REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
SOUTHERN LOUISIANA-SOUTHEAST TEXAS
INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
(LOUISIANA-TEXAS)
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
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REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
SOUTHERN LOUIS lANA-SOUTHEAST TEXAS
INTERSTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
(LOUISIANA-TEXAS)
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
. National Air Pollution Control Administration
April 1970
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CONTENTS
SECTION 1 - THE REGIONAL AP:PROACH TO AIR QUALITY AND A
FEDERAL :PRO:POSAL FOR THE SOUTHERN LOUISIANA-
SOUTHEAST TEXAS REGION
PREFACE. . . . . . . . ,- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION..................o.................................
THE REGIONAL A:P:PROACH.......................................
DESIGNAIION OF AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS..................
Procedure for Designation of Regions......................
The Size of a
Region..................~...................
THE FEDERAL PRO:POSAL FOR THE SOUTHERN
LOUISIANA-SOUTHEAST TEXAS AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION............
SECTION II - ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL FOR THE TEXAS PORTION OF
THE SOUTHERN LOUISIANA-SOUTHEAST TEXAS REGION
BY THE STATE OF TEXAS
EVALUATION
OF URMN FACT'ORS.....................................
INTRODUCTION................................................
HISTORY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..8. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND PROJECT'IONS.....................
M.EA. ECONOMY'..................O.............................
Agricultural Industries...................................
Non-Agricultural Industries.................. .,............
JURISDICT'IONAL BOUNDARIES.............................. '... . .
REGIONAL
P1A.NNING...........................................
EXISTING AIR CONTROL AGENCIES...............................
page
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111
v
v
viii
xiv
1
1
1
2
9
9
10
11
11
14
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CONTENTS, continued
EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING
FACTORS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION................................................
'roPOGRA.PHY. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11E:TEOROWGY.................................................
EMISSION INVENTORY........................... .'. .. . ~. . . . . . . . .
AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS........................................
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE AIR LEVELS............................
SULFUR OXIDE LEVELS.........................................
CARBON MONOXIDE LEVELS......................................
S~Y. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . eo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
THE RECOMMENDED REGION..........................................
DISCUSSION OF PROPOSAL......................................
SECTION III - ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL FOR THE WUISIANA
PORTION OF THE SOUTHERN WUISIANA-SOUTHEAST
TEXAS REGION BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT IN
COOPERATION WITH THE STATE OF WUISIANA
EVALUATION OF
URBA.N FACTORS.....................................
GEOGRA.PHY
OF TIlE REGION.....................................
PRESENT POPULATION AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
PATTERN OF REGION...........................................
PROSPECTIVE POPULATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH..................
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION..............................
Regional Councils and Planning Organizations..............
Air Pollution Control
Activities..........................
page
15
15
18
18
21
26
27
27
27
31
32
32
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6
33
40
40
42
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CONTENTS, continued
EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FAC'lORS..,.................... ~ . . . . . . . . .
tmTEOROlaOGY' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
EMISSION INVENTORY...........................................
AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS.........................................
THE RECOMMENDED REGION.........~.....~...........................
DISCUSSION OF THE
PROPOS.AL...................................
paae
45
45
47
63
66
66
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SECTION I
THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO AIR QUALITY AND
A FEDERAL FROPOOAL FOR THE S01n'HERN LOUISIANA-SOUTHEAST TEXAS REGION
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PREFACE
The Clean Air Act, as amended, directs the Secretaty of
Health, Education, and Welfare to designate "air quality control
regions" to'provide a basis for the adoption of regional
air quality standards and the implementation of those standards.
The Act stipulates that the designation of a region shall be
preceded by consultation with appropriate State and local
authorities.
This report is intended to provide the basic
background information needed for the consultation.
It pro-
poses boundaries for the Southern Louisiana-Southeast Texas
Interstate Air Quality Control Region and discusses the factors
which are the basis of the proposed boundaries.
The National Air Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA)
recently established a new policy by which States may propose
to the Federal Government b6undaries for air quality control
regions.
The Texas Air Control Board was the first state
agency to initiate proposals for region boundaries under
the new policy when it developed reports for the Houston-
Galveston, Dallas-Fort Worth, and San Antonio metropolitan
areas. . The Air Control Board, with assistance from NAPCA,
has conducted a study of the Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange
metropolitan area, the results of which are presented in
the body of this report.
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The proposal for the Southern Louisiana portion of the
region was developed by NAPCA with the cooperation of the
Louisiana State Department of Health.
The 39-parish study
area was selected at the request of the Louisiana State
Department of Health based upon their intimate knowledge to -
the total pollution problem in southern Louisiana.
The Region* boundaries proposed in this report remain
subject to revisions suggested during consultation with State
and local authorities.
Formal designation of the Region will
be made only after a careful review of all opinions and
suggestions submitted during the consultation process.
The National Air Pollution Control Administration appreciates
the assistance received from the States of Texas and Louisiana,
and the local governme.nts and planning agencies in the area.
*For tho purposes of this report, the word "region", when
C<1pilalized, will refer to the Southern Louisiana Intrastate
Air Quality Control Region.
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INTRODUCTION
THE REGIONAL APPROACH
Air pollution in the urban ~reas of the United States is
a regional problem which frequently extends across governmental
boundaries.
Since air ?ollution problems are rarely confined to
any single municipality or county, and are often not confined
within a single State, successful control requires coordinated
planning, standard setting, and enforcement by the several
political jurisdictions which share a common problem.
To date,
State and local governments across the Nation have only begun to
develop a regional approach to air pollution control.
The Clean Air Act, as amended, provides a regional approach
which depends upon coordination and cooperation among all levels
of government--municipal, county, State, and Federal.
To set in
motion the machinery for regional air pollution control, the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare designates air
quality control regions (following consultation with State and
local officials), issues air quality criteria, and publishes
reports on control techniques.
The designation of region bound-
aries indicates which State and local jurisdictions will be
involved in a regional air pollution control effort.
The air
quality, criteria indicate the extent to which various concentra-
tions of air pollutants are harmful to health and damaging to
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property.
The reports on control techniques provide information
on the. costs and effectiveness of various techniques for con-
trolling air pollutant emissions.
After the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare com-
pletes these initial steps, State governments develop air quality
standards and plans for implementation of such standards within
,
the boundaries of designated air quality control regions.
An
air quality standard for a region defines the desired limit of
concentration ofa pollutant in its ambient air.
It represents
the level of air quality which the regional control program
will attempt to achieve.
An implementation plan is a blueprint
of the steps which will be taken to attain chosen regional air
quality standards within a reasonable time.
The Clean Air Act
requires that within 90 days after the Secretary of Health,
Education, and Welfare has designated the region, State Governors
must submit letters indicating that they intend to set air quality
standards for those pollutants for which criteria and control
technology documents have been issued.
They have ari additional
180 days to set the standards.
The procedure for setting standards
includes a public hearing which al16ws residents of a ~egion to
express their views concerning the proposed standards.
The
Governors are required to submit to the Secretary, within an
additional 180 days, plans for the implementation. of the standards
which have been adopted.
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The Department of Health, Education, and Welfare reviews
air quality standards ar:d implementation plans in order to
ascertain their consistency with the provisions of the Act.
When air quality standards and implementation plans are
approved, States proceed to prevent and control air pollution
in accordance with those standards and plans.
This system for
establishing ~ regional approach to air pollution control is
outlined in Figure 1.
DESIGNATION OF AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGIONS
Designation of an air quality control region is one of
the first steps in the regional approach to air pollution con-
trol.
Section 107 (a) (2) of the Clean Air Act, as amended,
directs the Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare to make such designations.
The portions of the section
relevant to this discussion state:.
"...The Secretary, after consultation with appropriate
State and local authorities shall...designate air
quality control regions based on jurisdictional bound-
aries, urban-industrial concentrations, and other
factors including atmospheric areas necessary to pro-
vide adequate implementation of air quality standards.
The Secretary may...revise the designation of such
regions...The Secretary shall immediately notify the
Governor or Governors of the affected State or States
of such designation."
Procedure for Designation of Regions
Figure 2 illustrates the procedures used by the National
Air Pollution Cuntrol Administration (NAPCA) for designating
air quality control regions.
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HEW DESIGNATES
AI R QUALITY
CONTROL REGIONS.
HEW DEVELOPS AND
PUBLISHES AIR
-QUALITY CRITERIA
BASED ON SCIENTIFIC
EVIDENCE OF AIR
POLLUTION EFFECTS.
HEW PREPARES
AND PU5L1SHES
REPORTS ON
AVAILABLE CONTROL
TECHNIQUES
STATES.lNDICATE
THEIR INTENT
TO SET STANDARDS. (PUBLIC
HEARINGS)
STATES SET
AI R QUALITY
STANDARDS
FOR THE AI R
QUALITY CONTROL
REGIONS.
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STANDARDS FOR' .
HEW REVIEW.
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COMPREHENSIVE PLANS
FOR IMPLEMENTING
AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS.
STATES SUBMIT
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
FOR HEW.REVIEW.
STATES ACT'TO CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION IN ACCOR'uANCE
WITH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
AND PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTATION.
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" ENGINEERING EVALUATION
. EMISSIONS INVENTORY
. TOPOGRAPHY
. METEOROLOGY
0 AIR QUALITY M~AL YS:S
EXISTiNG AIR QUALITY DATA
DIFFUSION MODEL OUTPUT
~
PRELIMINARY CONSULTATION FORMAL
DELINEATION .... WITH STATE AND '.. DESIGNATION BY
OF REGIONS ... LOCAL OFFICIALS ". SECRETARY-HEW
URCAN FACTORS EVALUATION
~ ~
e JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES
. URBAN-INDUSTRIAL CONCENTRATIONS
. COOPERATIVE REGIONAL ARRANGEMENTS
. PATTERNS AND RATES OF GROWTH
. EXISTING STATE AND LOCAL AIR POLLUTION
CONTROL PROGRAMS & lEGISLATION
-------
After evaluating relevant technical and urban fa~tors in
a region, the National Air Pollution Control Admini.stration
publishes a proposed delineation of its boundaries.
At the
same time, NAPCA sets a time and place for a consultation meet-
ing and distributes to 'State and local authorities a report of
the evaluation study (such as this "Report for Consultation")
which includes the boundary proposal.
At the consultation
meeting State and local authorities are encouraged to prese~t
fully their views and suggestions concerning the proposed
boundaries of the region.
Interested parties who do not have
official status may submit comments in written form for the
record.
After careful review of all suggestions and opinions
submitted for the record by interested parties, the Secretary
of Health, Education, and Welfare makes a formal designation
of the region boundaries and notifies the Governor(s) of the
State(s) affected by the designation.
The Size of a Region
As stipulated in Section 107 (a) (2), the designation of
air quality control regions should be based on "jurisdictional
boundaries, urban-industrial concentrations, and other factors
including atmospheric areas necessary to provide adeq'uate
implementation of air quality ,standards."
This language suggests
a number of objectives Which are important in determining how
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large an air quality control region should be.
Basically,
these objectives can be divided into three sepa~ate categories.
First, a region should be self-contained with respect to
air pollution sources and receptors.
Unfo~tunately, since air
pollutants can travel long distances, it is impractical if not
impossible to delineate regions which are compl~tely self-
contained.
The air over a region will usually have at least
trace amounts of pollutants from external sources.
During
episodic conditions, such contributions from external sources
may even reach significant levels.
Conversely, air pollution
generated within a region and transported out of it can affect
external receptors to some degree.
It would be impractical
and inefficient to make all air quality control regions large
enough to encompass these low-level trace effects.
The geo-
graphic extent of trace effects overestimates the true problem
3rea which should be the focus of air pollution control efforts.
Thus, the first objective, that a region be self-contained,
becomes a question of relative magnitude and frequency.
The
dividing line between "important influence" and "trace effect"
will be a matter of judgment.
The judgment should be based on
estimates of the impact a source has upon a region, and the
level of pollution to which receptors are subjected.
In this
r.;spect,
annual and seasonal data on pollutant emissions and
~mbient air concentrations are a better me~sure of relative
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influence than short term data on episodic conditions.
In
summary, a region should include most of the important sources
in the area as well as most of the people and property affected
by those sources.
The second general objective requires that regional bound-
aries be designed to meet not only present conditions but also
future conditions.
In other words, the region should include
areas where industrial and residential expansion are likely to
create air pollution problems in the foreseeable future.
This
objective requires careful consideration of existing metropolitan
development plans, expected population growth, and projected
industrial expansion.
Such considerations should result in the
designation of. regions which will contain the sources and recep-
tors of regional air pollution fora number of years to come.
Of course, regional boundaries need not be permanently fixed,
once designated.
