in many urban areas of the nation.
Lower charges approximating perhaps $3 per mile per month are frequently
applied to facilities located elsewhere, provided that service drops can
be relatively easily installed from existing facilities. In the event
that substantial effort is required to provide telephone service, a higher
unit cost results. Since a number of the more remote instrument stations,
especially those in the southwest quadrant, may not be conveniently near
existing facilities having the required transmission characteristics, the
unit cost of $4 per mile per month is used for the entire system to com-
pensate for possible appreciable installation efforts in this quadrant.
Clearly, any number of routing patterns to link the remote reporting
stations to the central facility are possible. These will be determined
by telephone line quality, circuit availability, cost, and numerous other
factors that require extensive analysis by the telephone utilities. For
XX-19
-------
purposes of estimating the average annual cost, a total of seven full-
duplex leased circuits have been assumed with seven instrument stations
per circuit. A possible routing pattern having a relatively low, but
not absolutely minimal, total circuit mileage was established and is
summarized in Table XX-ll showing the stations on each circuit, and the
total mileage per circuit to the central facility assumed to be located
in the Alton, Illinois, vicinity. Total circuit mileage for this network
approximates 800 miles. The corresponding monthly rental is therefore
$3200, or $38,400 annually.
Table XX-ll
ESTI~~TED INSTRUMENT STATION REPORTING
CIRCUIT ASSIGNl\IENT AND CIRCUIT LENGTH
Circui t Number
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
lSW3A lS3A lSE3B lSE2A 2S E6A lE2A lW4A
2 1 2 2 1 1 1
2SW7A 3SW21B 2S4B 2SE5B 3SE24B 2E6A 2W8A
2 1 2 2 1 2 2
3SW20B 3SW16B 2S7A 3SE23B 3SE19B 2NE5A 2NW8A
1 1 2 1 1 1 1
3W15B 3W12B 3S22B 3SE18B 3E14B lNElA2 lNW4A
1 1 1 1 1 2
3WllB 3NW7B 3S17B 3E13B 3NE10B 2NE8 B lNW1B
1 1 1 1 1 2 2
3NW6B 3NW2B 309A 3NE9B 3NE5B 2N7B lN1A
1 1 1 1 1 2 1
3NW1B 3N3B 3N8B 3NE4B 2N5A 2NW6B lNE2B
1 1 1 1 2 2 2
Total Mileage
90 90 90 100 70 160 200
Motor Vehicles
Motor vehicle operating costs are primarily related to the instru-
ment station maintenance and calibration schedule. This schedule can
have an almost endless number of variations and in the final analysis
would be determined by the operational experience and demonstrated re-
liability of each station. Accordingly, an estimate of motor vehicle
operating costs can at this point be only an order of magnitude.
XX-20
-------
A reasonable approximation of maintenance vehicle movement distances
can be derived from the telephone circuit mileage estimate. The total
circuit length of this system was estimated at 800 miles. With a main-
tenance schedule involving a stop at each station twice per week, this
basic distance could be doubled to 1600 miles. The communication cir-
cuit length was developed on the basis of point-to-point distance meas-
ures. The standard correction of 1.2 should be applied for an aggregated
estimated maintenance vehicle movement 1900 miles per week or about 99,000
miles per year. At a unit cost of $0.10 per mile, the total annual cost
for maintenance vehicles is estimated to be $9900.
The operating cost of the three calibration vans will be substan-
tially less because of the more limited requirement of monthly instrument
station calls. The basic 800-mile circuit would be traversed on a once-
per-month basis but with a substantial correction factor for frequent re-
turn to the central facility. This correction factor can be only an out-
right assumption at this point and will be taken as a value of four to
assume a once-per-week return to the central facility for a total of 3200
miles per month. Adjusting by the factor of 1.2 for surface movement re-
sults in a total of approximately 3800 miles per month or an annual cost
in the range of $4600.
Building and Land Rental
The estimated building and land rental costs for the St. Louis fa-
cility present similar difficulties, especially for the instrument site
costs. The space requirements for the central facility were estimated
in Chapter XVI at 5600 square feet. The character of the facility is
expected to be typical of a single-floor light manufacturing plant with
office space included. Rental rates will naturally vary considerably
depending on location and other factors but in general a rate of $0.20
per square foot per month should be an appropriate estimating factor.
At this unit cost the annual facility rental costs would be $13,400.
Land requirements at the central facility were estimated at 30,000
square feet for parking and outdoor equipment storage. These uses imply
a finished surface over at least most of the area with asphalt or gravel
with proper drainage and the like. The storage area should be fenced
and perhaps lighted. With these requirements the unit cost should ap-
proximate $0.02 per square foot per month for an annual rental of $7200.
