REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
METROPOLITAN OKLAHOMA CITY
INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
(OKLAHOMA)
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
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REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
METROPOLITAN OKLAHOMA CITY
INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
(OKLAHOMA)
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
March 1970
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Pre face. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1I1;t roduc t ion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Evaluation of Urban
Factors.........................
Geography of the
Region..........................
Present Population ,and Economic Activity
Pattern of the Region............................
Prospective Population and Economic- Growth.......
Probable Directions of Physical Growth...........
Evaluation of Technical Factors.....................
The Emission Inventory...........................
Air Quality Analysis............................~
Regional Governmental Organization...~..............
Planning Activities............. ..~....... .. ......
Air Pollution Control Activities.................
Proposed Air Quality Control Region..................
'Discussion............"...........................
Page
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1
1
4
13
18
26
26
42
49
49
53
56
56
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PREFACE
The Clean Air Act, as amended, directs the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare to designate "air quality con-
trol regions'"to provide a basis for the adoption of regional
air quality s~andards and the implementation of those standards.
The Act stipulates that the designation of a region shall be
preceded by consultation with appropriate State and local
authorities.
This report is intended to provide the basic
background information. needed for the consultation.
It pro-
poses boundaries for the Oklahoma City Intrastate Air Quality
Control Region and discusses the factors which are the basis
of the proposed boundaries.
The Region* boundaries proposed. in this report remain
subject to revisions suggested during consultation with State
and local authorities.
Formal designation of the Region will
be made only after a careful review of all opinions and sugges-
tions submitted during the consultation process.
The National Air Pollution Control Administration appre-
ciates assistance received from the State of Oklahoma, the local
governments of the area, and the planning agencies in the region.
*For the purposes of this report, the word "region," when
capitalized, will refer to the Oklahoma City Intrastate
Air Quality Control Region.
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INTRODUCTION
THE REGIONAL APPROACH
Air pollution in the urban areas of the United States is
a regional problem which frequently extends across governmental
boundaries.
Since air pollution problems are rarely confined to
any single municipality or county, and are often not confined
within a single State, successful control requires coordinated
planning, standard setting, and enforcement by the several
political jurisdictions which share a common problem.
To date,
State and local governments across the Nation have only begun to
develop a regional approach to air pollution control.
The Clean Air Act, as amended, provides a regional approach
which depends upon coordination and cooperation among all levels
of government--municipal, county, State, and Federal.
To set in
motion the machinery for regional air pollution control, the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare designates air
quality control regions (following consultation with State and
local officials), issues air quality criteria, and publishes
reports on control techniques.
The designation of region bound-
aries indicates which State and local jurisdictions will be
involved in a regional air pollution control effort.
The air
quality criteria indicate the extent to which various concentra-
tions of air pollutants are harmful to health and damaging to
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property.
The reports on control techniques provide informa-
tion on the costs and effectiveness of various techniques for
controlling air pollutant emissions.
After the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
completes these initial steps, State governments develop air
quality standards and plans for implementation of such standards
within the boundaries of designated air quality control regions.
An air quality standard for a region defines the desired limit
of concentration of a pollutant in its ambient air.
It repre-
sents the level of air quality which the regional control pro-
gram will attempt to achieve.
An implementation plan is a blue-
print of the steps which will be taken to attain chosen regional
air quality standards within a reasonable time.
Under the Clean
Air Act, State Governors must submit letters indicating that
they intend to set air quality standards for those pollutants for
which criteria and control technology documents have been issued
within 90 days of the designation of air quality control regions
by the Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare.
They have an
additional 180 days to set the standards.
The procedure for set-
ting standards includes a public hearing which allows residents
of a region to express their views concerning the proposed stan-
dards.
The Governors are required to submit to the Secretary,
within an additional 180 days, plans for the implementation of
the standards which have been adopted.
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The Department of Healtht Educationt and Welfare reviews
air quality standards and implementation plans in order to
ascertain their consistency with the provisions of the Act.
When air quality standards and implementation plans are
approvedt States proceed to prevent and control air pollution
,
in accordance with those standards and plans.
This system for
establishing a regional approach to air pollution control is
outlined in Figure 1.
DESIGNATION OF AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS
Designation of an air quality control xegion is one of
the first steps in the regional approach to air pollution control.
Section 107 (a) (2) of the Clean Air Actt as amendedt directs the
SecretarYt Department of Healtht Educationt and Welfare to make
such designations.
The portions of the section relevant to this
discussion state:
"...The SecretarYt after consultation with appropriate
State and local authorities shall...designate air quality
control regions based on jurisdictional boundariest urban-
industrial concentrationst and other factors including
atmospheric areas necessary to provide adequate implemen-
tation of air quality standards. The Secretary may...
revise the designation of such regions...The Secretary
shall immediately notify the Governor or Governors of
the affected State or States of such designation."
Procedure for Designation of Regions
Figure 2 illustrates the procedures used by the National.
Air Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA) for designating
air quality control regions.
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HEW DESIGNATES
AI R QUALITY
CONTROL REGIONS.
HEW DEVELOPS AND
PUBLISHES AIR
QUALITY CRITERIA
BASED ON SCIENTIFIC
EVlgENCE OF AIR
POLLUTION EFFECTS.
HEW PREPARES
AND PUBLISHES
REPORTS ON
AVAILABLE CONTROL
TECHNIQUES
STATES INDICATE
THEIR INTENT
TO SET STANDARDS.
(PUBLIC
HEARINGS)
ST A TES SET
AI R QUALITY
STANDARDS
FOR THE AIR
QUALITY CONTROL
REGIONS.
STATES SUBMIT
STANDARDS FOR
HEW REVIEW.
STATES ESTABLISH
COMPREHENSIVE PLANS
FOR IMPLEMENTING
AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS.
STATES SUBMIT
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
FOR HEW REVIEW.
<:
STATES ACT TO CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
AND PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTATION.
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ENGINEERING EVALUATION
. EMISSIONS INVENTORY
. TOPOGRAPHY
. METEOROLOGY
. AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
EXISTING AIR QUALITY DATA
DIFFUSION MODEL OUTPUT
,
PRELIMINARY CONSULTATION FORMAL
DELINEATION ... WITH STATE AND. ... DESIGNATION BY
OF REGIONS ... LOCAL OFFICIALS r SECRETARY.HEW
URSMJ FACTORS EVALUAT:ON '
..
. JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES
. URBAN.INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATIONS
. COOPERATIVE REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
. PATTERNS AND RATES OF GROWTH
. EXISTING STATE AND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL PROGRAMS & LEGISLATION
o
HI.
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After evaluating relevant technical and urban factors in
a regiun, the National Air Pollution Control Administration
publishes a proposed delineation of its boundaries.
At the
same time, NAPCA sets a time and place for a -consultation meet-
ing and distributes to State and local authorities a report of
the evaluation study (such as this "Report for Consultation")
which includes the boundary proposal.
At the consultation
meeting State and local authorities are encouraged to present
fully their views and suggestions concerning the proposed bound-
aries of the region.
Interested parties who do not have official
status may submit comments in written form for the record.
After careful review of all suggestions and opinions submitted
for the record by interested parties, the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare makes a formal designation of the region
boundaries and notifies the Governor(s) of the State(s) affected
by the designation.
The Size of a Region
As stipulated in Section 107 (a) (2), the designation of
air quality control regions should be based on '~urisdictional
boundaries, urban-industrial concentrations, and other factors
including atmospheric areas necessary to provide adequate
implementation of air quality standards."
This language suggests
a number of objectives which are important in determining how
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large an air quality control region should be.
Basically, these
objectives can be divided into three separate categories.
First, a region should be self-contained with respect to air
pollution sources and receptors.
Unfortu~ately, since air pollu-
tants can travel long distances, it is impractical if not impossible
to delineate regions which are completely self-contained.
The air
over a region will usually have at least trace amounts of pollutants
from external sources.
During episodic conditions, such contribu-
tions 'from external sources may even reach significant levels.
Conversely, air pollution generated within a region and transported
out of it can affect external receptors to some degree.
It would
be impractical and inefficient to make all air quality control
regions large enough to encompass these low-level trace effects.
The geographic extent of trace effects overestimates the true
problem area which should be the focus of air pollution control
efforts.
Thus, the first objective, that a region be self-
contained, becomes a question of relative magnitude and frequency.
The dividing line between "important influence" and "trace effect"
will be a matter of judgment.
The judgment should be based on
estimates of the impact a source has upon a region, and the level
of pollution to which receptors are subjected.
In this respect,
annual and seasonal data on pollutant emissions and ambient air
concentrations are a better measure of relative influence than
short term data on episodic conditions;
In summary, a!region
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should include most of the important sources in the area as
well as most of the people and property affected by those
sources.
