REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
METROPOLITAN DAYTON INTRASTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
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REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
METROPOLITAN DAYTON INTRAS TATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
CONSUMER PROTECTION AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SERVICE
NATIONAL AIR POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
SEPTEMBER 1969 .
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CONTENTS
PREFACE
INTRODUCTION. . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
REGIONAL SETTING
...... ... ...... ..... ...... ..... 8........
EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS
.......................
Topography
... ....... ........ ... ... .................
Meteorology.........
... ...... ........ ..............
Emissions
Inventory
......................... .......
Air Quality Analysis
...................... .... .....
EVALUATION OF URBAN FACTORS
.. ... ..... ..... ..............
Population
..... ..................... ...............
Land Use
... ........................... ....... ......
Industry
... ... ................................ .....
Transportation ...................
..................
Air
Pollution Control
.....................
Programs
Regional
Planning
........ ............. ....... ......
TFIE PROroSED REG ION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Discussion of Proposal
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 8 8 . . . .,.8 8 8 . .
1
9
11
11
11
13
28
38
38
45
49
53
58
60
63
63
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Table
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
LIST OF TABLES
Pollutant Emissions by Source Category and
Political Jurisdiction
Total Emission Density by Grid Zone
Average Mixing Depths for Dayton by Season
and Time 0 f Day
Population Growth in the Dayton Area, 1950-1969
Population Densities of Counties in the Dayton
Area, 1950-1969
Projected Population. and Density Growth by
County in the Dayton Area, 1969-1985
Trends in Manufacturing Employment by County in
the Dayton Area, 1963-1985
Page
17
22
31
40
42
44
55
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Figure
4
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
1
Flow Diagram for action to control air pollution
on a regional basis, under the Clean Air Act
2
Flow Diagram for the designation of air quality
control regions
3
Boundaries of Dayton and Surrounding Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas
Topography of the Miami River Valley
5
Per Cent Frequency of Wind Direction
6
Jurisdictions Included in the Dayton-Springfield
Air Pollution Emission Inventory
Total Study Area Emissions by Per Cent Contribution
of Various Source Categories
Emission Inventory Grid Map
Mean Daily Emission Density of Particulates in
the Study Area, 1967
Mean Daily Emission Density of Sulfur Oxides in
the Study Area, 1967
Mean Daily Emission Density of Carbon Monoxides
in the Study Area, 1967
Location of Point Sources
Theoretical Suspended Particulate Concentrations
Theoretical Sulfur Oxide Concentrations
Theoretical Carbon Monoxide Concentrations
Population Density, 1969
Population Growth, 1969-1985, Expressed in
Absolute Terms of Additional Residents Per
Sq. Mile
Page
3
7
10
12
14
15
19
20
25
26
27
29
33
35
37
43
46
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Figure
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, Continued
Population Growth, 1969-1985, Expressed in Per
Cent Increase in Additional Residents
Generalized Land Use Map, 1965
Projected Land Use Map
Manufacturing Employment Density, 1963
Manufacturing Employment Growth, 1963-1985,
Expressed in Absolute Terms of Additional
Employees Per Square Mile
Manufacturing Employment Growth, 1963-1985,
Expressed in Per Cent Increase Additional
Employees.
Present and Proposed Industrial Land Use
Major Transportation Arterials and Facilities
in the Dayton Area
Regional Planning Agency Jurisdiction in the
Dayton Area
Proposed Boundaries of the Dayton Intrastate Air
Quality Control Region
Relationship of Proposed Metropolitan Dayton
Air Quality Control Region to Surrounding
Areas
Page
47
48
50
51
52
54
56
57
61 .
65
65
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PREFACE
The Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is
directed by the Clean Air Act, as amended, to designate "air quality
control regions" as an initial step toward the adoption of regional
air quality standards and the establishment of plans to implement
those standards.
In addition to listing the major factors to be
considered in the development of region boundaries, the Act
stipulates that the designation of a region shall be preceded by
consultation with appropriate State and local authorities.
The National Air Pollution Control Administration, DHEW, has
conducted a study of the greater Dayton area, the results of which
are presented in this report.
The Region* boundaries proposed
reflect consideration of available and pertinent data; however,
the boundaries remain subject to revision suggested by consultation
with State and local authorities.
Formal designation will be with-
held pending the outcome of this formal consultation.
This report
is intended to serve as the starting point for the consultation.
The Administration is appreciative of assistance received
either directly during the course of this study or indirectly
during previous studies from the official air pollution agencies
of the affected state and counties and the Miami Valley Regional
Planning Commission.
*For the purposes of this report, the word "region," when
capitalized, will refer to the proposed Metropolitan Dayton
Intrastate Air Quality Control Region. When not capitalized,
unless otherwise noted, it will refer to air quality control
regions in general.
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1
INTRODUCTION
"For the purpose of establishing ambient air
quality standards pursuant to section 108, and for
administrative and other purposes, the Secretary,
after consultation with appropriate State and local
authorities, shall, to the extent feasible, within
18 months after the date of enactment of the Air
Quality Act of 1967 designate air quality control
regions based on jurisdictional boundaries, urban-
industrial concentrations, and other factors
including implementation of air quality standards.
The Secretary may from time to time thereafter, as he
determines necessary to protect the public health.
and welfare and after consultation with appropriate
State and local authorities, revise the designation
of such regions and designate additional air quality
control regions. The Secretary shall immediately
notify the Governor or Governors of the affected
State or States of such designation."
Section 107(a) (2), Clean Air Act, as amended.
THE AIR QUALITY ACT
Air pollution, because of its direct relationship to people and
their activities, is an urban problem.
Urban sprawls often cover
thousands of square miles; they quite often include parts of more
than one State and almost always are made up of several counties
and an even greater number of cities.
Air pollution, therefore,
is a regional problem.
The collaboration of several governmental
jurisdictions is prerequisite to the solution of the problem in
any given area.
Air quality control regions called for in the
above-quoted section of the Clean Air Act are meant to define
the geographical extent .of air pollution problem areas and the
combination of jurisdictions that must contribute to the solution
in each area.
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2
The regional approach set forth by the Clean Air Act is
illustrated in Figure 1.
The approach involves a series of steps
to be taken by Federal, State, and local governments.
This
mechanism begins with the designation of regions, the publication
of air quality criteria, and the publication of information .on
available control techniques by the Federal Government.
Following
the completion of these three steps, the Governors of the States
involved in a region designation must file with the Secretary
within 90 days a letter of intent, indicating that the States
will adopt within 180 days ai~ quality standards and within
another 180 days plans for the implementation and enforcement of
those air quality standards in the designated air quality control
regions.
The Federal legislation provides for a regional attack on
air pollution and, at the same time, allows latitude in the
form which regional efforts may take.
While the Secretary reserves
approval authority, the States involved in a designated region
assume the primary responsibility for developing air quality
standards and an implementation plan including administrative
procedures for abatement and control.
THE SIZE OF A REGION
Several objectives are important in determining how large an
air quality control region should be.
Basically, these objectives
can be divided into three separate categories.
First, a region
should be self-contained with respect to air pollution sources
and receptors.
In other words, a region should include most of
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HEW DESIGNATES
AIR QUALITY
CONTROL REGIONS.
HEW DEVELOPS AND
PUBLISHES AIR
QUALITY CRITERIA
BASED ON SCIENTIFIC
EVIDENCE OF AIR
POLLUTION EFFECTS.
HEW PREPARES
AND PUBLISHES
REPORTS ON
AVAILABLE CONTROL
TECHNIQUES
FIGURE 1
STATES INDICATE
THEIR INTENT
TO SET STANDARDS. (PUBLIC
HEARINGS)
STATES SET
AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS
FOR THE AIR
QUALITY CONTROL
REGIONS.
STATES SUBMIT
STANDARDS FOR
HEW REVIEW.
STATES ESTABLISH
COMPREHENSIVE PLANS
FOR IMPLEMENTING
AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS.
STATES SUBMIT
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
FOR HEW REVIEW.
STATES ACT TO CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
AND PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTATION.
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTION TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION ON A REGIONAL
BASIS, UNDER THE AIR QUALITY ACT.
VJ
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4
the important sources in the area as well as most of the people and
property affected by air over a region will usually have at least
trace amounts of pollutants from external sources.
During episodic
conditions, such contributions from external sources may even reach
significant levels.
Conversely, air pollution generated within a
region and transported out of it can affect external receptors to
some degree.
