REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
-------
REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH EDUCATION AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
National Air Pollution Control Administration
May 1970
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section I
The Regional Approach to Air Quality
Control and a Federal Proposal for the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
Preface
Introduction
The Regional Approach
Designation of Air Quality Control Regions
The Si ze of a Reg ion
Procedure for Designation of Regions
The Federal Propose I
Secti on II
Ana lysis and Propose I for the Commonwea Ith
of Puerto Rico. Air Quality Control Region
by the Department of Health of Puerto Rico,
Environmental Health Services, Air Pollution
Control Program
Description of the Region
Engineering Factors Evaluation
Emission Inventory
Meteorology
Urban Factors Eva luation
Population
Industry
Regional Arrangements
Regional Planning
The Proposed Reg ion
Page
1
2
2
4
4
6
8
10
11
11
22
27
27
29
30
37
39
-------
SECTION I
THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO AIR QUALITY CONTROL AND A
FEDERAL PROPOSAL FOR THE COMK>NWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO
-------
REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE PUERTO RICO
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
Pre fa ce
The Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare is directed
by the Clean Air Act, as amended, to designate air quality control regions prior to the
adoption by the State (territory) of air quality standards and plans for the implementation
of the standards.
The establishment of airquality control regions has to this point been
the result of Federally initiated action, specifying areas where regions should be desig-
nated, and formally proposing for Consultation with State and local authorities, bound-
aries for those regions.
The Stat~ (territory) may upon their own initittive, recommend to the
National Air Pollution Control Administration boundaries For air quality control regions.
The Department of Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has initiated a proposal
for region boundaries under that pol icy.
The boundary proposal is based upon a consideration of technical
and non-technical factor related to the air pollution problem in an urban area.
The recommendation for region boundaries should also consider all the relevant engineer-
ing and urban factors.
The Region boundaries proposed in the report reflect consideration of avail-
able and pertinent data; however the boundaries remain subject to revision suggested by
consultation between Federal and State {territory} authoritres.
Forma I designation wi II
be witheld pending the outcome of the meeting.
This report is intended to serve as the
starting point for the consultation.
-------
- 2 -
IN'TRODOCTION
Air pollution, because of its direct relationship to people and their acti-
vities, is an urban problem.
Urban sprawls often cover thousands of square miles; they
quite often include parts of more than one state and almost always are made up of se'le-
ra I municipa lities.
Air pollution, therefore, also becomes a regional problem, and the
collaboration of several local governmental jurisdictions is prerequisite to the solution
of the problem in any given area.
Air quality control regions are meant to define the
geographical extent of air pollution problems in different urban areas and the combina-
tion of jurisdictions that must contribute to the solution in each.
The regional approach set up by the clean Air Act is illustrated in Figure 1.
Tbe approach involves a series of steps to be taken by Federal, State, and local govem-
ments, beginning with the designation of regions, the publication of air quality criteria,
and the publication of information on available control techniques by the Federal Govern-
ment .
Following the completion of these three steps, the Governors ()f the States affec-
ted by a region must file with the Secretary within 90 days a letter of intent, indicating
that the States will adopt within 180 days ambient air quality standards for the pollutants
covered by the published criteria and control technology documents and adopt within an
additional 180 days plans for the implementation, maintenance, and enforcement of those
standards in the designated air quality control regions.
The Federal legi~lation provides for a regional attack on air pollJtion
a nd, at the same time, allows latitude in the form which regional efforts may take.
While
the Secretary reserves approva I authority, the States involved in a designated region
assume the responsibility for developin~ standards and an implementation plan which in-
eludes administrative procedures for abatement and control.
-------
HEW DESIGNATES
AI R QUALITY
CONTROL REGIONS.
HEW DEVELOPS AND
PUBLISHES AI R
QUALITY-cRITERIA
BASED ON SCIENTIFIC
EVIDENCE OF AIR
POLLUTION EFFECTS.
HEW PREPARES
AND PUBLISHES
REPORTS ON
AVAILABLE CONTROL
TECHNIQUES
STATES INDICATE
THEIR INTENT
TO SET STANDARDS. (PUBLIC
HEARINGS)
STATES SET
AI R QUALITY
STANDARDS
FOR THE AIR
QUALITY CONTROL
REGIONS.
STATES SUBMIT
STANDARDS FOR
HEW REVIEW.
STATES ESTABLISH
COMPREHENSIVE PLANS
FOR IMPLEMENTING
AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS.
\.0)
I
Figure 1 FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTION TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION ON A REGIONAL
BASIS, UNDER THE AIR QUALITY ACT.
STATES SUBMIT
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
FOR HEW REVIEW.
STATES ACT-tO CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS.
AND PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTATION.
-------
- 4 -
The basic objectives in the designation of an air quality control region is
that it be self-contained, i.e. that the transfer.of air pollution out of or into a region
is minimized.
This objective recognizes the fact that an air quality control region
cannot be delineated in a way to make it completely independent with respect to the
air pollution problem.
Because air pollutants can be carried long distances, the air over
a region can be subjected occasionally or even frequently to trace amounts of pollution
from other cities and individual sources located outside its boundaries.
Under specific
and episodic conditions such contributions can even reach signi ficant quantities.
The
problem of a boundary designation is further compounded in that urban areas generally
do not end abruptly but are surrounded by activities that can contribute to the pollution
of the urban area as well as be the recipients of its generated pollution.
Consideration
of all these possibilities would result in regions substantially larger than is practical or
even necessary to get to the brunt of the problem.
The primary question, therefore,
becomes one of relative mognit.ude and frequency.
The boundaries of regions, however, should encompass areas that contain
sources that add significantly to the pollution load of the air as well as the areas that
are significantly and continously affected by it.
For this purpose, the'delineation of
regional boundaries is based on evaluation of annual and seasonal air pollutant emissions
and resultant ambient concentrations rather than those based on short-term and specific
conditions.
. The selection of regional boundaries should not be based solely on today's
conditions and needs but, perhaps more importantly I should give consideration to future
development and growth of the area.
For this purpose, extensive consideration should
be given to prescribed metropolitan plgns as well as the forecasted growth.
Such con-
siderations should result in the designation of regions that will contain the sources and
receptors of regional air pollution for a number of years to come.