In this way, all the major elements of the regional
problem will lie within one unified administrative jurisdiction.
The second general objective requires that regional bound-
aries be designed to meet not only present conditions but also
future conditions.
In other words, the region should include
areas where industrial and residential expansion are likely to
create air pollution problems in the foreseeable future.
This
objective requires careful consideration of existing metropolitan
development plans, expected population growth, and projected
industrial expansion.
Such considerations should result in the
designation of regions which will contain the sources and recep-
tors of regional air pollution for a number of years to come.
Of course, regional boundaries need not be permanently fixed,
once designated.
Boundaries should be reviewed periodically
and altered when changing conditions warrant readjustment.
The third objective is that regional boundaries should be
compatible with and even foster unified and cooperative govern-
mental administration of the air resource throughout the region.
Because air pollution usually extends across governmental bound-
aries, the cooperation of several governmental bodies is required
for the solution of a common set of air pollution problems.
In this regard, the established patterns of governmental cooperation
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x
on a range of urban problems is an important consideration, and
the pattern of cooperation among existing a~r pollution control
programs is a particularly relevant factor.
In general, adminis-
trative considerations would argue against the division of
governmental jurisdictions.
Although
it would be impractical to
preserve State jurisdictions undivided, usually it is possible to
preserve the unity of county governments by including or excluding
them in their entirety.
Occasionally, even this would be imprac-
tical due to a county's large size, wide variation in level of
development, or striking topographical features.
To the extent that any two of the above three objectives
lead to incompatible conclusions concerning region boundaries,
the region must represent a reasonable compromise.
A region
should represent the best way of satisfying the three objectives
simultaneously.
As noted above, the .evaluations of relevant technical factors
and urban factors form the basis of the boundary proposals pub-
lished by NAPCA.
The technical factors study takes account of
the location of pollution sources and the geographic extent of
serious pollutant concentrations in the ambient air.
Pollution
sources are identified through an inventory of emissions from
power generation, industrial operations, space heating, waste
disposal, and other pollution-causing activities.
The transport
and distribution of pollutants in the ambient air are analyzed
on the basis of measured air quality data, the location of emissions,
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meteorological data, and topographic information.
A mathematical
diffusion model which predicts .ambient pollution concentrations
from information on emissions and meteorology can be used in areas
where irregular topographical features would not invalidate the
theoretical model.
As a whole, the technical factors study indi-
cates how large the air quality control region should be in order
to encompass most pollution sources and most people and property
affected by those sources.
The study of urban factors takes account of a different set
of considerations.
It discusses the location of urban and indus-
trial concentrations, expected patterns of urban growth, govern-
mental jurisdictions in regions, cooperative regional arrangements,
existing State and local air pollution control programs, and other
such factors.
As a whole, the urban factors study indicates how
large .a region should be in order to encompass expec ted regional
growth and to encourage cooperation among political units in con-
trolling air pollution.
The body of this report contains a proposal for the boundaries
of the Oklahoma City Intrastate Air Quality Control Region, follow-
ing evaluation of technical and urban factors.
The report is
intended to serve as the background doc~ment for the formal Consul-
tation between the National Air Pollution Control Administration
and the appropriate State and local authorities.
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EVALUATION OF URBAN FACTORS
The factors of major importance in considering boundaries
for an air quality control region are those which have to do
with the size, shape, nature, and dynamics of urbanization
within the region.
In this discussion of the Oklahoma City
area, the geography of the region is reviewed initially since
its location and physical characteristics can affect both the
scale and direction of its urban growth.
The area's present
and projected population and economic activity patterns are
then considered.
Future growth and its implications for the
physical configuration of the Oklahoma City urban area are of
particular importance in determining the size of the Region.
GEOGRAPHY OF THE REGION
The Oklahoma City area is defined for study purposes as
the Oklahoma City Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
counties--Canadian, Oklahoma, and Cleveland--and adjacent
counties--Kingfisher, Logan, and Lincoln to the north and
Grady, McClain, and Pottawatomie Counties to the south.
The area is in the geographic center of the State of
Oklahoma.
Its land surface is typified by gently rolling
prairie and low-lying hills.
The terrain slopes generally
eastward and ranges from about 1,600 feet above sea level at
points in western Kingfisher County to around 1,100 feet in
eastern Pottawatomie County.
Running southeastward through
the area are the drainage basins of the Cimmaron, Deep Ford,
North Canadian, and South Canadian Rivers.
1
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Before Oklahoma was opened to white settlement, the
Oklahoma City area became known since it was located on the
direct path of cattle trails running northward from Texas
to Kansas.
The Chisholm Trail, for example, passed through
present-day Canadian County.
By the time the first settlement
"run" was permitted, the cattle drives had ceased since the
Santa Fe Railroad had extended its lines from Kansas to what is
now Oklahoma City and the Rock Island Railroad had nearly
completed a similar line into EI Reno in Canadian County.
These
transportation links added to the lure of good agricultural land
in the region f or would-be settlers.
As a result, the first
settlement run created instant towns as an estimated 50,000
people rushed into the Oklahoma City area to stake out homesteads.
Thereafter, cattle production as well as agriculture thrived.
By 1907, when Oklahoma was admitted into the Union, the three-
county area of Canadian, Oklahoma, and Cleveland Counties had a
population approaching 100,000.
Two large meat packing plants
were established in Oklahoma City in that period.
These plants
were forerunners of food processing industries which are still
of significance in the area.
An economy dominated by agriculture continued until 1928
when an immensely rich oil field was discovered in Oklahoma City.
Oil wells proliferated, and another population boom started.
Between 1920 and 1930, the population of Canadian, Oklahoma,
and Cleveland Counties rose from about 155,000 to nearly 275,000.
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Apart from being located on top o~ one of the world's
great oil pools, the Oklahoma City area al:3o lies in the heart
of one of the Nation's most productive natural gas fields.
After World War II, when the advantages of natural gas for
space heating, power generation, and more recently, as raw
material for the chemicals industries--were realized--natural
gas production in the area soared.
Both oil and natural gas
continue to be major sources of income in the area.
In 1967,
the Bureau of Mines reported that the gross value of natural
gas and crude oil production in the State as a whole increased
to more than four times the value produced in 1945.1
The
counties in the Oklahoma City study area have shared significantly
in this increased level of output.
The Oklahoma City area was chosen during World War II for
a military aircraft maintenance base and supply depot and for
ground and air training of Army Air Corps personnel.
Although
the composition of activities undertaken has changed, the Federal
Government still maintains important military and civil aircraft
service centers in the area.
These eenters have in turn
encouraged growth of support industries in the private sector.
Each of these successive major stimulants to the growth of
the Oklahoma City area is inseparable from the geographic and
resource characteristics of the area.
Yet none could have been
as stimulating without-coincident national and international
demands.
Thus, the area has been and is still "export industry"
oriented to an unusual degree for an inland region.
1 U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1967 Minerals
Yearbook, Vol. III. Area Reports: Domestic.
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PRESENT POPULATION AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY PATTERN OF REGION
The most recent estimates of population in the Oklahoma
City area are those of the Oklahoma Employment Security
Commission (OESC).
These estimates, as shown in Table I, are
for July 1968.
The estimated 1968 population of the Oklahoma
City SMSA counties (Canadian, Cleveland, and Oklahoma) was
601,600.
The six adjacent counties (Grady, Kingfisher, Lincoln,
Logan, McClain, and Pottawatomie) were estimated to contain
135,600 persons.
Considered in relation to total county land
area, population densities are moderate in Oklahoma and
Cleveland Counties and low to very low in all the others
(Figure 3).
From the population densities shown in Figure 3 it is not
possible to determine the exact locations and extent of urban
and non-urban development.
As is often true in many Central and
Western states, the counties in the study area are quite large,
and density averages computed for such counties can as often
conceal as reveal the intensity of urbanization.
Statistics on the proportion of land area classified as
farms are not always helpful in distinguishing "urban" from
"non-urban" areas.
A very high share of the total land area of
the Oklahoma City area counties was classified as farmland in the
1964 agricultural census--the percentages range from a low of
52.2 percent in Oklahoma County to 99.9 percent in Kingfisher.
Yet the employed work force in these counties is overwhelmingly
engaged in nonfarm occupations, and could therefore be tied to
the urban center of Oklahoma City (Table'II).
