THE GROWTH AND DECAY OF TURBULENT MIXING
IN THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER
Contract EHSD 71-40
ENGINEERING AND INDUSTRIAL EXPERIMENT STATION
College of Engineering
University of Florida
Gainesville
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THE GROWIH AND DECAY OF TURBULENT MIXING
IN THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER
Contract EHSD 71-40
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THE GROWTH AND D ECA Y OF TURBULENr MIXING
IN THE PLANETARY BOUNDARY LAYER
I NrRODUCT ION
It has been wisely said that a problem well understood is
well on the way to a solution.
In the field of air pollution con-
trol, it is safe to conclude that a firm understanding is yet to be
obtained.
Through the efforts of many investigators progress is
steadily being made in understanding this widespread and complex
problem.
A small but significant part of this effort is that 'of under-
standing the mechanisms of dispersion and mixing of pollutants in
the lower atmosphere.
In work preceding thisl considerable effort was expended in
: examining methods of predicting daily mixing heights using early
morning radiosonde observations of the vertical temperature structure.
2 3
The method described by Holzworth' was essentially verified for most
daytime, hours.
In as much as the method is based upon a redistri-
bution of heat imput to the ground, it would not be surprising to
~cCaldin~ R. O. and R. S. Sholtes, '~ixing Height Determinations by
, Means of an Instrumented Aircraft." Final Report N.A.P.C.A. Research
Contract No. CPA 22-69-76, June, 1970.
2
Holzworth, G. C., "Mixing Depths, Wind Speeds, and Air Pollution
Potential for Selected Locations in the U.S." Journal of Applied Mete-
orology, Vol. 6, No.6, December, .1967, pp. 1039-1044.
3Holzworth, G. C., "Large-Scale Weather Influences on Gommunity Air
Pollution Potential in the U. S." Journal of the Air Pollution Control
Association, vol. '19, No.4, April, 1969, pp. 248-254.
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2
suspect that its predictive value would be limited in the late
afternoon when temperatures and radiant energy input rapidly decrease.
The work described by McCa1din and Sho1tesl suggested such a phenomena
as illustrated in Figure 1,. reproduced from that report.
These data
suggest an orderly buildup of the mixing height followed by a re1a-
tively extremely rapid decrease or collapse prior to sunset.
Exam-
ination of the figure will reveal that one method of determining the
upper limit was labeled "aircraft turbulence".
This method was based
upon sensing the lateral acceleration of the experimental aircraft;
a measure which exhibited a dramatic change upon passage from the
turbulent layer upward into the undisturbed air mass above.
While
reducing the data to construct figures such as Figure 1, the authors
noted a definite decrease in the amplitude of the lateral acceleration
record as the mixing layer or zone experienced the late afternoon rapid
decrease or collapse.
These observations suggested further investi-
gation of this time period using some technique involving the aircraft
lateral acceleration, as an indicator of mixing vigor.
OBJECTIVES
This project was performed in order to examine the development
and collapse of mixing layers with particular emphasis upon the latter
using 'aircraft motion due to air turbulence
as the primary measured
quantity.
Variations in this process which might be attributed to
cloud cover, urbanization, wind patterns and other meteorological para-
meters wer~ sought.
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TQward this end data were collected in several meteorological
patterns and in one urban (Atlanta) and one rural (Gainesville, Flor-
ida) setting.
The area of Atlanta used was densly populated with con-
~
siderable industry and a high percentage of the surface area covered
by man made structures.
The Gainesville site on the other hand was
essen~ially vegetative surface coverage distant from any population
center.
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FIGURE I
DEVELOPMENT IN MIXING HEIGHT DURING COURSE OF DAY -
AS DETERMINED BY SEVERAL METHODS.
GAINESVILLE, FLA. 10 DEC. 1970
0800
1000
1400
1800
1800
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4
METHODS
Data were gathered by making vertical soundings with an
instrumented aircraft and recording signals that would furnish
measures of the mixing height and a function turbulent energy
levels therein.
Thus, altitude, temperature and lateral acceleration
of the aircraft were sensed and recorded simultaneously.
As will be explained later, the RMS value of the aircraft
, .
lateral acceleration was monitored and recorded in addition to the
aforementioned three; this value serving as an atmospheric turbulence
indicator.
These parameters as measured are illustrated in Figure 2.
Basic to the recording of mixing height phenomenon is a re-
liable indicator of altitude.
These data are illustrated on Figure 2,
whereupon it would seem that the aircraft went aloft in a stepwise
fashion.
This appearance is due to the pressure transducer con-
struction and does not interfere with good altitude resolution.
As
indicated this part of the instrumentation is directly readable in
thousands of feet above ground level (AGL).
Trace #1 illustrates the temperature profile found by the
instrumented aircraft during an afternoon sounding.
Using the
temperature profile, the mixing height is the first point above the
surface at which the profile becomes isothermal (3400 ft AGL in this
case).
Trace #2 illustrates the form in which the aircraft lateral
acceleration
is recorded.
Signal variations represent yaw and lateral
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'ALTITUDE AGL ft.
1000
2000
TRACE #,
TEMPERATURE °C
+30
TRACE #3
RMS METER
RMS BASE OR ZERO
I
ACCELEROMETER
TRACE *'2
FIGURE 2.
EXAMPLE OF DATA AQUISITION
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6
acceleration experienced by the aircraft; frequency and amplitude'
of the trace is considered to be an indicator of atmospheric
4
turbulence.
In the mixing layer this turbulence was sufficient
to cause lateral aircraft accelerations on the order of 0.1 g.
Above the mixing layer the engine vibration produced an acceleration
of about 0~02 g.
Thus, there was found to be on the order of a
five-fold difference in accelerometer amplitude below and above
the mixing height.
In most cases, a rather well-defined delineation
between the two zones existed.
Usi~g lateral acceleration the mixing
height is the altitude where this transition occurs (3500 ft in Figure
2) .
Trace #3 derives directly from this accelerometer trace and
is simply the RMS value thereof, determined electronically using
a ten second averaging time.
For convenience altitudes AGL are
manually superimposed upon this trace.
Franz conducted extensive experiments4 in which these RMS
values were correlated with ground based measurements of the lateral
component of the wind as measured by a wind vane.
He concluded
that the RMS of the aircraft accelerometer output was proportional
to atmospheric turbulence and therefore could be used as an atmos-
'pheric turbulence indicator.
It should be emphasized that these
indications are relative one to another since it was not possible
~o obtain a calibration.
4Franz, J. J., "Aircraft Accelerometer Studies for Mixing Height
Determinations." M.S. Thesis, University of Florida, June, 1970.
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7
Using this turbulence indicator, the mixing height 'is the
altitude where its value approaches its base or zero level (3500
ft in Figure 2).
Figure 3 illustrates the method of reducing each RMS
sounding to useable form.
Due to the nature of an actively mixing
layer, the turbulence indicator levels are anything but constant.
A system was therefore developed whereby the RMS or turbulence
indicator trace was divided into 200 foot altitude intervals within
which the average value was visually established by drawing a
horizontal line at the average amplitude.
This series of values
was then integrated over the entire mixing layer for that day and
time.
The upper limit of the mixing height was taken as that
elevation (AGL) at which the RMS signal returned to the zero or
baseline level.
Satisfactory soundings of the atmosphere were made on 15
days during the period of 15 October, 1970 through 15 December, 1971.
On each day, repetitive soundings were made in order to follow the
temporal development of the mixing height with emphasis on the late
afternoon period.
Flight speeds were generally 90 mph (lAS).
One
crew member flew the aircraft while the other operated instruments
and made appropriate notations.
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ALTITUDE - 102
38 36 34 32 30 28 26 24 22 20 18 16
14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0
RMS SIGNAL
00
TURBULENCE INDICATOR = C~IXi) (200ft.)
FIGURE 3.
DETERMINATION OF TURBULENCE INDICATOR
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9
EQUIPMENT
5
A Cessna 172 (Skyhawk) aircraft was used for this activity.
The only aircraft modification invo1v~d the installation of a larger
than normal alternator to provide the needed power for the instru-
ment package.
. The instrument package with its several components was
approved by the FAA for restricted category operation.
Bas ically,
these restrictions limited operation to daylight hours and no more
than a two-person crew.
As installed, the instruments were capable of measuring eight
parameters, although only four were used in this study.
As previously
indicated, the variables recorded were altitude, lateral acceleration,
. temperature, and RMS of acceleration; all recorded simultaneously on
a null-balance potentiometric recorder.
All equipment was designed to operate on 110 volt 60 cycle
.current.
Power was made available through two inverters operating
from the aircraft 12 volt DC system.
Altitude was determined by
using a potentiometric absolute pressure transducer acting in a voltage
divider network. . Excitation was provided by a regulated power supply.
The output from the transducer was fed directly to the recorder.
An
adjustable zero was provided on this channel of the recorder to accom-
modate barometric pressure changes, adjustments being made at the
beginning of each flight.
5
McCaldin, R. 08, and
Pollution Research."
pp. 405-409.
Johnson, L. W., liThe Use of Aircraft in Air
J.A.P.C.A., Vol. 19, No. 6, June, 1969,
_~-r;<-~'----------_.'---- - - -- ~~~ 4-<". - "
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-
+emperature was measured with a linear response ther-
mistor network situated in a DC bridge circuit.
These circuits
proved reliable, but did suffer from component temperature sen-
sitivity.
Response time of this element was on the order of
five seconds or less.
Ai~craft acceleration was sensed by a potentiometric type
yaw accelerometer rigidly fixed to the airframe.
The total range
/'
of this instrument is + 0.33 g.
Its excitation was through are-
gu1ated DC power supply and the output fed directly to the recorder.
RMS values of the above accelerometer signal were derived
and provided for recording purposes by a Thermo-System ~S volt-
meter.
This instrument provided many time average selections; for
this study, the 10 second option was found to be optimal.
As indicated, all variables are routed to a null-balance
potentiometric recorder.
This unit has four channels, thereby
allowing all variables to be simultaneously recorded on a single
chart.
Chart speed for this work was standardized at 1 inch per
minute.
Ground meteorological instruments were located at Gaines-
~
ville Airport and Fulton County Airport, Atlanta.
Among the ob-
servations recorded by the FAA stations at these sites are Total
Sky Cover and Total Opaque Sky Cover, the latter being of particu-
.
1ar interest in this study.
These observations are defined as fol-
lows:
Total Sky Cover - The amount, in tenths, of the entire
sky'that is covered (total sky cover) or hidden (total
opaque sky cover) by layers at and below a given level.
This amount cannot be greater than 1.0.
~
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11
Opaque Sky Cover - The amount (to the nearest tenth)
of cloud layers or observing phenomena (aloft or sur-
. face-based) that completely hides all or a portion of
the sky and/or higher clouds that may be present.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
Since the sampling method and extent of soundings resulted
in such an array of data for each day it was decided to group all
/'
data for an individual day together.
Discussion of each set of data
is located with the data rather than in a continuous text.
Generally
these data clearly show that the atmospheric turbulence and height of
mixing undergo a very rapid decrease in the hours prior to sunset.
Cloud cover and rainshowers will influence these phenomenon by up-
setting the energy input to the surface and in the case of rain by the
, additional mechanism of direct cooling.
For each of the 15 satisfactory days of experimentation, two
figures are presented which contain the following:
a) Turbulence indicator vs time of day as determined
using the procedure described by Figure 3.
b) Surface temperature vs time of day as recorded hourly
.by the local FAA station.
c) Sky opacity vs time of day as observed and defined
by the local FAA station.
d) Surface wind velocity and direction as recorded by
the local FAA station.
e) Turbulent mixing height vs time of day as determined
from aircraft data using only ascents.
, I
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12
September 13, 1971
. The weather of September 13, 1971 in Atlanta was dominated
by a polar continental air mass and d~w points were running in the'
fifties.