This is not to say
-------
- 5 -
that,the regional boundaries should remain stationary and unchanged.
Periodic review
of boundaries is desirable, and changes in the boundary should be considered if condi-
tions warrant.
The delineation of region boundaries solely on the basis of source locations
and distributional patterns of ambient air pollution would most likely result in regions that
do not follow any existing governmental boundaries, are difficult to define, and, more
importantly, extremely difficult it not impossible to administrate.
It is for this purpose
that existing juristictional entities are reviewed and wherein practical the boundary lines
of a region should include that combination of whole jurisdictions that encompasses the
problem area .
There can be exceptions to this philosophy, however.
The presence of
overly large jurisdictions, marked topographical features (mountains), or notable differen-
ces in development within a given jurisdiction may, in some cases, make it desirable to
include only portions of some jurispictlo,ns.
A region, then, will represent a balance between the various objectives
discussed so far to the extent that any two of them lead to different conclusions.
The
strengh of some factors over others may lead to region boundaries which exclude some sour-
ces of pollution that might affect the air quality of part or all of the nearby region under
certain conditions.
Even though the impact of such sources would probably be minimal,
the implementation plan required under the Clean Air' Act for the region should provide
a mechanism for the control of point sources that are located just beyond the region
bounda ry .
Such a provision would be consistent with the basic objective of provinding
desirable air quality within an area being designated as an air quality control region.
Information on current industrial, commercial, and residential land use,
transportation system, and population density is of direct value in that it illustrates gene-
rally the location of industry and people in an urban area.
Furthennore, it is through
-------
- 6 -
an evaluation of estimated patterns of urbanization that the air quality control region
can be designed to provide for future growth and expansion of the urban area.
Figure 2 summarizes the the procedure used by the National Air Pollution
Control Administration for designating air quality control regions.
A preliminary delineation of the region is developed by bringing together
two essentially separate studies--the "Evaluation of Engineering Factors, II and the
II Eva luation of Urban Factors. II
The study of "Engineering Factors" indicates the location of pollution sour-
ces and the geographic extent of serious pollutant concentrations in the ambient air.
Pollution sources are located by an inventory of emissions from automobiles, industrial
activities, space heating, waste disposal, and other pollution generators.
Pollution
concentrations in the ambient air are estimated from air quality sampling data and from
a theoretical diffusion model. 'Nhen it exists, air quality sampling data is more reliable
than the theoretical diffusion model results since the data is directly recorded by pollu-
tion measuring instrument3.
Unfortunately, in many cases extensive air quality sampling
data is available for only one or two pollutants.
The study of "Urban Factors" encompasses all non-engineering considera-
tions.
It reviews existing governmental jurisdictions, current air pollution control pro-
grams, present concentrations of population and industry, and expected patterns of urban
growth.
Other non-engineering factors are discussed when they are relevant.
As a
whole, the study of urban factors indicates how Jorge an air quality control region must
be in order to encompass expected growth of pollution sources in the future.
It also
considers which group of governmental jurisdictions will most effectively administer a
strong regional air quality controJ'program.'
-------
ENGINEERING EVALUATION
..
. EMISSIONS INVENTORY
. TOPOGRAPHY
. ~ETEOROLOGY
. AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
EXISTING AIR QUALITY DATA
DIFFUSION MODEL OUTPUT
~ Ir
PRELIMINARY CONSULTATION FORMAL
.. ..
DELINEATION WITH STATE AND .. DESIGNATION BY
I I OF REGIONS ... LOCAL OFFICIALS SECRETARY.HEW
URBAN FACTORS EVALUATION
~ ~
. JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES
. URBAN.INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATIONS
. COOPERATIVE REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
. PATTERNS AND RATES OF GROWTH -
. EXISTING STATE AND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL PROGRAMS & LEGISLATION
Figure 2. FLOW DIAGRAM FOR THE DESIGNATION OF AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS.
....,
-------
- b -
The conclusions of the engineering study are combined wi~h the
results of the urban factors study to form the basis of an initial
proposal for an air quality control region.
As shown in Figure 2,
the proposal is then submitted for consultation with State and local
officials.
After reviewing the suggestions raised during the con-
sultation, the Secretary formally designates the region with a notice
in the Federal Register and notifies the governors of the State affected
by the designation.
The body of this report contains a proposal for the boundaries
of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Air Quality Control Region and
supporting studies on engineering and urban factors.
The report itseif
is intended to serve as the background document for the formal consultation
with appropriate State and local authorities.
THE FEDERAL PROPOSAL
The National Air Pollution Control Administration has reviewed
the proposal and supportive discussion prepared by the Department of
Health of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
NAPCA concurs with the
findings of the Department and proposes an air quality control region
consisting of the entire Commonwealth of Puerto Rico consisting of the
following jurisdictions of the Commonwealth: Puerto Rico and
surrounding islands; Vie~es and surrounding islands; and Culebras and
surrounding islands.
-------
c:
- '" -
The three objectives outlined earlier as factors considered
for the size of a region are met by the proposed delineation.
Since
the entire jurisdictional area of Puerto Rico is proposed, all of
the sources and receptors would be located in one region.
It follows
that all of the population, both at present and in the future would
also be located within the proposed region.
The third objective, that the region boundaries be compatible
with unified and cooperative governmental administration, can be
best met by including the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico in its entirety.
Air pollution control activities for the island of Puerto Rico and
all of its overseas territories are officially conducted under the
preventive functions authorized by the Commonwealth to the Puerto Rico
Department of Health.
The proposed Region is considered to be one which will be capable
of maintaining and, hopefully, improving the air quality of the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
-------
SECTION II
ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL FOR THE CO!M)NWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO
Department of Health
Environmental Health Service
Air Pollution Control Program
San Juan, Puerto Rico
May 1970
-------
- 10 -
Description of the Region
The commonwealth of Puerto Rico is an Island located (centered)
at latitude 18015' and longitude 66030', approximately 1,600 miles
southeast from New York and 1,059 miles east southeast from Miami,
Florida.
With a territorial extension of 3,434 square miles the
Island is the most easterly and smaller of the Major Antilles.