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Table I
Estimated Population of Oklahoma City
Area Counties, 1968
Counties
Total
(thousands)
Oklahoma City
Canadian
Cleveland
Oklahoma
SMSA Counties, Total
(601. 6)
31.5
76.1
494.0
Adjoining Counties,
Grady
Kingfisher
Lincoln
Logan
McClain
Pottawatomie
Total
(135.6)
30.1
12.6
19.5
18.1
13.4
41.9
Source:
Oklahoma Employment Security Commission,
Research and Planning Division, Oklahoma
Population Estimates, July 1968 Data.
Note:
SMSA refers to "Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area,"
established by the U. S. Bureau of the Census.
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CANADIAN OICLAHOMA I I
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19
20
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miles
FIGURE 3 - Population Per Square Mile of Oklahoma
City Area Counties, 1968
Source:
Based on population estimates by Oklahoma
Employment Security Commission.
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Table II
Total Land Area, Percent of Area in Farms, and Percent.
Nonfarm Employment, Oklahoma City Area Counties
Total Land Percent. Percent.
Area Area in Nonfarm
Counties (Sq. Mi.) Farms, Employment.
1964 1969
Oklahoma City SMSA Counties
Canadian 897 94.6)
Cleveland 541 60.3) 98.1
Oklahoma 705 52.2)
Adjacent Counties
Grady 1.096 92.5 75.2
Kingfisher 904 99.9 56.9
Lincoln 973 79.7 71.8
Logan 751 84.5 72.0
McClain 573 89.3 67.7
Pottawatomie 794 79.5 83.6
Sources:
Land area data from U.S. Department of Commerce,
Bureau of the Census. County and City Data Book. 1967;
nonfarm employment ratios calculated from data in
Oklahoma Employment .Security Commission, Oklahoma
Labor Force Estimates, June 1967-1969.
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A better idea of the size of the Oklahoma City urban area
can be obtained by examining Figure 4, which is based on a map
prepared by the Association of Central Oklahoma Governments
(ACOG) .
Figure 4 reveals that the urban area of the three-
county SMSA region is at present contained within the region's
borders and that underdeveloped areas are available for future
expansion.
However, the Oklahoma City Area Regional Transportation
Study (OCARTS) suggests that considerable commuting occurs
daily from areas outside the three-county SMSA.
The effect of
this additional daily traffic on main arteries leading to the
center of the City is shown in Figure 5.
The traffit:~ inflow means
that urbanization pushing outward from Oklahoma City has either
"leapfrogged" over available undeveloped space, or that
I
I
established population clusters and cities such as Guthrie in
Logan County, Shawnee in Pottawatomie County, and smaller towns
in McClain County, are becoming subu~bsof Oklahoma City.
"push" and "pull" forces may also be operating together.
These
The
urban area defined to include such population clusters would,
of course, be different from that shown in Figure 4.
The present economic activity pattern of the nine-county
area, in terms of employment, is shown in Table III.
It is clear
that the bulk of non-agricultural employment is concentrated in
the three-county Oklahoma City SMSA.
The striking feature of the
metropolitan area's employment profile (Figure 6) is the high
proportion (25.1 percent) of total employment accounted for by
government and the relatively small share contributed by manufacturing
~: c .
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FIGURE 4 - Areas of Urban Development in the Oklahoma
City SMSA Counties, 1968
Source:
Based on a map published by the Association of
Central Oklahoma Governments.
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FIGURE 5 - Average Daily Traffic Flow,
OKLAHOMA CITY AREA, 1965.
Source:
Oklahoma City Area Regional Transportation Study.
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Table III
Employment in Oklahoma City Area Counties, June
1969
(Number of Employees)
Oklahoma
City SMSA King Potta-
Counties Grady. fisher Lincoln Logan McClain watomie
Total Employment 280,200 8,950 5,610 4,960 5,570 3,280 10,975
Agriculture 5,200 2,220 2,420 1,400 1,560 1,060 1,800
Domestic Service,
Self-employed,
Unpaid Family
Workers 27,500 930 610 600 480 470 1,500
Manufacturing 34,900 1,290 110 500 * 150 1,000
Wholesale and
Retail Trade 53,900 1,360 610 820 800 470 2,125
Government 70,400 1,440 490 660 940 560 1,525
All Other 88,300 1,710 1,370 980 1,790 570 3,025
Source:
Oklahoma Employment Security Commission, Oklahoma Labor
Force Estimates, June 1967-1969.
* Data withheld to avoid disclosure of information on specific firms.
Manufacturing employment included in "Al1 Other."
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Agriculture
Domestic service~ se1f-emp1oyed~
unpaid family workers
1.9
9.8
Manufacturing
12.5
}llio1esale and retail trade
19.2
Government
25.1
All other~ including mining
31.5
FIGURE 6 - Distribution of Oklahoma City
SMSA EmDloyment~ June 1969
Source of data:
Percent of
Total
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. . . . . .
. . . . . .
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Oklahoma Employment Security Commission,
Oklahoma Labor Force Estimates, June 1967-69.
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(12.5 percent).
This relationship appears also in the analysis
of sources of personal income in Tabl~ IV.
Table IV shows,
however, that between 1959 and lQ67 both government and
manufacturing gained primarily at the expense of mining, contract
construction, and trade.
Manufacturing in the three-county SMSA area, accounting
for employment of 34,900 persons, is broadly diversified.
It
ranges from industries based on local resources or local needs--
such as flour milling, meat packing, gas processing, crude oil
production, structural steel fabrication, and oil field
equipment manufacture--to others such as the production of
aircraft, truck trailers, telephones and telephone exchange
equipment, and computers.
Government employment in the area totaling 70,400 includes
employment of some 30,000 persons by the Federal Government
military aircraft facility at Tinker Air Force Base.
,Although
this facility is not classified as a manufacturing plant, it
engages in many industrial-type operations during the major
overhaul of aircraft and jet engines.
These operations include
electroplating, heat treating of metal, painting, solvent
cleaning of engine parts, sandblasting, and the testing or jet
engines.
PROSPECTIVE POPULATION A~~ ECONOMIC GROWTH
The Oklahoma Employment Security Commission (OESC) estimates
that iri the six-year period, 1960-66, the Oklahoma City SMSA
population increased from a Census figure of 511,833 to 587,000.
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14
Table IV
Sources of Personal Income in the Oklahoma City
Metropolitan Area,* 1959 and 1967
(Percent of total personal income)
1959 1967
Total Personal Income 100.0 100.0
Property Income and Transfer Payments,
Less Personal Contributions for
Social Insurance 17.3 17.1
Total Earnings 82.7 82.9
Farm Earnings .8 .9
Total Nonfarm Earnings 81.9 82.0
Government Earnings 20.5 22.9
Total Federal 14.5 16.1
Federal Civilian 12.5 13.8
Military 2.0 2.3
State and Local 6.0 6.8
Private Nonfarm Earnings 61.4 59.1
Manufacturing 8.8 11.9
Mining 4.6 3.4
Contract Construction 6.1 4.5
Transportation, Communication
and Public Utilities 7.2 6.6
Wholesale and Retail Trade 17.9 15.4
Finance, Insurance, and
Real Estate 5.8 5.8
Services 10.9 11.4
Other 0.1 0.1
Source:
Unpublished analysis obfained from the U.S.
Department of Commerce.
* Canadian, Cleveland, and Oklahoma Counties
-------
15
The average annual growth rate indicated by/the OESC is, there-
fore, 2.2 percent.
However, the OESC population estimate of
601,600 for 1968 indicates a rec~nt moderation in growth to an
annual rate of around 1.5 percent.
For the years ahead, there is a considerable divergence
in estimates of probable population growth for the SMSA
counties.
The National Planning Association of Washington,
D. C. (NPA) estimates an annual growth rate for the period
2
1966-80 of 2.1 percent.
The Bureau of the Census, on the
other hand, has suggested for the years 1965-75, lower
3
alternate annual growth rates of 1.8 and 1.4 percent.
Based on the estimated OESC population of 601,600 for
1968, and at annual growth rates of 1.4 percent (Census), 1.5
percent (OESC estimate for 1966-68), 1.8 percent (Census), and
2.1 percent (NPA), 1985 population for the SMSA counties would
be 762,000; 775,000; 815,000; or 857,000, respectively.
The
OCARTS transportation study and an OCOG study of water and se,ver
needs use a still higher 1985 population estimate of 987,000.
The five estimates yield percentage increases in population
between 1968 and 1985 of as little as 27 percent and as high as
64 percent.
Whether actual growth in the 15 years ahead will
2 National Planning Association, Economic and Demographic
Proiections for States and Metropolitan Areas, Regional
Projections Series, Report No. 68-R-l, January 1969.
ECOlh~mic
3 U. S. Department of Commerce,
Proiections of the Population
Series P-25, No. 415, January
Bureau of the Census,
of Metropolitan Areas - 1975
31, 1969.