A weak cold front had passed Atlanta the morning of the
. 12th, land another weak cold front was approaching from the northwest.
This.second front passed through Atlanta late in the afternoon on
the 13th.
Upper winds were north-westerly carrying in dry air; up
, .
to 18,000 feet.
The temperature regime in Atlanta for this date ranged from
a high of 78 to a low of 58.
No precipitation occurred in Atlanta
during the 24-hour period, however, considerable precipitation existed
to the north and northeast of this area.
Locally the mixing behavior was somewhat typical having a
buildup then rapid collapse.
The sky cover of 0.5 average did not
seem to overly influence these data with the possible exception that
the growth of the turbulent mixing height was stunted.
During the period 1400-1600 there occurred an increase in sky
opacity which was reflected in the turbulent mixing height after a
short delay period.
This is an outstanding ,example of the dependence
of mixing height development upon sunshine or radiant energy input to
the earth's surface.
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FIGURE 4.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
SEPTEMBER 13, 1971
SURFACE WINDS
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FIGURE 5.
TURBULENT MIXING HEIGHT
SEPTEMBER 13, 197.'
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September 14, 1971
On September 14, 1971, a high pressure area was centered
in southern Mississippi and the Atlanta area was still in the polar
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continental air mass which appeared the previous day.
Winds aloft
were northwesterly; about 25 to 30 knots at 18,000 feet.
The air
~as comparatively dry and stable with dew points running in the
/'
fifties.
The high temperature for Atlanta this date was 90, and the
low at 57.
There was no precipitation recorded in the area during
the 24-hour period.
This weather regime allowed another normal pattern of mixing
'height growth and decay.
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FIGURE 6.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
SEPTEMBER 14, 1971
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FIGURE 7.
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SEPTEMBER 14, 1971
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y..£ .,..e: ~ "'.~. ~"~. ... Y'''. HATrO'" PRESSURE CO~PUTAnONS 5U~AotA,RY 0' OAY RE,t,IARKS. ;'OrES "''''0 /lUSCfll...""eOUS PHENOlrtE"'",
,I;"'" .0, II> IIIECIP r"l.'- :...""- 't",t. 'EM"'.
.L.:t.1.. (M.dnll1.~1 :.. Mldni£!11) i9C!
.., {!.n. .Ir.., .:.., ,'1. "
',0lIl1. .L.S. r.!
'41' 1&;1 ... =.." '.~I ..., " ... ,~.. 1&-"'", H-"'''. oZ"-"". Z4_"R. 1200 GIlT
...,. r. t..~. ~... ""'., ""111. PR(CIP. SNO- SOlOW
IIIII;),~,J X TE,..p. TC.,D. ...T(R "ALL OIEPT'" {:Iock (J) see at 7
t~O, IEOun... UN"\' "0.
""','i~hU. 0"". fat, ,.f') ,In-.) tln..1 (I,...)
. " '~6' 1~11 1611 'UI 1701 "I~r" onr ".
, =j'"" ~'.I<:'"
1 ... II. .-.. (~~. '-'v," -,'''''...,-_u'-
to!
h."" .--..r-.. T" C A~~Jf,;r;-~:.' ,,,,- '''A?
~f ~ fl. ,"c.1- R
, "1"' /.., - --. -. -.----- -' v,I '. , .. -r-
~.- - - . . --~--- .- --. - - ~~.~~ .~. . .--- --"-~-=-- '----'----== -- -~---- . -~--_. ~.~-- '~-----------'
j
'1'
i-o
\0
. - '
e..::>:,. .
.!
-------
20
March 24,. 1971
On March 24, 1971, the southeastern United States was
dominated by a large mass of polar co~tinenta1 air centered over
southern Minnesota.
The upper wind flow was north-easterly on
the surface backing to west-north-west up to 18,000 feet.
The air
was relatively dry and stable up to 18,000 feet and winds were fairly
strong; upper winds at 18,000 feet were 80 knots.
The high temp-
erature during this period was 52 and the low 30.
The area of pre-
cipitation ~are1y skirts the Atlanta area and quite possibly some
shower activity was experienced.
These data also provided what is considered an expected growth
and decay pattern in turbulent mixing.
The clearing sky in the morn-
ing hours contributed this pattern by allowing unrestricted solar
heating.
There are several interesting observations for this date.
Shortly after the noon hour the sky became clear thus allowing unob-
structed radiant energy transfer.
Surface temperatures continued to
rise, peaking about 1700 hours, the mixing height somewhat followed the
surface temperature pattern but the turbulen~e indicator displayed a
decaying pattern from the 1400 hours.
There is no readily apparent
reason for this latter behavior.
-------
0::
o
t-
e:(
2 50
c
z
UJ
o
Z
UJ 40
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m
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21
90
FIGURE 8.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
MARCH 24, 1971"
80
\
\
,
SURFACE WINDS
~ \ r (
\
,
~
"
\
30
20
10
o
. 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
TIME - EST
10 ..
9;
c
8 .
-
7 I
6~
50
4~
30
)-
2X
IU)
o
12
10
8°
o
6 I
40..
2~
Ot-
-2
-------
6
If)
I
0
- 5
)(
-
'to-
I 4
...J N
(!) N
en
o
6
8
10
12
16
18
20
22
14
TIME
FIGURE 9.
TURBULENT MIXING HEIG HT
MARCH. 24, 1971
-------
-
""-1,
16-101
I,
. "I -. ".."
. '. :'.- '..~..~.. ..:..:'_. ".:;.'_.h}.::~~'._',.~~~~~~.:'::::~?".-:-;~~=~-
~. C;~P:A'--'''P.'IT 0,," f.:OIol.-t..;;cr
I:NV.tIIIIO...""I'NT"t. .CICNCC :;CIIiI."CIl.. 1&00"""".""" HOII\t
"~A THt:~ ..,tllle-AU
."'"":~;--.-.--""~' ~- -_. -- '. '-''-- ... _.- ..
.' . .
- -..,..---t .~
To con...r. l..ST '0 GMT
'.--~ :~~~~:.-;' ".~~:-'. :-:--:-:-:-:-; ~7-;--::-;'- ...- -:-:.
- "
~ _._-~-~.-.-.-----,..--.,........~~~~._..........----...,.....
- .__0. .-- ....-. .........~,.- - - -.....-
. . '. .
---;"~'-'" ~-'..-.....
SURFACE WEAT/:/ER OBSERVATIONS
(AtJrtd.,..1 (n. '1:11: at t1p"iSQ'\at~ Civil Stnli"n",)
<,-:...... -.,
.
, .
Prl~i~-h,.' (~~~. tiJt. 1'6+1' 'r,;~'J~
om 2'-1 . .' ~
r'r\ A R , .....""~. 1 9 , I f
ADD Ivn, SUeTR/,CT "...,
VISlfHLITV
TIME (Sh'ulrmtJ".) II'EAT,..EA AAlD
TYPE SKY "~D CEILtHr. OBST'IUCTI<.....o;.
(L.a.T.) (Uuftt,!,-t, (., f...,) :~~; I TOWERt .1'0 VIStO'"
'" 121 '" 14j I I,hl ,..
TIME 5NO'ff SNOW N-")I. MIN.
(G..14.. (L~~;'J MO. PRECIP. FAl.L ,DEPTH TEIroCP. TEMP.
T.) (In..) (1n8.-) (1M.) (0Y) (OF) -
(41) 1421 (I]) 1441 (45) 1"" 14]) C.a1 'r1"'~S~~..8.T.) I .1., I I
~,;~I~'_~~~,~':::,--~-'~r-~'-"~~:':-:. ,,-~~-:::;,:!:~~~~M~'~,~!,.:,. ,:: ~ .~: " ~I.:
R OO~ E('fO@;)0~ ...., :
1.0. ~ \.{k ~ /LlcI1[) .J.~o aD ., I
~~ 01{.{ Fluu 6) ~~(i)'ff;' '7 i
I~ .-1.5;5 1'((){iJ.:;..";-O([7 '7 ~
IT-..! fi HX / ll- (/)(j) "")
r2- A~)0 :J_£j-c) - (j) h I
'f~' 1;:;.5"4 :2 S; 0 - Qli t, i
~Q'}S":i 2,~{)-CfD '7,!
,;:! b[..-;-;,.~ ? ,r () -c1D 7 I
c'r. V;;:r .;(,')-C) - aD / I
(J g,c:,:j E /.')-0 07> 7 I
p /I ~r;; F:126('h> ? I
1L ~(])~i ~) IJ ;
,1-' lJ fir;; 7) '7 I
J. 'e 11.\5'; a 7 I
~ \~'q-() )<'+'
l: t;9:;~ L q, 1-1
J;? f.7 t;:,,=: () 2 -I-f
1? I'/,5'{ d..!>- 0 (j) 2+ I
j R. 17$5 ;,I'i: c> (j) 8 t- I
, ,J::.,', C X!o.f'c -2 ?~,t1') ~'-J- I
)(' ,? Is:? F? Y' (ffi X'-f- ~
PI'):> 55' ') 5 () - (/j) "1~;1.,
t<: I:n ~ I /l (~ I Of if-
.)0 12 ~3 I 0 ~ I iJ/,--)
5 2-.Jq ~ 21D J I t I 7
"b- ,,0 -3 if I 07 I (1 I 7
11 13 3.") I 09 I f) / C/
rJ-1 1-2, -1 oj I 4' I 11/ 9
tC;- 13 ::z.cl/_'1 I Oa
ISi~71.i- -,J Ltk4 o/.5 f2b(/ A ~ c/'
'IZ /~ 6 il II 0/1 c-pIAIA,.. Co'
f.(1:' b 3.5..UD ( 009 (~l~ W <:.... \ ,;
":'9,.. tl -3'(,1('\<7I()Oq l~n,,1 r\
S'$- :;. 3f?D~~ Ir;:=-«) ~.
,S'2, q ,~j.f'? '< I nflZ /' c ~~ ) ('
/1.£:( I ("; ~I Db lOOt.
l;,( I,;. -:33 10;' no PI
/J-111~ oc;~oo I 007
I/i /7 f'2{) i-:? (1: '5(") 'f
'-IOlj9 0 a laD I 01 ()
~q t~ J~_lLis,(; ; () J ,
! :
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-
iF.A-
lEv£t. TEMP. 1>~~Nff~
~~;~.. ('.', (0,.)'
(mh.J
,.,
REMARKS AND SUPPLr~~NTA": CoDrD DATA
IU1
.---::::.-
STATIOtoi PRESSURE CO,.tFUTA,IOtlS
SV),IMARY Of DA. Y
(1.:.i(n1r.tl1 10 Y.d.night)
U-HR. ,I- U_HR.!. Z4.--:-HR. Z4_HR". ':00 GMT
; 'M")(. ", . MIN.. .';.R';'i:. :~?~ ,SNOW',
Tt.uP. . .TO'P.. . EOU"". UNM":-TD. O~PTH
~:. i. ,~~~.L,. '. ::? :, ':~~:~- ,~, ~~n~.~~~, .L. ~(:~;/ - H
"
S'TATION
PRESSURIt
(11\8,)
.~-
-......
'-
"
-
DRy
aUl.B
("p)
"0.- -:OT"'t.
"ET TAL 0- OG~!""V-
RuLO Sro:'I'" DAQ'JE f.q.S
(0P') COy C~'~~R :I'fITl~LS
CR
'''I I1t1 UIP n~1
tl'"
IHI!
j
3('" I 3,:.), C; f~ !?' L~)Cv
t3(~.4 3(),L L. (.., l)fA
G-I. <;:' ~g-.(i --r., (,.,k'
5~ 2!2~'.c) 3 2.. !~~
1~/f9 ;)],):2;> )01
3i,21;21.(").J- I IltS(
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:;>2-~rzg[!;; '2- F--$
;;.'\,.2., y),{ ':~ ..2 ...f')1
,7ft./ ' ~:> 0 '1 . r ,L?