It would be impractical and inefficient to make all
air quality control regions large enough to encompass these low-
level trace effects.
The geographic extent of trace effects over-
estimates the true problem area which should be the focus of air
pollution control efforts.
Thus, the first objective, that a
region be self-contained, becomes a question of relative
magnitude and frequency.
The dividing line between "important
influence" and "trace effect" will be a matter of judgment.
The
judgment should be based on estimates of the impact a source has
upon a region, and the level of pollution to which receptors are
subjected.
In this respect, annual and seasonal data on
pollutant emissions and ambient air concentrations are a better
measure of relative influence than short-term data on episodic
conditions.
The second general objective requires that region boundaries be
designed to meet not only present conditions but also future
conditions.
In other words, the region should include areas where
industrial and residential expansion are likely to create air
.pollution problems in the foreseeable future.
This objective
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5
requires careful consideration of existing metropolitan development
plans, expected population growth, and projected industrial
expansion.
Such considerations should result in the designation
of regions which will contain the sources and receptors of regional
air pollution for a number of years to come.
Of course, region
boundaries need not be permanently fixed, once designated.
Boundaries should be reviewed periodically and altered when
changing conditions warrant readjustment.
The third objective is that region boundaries should be
compatible with and even foster unified and cooperative governmental
administration of the air resource throughout the region.
Air
pollution is a regional problem which often extends across several
municipal, county, and even State boundaries.
Clearly, the
collaboration of several governmental jurisdictions is prerequisite
to the solution of the problem.
Therefore, the region should be
delineated in a way which encourages regional cooperation among
the various governmental bodies involved in air pollution control.
In this regard, the existing pattern of governmental cooperation
on the whole range of urban problems may become an important con-
sideration.
Certainly the pattern of cooperation among existing
air pollution control programs is a relevant factor.
In general,
administrative considerations dictate that governmental jurisdictions
should not be divided.
Although it would be impractical to preserve
State jurisdictions undivided, usually it is possible to preserve
the unity of county governments by including or excluding them in
their entirety.
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6
To the extent that any two of the above three objectives lead
to incompatible conclusions concerning region boundaries, the
region must represent a reasonable compromise.
A region should
represent the best way of satisfying the three objectives
simultaneously.
PROCEDURE FOR DESIGNATION OF REGIONS
Figure 2 summarizes the procedure used by the National Air
Pollution Control Administration for designating air qualit~
control regions.
A preliminary delineation of the region is
developed by bringing together two essentially separate studies--
the "Evaluation of Engineering Factors" and the "Evaluation of
Urban Factors."
The study of "Engineering Factors" indicates. the location
of pollution sources and the geographic extent of significant
pollutant concentrations in the ambient air.
Pollutant sources
are located by an inventory of emissions from automobiles,
industrial activities, space heating, waste disposal, and other
pollution generators.
Pollutant concentrations in the ambient
air are estimated by a theoretical diffusion model.
Air quality
sampling data is more reliable than the theoretical diffusion
model results since the data is directly recorded by pollutant
measuring instruments.
Unfortunately, in many cases extensive air
quality sampling data is unavailable in the rural areas surrounding
an urban complex.
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I'
ENGINEERING EVALUATION
. EMISSIONS INVENTORY
. METEOROLOGY
.AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
EXISTING AIR QUALITY DATA
DIFFUSION MODEL OUTPUT
PrelimiiraTY. Consultation Formal
Delineation .... with State ~ Designation
of and Local by
Regions Officials Secretary-HEW
URBAN FACTORS ..."
-
8 Jurisdictional Boundaries
8 Urban-Industrial Concentrations
8 Cooperative Regional Arrangements
8 Pattern and Rate of Growth
8 Existing State and Local Air
Pollution Control Legislation & Programs
FIGURE 2.
FLOW DIAGRAM FOR THE DESIGNATION OF AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS.
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8
The study of "Urban Factors" encompasses non-engineering
considerations.
It reviews existing governmental jurisdictions,
current air pollution control programs, present concentrations of
population and industry, and expected patterns of urban growth.
Other non-engineering factors are discussed when they are relevant.
As a whole, the study of urban factors indicates how large an air
quality control region must be in order to encompass expected
growth of pollution sources in the future.
It also considers
which group of governmental jurisdictions will most effectively
administer a strong regional air quality control program.
The conclusions of the engineering study are combined with
the' results of the urban factors study to form the basis of an
initial proposal for an air quality control region.
As shown in
Figure 2, the proposal is then submitted for consultation with
State and local officials.
After reviewing the suggestions raised
during the consultation, the Secretary formally designates the
region with a notice in the Federal Register and notifies the
Governors of the States affected by the designation.
The body of this report contains a proposal for the boundaries
of the Metropolitan Dayton Intrastate Air Quality Control Region
along with supporting studies on engineering and urban factors.
The report itself is intended to serve as the background document
for the formal consultation with appropriate State and local
authorities.
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9
REGIONAL SETTING
The Dayton metropolitan area is located in the southwestern
portion of Ohio on the Miami River, 47 miles north of Cincinnati.
The area contains eight per cent of the State's total population
and its central city, Dayton, is the sixth largest city in Ohio.
Several Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas* (S.M.S.A.) are
located within the area under study -- Dayton, Cincinnati,
Springfield, and Hamilton-Middletown.
Figure 3 shows the counties
that are included within the study area portions of these S.M.S.A. 'so
The Dayton region's.strategic location between the agricultural
Midwest Corn Belt and the Manufacturing Belt of the East has made
it an extremely prosperous area.
An important manufacturing
center for such diversified products as business machines, rubber
products, and refrigerators, Dayton is also well-known as the
first large city in the nation to adopt the commission-manager
form of government.
*The term Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area refers to
politically defined regions as established 'by the U. S.
Bureau of Census. The most basic requirement is that the area
be a county or a contiguous group of counties containing at
least one city of 50,000 or more inhabitants.
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10
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PREBLE
FIGURE 3.
BOUNDARIES OF DAYTON AND SURROUNDING STANDARD
METROPOLITAN STATISTICAL AREAS
- - - STATE BOUNDARY
---
COUNTY BOUNDARIES
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11
EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS
Five major engineering factors were evaluated in the Dayton
area to assist in determining the geographical extent of the
proposed air quality control region.
They were meteorology,
topography, air pollutant emissions, measured ambient air quality
data, and theoretical air quality levels as determined by a
diffusion model.
The examination of these factors, discussed in
detail in the following subsections, led. to basic conclusions on
the size of the Region.
TOPOGRAPHY
Most of the Dayton metropolitan area lies within the Miami
River Valley, a nearly flat plain, generally 50 to 200 feet below
the elevation of the surrounding countryside.
Tributaries, ,
chiefly the Mad River and the Stillwater River, converge on the
Miami River at Dayton and extend the river plain to the northwest
and northeast.
All waterways in the Dayton area drain southward
into the Ohio River.
The elevation of the Miami River at Dayton
is about 750 feet and the surrounding countryside in the form of
rolling hills rises to little more than 1,000 feet above sea
level.
The topography of the Dayton metropolitan area, shown by
"
the map in Figure 4, does not tend to intentify the air pollution
problem in greater Dayton.
METEOROLOGY
Precipitation in the study area is rather evenly distributed
throughout the year and temperatures are usually moderate.
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12
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TOPOGRAPHY OF THE MIAMI
RIVER VALLEY
---
STATE BOUNDARY
---
COUNTY BOUNDARIES
t~::::~~~~1 overEi~~~~i~~et
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13
Temperatures of zero or below will occur four out of every five
years, whereas temperatures of 100 degrees or more will occur
only once in every five years.
Furthermore, extremes in tem-
perature are usually of short duration.
Cold, polar air flowing
across the Great Lakes causes much cloudiness in the winter and
is accompanied by frequent light snow flurries.
The wind is predominantly out of the south-southwest except
in February and March, when west-northwest winds prevail.
The
wind speed averages about eight miles per hour in the summer and
about twelve miles per hour in the winter.
Annual, summer, and
winter wind roses are shown in Figure 5.
The Dayton area appears
to be much more affected by stagnant air masses extending over
large areas of the Midwest than by localized climatological
conditions.
EMISSION INVENTORY
The National Air Pollution Control Administration conducted
two emission inventories within the Dayton area.
Based upon 1967
data, the Dayton survey included the counties of Darke, Greene,
Miami, Montgomery, and Preble; and the Springfield survey was
inclusive of Clark County.