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16
approximate the lower or the higher estimated figures depends
in large part on the area's econo~ic growth, since in-migration
responding to the pull of job opportunities accounts for a .
major share of population increases in the most rapidly growing
urban areas.
Recent economic expansion in the Oklahoma City SMSA area
has been at a rate substantially above that for all metro-
politan areas in the United States.
The U. S. Department of
Commerce estimates that in the period 1959-67, total personal
income increased 72 percent in the Oklahoma City SMSA area
compared to an average increase of 63 percent in all metro-
po~itan areas (Table V).
This growth has been due largely to
increased diversity and higher volume of manufacturing activity.
Economic growth has also been given increased impetus by
additions to Federal Government payrolls in the City.
For the future, the area's recently demonstrated capacity
to shift its earnings base markedly toward manufacturing the
more rapidly expanding industries argues for continued strong
growth.
There are, for example, ind~cations that the natural
gas resources of the area may for the first time be exploited
locally for use as raw materials in chemicals and chemical
products manufacture.
The employment effects of highly
capitalized industries such as this will not be as signific~nt
for production workers as for white collar employees.
This is
true, for example, of the area's oil and natural gas production
industries in which 60 percent of the personnel classified as
mining employees are actually head office administration and
-------
Table V
Growth in Personal Income and Per Capita Personal
Income, Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area,* and all
~letropolitan Areas of the United States, 1959-67
Personal Income Per Capita Personal Income.
1959 1967 Percent 1959 1967 Percent
(millions of (millions of Increase, (dollars) (dollars) Increase,
dollars) dollars) 1959-67 1959-67
Oklahoma City,
:fetropoli tan Area* 1,064 1,831 72.1 2,092 3,028 44.7
All Metropolitan Areas 290,062 473,246 63.2 2,448 3,511 43.4
Source:
U.S. Department of Commerce, "Metropolitan Area Income in 1967,"
Survey of Current Business, May, 1969, Part I, pp. 13 - 33.
I-'
'-I
* Canadian, Cleveland, and Oklahoma Counties.
-------
18
clerical staff.
A negative factor regarding continued growth,
however, is the vulnerability of the defense-related portion of
present Federal Government employment.
With industrial growth, steady additions to electric
power capacity will be required.
At present, the power
generation plants in, the Oklahoma City area are able to burn
natural gas and to do so economically because of the plentiful
local ~upply.
However, Oklahoma uti~ity companies are planning
for the construction of coal burning plants for future power
production.
One non-nuclear 1,325 megawatt unit is planned
in Logan County by the Oklahoma Gas and Electric Company for
1 %0.4
PROBABLE DIRECTIONS OF PHYSICAL GROWTH
The population projections discussed above for the Oklahoma
City SMSA will require development accommodating the residential,
commercial, and occupational needs of a minimum of 27 percent to
a maximum of 64 percent more people by the ACOG target planning
year of 1985.
Assuming that the region's population will have increased
to 987,000 inl985 and to approximately one million in 1990,
ACOG has advised its member governments that future growth could
be guided by.a radial corridors plan (Figure 7), by a satellite
cities plan (Figure 8), or by the present trend towards "urban
sprawl" (Figure 9).
4 South Central Regional Advisory Committee; Electric Power
in the South Central Region, 1970, 1980, 1990, A Report to
the Federal Power Commission, February 1969.
-------
FIGURE 7 - ACOG Radial Corridors Plan for
Future Urban Development.
t-'
I.D
-------
FIGURE 8 - ACOG Satellite Cities Plan for
Future Urban Development.
N
a
-------
FIGURE 9 - Future Urban Development
Following Present Trends.
N
t-'
-------
22
The Oklahoma City Department of Planning has made a 1989
physical development forecast covering nine counties surrounding
the City because they "are within the direct economic sphere of
influence of Oklahoma City," and "as the metropolitan area
grows, Oklahoma City and the surrounding cities will become
5
an interdependent, urbanized area."
The Department's forecast
of future urban growth, therefore, includes development of the
non-S~ffiA cities of Kingfisher, Chickasha, Shawnee, and Guthrie
as well as of cities within the SMSA. (Figure 10).
The highway network in the Oklahoma City area (Figure 11)
is consistent with any of the three possible alternative patterns
of~_~uture urban growth.
Because of the high commutation which
occurs across the SMSA boundaries, however, growing inter-
dependence of Oklahoma City with counties adjacent to the SMSA
is more likely than the various ACOG alternatives which
suggest confinement of urban growth within the SMSA.
In this connection, it should be not.ed that freeways extend
North-South, East-West, and Southwest-Northeast through Oklahoma
City.
The Southwest-Northeast freeway is a toll road, however,
which has few access points in Grady and Lincoln Counties.
Thus,
continuous development toward Grady and Lincoln' Counties is less
likely than. in the other directions unless additional inter-
changes are provided.
Development beyond the western boundary
5 Oklahoma City Department of Planning, 1989 Central Oklahoma
Sketch Plan, November 1967.
-------
o 0
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INTERSTATE EXPRESSWAY
INTRA-AREA EXPRESSWAY
PRIMARY ARTERIALS
'-'-'-'-'-'-','-'-'-'-'-'
!
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FIGURE 11 - The Oklahoma City Area Highway System.
N
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-------
25
of Canadian County, even with the existence of Interstate
Highway 40 and its many access points, is also unlikely
I.
I
because of tQe distances involved.
In addition to these
existing major arteries, a cross-town north-south toll road
is being planned by the'Turnpike Authority.
In summary, the
most probable directions of urban growth are toward Guthrie in
Logan County, Shawnee in Pottawatomie County, and Beyond
Norman into McClain County.
-------
26
EVALUATION OF TECHNICAL FACTORS
Technical factors of importance in determining the
bouCldaries of an air quality control region are:
a)
the total quantity of pollutants emitted,
b)
the geographic pattern of emission sources,
c)
topography and meteorology, and
d)
patterns of pollutant dispersion.
In the Oklahoma City area, information with respect to
these factors was obtained from an emission inventory conducted
by the National Air Pollution Control. Administration (NAPCA),
consultation with Oklahoma State and local officials, review of
existing air quality data and a theoretical diffusion model.
THE EMISSION INVENTORY
The emission inventory6 was conducted in Oklahoma City
based on the calendar year 1968.
The study area included the
three-county Oklahoma SMSA (Oklahoma, Canadian, and Cleveland
Counties) plus six surrounding counties (Grady, Kingfisher,
Lincoln, Logan, McClain, and Pottaw~tomie Counties).
The total
area encompasses 7,234 square miles and an estimated current
population of 737,200.
These nine counties include practically
all of the significant pollution sources in the area.
6 Oklahoma City Metropolitan Area
Inventory. U. S. Department of
Welfare, Public Health Service,
February 1970.
Air Pollutant Emission
Health, Education, and
NAPCA, Durham, North Carolina,
-------
27
The pollutants inventoried included sulfur oxides,
particulates, carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, and oxides of
nitrogen.
The quantities of pollutants emitted in the
Oklahoma City area were estimated individually for major
point sources and areawide for all other sources through a
S . 7
technique developed by the Public Health erv~ce.
Point
sources included liquid petroleum gas (LPG) plants, refuse
dumps, industrial plants,
and airports~.
Area sources
included automobiles, space heating,and smaller industrial
plants.
Emission estimates were derived by applying average
emission factors8 to indicators of pollutant emissions such as
production data and type of fuel burned.
Because these factors
are averages, the estimates for a particular point source may
vary from actual emission.
Estimates for a large number of
sources tend to approximate actual conditions since their
total characteristics balance out in the aggregate.
Point
source estimates are combined with areawide estimates to arrive
at total emission estimates in tons per year of each pollutant.
These estimates are shown by county in Table VI and Figure 12.
Road vehicles are the largest contributor to emissions.
This
is shown graphically in Figure 13 (and Figure 13 continued)
7 Public Health Service, R~pid Survey Technique for Estimating
Community Air Pollution Emissions. Publication No. 999-AP-29,
Environmental Health Series, U.S. DREW, Division of Air
Pollution, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1966.
8 Public Health Service, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors. Publication No. 999-AP-42, Environmental,Health
Series, U. S. DREW, NAPCA, Durham, North Carolina.