The
territorial jurisdiction of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico includes
three (3) other islands, i.e., Vieques (17 sq. miles), Mona (15 sq. miles),
Cu1ebras (11 sq. miles) and some small barren islands.
Puerto Rico is a hilly, tropical Island.
The soil of the coastal
plains are fertile and there are many lush valleys, but there are dry
areas in the South which need irrigation.
The climate is mild with a
mean temperature of 76Op.
A central mountain range extends from East
to West with the highest elevation at Cerro Puntas (1338) meters).
-------
- 1..1.. -
ENGINEERING FACTORS EVALUATION
The engineering evaluation for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
area was based primarily on a study of topography, air pollutants
emissions, meteorology and air quality levels.
The air pollutant
emissions data used was based on an emission inventory conducted
in 1966.
An updated emission inventory of the San Juan Metropolitan
Area was conducted by the National Air Pollution Control Administration
and is summarized in this report.
Air quality levels were based on data produced by the five (5)
air sampling stations (permanent) established in the Island by the
National Air Surveillance Network (NAPCA) and operated by the
Department of Health.
Emission Inventory - Puerto Rico Department of Health
The emission inventory performed by the Air Pollution Control
Program 1966 and the one under realization was based on estimates
rather than measured emissions.
Approximately 2,400 air pollution
potential sources were personally interviewed and an inventory
questionnaire was filled.
The emission estimate was calculated for five air pollutants,
i.e., oxides of sulfur, oxides of nitrogen, hydrocarbons, carbon
monoxide, and particulate matter.
Sulfur oxides, total particulates
and carbon monoxide are considered to indicate the general geographic
extent of the overall air pollution problem.
Sulfur oxides and nitrogen
oxides emissions illustrate to a fair degree the contribution of fuel
-------
- 12 -
burning activities for stationary sources to the overall problem.
Carbon monoxide emissions provide a good indication of the con-
tribution of gasoline powered motor vehicles on the regional air
pollution pattern.
Particulate matter emissions represent the
extent of refuse disposal, or incinerations, sugar cane field
burning, and the impact of metallurgical and mineral products industries.
Table 1 shows the results of the emission inventory.
To make
a better representation of the overall problem the emission estimates
are calculated by towns and then added to form cores of emission
areas which naturally correspond to urban concentrations.
Some
major pollution sources are established outside the core areas and
will be identified accordingly.
Emission sources are grouped in six general categories which
repr«~sent the bulk of the emitters.
These categories are industrial
emissions, transportation, electrical power production, sugar mills,
and refuse disposal.
The industrial emissions are further subdivided
into the emissions from fuel combustion and the manufacturing
processes.
Transportation emissions include the release of pollutants into
the atmosphere from motor vehicles, aircraft and ships while at
, .
harbor.
Sugar mills emissions include the estimated discharge of
contaminants, from fuel combustibn (mostly bagasse) and the burning
of sugar cane field contributes in a great degree to the emission
estimate levels attributed to the s~gar mills category.
-------
AIR POLLUTION ESTIMATE EMISSIONS FROM SELECTED SOURCES IN PUERTO RICO 1965-66
(tons/day)
~
Industries
Fuel I Processes and Power Sugar Open-burning
Region Combustion Operation Transportatio~2). Plants Mills (3) (Disposal)
North 10.4 78.8 226.8 . 2262.6 157.6
.
South 215.5 . 21.7 403.2 128.8 678.8 930.3
.
Eas1- 5.1 2.2 252.0 339.4 292.5
West 3.0 4.3 226.8 1.3 452.5 162.7 -
GI
I
N«theast 138.6 49.9 1411.2 188.9 37.7 77.2
T onv day 529.5 2520.0 319.0 3771.0 1 , 620.3
Tonvyear 148, 166 919,800 116,435 592,047 591,300
(1) Does Not include emissions from Union Carbide, Caribe Nitrogen and Puerto Rico Chemical Co.
(2) Includes Motor Vehicles and ~essels on ports (information obtained from Public Works Dept. Vehicles Registration Report
and the Statical Report of Ports Authority - 1966) .
(3) Includes sugar cane field burning
TABLE I
-------
1---
- l~ -
Refuse disposal emissions include only the air pollution from
the 71 open burning dumps operated throughout the Island.
In-
cinerators are being used more and more to dispose of household
refuse, but they have not been included in the inventory yet due
to their small contribution to the problem.
Emission Inventory - National Air Pollution Control Administration
The National Air Pollution Control Administration conducted an
emission inventory within the Metropolitan San Juan Area.
Based upon
1969 data, the San Juan survey included nine municipalities shown in
Figure A.
A complete report of this study will be issued by NAPCA in early
sWIlIIle.r, 1970.
The results of two important aspects of this study --
emission densities and emissions by various source categories -- are
summarized in the following portion of this report.
A grid coordinate system, shown in Figure A, was used to define
the geographical distribution of air pollutant emissions.
The grid
coordinate system used was the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) System.
Grid squares are 5 or 10 kilometers on a side, depending on the intensity
of urban development in an area.
The estimated emissions of each of
the three pollutants (by grid zone) were expressed as average daily
emissions in tons/sq. mile on an annual basis.
Annual average emission
densities were calculated by dividing the total quantity of pollutants
emitted in each of the grid zones by the total land area of the zone.
-------
SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO, METROPOLITAN AREA
z.
J
+
r
72000
\ /
,7'
~~
"
./-
, '-'" -"\J '
~
~
"'"
,~
fOA
BAJA
,.
.I
3.
u.
II
J+
3S"
.. """ ...
.. \
" LINA '
1)64000
JP -to ., +1.
..
$"1 S"z. $"3 s.
~r.
4'
4"
r- --- -
~
f
'---'"\
..
\
1"' s? all I F11 ~o ,2-
TOA \
ALTA, ~ ? ) ~ ~ ~
\ . ( \. RIO \ TRUJI L LO \, \ J
56000 \
"--;...--,,-,-,.,.., I' lAY AMON , GUAY I-'PIEDRAS, ALTO "I
'-I v... I-' I-' l I-' \ v:> JLI-' I-'
g ~ ~ ~ ~ g 'j. ~ ~ " I
~ 0 0) 0 ,
o (' (c j...'T'~ ....-=:'-/--:~-~ \A\
\ , I' 0 I 2 :) 4 5 10 ,
\. ,......... - -.......L- .. --- - ./ N SCALE OF HILES " '
'\.-/' I '.-J
GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
FIGURE A.
s-s
..