Boundaries should be reviewed periodically
and altered when changing conditions warrant readjustment.
The third objective is that regional boundaries should be
compatible with and even foster unified and cooperative govern-
mental administration of the air. resource throughout the region.
Because air pollution usually extends across governmental bound-
aries, the cooperation of several governmental bodies is required
for the solution of a common set of air pollution problems.
[0 this regard, the established patterns of governmental coopera-
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tion on a range of urban problems is an important consideration,
and the pattern of cooperation among existing air pollution con-
trol programs is a particularly relevant factor.
In general,
administrative considerations would argue against the division
of governmental jurisdictions.
Although it would be impractical
to preserve State jurisdictions undivided, usually it is possible
to preserve the unity of county governments by including or
excluding them in their entirety.
Occasionally, even this would
be impractical due to a county's large size, wide variation in
level of development, or striking topographical features.
To the extent that any two of the above three objectives
lead to incompatible conclusions concerning region boundaries,
the region must represent a reasonable compromise.
A region
should represent the best way of satisfying the three objectives
simultaneously.
As noted above, the evaluations of relevant technical,
urban, and governmental factors form the basis of the boundary
proposals published by NAPCA.
The technical factors study takes
account of the location of pollution sources and the geographic
extent of serious pollutant concentrations in the ambient air.
?olluL.ion sources are identified through an inventory of emissions
I c'.;;, t)ower generation, industrial operations, space heating,
W3St~ disposal, and other pollution-causing activities.
The
transport and distribution of pollutants in the ambient air are
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analyzed on the basis of measured air quality data, the location
of emissions, meteorological data, and topographic information.
A mathematical diffusion model which predicts ambient pollution
concentrations from information on emissions and meteorology can
be used in areas where irregular topographical features would not
invalidate the theoretical model.
As a whole, the technical
factors study indicates how large the air quality control region
should be in order to encompass most pollution sour~es and most
people and property affected by those sources.
The study of urban factors takes account of a different set
of considerations.
It discusses the location of urban and
industrial concentrations and expected patterns of urban growth.
As a whole, the urban factors study indicates how large a region
should be in order to encompass expected regional growth.
The evaluation of the regional governmental organizations
discusses the planning agencies, councils of government, and
stace and local air pollution control programs.
This study
attempts to define the combination of Parishes which, through
cooperative regional arrangements, would best work together
towards achieving clean air in the region.
I
The body of this report contains a proposal for the Southern
Louisiana - Southeast Texas 'Interstate Air Qu.aljty
Control Region, following evaluation of technical, urban, and
. governmental factors.
The report is intended to serve as the
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background document for the formal Consultation between the
National Air Pollution Control Administration and the appropriate
State and loca! authorities.
-xiii-
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THE FEDERAL PROPOSAL FOR THE SOUTHERN LOUISIANA-SOurHEAST TEXAS
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
Subject to the scheduled consultation, the Secretary, Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, proposes to des,ignate an
air quality control region for the southern Louisiana-southeast
Texas area, consisting of the territory encompassed by the following
jurisdictions:
In the State of Louisiana:
Acadia Parish
Allen Parish
Ascension Parish
Assumption Parish
Avoyelles Parish
Beauregard Parish
Calcasieu Parish
Cameron Parish
East Baton Rouge Parish
East Feliciana Parish
Evangeline Parish
Grant Parish
Iberia Parish
Iberville Parish
Jefferson Parish
Jefferson Davis Parish
Lafayette Parish
Lafourche Parish
Livingston Parish
Orleans Parish
Plaquemines Parish
In the State of Texas:
Hardin County
Jasper County
Jefferson County
Pointe Coupee Parish
Rapides Parish
St. Bernard Parish
St. Charles Parish
St. Helena Parish
St. James Parish
St. John the
Baptist Parish
St. Landry Parish
St. Martin Parish
St. Mary Parish
St. Tammany Parish
Tangipahoa Parish
Terrebonne Parish
Vermilion Parish
Vernon Parish
Washington Parish
West Baton Rouge Parish
West Feliciana Parish
Newton County
Orange County
The proposed boundaries, illustrated in Figure 3, encompass
the recommendation by the State of Texas presented in Section II
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of this report, and a 39-parish area in southern Louisiana,
described in Section III.
Figure 4 locates the Region in relation
to remainder of Texas and Louisiana; the surrounding states,
and existing and proposed air quality control regions.
The rationale for the Federal proposal for the Louisiana
portion of the proposed Region is described in detail in Section
III and will not be elaborated upon at this point in the report.
The National Air Pollution Control Administration has reviewed
the proposal and supportive discussion prepared by the Texas
Air Control Board.
NAPCA concurs with the findings of the Board
and proposes to include Hardin, Jasper, Jefferson, Newton, and
Orange counties in the Texas portion of the Southern Louisiana-
Southeast Texas Interstate Air Quality Control Region.
Most
pollution sources and receptors are located' in two of the five
counties--Jefferson and Orange.
All five counties were shown
to have potential for industrial expansion during the next fifteen
years.
A population forecast of 178,000 additional residents
for the five-county area further substantiates the conclusion
on the need [or a region large enough to provide protection
against future pollution problems.
Th~ National Air Pollution Control Administration encourages
the establishment of air quality control regions which correspond
to, or arc compatible with, State or locally defined:planning
l"egiou::' .
The Texas proposal for a five-county region in Southeast
Texas includes one complete planning region, Southeas,t Texas,
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-------
and three counties of another region, the Deep East T~as
Development Council.
Consideration should be given at the
Consultation to possible inclusion of the remaining counties of
this planning region in the proposed air quality control region.
The Federal proposal is an interstate region in the southern
Louisiana-southeast Texas area.
The interstate Region is a
combination of two previously announced regions centered about
(1) New Orleans, Louisiana, and (2) Beaumont-Port Arthur, Texas.
The initial studies of these two regions centered on the New
Orleans-Baton Rouge corridor and the Beaumont-Port Arthur,. Texas--
Lake Charles, Louisiana core areas.
Further study of the New
Orleans-Baton Rouge area, however, revealed that urbanization
and industrialization had no distinct demarcation line at its
\"CS tern edge.
The details of this consequence are presented in
Section III of this report.
Several other study findings support the conclusions for
an interstate region proposal.
Transportation linkages, such as
Interstate-lO and U.S.-190, tie the Beaumont-Port Arthur area
of Texas with the major metropolitan areas of southern Louisiana.
Higher population densities, which are apparent when examining
the data presented later in this report, coincide with these
~ame transportation corridors.
An important consideration for
developing boundaries for a proposed region--enclosing a comm9n
source-receptor area--is supported by the fact that five separate
Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas are included in the area.
-xviii-
-------
Thus, the administration of a successful air pollution control
program for the area would be simplified by one region rather
than five separate regions.
An interstate region will encourage
intergovernmental cooperation and coordination throughout this
area of common air pollution problems.
Finally, the interstate
area has similar topography and meteorology.
In recognition of the intergovernmental problems inherent in
the control of air pollution, the National Air Pollution Control
Administration has placed highest priority on interstate regions.
Recently, 34 additional areas were announced for designation as
in~erstate air quality control regions by the end of summer, 1970.
Two of these areas are immediately adjacent to the proposed
Southern Louisiana-Southeast Texas Air Quality Region.
After reviewing these factors on the interstate character
of the Region and the added emphasis at the Federal level on
I
intergovernmental cooperation, the Region proposed in this report
is considered on the whole to be the most cohesive and yet
inclusive area within which an effective regional effort can
be mounted to prevent and control air pollution in the southern
Louisiana-southeast Texas area.
-x ix-
-------
SECTION II
ANALYSIS AND PROPOOAL FOR THE TEXAS PORTION OF THE
SOUTHERN LOUISIANA-SOUTHEAST TEXAS REGION .BY TIlE STATE OF TEXAS
-------
EVALUATION Of URBAN FACTORS
I N'1'RODUCT I.ON
A number of urban factors are relevant to the problcffis
OJ
defining the boundaries of air quality control reglons.
Th e s I~
factors include the location of population and industry, the
population density, projected growth of both population and
industry, and jurisdictional considerations.
These are all
important considerations since human activity is the initi~l-
cause of most ftir pollution.
Humans are also the receptors
affected by the pollution.
Projected growth patterns are Im-
portant for future planning purposes.
HI S'l'ORY
The history of the Jefferson-Orange R'?gion is centered
around the three maJor cities:
Beaumont, the county seat of
J"effersonCounty; Port Arthur, also in Jefferson County; and
Orange, the county seat of Orange County.
The history of Beaumont and the surroun(3ing "Irea dates back
to the late seventeenth century when the French explorer, (J.:; ].(1
8.:11 J e,
is believed to have visited the area.
Th e fir s t w hit c.
settlers carne to Beaumont in the 1800's and in 1837 the:: orJ_qir::)]
townsite was established.
A sawmi 11 town of less tll;:}n lC'J, (JOO
p~~op 1 e, Dea umont was skyrocketed to fame in ,January 1 C) I) 1, wh(;rl
t hc' famous Lucas gusher "blew in II
Clt Spindlctop, ,-J
few r71.i J (~S
5011 I. h of the present city
limits.
['llis mary.C.:rl th0. hi ell-, (.If" tr,o
oil industry in Texas and fostered the industrial and comm0rci~]
-------
,.'
2
activ:Lty which has continually increased until the, present.
Port Arthur is named after" Arthur E. Stilwell, a Kansas
'f,.. .'
, '
City financier, who built the Kansas City-Pittsburg and Gulf
Railroad to Port Arthur in 1899.
This marked the birth of the
expansion of the entire area.
Two years after the deep-water
canal to the Gulf wa~ completed, the Spindletop oil discovery
was made, adding to the area's growing economy.
Orange carne into existence in 1836 when boatmen navigating
the Sabine noticed natural orange groves on the river, bank.
I,
Orange, a major link between Texas an~ Louisiana. took a stride
forward in 1914 when a harbor was dredged to accommodate ocean-
going vessels.
During World War II, Orange became a boom town
overnight because of its shipbuilding facilities.
POPULATION DISTRIBUTION AND PROJECTION~
Figures
1,
2,
3, 4 show population density and pro-
jections for Orange and Jefferson counties for 1960 to 1985.
The 1970 population for Jefferson and Orange count~es is esti-
mated to be 415,000 with projections of 575,000 by 1986. Figure
2
ind~cates population figures for the period 1890 to 1970.
Jefferson County's growth rate of 26% for the period 1950 to
1960 makes it one of the fastest growing areas in the State of
Texas.
Figure 3 indicates this same strong growth pattern for
Orange County. " The population figures for Newton, Jasper, and
Hardin counties which are primarily rural are shown in Table 1 .6'
-------
o .
-----
. .
LEGEND
- CO"OON LINE tSTUCY AREA)
----.. C\"" Llto\I"S
--- COV~TY LINE
-..- STATf LINE
PERSONS tiER ACRE
c==::::J In ow I
c:::::=:J J - 1 S
r.:z:zzr:=J z s. ~
~5."
a::Il1m1Z2J "-to
_10-.2'
...... IZ '-I'
-"-10
- zo.OYU
:!1
O'Q
c:
~
(t)
.....
POPULATION
1960
DENSITY
/fludy
.yj~~n
J EFFERS08'1 .. ORA8'IG E
~
i
REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY
w
-------
200,000, COO
100,000,000
20,000,000
10,000,000
2,000,000
1,000,000
500,COC
200,000
100,000
50,000
20,000
10,000
:!1
(J'Q
c:
,
CD 2,000
N
1.000
!
11100
1910
1920
15150
1940
1950
~--
"'I
I
UNITED STATES
I.
: __-oTEXAS
--
-
: - --<>JEFFERSON CO.
_--r-
!
~ - A BEAUMONT
-i--
-,
: - - -0 PORT ARTHUR
... ...:--
i
1
. A GROVES
: ,,".A NEDERLAND
,.----1",.,"'''':-~ PORT NECHES
a' ,., i" ",
,., .,.,
.........1
I
j
11160
19TO
1980
11100
2000
~
PROJECTION
OF
POPULATION
i
'"
'/e/ler ~on
County
Areel
\
.,/
SOURCE: 11I00-1960,U.S BUREAU OF THE CENSUS,
1970 AND 1985 U.S. POPULATION PROJECTIONS,U.S.
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, POPULATION ESTIMATES,
SERIES P-25, NUMBER 286.11170 AND 1985 STATE
POPULATION PROJECTIONS, BUREAU OF 8USlfiESS.
RESEARCH,THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS. IITO-1985
REGIONAL POPUL A TIOH PIIOJIE CTIONS. JEFFEItSON
ORANGE !liE GIONAL TRANSPORT" frON STUDY.
