REPORT FOR CONSULTATION
ON THE
METROPOLITAN MIAMI
INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
(FLORIDA)
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
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REPORT FOR CONSULTATION
ON THE
METROPOLITAN MIAMI
INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
(FLORIDA)
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
March 1970
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PREFACE
The Clean Air Act, as amended, directs the Secretary of
Health, Education, and Welfare to designate "air quality control
regions" to provide a basis for the adoption of regional ambient
air quality standards and the implementation of those standards.
The Act stipulates that the designation of a region shall be
preceded by consultation with appropriate State and local
authorities.
This report is intended to provide background
information for a formal Consultation.
It proposes boundaries
for the Metropolitan Miami Intrastate Air Quality Control Region
and discusses the factors which are the basis of the boundary
proposal.
The Region* boundaries proposed in this report reflect con-
sideration of available and pertinent information.
However, the
proposed boundaries remain subject to revisions suggested during
the Consultation with State and local authorities.
Formal desig-
nation of the Region will be made only after a ,careful review of
all opinions and suggestions submitted during the consultation
process.
The National Air Pollution Control Administration appreciates
assistance received from the several agencies of the State of
Florida including the Florida Air and Water Pollution Control
Commission, the State Board of Health, the air pollution control
*For the purposes
will refer to the
Control Region.
of this report, the word "region", when capitalized,
proposed Metropolitan Miami Intrastate Air Quality
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agencies of Broward, Dade, and Palm Beach Counties, the Broward
County Area Planning Board, the Metropolitan Dade County Planning
Department, the Area Planning Board of Palm Beach County, and the
Bureau of Economic and Business Research of the University of
Florida.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
INTRODUCTION .
THE REGIONAL APPR.OACH........................4I' . . . . . . . . . . .
1
DESIGNATION OF AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS...............
3
EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS INVENTORY............................ 11
AIR QUALITY................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 19
EVALUATION OF URBAN FACTORS
INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 32
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION........... .... . . .. .. .. . .... . .. . .. 32
MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 40
EXISTING
REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS.......................... 43
EXISTING AIR POLLUTION CONTROL
PROORA.MS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 46
THE PROPOSED
REGION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 49
DISCUSSION OF PROPOSAL........................................ 51
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INTRODUCTION
THE REGIONAL APPROACH
Air pollution in the urban areas of the United States is a
regional problem which frequently extends across State and local
governmental boundaries.
Since air pollution problems are rarely
confined to any single municipality or county, successful control
requires coordinated planning, standard setting, and enforcement
by the several political jurisdictions which share a common
problem. To date, State and local governments across the Nation
have only begun to develop a regional approach to air pollution
control.
The Clean Air Act, as amended, provides a regional approach
which depends upon coordination and cooperation among all levels
of government; municipal, county, State, and Federal.
To set in
motion the machinery for regional air pollution control, the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare designates air quality
control regions, issues air quality criteria, and publishes reports
on control techniques.
The region designation identifies those
State and local jurisdictions which will be involved in a regional
air pollution control effort.
The air quality criteria indicate
the extent to which various concentrations of air pollutants are
harmful to health and damaging to property.
The reports on
control techniques provide information on the costs and effectiveness
of various techniques for controlling air pollutant emissions.
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2
After the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare
completes these initial steps, State governments develop ambient
air quality standards and plans for implementation of those
standards for areas within air quality control regions.
An air
quality standard defines the desired limit on the concentration
of a pollutant in the ambient air of the region.
It represents
the degree of air quality which the regional control program will
attempt to achieve.
An implementation plan is a blueprint of the
steps which will be taken to insure achievement of the air quality
standards within a reasonable time.
The Governors have 90 days
either from the time that they are furnished the criteria and
control technology reports mr from the time that a region is
designated by the Department of Health, Educatio~ and Welfare -
whichever occurs last - to submit letters indicating their intent
to set standards.
They have an additional 180 days to set the
standards, and another 180 days to develop plans for implementing
those standards.
The procedure for setting standards includes a
public hearing which allows residents of a region to express their
views concerning desired standards.
The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare reviews air
quality standards and implementation plans in order to ascertain
their consistency with the provisions of the Act.
When air quality standards and implementation plans are
approved, States proceed to prevent and control air pollution in
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3
accordance with those standards and plans.
This system
for
establishing a regional approach to air pollution control is
outlined in Figure 1.
DESIGNATION OF AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS
Designation of an air quality control region is one of the
first steps in the regional approach to air pollution control.
Section 107 {a) (2) of the Clean Air Act, as amended, directs
the Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare to
make such designations.
The portions of the section relevant
to this discussion state:
"...The Secretary, after consultation with appropriate
State and local authorities shall...designate air quality
control regions based on jurisdictional boundaries, urban-
industrial concentrations, and other factors including
atmospheric areas necessary to provide adequate imple-
mentation of air quality standards. The Secretary may...
revise the designation of such regions...The Secretary
shall immediately notify the Governor or Governors of
the affected State or States of such designation."
Procedure For Designation of Regions
Figure 2 illustrates the procedures used by the National Air
Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA) to designate air quality
control regions.
After evaluating relevant technical and urban factors, the
National Air Pollution Control Administration publishes a proposed
delineation of the region boundaries.
At the same time NAPCA sets
a time and place for a consultation meeting and distributes to State
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4
HEW DESIGNATES
AI R QUALITY
CONTROL REGIONS.
HEW DEVELOPS AND
PUBLISHES AIR
QUALITY CRITERIA
BASED ON SCIENTIFIC
EVIDENCE OF AIR
POLLUTION EFFECTS.
HEW PREPARES
AND PUBLISHES
REPORTS ON
AVAILABLE CONTROL
TECHNIQUES
STATES INDICATE
THEIR INTENT
TO SET STANDARDS. (PUBLIC
HEARINGS)
STATES SET
AI R QUALITY
STANDARDS
FOR THE AIR
QUALITY CONTROL
REGIONS.
STATES SUBMIT
STANDARDS FOR
HEW REVIEW.
STATES ESTABLISH
COMPREHENSIVE PLANS
FOR IMPLEMENTING
AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS.