The land requirements for
and certainly in rental rates.
to be difficult to acquire and
the instrument stations will vary in area
Sites in urbanized St. Louis are expected
could indeed carry rental rates of several
XX-21
-------
thousands of dollars per month. On the other hand, acquisition of the
rural sites likely will be considerably easier and rates significantly
lower. In some cases, both urban and rural sites might be situated on
public lands for which no or at most a token rent might be involved. No
satisfactory method is at hand to develop a highly dependable estimate
of these rental rates. The Class A stations should preferably be situated
on about a one-fourth acre, whereas the Class B station could be confined
within an average urban or suburban building lot. If for example these
lots were taken in the average as having a value of $5000, a $1000 annual
rental would not be unexpected. The bulk of the Class A stations are
situated in a considerably more rural environment, where land costs will
be somewhat less, but the land requirements are greater than those of the
Class B stations by approximately a factor of two.
For planning purposes here, the assumption was made that these two
factors are compensating, so that sites on the average have an annual
rental of $1000. Thus, the total annual rental rate is estimated at
$49,000 and an additional $4000 is to be included for the Class Cl sta-
tions.
Site rentals for the Class C2 stations tend to be even more elusive
because of their probable short duration at anyone site and their vary-
ing location requirements. Conceivably many of the Class C2 locations
might be situated at places carrying a token or no cost, such as residen-
tial back yards, cemeteries, and parks. On the other hand, some sites
may of necessity be situated in downtown office buildings and not in
trailers, where rental rates may be as high as $0.30-$0.40 per square
foot per month. The fact that the Class C2 stations are expected to be
utilized for only selected portions of the year also introduces additional
complexities in determining station cost. Thus, any rental planning fac-
tor stands only as a first approximation and should be treated accordingly.
For purposes here an annual unit cost will be taken as $200/station or one-
fifth the larger station sites for a total of $4800 per year for all 24
Class C2 stations.
Miscellaneous
An enormous number of lesser operational costs will clearly arise
during the Regional Study. For the purposes of this Prospectus, the iden-
tification and costing of each does not appear appropriate, since their
effect on planning and budgeting generally fades to insignificance when
compared with, say, personnel costs. Several of these, however, are
worthy of note and are discussed below. The remainder, however, are
judged to be most appropriately developed in later more detailed planning
and actual implementation of the facility.
XX-22
-------
An operating item of particular importance is the calibration gases
required for the air quality instruments. The costs of these gases can
vary significantly with their purity. For example, ethylene gas required
for calibration of the ozone-monitoring instrument may vary in cost by
roughly a factor of 10 between 99.8% and 99.9% purity. For field instru-
ment calibration it would appear that a purity of 99.8% should suffice.
As an order of magnitude cost calibration, gases--span and zero--are es-
timated at $2000 per station per year. With a total of 49 stations util-
izing approximately the same mix of air quality instruments, the total
estimated annual cost should be in the order of $98,000.
An additional operating cost of some significance is expected to be
electric power. The power costs for instrument operation itself should
be relatively low, but costs for heating and air conditioning the instru-
ment shelters may be significant, especially if the shelters are not well
insulated. Electric power costs might be expected to average about $20
per month per station, so that total power costs should be in the order
of $12,700 per year for all but the Class C2 stations.
As noted, other costs could be identified, such as utility costs
at the central facility, office supplies, and numerous others. Some of
these are subsumed within the man-year estimating cost factor, while
others might be considered as covered by the central facility rental
cost. Final development of cost estimates for these and similar details
will generally require more exact information than is presently available
and therefore will not be undertaken for this Prospectus.
Total Estimated Annual Operating Costs
The estimated annual operating costs, once full operational status
has been achieved, are shown in Table XX-12. Annual personnel costs
account for almost 80% of the total. As will be recalled, they include
expenditures for travel and other purposes as well as direct salaries,
benefits, and indirect costs. The cost of air quality instrument cali-
bration gases represents the second largest component of the operating
costs with slightly over 6% of the total, closely followed by instrument
replacement and spare parts with slightly less than 6% of the costs. The
remaining components are estimated to contribute generally less than 3%
of the total costs.
The operating costs during the early portion of the Regional Study
are, of course, substantially less than the costs during full operation.