-/3.0 'H..f ;;? {, /ClJ
~(!I, k 7(1.7 ? S- /<,,/1
-------
24
March 18. 1971
On March 18, 1971, a high pressure ridge extending from
Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, to Columbia~ South Carolina covered most
of the eastern half of the nation.
The lower level circulation
over Gainesville was from the east.
The winds at 18,000 feet were
west-north-west at 30 to 40 knots.
This was a polar continental
air mass but with moisture coming in at lower levels due to the
easterly winds.
The temperature regime during the 24-hour period
reached a high of approximately 76 and a low of 38.
There was no
precipitation for this 24-hour period.
This was a clear day with unusually large excursion in surface
temperature.
This resulted in high values of turbulence indicator
with a very dramatic collapse in this indicator and turbulence mix-
ing height near sunset.
Surface temperature and mixing height roughly peak at the
same hour; some three hours after the turbulence indicator peak.
-------
a:
o
ti
~ 50
o .
~
1&.1
U
Z
~ 40
:)
m
a:
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25
FIGURE 10.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
GAINESVILLE. FLORIDA
MARCH 18. 1971
/ / /')
')
~
"
'1
"
30
20
10
o
0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
TIME - EST
10 .
9 =
8 ~
..
7 I
6>-
I-
5<:)
4~
30
2~
It/)
o .
24
22
20
18 u
o
16 I
14 (1.
:E
12 1&.1
10 I-
8
6
4
2
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-'
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-
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6
o
6
N
G\
I-
I&J
en
z
8
10
12
16
20
14
TIME
FIGURE II. .
TURBULENT MIXING HEIGHT
MARCH 18, 1971
18
22
-------
"'.~~. Dr::p.c.~TMENT r:" CO"'~;':FlCE.1 STATION' -.
E"'Vln':~""'''''E'''T""" SCIE"'~£ ~f:""-I'CI'''' "~J'''I''''''':''''T'''}'''~ .
. ~..:.....,.:~,." r-:-/\ ;, /. .1""'/"11::" I L
<00,",' :"H to GMT SURFACE WEA .HER C3S:=RV A TiONS --_..._.....J.:-:V.::.'\._..'-:.., /.) '-.-' ~ j L [::.-
" OATE
IAlnl':.'"" :\1' U."'" .1' ,J.',. tl:II,il,'I/l',ri,' Sr;,"O/J';) I ..-.,
v- "'~) ,,;s. SUBTRACT hI>- . .J .- I )' - "/1
i , :'I!;It3ILI'rV . " :.fA- I, . i . \..- .__.__..~~~._!~ . I ' ; I TO.:
'I ~".tlJ'..mll"'.~ ...t A' t-I"'" ",,(, . II£..'/f'. I I Of.., 1- - I r I AL-IM . I S'''''''J~' I 0RV I ...~, I:.. J
~t.IIIl~:'"':;' 'I ~,~Y~N~C~I~I~G . f)b'J'TnU':. ' 10""1', " Ctn r.':J. , ~-t..~r jl'),...r! C;ftt...t.: ~P!-:£O! CI4"~.. !;E":TI""; " nrM"p"'~'."'flS\JPPLr.:..u.F.NT'''L.C.ooe:DO~T''' I ~,.~!":~~,..~t: . nUt.e 'I B.tl~~ '.I(~i
-...-., " ,.... '-") '-- 'V\'I-'V~ ."". , . J I ./ . "0" I . , 'T P 1 I I' l
'I I sun. 1 .. ~ ..~ . I : I I .",100 '0' fKf~ I I ""C 1: . ("..) . (1""',1 "1,., I ,',". .'.n',.
!. , FACt::.rO\lloERj (1"h.1 I 'I . Ir~
~-i -~~~-~- --~~.-:-'--j-:;'~;...i-~~T'_:---'_'~ ---.. .----t. .~~ . i ;".1 ! ,.:~': I-:~""!._- : - ,".'/':_-;- '/.'.'.'':'''-1-- -"~1-:--i-7.. -.-.. .--/-.- .[..:-.:::--_.__.:~~.~-_._. . "I-~:-~:-: -..Iu'!~~~-'I- O':"'-lu~.~t!.1
--J04-----", .. i ,.1. : l ----_u-.--:.z~ J/P- :,::.:- "-.LC_:.__-,C~':..'-L_-__-~,L---'~ . :,j'~':'i!:;//Icx.~.,r:._:,..~-~-_J
!~~QL£SJ.- 0 ~7t!. -----___,k..i£b~() 1.3 t J-5? (. -~{}~~i---____laR_~;:.L__._-_._-~- J)~~ _s~~~b.i{__GL, L! 9J
1...J),~6)i 0.' ~~-L r~'-~_'l!:5.?JDG'..~_Oi)___;_____b.z!LL___- .' . F-(~..Q.7.Jr/_~_bG..0l~:{
i--!~:3i2(L--O-~]£-L---~__----_.--._-e~-(f~_Ls'$';3 I !_c.~..:-!:~.~~'~_.- u--Io.2~[!!.---_.-7p-g--- .' -_.1SI.!q-~:~--h'_LfJ ~y~-i:_9._1
:-\~i5~{L- -0 ~1._-i:~----!--------~---~_t!J(! 3]i3.i'-f.lJ~..~_C''f..; .___JC!..~_5J. --hc~oJ:/~'-~~7.~~l3~~Ji.cl.j
I' I '<"li n 1-1'! I ~"....'?I_":'>''''(l' ~ I " 11r:~"'711 I. '-"""":')/7' I
1~11,(.:.~2.~~____.LL ii~C.;+-. --j~--- ---..---- '--f :>;J-.J:' -~ 1'"" i.D :,./~. ;-- 0 ~-)--- -,_u....~ .' -T7-- ._-------:--- -..'.. --'----_._-F.:.'..._L~__~'i. j D_' -~-;j 'i. .jl_O_~
:-_J!i:'~"i __L! t...L.fl.____l__.__- -----~--/-~~'I ~5.)_. 1?-7:.:?_.' _.~_C~~ .l__l.o~.:-: -Ii- ---_/~-_L::;____l~ ---:.,TIc ,/1 O.li3~'. j .I~;'Y c.... (i
II I I I I I . i l' -, i i I c;- ,---'(f~- ------- .. .. ,----,
1--fZ.?~~-C f-: -r-=!-'--""----- .-___.\_25 \+; ,ii z'-"j--'- 'r._~ ...'" II.. \_m_- --;)"2.._~-:-~.- . rg~.\J ~.~:_-() ~/--F7. L~_'_~- -~-
,__;c-,f i.':~-' i..Jtl__-":'__'----------j'-_:.t ~._; :'- ~ : J~. I... c;:'f-_~_.;.~~ -- :_-'-----~--'~-~-+-r--'-':"'_---_' : .,.. ~7~~-1':,~-~~[1'_~:'LL~_l
!. . ~'':"~-1 «.., 1-7~~ I . 'LL-~!-:' : 7,;~/j (~t-I if 7..- ; I ,A:': z-!L- ~ L'i' +)\.'),1 ,,-~' ~ /.~; 1.:.::) e,;
1- N --_I i - "i--I .----. --1'''-- -j;--:;;' .!---.-----; -. '---+------'~'--'-"'-L-- - '-----l-----'-':-----!---:'
. ..t5~:-}!.u J :~JLC.? I!_L9_'.-u-v--;LO J . ~~..:.J_3_d,:~J.J._1.';~?_i_.oL
i I/}';j~~j 0 17-/':. i' 5-,s:('! '1.::;.i:-1 0 /:;: ot.... i IlDY;:? ! LzL1 .3 ~ ]5.>. 1/ u: 7 0. )L-)~) ) '-- 1
~I" I ' I f'----'--':~-f./u-/. T-- ~---"-r-'--r--_.2!.- . --;--...-----r-.-t-
'1/~tJ-;J . 1?7tl i" . 1~-~~l~>y?tf~;?~;-l-f~Ji ~o"'0'i~~~'pfi~('i(
~r/;'~f ;r~ r::~~l I . ~~i-!~/~ 1:;-;'[--/; ~~;~"~;'-f--~r/~ / :L~ ILZ :;/['> b;';~~?~j~~?~t~~..:~t~t
:~~ ?1rI' ~~ 1"5~T---------fr~~_1_{--,,,:;~,!~/~ (/.- {~-I--'{;-:--'-~I:~Lt---r: i -. - . 'G"\'~~>f~';:-;:'f.~?'~Y7~ll'--
-~-::;..lf-,--_U ' I i r-------- .!::.'-1'/ !..}S~+ --<;+ -----:----rl.t. -.6- I -!!(~--iJ..!: l.j)_o.-'~f--'--t'"
1'/,:;"i1 (] 117 -f.... I. . ~ 7/ 17 J :L,! /! J ?';I-'~;O II iO / t I I::,.., /1/01'/-',:2. ) k~/'7j! ''-'''11'
'1 \ II. I ~~ r ~ q., ~ -'"--- f- ~ f"...:./,ij j r<:>' ,~_.
~~ rJ r~/ ~ h'-~-!ll .-.;:"i:; --0:":0-;- 10-- ~fj TI7 ,., /' -7/ ~;-:;"'i./fji~~)~,4--1cj
-Y..iL;-;i \~~--t-~_Y;! -?L'~if;-)~!/~I:J/~'--1;-f, ; I~ rfr/~r ~ t;- .' :~ i:>"~" ;qt ~t£;-;t~~;I:
..J4\.5.L-~ . l1.iJ -l-~-_..._--j)-k.'t !c.>'_:~~.l-j-,'}-~0'1 !. :~.: 1-' . 60.(.,)-' :~>.~ i-2_-~~~
; 1 ,-- . J', , ....) I J I ' '-T I, I I I ! "..' I I I. i -..) :
~!2.g{Ii--j"::-~ I. U I - ---~'ll.Ll,~'.~~:.-9-,-_L?d-1_Z--~_!(UJ.L+ ?o:cr{;:......!_;22.vp~L~~LQt-
~7!~J -C) 17s~.! ____~.1'~jJGjJ:}tr!_1~;ikj-L6Ll(Lc__C5/ ~/dGLi~~ILr~i.
: i.\Jjl1 () i~i~: I -..-b'.,~JGc.)_:!;~j_-LL'l: I 0 : . Lo! f' 1 13u.olo jJ?( Ii/. 9! D_L
[~ 1-7:-: I tfi-fk111 ;t~/ ; i C?/.~1 ;['4'%Dt£ff~4'
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!CC iFo,-rne(l'I VVOA,,-, 10 (Abridged)
~i"'710N ?:?E~SUJi~ t:O;.'.:":..TATir,:~~
::!J,t'.:.\I\RY (lr D/, Y
(-/j,~:;';~~t-\~ I.:, ".f.;'.:;<_~d;
;:::.:~\;:::~s~ :":OT~S" A:.~~~ ;.::,-:'C:::LL,J..N~C~!~ P,~C::;'-:~.!,',:
.'..~. .~-~-.~-.
-------
28
November 17, 1970
On November 17, 1970, a weak high pressure area covered
the eastern half of the nation.
The pressure gradient was weak
and Gainesville surface circulation, which was westerly, was
dominated by a high pressure center in the Gulf about 100 miles
south of Pensacola.
Winds aloft were generally westerly and at
o
18,000 feet were about 300 , at 20 knots.
This was a polar con-
tinenta1 air mass with relatively dry air.
The Gainesville area
experienced a high temperature in the neighborhood of 63 with lows
.in the high twenties.
There was no precipitation during the 24-
hour period.
This was a clear day with a large excursion in surface temp-
"erature.
While values of turbulence indicator did not achieve levels
of some other days, they were reasonably high and dissipated in the
late afternoon exhibiting the dramatic collapse along with mixing
height normally found in this time period.
surface winds were notably
light but westerly.
Surface temperature and mixing height peak at the same hour;
approximately three hours after the turbulence indicator peak.