-------
Table VI
Air Pollutant Emissions in the Oklahoma City Study Area,
by Emissions Sources and by County, 1968
(tons per year)
Fuel Combustion
Indus- Institu- Residen- POlver Total, Fuel Industrial Refuse N
a/ 00
County trial tiona1 tial Plants Combustion Process Losses Transportation Disposal Grand Tota1-
Canadian N N 20 20 1,620 200 110 1,950
Cleveland 10 10 20 40 80 320 210 650
'"
:
0 Lincoln N N N N N SO 10 60
\.< Logan N N N N N 40 N 40
;j
..... McClain N N 10 10 N 30 N 40
.-I
;j Oklahoma N N 10 10 20 N 1,420 90 1,530
U)
Pottawatomie N N 10 10 N no 20 140
Canadian N N N N N 17,270 580 17,900
:lJ Cleveland N N N r; N 28,340 1,120 29,500
"0 Grady N N N N N n,680 1,160 12,800
oM
>: Kingfisher N N N N N 6,710 600 7,310
0
t:: Lincoln N N N N N 8,170 600 8,770
0
:<: Logan N N N N N 7,590 450 8,040
t:: McClain N N N N N 5,790 350 6,140
0
.<> Oklahoma N N N N N 90 315,620 4,400 320,100
...
-------
29
Carbon
Monoxide
429,700
Hydro-
carbons
150,700
Nitrogen
Oxides
43,600
Partic-
ulates
14,200
Road I All
Vehicles Sources
Sulfur
Oxides
2,200
.
All Sources
Fuel
Combustion
Other
*Evaporation
Losses
Other
Road Vehicles
Other
*lncludes road'vehicles,
storage and handling of
gasoline.
FIGURE 12 - Tons of Air Pollutant Emissions in the Oklahoma
City Study Area During 1968
-------
30
INCWDIr£ ROAD VEHIClES
EXCWD I ~ ROAD VEH I ClES
SULFUR OxIDES
Fuel
Combustion
.5%
TOTAL PARTICULATES
Other
Vehicles
5.5%
Fuel
.Combustion
7.5%
Fuel
Combustion /
10%
FIGURE 13 - Estimated Distribution of Emissions by Source,
Inclusive and Exclusive of Road Vehicles,
Oklahoma City Study Area, 1968
Fuel
Combustion
2;5%
Other
Vehicles
3%
-------
31
. I NCLUD I ~lJ ROAD van ClIS
EXCLUDH-r3 R(}8J) VEHIClES
CARBON ~NOXIDE
Industrial
Process
. Losses
.5%
HYDROCARBONS
OxIDES OF NITROGEN
Refuse
Disposal
4%
Other
Vehicles 5%
Industrial
Process
Losses
1%
Other
Vehicles
3%
Refuse
Disposal
2%
Refuse
Disposal
6%
FIGURE 13 (continued) - Estimated Distribution of Emissions by Source,
Inclusive and Exclusive of Road Vehicles,
Oklahoma City Study Area, 1968
-------
3~
which presents pollutant emissions by source on a percentage
basis, including and excluding road vehicles.
To determine the geographic distribution of emissions, the
study area was divided into grid zones (Figure 14).
The
estimated point and area source emissions were attributed to
their respective grid zones.
Point source emissions by grid
zones are shown in Table VII and geographically located on the
grid zone map in Figure 15.
Areawide pollutant estimates are
shown in Table VIII.
Density variations among the grid zones
are shown in Figures 16 and 17.
In interpreting these data,
a discussion of sources in the study area is needed.
Oklahoma City relies primarily on natural gas as a fuel,
and as a result, has a minimal areawide sulfur oxide problem.
Of the very small total amount of sulfur oxide produced, 92
percent is generated by transportation (automobiles, 84 percent;
aircraft and railroads, 8 percent).
Refuse disposal operations
account for practically all of the remaining 8 percent.
Particulate emissions in the study area arise primarily
from the operations of fertilizer plants, grain elevators,
rock processing plants, and transportation sources.
Particulat~
emissions arising from fuel combustion amounts to less than 8
percent of the total; industry contributes 36 percent; trans-
portation, 29 percent; and ,waste disposal, 15 percent.
Ninety-three percent of the carbon monoxide in the study
area is generated by automobiles and other vehicles.
Railroad
-------
33
.-' -. -. -i...... -.-.-. - .-. -. -.-. Onw' -.-. -.-. -. -.- .-tif!iii"o' -.-.-' -.- .-. -.-. i.--'-' -. - j
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l.- ,l:_:_-:::.::::::::=J:::L_:.__..::::.::~-::Jj kil....."
,,-
12""
-~ 111""
;
{
~
FIGURE 14 - Grid Coordinate System for the
Oklahoma City Area
-------
34
Table VII
Air Pollutant Emissions From Point Sources
in the Oklahoma City Area, 1968
(Annual Average Tons Per Day)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Source Grid Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
LPG Plant 1 0.0 0.00 0.00 3.04 0.00
LPG Plant 1 0.0 0.00 0.00 13.90 0.00
Dump 1 0.0 0.14 0.76 0.26 0.09
Ind. Plant 5 0.0 0.56 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ind. Plant 5 0.0 0.84 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dump 5 . 0.0 0.11 0.61 0.21 0.07
Dump 8 0.0 0.16 0.87 0.30 0.11
LPG Plant 9 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.99 0.00
Ind. Plant 12 0.0 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ind. Plant 15 0.0 0.62 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dump 15 0.0 0.30 1.59 0.56 0.20
LPG Plant 15 0.0 0.00 0.00 15.60 0.00
Dump 18 0.0 0.15 0.82 0.29 0.10
LPG Plant 19 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.72 0.00
LPG Plant 19 0.0 0.00 0.00 2.67 0.00
Ind. Plant 19 0.0 0.55 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ind. Plant 22 0.0 0.80 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ind. Plant 22 0.0 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ind. Plant 25 0.0 1.04 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dump 25 0.0 0.19 1.05 0.37 0.13
Airport 25 0.0 0.02 5.69 1.12 0.26
LPG Plant 29 0.0 0.00 0.00 1.58 0.00
LPG Plant 29 0.0 0.00 0.00 1.58 0.00
Dump 29 0.0 0.37 1. 97 0.69 0.25
Airport 30 0.0 0.12 13.21 2.54 0.65
-------
3S
Table VII (Continued)
Air Pollutant Emissions From Point Sources
in the Oklahoma City Area, 1968
(Annual Average Tons Per Day)
Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
--
Source Grid Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
Power Plant 32 0.0 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.50
Dump 33 0.0 0.51 2.75 0.97 0.35
Power Plant 36 0.0 0.67 0.00 0.00 17.52
Ind. Plant 38' 0.0 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ind. Plant 39 0.0 1.71 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dump 43 0.0 0.12 0.68 0.24 0.08
Ind. Plant 44 0.0 0.82 0.00 0.00 0.00
LPG Plant 46 0.0 0.00 0.00 3.59 0.00
LPG Plant 49 0.0 0.82 0.00 0.00 21. 54
Ind. Plant 52 0.0 0.69 0.00 0.00 0.00
LPG Plant 54 0.0 0.00 0.00 2.46 0.00
Airport 54 0.0 0.03 7.48 1.45 0.34
Airport 54 0.0 0.53 24.81 5.33 1.52
Ind. Plant 57 0.0 0.78 0.00 0.00 0.00
Ind. Plant 57 0.0 0.70 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dump 57 0.0 0.71 3.80 1.34 0.49
Ind. Plant 61 0.0 2.73 0.00 0.00 0.00
Dump 61 0.0 0.32 1. 74 0.61 0.22
Airport 61 0.0 0.00 1.32 0.26 0.06
Dumps 64 0.0 0.54 2.87 1.01 0.37
LPG Plant 72 0.0 0.00 0.00 4.77 0.00
LPG Plant 72 0.0 0.00 0.00 1.07 0.00
LPG Plant 77 0.0 0.00 0.00 21.40 0.00
Source: National Air Pollution Control Administration Air Pollutant
Emission Inventory.
Note: "LPG Plants" are liquid petroleum gas plants; "Ind.'Plants"
are industrial plants.
-------
36
_. _._._._._..._._._._._._._._._._._~. -'-'-'-'.'-'-'-'..--'-'-.-; H-
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1 ! I Iii ~-~ ~l i : i j i
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II r nn - r------------------\~~--:;~ 0'
lJu_. ._n ...J.._--_: I "7;~END
;..-.-.-.-.---.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-.-. . . LPG PLANT
~ DUMP
o INDUSTRIAL
. AIRPORT
.' STEAM-EL ECTRIC
FigurelS.Polnt source locations for the Oklahoma City study area.