Table XVIII-7 summarized the activation schedule of the St. Louis facil-
ity whereas Table XIX-3 indicated the staffing schedule. On the basis
XX-23
-------
Table XX-12
ESTI~~TED TOTAL ANNUAL OPERATING
OF THE REGIONAL STUDY
(Thousands of Dollars)
COSTS
Personnel
Instrument replacement and parts
Motor vehicle operation
Telephone communication system
Building and land rental
Central facility
Instrument sites
$1,215.0
91.8
14.5
38.4
Calibration gases
Electric power
20.6
57.8
98.0
12.7
Total
$1,548.8
of these data, the operating costs by quarter following authorization of
the Regional Study have been estimated as shown in Table XX-13. Operat-
ing costs are shown through the fifth quarter, at which time the steady-
state expenditure level is estimated to have been reached. Personnel
costs at the Research Triangle Park are shown at $75,000 during the first
quarter and decreasing until the fifth quarter. This trend results from
the transfer of some staff members to St. Louis in the early quarters and
the completion of various tasks at the Research Triangle Park covering
acquisition of the equipment and instruments.
The personnel costs tend to increase with the level of completion
of the facility. The exception to this trend is the estimated costs for
instrument replacement and parts. No operating costs for this component
are shown until the fifth quarter under the assumption that all instru-
ments will be covered by manufacturer's warranty or similar features dur-
ing at least the first six months following initiation of operation.
XX-24
-------
Table XX-13
ESTIR~TED QUARTERLY OPERATING COSTS DURING
ACTIVATION OF THE ST. LOUIS FACILITY
(Thousands of Dollars)
Quarter
1 2 3 4 5
-
Personnel
Research Triangle Park $75.0 $ 68.7 $ 56.2 $ 50.0 $ 56.2
St. Louis 22.0 82.5 181.5 242.0 247.5
--
Subtotal $97.0 $151. 2 $237.7 $292.0 $303.7
Instrument replacement and parts 0 0 0 0 22.9
Motor vehicle operation 0 2.0 3.8 3.8 3.8
Telephone communication system 0 0 0 6.0 9.6
Central facility, rental 2.0 5.1 5.1 5.1 5.1
Instrument sites, rental 0 3.0 14.4 14.4 14.4
Calibration gases 0 2.0 24.5 24.5 24.5
Electric power 0 0 3.2 3.2 3.2
-
Subtotal $ 2.0 $ 12.1 $ 51.0 $ 57.0 $ 83.5
Total $99.1 $163.3 $288.7 $349.0 $387.2
XX-25
-------
Chapter XXI
RESEARCH PLAN COSTS
Introduction
Part II of the Prospectus presents the Research Plan for scientific
and technical analyses and field experimental and data gathering efforts
that are expected to constitute the principal components of the Regional
Study. Specific tasks of the Research Plan are grouped in four primary
program elements and numerically encoded for ease of identification.
These program elements and their principal components are shown as
follows:
100
Model Verification
101
Boundary Layer Meteorology
102
Emission Inventory
103
Air Quality Measurement
104
Model Verification
200
Atmospheric Chemical and Biological Processes
201
Gaseous Chemical Processes
202
Particulate Formation
203
Other Pollutant Processes
204
Atmospheric Scavenging
205
Biosphere Scavenging
206
Atmospheric Dispersion
300
Human Social and Economic Factors
301
Human and Social Factors
XXI-l
-------
302
Economic Factors
400
Transfer of RAPS Technology for Control Agency Applications
401
Source Inventory Procedures
402
Atmospheric Monitoring
403
Data Handling
404
Modeling Technology
405
Other Significant Factors in Control Strategy Formulation
This chapter presents the estimated requirements for personnel,
major equipment, and the costs of these programs. Although these esti-
mates are judged to be suitable for the planning purposes of this Pros-
pectus, they will require continual review and modification in further
planning of the Regional Study and during its execution. This is espe-
cially important for the estimates in the later time periods. The esti-
mates presented are intended to cover the requirements of each particular
program component, and all are considered as a part of the Regional Study.
Further consideration of the Research Plan and perhaps EPA policy con-
siderations may result in the transfer of part or all of certain program
components from the Regional Study to other components of the ongoing
EPA research program.
Personnel
Requirements
The estimated requirements for personnel stemming from the Research
Plan are presented in Table XXI-l for professional and support personnel.