STATES SU BM IT
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
FOR HEW REVIEW.
STATES ACTTO CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
AND PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTATION.
Figure 1 FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTION TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION ON A REGIONAL
BASIS, UNDER THE AIR QUALITY ACT.
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5
ENGINEERING EVALUATION
. EMISSIONS INVENTORY
. TOPOGRAPHY
. METEOROLOGY
. AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
EXISTING AIR QUALITY DATA
DIFFUSION MODEL OUTPUT
,
PRELIMINARY CONSULTATION FORMAL
DELINEATION - WITH STATE AND ... DESIGNATION BY
OF REGIONS JII" LOCAL OFFICIALS ~ SECRETARY-HEW
URBAN FACTORS EVALUATION
~ ~
. JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES
. URBAN-INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATIONS
. COOPERATIVE REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
. PATTERNS AND RATES OF GROWTH
.. EXISTING STATE AND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL PROGRAMS & LEGISLATION
Figure 2. FLOW DIAGRAM FOR THE DESIGNATION OF AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS.
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6
and local authorities a report of the evaluation study (such
as this "Report for Consultation") which includes the boundary
proposal.
At the consultation meeting State and local authorities
are encourage to present fully their views and suggestions con-
cerning the proposed boundaries of the region.
Interested parties
who do not have official status may submit comments in written
form for the record.
After careful review of all suggestions and
opinions submitted for the record by interested parties, the
Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare makes a formal desig-
nation of the region boundaries and notifies the Governor(s) of
the State(s) affected by the designation.
The Size of a Region
As stipulated in Section 107 (a) (2), the designation of air
quality control regions should be based on "jurisdictional
boundaries, urban-industrial concentrations, and other factors
including atmospheric areas necessary to provide adequate imp1e-
mentation of air quality standards."
This language suggests a
number of objectives which are important in determining how large
an air quality control region should be.
Bas ically, these
objectives can be divided into three separate categories.
First, a region should be self-contained with respect to air
pollution sources and receptors.
In other words, a region should
include most of the important sources in the area as well as most
of the people and property affected by those sources.
In this
way, all the major elements of the regional problem will lie within
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7
one unified administrative jurisdiction.
Unfortunately,
since
air pollutants can travel long distances, it is impractical if
not impossible to delineate regions which are completely self-
contained.
The air over a region will usually have at least
trace amounts of pollutants from external sources.
During
episodic conditions, such contributions from external sources
may even reach significant levels.
Conversely, air pollution
generated within a region and transported out of it can affect
external receptors to some degree.
It would be impractical
and inefficient to make all air quality control regions large
enough to encompass these low-level trace effects.
The geographic
extent of trace effects overestimates the true problem area which
should be the focus of air pollution control efforts.
Thus, 1;he
first objective, that a region be self-contained, becomes a
question of relative magnitude and frequency.
The dividing line
between "important influence" and "trace effect" will be a matter
of judgment.
The judgment should be based on estimates of the
impact a source has upon a region, and the level of pollution
to which receptors are subjected.
In this respect, annual and
seasonal data on pollutant emissions and ambient air concentrations
are a better measure of relative influence than short term data on
episodic conditions.
The second general objective requires that region boundaries
be designed to meet not only present conditions but also future
conditions.
In other words, the region should include areas where
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8
industrial and residential expansion are likely to create air
pollution problems in the foreseeable future.
This objective
requires careful consideration of existing metropolitan develop--
ment plans, expected population growth, and projected industrial
expansion.
Such considerations should result in the designation
of regions which will contain the sources and receptors of
regional air pollution for a number of years to come.
Of course,
region boundaries need not be permanently fixed, once designated.
Boundaries should be reviewed periodically and altered when
changing conditions warrant readjustment.
The third objective is that region boundaries should be
compatible with and even foster unified and cooperative governmental
administration of the air resource throughout the region.
Air
pollution is a regional problem which often extends across several
municipal, county, and even state boundaries.
Clearly, the
collaboration of several governmental j~risdictions is prerequisite
to the solution of the problem.
Therefore, the region should be
delineated in a way which encourages regional cooperation among
the various governmental bodies involved in air pollution control.
In this regard, the existing pattern of governmental cooperation
on the whole range of urban problems may become an important
consideration.
Certainly the pattern of cooperation among existing
air pollution control programs is a relevant factor.
In general,
administrative considerations dictate that governmental juris-
dictions should not be divided.
Although it would be" impractical
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9
to preserve State jurisdictions undivided, usually it is possible
to preserve the unity of county governments by including or
excluding them in their entirety.
Occasionally, even this would
be impractical due to a county's large size, wide variation in
level of development, or striking topographical features.
To the extent that any two of the above three objectives lead
to incompatible conclusions concerning region boundaries, the
region must represent a reasonable compromise.
A region should
represent the best way of satisfying the three objectives
simultaneously.
As noted above, the evaluation of relevant technical factors
and urban factors forms the basis of the boundary proposals
published by NAPCA.
The evaluation of technical factors is designed
to indicate, where possible, the location of pollution sources and
the geographic extent of serious pollutant concentrations in the
ambient air.
The quantity, locations, and nature of air pollutant
emissions are determined by conducting an inventory of the various
pollutant generators in an area.
The transport and distribution
of pollutants in the ambient air are analyzed on the basis of
measured air quality data, the location of emissions, meteorological
data, and topographic information.
A mathematical diffusion model,
which predicts ambient pollution concentrations from information
on emissions and meteorology, can be used in areas where irregular
topographical features would not invalidate the theoretical model.
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10
As a whole, the technical study indicates how large the air quality
control region must be in order to encompass most pollution sources
and most people and .property affected by those sources.
The study of urban factors encompasses a different set of
considerations.
It reviews existing governmental jurisdictions,
the location of urban and industrial concentrations, expected
patterns of urban growth, cooperative regional arrangements, -
existing State and local air pollution control programs, and
other associated factors.
As a whole, the study of urban factors
is designed to indicate how large a region must be in order to
encompass expected regional growth and to encourage cooperation
among political units' in controlling air pollution.
The body' of this report contains a proposal for the
boundaries of the Metropolitan Miami Intrastate Air Quality
Control Region and outlines the evaluation of technical and
urban factors which was the basis of the proposal.