-------
100,000,000
~
~
.-,
a---
...-J"'~
. _..-0UNITEO' STATES
....0- -
---r.- -
200,000.000
20,000,000
..-.,A) TE X A 5
-"'"
_0
10,000,000
PROJECTION
2 ,000,000
OF
1,000,000
POPULATION
200,000
J:)ORANGE COUNTY
."
100,000 ."
." ...,..oORANGE
." County AreQ
,. Oran3e
,.
50,000 ~
- ,P VIOOR
,
,
20,000 ,. 'pBRIOG E CI TY
" ,
/" ,
10,000 "" SOURCE: 1900- 1960, U.S. BUREAU OF HIE CENSUS,
. 0' 1970 ANO 19B5 US POPULATION PROJECTIONS. U 5
BUREAU OF THE CENSUS, POPULATION ESTIMATES,
SERIES P'25. NUMBER 2B6 /970 AND 19B5 STATE
:::!1 POPULATION PROJE C T IONS, BUREAU OF BUSINESS
(JQ 2,000
c:: RESEARCH, THE UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS 1970-19B5
.... V1
~ REGIONAL POPULATION PROJECTIONS, JEFFERSOIV
1,000 ORANGE RE GIOIVA L TRAN S POR T ATION STUDY.
W
1900 19/0 /920 /930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
-------
o .
~~-.
LEGEND
- COROCf\I L~( (,rUDY AR[A)
CfT1 I....T5
COUNT T Lf~
STATE: lI"f(
P"tSONS ..(It AelitE
~
8(1..0. I
;:::::::::.:: 1-"
'IIZIZlJ 1 I - ,
~,-1,
GZIZIZ!r:'l.lZI "-10
_10-1"
--III-I'
_1'-10
-
10-0""-
"TI
(JQ
c:
..,
(I)
.po
POPULA TION
1-985
/'"
//
-,
DENSITY
[jJ~
.dU>fl
JEFFERSON.. ORANGE
'"
~
~
REGIONAL TRANSPORTATION STUDY
-------
7
BEAUMONT, TEXAS
POP U L A T ION
----------
BEAUMONT PORT ARTHUR JEFFERSON CO. BEAUMONT SMSA***
Year Pop. %Incr. Pop. %Incr. Pop. %Incr. Pop. % l!!.£!: .
1890 3,296 5,857 10,627
186% 143% 88%
1900 9,427 900 14,239 ' 20,144
119% 751%, 168% 138%
1910 20,640 7,663 38,182 47,410
96% 190% 88% 85%
1920 40,422 22,251 73,120 88,499
43% 129% 82% 68%
1930 57,732 50,902 133,391 148,540
2% -9% 9% 10%
1940 59,061 46,140 145,329 162,711
59% 25% 34% 45%
1950 94 ,014 57,530 195,083 235,650
26.8% 15.9% 25.9% 30%
1960 119,175 66,676 245,659 306,016
1/1/69 136,400* 69,700* .266,100* 336,100*
1970 150,000** 320,000** 395,600"
*Estimated with reference to SALES MANAGEMENT MAGAZINE, June 10, 1969.
**"Population Projections for Texas Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas, 1970",
Texas Business Review, March 1962, page 63. ,
***Beaumont Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area is constituted of Jefferson and Orange
Counties; Beaumont is County Seat of Jefferson County; Port Arthur i8 in Jefferson
County South.
PER CENT POPULATION INCREASES
Year 1960 over 1950
United States. . . . . .
State of Texas. . . . .
Jefferson County. . . .
Beaumont, Texas. . . . .
+18.5%
+24.3%
+25 . 9%
+26.8%
SOURCE:
U. S. Department of,Commerce, Bureau of the Census except as noted.
Prepared by:
Chamber of Commerce
P. O. Box 3150
Beaumont, Texas 77704
713-838-6581
1970
Table 1
-------
8
TABLE 2
POPULATION AND PROJECTED POPULATION Of ORANGE AND
ORANGE COUNTY, TEXAS
ORANGE ORANGE COllNT'L_-
PERCENT OF
PERCENT COUNTY PERCENT
YEAR POPIJLATION CIlAr~G r: POPULATION POPUT.A'rION CHANGE
1890 3,173 N.A. Gri.S 4,77(1 62.4
1900 3,835 20.7 G4.9 5,90S 23.7
1910 5,527 44.1 " 58.0 9,S2H 6J..4
1920 9,212 66.7 59.9 1.5,~79 6J..4
1930 7,913 -14.2 52.2 15 , J.t~1) - 1.5
1940 7,1+72 - 5.6 1~2. 9 17,382 14.7
1950 21.174 183.3 52.2 40,567 ' 133.4
1960 25.~05 20.9 42.2 60,357 48.8
1968 29,570* 15.5 40.6 72,900*. 20.7
1970 34-,368 34-.2 1+8. ° 71,601 18.6
1980 43,079 25.3 . 52.0 82,845 15.7
1990 52,689 22.3 56.0 94,089" 13.6
* A ratio tIIas estab1 ished bettlleen 1960 electric, \~ater and gas COlI-
nections as compared \~ith the number of connections for these snme
utilities as of December 31, 1968. Individual estimates using
each type of utility connections were el~ctriQa1 - 29,74-5, water -
27,823, and gas - 31,Vl4.. Th.e average of these figures i6 29,5?O.
** Population Research Center, Department of Sociology, The University
of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas.
SOURCE: : 1890-1960 U. S. Census of ropulation, Dureau of the Census.
U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington. D. C.
1970-1990 Industr ia1. Economics Research Division. Texas A~I
University, College Station, Texas. .
-------
9
Table 3
Population by Counties
Newton Co.
Jasper Co.
Hardin Co.
1900
7,282
7,138
5,049
1910
10,B50
14,000
12,974
1920
12,196
15,569
15,983
1930
12,524
17,064
13,936
1940
13,700
17,491
15,875
1950
10,382
20,049
19,535
1960
10,372
22,100
24,629 ,
These counties are expected to remain primarily rural, except
at their southern boundaries where the metropolitan Orange-Beaumont
,areas will begin to expand into these three counties.
The five county area is projected to have about 650,000 people
by 1985.
AREA ECONOMY
Initially the economy of the Jefferson-Orange Region relied
on the export of cotton, lumber, and cattle.
After the discovery
of the Lucas Gusher at Spindletop in 1901, the petroleum industry
began to flourish.
Soon thereafter came improvements to the deep-
water ports at Beaumont, Port Arthur, and Orange, making the cities
major shipping ports on the Gulf Coast.
During World War II the
region became a major petroleum refining and petro-chemica~ manu-
facturing center.
The population growth of the Jefferson-Orange area has
closely paralleled the great industrial development of the area
throughout the past 50 years.
Aqricultural Industries
The leading agricultural industries in the Jefferson-Orange
area are rice, lumber, and cattle.
Rice is the most important
-------
10
agricultural crop in the coastal counties.
Other crops grown
include vegetables, sorghums, cotton, pears, oranges, peaches,
and figs.
The pecan is the main nut crop produced commercially.
The total value of agricult,ural products produced in 1.959 in
Jefferson and Orange counties WiiS estimated at $13,000,000.7
In
Jefferson and Orange counties agricultural acreage ,is expected
to decline in the future because of increased urbanization.
Non-Aqricultural Industries
production and processing of oil, natural gas, sulfur ~nd
salt are the most important non-agricultural industries in the
five county area.
On January 10, 1901 the Lucas gusher at
Spindletop was completed.
It was the first oil well in the area
and at that time the 'largest oil well on the American continent.
From 1901 until after World War II, petroleum, shipbuilding and
I
I
II
metal fabrication were the dominant industries.
Since World War
II the major industries in the Jefferson-Orange area have been
petroleum refining, petro-chemical processing and related
I
I
activities.
Metal fabrication, shipbuilding and the manufacture
of paper products are also important to the economic base of the
area.
The value of mineral production in Jefferson and Orange
counties was $82,000,000 in 1962.
I .
The Jefferson-Orange area is one of the nine major manu-
facturing regions in the State of Texas.8
The study area is
served by a vast complex of pipelines, 'waterways, railroads,
and highways.
The basic manufacturing industries and their
-------
11
relative importance to the area are .shown in Table4.
Industrial expansion is expeqted to continue because of
the availability of raw materials, an adequate supply of labor,
and the proximity of the study area to the Gulf of Mexico.
See
Figure 5
, "Land Use Forecast Map--Jefferson and Orange
Counties,
1985."
JURISDICTIONAL BOUNDARIES
In Texas,
the County is the basic pOlitical-jurisdictional
boundary unit.
For this reason,. it is best to include a whole
county within the region, even though only a portion of a county
might be affected by a regional air pollution problem.
In
operating the regional air control agency, this consideration
can be taken into account and different parts of a county ca~
be controlled differently from an air control standpoint.
REGIONAL PLANNING
The Office of the Governor, Division of Planning Coordi-
nation, has designated Jefferson and Orange counties as the
"South East Texas Planning Region."
At the present time there
exists the "Orange County Council of Governments."
Orange and
Jefferson counties are considering establishing a two county
Council of Governments.
There also exists the thirteen county
"Deep East Texas Development Council" which includes Hardin,
Jasper, and Newton counties.
-------
12
TABLE {)
NUMBER OF PLANTS AND EMPLOYEES BY
STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION
IN THE JEFFERSON-ORANGE REGION
STANDARD INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATION
No. of
Plants.
No. of
EmployeesU
13 Prc..ducts Rccov~rd flOm Na~ural G.:Js 2 32
20 Foud and Kindred Products 36 1,063
22 Textile Mill Products 1 16
23 Apporel and O:her Finished Products Mode from
Fabrics and Similar Materials 5 47
24 Lumber ond Wood Products, except Furniture 12 425
25 Furniture and Fixtures . 14 166
26. Pope; and All icd Pro:lucts 5. 955
27 Printing and Allied Products 26 1 ,543
28 Chemict]1s anr! Allied Products 26 10,922
29 Petroleum Refining and Related Industries 9 14,090
30 Rubber and Miscellaneous Plastic Products 2 21
32 Stone, Shell, Clay and Glass Products 19 604
33 Primary l\\ctal Industries 8 712
34 Fabric.ated Metal Products, except Ordnance,
Machinery, and Tron~portation Equipment 43 6,335
35 . Machinery, except Electrical 21 1,688
36 ElectricClI and EleCtronic Machinery Equipment
and Suppl ics 4 80
37 Tromportot i on Equipr;1Cnt 9 2,078
38 Professional, Scientific, and Cantroll ing
Instruments; Photographic and Optical
Goods; Wotdlcs and Clocks 2 80
39 Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries 9 97
*Texas Dire'clory af Manufacturers, 1964, Bureau of Business Research, The University of Texas,
Aust;n, Texas
Ulndustrial Economics Research Division, Texas A & M ;University, College Stotion, Texas.
-------
---,
13
!
.
i
i
..
iv
.
.
i
!
.
i
i
.
i
i
i
.
~
LAND USE FORECAST MAP - JEFFERSON AND ORANGE
COUNTIES - 1985
III
,.\.,.'~
.,.,.,.,.'8 . : ~
leI ..
e~ .
\ ,\, ..'~
.,~
'j
-.
.
.
-.
'.
'.,
.,
.,
'.,.
'.1.,
./.,.,. 08/
.,.
'.,.
'.,.,.,.,.
'.,
-
/
\ /
\. .
\\ ~..~I i
Ii /'
Ji ..
.: I
~ "..
i: //
l/-'
.//
~>
. ./,-
,~.
''''.. ;:~
.7
CITY LIMIT. /
C'''T..... ~"O.P'''. A....", ... l,
.' "
'MtustlUAL A"'''S-'''''008t".rr c.olltCVT"..Tlo-. ' !ito..'..
'.(. J
.I..U"...,,,,- MI.,.,.. ""A,,"" COH'.""If;ArloN '.,.,..
RE'O. "'''0 GDM"'~"'C.A\.. .".A!.
..
aD
,
.
0"08":1."
- --
--
.. ,
.'..'8 LIMITS 0' ITUOT AtU,
STAT! UNC
:; . .',:".-~.:
-
SOURCE:
INDUSTRIAL ECONOMICS RESEARCH DIVISION
Figure 5
-------
14
EXISTING AIR CONTROL AGENCIES
The Texas Air Control Board is the State agency responsible
for air pollution control activities.
The Texas Clean Air Act
provides for equal enforcement of State Rules and Regulations by
local governments (cities, counties, and nealth districts).
The
State Board has adopted regulations relating to smoke and suspended
particulate matter, outdoor burning, sulfur compounds,' automobile
emissions, and toxic materials.