These areas are shown in Figure 6.
Five pollutants were inventoried through the use of the PHS
rapid ,survey technique 1 -- total particulates, sulfur dioxides,*
carbon monoxides, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides.
Only
particulate matter, sulfur dioxides, and carbon monoxide are
* Estimates are based on all oxides of sulfur, of which the vast
majority is composed of sulfur dioxide.
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14
FIGUR E
5
PER CENT FREQUENCY
OF WIND DIRECTION
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WINTER
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PER CE~~ FREQUENCY
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FIGURE 6.
JURISDICTIONS INCLUDED IN THE DAYTON-
SPRINGFIELD AIR POLLUTANT EMISSION INVENTORY
- --
STATE BOUNDARY
---
COUNTY BOUNDARIES
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. 16
considered, since it is believed that they provide an index
of the geographic extent 'of the pollution problem.
Total particulate emissions show the extent of industrial,
waste incineration, domestic heating, and steam-electric power
plant emissions.
Sulfur dioxide emissions describe the effect
of fuel combustion from stationary sources.
Finally, carbon
monoxide emissions directly portray the influence of gasoline-
powered motor vehicles upon the survey area.
Emission inventory results portray the geographic dis-
tribution of pollutant emissions, whether stationary or mobile,
for particular areas.
Although additional counties outside
the two emission inventory survey areas were considered as
candidates for inclusion wit~in the proposed Region, the six
counties surveyed were felt to represent the peart of such a
region.
The results of the inventory were evaluated by the
diffusion model to systematically predict the spatial and
temporal distribution of the emitted pollutants.
EMISSIONS BY LOCATION
The results of the emission inventory of the Dayton-Springfield
area are tabulated by source category, pollutant-type, and
political jurisdiction in Table I.
Montgomery County, because
of its population size and industrial concentration, leads in
total emissions for all three pollutant-types.
Second highest
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TABLE I
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY AND POLITICAL JURISDICTION
IN THE DAYTON AREA, 1967 (TONS/YEAR)
r-..
~
Emissions from Fuel Consumption Solid Total
I,;ommerc~al. 0< titeam-taectr~c Transpor- Waste Emissions
Pollutant COUNTY Industrial Residential ' Institutional Power Plants Total Fuel tation Disposal (All Sources)
Clark --- 1,380 --- 2,470 3,850 130 20 4,000
Drake 390 420 220 0 1,030 90 Neg. 1,120
Cf.) Greene 18,050 400 300 0 18,750 165 10 18,925
(jj
~'O Miami 2,300 350 400 4,080 7,130 150 25 7,305
;j .~
4-1 X Montgomery 18,340 1,510 980 57,270 78,100 1,160 45 79,305
~o
;j .... Preble 570 300 210 0 1,080 .6.0. Neg.. 1,14.0
tnc!
TOTAL 39,650 4,360 2,110 63,820 109,940 1,755 100 111,795 "
Cf.) Clark 10 2,470 10 7,160 9,650 160 260 10,070
(jj Darke 1,010 380 520 0 1,910 155 210 2,275 '
.j.J
C1S
~ Greene 9,950 320 770 0 11 ,040 300 505 11 , 845
;j Miami 4,800 330 1,020 7,770 13,920 260 240 14,420
CJ
.~
.j.J Montgomery 28,360 1,450 2,400 25,890 58,100 2,020 3,090 62,210
~
C1S Preble 1,500 280 510 0 2,290 110 160 2,560
p..
TOTAL 45,630 5,230 5,230 40,820 96,910 3,005 3,465 103,380
Clark --- 7,600 --- 260 2,860 34,700 1,290 38,850
(jj Darke 30 440 250 0 720 17 , 740 1 , 120 19,580
'0
.~ Greene 3,450 330 380 0 4,160 34,170 2,555 40,885
x
0 Miami 140 370 500 40 1,050 29,660 840 31,550
s:: s::
]~ Montgomery 13,390 1,520 1,140 490 16,540 229,900 9,065 255,505
~ Preble 50 320 250 0 620 12,530 830 13,980
C1S
u
TOTAL 17,060 5,580 2,520 790 25,950 358,700 15,700 400,350
-------
18
for sulfur dioxide and carbon monoxide is Greene County, while
Miami County has the second highest emission of total particulates.
EMISSION BY SOURCE CATEGORY
Figure 7 graphically portrays the total study area emissions
by the percent contribution of the various source categories.
A
brief summary of such emissions is as follows:
1.
Coal combustion accounted for more than 74 percent
of the total particulate emission of almost 103,400
tons per year. Transportation sources contributed
3.4 percent; industrial processes, 15 percent; and
refuse burning, 3.4 percent.
2.
Sulfur dioxide (111,800 tons per year) are emitted
primarily from fuel combustion in stationary sources.
Steam-electric power plants contributed 57 percent,
almost solely from coal combustion; industry
accounted for 38 percent; residential, commercial
and institutional establishments added another 4.5
percent.
3.
The major source of carbon monoxide (400,400 tons
per year) was gasoline-powered motor vehicles which
emitted 91 percent of the total emissions. Coal
combustion in stationary sources accounted for 3.4
percent; and industrial processes, 3.1 percent.
GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION OF EMISSIONS
A grid coordinate system, shown in Figure 8, was used to
define the geographical distribution of air pollutant emissions.
The grid coordinate system used was the Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTMO System.
Grid squares are 5, 10, and 20 kilometers
on a side, depending on the intensity of urban development in an
area.
The estimated emissions of each of the three pollutants (by
grid zone) were expressed as average daily emissions for three
different time. periods -- annual, winter, and summer.
-------
19
FIGURE
7.
TOTAL
STUDY AREA
EMISSIONS
BY
PERCENT
CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS
SOURC E.. CATEGO R IE S
Re fuse
Disposal
Commericial &
Institutional
Transportation
Residential
{commerctlf.al &
Institutional
Industrial Process
Refuse Disposal
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
commer~ia1~Institutional
Steam-Electric P.P.
Residential Industrial
2% Process
Refuse
Disposal
SULFUR DIOXIDES
Transportation
91%
CARBON MONOXIDES
-------
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o 0
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FIGURE 8.
EMISSION
INVENTORY GRID MAP
- I
z 0
» 39 0 5 1 0 1 5
38 I I I ,
-
MILE S
DA R K E i
40 41
34 ~ PiquacCJ
Greeneville N
36 T r 0 y\? 37
47 48 49
M lAM I C LA R K
27 28 44 45 46
O~ pringfle d
l
29 30 31 "- 32 33 42 43
I~ 0 N T ( ~OMER Y ~'~Oi r~
,.., """"- J
8 9 15 20 ~< 23 24 25 26 -""l
PRE BLE ) ( "\
Do Iyton
DEoton 16 17 18 ~ G R E ENE
- ~.... -
10 1 1 V J12U 13 140X
~ nio
Ketterin
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
.
~ I
N
o
-------
21
Annual average emission densities were calculated by dividing the
total quantity of pollutants emitted in each of the grid zones by
the total land area of the zone.
Table 2 tabulates the resulting
emission densities by grid zone.
If greater than 50 per cent of
the grid zone emissions result from major point sources, an
asterisk is shown in the tab1e.*
Figure 9 shows the mean daily emission density of particulates
by study area grid zone.
The highest densities are found in the
City of Dayton and in outlying areas that contain major steam-
electric power plants.
Nearly all of Montgomery County is affected
by emission levels of greater than 0.02 tons per square mile.
Miami and Clark counties also have relatively large portions
affected by emission densities of over 0.02 tons per square mile.
Figure 10 shows the mean daily emission density of sulfur
dioxides by study area grid
zone.
Nearly all of Montgomery and
Miami counties are affected by emission densities of over 0.01
tons per square mile.
Once again, emission densities are high
in several outlying, low population-density zones due to the
location of steam-electric power plants.
Figure 11 shows the mean daily emission density of carbon
monoxide by study area grid zone.
As is normally true, carbon
*The values in Table 2 have been rounded-off to the nearest one-
hundredth ton (20 pounds) while the densities shown on the grid
maps are to the nearest one-thousandth ton. Therefore, a value
such as 0.018 ton per square mile appears on the map in the
0.01 to 0.02 range whereas it is shown in Table 2 as 0.02 tons
per square mile.