-------
29
90
FIGURE 12.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
GAINESVillE, FLORIDA
NOVEMBER 17, 1970
80
70 10 .
" 9 .c:
\ \ \ ( r I _.
/' ~,../ 0 8 =
-
7 I
60 6 >
t-
o: 5 U
o 4 :
.t- 3 0
ct
~ 50 2 >
c ~
~ 10
LLI 0
0 18
z
LLI 40 16
..J
::) 14
CD
a:: 12 0
:J 0
.... 10 I
30 8 a..
2:
6L&1
4t-
2
20 0
-2
10
o
0600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
TIME - EST
-------
6
It)
I
0
- 5
)(
-
~
I 4
...J
(!)
ct w
3 0
1LJ
0
::>
~
~ 2
«
14
TIME
FIGURE 13.
TURBULENT MIXING HEIGHT
NOVEMBER 17, 1970
o
6
10
12
8
16
20
22
18
-------
I
. !
MF 1-10C IForm.,tv WBAN 10 fAb,ldgecf) u.s. OI!:PARTIltI.I'fT 0" '=O"'...r:IIICE STAT.O",
CN"'"O",oo.II Ta... ,CIti:...C C 8&" VIC':S ... 0..-''''''''- \ 1'10'" C:1i1/JE$illl. L €~
6.69 ..t:..1''''II:'' Dl '.AU rllll -
T. co......;>"'T t. C;II1T ~-.I SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS OAT.
"DO - 5 1'1", SUBTRACT ("tHltJ/fed 101 Wo...r d...l4tnll'ed CivU 5,.I';0>tIIJ; /1-/7- 76
VISIOn.fT.,. s(a. "110/:) Tt:. TOO"A", Ofl5(JO~"
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r"'~f 085 '..ue nONS PP£S- PO,..1 SI.TTU.C AP;......III:ItS AND II.IPP\.E...p;NTA", COOED DATA P~ESSu..1!: 8.:\.8 tJUL.D ", ."'OUE
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00 1 0<' I nlo () u
i~ 'L;s-0 n 41 K. f'-/'I 'If: :i~ ;) I : Ol./ I f)/! ~ q 9L/f': 3EH 3S7l: r; C ,Ay
I . I 1 I
, I '
TIM!. TIME PRECIP. SNOW '"0. MAX. .UN. STATIOH PRESSURE COMPUTAT:~,..S SUMMARY OF DAY REMARKS, "OTE~. AHD MISCELLAHEOUS PHENOMENA
(G..\:. .0. 'A~~ DtPTH TEMP, TEWp. (1tIidn~N -r..~ "-idnil""
T.) (1..5.T.} (floe.) nn..} (f-.} (0') (OF) ''''''
(4.$1 TI_E(:~;S.T'}IAt'S 7 V?Z£1I/~(1 r~.,( l~.."R l.. HR. Z.. NR. ".."'R.
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~'~1> ./ CI 0 6 31 31 A T. T"'E~"". , I TIDI~. TEN". .AT!!:R ""'~~ DEPTH
It.O~ EQulV. V"""I-TO. (I_.J
0 (J ~~ 31 ,)ttSR~~; ClAR1 I (." rO" (fo-.) -.,
,"''S' ' (I 'w, ,,,, 'w' IUI ",n
Ck-<0 2 (' r r 31 2.5? TOTA~ CORA, ,
U' : ~'\.;o
. 116[. , /. ~ 0 5'1 I~J] ":;TA. PRE-55. .~4'C ~a~~6i.J:i~i '~8i ~ .
163'
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c-: ,.., c.)' 0
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MF1-1OC (6-69) "Slolpers.ec:e~ WBAN U) «Abridged)" I." . -. - <, -
- .~)..
, .
,
. ;
.'
I
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I
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I-'
-------
32
May 31,1971
On. May 31, 1971, a weak high pressure area dominated the
southeastern part of the country.
The center of the high was
in northwestern Alabama.
The wind flow at lower levels over
Gainesville was north-westerly but very light.
At approximately
18,000 feet, winds were north-westerly at 30 knots.
The air was
dry and stable.
The temperature regime in Gainesville ranged from
a high of 88 to a low 55 with no. precipitation being experienced
during the 24-hour period.
Surface temperature and mixing height follow typical pattern
peaking at approximately 1700 hours.
Turbulence indicator pattern
. is atypical in that growth stopped as early as 1000-1100 hours, and
did not attain magnitudes that might be expected for a clear day.
Explanation might be associated with light winds and higher than
usual mixing heights attained, thus spreading the energy available
to the higher altitudes.
- """..1
-------
90
80
a::
o
ti
~ 50
c
Z
LU
C..l
Z
LU 40
...J
:::>
m
a::
:::>
I-
30
20
10
33
FIGURE 14.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
GAINESVillE, FLORIDA
MAY 31, 1971
" . / /'/ /
r
" ~
o
0800 0900 1000 1100 1200
"
10 .
9 ;
c:
8 CD
-
7 .
6~
50
4~
3 0
2 ~
len
o
32
30
28
26 0
o
24 .
22 a..
:IE
20 LU
I-
18
~
\'--
~.
1&.1
en
z
:)
en
1300 1400 1500 1600 1100 1800 1900 2000 2100
TIME - EDT
-------
10
I
o
- 5
)(
~
....
I 4
..J
C)
«
ILl 3
c
::)
t-
t- 2
..J
-------
--
Ii.
I:
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i.-'O!
T e CO""." L~ T ,. GMT.
ADD
r ..!lOt r.wE
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SK" AND CI!:I1.I"CO .!'I..........,..,
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T.} (lna.,
1&)1
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..
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SURF ACE WEA THER OBSERVATIONS
lA!.;~ 10" ...... ..I .1o-",j"...It'd ("'...1 ~I.uan",
8["""f" ....0
09STJeUC'IOlitS
TO "",SIO'"
,...
GFj(
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SCA-
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FI(o ,,; <~ 70 :"S" I
II/r, r~ r.;b 01 1..Q1-1
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IJJ P f. :;~ "".:; I I¥ I
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IJ,?'~-..I S~.L.::~' 0 r ~.
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lftj. 'leu 71. () (.3,( (; 0 ,ur.i
r;L7. ' ,c. 1./ ([t'.- c> l:J<.
2.'1.7'f5 <>7,f. ilt .: 0 B<.
?1.7JS flf! c/.r c 0 Dc.
i21,],?'5' 6(,.J 6'1'L cJ c- 8<
b. ~.
REMARKS. NOTES ANO MISCEllAHEOUS PHENO"ENA
''fC'
w
VI
-------
36
January 20, 1971
On January 20, 1971, the eastern half of the nation was
dominated by a strong high pressure system centered over north-
western Alabama.
Surface winds over Gainesville were north-westerly
at 5 to 10 knots.
However, winds in the upper atmosphere were rather
strong; at 18,000 feet winds of over 80 knots were reported.
The
. temperature during this 24-hour period ranged from a high of 45 to
a low of 21.
There was no precipitation during ,the period.
This was a clear day and the coldest experienced in the test
program.
Turbulence indicator values rose to high levels, drama-
tica11y decreasing with the approach of sunset.
Turbulent mixing
height followed an expected clear day pattern.
Generally this would
be considered a typical clear day.
Surface temperature and mixing height patterns correspond, .
each peaking at about 1700 hours.
Turbulence indicator attained a
high magnitude and peaked approximately two hours earlier at 1500
hours.
-------
37
. 90
FIGURE 16.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
GAINESVillE, FLORIDA
JANUARY 20, 1971
80
70 10 ..
\ " \ , ( \ \ r \ 9 =
, 8 ;
-
7 .
60 6>
....
0:: 5(3
o 4~
~ 3°
. ~ 50 2 >
c ~
z len
w 0
0
Z
w 40 8
..J
::) 6
m 40
0::
'::) 2 0.
....
30 00-
:E
-2 &&.I
-4 ....
-6
20
10
o
06000700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1!500 1600 1700 1800 1900'
TIME - EST
-------
It)
I
o
- 5
)(
~
~
I 4
...J
~
CI)
8
10
18
14
TIME
FIGURE 17.
TURBULENT MIXING HEIGHT
JANUARY 20, 1971
12
16
w
0;
20
22
-------
.:'_--.---,--~_---:-_~-- -oJ
\
.,
MF '.10e fFormerly WBAN 10 (Abrldgod) IJ.'. Drp..~T"'IE"r Of t:O""C"'CE ST.TIO'"
t."''''''O'''''''''''AL 'tC'",,,C": I"'"IC.., "'0""''''''''''''0'' rM- Y~.~.J.dle-f-f t1-
e.69 ""4"'" . .""...:-""
T. CO"'''." LST ,. GMT 'n. I SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS OA'!E
~ fAb,,,,,rd'OI '.&'", .1""'i!'~f...ll-;vil."t..,jo"", - .
ADO hI... SUBTRACT .;20 JQ; .''17/
""'~'''ILIT... .~L"', .'''''U I.~ rc.r..!..
T.u.. SKY "'''0 C~ILI"'O (Sf_nil.. ..lire) wr..T"£" .....0 LEYI:: .,...(~:, --;;;..~:~O-~ ilL"'''''. S'ATIO" D". wE T TAL ~ OnE"'''-
T't't8r OdS T'fUCTtONS p"tS- S"TT....c:. "EIiIII...RI\S ",NO SUp....!:...!:"T..\. CODED OATA pQESS'.J"£ BULe BULB ,\;0<" 1'0"'01.:£ r".,
(l..S.T.) IHv,..1>#J. oll_'} TO VI~IO'" "'UR'- ,""-, ,or, (;~~~) I 11'18.1 : ACTE" (I....J (I".., r"F) (oFI I':~;' s<, 1'-1ITI"'L5
:~~E IrOt'EII' 1Mb.) " CCVt"
'" '" '" .1' I '."'1 15' '" "1 .." .,., I no' '011 .112'1 IIJ) fl7) !Ie] t '" 12'11 IHt liS'
K ccJ)~ (:> 7 -~~ _;.4__~.- -'I-.-~ 11~-1 / ~ J7 C;, 30 0 fc d',l. 1.{.(J. d-j
1 2Y:,> '-2..L'~-~~ ~JQ~~.- c; c
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( ~'hif 0 7 ' ~s;:j b~~13 2-,1 Ie) ~ o}-:/-- 1/ ;?.2/1 2.J ~/'J if/" 11/ 7 I Ip~
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1""$5'7 / I ,)
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:L~J..QL! $. '3"1"1 C' , 0
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If) 1',(""1 C' 7 I I:; ," ~~:O 1- DIf';' 3c;2..')d-~1 ~'l,7' t> 0 ?<;P, I~
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1< tooT2.~i I ~ ~o 1("' a-I ,.. 4-1 5",~+O Z'i.c 25".,10 0 -,;p
i!: . 1/Sl, n I I ;50"7!;101/1 {/O :.10; :111J3 / ;Z/~ ~".j,jD ;Jq.o Jl..c; (j (/ I/t
alh{1 0 7~ 3(;/ »I~ I fj' tFf3 l?oa60 ~('2 ~nit? !(. 14J:
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:;.~~ I TIlliE PA~CIP. SNO- 51010- WAX. MIIIII. STATION PRESSURE CO".I 'J7A,TlOI'fS SUMMARY OF DAY REMARKS, NOTES, AHO MISCELLANEOUS PHENOMENA.
HD. FALL :!EP':'"H TEN". TEMP. (Midni::N 10 ~'idni~hI)
T.) (L.5.T.) -.J -.) (1".'.' (OF) ("") ...,
{ell TIIolE (L.S.T.) ..n' ~"J'( i'Y~1.,.119 Q. ". HO.,... H". 244 HR. 24. MR.
rUI U31 IUI ,.., ~46' 1471 1481 l!>tI PRECIP. SNOW 5"'0.