The report
is intended to serve as the background document for the formal
Consultation with appropriate State and local authorities.
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EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS INVENTORY
The compilation of an air pollutant emissions inventory makes
possible the correlation of pollutant emissions with specific
geographic locations.
This procedure generally results in the
determination of the "core" of an air quality control region--that
is, the area where the bulk of the pollutant emissions occur.
In
this study, the emissions inventory results are further utilized
as input data to a meteorological diffusion mo~el to predict the
dispersion patterns of the pollutants emitted in the atmosphere.
The emissions inventory for the Miami-Fort Lauderdale-West
Palm Beach Study Area was conducted by the National Air Pollution
Control Administration.
The survey area, shown in Figure 3,
included Broward, Dade and Palm Beach Counties.
These three
counties are each Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas
(SMSA's) whose combined 1970 estimated population is 2,332,000.
These counties together account for the great majority of the
population, urban development and industrial activity in southern
Florida.
The Public Health Service rapid survey technique was used
for the estimation of pollutant emissions.
. .
The emissions were
calculated from data representative of the year 1968.
Table I
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HARDEE
DESOTO
GLADES
HENDRY
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FIGURE 3.
EMISSIONS
INVENTORY SURVEY AREA.
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TABLE I.
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN THE GREATER MIAMI STUDY AREA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR).
TRANSPORTATION FUEL COMBUSTION IN STATIONARY SOURCES REFUSE DISPOSAL
Motor Industry Steam- Residential Commercial & Incineration Open- INDUSTRIAL PROCESSES COUNTY
County Vehicles Other Electric Institutional Burning ----roiAL1
E ~ BROWARD 1,200 2,400 N 57,400 80 N 460 10 N 61,600
~ ..... DADE 1,970 480 7,880 42,400 70 3,300 600 N 0 56,700
~ PALM BEACH 770 620 2,780 27,700 100 420 80 30 N 32,500
TOTAL 3,940 3,500 10,760 127,500 250 3,720 1,140 40 N 150,800
'"
~
i ~ BROWARD 2,100 600 N 1,700 N N 2,400 160 N 7,000
~DADE 3,430 2,520 660 1,200 10 390 2,570 N 11 , 600 22,400
Eo<
~ PALM BEACH 1,350 300 250 810 10 120 400 450 34,900 38, 600
p;j
TOTAL 6,880 3,420 910 3,710 20 510 5,370 610 46,500 68,000
J>:I
~ ~ BROWARD 242,800 32,500 N N N N 450 850 N 276,600
~ ~ DADE 484,400 40,700 40 N N 30 550 N N 525,700
t.) ~ PALM BEACH 177,100 4,800 30 N N 10 1,760 2,420 54,700 240,800
TOTAL 904,300 78,000 70 10 N 40 2,760 3,270 54,700 1,043,100
1 Rounded Totals
N= Negligible
Note: Field Burning of Sugarcane Included
With Industrial Process Losses.
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provides a county breakdown of sulfur oxide, total particulate and
carbon monoxide emissions according to source type in four general
categories.
These categories are transportation, fuel combustion
(stationary sources), refuse disposal and industrial processes.
The information provided by Table I indicates that nearly 85%
of all sulfur oxide emissions in the study area are attributable
to steam-electric utilities.
Industrial process losses account
for about 68% of all total particulate emissions in the survey
area.
Approximately 87% of all carbon monoxide emitted in the
study area is attributable to motor vehicles.
Sulfur oxides are emitted in greatest quantities in Broward
county. Palm Beach County is responsible for the greatest contribution
of total particulate emissions to the survey area.
Dade County
contributes the majority of the carbon monoxide emitted within the
survey area.
Significant quantities of all three major pollutants,
however, are emitted in each of the three counties surveyed.
Source locations within the survey area were defined by
grid coordinates based on the Universal Transverse Mercator (~
System.
Figure 4 shows the grid system superimposed over an
outline of the survey area.
Grid squares 5 kilometers on a side
were used in areas of greatest urban development, while grid
zones 10, 20 and 40 kilometers on a side were used in less intensely
developed areas.
Figures 5, 6 and 7 present emission densities for
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15
.-.-.-.-.-.-.---.----
i PALM BEACH CO
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KILOMETERS
FIGURE 4.
EMISSIONS INVENTORY GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM.
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16
sax EMI~SIONS
TONS/MI. -DAY
,
II1II 1.0-15.0
D 0.lOL1.0
~ 0.05-0.10
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PARTICULATE
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KILOMETERS
FIG. 6.
TOTAL PARTICULA
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18
CO EMIS~IONS
TONS/MI. -DAY
. 7.0-24.0
~ 5.0- 7.0
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KI LOMETE RS
FIG. 7. CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION DENSITIES.
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19
sulfur oxides, total particulates and carbon monoxide, respectively,
based on this grid system. Figure 8 shows the location of the major
point sources in the study area.
The sulfur dioxide and total particulate emission density
patterns reflect the location of major point sources and the urban
coastal development pattern in southeastern Florida.
The total
particulate density pattern also reflects the existence of sugarcane
field-burning activities in the western portions of Palm Beach-
county.
Carbon monoxide emission
patter~ similarly reflect
the location of urban development in the coastal areas where vehicular
traffic intensity is greatest.
The contributions of carbon monoxide
by field-burning of sugarcane in western Palm Beach does not show
up in Figure 7, however.
AIR QUALITY
Introduction
The regional approach to air resource management requires
that those jurisdictions containing the majority of the sources
of pollution in a metropolitan area be included within a single
air quality control region.
An air quality control region should
also include jurisdictions containing the majority of the people
and property adversely affected by air pollutant emissions from
those same sources.
The core area of a region can be roughly
defined. on the basis of pollutant point source locations and
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20
. INDUSTRY
A DUMP
. STEAM-ELECTRIC
. INCINERATOR
A AIRPORT
C COMMERCIAL
------.-----...-..-.-..--
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KILOMETERS
FIGURE 8. LOCATION OF MAJOR POINT SOURCES.
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21
relative emission densities.