Scheduling is shown on the assumption that the Regional Study is author-
ized July 1, 1972. A total of 1,244.85 man-quarters, or slightly more
than 311 man-years of professional and technical support personnel, are
estimated to be required to carry out the Research Plan. Almost one-half
of the personnel requirements stem from the 100-series tasks--Model
Verification--alone. Within this series about one-half of the personnel
are associated with the critical 104 component which covers the specific
efforts associated with model verification. The 100 and 200 series have
a ratio in the range of two-thirds to three-fourths between professional
and technical support personnel, which tends to be appropriate in view
XXI-2
-------
Program
Component
100
101
102
103
104
><:
><:
H
I
W
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
300
301
302
400
401
402
403
404
405
Subtotal
Subtotal
Subtotal
Subtotal
Tot al
Table XXI-l
ESTIMATED PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL STAFFING REQUIRED TO CARRY OUT THE RESEARCH PLAN
(Men by Quart er)
1972
1973
1974
P'
S* P
---
P S
--
p
S
p
--
P S
--
p
S
P
--
P
--
P S
--
1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 1.5 1.0 2.5 4.0 2.5 4.0 1.5 1.0
1.0 3.0 2.0 5.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.0 8.5 6.5 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0 6.0
1.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.25 2.5 2.25 2.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5
6.5 14.0 6.5 14.0 6.5 14.0 6.5 14.0 7.5 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.5
- - - - - - - - -
10.0 15.0 13.5 19.0 15.5 21. 0 16.25 24.5 19.25 26.5 18.5 25.0 18.0 25.0 19.0 28.0 19.0 28.0 18.0 ~5.0
1. 25 1. 25 1. 25 1. 25 1. 25 1. 25 2.75 3.25 1. 75 2.0 2.25 2.0 2.50 3.0
1.00 5.00 1. 25 5.0 1. 25 5.0 1. 25 5.0
0.25 0.25 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.5 0.50 0.5 0.50 0.5
0.50 0.5 0.50 0.5 0.50 0.5 0.50 0.5 0.40 1. 50 0.40 1.5 0.40 1.5 0.40 1.5
0.25 1.0 0.25 1.0
- - - 1.00 ~ 1.0 1.0 1.00 1. 00 1. 50 1.0 1. 00 1.0 1. 50 1.0
- - - - -
1. 25 1. 75 0.5 1. 75 0.5 1. 75 0.5 3.00 1.5 2.5 1.0 5.65 11. 25 5.65 11. 0 5.65 11.0 6.15 11.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.00 1.0 1.00 1. 00 1. 00 1.0 1. 00 1.0 1.00 1.0
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1. 00 1.0 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1.0 1. 00 1.0 1.00 1.0
- - - -
2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.00 2.0 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.0 2.00 2.0 2.00 2.0
1.0 2.0 2.00 2.25 2.25 0.75 1. 75 2.0
0.50 0.50
0.5 0.5 0.5 0.50 2.00 1. 50 2.00 1.5 0.50 0.50
1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 1.0 ~ 1.0 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1.0 1. 00 1.0 1.00 1.0
- - - - -
1.5 1.0 2.5 1.0 3.5 1.0 3.50 1.0 5.25 2.50 5.25 2.5 2.75 1.0 3.75 3.0
- - -
11.25 15.0 15.25 19.5 20.75 24.5 22.5 28.0 27.75 31. 0 26.50 29.0 30.90 40.75 31. 90 43.5 29.40 42.0 29.90 41. 0
P == Professional
S = Technical support.
-------
Table XXI-l (Concluded)
1975 1976 1977
Program I T0tal
Component p* S * P S P S P S P S P S P S P S P S P S P S
- -
100
101 2.5 1.5 3.5 4.5 .1. 5 5.5 3.50 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.5 2.0 2.50 2.0 49.00 44.00
102 4.5 4.5 4.0 4.0 2.5 2.5 2.50 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2,50 2.5 81.00 79.00
103 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.50 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5 3.5 2.50 4.5 48.00 61.50
104 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.00 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.0 14.5 8.00 14.5 153.50 288. 00
- - - - - - - - - -- -
Subtotal 17.5 24.0 18.0 26.5 17.5 26.0 16.50 23.0 16,5 23.0 16.5 23.0 15.5 22.5 15.5 22.5 15.5 22.5 15.50 22.5 331. 50 472. 50
200
201 2.5 3.5 2.25 4.0 2.75 4.5 2.50 4.5 2.75 4.50 3.00 4.50 3.50 5.00 3.25 5.0 3.75 2.0 3.75 2.0 46.75 49.75