-------
.'---.
-16-
.- -~~.
Figure B shows the mean daily emission density of sulfur oxides,
by study area grid zone.
Highest densities are found in industrial
areas surrounding San Juan Bay and in the northern portion of Guaynabo,
averaging over one ton per square mile ~d:aily. Gr-id 27 has over one-
half the total sulfur oxide emissions in the entire San Juan Metropolitan
Area, with the m.ajor contributions by a. large point source
located
in the grid.
Relatively high emission densities are found throughout
the remainder of Catano, San Juan, and northern Rio Piedras municipalities.
Figure C shows the mean daily emission density of particulates by
study area grid zone.
The highest densities are found in Grids 6 and
8, with point sources the major contributors.
Relatively high densities
were found in San Juan, northern Guaynabo and Bayamon, and in eastern
Carolina municipalities.
Figure D shows the mean daily emission density of carbon monoxide
densities are highest in the more densely populated portions of the
region.
Over 85% of the carbon monoxide emissions were from transpor-
tation sources and this aspect can be observed by the higher emission
densities along the major traffic arteries out of San Juan -- Route 1
to the south, Route 2 to the West, and Routes 3 and 26 to the east.
Table I-A summarizes the air pollutant emissions in the 9-municipality
study area.
About 98% of all sulfur oxide emissions are the result of fuel
combustion, with over 82% of total area sulfur oxide emissions the
result of fuel combustion in steam-electric power plants.
Particulate
emissions are relatively low in the area, with transportation sources
-------
SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO, METROPOLITAN AREA
\ /
.. ;r-
. ~ ---i 4S".
J
.
r
/-
..
, '-"" -"\J
,.
.I
c
,
~
IS"
lOA
BAJA
3.
u..
IS
S+
.. "'"
'1
UNA b
..
r- ---. -
,
l..._~
,
.,
\
,
so, S'1 so, ;>
TOA ,
ALTAI \ ~
. I RIO . ..,
\..... -"",- ') IA Y AMON, GUA Y PIEDRAS I C'
. - 'if' l-j l '\
I . ( \. ....L---__r-. ''\. (.
\ ' J---~ ,-, 'J a....- - , '- ~) .)
, (, 0 I 2 3 4 5 10 -; \ \
~\ ,~ - -1- .. --. - ,/ HI SCALE OF HILES 2 " j
,,/ Sulfur Oxi~es, tons/mi -day
D 0 - 0.10 mBI 0.20 - 1.00
~ O. 10 - O. 20
FIGURE B.
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSION
DENSITY BY GRID, 1969
Over 1.00
S'$"
I
.....
"
I
\
-------
r-- --- -
i'
~-'"
,
SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO, METROPOLITAN AREA
u.
_/-
~ "'-'" - "\J
"
'"' S., F, ~O ,7-. ;> ~
TOA \, I
ALTA I \ ~ )., ~
( , RIO 'TRUJILLO \ '.,
'- --..,-.') IA YAMON, GUAY PIEDRAS, A LTO C'
- - '1/ l-) l "'\
I ( \ ,,1-----/--\ ''\, (.
~ i ,>-'T',) ;-;;-; 1"1 ,~ ,-,~\ r'
\. --' - -...i..- - --- - ./ N """., "'''' " ~
''\./' I Particulates, tons/mi2-day '.-J
D 0 - O. H1 ~ O. 20 - 1. 00
~ 0.10 - 0.20 . Over 1.00
'4
.I
~
~
~
3.
, ~
.. ;r-
S'S
\
,
FTGURE C.
'I"
TOA
BAJA
.4
-'"'
..
\
UNA b
-
))
).
'~
.:r .
.,
.,
PARTICULATE EMISSION DENSITY
BY GRID, 1969
-------
SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO, METROPOLITAN AREA
r- --- -
"
./-
-
.. "'-"" - \J
14
.I
3.
- """"
''\
UNA b
,
,
...
" t ~
TOA \' f
.41.1 U I ).. ~
I ' nUJI LLO '\ '"1
\.....----'-"""'v'1. j . A Y AMON l GUA Y l PIE DR AS I ALTO, ~
7 r) '. .--1- -/-- \ .
~ i .~'T'J ;-,;; ,~'\.._~\ ~-\,
\. ~ - --L- ' -- - ,/ N SCALE OF HILES " ),
" /' I Carbon Monoxide, tons/mi2-day ".-J
, 0 0 - O. 50 ~ 2 .00 - 5.00
~ 0.50 - 2.00
FIGURE D.
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSION
DENSITY BY GRID, 1969
Over 5.00
~-~
,
~S'
\
-------
-20-
Su}~Y OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS IN .
METROPOLITAN SAN JUAN, PUERTO RICO
(TONS/YEAR)
TABLE 1-A
SOURCE CATEGORY
SULFUR
OXIDES
PARTIC-
ULATES
CARBON
MONOXIDE
TRANSPORTATION
Road Vehicles 502 899 83,792
Other 1,966 2,041 3,6276
Sub-Total 2,468 2,941 120,068
COMBUSTION OF FUELS
Industry 11,814 722 63
Steam-Electric Plants 73,428 1,877 37
Residential 0 0 0
Connnercial & Institutional 1,000 124 12
Sub-Total 86,243 2,724 113
REFUSE DISPOSAL
Incineration 0 0 0
Open Burning 98 1,577 8,381
Sub-Total 98 1,577 8,381
INDUSTRIAL PRO~ESS 183 395 13 , 681
GRAND TOTAL 88,994 7,639 142,244
-------
,
,
S" S? FlI ..... , ) ~
TOA I'" 0 n. (
ALTA I ", . \ '
( \ RIO IUUJILLO'\ ~
\.... I ' '"l
--..~r~\/'('IIAYAMON l \ PIEDR~ ALTO, ~
{ (' t' ~ ---, ,5 - ......... - .../ - - ',- " , (.