However, information on present
levels of pollution in the ambient air is helpful in order that
peripheral pollutant receptor areas can be identified.
~e
selection of an essentially self-contained region will result--
a region which will include within its bounds virtually the entire
source-receptor system for a particular area.
By using this
approach, the possibility of pollutant cross-boundary transport
problems will be minimized.
The following sections discuss briefly the factors likely
to affect air pollution potential in southern Florida.
~ese factors
are topography and meteorology.
In addition, a brief discussion
of existing air quality is presented.
Finally, a description of
the diffusion model which has been used to predict patterns of air
pollutant dispersion in the study are~ is presented.
Topography, Meterology and Measured Air Qualitv
Southern Florida forms a broad and nearly level plateau.
Much of this plateau is part of a coastal lowland which extends
inland from the coast for distances of between 10 and 125 miles.
Elevatiomthroughout southern Florida are low, while variationS
in elevation are small.
~e highest elevation in Dade County,
for example, is only 22 feet above sea level.
The majority of
Dade County is less than 10 feet above sea level.
~e majority
of Palm Beach County is only between 10 and 20 feet above sea
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22
level.
Much of the western portions of Dade, Broward and Palm
Beach Counties, and large sections of Hendry, Collier and Monroe
Counties are covered by the Glades area--a broad river which flows
slowly south and southwest from Lake Okeechobee to the Bay of
Florida.
In summary, the topography in southern Florida does
not restrict the dispersion of air pollutants due to its flatness.
As a result, topography is not a factor which is helpful in
determining Region boundaries.
Meteorology
The meteorology in southern Florida is generally favorable to
the diffusion of air pollutants.
Wind data accumulated at Miami
International Airport is presented in Figure 9.
The wind "roses"
shown for the winter, summer and annual averaging times depict
the relative frequency of occurrence of wind blowing from the 16
compass directions.
Generally, winds from the easterly quadrants
predominate at all times.
The coastal areas are affected more by
these easterly sea breezes than the inland areas.
East-southeast
winds prevail during the months of February through September.
East-northeast winds predominate during October, while north
winds occur most frequently from November through December.
North-
northwest winds prevail during January.
Average wine speeds in
southeast Florida are the highest in the State and aid greatly
in the dispersion of pollution.
The.coastal areas of southern
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23
WINTER
SUMMER
ANNUAL
PER CENT FREQUENCY
OF OCCURRENCE
o
5
10
15
FIGURE 9. WIND DIRECTION PER CENT FREQUENCY OF
OCCURRENCE FOR VARIOUS AVERAGING TIMES.
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24
Florida have relative few calms and small temperature differences
between day and night.
These factors further tend to minimize
air pollution.
Morning and afternoon average mixing depths for various
averaging times are presented in Table II.
Mixing depths provide
a measure of the volume within which pollutants may mix without
restriction.
Pollutant dilution is most restricted during the
mornings.
Dilution is least restricted during summer afternoons.
Inversions in southern Florida occur only as a result of the
diurnal cycle and not as a result of irregular topography.
Long
term inversion periods are rarely encountered in the study area,
and occur less often than in any other area in the nation.
No
forecast high air pollution potential days (air pollution episodes)
occurred in the study area between August 1, 1960 and August 31, 1969.
TABLE II. AVERAGE MIXING DEPTHS BY
SEASON AND TIME OF DAY (METERS)
Average Morning
Season Morning Average Afternoon Average & Afternoon
Winter 655 1210 935
Summer 1040 1360 1200
Annual
(4 seasons) 880 1330 1105
-------
25
The Dade County Pollution Control Department maintains an
ongoing program of air quality surveillance.
Sampling is conducted
for sulfur oxides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, particulate
matter and oxidants.
Data for S02' CO, suspended particulates and
dustfa11 are presented in Table III.
In general, S02 and CO levels
are relatively low in Dade County.
Suspended particulate concentrations
recorded in Miami are lower than those found in most other cities
of the same or smaller population classes, based on National Air
Surveillance Network (NASN) data.
The suspended particulate
concentrations are, however, substantially greater than levels
recorded at a non-urban site in Key Largo (Monroe County).
The
geometric mean concentration at this site was 26~/m3 for the
years 1958 through 1964.
This value might be considered as a
measure of the natural or "background" level of suspended particulates
in the study area.
During 1966 and 1967, a county-wide air pollution study was
conducted by the Palm Beach County Health Department.
Dustfa11
levels recorded in 8 cities along the coast averaged 10.5 tons/mi2-
mo~h. The maximum dustfa11 level recorded was 28.2 tons/mi2-montb
at De1ray Beach.
Dustfa11 levels at Royal Palm Beach, a buffer
zone between the urban coastal area and the glades, averaged 6.0
tons/mi2-month, with a maximum of 9.2 tons/mi2_~~hth.
Dustfall
levels in the Pahokee-Be11e Glade portion of Palm Beach County
averaged 16.5 tons/mi2-month (March and April 1966 only), with
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26
TABLE III.
DADE COUNTY MEASURES AIR QUAL ITY***
CII .
"d CII .000 .000 .000
'r! ~
~
0 -
.r!
A
1-1
~ .
...... ~ .002 .003 .004
:;j ~
tI)
CII .
"d CII
'r! ~
~ 1.00 0.80 0.90
o
r::
~
r::
0
,c . 1. 58 2.20 2.50
1-1 ~
t\3 ~
t.)
.
CI) CII
CII ~
.j.J
~ 58.5 54.9 52.6
:;j
0
r!
t:c.1
~~
rt1~
~ .
~
r:: ~
CII 63.7 68.6 68.8
Po .
CI) CII
:;j ~
tI)
1957-1963 NASN DATA FOR MIAMI: ~6~/~3 geomet:ic mean.
1965-1967 NASN DATA FOR MIAMI: 5 }J8 m geometr~c mean.
.
CII 11. 4* 11.8* 9.8*
..c:: ~
.j.J
r:: 17.2**
~~ - -
~I
.j.J.r!
g~- . 15.9* 18.9* 8.8*
~
r:: ~ 14.0**
o .