Enforcement provisions allow
both injunctive relief and civil and criIninal penalty of up to
$1000 per day.
Within the five-county study area an organized
local control program is presently functional in Jefferson County.
Orange County is currently organizing a control program.
-------
15
EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS
INTRODUCTION
The engineering evaluation for the Beaumont-Port Arthur-
Orange area was based on a study of topography, air pollutant
emissions, meteorology, estimated air quality levels, and
available. air quality data.
The emission inventory indicated
the location of point and area sources and the quantity of
pollutants emitted from these sources.
Emission densities were
calculated from the emission quantities and grid areas.
Emis-
s10ns and average meteorological data were used in a diffusion
model to estimate air quality levels.
Figure 6
shows the
aeaumont-port Arthur-Orange metropolitan area in relation to
other metropolitan areas.
Figure 7
is a more. detailed map of
the five county study area.
The study region covers two of the twenty-one major met-
ropolitan areas in the State of Texas.
Beaumont-Port Arthur-
Orange is locally known as the Golden Triangle area--a highly
industrialized area but significantly agricultural.
Hardin,
Jasper, and Newton counties are primarily rural with timber and
wood industries being a main economic factor.
-------
r- -
...,...."---"-"
16
..,
.~
I I
i
Geographical
location
of
BEAUMONT-PORT ARTHUR-Orange
,
, J
{ ,
METROPOLITAN STUDY A~A
I
1,1
NEW
MEXICO
. .;:
AmtIrl,/o
.
~ ,
OKLAHOMA
t .
ARKANSAS
LuIJbock
.
F"" Worlh .
. DtI/1w
MJdIr1nd
.
.
Abll-
.
7;"
.
Oft-
Soli A",.10
.
"""
.
TEXAS
Anti"
.
.
$air AMtJnio
, '.
OLD
MEXICO
GULF OF
MEXICO
\.
'.
FIGURE 6
(". .
-------
17
~Iiles N
o I \5 20 15 30 A-
t ' . ' . ' . ' J .
o \0 20 31) 40
Kilometers
Figure #7
JASPER
COUNlY
TEXAS
Beaumollt CIty
Port Arthur City
JEFFERSON COUNlY
NEWTON
COUNlY
LOUISIANA
ORANGE CO. UNIT
Gulf of Mexice
Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange Five County Study Area
-------
18
TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of the five counties within the study area
~s basically the same.
The area is a relatively flat coastal
plain with many small streams, bayous and marsh areas.
Surface
elevation varies from sea-level to approximately 250 feet.
Two
navigable rivers (Neches and Sabine) allow ocean-going vessels
to serve the area.
Deep water ports are. located at Orange,
Beaumont, and Port Arthur.
rhe southernmost coastal port of
the area is crossed by the Gulf Intracoastal Canal.
Abundant
water is a great asset to the area.
Hardin, Jasper, and Newton counties are about 70% forested.
The land is gently rolling pine and hardwood forests.
Poultry
processing,
farming, cattle ranching, and timber processing are
the major industries in these three primatily rural counties.
METEOROLOGY
The climate of the study area is predominately marine.
The many small str~ar)s, bays and marsh areas favor the develop-
ment of both ground fog and advective fog.
Prevailing winds
are from the soutneast, except during the winter months when
frequent passages of high pressure systems bring invasions of
polar air from the North.
Daytime thermal inversions of at least
one hour duration occur about 50% of the time.
Low level inver-
sion layers occur much more frequently during nighttime.
Annual
and seasonal wind data for the Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange area
are shown in Figure 8.1 Sea breezes prevent extremely high
-------
~-----
19
8.7 J~()
5./:
3.2. 7.+ N
2.'1: 4:3
1.'1 ~.'8
'3.2
tl
5:,
'7.0 ,.,
,"0
ANNUAL
&2 I/,2 ILz
'.S 5.9
7J 2.0 7.,
[' '1;9
Z.tJ
4:7 /.~ 4S
3.8
/., 7:0 Z.8 7.7
2.3 8.9 3.'
, /3. ()
4:1
8.1 . ,./
' 8.9
~.8 'Z9 ,~.~
8+ ,"0
' WINTER 9.1
SUMMER
Figure8 -
Wind Direction for Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange Area
(numbers indicate % of time) .
-------
20
temperatures in the summer except on rare occasions.
The area
lies far enough south so that cold air masses of winter are
moderated in severity.
Average maximum temperatures range from a low sixty degrees
in January to a low ninety degrees in July and August.
Average
minimum temperatures range from 45 degrees in January to 75
degrees in the summer months.
The extreme maximum temperature
of 107 degrees occurred on August 10, 1962, and the extreme
minimum temperature of 13 degrees occurred on February 2, 195i.
Extreme departures from ~ormal temperatures seldom occur on
more than four consecutive days.
Temperatures of 32 degrees or
below are recorded in an average of 11 days a year.
A normal rainfall of 53 inches distributed quite evenly
throughout the year and the nearness to the Gulf of Mexico
explain the high humidity in the area.
The region enjoys approx-
imately 220 days of sunshine each year.
Average mixing depths in meters for the study area are shown
below in Table So}
Table S
Winter
710
Spring
1,000
Summer
Autumn
1,290
1,120
Average
1,030
The wind data and mixing depth information were utilized
in the simulation model for the five county study area.
-------
21
EMISSION INVENTORY
The National Air Pollution Control administration in coop-
eration with the State anp local control programs conducted.an
inventory of air pollutant emissions for the five county Beaumont-
Port Arthur~Orange study area.
The method employed was the Rapid
Survey Technique for Estimating Community Air Pollutant Emissions.3
I '
This technique provided estimates of the total emissions for the
following five pollutants:
sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides:
hydrocarbons: carbon monoxide, and particulate matter.
Sulfur
oxides, total particulates and carbon monoxide are considered in
this report.
No attempt was made to account for the effects of
reactive pollutants combining following their release into the
atmosphere.
Sulfur oxide levels and total particulate emissions illu-
strate the impact of industrial processing activities from sta-
tionary sources.
Levels of carbon monoxide provide the best
indication of the impact of gasoline powered motor vehicles.
The five county study area was divided into grid zones which
served as the basis for locating sources and reporting emissions.
Figure 9 shows the grid coordinate system for the Beaumont-Port
Arthur-Orange study area.
Major point source locations are shown
in Figure 10.
Most of the major point sources are located in
Jefferson and Orange counties.
A summary of the emissions by
source category is shown in Figure 1l Table #6 gives a 'summary of
Air Pollutant Emissions from all sources in tons/year for
particulates: SOx: and CO, all by Grid Areas and Figures ll-A,
11-B, and 11-C portray these as emission .densities.
-------
:!1A
~
f' -- J__..- .
,-------- .
.
,----- J
.
\ .
\
.
\
\
\
\..~~~ OUNTY
L_-
,-.--
---'
-'
-- ,
--
.--
. .----.--.
TEXAS
~
-,
.J
'I
.r lOUlS~NA
", ,
I I
~\ I
r__- -- - ' -. I
i
I
I
I
! .:.:.' '. ;/~I~ PARTICULATE EMISSIONS.
- : . -. .:=- L--l :". ..r) - tonl/mi2.doy
) U-. ._- \~/~ D .0.01
I .. ..,. O.O~-O.IO
jJj -.. ~ . i ~~ .:-:--=- . / E1 0.10 - 0."
/j; I /-'~'>: / III O.~O - 2.00
r;(~r ~'~...6>, )//~:...:-' .,..,"
\'~i/"~~;~~J~; <.' . II ~2.00
--/:~0. -,?~--
//.:::: , ,~-;/
0.01 - 0.05
Figure ll-A
Particulate emission density map for Beaumont-Port Arthur study area. 1968.
J
-------
'---'
~_...
,
~
I
I
2lB
~
---,,,''''';)
__-r------ l:
--' . \
/.,.,' \ it'
---' \ ~
-- .
~ 'OS", (00",' \"W"" (00'" s~~
: .~~ r)'
: ~ !~." ,.~ ...
~ . .
\~). r
\ , ...
,
{'
I lOUI~'ANA
, ~ ,
r f"'---'-"- '-"--
\._---~J
t
N
.
\
,
\
\
\
\
'\._~~.DI~(OUNTY
Ii
I
~..
II
i!
'"--.r_..----.- :L___\
t.-...:t .~: _4.-..1- j'
j 'JEffER!>ON (OUNTY
" I
nus
!r~
I,
\
r""
I
'-,
~
'f
;".;
i"
f~
I ,,-
I"'
. 1.....
I )
-----.l...------'
--ORANGE COUNtY \
.. ..,......
" :
. I .t.~:~
.;.h~~r::;:;"--
/
,'" ",.-
.~~
.' i L.? ~ULF'UR OXIDE EMI~SION~.
oj jl $' ) lon,;m,2.doy
n I ~ .
" .' ~ I
. .../",~l
L.. .-
,.,..:.~.
"
i~
,Ud 01 ".1(0
o <0.01
o 0.01 - 0.10
[]I 0.10 - 1.00
[] 1.00 - 5.00
III 5.00 - 10.00
. . 10.00
'..i.~1
i
I
I
I
I
i
Fi~lJl-~' Il-B Sulfur oJtide emission density map for Beaumont.Port Arthur study area, 1968.
'.
..
I,
>I:
,...', III' ,j I /:
, .'
,1,"
/1 '
. 'II
Ii
. .~~::~~.~.
..'
,~~' ,:,
-------
21C
"'----'-
~._1
!
'-t
. ---'- - -- -".,~
\ ~.
\ IUWTOtI coom ~,
\ rl'
. ~I
. --------*
I ) I
i J I
, 1
I { I
. TEXAS I LouisiANA
I .,' ,
, ,'"
I I ~ i
r----~f.__~___L:=:=-T i H--1l- ~-_u- i
\. ~ I {~
\ i (I!
\ I i ~}
\ L .o'-AIIGE-roUNTY--',l
\ --- , - - r - - I I \
'--~ ~ -+-.
I
I
i
. . . -...... L--l
. . . . 8.....,.
,
l-.J
--
-'
,
- .w'
-'
--
--" -
.-'
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS,
Ion 8/"'; 2-4Q)'
tI&I . _NO
o < 0.10
o 0.10 - 0.50
lIT] 0,50 - 2.00
mil 2.00 - 5.00
. 5.00 - 20.00
. . 20.00
Figure. ,ll-C Carbon monoxide emission density map for Beaumont-Port Arthur study area, 1968.
-------
22
I! .It"~. ~.
1.1' i. i. 8..
; U8Ineten
.
I
..
10
.
N
\. '.. ~ t. A
~ \" ~ 'v '~ ;., ~ :~ ~
", '", G ~ ~ . ~ Ir.
"'.. ~ ~ ", .. ,. ~
I
... ' ~ .......
a .--: ~.. .
,
v
~
"',
~~
3
- TE
"
'v
"..
tr',
s
LOUISIANA
33,8CC
IlARDIN COUNTY
t
7
JEFFERSON COUNtY
G8If of Maic8
.
Figure # 9
GRID COORDINATE SYSTEM
-------
<
..'
~ ~
\
. ~
,... '. . .,. t.
. .
Q .""
n
:.
.-.04 ~
- Q ~
,.., z 0
~ ~
~ =
,.., "tj -- t..,
.., 0
:a H
en Z
= .: ~
z :. en
-
'.~ Qg
=
:a :ID ~
:.- tz:I
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t"I
In ~ 0
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en >-3
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,.., _0
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= en ):ll
z Z
- 0 ~
Z ...
.
.-.04
Z ..
...
..
."
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..
.. "
.....
0
--.
..._~.
. ..0 ..
"'..
.-,. ...
,,-
'"
'"
I
I
I
-'"
;'
'"
-..,
~
,
-",'"
...... ------
\ --
...-
,-
I
,
I
I
I
,/
.../
.'
'"
~
~)
".", -"
...
..
~
~
U6C..o
A.: 41.1.... .. "" ,...,..
- - I",,, 0--1 ,...,..... ~.. .. '..11
. .._, ~"- I ...- C4 (...-..... ...-
- t~ t.. 1...._.- ,-
v
. ""'''\~'''-
IV
UJ
-------
Transportation
1. 10/,
NOTE:
Combustion Fuels
(Stationary Sources)
0.0'/0
Transportation
21.r::Jfh
Refuse Disposal
0.4%
Industrial Proce s
Emissions
98.5%
SULFUR OXIDES
(124,525 tons/year)
Transportatio
6.3%
Figure 11
Combustion of Fuels
(Stationary Sources)
\'
\
-..- - ---- ~--,-----.----.-.----------. '.
- .. .
N .