I (,....Y r. " ~ .~ ,...{ r)
'- ./" - ~ ...""'-- - ,/ N SCALE OF MtLES ')
.. \, /' I LEGEND ", -.:
J
+
r
./ -
.. '-" -"\J'" .
,. IS'
~ TOA
C BAJA
.,
~ .
3. U. :u 3+ 3S'
Y / ~~
.. If,. 'U 47
r-- --- -
~ .
3.
40
.,
.1.
... -......
...
\
LI~A b
...
S1..
"'3
...
.~-~
S'S
,
\
FIGURE E.
LOCATION OF MAJOR POINT SOURCES.
~ Steam-Electric Plant
1!1 Ai rpo rt
. Industry
o Commercial or
Institutional
. Federal Facility
-------
-2'-
contributing 38%, fuel combustion 36%, and refuse disposal 21%.
As
mentioned earlier, carbon monoxide emissions are primarily from
transportation sources.
The only other significant contribution to
carbon monoxide emissions are industrial process losses.
Meteorology
The island of Puerto Rico is located in the eastern Caribbean;
the region of the trade winds.
This wind pattern is one of the most
steady and persistent on the earth.
The wind blows from easterly
directions most of the time, and air motions from the west are rare.
The prevailing wind direction over the Island is east-north-east.
The wind is almost constantly from the ocean during daylight hours.
Usually after sunset the wind shifts to the south or southeast, off
the land.
Radiational cooling frequently causes land wind at night,
consequently, somewhat lower nighttime temperatures occur than would
normally be experienced with sea breezes.
This daily variation in the
circulation pattern of surface winds is a contributing factor to the
delightful climate of the Island.
Figure 3 shows average wind roses for San Juan for the period
1955-60.
Roses shows typical winter month (February), typical summer
month (August) and on annual summation.
(Figures 4 and 5).
Puerto Rico is in the tropical hurricane region where the season
for these storms begins June 1 and ends November 30.
Several hurricanes
affect this area every season, but weather records shows that only six
of these storms have caused winds of hurricane intensity in the Island
during the past 60 years.
-------
- 7.3 -
WIND ROSE FOR SAN JUAN International Airport
Showing Speed and Direction Frequency for 1955-60
SPEED CLASSES
P-3
~I
8-12 13-18 19-24
N
4-7
r
o 5
I iIIII.'
10 15 20
, . .
PERCENT SCALE
25
I
FIGURE 3
-------
- 24-
WIND ROSE - SAN JUAN Internationa I Airport
Direction Frequency Distribution 1955-60
TYPICAL WINTER MONTH
[~.~ ~...
o 5
10
N
r
15
PERCENT SCALE
FIGURE 4
20
- _J
25
-------
- 25-
WIND ROSE - SAN JUAN International Airport
Direction Frequency Distribution 1955-60
TYPICAL SUMMER MONTH
f
....
f'"
: CALM
.. 11 .3%
.'1
l
o
5
10
15
":==J
20 25
PERCENT SCALE
FIGURE 5
-------
-26 -
The thermal stratification in the low levels over Puerto Rico is
usually characterized as "conditionally unstable."
An inversion is
frequently observed near 6,000 feet, which is characteristic phenomena
of the trade winds regime.
In the surface layer, below the inversion, the air has a rather
large moisture content.
The air above the inversion is dry.
The inversion
provides an upper lid to convection.
Nighttime radiation inversions at the surface are frequently observed
in winter; they are less frequent in summer.
A typical temperature
profile at San Juan in winter shows a pronounced ground inversion
extending to an altitude of about 400 feet.
Such an inversion would
normally disappear late morning or in the afternoon.
-------
~7-
URBAN FACTORS EVALUATION
Present population and population growth patterns are important:
in the overall air pollution problem, since human activity is the
ultiu~te cause of air pollution and humans are the ultimate victims.
Industry is the most definite sample of human activity, thus
its inclusion in this report is of prime importance.
Existing govern-
mental structures must also receive consideration since the Clean
Air Act, as amended, specifically notes that regions must be based
on jurisdictional boundaries.
Only a combination of several juris-
dictions or part thereof can provide a genuine regional approach
to the overall problem.
The following discussion of urban factors
will present these considerations as they apply to the Commonwealth
of Puerto Rico.
Population
The population of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico as of November,
1969 was 2,796,900 persons.
The distribution of this population
throughout the Island and its territories is illustrated in Figure 6.
The figure above represents a population annual increase of
1.3% over the previous year.
The influx of immigrants to the Island
was the most important factor contributing to that increment.
In
1967 and 1968 the immigration was an adverse factor due to the exodus
of nativ~ to the United States.
Also, in these two years the lowest
population expansion was registered since 1960, due to the decreasing
birth rate.
This decrease is the result of a vast program of family
p,lanning developed primarily at the large urban centers.
-------
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION BY MUNICIPALITIES
(1969)
~
1 ADJUHTAS
2 AGUADA
:3 AGUADILLA
1+ AGUAS BUENAS
5. AIBONITO
b AAASCO
7 AREcmo
B ARROY'O
9 BARCELONETA
10 BARRANQUITAS
11 BAVAWON
12 CABO ROJO
13 CAGUAS "
1If CAJ.IUY
15 CAROLINA
1~ CATANO
1 CAnv
1 CEIBA
19 CIALItS
o
La Mona
3
MUNICIPALITIES
20 CIDRA
21 COAMO
22 COMERIO
23 COROZAL
21+ CULEBRA
2.5 DORADO
20 FAJARDO
27 GliAr."lCA
28 Gt:AYAMA
29 jiJAYAr:ILLA
.30 GUAVNABO
31 GURABO
32 HATJI.LO
.33 HOR}.UGUEROS
34 HUIoIAC 1.0
35 ISABELl.
.36 JAYUVA
37 JUANA DJAZ
38 JUNCOS
3~ LAJAS
;j. LARllis
Ij. LAS MARIAS
~~ LAS PIEDRAS
""'LOIZA
1.j.I.j.~ LUQUILLO
" Ml'NATI
't MARICAO
47 MAUNABO
4B MAVAGUEZ-
49 WOCA
~ WOROVIS
1 NAGUABO
NARANJITO
5.3 OROCOVIS
54 PATILLAS
55 PEMUELAS
56 PONCE
57 QUEBRADILLAS
FIGURE" 6
53 RINCON
59 RIO GRANDE
60 SABANA GRANDE
61 SALINAS
62 SAN GERMAN
63 SAN JUAN (C8Plt8I)
61+ SAN LORENZO
65 SAN SEBASTIAN
61i SANTA ISABEL
67 TOA ALTA
68 TOA BAJA
!6& ~~~O ALTO
1 VEGAALTA
VEOA BAJA
VlEQUU
VILLALBA
75 YABUCOA
76 VAUCO
(.)