E-I CII - -
~
1966
1967
1968
* 8 Dade County Stations
** 7 Miami Beach Stations
*** Metropolitan Dade County Pollution Control Department
-------
27
a maximum of 22.4 tons/mi2-month.
These high levels were related
to sugarcane field-burning activities.
Suspended particulate
in Pahokee-Belle Glade,
42 pg/m3 at 5 coastal
and 22 }J8/m3 in Royal
sites, 77pg/m3
concentrations averaged
Palm Beach.
Maximum
concentrations recorded in these 3 county sub-areas were 184, 128
and 32p..glm3, respectively.
Levels of suspended particulates recorded in Fort Lauderdale
during 1964 indicates a geometric mean concentration of 34 pg/m3,
and a maximum of 57 }l8/m3.
Diffusion Model Results
A meteorological diffusion model has been used to compute
mathematically, ground-level concentrations of sulfur oxides,
carbon monoxide and suspended particulates at specified receptor
points.
Long-term average concentrations are predicted following
a mathematical treatment of air pollutant emissions and meteorological
data.
The diffusion model neglects topographical features for
area-source emissions and receptor points, and assumes an effective
stack height of 75 meters for all point sources.
While this,
and other limitations are inherent to the model, it nevertheless
has merit in providing reasonable spatial distributions of long-term
(seasonal and annual) average pollutant concentrations.
Figure 10 presents computed relative sulfur oxide concentrations
for the summer averaging time.
The highest relative concentrations
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28
are computed to occur in and near the power plants responsible for
the majority of the sulfur oxides emitted in the survey area.
The
combined impact of all SOX emissions is to affect in varying
degrees the air quality over large portions of the intensely
urbanized coastal areas of Dade, Broward and Palm Beach Counties.
Figure 11 presents computed relative concentrations of carbon
monoxide for the winter averaging period.
Greatest concentrations
are computed to occur over the Miami urban complex.
Much of the
remainder of northeast Dade County and eastern Broward County
also experience relatively high concentrations of CO, according to
the model.
The dispersion pattern for CO is in close agreement
with the pattern of carbon monoxide emissions in woutheastern
Florida.
Computed relative concentrations of suspended particulates
for the summer averaging period are shown in Figure 12.
The
dispersion pattern reflects the location of major point sources
and urban development in southeastern Florida.
The impact of
major point sources on ambient air quality is particularly noticeable
in western Palm Beach County.
-------
lAI( E
01< E ECHOSE E
PALf\~
HEN DRY
BROVv' A R D
(
COLLIER
10
o 5
IlItll I
SCAL E IN KILOMETERS
20 30 40 50
I -+--+---t
FIGURE 10.
COMPUTED RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS OF
SULFUR OXIDES (SUMMER AVERAGE).
w
u
I-
Z
-------
30
LAKE
.OKEECHOBEE
HENDRY
BROWARD
COLLIER
10
o 5
""11 I
SCALE IN KILOMETERS
20 30 40 50
I I I I
FIGURE 11.
COMPUTED RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS OF
CARBON MONOXIDE (WINTER AVERAGE) .
w
10
o
I-
Z
-------
HEN D RY
C Oll IER
~.
10
o 5
Jiftf I I
seA L E IN K IL OME T E R S
20 30 4 0 50
I I +- I
I-
Z
<{
-1
1-
<1:
FIGURE 12.
COMPUTED RELATIVE CONCENTRATIONS OF
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES (SUMMER AVERAGE).
z
«
w
o
o
o
-/00
I
31
-------
32
EVALUATION OF URBAN FACTORS
INTRODUCTION
The Clean Air Act calls for the designation of air quality
control regions based on "jurisdictional boundaries, urban-
industrial concentrations, and other factors" to provide an
inter-governmental system for the prevention and control of air
pollution.
The designation of air quality control regions must
also be based on a consideration of existing cooperative regional
arrangements, population concentrations, location of industry,
and patterns and rates of urban growth.
The following discussion
or urban factors will present these considerations as they apply
to the Metropolitan Miami area.
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
Human activity in its many forms is the basic cause of air
pollution.
Thus, existing and potential air pollution problems
may be related to geographic areas by studying present and
projected population statistics for those areas.
Dade County
is the southeasternmost county in the State of Florida.
The
Metropolitan Miami urban complex is located in northeast Dade
County, 14 miles south of the Broward County border.
Palm Beach
County lies directly to the north of Broward County.
Together,
these three counties possess the most intensely developed areas
and the bulk of the population in southern Florida.
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33
Figure 13 provides an indication of the locations of the
largest cities in the study area.
From this figure it is
apparent that the intensely urbanized areas in Broward, Dade,
and Palm Beach Counties are located along the coast.
Since
only the eastern-most portions of these counties ar~ intensely
developed at present, the great majority of their land areas
are either lightly developed or undeveloped.
Further, the Glades
area covers the western two-thirds of Broward, Dade, and Palm
Beach Counties.
The glade and marsh lands, together with water
conservation areas, national park land and Indian reservations,
make much of the presently undeveloped areas within these counties
undevelopable.
Similarly, the counties located directly to the
north and west of Dade, Broward and Palm Beach Counties, which
presently possess a low degree of development, are undevelopable
over much of their land area.
The major cities in Dade County are Miami, Miami Beach,
North Miami, North Miami Beach, Hialeah and Coral Gables.
Homestead, located in south-central Dade County, is a center
of sizeable population.
In Broward County, the major cities
are Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood, Pompano Beach and Hallandale.
The major cities of Palm Beach County are West Palm Beach,
Boca Raton, Lake Worth, Riviera Beach, Del Ray Beach and
Boynton Beach, all located along the coast.
Belle Galde, located
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34
POPULATION KEY:
(THOUSANDS)
.
..
.
100 - 500
25 - 100
10 - 25
_/
,t.I
.-
HARDEE
~~
~~
FIGURE 13. MAJOR CITIES IN SOUTHERN FLORIDA.
-------
on Lake Okeechobee in west Palm Beach County, is another city
of significant size.
The estimated 1969 populations for the
largest of these cities - Miami, Fort Lauderdale, Hollywood
and West Palm Beach - are 320,000, 132,000, 88,000 and 63,900
persons, respectively.
Table IV presents existing and projected population for
the several counties in southern Florida.