L
IS
-------
37
Table VIII
Air Pollutant Emissions From All Sources
in the Oklahoma City Study Area, 1968
(Annual Average Tons Per Day)
Land Area Sulfur Partic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
--
Grid (Sq. Mi.) Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
1 154.4 0.0 0.5 4.6 26.8 0.5
2 154.4 0.0 0.0 1.8 4.6 0.2
3 154.4 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.8 0.1
4 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.7 0.1
5 154.4 0.1 2.1 9.9 18.3 0.7
6 154.4 0.0 0.0 2.4 4.8 0.2
7 154.4 0.0 0.0 3.1 1.9 0.2
8 154.4 0.1 0.5 15.3 9.2 1.3
9 154.4 0.0 0.0 1.3 2.3 0.1
10 154.4 0.0 0.0 1.7 2.1 0.2
11 154.4 0.0 0.0 1.1 1.4 0.1
12 154.4 0.0 0.7 1.0 0.2 0.1
13 154.4 . 0.0 0.1 3.4 2.8 0.3
14 154.4 0.0 0.0 1.9 1.3 0.2
15 154.4 0.1 1.2 17.4 19.3 1.3
16 154.4 0.1 0.3 27.5 4.0 1.7
17 154.4 0.0 0.1 8.1 2.9 0.6
18 154.4 0.0 0.2 5.9 6.1 0.5
19 154.4 0.0 1.0 4.9 9.4 0.5
20 154.4 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.2 0.1
21 38.6 0.0 0.0 1.2 0.2 0.1
22 38.6 0.1 1.8 21.5 4.0 1.7
23 38.6 . 0.0 0.0 0.9 0.2 0.1
24 38.6 0.0 0.0 1.1 0.2 0.1
25 154.4 0.1 1.4 15.3 3.2 1.2
-------
38
Table VIII (Continued)
Air Pollutant Emissions From All Sources
in the Oklahoma City Study Area, 1968
(Annual Average Tons Per Day)
Land Area Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Grid ~Mi.) ,Oxides u1ates Monoxide carbons Oxides
26 9.6 0.0 0.0 2.1 0.3 0.2
27 9.6 0.0 0.1 4.8 0.9 0.4
28 9.6 0.1 0.2 12.8 3.2 1.1
29 9.6 0.0 0.4 5.2 2.7 0.5
30 9.6 0.1 0.3 21..8 4.5 1.4
31 9.6 0.3 0.9 70.4 9.7 3.8
32 9.6 0.3 0.6 58.0 9.3 3.9
33 9.6 . 0.2 0.9 46.2 6.9 2.7
34 38.6 0.1 0.2 14.4 2.7 1.1
35 38~6 0.0 0.1 3.9 0.9 0.3
36 9.6 0.1 0.8 11.3 2.0 18.2
37 9.6 0.2 0.6 49.4 8.2 3.1
38 9.6 0.4 3.1 113.5 16.6 5.6
39 9.6 0.3 3.0 65.3 11.5 4.1
40 9.6 0.1 0.3 24.8 4.3 1.6
41 9.6 0.1 0.1 10.6 1.8 0.7
42 9.6 0.0 0.0 1.5 0.3 0.1
43 9.6 0.1 0.4 20.6 3.6 1.4
44 9.6 0.3 1.6 87.5 12.9 4.4
45 9.6 0.2 0.4 37.7 6.6 2.3
46 9.6 0.3 0.5 47.9 11.4 3.2
47 9.6 0.1 0.2 10.3 2.9 1.0
48 38.6 0.1 0.1 10.7 1.8 0.7
49 154.4 0.1 0.9 6.5 2.4 22.0
50 154.4 0.0 0.1 4.9 3.7 0.3
S1 154.4 0.0 0.1 3.3 3.5 0.3
-------
39
Table VIII (Continued)
Air Pollutant Emissions From All Sources
in the Oklahoma City Study Areat 1968
(Annual Average Tons Per Day)
Land Area Sulfur Par tic- Carbon Hydro- Nitrogen
Grid (Sq. Mi.) Oxides ulates Monoxide carbons Oxides
-- --
52 154.4 0.0 1.3 3.4 1.8 0.3
53 154.4 0.0 0.1 4.0 2.0 0.4
54 154.4 0.4 2.0 98.1 27.0 7.3
55 154.4 0.4 0.9 60.0 23.1 5.0
56 154.4 0.0 0.1 6.1 1.6 0.5
57 38.6 0.2 2.7 31.4 13.0 2.7
58 38.6 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.8 0.1
59 38.6 0.0 0.2 7.2 3.0 0.6
60 38.6 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.6 0.1
61 154.4 0.1 3.6 21. 7 14.0 1.9
62 154.4 0.0 0.0 1.4 1.0 0.1
63 154.4 0.0 0.2 6.0 6.9 0.4
64 38.6 0.0 0.8 5.4 2.0 0.6
65 38.6 0.0 0.0 1.0 0.4 0.1
66 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.8 0.7 0.1
67 38.6 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.3 0.1
68 154.4 0.0 0.0 1.9 0.9 0.2
69 154.4 0.0 0.1 3.3 1.5 0.3
70 154.4 0.0 0.1 1.7 1.3 0.2
71 154.4 0.0 0.0 2.2 1.7 0.2
72 154.4 0.0 0.0 2.2 9.2 0.2
73 15'..4 0.1 0.3 9.2 11.8 0.9
74 154.4 0.0 0.0 2.1 2.3 0.2
75 154.4 0.0 0.0 1.3 0.8 0.1
76 154.4 0.0 0.1 2.2 1.7 0.2
77 154.4 0.0 0.0 0.9 22.1 0.1
SOURCE: National Air Pollution Control Administration Air Pollutant
Emission Inventory.
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40
,. -. -...,..... -.-. - --' -' _. -. -........... - .-.- .-.-. -.- '-iF' -. -.-' -. -. -' -.-. 'it- .-. -. -!
; il II !li i' i
i I j' :
: (II!
\ I KING' .F'ISH'ER I l / -\-,. .( 11- ,,-
: il' 1 LOGAN" !i"'-<-'---'--'r-----'-'-'-'l"---'-'--\
: I I i: i II ;
i I .!. i
i j! i I i
S6- j J ~ i i j!
ill :---_J___.~I_._._.------r-._._._._._.---r-,----___~II----.-- -- -_.~--_.j i" LINCOLN r i
Ii! Ii!
I ~ ~ ~ ~
I i I i I
l : . CANAD1U.......' :i. ';..' OKLAHOMA : i I - .!
It. '11 n:::::::::::::::::::1S .II~ ~::.~....,:z. III 't!. '\8 III I
,4\ . . r\tti ~.:~'<". . f----e-_m____j_,::;:c:--j
! . L .. 'III" -,.~._----_.__.- _It,-.--: ~it '~~'WS1 I ! v'
:---'-'-'--'-'1 !'-'-'-"., , ;"" ." : :-.---.-.- -- . i :
! '-' r ',---, p, : ~~11¥ii4.. ~ i
i : : .,./; i".,- '. CLEVELAND' : i I . 'I i
! I .1' . I
! ! Ii; ! Ii
II ill 'II':
POTTAWATOMIE '
- -.,
i
~ '~ w
: i I GRADY 'i McCLAIN \: i i
! I !! Ii! !
: i i I '-.-- 'y,-.-J.-.-- , 'T\_.,,-:\ \
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; .. I ..."..j: .. -._.~JI i ..!.--~"'-
. : r I ~--------- -----------=~---=~~~=~,
I i .iI...lm
l,-~---._._=._._.-----.':~:~=::"jiJ PAR TI Ct~~~:~ 2.~~:SSIONS,
11-
--', fi!.,\{
i
.
o 0 - 0.01
o 0.01 - 0.05
[] 0.05 - 0.10
[I 0.10 - 0.30
III 0.30 - 0.40
Figure 16. Particulate emissions densities for the Oklahoma City study area, 1968.
11-
.; 1I1U"
')H-
. Jt4-
~ JU""
L
~
-------
41
.- -.- -11""'- -'-'-'-'-'-'-'II"""'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'pMt'-'-'-'-'-'-'-'-',.;;.- -'-'-j ,,-
i ~"":"":::':"':'~:'::::T ~J : "1
Iii II :-.-.-.-.-.-.-- - . ! I ! II IS
\ ! j lo-o\: -----J ~ _iIU' . I
i \ jl Ii ~_J_~~~I
I j. .. -. . .. .._.1: CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
:...-.-.---.-.-.---.-.-.---.-.-----...U4..'!' ton sl m j 2-day
GRADY
McCLAIN
!
I
: j
, I
.,j'-\}
...... JI'''''
II
o 0 0.01
m 0.01 - 0.05
[ill 0.05 - 0.10
II 0.10 - 1.0
tI 1.0 5.0
~ 5.0 - 12.0
Figure 17. Carbon monoxide emission densities for the Oklahoma City study area. 1968.
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42
,ind aircraft operations contribute aboutq. percent while the
remainder comes from the burning of refuse.