202 1.0 3.0 I. 50 1.5 I. 00 1.0 0.75 1.0 1. 00 3.00 1. 00 3.00 0.75 2.50 1. 00 2.5 0.50 1.0 0.50 1.0 13.75 39.50
203 1.5 2.5 I. 00 2.5 1. 50 4.0 1. 75 4.0 0.75 2.25 0.75 2.25 2.00 1. 25 2.00 1.0 0.50 0.5 0.50 0.5 14.75 22.75
204 0.4 1.5 0.40 1.5 0.40 1.5 0.40 1.5 0.40 1. 50 0.40 I. 50 0.40 I. 50 0.40 1. 50 0.40 1.5 0.40 1.5 7.60 23.00
205 0,25 1.0 0.25 1.0 0.50 0.20 0.50 2.00 0.50 2,00 0.50 2.00 0.50 1.0 0.50 1.0 4.00 14.00
X 206 1.0 1.0 1. 00 1.0 1. 00 1.0 I. 00 1.0 1. 00 1. 00 0.50 1. 00 12.50 12.00
X - - - - - - - - -
H Subtotal 6.4 11. 5 6.15 10.5 6.90 13.0 6.65 13.0 6.40 14.25 6.15 14.25 7.15 12.25 7,15 12.00 5.65 5.0 5.65 6.0 99.35 161. 00
I
,+:. 300
301 1.0 1.0 I. 00 1.0 1. 00 1.0 1.00 1.0 I. 00 I. 00 I. 00 I. 00 I. 00 ~. 00 I. 00 I. 00 1.00 LO I. 00 1.0 18.00 18.00
302 1.0 1.0 I. 00 1.0 I. 00 1.0 I. 00 1.0 I. 00 I. 00 I. 00 I. 00 I. 00 I. 00 I. 00 I. 00 1. 00 1.0 1.00 1.0 18.00 18.00
- - - - - -
Subtotal 2.0 2,0 2.00 2.0 2.00 2.0 2.00 2.0 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.0 2.00 2.0 36.00 36.00
400
401 1.00 1.0 I. 00 1.0 1. 00 1.0 1. 00 1.0 4.00 4.00
402 1. 75 2.0 0.75 0.25 1. 25 2.0 1. 25 2.00 0.25 0.25 1. 25 2.00 2.25 2.0 2,25 23.50 12.00
403 0.50 0.50 2.00
404 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50 2.00 1. 50 2.00 1. 50 2.00 1.5 2.00 1.5 18.00 9.00
405 I. 00 1.0 1. 00 1.0 1.00 1.0 1. 00 1.0 I. 00 1. 00 I. 00 1. 00 I. 00 1.00 1. 00 1. 00 1. 00 1.0 I. 00 1.0 18.00 18.00
-- - -
Subtotal 4.25 4.0 3.25 2.0 1. 75 1.0 2.75 3.0 2.75 3.00 1. 75 1. 00 3.25 2.50 4.25 4.50 6.75 5.5 6.75 3.5 65.50 43.00
Total 30.1541.5 29.40 41.0 28.15 42.0 27.90 41.0 27.65 42.25 26.40 40.25 27.90 39.25 28.90 41. 00 29.90 36.0 29.90 34.0 532. 35 712.50
P = Professional
S = Technical Support.
-------
of the extensive laboratory and field efforts expected. The 300 and 400
series tend to require considerably fewer technical support personnel
in comparison to professionals, because far less field efforts are
expected.
Each of the four major program elements would be expected to be
coordinated by the various research division representatives in the
Office of Research Operations. Major program components, especially
those continuing throughout the life of the Regional Study, would
necessarily have full-time supervisors within the respective interested
research divisions. The extent to which contractor participation will
be necessary and appropriate is difficult to state and is likely to
depend on the balance between program requirements in terms of schedul-
ing and capability and the available resources within EPA. However;
total personnel requirements should remain substantially identical
regardless of the manner in which the effort is carried forth.
Professional and technical support personnel were estimated on a
task-by-task basis from their descriptions in Part II of this Prospectus.
An additional component of the staffing will be clerical support. For
planning purposes, clerical personnel requirements are estimated on the
basis of one per six professionals.
Total personnel requirements are shown in Table XXI-2 by Research
Plan element. A total of 328 man-years is estimated to be required to
complete the Research Plan.
Costs
-
The total estimated costs of personnel associated directly with the
tasks included in the Research Plan are presented in Table XXI-3 based
on the requirements shown in Tables XXI-l and -2. The estimated costs
as discussed in Chapter XIX are based on a unit cost of $25,000 per year
per staff member regardless of his labor or job classification. With
the mix of classifications estimated to be required, the aggregated
estimates should be valid. Estimates for the smaller components of the
Research Plan, which have a less balanced staffing pattern, would tend
to be less reliable. The unit cost includes direct salary, benefits,
travel, and all other funds necessary for support.