The data indicates
that Dade, whose 1970 population is estimated as 1,290,000
persons, is by far the largest County in the study area.
Dade is also the largest County in Florida and contains the
second largest metropolitan area in the southeast.
During
the decade of the 50's, Dade County was the fastest growing
metropolitan area in the country.
Broward County, the
second most populated in the study area, contains 670,000
persons, followed by Palm Beach County with 372,000 persons.
Present population densities by county are presented in
Figure 14.
As expected, Dade, Broward and Palm Beach - in
that order - are the most densely populated counties in
southern Florida.
The counties bordering these three counties
have populations and population densities ranging from low
to very low.
Projected levels of population presented in Table IV
indicate that Broward County will add 220,000 persons by
1975, while Dade County will add 196,000 residents.
35
-------
36
TABLE IV.
PRESENT AND PROJECTED POPULATION DATA AND
MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT BY JURISDICTION
Land 1969 Population 1975 Population Additional Additional Per Cent Estimate 1963 1963 Manufacturing
Area 1969 Estimated Density 1975 ProjectElj Density Residents Residents/Mi.2 Growth Manufacturing Employment Dens ity
County (Mi.2) Population 1 (Persons/Mi. 2) Population (Persons/Mi. 2) 1969-1975 1969-1975 1969-1975 Emp1oyment3 (persons/Mi.2)
Broward 1,219 670,000* 500 890,000* 731 220,000 181 32.8 9,750 8
Charlotte 703 21,400 30 33,700 48 12,300 18 57.5 138 Neg.
Collier 2,006 33,000 16 48,800 24 15,800 8 47.9 156 Neg.
Dade 2,042 1,290,000** 572 1,486,000** 650 196,000 96 15.2 43,245 21
De Soto 648 13,600 21 15,100 23 1,500 2 11.0 316 Neg.
Glades 753 3,800 5 4,600 6 800 1 21.0 NA NA
Hardee 629 15,000 24 16,900 26 1,900 3 12.7 255 Neg.
Hendry 1,187 12,400 10 14,000 12 1,600 1 12.9 473-' Neg.
Highlands 1,043 26,000 25 29,800 29 3,800 4 14.6 161 Neg.
Lee 785 87,500 111 113,200 144 25,700 33 29.4 909 1
Manatee 739 84,900 115 100,600 136 15,700 21 18.5 2,021 3
Martin 556 24,200 44 32,200 58 8,000 14 33.1 248 Neg.
Monroe 1,034 62,500 60 79,000 76 16,500 16 26.4 396 Neg.
Okeechobee 777 10,000 13 12,500 16 2,500 3 25.0 166 Neg.
Palm Beach 2,023 372,000*** 154 451,000*** 194 79,000 39 21.2 11 ,869 6
Saint Lucie 583 50,600 87 58,900 101 8,300 14 16.4 879 2
Sarasota 587 109,000 186 131,600 224 22,600 38 20.7 2,786 5
1.
2.
3.
Bureau of Economic and Business Research, College of Business Administration, University of Florida, for July 1, 1969.
Bureau of Economic and Business Research, College of Business Administration, University of Florida, for July 1, 1975.
Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide, 100th Edition, Rand McNally & Co., 1969.
*Broward County Area Planning Board.
**Metropo1itan Dade County Planning Department.
***Area Planning Board of Palm Beach County.
Note: Present Population Estimates for Broward,
NA Not Available
Neg.: Negligible
Dade, and Palm Beach Counties Are for the Year 1970.
-------
RESIDENTS/MI. 2
~
~
~
D
)200
150- 200
75-150
< 75
_/
:1.1
..-
FIG. 14.
~
~
37
PRESENT POPULATION DENSITIES
IN SOUTHERN FLORIDA.
-------
38
Palm Beach County will gain 79,000 additional residents during
this period.
During this same period the five bordering counties-
Collier, Glades, Hendry, Martin and Monroe - will add a total of
only 42,700 new residents.
This disparity in growth is indicated
in Figure 15.
It is anticipated that the bulk of the added growth in Dade,
Broward and Palm Beach Counties will occur in and near the presently
urbanized or non-urban, but developable, areas.
Thus, the marked
difference in intensity of population settlement between the
eastern and western portions of these counties will increase.
Though development is prohibited in much of the western portions
of these counties, population will be forced westward to areas
not readily developable at present due to the need for additional
space.
Much of the land in these counties, while not readily
suited to urban development, has been and will continue to be
important agriculturally.
It is expected that the Fort Lauderdale and Miami urban areas
will grow toward one another due to the northern pull Fort Lauderdale
is presently exerting on urban form in Dade County.
Growth in
Dade County will also be substantial along the corridor stretching
from Miami to Homestead in southern Dade County.
Notwithstanding
the large population increases projected for southeastern
Florida, a vast expanse of unpopulated area will remain between
the populated areas on the east and west coasts.
-------
39
~ > 100
~ 50-100
IZ21 25- 50
D < 25
HARDEE
3 4
2
ADDITIONAL RESIDENTS/MI.2
_/
:1.1
..-
~
~
FIG. 15.
ADDITIONAL RESIDENTS PER SQUARE
MILE, 1969-1975.
-------
40
MANUFACTURING ACTIVITY
The location of manufacturing activity is helpful in deter-
mining the size of an air quality control region since industrial
sources are often substantial contributors of air pollutant
emissions.
Manufacturing employment statistics and land use
information have been used to provide an indication of the
geographic location and extent of industrial activity in the
southern Florida area.
Table IV and Figure 16 provide information on the distri-
but ion of manufacturing employment in southern Florida, based
on 1963 data.
These data indicate that manufacturing employees
are by far most numerous in Dade, Palm Beach, and Broward Counties,
in that order.
The bordering counties have little industry, as
evidenced by the low numbers of manufacturing employees within
them.
Within Dade, Palm Beach and Broward Counties, most of the
industry is, as expected, located in the presently urbanized
areas - those areas near the coast.
Dade County's industry
is chiefly light (little polluting potential).
It is primarily
located in north-east Dade County.
The major manufacturing
activities are diversified and include apparel and other textile
products, transportation equipment, fabricated metal products,
food and kindred products and miscellaneous durable and non-
durable goods.