Hydrocarbon emissions result from the operation of motor
vehicles and evaporation.
About 30 percent of hydrocarbon
emissions are attributed to crude oil production, approximately
17 percent to gas processing plants, and about 32 percent from
motor vehicles (including exhaust gases and evaporation losses).
Nitrogen oxides are generated by motor vehicle exhausts (55
percent) and ~atural gas burning (41 percent).
About a third
of the nitrogen oxides from natural gas burning is emitted by
the two steam power plants located in grid zones 32 and 36. A
small quantity (4 percent) of NO comes from refuse burning.
x
The distribution and amount of pollutants in the Oklahoma
City study area show marked differences from most regions
previously studied.
Sulfur oxide pollution doe~ not appear to
be as serious a problem as in most areas.
Hydrocarbon emissions
from fixed sources, On the other hand, are significant in the
study area because of crude oil production and gas processing.
Lack of effective incineration, use of private dumps and extensive
open burning in the area make visible pollution from solid waste
disposal a constant problem.
Air pollution from electric power
generation is less significant in the study area than in those
regions where coal or residual oil is the principal fuel used
in power plants.
AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
The boundaries of an air quality control region should be
inclusive of both pollution sources' and people and property
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43
affected by those sources.
Sources and source areas have
been identified by the emissions inventory.
Furthl~r
\
examination of air quality and other data is necessary to
identify receptor areas prior to proposing Region boundaries.
The most accurate way to determine atmospheric distribution
of contaminants is through the accumulation of relia\ble sampling
data.
Air sampling data gathered by the Oklahoma State Department
of Health and the Oklahoma City-County Health Department have
provided limited information.
A meteorological diffusion model has been used to compute
pollutant dispersion patterns in the ambient air.
This model
is based on a mathematical treatment of pollutant emissions and
meteorological factors such as wind speed and direction, and
mixing depths.
Although the model has inherent limitations,
it is valuable in providing information on l~ng-term relative
pollutant concentrations.
Meteorology and Climatology
The climate of the study area is characteristic of the
"continental climate" of the Great Plains region.
It is
untempered by large bodies of water or topography.
Located at
the southerly end of the Great Plains, the area has long and
usually hot summers and short and mild winters.
There are
pronounced daily temperature changes and great variation in
seasonal and annual rainfall.
Prevailing winds are southerly
and u~ually brisk, with occasional winter windstorms from the
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44
north.
The relatively shallow Canadian River valley and
gently rolling topography offer very slight barriers to free
movement of air through the area.
Wind speed. and direction are significant influences on the
dispersion of pollutants.
Figure 18 displays the frequency of
occurrence of wind from the various directions for the study
area.
Average wind speeds of 12 to 16 miles per hour help to
keep the area well ventilated, although brisk winds sometimes
cause "looping plumes" which may create localized and short-
term air pollution fumigation problems.
The percentage of sunshine is important as a determinant
of photochemical smog.
The study area experiences an average
of 68 percent of possible sunshine (up to 75 percent in the
summer months), which could contribute to the development of
oxidant smog conditions when accompanied by low ~ind speeds.
Atmospheric inversions also affect the dispersion of
pollutants.
The study area exhibits a definite tendency
toward local inversions which may persist for 24-30 hours 35-40%
of the time.
When these inversions are present, relatively
large concentrations of pollutants can be expected, leading to
visibility reductions.
Table IX shows average mixing depths in
meters for the area.
These mixing depths provide a measure of
the volume of air in which pollutants may disperse without
obstruction.
-------
45
WINTER
SUMMER
ANNUAL
(Includes All Four Averaging Periods)
PERCENT FREQUENCY
o
10
20
30
,
, FIGURE 18 - Wind Di r e'c t io n Pe rcen t Freq \Jeney 0 f Oc cur renc e
for Various Averaging Times
-------
46
Table IX
Air Mixing Depths, Oklahoma City Area
(meters)
Winter Summer Annual
MORNING 295 345 340
AFTERNOON 805 1830 1335
AVERAGE 550 1090 840
Source:
National Air Pollution Control Administration Air Pollutant
Emissions Inventory.
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47
Modelin~ Results
Figure 19 shows the theoretical relative dispersion
pattern for suspended particulates.
Note that these dispersion
patterns appear greatest around sources identified in the
emission inventory.
The centers of highest concentrations are
located in downtown Oklahoma City, in a large portion of
Oklahoma and Canadian Counties, and in outlying Grady, Kingfisher,
and Pottawatomie Counties.
Air Samplin~ Data
A limited amount of air quality data has been collected in
the area of concern by the State Department of Health and the
Oklahoma City-County Health Department.
Air sampling within
the study area has taken place at 3 sites in Norman (Canadian
County) and at six sites in Oklahoma City.
The data acquired
does not, however, assist in the identification of the geographic
extent of the areawide air pollution problem centered on Oklahoma
City.
-------
48
: -:N~:::- - - - ~O~A-:- -',I
, 1
I "
! ~r-- :C~: - --i
2 I I
I I I
,J ---- -- -.. - - -.-..., I
CANAD IAN . - - - - - ,O..K..L~\H..0_~ I I
I , - -I ", "
/ I Oklahoma \~ I
\ /
I '--.., City -_.~ I
I Q / ----I C3 2 """ i---------.,
I \ " I -''''\ I
L - - T--.. 2 : I - - - - ~-.~.f (J r --1J
- """,...-,' , '.1 4 I
'-"'- '" ,
I -I"">-. CLEVELAND,' I I
~ -..~, ,/ 2
! I ,._\( ",-_../ i I
I " I I
I \, I. I
1 1, POTTAWATOMIE I
I '",-..,-,,\--.1--... /f\,-" -""\ I
I -....J I .j
t-~CCLAI~___- - -_J
I
I GRADY I
I
L______-1
o
15
30
I
miles
--------
0klahoma City Limits
------
County Lines
FIGURE 19 - Annual Average Theoretical Relative Concentration
of Particulates, Oklahoma City Area
-------
49
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
PLANNING ACTIVITIES
Introduction
Planning for air pollution control in the State of
Oklahoma is vested in the State Department of Health.
The
Department is further authorized to control and abate air
pollution.
It is important, however, to consider planning
activities in areas other than air pollution ~ontrol since these
may provide some indication of the nature of regional govern-
mental cooperation which has taken place on the past or which
currently exists.
The designation of a region compatible with
existing regional arrangements is desirable since the imp lemen-
tation of a regional air pollution control effort is dependent
upon cooperation at the various levels of government.
Further,
region-wide planning programs may be capable of providing
assistance in the development of air quality standards and a
plan to implement those standards.
The following sections
discuss the geographic extent of regional planning commissions,
councils of local governments, economic development districts
and statistical data gathering bases in the Oklahoma City area.
The boundaries over which these various functions are operative
are shown in Figure 20.
Statistical Data Gathering Bases
The Oklahoma City Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area
(SMSA) encompasses Canadian, Cleveland, and Oklahoma Counties.
-------
50
[J]]
~.
. .
. .
. .
...
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T - ~ING;ISH;R - -1- -L~G~ - "
I .
I I'
I l.
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...110 LINCOLN .D.....,
. ilia ...~
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,...a.D....m.o........'
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....-=--=---~~.
I . POTTAWATOMIEr"~._1I
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. . D . . . .
..,~/j.........'"
........~
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III III II . . . . .
II I) e 11 II . .
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. (! III II II . .~
. IIJ III IS 18 . .
1;1 II III I!! . . . .
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'1111011""".."
II . Uy "...... 11 J
-'-.11\.' 'III
--- -_J
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CANADIAN
! tlmliwf
illlwr
,...." ,-..
,........ CLEVELAND
.......8........1 , - -
..... ..1>. iD .'D. Q).
1,.:.111."':.&",%.°.°0.."':."':.', :
.8.....0",......, ~
1.....0.08..0...' --,
......000...0..1 '
.....08..8...,....
1.......0800..01>
......0......08. -
1......0......001
....... oe. 00...'1
.0......880.0..
I' . 8 . . . . " . 8 . . . . . .
.....8000.08....
1..8.88.. e 0 0 '. 0 8. ej
...O..OOO.C'..".
'08G"CO"'0.OO.OO~ HcCLAIN
\" 8. C (I"" 0 0 "11).0" 0
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..",000Q800.00"'.
j'..O." o. Cil8. e.. 0 "
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1,...08011180"'.0.0',
0841 .oeeee
.,.. GRADY 00...'1
aJULUJlJl.C.f} IUI.JI ~ UP J
,
I
~
I
,
.
o
.
10
I
40
.
20
.