Total personnel costs directly associated with the Research Plan
are estimated at about $8.3 million. The costs tend to be relatively
constant over the life of the program at an expenditure level in the
range of $475,000 per quarter. The estimated cost on an annual basis
XXI-5
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Table XXI-2
SURTh~RY OF PERSONNEL REQUIREMENTS FOR THE RESEARCH PLAN
(Man-Years)
Program Technical
Element Professional Support Clerical Total
100 83 118 14 215
200 25 40 4 69
300 9 9 2 20
400 16 5 3 24
Total 133 172 23 328
is summarized in Table XXI-4 for each of the four principal elements
of the Research Plan.
Instrumentation and Equipment
The bulk of the instrumentation and equipment necessary for exe-
cution of the Research Plan is included in the St. Louis facility as
discussed in Chapters XI-XII and XVIII. These items are generally
expected to function throughout the life of the Regional Study. However
several major items of equipment are more appropriately included in the
costs of the Research Plan than in the St. Louis facility. The first
includes the METRAC balloon-borne instrument system discussed in Chap-
ters III and XIV for observations in the mixing layer. Estimated costs
for additional research and development were estimated at $100,000 in
the first year after authorization of the Regional Study. If the dev-
elopment is successful, an additional cost of $376,000 has been esti-
mated for full implementation of the system having a capability to
simultaneously track six balloons. The estimated costs by quarter are
shown in Table XXI-5.
XXI-6
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'I'abl e ....XI-3
ESTIMATED PERSONNEL COSTS TO CARRY OUT THE RESEARCH PLAN
(Thousands of Dollars)
1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977
Prog ram Component 3 4 1 4 1 4 1 2 3 1 4 1 2 Total
- - - - - - - -
100
101 $ 15.6 $ 15.6 $ 15.6 $ 28.1 $ 15.6 $ 15.6 $ 15.6 $ 40.6 $ 40.6 $ 15.6 $ 25.0 $ 50.0 $ 62.5 $ 37.5 $ 37.5 $ 37.5 $ 28.1 $ 28.1 $ 28.1 $ 28.1 $ 580.9
102 6.2 31. 2 56.2 68.8 103.1 78.1 75.0 75.0 75.0 75.0 56.2 50.0 31. 2 31. 3 31. 2 31. 3 31. 2 31.3 31. 2 31.3 999.8
103 6.2 28.1 28.1 29.7 29.7 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 37.5 684.3
104 128.1 128.1 128.1 128.1 137.5 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 140.6 2758.9
Subtotal * $156.1 $203.0 $228.0 $254.7 $285.9 $271. 8 $268. 7 $293.7 $293. 7 $268. 7 $259.3 $278.1 $271.8 $246.9 $246.8 $246.9 $237.4 $237.5 $237.4 $237.5 $5023. 9
Clerical 10.4 14.1 16.1 16.9 20.0 19.3 18.8 19.8 19.8 18.8 18.2 18.8 18.2 17.2 17.2 17.2 16.1 10.1 16.1 16.1 345.2
Total $166.5 $217. 1 $244. 1 $271 . 6 $305.9 $291.1 $287.5 $313. 5 $313.5 $287. 5 $277. 5 $296. 9 $290. 0 $264.1 $264. 0 $264. 1 $253.5 $253.6 $253.5 $253.6 $5369.1
200
201 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 37.5 23.4 26.6 34.4 37.5 39.1 45.3 43.8 45.3 46.9 53.1 51. 6 35.9 35.9 603.1
202 37.5 39.1 39.1 39.1 25.0 18.8 12.5 10.9 25.0 25.0 20.3 21.9 9.4 9.4 333.0
203 1.6 1.6 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 25.0 21. 9 34.4 35.9 18.8 18.8 20.3 18.8 6.2 6.2 234.3
204 6.2 6.2 6.2 6.2 11.9 11. 9 11. 9 11. 9 11.9 11.9 11. 9 11. 9 11. 9 11. 9 11. 9 11. 9 11. 9 11. 9 191. 4
205 7.8 7.8 7.8 7.8 15.6 15.6 15.6 15.6 9.4 9.4 112.4
206 12.5 12.5 12.5 15.6 12.5 15.6 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 9.4 153.1
:x: Subtotal * 7.8 $ 14.0 $ 14.0 $ 14.0 $ 28.1 $ 21.9 $105.6 $104. 0 $104.1 $107. 2 $1l1. 9 $104. 2 $124.4 $122.8 $129.1 $127. 6 $121. 2 $1l9. 8 $ 72.8 $ 72.8 $1627.3