-------
22
TABLE 2
TOTAL EMISSION DENSITY BY GRID ZONE
(TONS PER DAY PER SQUARE MILE)
Density of Density of Density of
Grid Sulfur Dicbxide Particulate Carbon Monoxide
Number Emissions Emissions Emissions
1 0.01 0.02 0.05
2 0.01 0.02 0.07
3 0.01 . 0.02 0.18
4 2.89* 2.43* 0.98
5 0.01 0.01 0.08
6 0.01 0.02 0.02
7 0.01 0.01 0.01
8 0.01 0.02 0.06
9 0.01 0.01 0.11
10 0.01 0.02 0.09*
11 0 . 20* O. 24* 1. 22
12 0.05 0.09 2.24
13 0.01 0.02 0.30
14 0.04 0.05 0.34
15 0.01 0.07* 0.45
16 0.09 0.15 0.32
17 10.10* 2.55* 5.25
18 2~61* 2.32* 7.08
19 0.10 0.17 4.38
20 0.10 0.16 3.78
21 0.20 0.25 5.16
22 1. 69* 5.42* 7.87
-------
Table 2 continued 23
Density of Density of Density of
Grid Sulfur Dioxide Particulate Carbon Monoxide
Number Emissions Emissions Emissions
23 0.11* 0.16* . 4.09
24 0.03 0 . 05* 0.73
25 0.01 0.02 0.15
26 0.00 0.01 0.06
27 0.01 0.01 0.07
28 0.01 0.01 0.10.
29 0.01 0.03* 0.46
30 0.02 0.04 1.32
31 0.03 0.05 1.31
32 1.00* 0.31* 0.81
33 0.02 0.03 0.28
34 0.01 0.03 0.17
35 0.00 0.00 0.06
36 0~05* 0.11* 0.30
37 0.01 0.02 0.12
38 0.00 0.01 0.05
39 0.00 0.01 0.07
40 0.11* 0.24* 0.36
41 0.03 0.03 0.12
42 0.00 0.00 0.06
43 0.00 0.00 0.02
44 0.17* 0.39* 0.07
45 0.13 0.37 2.03
-------
24
Table 2 continued
Density of Density of Density of
Grid Sulfur Dioxide Particulate Carbon Monoxide
Number Emissions Emissions Emissions
46 0.00 0.00 0.05
47 0.00 0.00 0.04
48 0.00 0.00 0.06
49 0.00 0.00 0.03
* More than 50% of emissions in the grid are due to point sources
-------
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38
FIGURE
39
DA
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27
28
8
9
PREBLE
Eo 10 n
2
9.
MEAN DAILY EMISSION DENSITY OF
IN THE STUDY AREA, 1967
PARTICULATES
Tons/Square Mile/Day
c::::J Und~r 0.02 tQQQQQt
J.:-:.:-:-:-:-~. 0.02 - 0.05
~0.05 - 0.10
o
I
5 10 15
I I I
MilE S
i
N
0.10 - 0.20
~::::::"';'~'f
.-.-...:.:.:.:
-
0.20 - 0.40
Over 0.40
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00000000000
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':O:N:::r:; :O::M:f::
:;:;:::;:;:;:;:;:;:;:; :;:;::;:;:::;:::;:;:::;
47
48
CLARK
49
GREENE
10
!~.ii!iilllfiii
6
7
nio
N
V1
3
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o
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38
27
8
9
PREBLE
FIGURE
10.
MEAN DAILY EMISSION DENSITY OF SULFUR
DIOXIDE IN THE STUDY AREA, 1967.
39
Tons/Square Mile/Day
r:::J Under 0.01 ~::~:::::::~
- 0.05-
° 5 10 15 N
I 0\
0.10 - 0.20 I I I
MIL E S
Over 0.20
1
N
DA
k<.).~.1 0.01
mO.05
- 0.10
KE
28
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nio
2 6 7
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FIGURE 11.
39
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.~ . . . .. .. .. .. . .. .. . 6
27
1~~ii.,:'i':.::....'I:I:I,.,.':',,:,:,..
8
".".0.",".".".",':':':':':':':':-:-
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:.:.:.:-:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:-:.:.:.:-:.:
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:.:.:-:.:-:-:.:.:.:.:.:.:.:-:.:-:-:.
..................
°0 ',',°0""""""'""""""'"
2
MEAN DAILY EMISSION DENSITY OF CARBON
MONOXIDES IN THE STUDY AREA, 1967
Tons/Square Mile/Day
c:::IUnder 0.10 ~~~gQ{0.75 - 2.25
~::::::::::::j O. 10 - 0.25 ~::::::::::::~( 2. 25 - 4.50
~0.25. - 0.75 _.over 4.50
1~~!I!i:i!:I!i!lii!lli1ilii!
~~~~j ~ j ~ j ~ j j ~ j ~ j ~ j ~ j ~ j ~ j ~ j ~ j ~ ~
1!!!!:!I!illllllllll!!III!!I!!
.....
11111111'0
,:::i'::.....,"
i:llil:lilll::I"
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I I I
Mil E 5
i
N
A8
A9
CLARK
nia
N
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-------
28
monoxide densities are highest in the urban core of the region --
the downtown area of Dayton.
The higher emission densities
reflect heavily trave11~d highways such as the interstate freeways
(1-75 and 1-70).
POINT SOURCES
Figure 12 shows the location of major point sources within the
study area.
Nine steam-electric power plants were operating within
the study area during 1967, two of which consumed over one-half
million tons of coal during the year.
Other point sources in the
Dayton area included six foundries, seven cement or batching
plants, five asphaltic batching plants, and two grain storage and
handling facilities.
Major sources of aircraft emissions were
James Cox Municipal Air Pbrt in Vanda1ia and Wright-Patterson
Air force
Base in Greene County..
AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
The regional approach to air resource management requires
that all the major sources of pollution in an urban area be
located within the same air quality control region.
One must
also consider the influence of pollution upon people and
property once it is emitted into the ambient air.
Upon determining
this, a region which will envelop nearly all the sources and
receptors for a particular metropolitan area may be selected.
Two important indices may be used to determine the
peripheral extent of the air pollution problem within a region.
First, long-term air sampling data, where available, may be
-------
z
0 0 FIGURE 12. LOCATION OF MAJOR POINT SOURCES
- :I:
> -
z 0 0 5 10 15
> 38 39 . POWER PLANT I I I I
. INDUSTRY MILE S
. FEDERAL OR COMMERCIAL
6. AIRPORT
DA KE 0 INCINERATOR i
40 41
34 ~ P iqUa.r!:J
N
Greeneville .
36 ~37
Troy 47 48 49
MIAMI CLARK
27 28 44 'i!5 46
... .. pringfle d
.
29 30 33 42 43
ONT
8 9 15
PREBLE .
GREENE
Eat on .
10 II 14
X nia
.
N
\!)
2 3 5 6 7
-------
30
evaluated~
Unfortunately, few areas have sufficiently extensive
sampling networks to be useful in selecting
region boundaries.
In these instances, diffusion modeling may be used to measure
the peripheral extent of air pollution in an area.
This tech-
nique results in an estimate of long-term average air quality by
taking into account the location and magnitude of air pollutant
emissions, and possible meteorological conditions.
Following is a brief discussion of the diffusion model, and
a summary of measured air sampling data and estimated air quality
levels in the Dayton area.
DIFFUSION MODEL
A meteorological diffusion model was used to predict suspended
particulate, sulfur dioxide, and carbon monoxide concentrations
in the ambient air at various receptor locations throughout the
region.
The Martin-Tikvart model was applied to each of these
three pollutants for an average summer, winter, and annual day.2
This model predicts long-term rather than episodic air quality
conditions based on seasonal and annual average emission and
meteorological data.
The model has various intrinsic characteristics
which limit its capabilities.
However, its ability to determine
reasonable spatial distributions of air pollutant concentrations
has been verified by comparison with model results of air sampling
data in other metropolitan areas.
-------
31
Table 3 shows the average mixing depths for Dayton during the
winter, summer, and annual averaging periods.
These mixing depths,
when combined with wind speed and direction data (see Figure 5),
are used in the diffusion model.
The meteorological data
tabulated in this report was obtained from the National Weather
Records Center (ESSA).
Table 3
AVERAGE MIXING DEPTHS FOR DAYTON
BY SEASON AND TIME OF DAY
Mixing Depths, Meters
Average
Average Average Morning and
Season Morning Afternoon Afternoon
Winter 461 749 605
(Dec., Jan., Feb.)