I'
"1\
~24 to
11 . ."
~ .
Cule ras
I
...,
CD
~
o' . .~; :qu.es
Each Dot Represents
1,000 persons.
J
-------
-29~
Before 1965, two different rates of popu1a.tion growth were
experienced.
The first period, which covered from 1950 to 1960,
was characterized by a very low population growth rate.
The value
of 0.63% annual increment was registered during that decade.
This
was mainly due to a high emigration rate for that per~od.
The
second period from 1960 to 1965 marked the highest population
growth rate in Puerto Rico's history with a 2.5% for 1963 and
2.0% for 1964.
The increment was mainly due to a low emigration
rate and very low descent in birth rate for that period.
In 1965,
the emigration rate increased again, a tendency which continued
until 1968, as the population growth rate kept decreasing.
1969
marks the year when, due to an increase of immigrants, the population
growth rate has increased sharply.
At present, the population distribution in the Island is 52% in
the urban areas and the remaining 48% in rural zones.
The urban
figure shows an increment of 18% since 1960.
Following the above tendency, it is expected that 53% of the
population will reside in urban areas for 1970, and for 1980 this
value should increase to 62.2%.
This marked increasedin urban
population (almost two-thirds of the total) would inevitably result
in a sharp augmentation of the air pollution problem.
Industry
Until World War II, the Island's economy was primarily agricultural,
depending heavily on such crops as sugar c~ne, tobacco, coffee, and
citrous fruits.
During the last two decades there has been a dramatic
-------
-30-
The system also includes one (1) gas turbine power plant on the
West Coast and eight (8) small hydroelectric plants and numerous
auxiliary jet engine power plants scattered throughout the Island.
This program, together with the industrialization activities, calls
for the establishment of a new stearn power plant in the southern
portion of the Island.
Regional Arrangements
The Department of Health serves the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico
including its overseas territories.
The Department activities cover
both preventive and curative functions.
In many cases, the latter
is conducted in coordination and collaboration with municipal
governments.
Air pollution control activities are conducted under
the preventive functions of the Department.
(See Figure 8)
The Air Pbllution Control Program, officially supported by
Act 157, has the responsibility to develop and implement a compre-
hensive control program for the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico; develop
air pollution control regulations to be enforced through a permit and
registration system; develop and operate a complaint system as part
of the enforcement activities; study and evaluate the air pollution
potential and maintain surveillance over pollution levels as part
of the air pollution emergency plan; prepare and administer Federal
project grants; offer technical assistance to other governmental
agencies, industry, and persons concerned with air pollution control;
-------
-31-
\
transition toward industrialization instrumented through an organized
plan to provide incentives to attract mainland capital investment.
The plan was a success and has resulted in the establishment of new
factories and other businesses in the Island at an average rate
of over one per day for the last two fiscal years.
More than half of the new establishments will be located outside
the San Juan Metropolitan Area.
Ninety-three percent of the most
important projects will be established in municipalities throughout
the Island where unemployment has reached critical levels.
The first phase of the industrialization program calls for the
establishment of light and moderate factories.
Textiles, clothing,
food, rum and chemicals are some examples of the first industries
assisted or promoted in the Island.
The present phase of industrial-
ization is aimed for the installation of heavy industry.
These
a,:tivities have resulted in the establishment of the three refineries,
several petrochemicals, foundries, pharmaceuticals, etc...(Table 2).
Table 3 gives an idea of the magnitude of industry development
in terms of net income.
Figure 7 shows a graphical representation
of this, and Figure 8 shows the distribution of manufacturing
establishments throughout the Island.
Industrialization requires, among other things, great amounts
of electrical power.
The Government has developed an intense program
of power production and distribution.
At present, there are three(3)
steam power plants, two on the North Coast and one in the South.
-------
MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS AND MAJOR INDUSTRY GROUP
IN PUERTO RICO
1969
Major Industry Health Districts Areas
: Northeast : North : East South . West : Total
.
Food and kindred products 166 . 57 66 90 96 . 475
. .
Tobacco manufacturers 9 : 13 27 6 2 57
Textile mill products 23 : 15 13 14 13 78
Apparel and related products 182 : 36 91 53 99 : 461
Papel and al I ied products 92 : 10 15 18 16 : 151 I
Printing, publ ish ing & all ied industries w
N
Chemicals and allied products 70 7 6 12 12 : 107
Products of petroleum & coal 31 9 14 6 60
Rubber products
leather and leather products 14 : 17 23 15 12 81
lumber 128 : 39 37 51 45 : 300
Furniture
Stone, day and glass products 105 : 45 An 25 32 . 247
"tV .
Fabricated metal products 162 : 15 39 25 25 : 266
Machinery 30 6 11 9 57
Transportation Equipment
Table 2
-------
Cont. 2
Ma jor Industry Health Districts Areas
Northeast North East South West . Total
.
.,
Electrical machinery, equipment & suppli~s 58 9 25 5 6 103
Instruments and related products 12 9 3 4 29
Hotel (1) 43 2 3 5 6 59
Guest houses ( 1 ) 32 1 2 2 2 39
laundries, laundries services & cleaning 110 . 20 25 . 23 16 194
.
& dyeing plants (2) .
Hospitals (3) 43 . 20 25 : 29 21 138
. I
W
Quarry (4) w
27 6 11 : 28 10 82
Micellaneous manufacturing Industries 64 5 14 13 20 116
Totals 1,401 . 324 491 : 432 452 3, 100
.