~
Combus tion of Fue Is
(Stationary Sources)
r- O. CIfo
/
/
!
CARBON MONOXIDE-
(608,846 tons/year)
Refuse Disposal
17.7%
PARTlCULA TES
(24,670 tons/year)
SUMMARY of Air Pollutant Emissions-1967'
This information represents data on specific air pollutant emissions
during the rapid survey for the major point sources shown in Figure
area sources. It should not be interpreted as representative of air
emissions for any sppci fie location '.ri t.hi n the ::;tudy area.
gathered
and tfk~
pollutcU1t
,
Refuse
Disposal
3.6%
-------
2S
Table II 6
SUMMARY OF AIR POLLUTANT EMISSIONS
FROM ALL SOURCES, IN
BEAUMONT - PORT ARTHUR - ORANGE AREA
BY GRID, IN TONS/YEAR
SOX PARTICULATES CO
GRID AREA MILES2 ANNUAL AVERAGE ANNUAL AVERAGE ANNUAL A VEMGE
1 617.7 0.1 . 0.5 6.7
2 617.7 0.0 0.1 2.3
3 617.7 0.1 0.3 6.9
4 617.7 0.1 0.7 15.3
5 617.7 0.2 0.5 19.4
6 617.7 1.5 9.8 10.1
7 154.4 0.1 0.2 4.7
8 38.6 0.1 0.4 12.8
9 9.6 0.0 0.3 2.3
10 9.6 0.0 0.0 1.0
11 9.6 0.2 0.9 27.8
12 9.6 0.0 0.1 3.6
13 38.6 0.0 0.1 2.0
14 38.6 0.0 0.1 1.6
15 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.9
16 9.6 . 0.0 0.0 0.6
17 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.4
18 9.6 0.0 0.1 2.0
19 9.6 0.1 0.6 14.2
20 9.6 1.6 6.8 182.3
21 38.6 0.1 0.4 12.4
22 9.6 0.3 1.4 43.9
23 9.6 0.3 1.0 10.6
24 9.6 0.1 0.5 16.1
25 9..6 10.2 0.3 9.1
26 38.6 0.2 0.1 2.0
27 38.6 0.1 1.0 2.3
2Ei 9.6 0.0 : 0.1 2.5
29 9.6 2.9 0.6 29.9
30 9.6 0.0 0.1 3.0
31 38.6 0.0 0.1 1.7
32 154.4 0.0 0.1 2.6
33 15'~.4 0.0 0.2 3.6
34 9:6 0.1 0.2 5.5
35 9.6 22.0 3.8 19.5
36 9.6 0.4 0.0 0.9
37 9.6 0.3 1.4 7.8
38 9.6 . 0.2 0.4 19.9
39 9.6 0.1 0.3 8.4
40 9.6 60.5 1.9 511.5
41 9.6 0.0 0.0 0.7
42 9.6 0.0 0.1 2.6
43 9.6 153.2 6.2 593.5
44 9.6 0.2 0.8 28.4
45, 9.6 .0.0 0.0 0.4
46 9.6 . 85.8 25.1 12.2
47 9.6 0,) 0.0 .o,?
-------
26
AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
The geographical distribution of pollutant sources illu-
strate the core of the problem area.
However, this does not
elucidate the extent of the influence of the pollution sources
on the people and the property located outside of the highly
urbanized portions of the Beaumont~Port Arthur-Orange area. A
study of air quality levels known to occur is useful in deter-
mining the area affected by the pollution sources and thus
.subject to inclusion in the Air Quality Control Region.
Such
an analysis can be based directly on air sampling data in those
instances where the monitoring program covers a large enough
area and has been in existence long enough to provide a reliable
pattern of air quality throughout the region under study.
Since
such comprehensive air quality data rarely exists,
it becomes
necessary to develop estimates of prevailing air quality.
Dif-
fusion modeling is a technique by which such estimates can be
made based on the location and quantity of the pollutant emis-
sions and on mete~ological conditions.
Topography is reflected
in the results of the model, but only tb the extent that if
influences general meteorological conditions.
The diffusion model was applied for each of the three pol-
lutants for an average summer day, winter day, and annual day.
Since the Martin-Tikvart model4 used in this study attempts to
show long-term rather than episodic air quality conditions, only
average emissions and long-term meteorology are considered.
The
-------
27
results of the diffusion model are theoretical in nature and
are not meant to show exact conc:entrations.
The relative mag-
,
nitudes and general shape of the contours, however, should be
valid.
The outputs from the computer model have been adjusted
to reflect measured air quality data.
Figures
12,
1~
14 show
these adjusted values for particulates, sulfur oxides, and
carbon monoxide, respectively.
SUSPENDED PARTICULATE AIR LEVELS
The levels predicted by the diffusion model were generally
lower than the actual measured air quality data.
However, the
theoretical levels aid in delineating the affected area.
Figure
12
shows the annual average distribution of particulate pollution.
Portions of Jefferson, Orange, Jasper, Newton and Hardin counties
are shown to be affected.
SULFUR OXIDE LEVELS
Figure 13 shows the distribution of sulfu~ oxides over the
five county study area.
The absence of high sulfur content fuels
eliminates the area-wide s~lfur oxide problems encountered in many
otheL metropolitan areas.
Sulfur oxides are present in Jefferson
and Orange counties.
CARBON MONOXIDE LEVELS
Sinc~ the primary source of carbon monoxide is the internal
combustion engine, the distribution of this pollutant tends to
correlate with major traffic patterns.
The influences of the
interstate freeway system are obvious.
Portions of Jeffer.son,
-------
~.
28
N
r
o
.
o
1 ~liIesl 5
20
2S
J
40
30
I
... . .
. .
10 20
Kilometers
.
.
30
NEWTON
COUNTY
TEXAS
LOUISIANA
Gulf of Mexic9
Figure # 12Average Annual Particulate Concentrations (micrograms per cubic
meter ~g/M3). Point and Area Sources.
-------
(
~t
29
o I ~:ilt\ s 20 2S 30
. ' . ' . ' . ' . .
o I J :0 30 40
Kilometers
N'
.--",.,-
~
".'.'.1~4
.~
NEWTON
COUNTY
r--.
."
'1
TeXAS
LOUISIANA
~ VOLU):'"
o.ln . ppm SC\
(, .:)2
ppm SOx
26.~
52.~
78.~
l04.~
l30.~
c,. ~-) 3
ppm sox
('. (";}...
P jJ!iI ;J()x
o.(y-\
ppm sax
Gulf of Mexico
.
.
Figure 11!3 Average Annual Sulfur Oxide (sax) ,~oncentrations
(micrcgrams per cubic meter:, ~g/M )
Point anJ Area Sources '
-------
--------- --,.---
'10
o
t-
o
I ~liIes, 5 20 2S 30
' . . ~ . . ' J .
10 20 30 40
Kllomtters
N
, \
E" Vo':"'u.me
-L
C~.l ppm CO = 114.~
l). 2 ppm CO = 228.~
0.3 ppm co = 342.~
0.11 ppm co = 456.~
o.s pprn co =- 570.~
JEFFERSON COUNTY
O. 'j ppm co = 684.m
Gulf of Mexic9
1).7 ppm co = 798.~
NEwrON
COUNTY
, TEXAS
LOUISIANA
Figure # 14 Average Annual Carbon Monoxide (CO) Concentrations
(micrograms per cubic meter ~g/M3). Point and Area Sources.
-------
31
Orange, and Hardin counties are shown in Figure 14
to be ex-
periencing carbon monoxide pollution.
SUMMARY
The engineering evaluation of the five county study area
shows that at the present time the major point sources are
located in Jefferson and Orange counties.
Receptors in these
two counties are also shown to be experiencing the major air
pollution problems.
-------
32
THE RECCM4ENDED REGION
&lbject to the scheduled consultation, the Texas Air
Control Board recommends that the Secretary, Department of.
Health, Education, and Welfare, designate an air quality control
region in the Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange area, consisting of
the following jurisdictions in Texas:
Jefferson County
Orange County.
Hardin County
Jasper County
Newton County
As so recommended, the Texas portion of Southern Louisiana-
Scutheast Texas Air Quality Control Region would consist of the
territorial area encompassed by the outermost boundaries of the
recon~nded jurisdictions.
The recommended Region is shown in
Figure 15.
DISCUSSION OF PROPOSAL
To be successful, an air quality control region should
meet three basic conditions.
First, its boundaries should
encompass most pollution sources as well as most people and
property affected by those sources.
Second,. the boundaries
shoul(l encompass those locations where industrial and resi-
dential development will create s igni ficant air pollution
problems in the future.
Third, the boundaries should be
dlOsen .in a way which is compatible with and even fosters
lIni fled and cooperative govenl.'T\cntal administrc'ition of the
-------
o
,
o
I ~iIes, 5
.... ....
10 10
Kilometen
10
25
I
40
30
.
33
N
NEWTON
COUN1Y
LOUISIANA
ORANGE CO.UN1Y
GuJf of Mexico
.
.
Figure # 15
Recommended Air Quality Control Region for Beaumont-Port Arthur-
Orange Area.
.
.
30
JASPER
COUNTY
TEXAS
Port Arthur City
JEFFERSON COUNTY
-------
J4
aIr.
resources throughout the region.
The "Evaluation of
Engineer in~: Factors II
(discussion beginning with page 15 )
discussed the first of these conditions, and the "Evalua-
tion of Urban Factors" (page 1 ), the second and third.
The first consideration--that most air pollution
sources and receptors be within the Region boundaries--is
satisfied by the proposed Region.
Major point sources are
located in two counties--Jefferson and Orange.
Secondary
sources are located in all five counties.
Emissions of
particulates, carbon monoxide, and sulfur oxides are greatest
in Jefferson and Orange counties.
The second consideration is directed towards future
population and industrial expansion.
Approximately 472,000
people live in the recommended Region.
Estimates for the
year 1985 show 650,000 people in the five county area. 1n-
dustrial expansion is certain to include the counties whicr,
today are primarily rural.
rhe third objective relates to governmental administra-
tion in the area.
Based on the technical data presented on
air pollutant ~missions and resultant ambient air concen-
trations, only two counties need be part of the Region to
attack the air pollution problem.
Hardin, Jasper, and Newton
are primarily rural and may rema~n so through 1990.
However,
in order to plan an effective long range control program, it
is best to include all five counties within the Region.
-------
35
In summary, the Region recommended is considered on the
whole to be the most cohesive and yet inclusive area within
which an effective effort can be mounted to prevent and
control air pollution in the Beaumont-Port Arthur-Orange
Metropolitan Area.
-------
36
REFERENCES
1.
Lake Charles, Louisiana, Weather Data; NAPCA
2.
Jefferson County, rexas; Estimates of Mean Maximum Mixing
Depths, 1946-1955, George C. Holzworth, "Estimates of Mean
Mixing Depths in the Contiguous United States," Monthly
U.S. Weather Review, Vol. 92, No.5, May, 1964, pp. 235-
242.
3.
"Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating Community Air
Pollution Emissions," P.H.S. Publication # 999-AP-29~
Environmental Health Series, U.S.D.H.E.W., NAPCA,
Cincinnati, Ohio, October, 1966.
4.
"General Atmospheric Diffusion Model for Estimating the
Effects on Air Quality of One or More Sources," D. Martin
and Tikvart, Minnesota, June, 1968.
5.
Texas Highway Department, Regional Transportation Plan,
Jefferson and Orange Counties, Vol. 2, 1963-85.
6.
Texas Almanac, 1970, pp. 167-170, A. H. Belo Corporation
7.
U. S. Census of Agriculture, 1959, u.S. Department of
Agriculture, Washington, D.C., Part 37, County Table # 5.
8.
Atlas of Texas, 1963, Bureau of Business Research; The
University of Texas; Austin, Texas
-------
SECTION III
ANALYSIS AND mOPOOAL FOR THE LOUISIANA PORTION OF THE
SOUTHERN LOUISIANA-SOUTHEAST TEXAS REGION BY THE FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
IN COOPERATION WITH THE STATE OF LOUISIANA
-------
1
EVALUATION OF URBAN FACTORS
Factors of major importance in considering boundaries for
an
air quality control region are those which have to do with
the extent, nature, and dynamics of urbanization and iridus-
trialization within the region.
In this discussion of the
Southern Louisiana area, the g~ography of the region will be
reviewed since its loeational and physical characteristics can
affect the scale and direction of urban and industrial growth.
The area's present population and economic activity patterns
will then be discussed, and available projections of future
growth summarized.
Anticipated rates of growth of population
and industry are of particular importance in determining the
size of an air quality control region because the region should
take account of probable future air pollution problems in addi-
tion to those which exist at present.