:x: Clerical 1.3 1.8 1.8 1.8 3.1 2.6 5.9 5.9 5.9 6.4 6.7 6.4 7.2 6.9 6.7 6.4 7.4 7.4 5.9 5.9 103.4
H
I Total $ 9.1 $ 15.8 $ 15.8 $ 15.8 $ 31. 2 $ 24.5 $1l1.5 $109. 9 $1l0.0 $1l3. 6 $1l8.6 $ll 0.6 $131.6 $129.7 $135. 8 $134.0 $128.6 $127.2 $ 78.7 $ 78.7 $1730.7
..:J
300
301 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 225.0
302 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 225.0
Subtotal * $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 25.0 $ 450.0
Cl erical 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2. 1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 2.1 37.8
Total $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27.1 $ 27. I $ 487.8
400
401 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 50.0
402 6.2 12.5 12.5 14.1 14.1 4.7 23.4 23.4 4.7 1.6 20.3 20.3 1.6 1.6 20.3 26.6 14.1 222.0
403 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 12.4
404 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 21. 9 21. 9 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 3.1 21.9 21. 9 21. 9 21. 9 168.6
405 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 1~. 5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 12.5 225.0
Subtotal * $ 15.6 $ 21. 8 $ 28.1 $ 28.1 $ 48.5 $ 48.5 $ 23.4 $ 42.1 $ 51. 5 $ 32.8 $ 17.2 $ 35.9 $ 35.9 $ 17.2 $ 36.0 $ 54.7 $ 76.6 $ 64.1 $ 678.0
CI erical 1.6 2.6 3.6 3.6 5.5 5.5 2.9 3.9 4.4 3.4 1.8 2.9 2.9 1.8 3.4 4.4 7.0 7.0 68.2
Total 17.2 $ 24.4 $ 31. 7 $ 31.7 $ 54.0 $ 54.0 $ 26.3 $ 46.0 $ 55.9 $ 36.2 $ 19.0 $ 38.8 $ 38.8 $ 19.0 $ 39.4 $ 59.1 $ 83.6 $ 71.1 $ 746.2
100-200-300-400
Subtotal * 163.9 217.0 282.6 315.5 367.1 346.8 447.8 471. 2 446.2 443.0 447.7 440.1 438.4 430.6 436.8 416.7 419.6 437.0 411. 8 399.4 7779.2
Clerical 11. 7 15.9 21. 6 23.4 28.8 27.6 32.3 33.3 30.7 31. 2 31.4 30.7 29.3 29.1 28.9 27.5 29.0 30.0 31. 1 31.1 554.6
Total $175.6 $232.9 $304.2 $338.9 $395.9 $374. 4 $480.1 $504. 5 $476.9 $474.2 $479.1 $470.8 $467.7 $459.7 $465.7 $444.2 $448.6 $467.0 $442.9 $430.5 $8333.8
Professional and t echni cal support.
-------
Table XXI-4
SUMI\1ARY OF THE
ESTII\1ATED COSTS OF PERSONNEL
BY THE RESEARCH PLAN
(Thousands of Dollars)
REQUIRED
Calendar
Year 100 200 300 400 Total
1972 $ 383.6 $ 24.9 $ $ $ 408. 5
1973 1112.7 87.3 108.4 105.0 1413.4
1974 1202.0 445.0 108.4 180.3 1935.7
1975 1128.5 490.5 108.4 149.9 1877.3
1976 1035.2 525.6 108.4 156.3 1825.5
1977 507.1 157.4 54.2 154.7 873.4
Tot al $5369.1 $1730.7 $487.8 ~746.2 $8333.8
Program element 200--Atmospheric Chemical and Biological Processes--
is estimated to require certain additional instrumentation and equipment
not included in the St. Louis facility. Their costs are included within
those of the Research Plan rather than the St. Louis facility. Table
XXI-5 presents the estimated costs of these instruments and equipment
by program component and date of acquisition. In comparison with per-
sonnel costs, these expenditures tend to be modest, except for the
gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer estimated at $100.000. This unit
would be installed at the central facility with the bulk of the remaining
items installed mainly at selected Class A and B stations as discussed
in the Research Plan.
Finally, the research effort under program element 402--Atmospheric
Modeling--will require the use of two Atmospheric Sounders and three
thermosondes early in 1973. The estimated costs of these units are also
presented in Table ~~I-5.