Puerto Rico Department of labor - 1968 Employment Estatistic Bureau
(1) Economic Development Administration, Department of Tourism - Official List of Hotels and Guest Houses- Summer 70
(2) Information obtained from the Emission Inventory taken by the Air Pollution Control PrQgram, Dept. of Health - 1969-70
(3) Puerto Rico Department of Health - Registry of Hospitals and Nursing Homes 1969-70
(4) Puerto Rico Department of Publ ic Works - list of Permits Issued for the Extraction of Material from the Surface of the
Earth - Private 1969
Table 2
-------
NET INCOME ORIGINATED BY INDUSTRIES
~
(in million dollars)
Industrial Group 1966 1967 1968 1969
1. Food and Kindred products 25.0 29.6 35.9 41.8
2. Tobacco Manufacturers 26.0 27.9 32.4 32.3
Tobacco stemming 3.8 3.5 3.5 3.7
Cigars and Cigarettes 22.8 24.4 28.9 28.6
3. Textile Mill products 21.7 23.3 27.5 33.2
4. Apparel and Related products 65.8 103.2 122.9 151 .9 I
v.>
~.
5. Lumber and wood products; 8.8 10.0 11.1 13.5
Furniture and Fixture,
6. Editorials and printings 1.6 2.0 2.8 3.6
7. Chemicals and Allied products 56.0 78.5 87.7 92.8
8. Stone, clay and glass products 22.5 23.5 26.2 27.7
9. Machinery and metal products 85.1 ::. 97.3 115.7 137.1
I
I 10. Papel products 3.3 3.8 5.0 5.7
II. Steel products 26.9 35.5 44.3 48.9
I
I 12. Other Manufacturing industries 53.6 58.5 62.3 80.8
Total 416.4 493.2 573.8 669.4
Table 3
-------
,~-.-'-"""- ..~-.--.. .._-
j' :
. :-~~ _.~ :-:-'~1-~~-: ~-~ f ~.::F:;- :---:--;-- -~ ~_.~
!
. -.-.-. - ._..- -.-
.--.-. --'--'.-. -~...---_..
....~-- '--'--"-'-
";..'- .-
..---..,....
. .' , . .
. '-r"-?--'-""''''''~~._;''._-_''" .- -...- '.. ..~..~_.._- - t.-......~ .. - .-.-.
. " 'NE.T IN<:OME ~fROM MANUFACTUf{I~(3 E~TABLISHMENTS
.,.,- ..._-'.'.'
, .
.. .1
n ....~_.:.-7.:-"'~~~-~-""::i~-~-~-.'; _. .. .- '-_.-.-_..-.
: MillronsQr'[)oftar$~J ......: . -.-.
....":... --: "-'-""~""f~--:' . \. .:..:.'"
. i.. . -:: 1.' .:. ~~.: l" -.
:-- .~~~: j.-; . .... -.. h - -~
I
".
I
;
r- .--
r" .- i--'''''':i'
f
.
\
i ..
i
f
1:.
~' . ..
j
I.
i
i .
I
I.
I
.
[."
i--
O'
j
!--.~" ~- -.
I
L-.:.__.:"-= ,..
--. -"".---.'
. 'f-- .
. '-..- .-,. -
.,
J:.
I
..
\
,.
!'..
, .
, .,
. ;. ---: ~-- '800C-c
... .
'- .'........--.. --. ---
. "
h:_....-I-.
- ~r "." ~_._<~- ..,
-.-. .-
...-! -. ..'---
._--...-._--.
, .
- .. - -
.;. -
.-..
'j
100
d"r :....
::. i
j . 1.. L
- -.-----t-- -,.---.- --:--!'''-:--r--
\.
._.......n""'r-
..-----
....
.,
-:--- "~o:o ~-. or -~-;o ... ,.
.. 0'0 --'r .L..-.:.:..-: '.."",,::.'
~~'~~:~-;'~-!:-:-"_O":h:-:- .i
. ! . .' .
--,--_O-~
.'..--- .-.r w..
.~'
...- -
:600:.
, '
-i...
.'--"'_""_'0_"_- .-.--. .-". -- - .O~ O' -
...j~~-_.~+[L:f'~:=I._...~... '. : .
;' :::-..;~ ... ... :f::."::. -.1.
400..
..---~.
°r- '--.:-"-.-:';-----
., .
300
';"----,.
.~ .. -~. ~ :- -,'-.
'200
, .,
100
o
I,..
~ --- ~_..
.-...1---... . :":...:::,.
..
. . I
:.....--.:--.-:- ---:..,
..
--O_.-i--
.--..-.--. -..... .~
.. ---,.. '-'''''''-.- -
---. -. - .,~
'.'-----'-- .
. '
.. .,
.. --_4' ---_..--~-, --~.
..... -- --.---. .
..~~.._-,--_.O.-..._- -.---,-..-, -
Figure 7
--. .-.
..-
-.- - ..-- '-.
i. .
T-~':'''-''
.....-'..
i
!
,
4_. _..........J
, ,
I
, ~
I
W
\.II
w..:.f
i
..',
: :-j
r-'
.t-..~--:- i
-------
DISTRIBUTION BY MUNICIPALITIES OF MANUFACTURING ESTABLISHMENTS IN PUERTO RICO
(1968)
tV
1 ADJUNTAS 20
.:2 AGUADA 21
.3 -: AGUADILLA 22
4 AGUAS BUENAS 23
5 AI..BONITO 24
6 ANASCO 25
7. AREcmo 20
SARROY'O 2
9 B\RCELONETA 26
1D BARRANQUITAS 29
11 BAY AMON .30
12 CABO ROJO .31
13 CAGUAS .32
14 CAMUY .33
15 CARO~INA .34
l~ ~~~o j~
18 CEIBA 37
19 CIALES .38
Q
3
MUNICIPALITIES
CWRA
COMIO
COMERIO
COROZAL
CULEDRA
DORADO
FAJARDO .
GlIAf."JCA
GL"AYAMA
oJt'AY ANILLA
GUAYNABO
GURABO
HATII.LO
HORMIGUER05
HUWACAO
ISABELl.