GEOGRAPHY OF THE REGION
____0_.___-
In this study, the Southern Louisiana area consists of
the 38 parishes in the southern half of the State of Louisiana.
The northern boundary of the study area is formed by the
northern limits of.V'ernon, Kapides, and Avoyelles Parishes
(Figure 3).
Further analysis of the northern boundary of the study
area revealed that one additional'parish - Grant - should also be in-
eluded because of its close ties to Alexandria in Rapides Parish.
-------
--.
~~
'-' .... ~ -
--
.l:'
~..: ~I [",,1\ ""I. fS
:..' 30
~~.,
FIGURE 3 - Sketch Hap of Southern Louisiana Study Area
.-'-
.
~
-------
3
Proceeding genera~ly from the north and going southward,
the terrain of the study area includes rolling uplands, flat
prairie, alluvial piains, and coastal swamps and marshlands.
The marshlands, dotted with thousands of salt water lakes and
l~goons, extend in a wide fringe along a 1,500-mile coastline
on thp. Gulf of Mexico.
Offshore, there are islands as well as
State and Federal lands which lie beneath shallow Gulf waters.
Maximum elevations range from 100 to 300 feet above sea
level in the upland country to 60 feet in the prairie regions,
and to sea level or below in the alluvial plains and coastal
regions.
The outstanding geographic feature of the area is the
Mississippi River flowing southeastward toward the Gulf of
Mexico.
Alluvial plains formed by the River are relatively
narrow in the north but widen into a vast delta region below
the City of Baton Rouge.
The River today flows at a higher
elevation than the alluvial plains alongside so that it must
be confined by a continuous line of levees, supplementing
naturally occurring ridge formations which serve the same
purpose.
Bluff lands bordering the alluvial plains slope
gently to the west and the east.
West of the Mississippi River, in the northern section
of the study area, the Red River flows through Rapides Parish
and along the northern and eastern borders of Avoyelles Parish.
-------
4
A branch of the Red River joins the Mississippi east of Pointe
Coupee Parish, but a second branch merges with the Atchafalaya
River.
The latter proceeds due southward into the Gulf.
Farther to the west, the Calcasleu River drains into
Calcasieu Lake which lies below the City of Lake Charles.
The
western limit of the study area and the boundary between the
States of Louis:1.ana and Texas is formed by the Sabine River.
East of the Mississippi River alluvial plain, an upland
terrain in the north is succeeded by 10wer-lying,lands, swamp
areas, and Lake Pontchartrain, which occupies 630 square miles
of southeastern Louisiana.
The study area is rich in natural resources.
The northern
uplands are studded with pine forests.
The plains areas contain
fertile alluvial soils and plentiful water.
On the swampy shore-
lands, dense cypress and live oak forests thrive.
The bayous, .
inlets, and marshes of the coastal areas are habitats of muskrats,
nutria, otter, and other fur bearing animals.
Shellfish prolif-
erate at many offshore locations.
Below the surface of the land
and under the water of offshore areas, there lie vast deposits
of oil, natural gas and sulfur, as well as other minerals such
as salt, gypsum, and lime.
These resources have been the foundation of industries
ranging from lumber and paper manufacture, shrimp harvesting,
-------
5
aud fur pelt production to sulfur mining, petroleum refining,
and petrochemicals maufacture.
A sub-tropical climate, com-
bined with the area's soil and water resources, has permitted
cotton, sugar cane, and rice production to flourish.
A vast transportation network adds to Southern Louisiana's
locational advantages for urban and industrial development.
During the 1830 to 1880 period, railway construction linked
Southern Louisiana with areas to the east, west, and north.
The Intracoastal Waterway, authorized by the Rivers and
Harbors Act of 1942, skirts the Southern Louisiana coast, with
a branch extending northward from Morgan City in St. Mary
Parish to Port Allen on the Mississippi River opposite Baton
Rouge.
The Waterway, maintained at a minimum depth of 12 feet
and a minimum width of 125 teet, was built to carry barge
traffic.
Southern Louisiana also has extensive accommodations for
oceangoing vessels.
The area has three deepwater ports, New
Orleans, Baton Rouge, and Lake Charles, with river and channel.
approaches adequate for pas~age of all but the largest ships.
An important modern addition to the transportation facili-
ties of the area is the pipeline.
Southern Louisiana now has
a dense network of crude oil, natural gas, and petroleum product
pipelines proceeding from the area to refining and consuming
-------
6
centers in the northern and northeastern regions of the United
States.
Figure 4 shows major natural gas pipelines originating
in Texas and Louisiana.
The combined effect of these natural and manmade physical
features on the present and prospective urban development of the
study area will be considered below.
PRESENT POPULATION AND ECONOMIC ACTIVITY PATTEro~ OF REGION
According to estimates of the Louisiana State Department.of
Health (LSDH), the 39 parish~s of the Southern Louisiana study
area had a 1969 population of 2,798,800, roughly three-fourths
of the total for the entire State (Table I).
Of the aggregate
for 'Southern Louisiana, 1,562,000 persons were estimated to be
residents of the area's four large metropolitan areas--l,026,000
()
in the New Orleans SMSA; 267,000 in the Baton Rouge SMSA;
167,000 in the Lake Charles SMSA; and 102,000 in the Lafayette
SMSA.
Nonmetropo1itan parishes in Southern Louisiana are esti-
mated to have had a combined 1969 population of 1,236,800.
The LSDH estimates may understate the population of faster
growing areas and overstate that of others, because of the method
cf computation used.
The estimates are based solely on natural
increases
(excess of resident births over deaths) and do not
-------
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-------
8
Table I
Estimated Population of Southern Louisiana Study Area, 1969
(thous~nds of persons)
State of Louisiana
3,715
Southern Louisiana (38 Parishes)
2,784
Metropolitan Parishes
New Orleans SMSA
Baton Rouge SMSA
Lake Charles SMSA
Lafayette SMSA
1,562
1,026
267
167
102
Nonrnetropolitan Parishes
Acadia
Allen
Ascension
Assumption
Avoye11es
Beauregard
Cameron
East Feliciana
Evangeline
Iberia
Iberville
Jetterson Davis
La Fourche
Livingston
Plaquemines
Pointe Coupee
Rapides
St. Charles
St. Helena
St. James
St. John the Baptist
St. Landry
St. Martin
St. Mary
Tangipahoa
Terrebonne
Vermilion
Vernon
Washington
West Baton Rouge
West Fe1~ciana
Grant
1,222
58
22
33
21
42
21
8
22
36
62
34
34
67
31
27
25
124
26
10
22
22
94
34
59
68
76
44
21
48
18
13
15
Source:
Louisiana State Department of Health, Division of
Tabulation and Analysis. April 16, 1969.
-------
9
attempt to take account of migration.
Other estimates suggest,
for example, that LSDH figures for New Orleans and Baton Rouge
may be too low and that for Lake Charles, too high.
The U. S.
Department of Housing and Urban Development arrives at estimates
of New Orleans SMSA and Baton Rouge SMSA populations for 1969
. }j
of 1,150,000 and 305,000, respectively,
instead of the LSUH
figures of 1,026,000 and 267,000 for the two metropolitan areas.
On the other hand, U. S. Census Bureau estimates of current
'};./
population growth in the Lake Charles SMSA
suggest a 1969
population for Lake Charles in the range of 136,000 .- 138,000
instead of the 167,000 estimate obtained by the LSDH co~putation
method.
The existence of four SMSA's in Southern Louisiana, what-
ever be the actual magnitudes of their present populations, is
one measure of the area's urbanization.
Another index of urbani-
zation is population .density.
Figure 5 records average popula-
tion densities (using LSUH population estimates) for the entire
land area of each of the SMSA' s and the nonmetropolitan parislles.
--------.-.-
1/
Analys_~ of~h.~~ew Q!.leans, LgE2-~_iaI).~Housing Harket.,
September, 1969; ~nal:Y_~is of the Baton Rouge, Louisiana"
Housing Mar~~, November, 1969.
!)
Proj ec~i0.!1E- .£'X.!=1~e~2-u1_~_~ion ~f'.. Hetr.£E01_it~m Areas: 1975,
Series P-25, No. 415, January 31, 1969.
-------
,
~-
.:lA.l£ ,,.. Mll£S
'0 20 30
FIGURE
Source:
16
ALLEN
18
29
6
40
94
.....
a
37
_1
Population figures from estimates of
Louisiana State Department of Health.
-------
11
The figure, of course, confirms that New Orleans, Baton Rouge,
Lafayette, and Lake Charles are urbanized with high to moderate
population densities.
In addition, it suggests considerable
urbanization in eleven other parishes (Ascension, Iberia, St.
Landry, St. Mary, Rapides, Assumption, St. Charles, St. John
the Baptist, Acadia, St. James, and Tangipahoa).
A third index of urbanization is the extent to which popu-
1ation is concentrated in the principal cities other than the
four SMSA areas.
Figure 6 shows LSDH estimates of 1969 popula-
tion of cities in non-SMSA parishes and the share of total
parish population for which they account.
It can be seen that
nine parishes contain cities of substantial size with popula-
tions ranging from 12,181 to 34,528.
In three parishes--Iberia,
Terrebonne, and Jefferson Davis--principal cities account for a
major portion of their parish populations.
These cities--New
Iberia, Houma, and Jennings--account for 60, 39, and 39 percent
of their respective parish populations.
A fourth indicator of urbanization is the proportion of
employment in occupations other than agriculture and mining.
By this measure, as shown in Table II for 1967, only two parishes,
Plaquemines and Point Coupee~ ar~ dominantly nonurban because of
relatively high proportions of employment in farming and mining.
In Plaquemines Parish, 44.5 percent of the employed populati.on
is engaged in mining. Pointe Coupee Parish, on the other hand,
-------
.....
N
M:SS:SSi?P5
o ,
~
SCALE IN ""l[S
10 20 30
Abbeville
12,181
27.6%
.
40
~~IA--~
1"-
"-
/~
I
FIGURE'6'- Population of MaJor Cities in Non-SMSA Parisl1es and Their Proportion of Total Parish
Populations. Southern Louisiana Study Area, 1969.
Source of Population Figures:
Louisiana State Department of Health.
-------
Table II
Distribution of Employment in Agriculture, Mining and
Nonfarm Occupations other than Mining, Southern
Louisiana Parishes, 1967 11
Metropolitan Parishes
New Orleans SMSA
Baton Rouge SMSA
Lake Charles SMSA
Lafayette SMSA
Nonmetropo1itan Parishes
Acadia
~;~:~sion ~/
Assumption 2:..1
Avoye11es 21
Beauregard-2:..1
~::~r~:liciana 2:..1
Evangeline
Iberia '1:...1
Ibervil1e
Jefferson Davis '1:...1
La Fourche
Livingston
Plaquemines '1:...1
Pointe Coupee
Rapides '1:...1
St. Charles
St. Helena
St. James
St. John the Baptist
St. Landry
St. Martin
St. Mary !:..I
Tangipahoa
Terrebone
Vermilion
Vernon '1:..1
. Washington
West Baton Rouge
West Fe1iciana 2:..1
1/
Agricul-
ture.
.2
1.1
2.1
11.0
18.8
7.9
.1
0.0
1.8
.6
8.5
0.0
29.9
.3
11.0
11
2.7
10.8
.8
33.5
.5
4.2
0.0
17.0
14.9
19.0
21. 7
1.8
19.6
.9
16.9
11
.4
11
0.0
(Fercent of Total
Mining
3.4
.4
2.8
11.5
3.9
.9
1.4
10.0
11
5.1
13.2
0.0
1.5
17.4
1.8
7.5
19.1
.5
44.5
4.9
.6
2.1
0.0
.7
.6
6.5
5.4
26.6
.8
21.5
5.3
11
1.7
31
II
Agricul-
ture and
Mining
3.6
1.5
4.9
22.5
22.7
8.8
1.5
10.0
5.7
21. 7
0.0
31. 4
17.7
12.8
21.8
11. 3
45.3
38.4
1.1
6.3
0.0
17.7
15.5
25.5
27.1
28.4
20.4
22.4
22.2
2.1
13
I:mp1oyment)
Nonfarming
Occupations
other than
Mining
96.4
98.5
95.1
77 .5
77 .3
91.2
98.5
90.0
94.3
78.3
100.0
68.6
82.3
87.2
78.2
88.7
54.7
61.6
98.9
93.7
100.0
82.3
84.5
74.5
72.9
71.6
79.6
77 .6
77 .8
97.9
Source:
Louisiana Division of Employment Security, Louisiana
Labor Force Information, Statewide and Selected Areas,
July 1967.
21
Source:
U. S. Department of Commerce. Bureau of the Census,
County Business Patterns, 1967.