;tJ.? 1/ "1-i AY,. T"ER". +-,-L_- ."x. "IN. .AT!:" "ALL DE PTM
(; 0 c >f 1601 . T!:..P. TEMP. EOUIV. UNWL TO. (by.)
CC,J'{ ,I 3f OBSA~U. eAP.' (.,) (0" (1....) -.J
(!) 0 0 )./J "'1 ! ..~. 1 .b71 f6a, '691 17'"
16«58" ~ rJ 0 ;?1 'I TO~A,~..~ORR'I ! I
: J-Y;: ;, I . is-C' I... J STA.,~7£.$!rI. a.,.or.fc . IN'fC' t:h;-2&l?c.h S"
C> (7 t:""> ..
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I "I~ ~< r c {) ~:,Ll 'It/- B"'"ilS;;"A. J .c - clt':-plt;\-eC~
.MFI-IOC t6-u91 "5«_-.. weAN 10 (.......",~I"
. I
..
....
. .
I
I.
,I
1-.
I'
. c
UJ
\D
I
I.
I
-------
40
January 21, 1971
On January 21, 1971, the southeastern United States was
under the domination of a continuing ~igh pressure system centered
over north central Florida.
The winds at Gainesville were near
calm in the morning due to the weakness of the pressure gradient
near. the center of the high.
As the high drifted eastward.off the
coast of F1orida.during the afternoon, winds shifted to southwest
bringing in some low level warm moist air.
This moisture layer was
very shallow and no precipitation occurred.
The winds at 18,000
feet were backed around from northwesterly on the previous date to
west-north-west on the 21st.
They averaged about 30 knots.
The
temperature regime during the 24-hour period ranged from a high of
. 63 to a low of 20.
With clear skies all day, this date experienced an unusually
,
high temperature excursion from sunup until the high for the day;
some 43 fahrenheit degrees.
Winds were light and variable in direc-
tion.
The turbulence indicator rose to the highest values experienced
in these series of experiments.
The turbulent mixing height pattern
was typical for clear weather.
Surface temperature and mixing height both peaked at approxi-
mate1y 1600 hours.
Turbulence indicator attained quite high magnitudes.
The combination of high turbulence indicator, reasonably high mixing
height and a quite high surface temperature excursion, would seem to
suggest an influence of the warm moist air.
The afternoon entry of
this. air would suggest super adiabatic lapse rates.
Dew point data
-------
41
recorded by the Gainesville FAA station show the entry of this
moist air.
Sufficient data are not available to confirm the super-
diabatic condition.
-------
42
90
FIGURE 18.
. ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
GAINESVillE, FLORIDA
JANUARY 21. 1971
80
70 10 ..
9 =
o 0 " \ ../ / (' « ( ( ' 8 =
-
7 ,
60 6 >
5 t:
0:: U
o 4~
!« 30
~ 50 2 >
c ~
~ 10
I&J 0
u 18
z 16
I&J 40
.J 14
::)
m 12 U
0::
::) 10 0,
I-
30 8 Go
6~
41-
2
20 0
-2
-4
-6
10 -8
8600 0700 0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900
TIME - EST
-------
6
If)
.
0
- 5
)(
~
~
I 4
...J
(!) ~
cs: w
LU 3
0
::>
.....
..... 2 ~
...J 1&.1
cs: (I)
z
::)
(I)
o
6
8
10
12
16
18
20
22
14
TIME
FIGURE 19.
TURBULENT MIXING HEIGHT
JANUARY 21, 1971
-------
. .
- --~-
- ;;,-",-<-"'>...;;;o...-',--._------~----~...........-. -~~~,.._~.- . ----
---.--..."'"
i .
j
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tj.69
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V.':;IGILIT"(
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(Hwndn.h oIl~")
;~~E 'TOWER
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fC.,::~' rL~.r.J
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. nn..}
5lttOW 5"10.
,. ALl.. OEF-TH
~..J (1n..)
fAil
i. .
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..
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SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVA nONS
(Ab,iJ,.:lMI to, wo.. .1' rl,.,,~~md"" Ch", S'lJtlon...)
U.S. OEF-..."hl!tt'lT OF CO....t:RCIt
t:"VI"O"'''«''''.fIL, ,c:U:"CC 81'''VI,... "O""w'S'''''TIO''
..., .. I..C'" UV"LA""
wit" h"t'" AlliO
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"I.. """',
stTTING
I
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II~ .
"P'A"IM:S "''''0 :'Ul'PLE'oIt;Nr"L COOED DATA
STATtON
PR!"SS:;Rf:
(C....)
'"
+--
+--
000
3
~C'
REMARKS. NOTES. AND ~1~CELLANeOUS PHENO..e"'",
'>0'
2. - 11F1. 2.. HR. 2.. t1R.
PRECIP. 5"0'" $"'OW
""'N. .ATEI'\' I"ALL OE#>T""
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(.,) -.} (!no.) CJ1'e.)
,.., 161) ,.., (69~ ,71>,
C C'
-------
45
May 7, 1971
On the 6th of May, the Bermuda high was centered about
300 miles east of Melbourne, "Florida.
The pressure gradient
indicated that winds would be south-westerly during the day.
On the 7th, the same pressure system dominated the area.
How-
ever, the high had drifted further out to sea and the pressure
gradient weakened considerably.
Some low level moisture was
coming in.
The winds were very light and variable at times at
the surface.
Winds aloft (18,000 feet) were west-south-west
at 20 knots.
Dew points on the morning of the 7th were in the
fifties.
Surface temperatures cooled to very near the dew point
during the night so that on the morning of the 7th, there was
patchy ground fog allover north Florida.
This, however, dissi-
pated quickly after sunrise due to the dryness of the air aloft.
The temperature regime for this date ranged from a high of
89 to a low of 59.
There was no precipitation reported in the
Florida area.
This was a day with partial but continuous sky opacity.
The turbulence indicator pattern has an unexplained dip at the time
period that its maximum value might have been expected.
Turbulent
mixing height displayed a typical pattern with possibly a slower
collapse rate than observed on some clear days.
Surface temperature and mixing height followed similar pat-
terns, both peaking about 1600 hours.
Turbulence indicator also
peaked at this approximate time.
The several peaks are not as well
defined as those occurring on some of the days with no cloud cover.
-------
46
90
FIGURE 20.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA.
MAY 7, 1971
80
(
((~(r'-"-
r---"'~((
60
fX
.0
~
~ 50
o
z
-
&aJ
o
Z
&aJ 40
..J
:;)
CD
0::
:;)
~
20
~
I&J
(/)
Z
:)
(/)
1000 1100,1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
TIME - EDT
10 (I)
9 ;
8 i
...
7 I.
6 ~
5 U
4 ~
3 0
2 ~
1°
o
32
30
28
26 0
o
24 I
22 Il.
~
20 &aJ
18 ~
16
-------
6
If)
.
0 5
-
)(
..
.....
I 4
-I
(!)
c:t ~
...,
.w 3
0
::>
~
-
~ 2
c:t
o
6
8
10
12
16
18
20
22
14
TIME
FIGURE 21.
TURBULENT MIXING HEIGHT
MAY 7, 1971
-------
..
i.
- --~-~--~-
."- ._,.~. ..-.-.'--_. ...f....
. '"'.----.'" .
. - '''&-.'''''-' .,. -. .-
_._~----...;
\
..-----..-
u. ,
1.
MF 1 10C (FOrmerlv WBAN 10 (AuddgedJ u.a. OtPAPTN£;HT 01" CO"'YERCt IT"TIQN G~~~~!Lj~-.d~-,---
6.69 1("'''''''0.....r:'''''I>''' 'CU("CL: 81:"'\1'(:1[" AD"""".." no... FAA
..... '''I';'' .v..c"u
T. C",".H lST to GMT ,,,..\ SURFACE \'lEATHER OBSERVA nONS
DATI.
("'''"d,~...d I~ U..... IH .J"..~nllt~.r Ci.,11 ~,.,flot\II) ~- 7- 7/
.1.00- hu.. SUBTRACT
V'SIO'LITY' SE"'. .''''0 I 1 '0. TC:...
($/.'''''' ..."..) WEA h"LA AND iEve-..:' Dr- ----;----r- ALTIN. STATIO'" 0"'" we!' TA", .... ':-,",i:PV..
1'"",1':: !.I';'" ,""0 C[h.''''O p..rs- I ~."~'. POINT o,"r:o:. I sPE:t!'o I :.,,,,,,: EoU I,. 8 e...I.D I so<.",
T .1"£ 'L.~.T.I (Hu",""" 01' '..f) 08STRUCTIONS 5tTTING ftEMAAIltS.",,.D SU""Lt~I!NrAL COOI!:O OAT'" PPE5SURE: "'''Ou!;: E""5
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CO'iE.'"
P. III '" 1" I IUJ '" 115' I'll 18\ 191 I f!O~ J "1 IUI '131 (17) till) ii"> 111" 1361 fU'
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A' t?,{7 C 5'1 I-(' -- 7{' 1- i~1 ~t): t~O~ "'q~&{L/; ~~C![! {j ~h:~
A rJj{t f:' Lj. I__~.c/( . 1/7it~ (lCiL& ~ {J{}:::- V 1/0 )if!...{ y,/~ l-W$1 i
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c'"'
A. 1'/;.';, 4: IC?FK ---.- I l/ '{"7 .;, { 1, 15':;' 'J.'J1./3 I T? y l..4t i
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1 I
Tt"E T''''' ""I!:CIP. 5"0. ,""," MAX. "'N. ST A TIOH ~RESSURE COMPUT ATiOHS ! SUMMARY OF DAY ItE~ARKS. NOTES. AHO MrSCELL4HEOUS PHENOMENA '
rO..'If. "0. "Al.1. OEPT... T!:lotp. TEMP. (MicJni4!ht to .'jdnllM) ,
T.) (L.S.T.} (%Io..) (lJo..) (1"_.) (.,) "'" I
("') TIME (L..S.T.) ()O sf. J\;..i" l1h--.r1' },( ~'1 %4..p. , a. HR. 24. Ii!:t, 24- HR. :
141 ~ '.:1 ,.,. ,o., (4.$1 ,.., '.'1 ,.., /$91 """'ECIP, 5"0" 5"'0.
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11501 I I!:ourv. U"'.1.. TO. (In..)
?O ~:;- c D C 7q ~2- 08SkVO. .""q ., ~8!:'". (.F} (1-.) I'M.)
I 1611 i" IU) {to!) Inl (701
It'b.~-r 1 ~ C' CO I...'.J ."7 TO'\'""'~2~O"'''''i I 9c .! .:5~7 0
lIrn 1 J <> 0 J7 fcJ ,]A. PO"'.Pfmk" ,...I~~ Jf~7' - ... ..
1(..11 . ~ 0-!:...t.....::.-:_. _." '.
Iii '11-1" -, V ," c.
-------
49
May 5, 1971
On May 5, 1971 an eastwardly drifting high pressure center
was located about 300 miles east of Daytona Beach.
The Gainesville
area had near calm in the morning but by afternoon winds became
light south-easterly.
Some low level moisture existed due to the
winds off the adjacent sea.
The winds at 18,000 feet were about
o
320 at 20 knots.
This was a dry and stable air mass.
The tempera-
ture regime during the 24-hour period ranged from a high of approxi-
mate1y 83 to a low of 47.
There was no precipitation reported dur-
ing this period.
This was a day with continuous but partial sky opacity.
Sur-
face winds were light and variable.
Other parameters exhibit what
might be considered expected behavior with respect to buildup and
collapse of the mixing layer.
Surface temperature and mixing height followed similar pat-
terns, both peaking at about 1600 hours.
Turbulence indicator also
~eaked at this approximate time.
The several peaks are not as well
defined as those occurring on some of the days with no cloud cover.
-------
a::
o
t«
~ 50
o
Z
ILl
o
Z
ILl 40
..J
::)
CD
a::
::)
.....