30
-
miles
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area,
Association of Central Oklahoma Governments
(ACOG)
Part of Central Oklahoma Economic Development District
Part of South Central Economic Development District
FIGURE 20 - Counties in Oklahoma CHy Study Area Which
Participate in Various Planning Agencies
-------
51
By definition, an SMSA includes adjacent counties found to be
metropolitan in character which are economically and socially
integrated with the county of the central city.
Objective
criteria of a quantitative character were used to determine
the existence of multi-jurisdictional interdependency among
these three counties.
The Association of Central Oklahoma Governments (ACOG), a
voluntary non-profit organization, was inco~porated in 1966
under the authority of the State Interlocal Cooperation Act.
Membership consists of the three counties within the SMSA and
eighteen municipalities.
ACOG is the areawide review agency for
Federal grant applications and conducts planning studies for
the three-county region.
ACOG further provides a forum for
identifying intergovernmental issues and formulating policies
and plans to resolve them.
The ACOG work program includes water and sewer, parks,
housing, and solid waste disposal.
It provides public
information services and agency and o~ganization development
assistance.
ACOG has recently assumed responsibility for
continuation of planning for transportation, originally carried
out by the Oklahoma City Area Regional Transportation Study
(OCARTS).
The 1970 Census may require a substantial change in the
ACOG area.
Planning estimates by ACOG lead the agency to
believe that the SMSA may be expanded by the addition of McClain,
-------
52
Logan, and/or Pottawatomie Counties.
As the Federal grant
application review agency, ACOG will then be responsible
for plans review in the expanded SMSA, which may lead to
expanded membership.
Even now, MCClain County has been linked
with ACOG for law enforcement planning purposes.
Economic Development Districts
The Central Oklahoma Economic Development District (COEDD)
agency, based in Shawnee, carries out the Feder.al grant review
function for Pottawatomie County, and has produced elements of
a master plan which includes Shawnee and Pottawatomie County.
The South Central Economic Development District (SCEDD), in
Duncan, has begun to develop regional plans.
The SCEDD includes
Grady County to the south of Canadian County.
City Planning Department
Oklahoma City has a city planning department which has
prepared land use and development plans for the city proper.
Under an aggressive annexation policy, the City has continuously
expanded its boundaries and today occupies most of Oklahoma
County and extends into Cleveland, Canadian, MCClain, and
Pottawatomie Counties.
A number of incorporated municipalities
are now surrounded by Oklahoma City, and certain municipal
services are supplied by contract with some of them.
There are
a total of seventeen incorporated municipalities in Oklahoma
County.
-------
S3
Future Regional Considerations
In addition to the possible expansion of the SMSA as a
result of the 1970 Census, another development may be expected
to influence regional planning in the area.
The Oklahoma
Legislature recently enacted a new law authorizing the Oklahoma
Industrial Development and Park Commission to develop criteria
for the delineation of boundaries for planning regions and,
after public hearings, adopt boundaries for regional planning
agencies.
It is expected that this new law will have a profound
impact on all regional planning agencies within the State and
may provide a useful tool for resolving conflicts between
planning agencies in areas of overlapping responsibility.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ACTIVITIES
The State Legislature enacted the Oklahoma Clean Air Act
in 1967 after several years of discussion.
The law vests
authority in the State Department of Health, with an Air Pollution
Council appointed by the Governor and provides for a Director of
Air Pollution employed by the Department of Health.
The Board
of Health is authorized to adopt statewide regulations after
review by the Department of Health and after hearings conducted
by the Air Pollution Council.
The Board has adopted two regulations:
(1) on open burning
and (2) on disabling of auto emission control devices.
Four
additional regulations are being developed which will cover
(3) definitions as applied in the air pollution regulations,
(4) registration of stationary emission sources, (S) incinerators
-------
54
and fuel-burning equipment, and (6) visible emissions and partic-
ulate matter emitted to the outdoor atmosphere.
The State air pollution program has a current budget of
$113,514, of which 7~2,112 is the Federal share.
Four
professional positions are presently filled and three
additional positions are budgeted.
Other than the State program, the only air pollution
control programs in the area are operated under traditional
nuisance ordinances.
Oklahoma City, for example, requires a
fire department permit for open burning and prohibits the
"injurious, offensive, or noxious" emission of smoke and dust
into the air.
Only two jurisdictions in the State have adopted
ordinances under the 1967 State law--Tulsa, not in the study area,
and Del City, in Oklahoma County, which has adopted an open
burni~g ordinance.
The Oklahoma City Council is considering the adoption of
an ordinance, and the State Board of Health is endeavoring to
obtain uniform enactments throughout the study region.
Oklahoma
City received a Federal grant for the development of an air
pollution control program, but the grant was not renewed.
After passage of a satisfactory ordinance, the City expects to
apply for an additional grant.
Regional Solid Waste Disposal
One of the most visible air pollution problems in the
region is the emission of smoke and odor from burning dumps.
-------
55
The Oklahoma State Health Department is the leading force in
solid waste planning throughout the State.
ACOG is cooperating
with the State Health Department in the development of a
regional solid waste disposal plan which will attempt to
eliminate burning dumps.
-------
56
PROPOSED AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
Subject to the scheduled consultation, the Secretary,
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, proposes to
designate an air quality control region in the Oklahoma City
area.
The proposed region consists of the following counties
in the State of Oklahoma (Figure 21):
Canadian
Cleveland
Logan
McClain
Oklahoma
Pottawatomie
Discussion
An air quality control rLblon should meet three basic
conditions:
1. It should encompass most significant air pollution
sources as well as the receptors affected by the sources.
2. It should include those areas where industrial and
residential growth may contribute to significant: future air
pollution problems.
3.
It should be consistent with unified and cooperative
administration of the region's air resources.
The data set forth in the Evaluation of Urban and Technical
Factors indicates that the six-county area named above would
satisfy the three conditions.
While air pollutant source-
emissions are most dense within Oklahoma County, major point
sources and area sources exist throughout the remaining counties
named in this proposal.
Recognition of the fact that Canadian,
Cleveland, Logan, McClain, and Pottawatomie Counties are likely
-------
57
! - -L~;~-1
I I
I ~...
I '---,
I I
I I
I
I
r--C~~~A;- - ---r- ~;L;;~ --~
I I I
I I
I I
I ---------.--:
I I POTTAWATOMly"-.J
--~--"~----r-~L~~~-;---'I I
I ...
I \, I
I ''\ I
I '-"') I
I ~\ I
\' , I
\. I I
I -----L. /1\~/,,~
~:C~I_N- - - - --~ j
o
.
10
.
20
.
30
-
40
.
miles
FIGURE 21 - Proposed Air Qua1ity Control Region'
-------
58
to serve as receptor areas for air pollutants emitted not only
from within their own boundaries, but also for air pollutants
from the Oklahoma City urban core, makes their inclusion in
the Region desirable.
The three-county Oklahoma SMSA would appear to be the
minimum area over which regional air pollution control efforts
should be conducted, based on a review of non-technical factors.
There are in addition, however, present economic ties between
residential centers in Logan, MCClain, and Pottawatomie Counties
and Oklahoma City; these ties are expected to undergo future
strengthening either through increases in residential development
or industrial plant location as the area shifts its activlty
toward more manufacturing.
Similar economic integration of Lincoln, Kingfisher, and
Grady Counties to the urban Oklahoma City core does not appear
as strong as that which exists between Logan, McClair, and
Pottawatomie Counties and Oklahoma City.
Significant future
development from Oklahoma City to Li~co1n, Kingfisher, and Grady
Counties does not appear likely.
Although the recommended Region does not coincide with the
present ACOG planning region boundaries, the likelihood that the
planning region will expand following the 1970 Census exists. .
Since the probable need for an expansion of the SMSA and planning
region boundaries is evident, the six counties represent a
realistic Region proposal.
The recommended six counties have the
further advantage of including all the incorporated areas of
Oklahoma City.
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Because of the nature of the problem of air pollution,
there is always the possibility that pollutant transport into
or out of an established region may exist.
An air quality
control region can never be completely ~elf-contained with
respect to sources and receptors of air pollution.
Thus,
it would not be inappropriate to re-evaluate the six-county
proposal in terms of selecting a larger area if this course
of action appears warranted.
Certainly, the existence of
significant air pollutant sources in Grady, Kingfisher, and
Lincoln Counties should not be disregarded if there is the
possibility of endangerment to the public health and welfare.
In summary, the designation of the six-county Region should
serve to encourage the effective use of State and local resource
toward the solution of the areawide air pollution problem in
Oklahoma City.
The official designation of" the Regio~ will
follow the Consultation with appropriate State and local
authorities and after due consideration of all comments
directed toward the six-county proposal.
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