1/
Figures withheld to. avoid disclosure of operations of individual
reporting units.
-------
14
derives its nonurban character by virtue of the fact that 33.5
percent of its employed population is engaged in farming.
All
other parishes are urban in the sense that from 70 to 100 per-
cent of employed persons are in non-farming, non-mining occupations.
The nature as well as the extent of urbanization in the
study area is broadly described by available information on the
distribution of personal income by major sources.
Data for 1967
are presented in Table III for 19 parishes in the Southern
Louisiana area, and compared with similar information for all
U. S. metropolitan areas.
The 19 parishes include 12 Mississippi
River parishes (Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, St. Tammany,
A~cension, Iberville, Plaquemines, St. Chatles, St. James, St.
John the Baptist, West Baton Kouge and East Baton Rouge) and
seven Gulf Intracoastal Waterway parishes (Calcasieu, Cameron,
Iberia, Lafayette, St. Mary, Jefferson Davis, and Vermilion).
A significant aspect of the economy of the 19 Southern
Louisiana parishes is the relatively high proportion (16.5
percent) of total personal income derived in the form of pro-
perty income.
The comparable ratio
for all U.S. metropolitan
areas is 14.5 percent.
Among the sources of earned income, the Southern Louisiana
parishes obtain a markedly higher proportion of persona] income
from mining (5.6 percent) than do all U. S. SMSA's (0.5 percent),
and a somewhat higher proportion from farming (1.3 percent) than
-------
15
Table III
Sources of Personal Income for 19 Parishes
in Southern Louisiana and all Metropolitan
Areas in the U. S. - 1967
(Percent of Total Personal Income)
19 Southern
Louisiana
Parishes*
All U. S.
Metropolitan
Areas
Total Personal Income
100.0
100.0
Property Income
16.5
14.5
Transfer Payments Less
Personal Contributions for
Social Insurance
Farm Earnings
3.9 4.3
79.6 81. 2
1.3 .8
78.3 80.4
10.6 12.7
3.4 5.8
2.4 3.6
1.0 2.1
7.2 7.0
67.7 67.7
14.8 24.8
5.6 .5
9.1 5.0
8.4 6.1
14.3 14.1
4.1 4.8
11.2 12.3
.2 .2
Total Earnings
Total Nonfarm Earnings
Government Earnings
Total Federal
Federal Civilian
Military
State and Local
Private Nonfarm Earnings
Manufacturing
Mining
Contract Construction
Transportationt Communicationt
and Public Utilities
Wholesale and Retail Trade
Financet Insurancet and
Real Estate
Services
Other
Source:
Unpublished data obtained from t~e U. S.
Department of Commerce.
*Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernardt St. TammanYt Ascension,
Iberville, Plaqueminest St. CharIest St. Jamest St. John
the Baptist, West Baton Rouget East Baton Rouge, Ca1casieu,
Cameron, Iberia, St. Mary, Lafayettet ~efferson Davis, and
V ermi lion.
-------
16
all U. S. SMSA's (0.8 percent).
On the other hand, manufacturing
is of significantly lower relative importance (14.8 percent) than
in all U. S. SMSA's, where manufacturing accounts for nearly
25 percent of total personal income.
Three of the broad service activities within the 19 Southern
Louisiana parishes--government; construction; and transportation,
communications, and public utilities--also show a pattern dif-
ferent from the average of U. S. metropolitan areas.
Earnings from government employment--Federal, State, and
local--are of lesser significance in Southern Louisiana than in
the average U. S. SMSA.
However, the transportation, communica-
tion, and public utilities sector in Southern Louisiana is of
considerably greater importance.
Earnings in this sector
reflect activities of the ports of New Orleans, Baton Rouge, and
Lake Charles; navigation services for oceangoing vessels on the
approaches to the ports; and similar services for barge traffic
on the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway.
Of even greater relative
importance among earned income sources in the 19 parishes is
contract construction.
This category of earnings accounts for
more than 9 percent of total personal income in the area,
compared to 5 percent for all U. S. metropolitan areas.
A significant portion of the area's construction activity
is undoubtedly due to exploration and extraction of Southern
Louisiana's mineral resource~.
In 1967, 2,230 new oil and gas
\
w~lls, in exploratory locations as well' as in proven fields,
-------
17
were drilled in the study area and offshore in the Gulf of
Mexico.
In addition, major construction work on sulphur mining
facilities was undertaken in La Fourche and Plaquemines Parishes.
I 3/
and offshore at Grand Isle, near Jefferson Par~sh.- But mining
is far from being the sole source of the area's unusual level of
construction activity.
The steady expansion in manufacturing
facilities for the region's dominant industries--oil refining
and petrochemicals manufactur1ng--all of which require extensive
plant and equipment, has led to high levels of construction
activity.
Figures 7-a, 7-b, 7-c, 7-d, 7-e, and 7-f depict the 1969
concentration of plants operated by major national corporations
in the ~ndustrial corridor along the Mississippi River between
Baton Rouge and New Orleans.
Among the petroleum and petro-
. chemical plants lining the corridor is one of the world's
largest oil refineries (a plant located in Baton Rouge).
The
succession of petrochemical plants in the corridor is described
by the New Orleans Chamber of Commerce as the largest such
concentration in the world.
The corridor is also the location
of inorganic chemical industries based on major non-petroleum
minerals of the area--sulphur, salt, and lime.
In addition,
.l/
U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
~inerals Yearbook, Volume IV, Area Reports: Domestic,
1967.
-------
18
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-------
19
, '.
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'-',-<'
~. ..' ..::..- .-
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FIGURE
7-b
Second Se~tion~~~on Rouge - New Orleans
Indust~ial Corridor, 1969
Source:
Illinois Central Railroad.
-------
20
~----- - -,- --- -----#--~-:...'---::-
',~ ","
'"
",/"
",'"
.'"
~. .
,
"""
....',.,
\"'.
. \'
. ;.: . ....,.
'\,
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I
t.-
..:.- '
..
'I..
;,'
FlCljRE 7-c -
T~ir~ Sec~ioEJ~~tun Rouge - New Orleans
Industrial ~orrido~2- 1961-
Source:
Illinois Central Railroad.
-------
- ----.
21
~L
.~-- ..
.--~;"'~!t. '0
'-
----:""'-...
..
- ~- --_::. - ....:_.!'!'!.'~!!!".:.._-- - '- - -- --
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....,-.-.
'.'"/
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FIGURE
7-d
F<2...l!.!"~_~_Section. Baton.Rouge - New Orleans
Industrial Corridor. 1969
Source:
Illinois
Central Railroad.
I
t,
'j
. ~ .
LOUISIANA POWIR I
!
,',
~AIIONAl PI
.. J: -
!;
...
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-------
22
N
'S
. I
- II
---...----...
II . . I I ...11'
1'\ ~ 1..11
:1
! 1 ~~:'-
-' - -
. .
. -
FIbURE
7-('
- Eif..!:11. _~e.(;_ti9~j)~~EP_.B.9uge
.!:.!1dustrial_~orri
-------
23
M
t
...~. . ..-
......'
\(,
. .
FIGURE
7-f - Sixt.£1_~~_~ion_,_J?.aton__Ro~_-_~ew_(~leans
Industrial Corr~.dor ,--1969-
Source:
Illinois Central
Railroad.
-------
24
the major primary metals industry of the area--aluminum produc-
tion--is in the corridor.
One of the facilities is the Nation's
largest aluminum reduction plant.
Bauxite ore for the industry
does not exist in the areat but the deep wat~r Mississippi
channel permits boats to bring in ore from Jamaica.
Figure 8 shows a similart tho~gh smallert area of industrial
concentration around the City of Lake Charles in Calcasieu
Parish.
Located in the western extremity of the study areat
the City is closer to the industrial complex of Beaumont-
Port Arthur in adjoining Texas than to the Baton Rouge-New
Orleans Mississippi corridor.
The volume of manufacturing facilities construction
for the petroleum and chemical industries varies from year to
year.
Howevert an indication of how much construction can take
place in a single year in the Baton Rouge-New Orleans corridor
is shown in Table IV.
In 1967t construction of $479 million in
major new plants or additions was completed or underway.
The dominance, of the petroleum and chemicals industries in
the Baton Rouge-New Orleans corridor and in the Lake .Charles
area accounts for th~ relatively lesser importance of manufac-
tuting as a source of earned income as well as for the rela-
tively greater significance of construction activity in the
area.
While some of these plants are of such immense scale
I I
that employment totals are larget with a nurnbr::r of plants in
-------
1
2S
~r '-.. '",.,
, ---;::------.', ._.._---~- .'U'. -.-j
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F~{,J? fh~n .' -...1
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-------
26
Table IV
--
Major
Rouge
~~nufacturing Facilities in the Baton
- New Orleans Corridor Completed or
Under Constructio~, 1967
Products or Ty~of Facility
Oil refinery
Phosp~lOric acid, sulfuric acid,
and fluosilic acid
Tank farm
Kralastic and latex
Fertilizer
Industrial chemicals, petrochemicals,
and plastics
Styrene monomer
Ethylene oxide and primary alcohol
Petrochemicals, finishes, resins, and
nylon intermediates
Anhydrous ammonia
Ammonia
Methanol a~d vinyl acetate
Ammonia and urea
Cau~tic soda and chlorine
Nylon intermediates
Chlorine and agricultural chemicals
Urea
Liquid petroleum gas fractionation
Industrial solvents
Total of above
Estimated Cost of Plant
(millions)
$ 100.0
57.0
40.0
25.0
23.6
53.0
20.0
20.0
37.0
l6.Q
16.'0
13.5
13.0
25.0
5.0
4.5
5.0
3.0
2.4
$ 479.0
Source:
New Orleans Chamber of Cowaerce, Growth of
the ~~~~r]~~ Area, 1967.
-------
.
27
the over 1,000 and over 2,500 employee category, production is
far less dependent on the size of the labor force than in other
industries.
For example, in 1967, the manufacturing value
added per employee in the chemicals industries nationwide was
more than $27,000, and in petroleum refining, more than $44,000,
compared to about $15,000 in the transportation equipment industry
and to some $8,600 in textile mill products.
In addition to the petroleum refining and chemicals industries
in the Mississippi Corridor and in the Lake Charles area, data
published in the 1970 Louisiana Directory of Manufacturers show
that other types of manufacturing, based largely on local
resources or on local needs, exist throughout the study area.
The Baton Rouge SMSA (East Baton Rouge Parish) is a center
of the fabricated metal products industry.
Products include
steel pipes, tanks, smokestacks, metal culverts, ducts, and
portable buildings.
Smaller but significant industries include
food products, concrete products, and machinery and machine
parts.
The industry of the New Orleans SMSA differs from that of
the Baton Rouge metropolitan area by being more diverse and
generally larger in scale.
The largest establishments in the
four-parish area (Orleans, Jefferson. St. Bernard, and St.
Tammany) are an aluminum refining and petroleum coke plant in
St. Bernard Parish and an oil drilling rlg manufacturing plant
-------
e
28
in Jefferson Parish. -Each of these plants employs more than
2,500 persons,.
Contractor-operated facilities comprising the
National Aeronautics and Space Administration's' complex at
Michoud employ ~ total of about 7,000 persons.
Plants with more than 500 employees each include a fiber
and metal can factory, a barge and supply vessel establishment,
a ship repair and conversion facility, three men's apparel and
accessory plants, a brewery, and a factory producing fabricated
structural steel for buildings, derricks, and marine equipment.
Others in this group are a clothing factory, a building board
and tile plant, an asbestos ce~ent pipe and shingle company, a
metal container plant, a prestressed concrete products company,
and a sugar refinery.
Plants employing more than 250 persons each include a twine
mill, five apparel plants, four food products establishments,
a glass container factory, a cement plant, a fabricated struc-
tural steel plant, and an asbestos siding and clapboard factory,
a glass jar and bottle factory, a shellfish processing plant,
a commercial detergent company, a dairy products company, and
a barge and boat construction and repair plant.
Outside the Baton Rouge and New Orleans SMSA's, all the
study area parishes have some manufacturing activity; a few
have sizable industrial centers.
Figure 9, based on a study
of information contained in the 1970 Louisiana Directory of
Manufacturers, sets forth the principal industries in each parish.
-------
IU PIOl S
Lumber Mills
ALLEN
Saw Mills
Petrochemicals
Oil Refining
Fish Meal
Liquid Natural Gas
::..:~.r'~ ~ILf~
5 '0 .:'1,)
-
JJ
..:0
FIGURE 9 - Primary Industries in Southern
Louisiana Parishes, by Parish
Source:
Department of Commerce
Louisiana Directory of
1970 Edition.
and Industry,
Manufacturers,
N
'"
o
Notes:
"LNG", liquid natural gas.