50
90
FIGURE 22.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
GAINESVillE, FLORIDA
MAY 5, 1971
80
70
') \'" '>' ~ J./J "1'10
60
30
6 >-
.....
-5 U
4 ~
'3 0
2 >-
~
1(1)
o
30
28
26
24 0
22 0,
20 Q.
::IE
18 ILl
16 .....
14
12
.10
~
1&.1
(I)
Z
::::)
(I)
o
0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
TIME - EDT
20
10
-------
6
If)
I
0 5
-
)(
-
....
I 4
...J
(!) Ion
c( ....
w 3
a
::>
....
.... 2 ~
...J ILl
c( CI)
z
::)
CI)
o
6
8
10
12
16
18
20
22
14
TIME
FIGURE 23.
TURBULENT MIXING HEIGHT
MAY 5, 1971
-------
!. .
,.
: MF 1.10C {Forrrtltriv WBAN 10 (Abrld;edJ
6.69
~eS~AV. i
cq.s .
I~'TI"L~ I
(15)
U.S. :)~..~"h'P;"T 0" CO.u..r:AC~
..'" ~,qO""'II" T."" SCI~NC C "..,. ..-IC II~: ~:::"",::': '...u"JIII"~~~
~~.2YI J. L/;
-5-71
r-lh.
i T. c.,......,' LST t. GMT
, I
SURFACE WE:t. TliER .OBSERVA TIONS
(AbrtdA' " I.or (Mr ", d,',d~"',(..J CII'II ''''.'ION'I)
...j
I
-'00- hn. ~UB"RA.C" -.- hiS,
I
~
1
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N
i I.,... "~we
. (L_~.T.J
VI~'O"..IT...
r.i..r".. ...".,.)
"II;;ATM!,R ."0
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TO '10'1:"0"
A\.. T.N.
S!;TTI""O
rr,...}
STATII)'"
p"'E~SUilll(
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co.
BULB
(On
Sot'" ""0 CfILlI\I"
tHund..d. 01 '..')
"L",...IIIII'(S ""'0 SUPPL!:..I!"""" CODI!D 0"'1""
:~~~ I rOW!:R
t41 I 1"'.1
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13
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. -
'Z--
T.IoI~ TI"'E PPECIP. $"'0" $NO-
fG_V. -0. "ALL OEP-rh
T.J (L.S.T.) (1"e.J (bo..) (fItA.)
'A" (,.., fASI
cJ C :J
(.: () U
c ~ C
u Q 0
6' C C
o 0 0
SUJot"'ARY OF DAY
~jdt1i4ht'o"idmIZIwJ
REMARKS, NOTES. AHD IItISCELI..AHEOUS PHEI'IOJiEMA
t~1 .
2e. Hq.
PQCCIP,
""TER
f:QUIV,
-.J
,..,
2e - HR,
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(I"",) .
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-------
53
May 24, 1971
On May 24., 1971, there was a high pressure centered 300
miles east of Wilmington, North Carolina.
The high pressure ex-
tended a11 the way up Hudson Bay.
There was an intense low pres-
sure system over the western great lakes with a trough extending
to' southern Texas.
This deepening low pressure system and trough
in combination with the high produced a strong pressure gradient.
Surface winds for the day were gerierally southeast to southerly.
o
The winds at 18,000 feet were about 340 , at 15 knots.
The temp-
erature in Gainesville ranged from approximately a high of 88 to
a low of 60.
There was no precipitation report for Gainesville
during the 24-hour period.
An interesting day in that the sky opacity increased during
the morning thereafter decreasing in the afternoon, becoming clear
again before sunset.
Some anomaly occurred at approximately 1500
hr. as reflected in a sharp decrease in turbulence indicator and
turbulent mixing height.
No data available seem to explain this
behavior.
The possibility exists that a local rainshower occurred
and did not get recorded on the weather observation sheet.
The
rapid collapse prior to sunset is still evident, having occurred some
time after the above anomaly.
-------
a:
o
t-
\ ') ') \ '1 ~ '\
30
,20
10
o
08000900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1100 1800 1900 2000 2100
TIME - EDT
10 .
~
-
8 ~
-
7 I
6>-
5!::
o
4~
30
2 >-
Ii;;
o
32
30
28 0
o
26 I
24 ~
22 1&.1
....
20
18
-------
It)
I
o
- 5
)(
..
..
I 4
-J
C)
ct
&&J 3
Q
::)
~ .
5 2
ct
6
o
6
"'"
Vt
t-
I&J
U)
Z
:)
U)
8
14
TIME
FIGURE 25.
TURBULENT MIXING HEIGHT
MAY 24, 1971
20
22
10
12
16
18
-------
--_._~---
,'-
MFI_~,--
,,,...701
To co,,~.n LST '0 G..-T
,
I ADD
!
lit'!" SUBTqACT
'. P( ""!;.
IL.~.~.)
"r',Y A"'O CEILING
I"""',.-I-"rh.t,
'"
C1.
",
R C.,~
r ,.,(1,
K' r.-'!-{"
a. C<,';,'
c
(;
o
"-
, ,
;: (u ,':: C { i
R ,
PR.l:CI,,". ""'1..1-
(tn.., (In..)
,12: It!, "t ~ 1.'" ,..,
.'4r:. ':0 IX 0 ~; 0
() ... t~
""L'~b ' 0 C 0
...,C!.t;' , {', '-' 0
!fyJT ' i:> U C
p(~.+ . r. c c
w.~,1X 0 D
G, tei "1'i!>~;~~w.
7 9 b 1 eSHI~~; e"R
(.,1-1;0 'OT~~~CO""
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'l 7)/ .~~~~ORA~! f:. 0'"
; ""...IOC 16..701 SUP£RSI:CES WOAN 'OR" IOIJ"AAI
'.
",....
SURF ACE WEA THER OBSERV ATIONS
tAbnrfr-d lor us,...t dP"h:f'8t~ Clnl ro(.t'~lf!l"
vls'e-t.'TV
,So..,,,,......,...,
..r:AT"'ER """"0
ODSTAUCTIONS .
TO VI$'O'"
:~~; I TO.., ~
'.1 ~ I '..1
!
'7; 1--1 .57 () () C, (\ I
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!7~ {.( ~7 00 loci
~ '3 {,o.,'(. Q \<' I L;:;'~
I Cf -" .b 1A7' -1-Ll '.- (, I
f1 (. C'/ w1 ,," I L' i. I
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If'i Ps :1' n 1(;( I
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f'.J 1+, OICo C
----------------
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U.\. D~P"FtTWr... ~ OJ" CO"'" I!: PC I!:
1:""''''0''''11:.. TAL ICIt...CI!: !''''''''Ct:. ~O""..,.T',"''',\.>,.
...t::A ,....~. rou.."u
AL TIM.
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0"..1
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1
SUMMARY OF DAY
t!o\U1T1l1tM ~~ ~j,7) Inl (6" '"''
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~ 75. I- 1-( 'j 0 0 ./4
2'7.qc,:;1~?/ ~/..-z 0 c !x..-'Z-
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V1
0\
.
REMARKS. "'OTES A":O IIIISCElLANEOUS PHE",Ol.l[NA
t'OI
-------
57
f.
June 22, 1971
. The Florida weather of June 22, 1971 was dominated by
a high pressure center located over the central section of the
peninsula.
Temperatures ranged from a high of 93 to a low of 73.
Winds in the Gainesville area at about 18,000 feet were west to
west-north-west at 20 knots.
This was a typical summer day in Florida with cumulus
buildups leading to local thunderstorms in the early afternoon.
All data reflect the cooling effect of shower activity.
It is
interesting to note the recovery of turbulence indicator and tur-
bulent mixing height with clearing skies in the later afternoon
hours and the collapse of this recovery at a time expected due to
approaching sunset.
-------
58
FIGURE 26.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
GAINESVillE, FLORIDA
JUNE 22, 1971
90
34
32 0
o
30 I
28 ~
26 I&J
I-
24
10 .
9 ;
8 i
-
7 I
6 >
I-
5 0
4 ~
3 0
2 >
~
len
O.
a:
o
ti
2 50
c
Z
I&J
o
Z
I&J 40
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a:
::)
I-
,'-'-~..../-/
70
60
'30
~
en
en
;:)
CD
:2
Z
en
;:)
...J
:)
2
:)
o
I
ILl
~ 0
:> ILl
o 0
2 ~
~ ~ ~
z z oct
I- I a:
:z: ~ O'~
~en octO
...J ILl ILl
~ :z: 0
.~ a: a: Z
en C! ILl ILl
~ - ~ 2
ILl ~ a:
~ 2 0
o en a: I-
:z: 2 0 en
~ a: Z~ :5
Ci ~ ~a: 0
a: en ILIILI Z
ell a: CD~ ~
en ~ Z:) I-
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o I
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en
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~
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(I)
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(I)
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0800 0900 1000 1100 1200 I~OO 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000 2100
TIME - EDT
-------
6
rt)
I
o
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.-!
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-------
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'1
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i7'~. .... . 'f' /;~l-f~~~-f;~;7! "" Iq~52 ~()?> C/O "" . arLJ iq";~5' i7(:~JI';A':; ~ ~:
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SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS
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61
April 21, 1971
On April 21, 1971, a weak high pressure system centered
approximately 400 miles southeast of the southern tip of the
Florida peninsula dominated the Gainesville weather.
Surface
winds were light due to the weak pressure gradient and generally,
southwes"ter1y.
Dew points were in the sixties and some ground
fog occurred during the morning hours which quickly burned off.
The maximum temperature attained was 85 and the low 59.
The low
level winds bringing moisture off the Gulf produced considerable
cloudiness during the day.
o
Winds at 15,000 feet were about 300 ,
at 25 knots.
No precipitation occurred at Gainesville during
the 24-hour period.
The above cloudiness appeared at Gainesville just prior to
noon.
This increase in cloud cover stunted the continued increase
in turbulence indicator and turbulence" mixing height.
In spite of
the cloud cover however these two parameters experienced the rapid
collapse in the hours preceding sunset.
-------
62
90
FIGURE 28.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
GAINESVillE, FLORIDA
APRil 21, 1971
80
('r-r-(
(".~
( ( ~ (,(
70
60
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07000800 0900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800 1900 2000
TIME - EST
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TIME
FIGURE 29.
TURBULENT MIXING HEIGHT
APRIL 21, 1971
12
16
18
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66
June 4, 1971
On June 4, 1971, the southeastern United States was dominated
by a large but weak high pressure system.
The high had two centers,
one over eastern Kentucky and the other over eastern South Carolina.
. This put the Gainesville area on the southern part of the high and
surface winds during the day were easterly.
Considerable low level
moisture caused some patchy ground fog in the early morning which
soon dissipated due to the dryness of the upper air.
Winds aloft
were very light and variable.
At approximately 18,000 feet, winds
were easterly at 5 knots or less.
No precipitation occurred at Gaines-
vi11e during the preceding 24-hours and the temperature ranged from a
high of approximately 90 to a low of 68.
Considerable cloud cover was experienced all day.
The turbu-
1ence indicator data reflect a brief effect of a local rainshower.
The
rate of collapse of turbulence indicator and turbulent mixing height
is less than experienced on a clear day.
-------
67
90
FIGURE 30.
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR
GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA
JUNE 4. 1971
)
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FIGURE 31.
TURBULENT MIXING HEIGHT
JUNE 4, 1971
-------
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70
June 15, 1971
June 15, 1971 was a typical summer meteorological situa-
tion.
The Bermuda high extended into the Gulf of Mexico with
high pressure centered about 300 miles south of New Orleans.
The surface circulation was generally south to southwest bring-
ing' in considerable moisture.
The winds at about 18,000 feet
over Gainesville were northwesterly during the day, at 10 knots
"
or less.
The temperature regime ranged from a high of 93 to a
low of 73.