Summer 349 1661 1005
(June, July, Aug.)
Annual 408 1324 866
(Four Seasons)
A final note of caution regarding the air pollutant
concentrations resulting from the diffusion model:
the concentra-
tion contours are theoretical in nature and are not intended to
show absolute levels of ambient air quality.
The contour lines
show relative levels and should be used as a guide to examine
areas affected by inventoried pollutant emissions.
-------
32
SUSPENDED PARTICULATES
Figure 13 shows theoretical suspended particulate concen-
trations as determined by the diffusion model.
The contour lines,
known as isop1eths, represent conditions on an average summer day.
A study of the extent of the affected area on a summer, winter, and
annual basis "reveals that summer meteorological conditions and
emission levels cause the most wide~pread effects.
Due to the
impact of Cincinnati and Hamilton-Middletown emission sources
upon the Dayton area, the concentrations shown in Figure 13
represent a combination 6f the Cincinnati and Dayton diffusion
model isop1eths.
Finally, it should be noted that emissions from
sources in Clark County were not included in the diffusion model
analysis for this study.
Such inclusion would have likely extended
the higher concentration isopleths northeastward from Dayton and
into Clark County.
The suspended particulate cpncentrations appear greater in
two locations:
(1) southwestern Montgomery County, in the path
of prevailing winds from the Middletown industrial complex and
(2) downtown Dayton.
Significant levels of suspended particulates
extend outward to Preble, Miami, Clark, and Greene Counties.
Figure 13 also shows the location and long-term average con-
centrations recorded at four air sampling stations in the Dayton
area.
Data collected by Federal (NASN), State, and local agencies,
-------
z
o 0
- ::J:
> -
z 0
>
FIGURE 13.
THEORETICAL SUSPENDED PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS
Adjusted for the combined effect of Dayton and
Cincinnati study areas (excluding Clark County).
Summer Basis. Values in micrograms per cubic meter'.'
o
I
5
I
10
I
15
I
MILES
MEASURED AIR QUALITY DATA
DARKE
i Station- ~3
, A (NASN) 122
B 80
N C 73
D 110
o
Greeneville
P iqua cCJ
20
20
Year
1966
1967
1967
1966
w
w
-------
34
shows high correlation with the theoretical estimates of air
quality levels.
Three of the stations measured within approxi-
mately £ 10 ~g/m3 of the predicted suspended particulate values
while measurements at the fourth station appeared nearly identical
with predicted values.
In addition to those sampling stations shown
in Figure 13, two sampling stations maintained by the State of
Ohio in outlying co~unities also recorded relatively high
average values for recent periods - 145 pg/m3 in Piqua, Miami
County (1963-65); and 91 pg/m3 in Greenvi1le, Darke County (1966-67).
These values further indicate that serious consideration should
be given these outlying counties for inclusion in the Dayton
Region.
SULFUR DIOXIDES
Figure 14 present average annual theoretical concentration
contours for sulfur dioxide in the Dayton area.
Once again, the
combined impact of the Dayton and Cincinnati diffusion models are
shown on the map.
Nearly all of Montgomery County and portions
of Preble, Miami, Clark, and Greene counties are encompassed by
the 29 ~g/m3 counties line.
If Clark County sources had been
included, a much larger portion of that county would likely
to have been affected by this outermost isopleth.
Highest levels
of sulfur dioxide concentrations (over 114 p.gjm3 or 0.04 ppm) were
found in the area comprised of the Middletown industrial complex
and southern Montgomery County, the latter containing two steam-
electric power plants.
-------
z
o 0
- I
» -
z 0
»
FIGURE 14.
THEORETICAL SULFUR OXIDES CONCENTRATION
Adjusted for the combined effect of Dayton and
Cincinnati study areas (excluding Clark County).
Annual Basis.
DARKE
o 5 10 15
~ I I ,
MEASURED AIR QUALITY DAT MILES
Station ~3 Year
A 34 196 i
P iqua cCJ
N
o
Greeneville
T ray\?
MIAMI
CLARK
OSpringfleld
PREBLE
GREENE
eX enia
\.oJ
V1
114 pg/m3
(0.04 ppm)
-------
36
The only air sampling stations with measured data for sulfur dioxide
were located in Dayton.
The five stations measured an annual average
value of
34~g/m3 (0.012 ppm) using the West-Gaeke
method.
This value
is about one-half the theoretical value and possibly differs because of
a particular location and/or the fact that Dayton lies about 18 miles
from the core concentration of sulfur dioxide pollution.
A deviation
factor of 2 was also found in the Cincinnati area.
CARBON MONOXIDE
Figure 15 shows the theoretical concentration contours for
carbon monoxide based on contribution from the Dayton and Cincinnati
areas.
Highest predicted carbon monoxide levels occur in summer.
Greatest concentrations occur along the Cincinnati to Dayton transportation
corridor.
As anticipated, highest individuai concentrations exist in the
downtown portions of Dayton where motor-vehicle traffic density is
greatest.
Inclusion of Clark County carbon monoxide emissions would
be likely to produce a secondary core around the city of Springfield.
Springfield is the second largest population center in the study
area and contains a major east-west interstate freeway (1-70).
There joes not exist any long-term, average concentration data
for carbon monoxide in the Dayton area.
An extensive study of
downtown intersections in 1966, however, showed mean, 2-hour carbon
monoxide levels of 26 to 43 ppm.3
Other urban sites average
10.Oppm.
These values are much higher than the average annual values predicted
by the diffusion mode, since the sampling stations in the Ramsey study
I
I
wer/ placed at locations'~ high concentration of carbon monoxide
I
,
Jt.1ould be expected.
>
-------
z
o 0
- :I:
> -
z 0
>
FIGURE 15.
THEORETICAL CARBON MONOXIDES CONCENTRATION
Adjusted for the combined effect of Dayton and
Cincinnati study areas (excluding Clark County).
o 5 10 15
I I I I
MILES
i
N
DARKE
Os p r j ,n 9 f I el d
429 jA-glm3
<0.15 ppm)
W
'-I
-------
38
EVALUATION OF URBAN FACTORS
A number of urban factors are relevant to the problem of
defining air quality control region boundaries.
Since human
activity is the primary cause of air pollution, and humans are the
ultimate victims, the location of population is an important con-
sideration.
The projected population growth pattern is another
important consideration, since an air quality control region
should be designed not only for the present but also for the
future.
Land use patterns proposed by regional planning agencies
often give good indications of future growth patterns.
For s imil ar
reasons, the location of industrial activity and industrial growth
patterns are relevant considerations.
Present and proposed
transportation arteries and facilities must be considered.
Political and jurisdictional considerations are especially
important since the Clean Air Act envisions regional air pollution
programs based on cooperative efforts among many political juris-
dictions.
The following discussion of urban factors will present
these considerations as they apply to the Dayton' area.
POPULATION
The area under study includes two Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Areas (Dayton and Springfield) containing 1969
-------
39
populations of 832,500 and 152,000, respectively (see Figure 3,
page 10).
Surrounding counties range in size from 7,000 to 83,000
persons.
Tables 4 and 5 show the population and population
densities for these counties in 1950, 1960, and 1969.
In addition,
the populations of major cities within each county are given for
these years.
Such data portrays a relatively rapid increase in
population in the Dayton area during the past twenty years,
especially within the Dayton SMSA which has increased 52 per cent
since 1950.
Figure 16 shows the 1969 population density for counties in
the Dayton area.
Highest densities occur along a southwest to
northeast orientation from Butler to Clark Counties, with the
highest density (1,295 persons per square mile) in Montgomery
County.
Population in the Day~on-Springfield SMSA's is expected to
grow by 31% between 1969 and 1985.
Within the Dayton area, the
counties projected for the highest growth rates are located in the
aforementioned SMSA's.
Highest percentage growth should occur
in Greene County (67%) as the overflow from the Dayton urban
complex spills over and into western Greene County.
Population
increase expressed in absolute numerical terms shows that the
core county, Montgomery, will have the largest growth - 137,700
or 369 persons per square mile.