JAVUYA
JUANA DlAZ
JUNCOS
FIGURE 8
39 LAJAS
qo LAR~S
41 LAS MARIAS
42 LAS PIEDRAS
4"1 LOIZA
~ LUQUILLO
!fi M.ANATI
440 MARICAO
47 MAUNABO
4-8 MAYAGUEZ
49 MDCA
~o MDROVIS
1 NAGUABO
2 NARANJITO
~ OROCOVJS
P ATJL LAS
5 PENUELAS
b PONCE
57 QUEBRADILLAS
~24 ..
fJ .
Qi .
.
t..J
Q\
U RINCON
RIO GRANDE
6 SABANA GRANDE
1 SALINAS .
62 SAN GERMAN
63 SAN JUA." (C8Pitel)
64 SAN LORENZO
65 SAN SEBASTIAN
60 !ANT A ISABEL
67 TOA ALTA
68 TOA BAJA
69 TRUJILLO ALTO
70 UTUADO
71 VEGA ALTA
72 VEGA BAJA
7.3 VJEQUU
74 VILLALBA
75 VABUCOA
76 YAUCO
~
(.) Each Dot Represents one uabl ishment .
-------
-37-
develop and offer training courses; and collaborate with the Air
Pollution Advisory Board in their activities.
The program responsibilities are implemented through regional
representative offices to expedite and economize the operations
on a centralized basis.
Air pollution control activities are
conducted at loc&l levels in coordiration and with the collaboration
of the respective Sanitation Office.
The annual budget of the
program including Federal funds is about $217,000.
ReKional PlanninK
The Planning Board of Puerto Rico is responsible for planning
and coordinating the economic, social and physical development in
the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.
In the execution of such respon-
sibility the Board serves as an advisory body to the Governor and as
a regulatory agency.
The regulatory function is centered in the
preparation and implementation of a Master Plan for the development
of the Island resources.
In conjunction with this function, the
Board is responsible for developing and implementing rules, regulations
and other measures to guarantee benefits from the community from
this development.
Based on the above objective, the Planning Board
and the Department of Health combine their efforts to obtain better
living conditions for the community.
Regu1atory activities are
conducted in close coordination through a building permit system
where hopefully, most social activity are surveyed and sanctioned.
-------
-3R-
At present, the Planning Board has the intention to adopt
performance ~Itandards for urban areas to help in the regulation of
land use.
Formalizing the zoning ordinances in such standards will
translate the classical light, medium and heavy industrial uses
into well defined, meaningful terms, dealing with environmental
effects.
Any performance standards set in the air pollution field
by the Planning'Board would be in harmony with air quality and emission
control standards adopted by the Department of Health, considering
the jurisdiction of the latter over air pollution control matters.
The performance standards. would in this capacity strengthen the control
program by providing guidelines to the planning activities and to
the building permit system operated by the Planning Board.
The
Department would absorb most of the technical decisions and all the
field work to be conducted as part of its approval system and
coordinate the control work to be conducted by the Planning Board
through their performance standards.
-------
-39-
THE PROPOSED REGION
Subject to the scheduled consultation, the Departmen~~ of Health of the
Commonwealth of Puerto Rico recommends that the Secretary, Department of Health,
Education and Welfare designate the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico as an oir quality
control region consisting of the following jurisdictions of the Commonwealth:
Puerto Rico and surrounding islands
Vieques and surrounding islands
Culebras and surrounding islands
As so proposed, the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico Air Quality Control
Region would consist of the territoria I area encompassed by the outermost boundaries of
the proposed jurisdictions.
The proposed Region is shown in Figure 10.
The proposed
jurisdictions are shown in Figure 11 -. 13.
Discussion of Propose I
To be successful, an air quality control region should meet three basic con-
ditions.
First, its boundaries should encompass most pollution sources as well as most
people and property affected by those sources.
Second, the boundaries should encompass
those locations where industrial and residential development will create significant air
pollution problems in the future.
Third, the boundaries should be chosen in a way which
is compatible with and even fosters unified and cooperative governmental administration of
the air resources throughout the reg ion.
The proposed region of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico includes all of the
pollution sources and population affected by those sources, and is governed exclusively
by the government of the Commonwealth pf Puerto Rico.
The Commonwealth provides
ample area for expansion, both industria I and residentia I.
Moreover, all expansion will
-------
00
°
(.U
o
00
°
0'1
I
I
-,
00'
°
o
o
'"
s:2na
COMMONWEALTH OF PUERTO RICO
. ..-
I
PUERTO RICO
Sea Ie 1" =
67°00"
66°45 II
66°30"
660 15 ..
----.-- ..
Figure 10
I
4:-
o
I
.~
~~as
13 mi.
.~'>
C:;eques I
- n_-U
-------
-41-
be within the proposed boundaries of the region.
The "Evaluation of Engineering Factors" discussed to some
extent the first of the basic conditions, and the "Evaluation of
Urban Factor", the second and third conditions.
Numerous complaints received about air pollution problems and
sampling and studies conducted in relation with them tend to
demonstrate the existence of several polluted areas within the
region.
Generally, these areas are confined to the neighborhood
of moderate or heavy pollution sources.
The severity of the air
pollution problem is related to the spread among pollution sources.
At present, no major air pollution condition exists over the
region.
Climatological and macrometeorological conditions provide
rather constant ventilation of the area assuring to some extent
the impossibility that air pollution episodes could occur in the
region.
Nevertheless, micrometeorological conditions within the
entire resion and the foregoing discussion tends to indicate that
steps must be taken now to adopt and enforce air quality and emission
standards, and establish an effective control program to confront
the rapidly increasing menace of air pollution.
-------
1-
2-
3-
4-
5-
6-
EPA Library
-42-
11111111111111111111111111111111111111111 1111
T 12776
REFERENCES
Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors.
USDHEW-PHS Publication No. 999-AP-42
Environmental Health Series NAPCA.
Manua I ~r the Development of State Recommendations for
Air Quality Control Regions. USDHEW-PHS Publication (NAPCA)
Local Climatological Data. U.S. Department of Commerce,
Weather Bureau, San Juan, Puerto Rico Isla Verde Airport (1955-60; 1967)
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Department of Health of Puerto Rico.
Demographic Registry and Statistics Division (Nov. 1969)
Economic Report to the Governor. Governor Office, Planning Board \)f
Puerto Rico Social and Economic Analysis Bureau (1969)
The 1970 World Almanac. Reader's Digest, M~xico
------- |