.A truly cloudy day with considerable rain and thunder-
storm activity. These activities led to the reduction of tur-
bulence indicator and turbulent mixing height at an early hour.
Surface temperatures dramatically reflect the thundershower coo1-
ing effect.
It should be appreciated that turbulence surely existed
in and near these thundershowers.
Aircraft operations were continued
"in between" such formations.
-------
71
FIGURE 32. 34
ATMOSPHERIC BEHAVIOR' 32
GAINESVILLE. FLORIDA 30 0
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75
CHANGE IN LAPSE RATES DURING COLLAPSE PERIOD
Lapse rates for the days and hours involved in the study
are summarized in Table I.
These rates were determined within
the mixing layer, usually from 200' to 2200' above the surface.
During the late hours the mixing layer is ill-defined due to the
very rapid collapse being experienced; in which case the above
system of determining this rate was used; i.e. no attempt was
made to restrict the lapse rate determination to a height within
the mixing layer.
While there are large deviations, it would
seem that the lapse rate becomes more stable with the approach
of sunset.
. .
. .'-
-------
76 .
TABLE I
Mixing Height Lapse Rates
wi~h Approach of Sunset
Date
Time
Time of
Sunset
Lapse Rate
0C/100 M .
01/21/71 1605 1757 0.917
1810 0.753'
09/13/71 1315 1949 0.973
1530 0.918
1730 0.868
1820 0.835
1855 .0.835
03/18/71 1340 1838 0.902
1535 O. 933
1655 : 0.737
1750 0.836
1840 0.737
09/14/71 1440 1949 0.983
1630 0.885
1740 0.885
1825 0.738
03/24/71 1410 1843 0.885
1530 1.00
1855 1.05
04/21/71 1420 1900 0.852
1530 0.836
1650 0.786
1830 0.770
1855 0.606
. 11/17/70 1110 1745 1.00
1620 0.852
1750 0.902
05/05/71 1010 1909 0.787
1405 0.860
1550 0.590
1815 0.830
1945 0.787
05/07/71 1010 . 1910 0.750
-------
77
TABLE I
Continued
1320 0.967
1500 1. 007
1630 1.065
1830 1.190
1850 0.950
1920 0.885
1955 0.935
OS/2"4/71 1035 1921 0.983
1310 0.983
1545 1.000
1730 1.037
1840 0.871
1915 1.037
1925 0.837
05/31/71 1350 1923 0.904
1650 0.960
1810 0.950
1930 0.917
06/04/71 1245 1925 0.721
1530 .. 0.902
1640 0.787
1750 0.982
06/15/71 1010 1931 0.819
1110 0.950
1300 1.068
1630 O. 640
06/22/71 1000 1932 0.492
1210 0.982
1425 0.862
1600 0.656
1730 0.852
1815 0.819
. .
-------
78
MAPPING OF MIXING HEIGHT OVER URBAN AREAS
Attempts were made to map the mixing height over Atlanta on
3/24/71; over Jacksonville, Florida on 12/11/71 and Tampa, Florida
on 12/12/71.
The first two showed very little in the way of a heat
island.
The data of 12/12/71 at Tampa, however, did reveal such an
effect, with an increase in the upper limit of turbulence on the
order of 400-500 feet.
These data were taken approximately 3-4
hours before sunset at which time the turbulent mixing should have
been at its maximum.
Weather was clear with widely scattered clouds
over the downtown area.
This procedure was found to be very
difficult from an operational point of view.
For any future work
in this area a different approach would be suggested, such as exam-
ining the turbulence indicator amplitude at some uniform altitude
while quickly traversing the urban area in downwind and cross-wind
directions.
. .
-------
79
DIURNAL VARIATION OF TURBULENCE INDICATOR WITH HEIGHT
As explained in Figure 3, in the reduction of data the
turbulence indicator was evaluated at' 200 foot intervals for
each sounding and an integrated value for the sounding used for
diurnal plotting purposes.
Absent from this system is any in-
dication of the behavior of turbulence as evidenced by this "tur-
bulence indicator" as a function of height above the earth's sur-
face.
These data are too numerous to present here in their en-
tirety.
Generally this turbulence indicator, and therefore tur-
bulence, was greatest at or near the surface with a progressive
reduction up to the limit of turbulent mixing.
Also the magni-
tude of this indicator increased with time throughout the active
mixing layer, maintaining the reduction in magnitude with height,
until that time of day when the inverse process or decay began.
During the decay period, the general period pattern was that the
magnitude of turbulence decreased at all levels, with the near sur-
face levels maintaining the largest although decreasing magnitudes
until virtually all the energy had dissipated and no significant
turbulence was measurable.
These phenomena are illustrated in
Figures 34 through 41.
The apparent discontinuities or departures
from' a linearly reducing magnitude with height are,attributed to
the cell structure of atmospheric mixing combined with the fact that
the aircraft wa~ moving through the mobile system rather than sound-
ing in a strictly vertical path.
-------
. 4
.
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, 1
80
DIURNAL
FIGURE 34.
VARIATION OF TURBULENCE
WITH HEIGHT
24 MARCH 1971
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
"'-
'- 1410
'-- - 1~30
--..
-
-
8("
"
.
\
'-
~
/
"
1
t ....
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(
)t
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~
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SUNSET 1845
....
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1530' "»
"
e(
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,
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.
\
185 ,
,
.
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.
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
TURBULENCE INDICATOR - Scale Divisions
-------
15
a::
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81
FIGURE 35.
DIURNAL VARIATION OF TURBULENCE
AT GIVEN ALTITUDE
24 MARCH 1971
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
SUNSET 1845
. --
------......--
.---2000 AGL
0900
1100
1900
1300
TIME
1500
1700
,
-------
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.
.
....
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ct
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o
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-
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ct.
82
FIGURE 36. .
DIURNAL VARIATION OF TURBULENCE
,
WITH HEIGHT
17 NOVEMBER 1970
GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA
5
4
SUNSET 1750
~
I
,
I
J
o
o 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
TURBULENCE INDICATOR - Scale Divisions
-------
I~
a:
o
~
(,)
-
~ 10
LIJ
(,)
Z
LIJ
5 5
CD
a:
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I-
o
0700
83
FIGURE 37.
DIURNAL VARIATION OF TURBULENCE
AT GIVENAl TITUDE
17 NOVEMBER 1970
GAINESVillE, FLORIDA
SUNSET 17!S0
/
/
/2000 AGl
/
800 AGl /
/
/
I
I
0900
1100
1900
1300
TIME
1500
1700
-------
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.
.
....
.
'a
C
G
~ 3
o
.&:
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84
. FIGURE 38.
DIURNAL VARIATION OF TURBULENCE
WITH HEIGHT
21 APRIL 1971
GAINESVillE, FLORIDA
5
4
'-
, .
,
~ -- J650
--
--,
>
SUNSET 1900
o .
o 2 4 ~ 8 10 12 14 16 18
TURBULENCE INDICATOR - Scale Divisions
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~
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tt
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W
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0700
85
FIGURE 39.
DIURNAL VARIATION OF TURBULENCE
AT GIVEN ALTITUDE
21 APRIL 1971
GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA
SUNSET 1900
" I
1 "", I
1 " I
1 ",2000 AGL "
1 '"
1 " I
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1 \
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TIME
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1900
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-
....
..J
-------
15
a::
o
~
(.)
- .
o 10'
Z
&IJ
(.)
Z
&IJ
.J 5
:)
CD
a::
:)
t-
o
0700
87
FIGURE 41.
DIURNAL VARIATION OF TURBULENCE
AT GIVEN ALTITUDE
18 MARCH 1971
GAINESVILLE, FLORIDA
SUNSET 1838
..
, ,
,," \
, \
," \ .
...- ,
"'-.', 2000 AGL
,
\
\
\
-,
,
,
,
....,
\
\ .
\
0900
1500
1900
1100
1300
TIME
1700
-------
88
CORRELATION OF MEASURED AND PREDICTED MIXING HEIGHTS
Using those days for which an early morning temperature
sounding existed, a correlation was established between the
measured turbulent mixing height and that predicted by the Holz-
worth technique, similar to the study of reference
Antici-
pating poor results during the late afternoon period of turbulent
energy decay, the study was partitioned into an examination of
data taken prior to the beginning of the decay and that taken af-
ter this point in time for a particular day.
Figure 42 illustrates
these data prior to the decay, which are comparable to those of re-
ference 1, Figure 4.
These data herewith presented have a correla-
tion coefficient of 0.68 versus 0.87 of those in reference 1.
The
reduced level of correlation could be due to the inclusion of cloudy
days in the current investigation.
Similar data for the measurements
taken during the decay period are shown in Figure 43.
As expected,
there is considerably more scatter and the correlation is not as good.
It is interesting to note that although the data are scattered, the
line of best fit, forced through the origin, is very close to the ideal,
indicating a random scatter.
-------
FIGURE 43. CORRELATION OF MEASURED AND PREDICTED
--- --2--- - ------- -----:- ---- ----MIXING HEIGHT DURING - COLL-APSE
'---- --- _n-- \J .-U---n_----------1()0C-.-IIOO----------- -2 000 rl}(}C------- - --On 3nOG.000- ',000.000
- 5QO.000 1500.000 2~OO.00e 3500.0,00
5000.1)0&
,,500. r,00
.
.
.
~.
..L.
..&......L...."'.....L......L....+....'....I..."'-+-~..I....I.,;.......I
64,,0.000 . . f,',50. cOO
---£3JO.O-OIJ.---~----------=----------------------- --- - --- - --__h__- ~3GO.~C'0
6150.000 . G1,,0.00~
---UOUO.OOU-. ---------------------- --- -------- . - fiOOO.COC,
5850,000 . . 5e50.cOO
~7'-Jn 1)11'.1 . ---+--5-1~-
5550. ODD. . 5550.000
_m5-400.0UO---.---------------- --___h___- -- - 540". GOO
52~U. Quu . 1 52~C. ~D(I
-_--5lU.O.-OJlU--.--------- --- --- un - 5HiO.OOO-
4Y,,0.000 . 1 4950.000
--4-8-D-JJ-~~-------l . --4HfJ,,,,*--_u
"1.;'0.000 . - 1 I,EO. -KG
.---450iJ.OOO--~---------_.._-------------------- _m_- ._"# '.SGr..cOO
~mtM~-~--------------~--------------------- _u- -- ------i ~----- ~=-- - ----ff---- ------_u_.::HtH~
~~ .;!H;&.~----
¥.~U~jU_~--~====---~~ _c..=~--~--=~=~-~- --------- ---':;7!!~~~~=-~~--------~~: ------------- IHt~~
~ 3150. 000 . 1 - 3EO. COO
:t: 'onl! "')0 38Q~.-O&{,----
(!) 2050.000 . 2&50.00G
iij.700.000-L_----------------------_H_-------_u - - - -- -1------- 2700.00Q
:%:2550.000 . 1 1 2550.000 -00
2400-.-000-.------------ -- -------- ----- --- - ----------- - - ----- ------- u _d- 2400. 000 - oD
~ 2250.000 . 2250. ooe
21'''' 000 ~9&---
)( B:.O. 000 . 1 1950. -JOe
:E1800.-000...---------l-___d______---- ------------------------------1--- -------- - -- ---- - - ---...c-1200.c;oe
o ~~;g:-g~~ .' -------------------------- r =- O.5()~_- _--m____-.-- ~~~g; ~~~
~ ~~"o. 000 . 13~C. 000
~.ee-e----
(J) 1050. 000 . 1 . 1050. r,co
~ij-u.400-- .--~---- ------------- ----------------__-___m_____---- -----~------ -----.--- - 900.-0€-;:
~ 7:;0.000-. - . 750.000
--,"-"OO..QuG - .---~------------- -------- ----------- - - --------- -------------- .-- 60G-.\'(J(J-
4~J.&0G + + 450.0~C
~'- , ., 36:. cez
1:;0.000 .- 1~G.b00-
----(l.r"--. - ------------------------------------------.-- ------(}--;-{j--
-1:;0. GOO. -. -150.000
-- --= 3-D 0 .-(1)0---'"----, ___n_:__- ------------ --- ---:--------------+---- 300 .-000-- - --
-4:;U.00G . -45G.OOO
~"O Q-'~ . 6ee.eee
- -750.000 . . -750.000
-----90<>..-000-.------ ---.---9-(J(}--;--{}Oo------
-1050.000 . . -1050.000--
-----=----.- --- ---+. ..-rr-""""'.......................-+.............................-+-o--o-;-;-+-.--.-.-;-+O-;--;--;.-+-;-;-;-O+-;-..-:-;~;-;-;+-;-;-;.-+-;-;.;-+~;-;--;-+;.-.--.-+-;-;--;-;:-;--;-;-;-+-;-~--- --- - --
0.0 1000.000 2000.000 3000.000 4000.000 . 500o~boo
~99.999
1589.S99
2seS.eee
1see.eee
4see.eee
-----------
PREDICTED MIXING HEIGHT - ft.- AGL
--------~--
---.--
-------
-c;?t; nQQ
FIGURE .42. CORRELATION OF MEASURED ~ND_J:~~E_DICTED
MIXING HEIGHT PRIOR TO COLLAPSE .