Greatest growth in manufacturing is expected
-------
41
1-8
GLAuES
HENDRY
EMPLOYEES/MI.2
~
~
lZ2J
D
> 20
8-20
<1
_/
LI
-
~ .,0
.. c;I ;,;;..--"~
O~
FIG. 16.
1963 MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT
DENSITIES.
-------
42
to occur in textile products, transportation equip~ent, machinery
and printing and publishing.
Industrial activity in Palm Beach County is increasing sub-
stantia1ly, as gauged by the increase in manufacturing employees
from 1960 to 1968.
In this same period, manufacturing employment
has increased in its proportion of the total work force from
9% to 14%.
In Palm Beach County the manufacture of food and
kindred products; stone, clay and glass products; lumber and
wood products; fabricated metals; electronics equipment; and
sugar milling, are of major significance.
In 1957, Broward County was second to Dade County in Florida
in the acquisition of new and diversified industry and the
employment of manufacturing employees.
The major activities in
the County are engaged in the production of electrical and non-
electrical machinery; stone, clay, and glass products; lumber
products; and furniture, textile and leather products.
Generally, tourism has in the past been the most important
source of income in the southeastern Florida area, and will
continue as such.
Manufacturing and research oriented activities
are expected, however, to playa more important role in the
future.
While only a comparatively small percentage of non-
agricultural jobs are in manufacturing, and only a small per-
centage of land is zoned for industry, an industrial build-up
in this region is inevitable.
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43
EXISTING REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
The geographic extent of regional planning commissions,
councils of local governments, State-defined planning and
economic development districts, and region-wide statistical
data-gathering bases is an important consideration affecting
the selection of air quality control region boundaries.
The
designation of a region compatible with these existing regional
arrangements is desirable since the implementation of a regional
air pollution control effort is dependent upon cooperation at
the various levels of government.
Further, region-wide
planning programs may be capable of providing assistance in the
development of air quality standards and a plan to implement
those standards.
The concept of Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's)
has been developed to meet the need for the presentation of
general-purpose statistics by agencies of the Federal Government,
and by State and local governments.
Each SMSA includes at least
one city of 50,000 inhabitants, the county in which that city lies,
and adjacent counties which are found to be metropolitan in
character and economically and socially integrated with the county
of the central city.
Objective criteria of a quantitative character
have been established to determine the existence of such multi-
jurisdictional interdependency.
On these bases, Dade, Broward and
Palm Beach Counties have been designated as individual SMSA's.
-------
44
At the present time only metropolitan, or county-wide
planning is conducted in the study area.
Such county-wide
agencies exist in Broward, Dade and Palm Beach Counties.
There
are at present, however, no regional, or multi-county, planning
agencies operative in southeastern Florida.
Although no formal
joint planning is carried out between Dade, Broward and Palm Beach
Counties, they nevertheless maintain a close working relationship.
In July, 1969, the Florida State Planning and Budget Commission
adopted a Resolution which recommended boundaries for regional
planning and development districts.*
This was done by the Commission
on the basis of its awareness that comprehensive development planning
is a function which has benefited in those areas which have conducted
planning on a multi-jurisdictional basis.
The district boundaries
recommended by the Commission for southern Florida are shown in
Figure 17.
The boundaries shown were felt to be most consistent
with State-wide comprehensive planning.
These boundaries were
developed after a consideration of regional economic patterns,
general population trends, existing State agency administrative
districts, existing planning region boundaries, and other substate
special purpose districts.
In southeastern Florida, Dade, Broward,
Monroe and Palm Beach Counties have been included within a single
district.
*Recommendation for Regional Planning and Development of District
Boundaries. Florida Office of State Planning, August 1968.
-------
HARDEE
DESOTO
_/
It
--
~
~
FIGURE 17.
REGIONAL PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT
DISTRICT BOUNDARIES.
45
-------
46
The State Planning and Budget Commission recommended the
planning and development districts in furtherance of its efforts
to encourage and cooperate with local governments in their attempts
to improve the quality of governmental service through regional
planning.
In addition, in adopting the Resolution the Commission's
intent was to encourage local officials to consider the recommended
boundaries when contemplating the establishment of new regional
planning and development districts or adjusting the boundaries
of existing districts.
At the same time that the Planning and Budget Commission
adopted regional planning and development districts, it adopted
boundaries for State planning and statistical areas whose use was
intended to enhance the development of statistics, plans, and programs
within Florida.
The planning and statistical area delineated for
southeastern Florida includes Broward, Dade, Monroe and Palm Beach
Counties.
This area is coterminous with the recommended regional
planning and development district.
EXISTING AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
The Florida Air and Water Pollution Control Act (Chapter 403
of the Florida Statutes) was passed by the Florida Legislature
in
1967.
The Act created the Florida Air and Water Pollution
Control Commission and provided for the adoption of rules and
regu1 at ions.
Among other things, the Act described requirements
-------
47
to be met by local air pollution control programs.
Section 26
of Florida Statute 69-106 was passed by the Florida State
Legislature and became effective in mid-1969.
Section 26 created
the Department of Air and Water Pollution Control as an independent
State agency.
The Department is headed by the Air and Water
Pollution Control Board (which supersedes the Pollution Control
Commission).
The Board has promulgated rules and regulations
providing for specific limitations on visible emissions, particulate
and fluoride emissions.
The Department of Air and Water Pollution Control has
jurisdiction throughout the State except in the jurisdiction of
local agencies which have been certified by the Department as being
adequate to control pollution and/or in the jurisdictions of those
local agencies which need not be certified by the Department because
they have acts that are stricter than the State's.
At present, no
local programs have been certified and no local programs have been
exempted from certification.
Air pollution control activities in Dade County are conducted by
the Metropolitan Dade County Pollution Control Department.
An
ordinance was initially enacted in 1963~ and amended in 1969, by
the Dade County Board of Commissioners.
The Ordinance created the
Pollution Control Hearing Board and provides for its powers, duties,
and functions.
The Ordinance further provides for the powers and
duties of the Pollution Control Officer and for the promulgation of
-------
48
rules and regulations by the County Commissioners.