Table 6 shows the projected
population density changes by county in the entire Dayton area
-------
TABLE 4
POPULATION GROWTH IN THE DAYTON AREA, 1950-1969
Estimated Perce1\t Numerical +:-
i9W .J9,W 1969 Chaf\9:e Change 0
Jurisdiction Population Popu1 at ion Popu1 at ion 1950-1969 1950-1969
OHIO
Butler Co. 147,203 199,076 220,000 49 72,797
Hamil ton 57,951 72,354 70,000 21 12,049
Middletown 33,695 42,115 46,500 38 12,805
Champaign Co. 26,793 29,714 32,600 22 5,807
Urbana 9,335 10,461 11 , 100 19 1,765
Clark Co. 111,661 131,440 152,000 36 40,339
Springfield 78,508 82,723 80,000 2 1,492
Clinton Co. 25,572 30,004 31,900 24 6,328
Wilmington 7,387 8,915 9 , 600 30 2,213
Drake Co. 41,799 45,610 53,500 28 11,701
Greenvi11e 8,859 10,585 12 , 000 35 3,141
Fayette Co. 22,554 24,775 25,500 13 2,946
Washington C. H. 10,560 12,388 13,100 24 2,540
Greene Co. 58,892 94,642 119,000 102 60,108
Fairborn 7,847 19,453 32,000 308 24,153
Xenia 12,877 20,445 22,000 71 9,123
Logan Co. 31,329 34,803 33,800 8 2,471
Be11efontaine 10,232 11 ,424 11 , 800 16 1,568
Madison Co. 22,300 26,454 28,200 26 5,900
Mercer Co. 28 , 311 32,559 34,000 20 5,689
-------
TABLE 4 CONTINUED
Estimated Percent Numerical
1950 1960 1969 . . Change Change.
Jurisdiction Population Population Population 1950-1969 1950-1969
OHIO
Miami Co. 61,309 72,901 85,000 38 23,691
Piqua 17,447 19,219 20,500 18 3,053
Troy 10,661 13,685 15,300 44 4,639
Montgomery Co. 398,441 527,080 593,000 49 194,559
Dayton 243,872 262,332 255,000 5 11 , 128
Kettering 22,200 54,462 72,000 225 49,800
Miamisburg 6,329 9,893 11 , 800 87 5,471
Preble Co. 27,081 32,498 35,500 31 8,419
Eaton 4,242 5 ;034 5,000 18 758
Shelby Co. 28,488 33,586 37,800 33 9,312
Sidney 11 ,491 14,663 15,900 38 4,409
W arre'n Co. 38,505 65,711 84,000 118 45,495
Lebanon 4,618 5,993 7,200 56 2, 582
INDIANA
Jay Co. 23,157 22,572 24,300 5 1,143
Portland 7 ,064 6,999 7,000 -1 -64
Randolph Co. 27,141 28,434 30,300 12 3,159
Union Co. 6,412 6,457 7,000 9 588
Wayne Co. 68,566 74,039 83,000 21 14,434
Richmond 39,539 44,149 48,000 21 8,461
.j:'oo
,....
-------
TABLE 5
POPULATION DENSITIES OF COUNTIES IN THE DAYTON AREA, 1950-1969
.po.
N
1950 1960 1969 Additional
Area Population Population Population Residents (1950-
County (Sq. Miles) Density Density Density Per Square Mile 1969)
OHIO
Butler 468 315 423 467 152
Champaign 432 62 69 76 14
Clark 402 277 327 377 100
Clinton 410 62 73 78 16
Darke 605 69 75 88 19
Fayette 406 56 61 63 7
Greene 415 142 228 287 145
Logan 460 68 76 74 6
Madison 464 48 57 61 13
Mercer 454 62 72 75 13
Miami 407 150 179 209 59
Montgomery 459 868 1 , 150 1,295 427
Preble 427 64 76 83 19
Shelby 408 70 82 93 23
Warren 408 94 161 206 112
INDIANA
Jay 386 60 59 63 3
Randolph 457 59 62 66 7
Union 168 38 38 42 4
Wayne 405 170 183 205 35
-------
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I
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WARRt-N
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--
,
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lET T E
--~-l
CLINTON I
I
I .
FIGURE 16.
1969 POPULATION DENSITY
- - - - STATE BOUNDARY
-
~
r I
Residents Per Square Mile
More than 1,000
300 to 1,000
100 to 300
---
COUNTY BOUNDARIES
J
Residents Per Squaee Mile
I Less than 100
-------
County
OHI02
Butler
Champaign
Clark
, Clinton
Darke
Fayette
Greene
Logan
Madison
Mercer
Miami
Montgomery
Preble
Shelby
Warren
INDIANA 3
Jay
Randolph
Union
Wayne
TABLE 6
PROJECTED POPULATION AND DENSITY GROWTH BY COUNTY
IN THE DAYTON AREA, 1969-1985
Additional
1985 Residents .j:-
19691 .j:-
1975 1980 1985 Population Per Sq.' Mi.
Population Population Population Population Density 1969-1985
222,000 235,900 254,100 276,200 587 +120
32,600 33,100 36,000 37,400 87 +11
152,000 166,100 185,700 210,900 523 +146
31,900 36,900 40,200 44,400 108 + 30
53,500 54,000 55,400 59,100 98 + 10
25,500 28,100 29,900 32,100 79 + 16
119,000 144,600 170,300 198,400 478 + 67
33,800 37,700 39,500 41,500 90 + 16
28,200 32,400 35,5PO 38,900 84 + 23
34,000 38,600 41,500 45,000 99 + 24
85,000 91,300 100,000 110,000 260 + 51
593,000 623,000 669,200 730,700 1,614 +369
35,500 38,700 41,500 44, 700 105 + 22
37,800 40,800 43,900 47,600 117 + 24
84,000 102,700 117,300 134,500 330 +124
24,300
30,300
7,000
83,000
21,623
30,695
6,319
83,821
21,400
31,471
6,342
86,772
7
+ 3
4
+ 9
56
69
38
214
21,849
29,957
6,297
80,914
1.
Commercial Atlas and Marketing Guide, One-Hundredth Edition, 1969, Rand McNally and Company.
2. 1I0hio Population Forecasts," Ohio Department of Development, Economic Research Division.
Median Projections.
3.
IIIndiana Population Projection, 1965-1985," Vol. 1, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana,
1965 Series B projections. Discrepancies between 1969 and 1975 estimates result of higher
growth rates following 1965 estimates.
-------
45
for the 1969 to 1985 period.
The growth data is portrayed in
Figure 17 (Additional Residents Per Square Mile) and Figure 18
(Population Change in Percent).
To summarize the population analysis, the core of the study
area is Montgomery County with nearly three times the population
and density of the next county in size, Butler County.
Population
density is also high in counties lying east and northeast of
Montgomery County, as well as to the south in the direction of
Cincinnati.
Pbpulation growth during the remainder of this
century is likely to take place along the Dayton-Springfield-
Columbus corridor and northward along the Miami River Valley.
An
estimate for the year 2000 shows a population of 1,727,000 in
the five-county area under the Miami Valley Regional Planning
C . . 4
omm1SS1on.
LAND USE
An important factor to consider in selecting the boundaries
of an air quality control region is present and future land use.
Figure 19 is a map showing land use for urban purposes in the
Dayton area for the year 1965.
With the exception of the areas
within and surrounding the cities of Dayton and Springfield, most
of the urban land area consists of small cities and scattered
villages.
Strong links appear to exist between the Montgomery-
Greene Counties urban complex and the counties of Miami and
Clark.
-------
46
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FIGURE 17.
POPULATION GROWTH, 1969-1985, Expressed in
Absolute Terms of Additional Residents Per
Sq\}are Mile.-
STATE BOUNDARY
---
COUNTY BOUNDARIES
----
Additional Residents Per Square Mile
-
~
100 to 300
11
CJ
Less than 10
Greater than 300
10 to 25
25 to 100
-------
47
JAY
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FIGURE 18.
POPULATION GROWTH, 1969-1985, Expressed in
Per Cent Increase in Additional Residents
----
STATE BOUNDARY
---
COUNTY BOUNDARIES
Per Cent Gro~!th
Per Cent Gro~!th
-
-
30 to 50
, f
o
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,
PREBLE
tJEQt~
.
.
FIGURE 19.
GENERALIZED LAND USE MAP, 1965.
.
.
~ Urban Development
o
~.
Courtesy of the Miami Valley Regional Planning
Commission and Clark County- Springfield
Regional Planning Commission
". .
. ClA- - ,
.
., .- .'",."",:
, I
, 'J.. .
'Piqua",
.
.
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cc
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.
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-------
49
Figure 20 shows projected urban land usage for the same area
based on an interim plan developed by the Miami Valley Regional
Planning Commission with several modifications using additional
data.