XXI-8
-------
Program
Component
Table XXI-5
ESTIMATED COSTS OF SPECIALIZED EQUIPMENT FOR THE RESEARCH PLAN
(Thousands of Dollars)
103
201
202
203
204
406
Equipment Description
METRAC system development
METRAC procurement and
installation
Gas chromatograph
Electron capture gas chromato-
graph
G. C. mass spectrometer
Correlation spectrometer
Recorders for gas chromatographs
Sample vessels, valving, stan-
dard units
Tot al
Electron mobility counter
Royco photometer counter
Anderson impactor
Total
Atomic absorber
Transmissometer
Radiative balance instruments
Total
Digital pH meter
Tipping bucket rain-gage
Fabrication of precipitation pH
measurement and calibration
pH meter
Chemical electrodes
Total
Thermosonde
Acoustic sounder
Total
XXI-9
Quanti ty
3
3
1
6
2
5
5
1
3
5
10
5
7
3
2
Cost
$100.0
376.0
18.0
14.0
100.0
10.0
6.0
10.0
$158.0
40.4
41. 3
$ 87.3
4.0
27.0
50.0
$ 81.0
$ 13.9
120.0
40.0
$160.0
Acquisition
Date
Year/Quarter
1972/4
1974/1
1975/1
1975/1
1975/1
1975/1
1975/1
1975/1
1974/1
1974/1
5.6
1974/1
1975/1
1975/1
1973/3
5.0
1974/2
3.2
1974/2
2.5
1974/2
1974/2
1.8
1.4
1974/2
1973/2
1973/2
-------
Operations
Execution of the Research Plan will involve certain direct operating
costs in both the 100 and 200 series of the Research Plan. In the 100
series, significant costs are estimated to be associated with the 101
component for the operation of the METRAC system during wind transport
and tracer studies. The Research Plan indicates the execution of the
wind-tracking experiment during the second and third quarters of 1974 and
tracer studies in the same quarters in 1975.
As noted in Chapter XIV, the estimated operating costs of the METRAC
system are $8,000 per month per balloon launch point for an intensive
experimental effort. Thus, if the METRAC system is taken as having four
launch points, the total operating costs would be $32,000 per month.
Under the research schedule shown above, the quarterly METRAC operational
costs expected are shown in Table XXI-6.
Table XXI-6
ESTIMATED OPERATIONAL COSTS OF THE METRAC SYSTEM
(Thousands of Dollars)
Year/Quarter Cost
1974/2 $ 92
1974/3 92
1975/2 92
1975/3 92
Total $368
Operating costs of the efforts in the 200 series are expected to
cover consumable and expendable laboratory supplies and equipment. The
costs of these items should be insignificant in comparison with personnel
costs, for example, so that a detailed estimate does not appear warranted.
Accordingly, an average cost of $4,000 per quarter will be taken as the
cost of these consumable and expendable items.
XXI-IO
-------
Total Cost
The total estimated cost of the effort covered by the Research Plan
is summarized in Table XXI-7 by quarter. A total of ~9.7 million is
estimated with about 85% of the total cost attributed to personnel. On
an annual basis costs tend to peak in 1974 at $2.6 million, caused
primarily by higher costs of equipment acquisition and operations.
XX I -11
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Table XXI-7
TOTAL ESTIMATED COSTS OF THE RESEARCH PLAN
(Thousands of Dollars)
Year/Quarter Personnel Instruments Operations Total
1972/3 $ 175.6 $ $ 4.0 $ 179.6
4 232.9 100.0 4.0 336.9
Subtotal $ 408.5 $100.0 $ 8.0 $ 516.5
1973/1 304.2 4.0 308.2
2 338.9 160.0 4.0 502.9
3 395.9 50.0 4.0 449.9
4 374.4 4.0 378.4
--
Subtotal $1413.4 $210.0 $ 16.0 $1639.4
1974/1 480.1 463.3 4.0 947.4
2 504.5 13.9 96.0 614.4
3 476.9 96.0 572.9
4 474.2 4.0 478.2
Subtotal $1935.7 $477.2 $200.0 $2612.9
1975/1 479.1 189.0 4.0 672.1
2 470.8 96.0 566.8
3 467.7 96.0 563.7
4 459.7 4.0 463.7
Subtotal $1877.3 $189.0 $200.0 $2266.3
1976/1 465.7 4.0 469.7
2 444.2 4.0 448.2
3 448.6 4.0 452.6
4 467.0 4.0 471.0
Subtotal $1825.5 $ 16.0 $1841.5
1977/1 442.9 4.0 446.9
2 430.5 4.0 434.5
Subtotal $ 873.4 $ $ 8.0 $ 881. 4
Total 8333.8 976.2 448.0 9758.0
XXI-12
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