Present rules
and regulations provide for limitations on visible emissions,
particulate matter, and sulfur dioxide.
The Palm Beach County Health Department has been designated as
an interim agent of the State of Florida Department of Air and
Water Pollution Control.
The County Health Department's legal
authority is based on the enforcement of the Rules and Regulations
of the State Department of Air and Water Pollution Control since
no legal enabling authority has been granted to the County by the
State Legislature.
State Senate Bill No. 1326, which became law on June 19,1963,
authorizes the Board of County Commissioners of Broward County
to control air pollution.
The air pollution control efforts are
made through the County Health Department.
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49
THE PROPOSED REGION
Subject to the schedule consultation, the Secretary,
Department of Health,- Education, and Welfare, proposes to designate
an air quality control region for the Miami, Florida intrastate
urban area.
The proposed Region consists of the following jurisdictions
in the State of Florida:
Broward County
Dade County
Palm Beach County
As so proposed, the Metropolitan Miami Region would consist
of the territorial area encompassed by the outermost boundaries of
the above jurisdictions and the territorial area of all municipalities
located therein and as defined in Section 302(f) of the Clean Air
Act, as amended (42 u.s.c. l857h(f)).
The boundaries of the proposed
Region are shown in Figure 18.
-------
50
HARDEE
_/
1I
-
~
FIGURE 18.
PROPOSED MIAMI INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY
CONTROL REGION.
-------
51
DISCUSSION OF PROPOSAL
To implement a successful air resource management program,
an air quality control region should be large enough to encompass
most air pollution sources as well as most people and property
affected by those sources.
The boundaries should also include those
locations were present development creates, or where projected
urbanization and industrialization will create, significant air
pollution problems.
Finally, the region should be compatible
with or hopefully even foster unified and cooperative governmental
administration of the air resource.
The proposed Metropolitan
Miami Intrastate Air Quality Control Region was designed to satisfy,
in the best way, these requirements.
Preliminary investigations indicated that the emissions
inventory, if restricted to Broward, Dade and Palm Beach Counties,
would encompass virtually all of the major air pollutant sources
and source areas in southeastern Florida.
The results of that
inventory indicated the the major pollutant source-areas are located
in the eastern, and particularly the coastal portions of the 3-county
survey area; that is, in the urban corridor stretching roughly
from Homestead northward to West Palm Beach.
As a result, a readily
identifiable relationship of the counties in the survey area to
an air pollution problem involving additional counties, was not
evident.
The possible exception to this is western Palm Beach
where the milling and open burning of sugarcane may affect air
quality in Hendry County to the west and Martin County to the uorth.
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52
Topography is not a factor affecting air pollution in southeastern
Florida.
Meteorological factors in the area tend to minimize air
pollution.
Air pollution in southeastern Florida is not as serious
at the present time as in other large metropolitan areas.
There
exists, however, air quality information which indicates that
pollutant concentrations in portions of Dade and Palm Beach Counties
are substantially greater than the background or natural levels
expected for the area.
Information obtained through the use of the
meteorological diffusion model indicates that the air quality
within large portions of Broward, Dade and Palm Beach Counties
is affected by the total 3-county pollutant source-complex.
~e
general conclusion drawn from the evaluation of engineering factors
is that the Region should include as a minimum, the three counties
over which the air pollutants were inventoried.
In such a 3-county
Region, it would be necessary to institute an air pollution control
program to enhance, and in areas where air quality is presently
acceptable to protec~ the air resource.
Broward, Dade and Palm Beach Counties possess, by far, the
bulk of the population and manufacturing activity in Southern
Florida.
Because of the concentration of population along the coastal
areas of these counties, a very high percentage of their populations
are classified as urban.
In contrast to the intense coastal urban
development, the western portions of these three counties are either
not readily developable or undevelopable.
Thus, a buffer zone is
provided between the population centers and the lightly developed
counties of Monroe, Collier, Hendry, and Glades to the west.
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53
Future growth will heighten the existing disparity in intensity
of development of Broward, Dade and Palm Beach Counties and the
counties to their north and west.
The bulk of the added growth
in the three counties proposed for the Region will occur in the
presently urbanized or non-urban, developable areas.
Though deve1op-
ment is prohibited in much of the western portions of these three
counties, population will be forced westward to areas not readily
developable as the need for additional space arises.
There does
not appear to be, however, the prospect that urban growth corridors
will connect the present coastal cities of Dade, Broward and Palm
Beach Counties to urban areas in the counties to the west.
At the present time, no regional or multi-county planning
agencies are operative in Southeastern Florida.
County-wide
planning exists in Dade, Broward and Palm Beach Counties, which
are individual Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas.
In 1969,
the Florida Planning and Budget Commission adopted a Resolution
which recommended boundaries for region planning and development
districts.
The recommended district in Southeastern Florida
includes Dade, Broward, Monroe and Palm Beach Counties.
These
boundaries were developed after a consideration of regional economic
patterns, general population trends and existing planning region
boundaries.
The Commission's intent in adopting th~ Resolution
was to encourage local officials to consider the recommended boundaries
when contemplating the establishment of new regional planning and
-------
54
development districts or when adjusting boundaries of existing
districts.
The urban factors evaluation indicates that the Region should
include a minimum of Broward, Dade and Palm Beach Counties.
This
agrees with the conclusion reached in the evaluation of technical
factors.
It was not felt that sufficient evidence exists to warrant
the inclusion of additional counties to the 3-county proposal at
the present time.
The designation of this three-county region should
serve to encourage the most effective use of State and local resources
toward the solution of the problem of air pollution.
Because of the nature of the problem of air pollution, there
is always the possibility that pollutant transport into or out
of an established region may exist.
An air quality control region
can never be completely self-contained with respect to sources
and receptors of air pollution.
The three-county Region proposed
by the Federal Government is considered to be the most cohesive
and yet inclusive area within which an effective regional effort
can be mounted to prevent and control air pollution.
Official designation of the Region will follow the formal
Consultation with appropriate State and local officials, and after
due consideration of comments presented for the record at the
Consultation or of those written comments received by the
Commissioner of the National Air Pollution Control Administration.
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