Clark County growth patterns are based on information
obtained from the Clark County-Springfield Regional Planning
Commission.
The map portrays an even stronger link between
Dayton and both the Springfield area and the northern Miami River
Valley communities.
Of prime consideration for selecting the air
quality control region is the increased urban land usage in
Preble and Darke counties.
It should also be noted that most
of the projected urban growth has occurred in areas nearest
to Dayton rather than on the outer extremities of the study area.
INDUSTRY
Industrial activity is one of the major causes of air
pollution.
Because of this, their location plays a key role in
selecting air quality control region boundaries.
Two methods of
examining industrial activities are used in this study.
The
first method requires the examination of manufactur1ng employment
density and growth rates on a county basis.
Figure 21 shows the
density of manufacturing employment throughout the Dayton area
in 1963.
Montgomery County contains over five times greater
density of employees engaged in manufacturing than any other
county in the region.
Other counties having relatively high
manufacturing employment density include Butler, Clark, and
Miami. .
Figure 22 shows the projected increase in manufacturing
-------
. . , ION
' . ,
'PREBLE 8
.Ion.
fiNE.
, , . nlc ~
. II .
.
.
z
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- I
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»
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l1li
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,
D' R I E
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,
,.
"
.
8.
FIGURE 20. PROJECTED LAND USE MAP
o 5
I I
~ Projected Urban Development
Courtesy of the Miami Valley Regional Planning
Commission and Clark County-Springfield
Regional Planning Commission
10
I
15
,
MilE S
Vi
o
~iq
.
i
N
.
.
.
-------
51
I I I
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MIL E S
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E
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DARKE
CHAMPAIGN
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WARREN I CLINTON I
I I
GREENE
FIGURE 21.
1963 MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT DENSITY
- - - - STATE BOUNDARY
---
COUNTY BOUNDARIES
Manufacturing Employees Per Square .Mile
More than 100 I Less than 10
-
~
~
25 to 100
10 to 25
-------
z
o
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>
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FIGURE 22.
DARKE
MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT GROWTH, 1963-1985,
Expressed in Absolute Terms of Additional
Employees Per ,Square Mile.
o
I
5
I
10
J
15
I
MILES
Vt
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20 to 100
o
Greeneville
PREBLE
o E a ton
10 to 20
Less than 10
-------
53
employment density between 1963 and 1985 for the immediate Dayton
area.
It is obvious that Montgomery County will receive the
greatest increase during this time period -- eight times that of
the next county, Miami.
Figure 23 expresses percentage of
increase in manufacturing employment.
The outlying counties of
Darke and Preble show relatively high growth rates and thus should
be considered for the proposed Region.
Table 7 summarizes this
data.
Present and future industrial land use is shown in Figure
24.
Miami and Greene Counties have a relatively large number of
new industrial sites.
TRANSPORTATION
Figure 25 shows the major highways and airports in the Dayton
area.
Since the majority of air pollutant emissions in the
nation are from the automobile, the pattern of transportation
routes is an important factor in selecting the boundaries of an
air quality control region.
Two major interstate freeways cross
in Montgomery County -1-70, which extends from San Francisco to
Baltimore and 1-75, extending from the Canadian border to Florida
The latter carries an exceptionally heavy volume of traffic
through the heart of the Miami River Valley.
1-75 is the major
route between the Toledo-Detroit urban complex and the southern
Appalachian and Florida resort areas.
-------
z
o
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MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT GROWTH 1963-1985
Expressed in Per Cent Increase ~f '
Additional Employees.
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FIGURE 23.
PiquacCJ
T f 0 y\j1
~ IA~I
o 5 J 0 J 5
} <..n
J , I +:-
MILES
i IIIIl Greater than 200 %
(BoiSj' 100 to 200 %
t::1i Less than 100 %
N
CLARK
OSPfingfleld
-------
County
Clark
Darke
Greene
Miami
Montgomery
Preble
55
TABLE 7
TRENDS IN MANUFACTURING- EMPLOYMENT BY COUNTY IN THE
DAYTON AREA, 1963-1985
1963
Manufacturing
Employment
1985
Manufacturing
Employment
Additional
Manuf. Employ.
Per Square Mile
% Increase in
Manufacturing
Employment, 1963-1985
16,388 24,267 19 48
2,721 6,334 6 133
2,424 8,597 15 254
10,240 19,649 23 92
90,671 188,412 214 108
854 2,536 4 197
-------
z
o 0
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»
PRESENT AND PROPOSED INDUSTRIAL LAND USE
o
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FIGURE 24.
DARKE
.
.
~.
CReeneville
.
.
°
.
PREBLE
° .
O~ Eaton
o
.
.0
.~ .
~Sprin91leld
°
.
Courtesy of the Miami Valley Regional Planning
Commission and Clark County-Springfield
Regional Planning. Commission
.
P iquJ'cC)O
00 .
°0
T r 00~O
MI~MI
.0
CLARK
.
o.
o
GJ1IEENE
o .
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d
0°
. k965 Industrial Sites
o Frop9sed Industrial Sites
5 10 J 5
I I 1
M I lES V1
'" .
1
N
o
-------
57
Dayton is a major air transportation center famed for its
aviation heritage.
Two airfields comprise Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base northeast of Dayton.
Commercially-served airports in
the region include municipal airports for the cities of Dayton
and Richmond, Indiana.
Numerous additional airports are located
in the area, as can be noted in Figure 25.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL PROGRAMS
Within the State of Ohio, responsibility for air pollution
control rests with the Air Pollution Control Board of the State
Department of Health.
The Board is authorized to prescribe
ambient air quality standards for various sections of the State,
to enforce emission standards designed to achieve the air quality
standards in those sections, and to issue variance permits for
exceptional circumstances.
The State program has an annual
budget of approximately $250,000.
Under Ohio's existing law, county governments may develop
air pollution control programs only as a part of their health
programs.
County regulations concerning air pollution control
do not apply within municipal boundaries if a city or incorporated
area has its own regulations.
Because of this limitation on
county jurisdiction, municipal government has become the most
common unit in Ohio for administration of local air pollution
control programs.
On the local level, the Miami Valley Regional Planning
Commission and the Dayton Area Chamber of Commerce sponsored an
-------
58
. I I -
~~y-L MERCE f' --1 '1
- - - -- I
I. ,
,0 I , N
II I SHELBY ~
R A N- 0
DO L PH
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,
I
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1----
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- ---,
I
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.
5
MILES
I
10
I
FrGURE 25.
MAJOR TRANSPORTATION ARTERIALS AND
FACILITIES IN THE DAYTON AREA
- --- STATE BOUNDARY --- COUNTY BOUNDARIES
------. FREEWAYS OTHER MAJOR HIGHWAYS
.~ COMMERCIALLY SERVED OR .~
MILITARY AIRPORTS MUNICIPAL AIRPORTS
-------
59
Air Resources Symposium in 1966.
As a result of this symposium,
i
the Montgomery County Commissioners and the City of Dayton
signed a joint resolution in 1967 for establishing an air-
resource management program to assure uniform air pollution con-
tro1 legislation and enforcement in both the City of Dayton and
Montgomery County.
In January
1968, the National Air Pollution
Control Administration awarded a grant to the Montgomery County
Health Department to initiate an "Air Resource Management Study
of the Montgomery County Area."
A private consulting firm was
contracted to study the sources and concentrations of the major
air pollutants and the contributing factors affecting the extent
of the problem.
The study recommendation was that the regional
approach be used, requiring the organization of an air
pollution
control agency encompassing the counties of Darke, Miami,
.. h . 5
Montgomery, Preble, and Greene, and the c1t1es t ere1n.
The
Ohio State Law is at present unclear on the ability of the Boards
of Health of counties to join or even contract between one another.
The establishment of an air quality control region may assist
in ca1rifying this inter-county problem.
Loc~l programs for air pollution control include those
administered by the Montgomery County Health Department and the
City of Dayton.
The Montgomery County program includes a project
director, three chemists, one engineer, two inspectors, and
sixteen sanitarians (part-time).
Their operating budget is
-------
60
approximately $120,000, of which $90,000 is Federal funds.
The
City of Dayton program is administrated through the Bureau of Air
Pollution Control, employing an engineer and chemist on its
professional staff.
Current operating budget is approximately
$16,500 per year.
REGIONAL PLANNING
The Dayton study area under consideration for an air quality
control region consists of the northern half of the Miami Valley
State Economic Region as defined by the Ohio Department of
Development.