.!I-7-S-.-0~O.__._-_.~1-S-.-C~ ~!>-.-4go-._-- hf'4H.IHH)-=--- .---- <;g 7-5-. O{)I}--- -- -
1725.000 3225.000 4725.000 6225.""'0
V "R I ..;~ I E
2
225.000-
.
.
.
~
.L......:'.....L.....L.....L.....L....1.... '.... '....'
300.000 .
-_.---1-5-~~---
o. a .
_n_~15J..-i)~
-,Go.ooa .
'diU. 'Jg~ .
-600.000 . .
----_.1-w.-w~-_.
-9JO.OOG +
u~JU.GQv + + c::cr.CGP
--_.._~~---- .---.--:-------.----------------;-------. ---...--&It-5-9-.-r--.,')l}
6300.000 . r,300.C~C
---(;151)..-Ou,,---_--------'- -------..."----- ---..--____._h__.___---.------ [,15,,'. G"G
GuOO.l;00 . r;~r.~. 0~C
.?')50.flOO '" ~ ~:s.e-.-;-fl.-'7
5700.000 . . / 5700. GC0
~-=~1ili1li~--====---~--'-~1----=-~---' --=~"===~:~;:?~~~--~- .------- +' mi~~H
1,"50 000 1 1 . -".r~Q-
4UDO.LOO . 1 . ~2GC.0cr
---.--4G:;U..()OR~'---._"-------------_.._------_._--------1--1----1--.- 1 ---- .---.- . ',050. ~c;o
4~00. OO? . 1 /1. 450C. ~QO
.- ---- 4,,50.001l"'+-'-------------------------_____h______----' -.1-1-----.- ---______n -r- -.- ,,3>0.000
...J 4206.000. '/ 1,20('.000
...JP----1W-S-j) '00 L ;, I,r,:~...;"g
ct 3:JuO.uOG. / 3~00. Q(lC"
~~-~~:gH~ ~f~~~~-~=--=-~-===-==~==~~---'-=~3#~-: ~~'--~=--=~-~:=-~~--=-~-~.~~:~-~-_.- . ~_.~ m~~ ~H
~l~ 1 1 1 1-- . -7-i5B-.--H+
<.!) 3000. COO. l' . 3')00. c~c'
~---~~~~:~~g--~ --i-----_u_---~ -----------------.-------.-.... ..'.' +--~~~6:~~~ ~
--. - --2.;;:;0.-iJOu-. -------/£-.,--_.~- ----'--'---_U- r :'- O.6J.!.____------_._--------. - - 25:;0. GOr.
~ 2400.000. 2400. ~r;a
225" ,0" ~~c
, ~ 2iOO.000. . + 2100.000
~; ~~. Hnillr:-----~- - ~~=-=~=:~~_.==~~==-~~==- '. ==---==-=~'-~ ---mr ~n
':--9---1~~ 1 I 13SO. DB-€-
- ~ ._g~g: ~gg-:..-- -1- ~----~--------------------------------"--:--~~~;-~~g
:E ?00.~00. .0. . . 900.000
-_.----I.50ruO-O--, --l---, --.--. '-'------.---150.000-
600.000 + 600.000
. ',se. eee
.-. 300;000
--------.--l~{)o-
. 0.0
---+-- ---1-5-G-. !HIG-
-300.COO
~SB.eeB
-600.000
-1-!7Go- MO
-300.000
--.-.--------
-------
.-----------
_.._~---------"'-r-~-.-""... .... ....-*-.~... .-+... .+.... .+.... t... .-+-.... t.... t.... t.... r.... '.... '.. ..1... .1,.... '.... '... .'
-525.000 975.000 2475.000 3975.000 5475.000 6975.000
22L.ge
1725.eee
322S.868
~72S.888
6225.888
PR-EOlCT£DMiXfNCnfERfHf-=-tt:-AG L
----
-------
- _S2S.eee
FIGURE 44. CORRELATION OF MEASURED AND
- - PREDICTED MIXING HEIGHT ALL - DATA
37S.eee Z~75.000 3975.000
225.000 1725.000 3225.000-
----------.-.--- .
\'ARIA~LL
2
5475.000
------&9 7S .1)00
6225.000
4725.000
6450.000 +
63eO.eee
0150.000 . --
--6Wo.ijeO .
5850...000 .
- 5550.000
----nee. oeo .
5250.UOO .
'--5WO. 000 .
4950.000 +
---iriHHT;- e 0 B .
4050.000 .
-~
4350.000.
--42ee. oee 1
...J4050.000
(!) 33ee.eee .
<3750.000 .
--~.
...: 3450.000 +
~--B{Hj-. eeo .
... 3150. 000 .
%:3000.660 .
(!) 2850. 000 .
iij-z7iM)-;-VOQ-+
%: 2550.000 .
-~
(!)2250.000.
~ 1950: 000 ~
i:jE-l~e--;-'-
CI~~~U."OO .
UJ o-;-e-w--;
0::1350.000 .
- -
I.... I.... ............ I.... ,j.................... . T....""....""'....""...."".. ..................,............ .".. ..,... . . ""0. ......
- -
6450.000
6 ~!tO-;-01t1J---~
. 6150.000 -
--~-o1t01t;-oo-c------
5850-. ooe -
1
1
1
5550.000
,-t,OO;-OO1t- ,-
. 5250.000 :
. --nit~~M--
4050.000
1
1 1
1
.uuu
t,650. GOO
1.00 Q-;-o-OO --
. 4350.000
--"---/J"Z()O-;-OQQ-- ,
-4050.0QO
1 1
. 3750.000
-------------------;--36 0 u.ot) 0 -r
1 1 + 3450.00.0 'I
1 >3QtJ;-mlC----
3150.000 I
" . au---
. 2S50.00Q
-;r-2/00:-c-OC '00--;"
2550.000 ...
L11~~:r(J:J '
2250.000
1
1
r= O,6IL__~_-
1050.000
~01i:cQO -
1650. aoo
1 :J 1j"T;"(JClO -.- -- .
1350.000 -
~
-(f) .
,~1050. 000 .
iIJ -jfOiT;-t-OO
:=E 750.000 .
"-~jJ
450.000 +
L.LliU
11
"---
1050.000
g01j;lJO 0- - - ~
. 750.000 1
.----00-0-:-000--'-
450.000 !
-I .'
.J
150.000 .- 150.000-
. :r-- - U .-u----+-
-150.000 -150.000-
--~ + -,oo.oao-----
-450.000 . -~50.'000 -
000.000 -. . - -bUU.DUU-
-750.000 .'~ -750.000
~~ - -' -goo:-o-a{lh_-
-1050.000 + ;. -- - - + --1050-.000 - - -
.To e. ......1. .T. e. .""e.. .,..~. 0""'.. ."'e.. 0""0. .."'... ."'e.. ."'e.. ..e.. .+... ."'e. .-."'... .""e.. ....... .+... ,+.. .~..-------_.-
-525.000 - - 975.000 2~75.000 - 3975.000 5475.000 ' 6975.000
225. OOu
- 1/~".UUU
>~~".UUu
-Q/L:'.UUU
bLL~.IJU'U
PREDICTED MIXING HEIGHT - ft. AGL
-______0_-
-
-------
92
DIURNAL MAXIMA OF TURBULENCE, TEMPERATURE AND MIXING
In an effort to better understand the interrelationships
of surface temperature, 'turbulent mixing height and turbulence in-
dicator, Table II was prepared which lists the hour at which each
of these parameters reached its peak on the test days.
Surface temperature peaked at an earlier hour than turbu-
, .
lent mixing height on six out of twelve days, the inverse happen-
ing on three days, the inverse happening on three out of twelve.
The above six days were distributed among various degrees of cloud
cover.
The data suggests a delayed reaction of mixing height to
surfa~e temperature but is not conclusive.
Turbulence indicator peaked at an earlier hour than surface
temperature on nine out of twelve days, the inverse happening on
two occasions each of which had significant cloud cover.
Turbulence indicator peaked at an earlier hour than turbulent
mixing height on twelve out of twelve days.
Generally the time sep-
arations were significant.
These combinations suggest that the time progression of peak-
ing events is turbulence indicator, surface, temperature and finally
turbulent mixing height.
The time differential between the latter two
is less distinct.
Radiant energy data on several of these experimental
days were available.
Review of these data indicates that both all wave-
. length and short wave radiant energy peaked at approximately the same
.),b
,\
. .
-------
93
hour as turbulence indicator.
Considering that the majority of
this turbulence is considered to be a redistribution of radiant
energy, this correspondence would seem reasonable.
It is diffi-
cult to reason the delay in surface air temperature increase.
The
delay in peaking of turbulent mixing height can be explained on
the basis of time required for the heated air cells to complete
their rise and resulting establishment of the upper limit of mix-
ing height.
-------
94
TABLE II
TnmS OF MAXIMUM PARAMETER INDICATION
MIXING TURBULENCE CLOUD
DATE TEMPERATURE HEIGlIT INDICATOR COVER
09/13/71 1600 1800 1700 .5
09/14/71 . 1700 1700 1500 0
03/24/71 1700 1600 14-1500 0-.2
03/18/71 1600 1700 1330 0
11/17/70 1600 1600 1330 0
05/31/71 1700 1600 1400 0
01/20/71 1700 1630 1500 0
01/21/71 1600 1600 1500 0
05/07/71 15-1600 1600 14-1600 .2
05/05/71 . 16-1700 1700 1600 .2
OS/24/71 1500 ND ND .4
06/22/71 ND ND ND . 6-. 7 Rain & Thundershowers
04/21/71 1400 16-1700 1100 .6
06/04/71 1200 1500 1300 .7-.8
06/15/71 ND ND . ND . 8-1. 0 Thunderstorms
ND - Not Well Defined
-------
95
CONCLUSIONS
Atmospheric turbulence as measured by the turbulence in-
dicator described herein undergoes an orderly buildup during the
morning and early afternoon hours and experiences a rapid decay
throughout its active height in the hours preceding sunset.
Turbulent mixing height as measured with an aircraft yaw
accelerometer system also experiences an orderly buildup to a maximum
and with the approach of sunset undergoes a rapid -collapse and might be
better described as rapidly losing its identity insofar as defining
an upper limit.
The total turbulent energy within the mixing height attains
a maximum level at a time prior to the attainment of a maximum in
turbulent mixing height or surface temperature.
During the period of decay or collapse in turbulence and tur-
bulent mixing height, there is a trend in the lapse rate toward a more
stable condition, however not in proportion to the total decay or col-
lapse in mixing.
-------
A'~ID -1\13
.-
------- |