This economic region had the second highest population
growth rate of the eight Ohio economic regions between 1960 and
1965.
Regional planning for the area under consideration is
conqucted primarily by the Miami Valley Regional Planning
Commission and the' Clark County-Springfield Regional Planning
Commission.
The Housing and Urbari Development Department has
des~gnated these two commissions under Section 204 of the
Demonstration Cities and Metropolitan Development Act of 1966 as
the &ea wide planning agencies.
The State of Ohio has recently
enacted legislation giving official regional planning agencies
enforcement powers within their respective jurisdictions.
Figure 26 shows the jurisdictional authority of regional planning
agencies in the Dayton area.
The Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission, created in
1964, consists of Darke, Greene, Miami, Montgomery, and Preble
-------
~A :-L::;:::::::::~:::::::::::::::::::b _J 4.,! M I L s "0 I
:b:://::::::::::::/:://::::::/:::W r I I
1~:::::::\if:\:(:::::}:{{{::{1 SHE L . y N I---- lOG A N
- . -1
lE WARREN CLINTON I
I
FIGURE 26.
REGIONAL PLANNING AGENCY JURISDICTION
IN THE DAYTON AREA
---
STATE BOUNDARY
--
COUNTY BOUNDARIES
a.:::::::.:.:.:::
"."."0"0°0"'""
.,""'"0"
Miami Valley Regional
Planning Commission
Clark County-Springfield
Regional Planning Commission
Ohio-Kentucky-Indiana Regional Planning
Authori ty
-
61
-------
62
Counties.
With its creation came a mandate to prepare "a com-
prehensive regional development plan" which would provide proper
and logical guidance to the various jurisdictions and organi-
zations concerned with the physical environment.
Thus, the Miami
Valley Regional Planning Commission has the responsibility for
providing not only physical, but social and economic planning for
the five-county area.
The annual operating budget of the
Commission, which has a staff of twenty-five, is between $450,000-
500,000.
Seventy per cent of the members are elected officials.
Finally, the Miami Valley Regional Plannin~ Commission membership
represents about 98% of the populatio~ in a region containing
five counties, 71 municipalities, 69 townships, 62 school
districts, and 22 special districts.
The Clark County-Springfield Regional Planning Commission,
created in 1954, has a staff of nine persons.
Its annual
operating budget is approximately $50,000 in local projects
and $16,000 in Federal grants.
-------
63
THE PROPOSED REGION
Subject to the scheduled consultation, the Secretary, Depart~
ment of Health, Education, and Welfare, proposes to designate
an air quality control region for the Dayton area, consisting of
the following jurisdictions in Ohio:
Clark County
Darke County
Greene County
Miami County
Montgomery County
Preble County
As so proposed, the Metropolitan Dayton Intrastate Air Quality
Control Region would consist of the territorial area encompassed
by the outermost boundaries of the proposed jurisdictions.
The
proposed Region is illustrated in Figure 27.
Figure 28 locates
the Region in relation to the remainder of Ohio, the surrounding
states and existing and proposed air quality control regions.
DISCUSSION OF THE PROPOSAL
To be successful, an air quality control region should meet
three basic conditions.
First, its boundaries should encompass
most pollution sources as well as most people and property affected
by those sources.
Second, the boundaries should encompass those
locations where industrial and residential development will create
significant air pollution problems in the future.
Third, the
boundaries should be chosen in a way which is compatible with and
even fosters unified and cooperative governmental administration
of the air resources throughout the region.
The "Evaluation of
Engineering Factors" (beginning with page 11) discussed the first
of these conditions, and the "Evaluation of Urban Factors" (page
38), the second and third.
-------
64
FIGURE 27.
PROPOSED BOUNDAR I ES OF THE DAYTON I NTRAST ATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
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66
6
agreed upon.
The counties of Warren and Butler have already been
designated as components within the Metropolitan Cicinnati
Interstate Air Quality Control Region and thus will not be con-
sidered further in this report.
All major point sources (emissions of over one ton per day
of any single pollutant -- particulates, 802' or CO) are concentrated
in four of six counties proposed for the region.
Emission densities
for each of the three major pollutants are also highest in these
same four counties -- Miami, Clark, Greene, and Montgomery.
Therefore, based on the location of pollutant source emissions,
a four-county region is required as a minimum.
The extent of the regional air pollution problem has been
examined by studying theoretical concentrations of pollutants
under different meteorological conditions.
The results of the
diffusion model analysis are shown in Figures 13 to 15.
The air
quality in the counties of Miami, Greene, Clark, and Montgomery
is significantly affected by pollutants emitted into the ambient
air.
The air quality of Preble County is influenced by the
transport of suspended particulates and carbon monoxide from the
urban core.
Finally, air sampling data from Darke County shows
suspended particulate levels warranting inclusion.
The proposed Region has a 1969 estimated population of 1,038,000.
Over 90% of the population resides in the core counties of Clark,
Greene, Miami, and Montgomery, which contain population densities
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67
of 200 - 1,300 persons per square mile.
The seven counties
surrounding the core counties to the north, east, and west all
have population densities considerably lower (less than 100 persons
per square mile).
The second major consideration is directed toward future
population and industrial expansion.
Population growth rates will
be highest in the four core counties, although rates of growth
appear to be increasing in t~e two outlying counties of the proposed
Region.
Since 1960, for example, Darke County has grown at a
rate of more than double its rate in the 1950-1960 decade.
Pro-
jected urban land use data portrays a linking of the Springfie1d-
Dayton areas and predicts corridors of urban growth reaching west
and northwest toward Preble and Darke Counties.
These growth
patterns appear to solidify the argument for joining the six
counties for regional control of the area's air quality.
The third objective relates to governmental administration in
the area.
The two official regional planning agencies in the
study area have jurisdiction over an area conterminous with the
proposed Region.
Administratively, this situation presents many
opportunities for cooperative and successful control of air
pollution in the Dayton area.
The following is a brief discussion of the reasons for not
including the counties on the periphery of the Region.
Clinton,
Fayette, and Madison Gounties were not included as they have
relatively low population densities, few industries, and no large
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68
population increases predicted for the foreseeable future.
Madison
and Fayette Cbunties are more closely linked to the Columbus area
than to Dayton.
Champaign, Shelby, and Mercer Counties are on the
northern boundary of the proposed Region.
Low population density
and projected growth rates exist in two of these counties --
Champaign and Mercer.
Snelby County, however, has a somewhat
higher manufacturing employment density and is the only one of
these counties within the Southwestern Ohio State Economic Area.
Shelby County should be carefully reviewed at a later date to
see if higher than anticipated population or industrial growth has
warranted its addition to the proposed Region.
The counties in
Indiana along the western boundary of Ohio -- Randolph, Wayne,
and Union -- appear to be separated from the Dayton area by the
counties of Darke and Preble.
In the distant future, urban growth
patterns may extend along the Interstate -- 70 corridor through
Preble County and link Richmond (Wayne County) and Dayton.
A
decision will have to be made at that time whether to add Wayne
County to the proposed Region or create a separate air quality con-
trol region.
In summary, the Region proposed is considered on the whole to
be the most cohesive and yet inclusive area within which an
effective regional effort can be mounted to prevent and control
air pollution in the Dayton Area.
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69
REFERENCES
1.
Ozolins, G. and Smith, R., Rapid Survey Technique for Estimatin~
Community Air Pollution Emissions. U.S. DHEW. Div. of Air
Pollution, October, 1966.
2.
Martin, D.O., Tikvart, J. A. "A
Model for Estimating the Effects
Sources," Paper No. 68-148, 61st
Minnesota, June, 1968.
General Atmospheric Diffusion
on Air Quality of One or More
Annual Meeting, APCA, St. Paul,
. 3.
Ramsey, J. M., "Concentrations of Carbon Monoxide at Traffic Inter-
sections in Dayton, Ohio," Archives of Environmental Health, Vol. 13,
July, 1966.
4.
Miami Valley Regional Planning Commission, State of the Re~ion.
October, 1966, p. 5.
5.
Midwest Research Institute, Air Pollution in the Dayton Metropolitan
Area. Final Report, January 15, 1968 - February 28, 1969, p. 6.
6.
Report for Consultation on the Metropolitan Cincinnati Interstate
Air Quality Control Re~ion. U.S. DHEW, NAPCA, January, 1969, p. 50.
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