-------
30
West Baton Rouge and Iberville Parishes contain medium-sized
factories (100 - 250 employees) producing raw sugar and black-
strap molasses.
Iberville Parish also has a lumber mill which
employs over 250 workers.
The Parishes of St. James and St.
John the Baptist each have large sugar refineries employing more
than 500 persons.
Ascension and St. James Parishes contain
medium-sized clothing factories.
Reflecting its coastal loca-
tion, Plaquemines Parish engages in barge, boat, and ship repair
and the production of' fish meal.
Along the Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, there are, in addition
to the Lake Charles 'industrial complex of Calcasieu Parish, the
Parishes of Cameron, Vermilion, Iberia, St. Mary, Terrebonne,
anQ La Fourche.
In Cameron Parish, there are fish meal plants, a shrimp
packing factory, and two natural gas liquids plants.
The pre-
dominant industry in Vermilion Parish is rice milling with four
mills employing over 300 workers.
Iberia Parish is best described in terms of its major city,
New Iberia.
New Iberia exhibits a great industrial diversity
with one medium-sized barge and tug manufacturer, four machine
shops specializing in oi1 field equipment production and repair,
two food products companies, two concrete plants, two large
producers of raw sugar and molasses, a rice mill, a livestock
feedmill. a furniture factory, a fertilizer plant, and a molded
pulp products plant.
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31
St. Mary and La Fourche Parishes are major producers of raw
sugar and blacks~rap molasses.
Also of significance in St. Mary
are plants engaged in barge construction and repair. shrimp
packing. fish meal manufacture. pulverized oyster shell produc-
tion, and carbon black manufacture.
La Fourche Parish has three
shrimp processing plants, six barge and shrimp boat factories.
and two amphibious tractor manufacturers.
Houma. the principal city of Terrebonne Parish. is a center
of heavy industry with plants producing barges and tugs. oil
field equipment, and related products such as flow control valves
and winches.
The City also contains five shrimp and oyster pack-
ing plants.
Lafayette Parish contains a large food products plant and a
number of small plants including millworks. metal fabricating
factories. concrete and concrete products plants. and meat
packing and dairy products companies.
The neighboring parishes
of St. Martin and Acadia are dominated by industries based on
agricultural production in the area.
St. Martin's major source
of manufacturing employment is the food products industry; Acadia
has eleven small rice mills and a medium-sized food products
company.
In Acadia, however, there is also a large plant pro-
ducing men's clothing.
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32
The industrial profile of the nine northernmost parishes of
the Southern Louisiana area--Vernon, Rapides, Avoyelles, Pointe
Coupee, West Feliciana, East Feliciana, St. Helena, Tangipahoa,
and Wash1ngton--reflect the timber resources of the region.
In addition to 29 lumber mills in the nine-parish area, plants
in Rapides, Washington, and West Feliciana Parishes manufacture
linerboard and other paper products.
Rapides Parish is a center of diversified manufacturing.
In addition to three lumber milis and a large linerboard factory,
the Parish contains a large i.ndustrial valve factory; a large
poultry packing plant; several sizable meat packing plants; a
large raw sugar and molasses producer; and a large synthetic
detergent plant.
Smaller plants produce furniture and fabri-
cated metal products.
Tangipahoa Parish contains a number of small iron and steel
products firms; medium-sized factories producing women's
apparel; a food products company; and a poultry packing plant.
In Washington Parish, a five-plant complex, owned by a single
large firm, produces industrial chemicals, corrugated and solid
fiber boxes, paper bags, linerboard, and wrapping paper.
West
Feliciana Parish contains two paperboard mills and a large food
cannery.
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33
PROSPECTIVE POPULATION AND ECONOMIC GROWTH
LSDH estimates of 1969 population in the 38-parish Southern
Louisiana study area reflect an annual growth rate of 1. 5 percent
in the period since the 1960 Census. Should this rate of annual
growth continue for a decade, the population of the study area
would increase about 17 percent by 1979 to a total of 3,263,000,
compared to a 1969 population of 2,784,000 as estimated by LSDH.
Current annual population growth rates in the 38-parish
area, estimated on the basis of projections by the U. S. Census
4/
Bureau, - range from a low of 1.2 percent to a higher figure
of 1. 5 percent.
The higher estimate coincides with that of LSDH,
but the lower estimate would mean an increase in population of
only 12 percent between 1969 and 1979, to a total in 1979 of
3,123,000.
While these judgments on the study area's future population
may be conservative, higher population growth rates may not occur
if the present economic structure of the area remains basically
unchanged.
As noted by a 1969 report
5/
Planning Commission (CRPC), -
of the Baton Rouge Capital Regional
the area's industries require a
!!../
U. S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census,
yrojections of the Population of Metropolitan Areas:
1975, Series P-25, No. 415, January 31, 1969.
'jj
Capital Regional Planning Commission, The Comprehensive
Plan, February 1969.
\ -
-------
34
high capital investment but need a relatively small work force.
This is, for example, the case in the chemicals industry in which
the Louisiana Department of Commerce has estimated that an invest-
ment of more than $100,000 is required for every permanent job
created.
Where industries of this type are dominant, relatively
rapid economic growth can be accompanied by slower employment
growth and, therefore, by fewer incentives for in-migration by
job seekers and even for retention of present residents.
Avail-
able economic data appear to indicate that this relationship has
existed in the study area in the recent past.
Table V shows that in the period 1959-67, the 19 Southern
Louisiana parishes within the Baton Rouge-New Orleans industrial
corridor or adjoining the Intracoastal Waterway had an annual
economic growth rate--as measured by total personal income--of
7.0 percent, surpassing that of all U. S. metropolitan areas
(6.3 percent), the State of Louisiana as a whole (6.7 percent),
and the United States as a whole (6.4 percent).
Yet the area's
vigorous growth was achieved by rates of population increase
estimated as low as 1.2 percent per year.
For two major reasons, it does not appear reasonable to
assume that a major structural change will occur in the economy
of the area over any short term in the period ahead.
first, increases. in demand for an important portion of the
-------
35
Table V
Total Personal Income in 19 Southern Louisiana
Parishes and the State of Louisiana Compared to
Totals for U.S. Metropolitan Areas and the U.S.
as a whole, 1959 and 1967
1959
(mi'ilions
of dollars)
1967
(millions
of dollars)
Percent
Increase
1959-67
Annual
perdmtage
Growth
Rate
United States as a Whole
380,963
625,068
64.1
6.4
State of Louisiana
5,344
8,995
68.3
6.7
All U. S. Metropolitan
Areas 290,062 473,246 63.2 6.3
19 Southern Louisiana
Parishes* 3)280 5,605 70.9 7.0
Sources:
U. S. Department of Commerce, "Personal Income by
States and Regions in 1967," Survey of Current
Business, August 1968, pp. 13 - 24 and "Metropolitan
Area Income in 1967," Survey of Current Business,
May 1969, Part I, pp. 13 - 33.
Data on 19 Southern Louisiana Parishes are unpublished
analyses obtained from the U. S. Department of Commerce.
*Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, St. Tammany, Ascension, lberville,
Plaquemines, St. Charles, St. James, St. John the Baptist, West
Baton Rouge, East Baton Rouge) ,Calcasieu) Cameron, Iberia, St. Mary,
Jefferson Davis, Lafayette, and Vermilion.
-------
36
study area's manufacturing output--petroleum and chemical pro-
.
ducts--appear certain.
Requirements for gasoline, jet fuel,
and fuel oil can be expected to expand steadily.
Demands for
chemicals, and particularly petrochemicals, 'are' accalerating,
as new uses and the expansion of traditional uses broaden markets.
The very high ratios of investment in research by th~ industry
promise a continuation of this trend.
Secondly, the prospects for employmeht growth are less
assured.
As noted above, the technology of,the petroleum and
chemicals industries permits volume production with a rela-
tively small work force.
Even greater economies in the use of
labor are likely over time.
Between 1959 and 1969, for example,
the U. S. chemicals industry increased physical output nearly
two and one-half times with less than 25 percent additional
employee manhours.
Employment growth which does accompany
expansion in petroleum an9 chemicals output can be affected in
a major way by temporary or permanent shifts in the demand-supply
situation in world as well as national markets.
As an instance,
a glut in the supply of agricultural fertilizers may drastically
reduce demand for sulphuric acid, an important product of the
chemicals industry in the study area, and in turn reduce the
area's su~phur mining output.
Added to these factors which may inhibit employment and
population growth in the study area, is the vulnerability of
-------
37
employment connected directly and indirectly with the assembly
of spacecraft at the Michoud Assembly Center.
Current employment date indicate that the existing high
degree of industrialization and new plant construction in the
study area have been insufficient to absorb all of the present
increases in the labor force.
According to the U. S. Department
of Labor, unemployment rates of 6 percent or more have persisted
for varying long periods in fourteen parishes (Acadia, Allen,
Ascension, Assumption, Avoyelles, Evangeline, Li.vingston, Pointe
Coupee, Saint Helena, Saint Landry, Saint Martin, Rapides,
Tangipahoa, and ,West Feliciana).
Although temporary factors may
be responsible, Calcasieu, Plaquemines, and Vermilion Parishes
were also recently added to this group having substantial unemploy-
!?j
ment.
The navigable waterways of the study area--particularly the
Mississippi River' and the Intracoastal Waterway--and the railroad
network have been major determinants of plant location and urban
development in the past.
While they will continue to exert strong
influence, the Capital Regional Planning Commission believes that
in the future, highways will have the strongest impact on develop-
]j
ment.
Should this judgment be borne out, an intensified
pj
u.S. Department of Labor, Area Trends in Employment and
Unemployment, February 1970, and press release dated April 1,
1970.
7/
The Comprehensive Plan, op. cit.
-------
38
urbanization of the interior of the study area could take ?lace.
As figure 10 sh~ws, Interstate-lO when completed will link the
metropolitan areas of Baton Rouge, New Orieans~ Lafayette, and
Lake Charles ~ith 15 of the 38 study area parishes.
Major north-
south highways, connecting with the Interstate-IO east-west lateral,
may enhance the attractiveness for industry of the study area.
Economic growth in Southern Louisiana will require addi~ions
to electric power supply., Major additions maybe needed if heavy
power-consuming industries like aluminum refining expand and rely
upon purchased energy.
According to information reported to the
Federal Power Commission, utility companies in Southern Louisiana'
are planning about 16,500 megawatt~ of added capacity in major new
generating units by 1980.
10 date, natural gas has been both readily available and ch~ap
so that it has served as virtually the only fuel for pow~r genera-
tion in the area.
However, a rapidly escalating national demand
for the gas for higher priority and higher profit uses has led
untility companies in the South Central Region to consider plants
using other fuels. One of the units planned in the Southern
!I
Louisiana area may be nuclear.
~/
South Central Regional Advisory Committee, Electric Power
}n the Sou!l!.....~entral Region, 1970 t 1980,.L,1990, A Report
to the Federal Power Commission, Febr~ary 1969.
-------
'!>
;
-
SL AL,£ .~ I\I;IUS
'0 lV 30
-'
40
FIGURE 10 - Ka10r Highways, Completed or Under Construction,
Southern Louisiana Study Area.
/
/
I~ (i
~~::: '-,
~ ~...o~. a\,
f~>v S ~ .l~ .? ~.~
., ~. n' '1 "'\
,,/'--~' . "J~~
..~ ~- :,'- '" _f r
~ -' ~_4'
""
\C
..
-------
40
REGIONAL GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATION
Regional .Councils and Planning Organizations
Councils of Government (COG's) have been formed and
operating in the New Orleans area and the Baton Rouge area in
Southern Louisiana.
Additionally, COG's have been formed in
Shreveport and Monroe.
The Regional Planning Commission for Jefferson, Orleans,
and St. Bernard Parishes was organized in 1962 as a body of
pr~vate citizens appointed by the participating governments.
In 1966, it was reorganized to include the chief elected
officials of each Parish, with provision for direct representa-
tion of the five municipalities within Jefferson Parish.
The Commission has a staff of seven persons, and is assisted
by a Technical Advisory Committee, composed of the three Parish
Planning Directors.
Activities of the Commission include produc-
tion of a five-volume Study Design in 1966 tontaining the necessary
elements of a comprehensive plan and designed to produce speci.fic
plans and general development policies for the region.
A four-
year work program based on the Study Design is now underway.
The
Commission is the official agency in the New Orleans region for
review and comment on Federal grant applications; it has participated
in the Model Cities project and the New Orleans - Airport Rapid
Transit Study.
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41
The Capital Region Planning Commission (CRPC) is the principal
planning agency for a ten-par~sh region including East Baton Rouge
Parish and nine surrounding parishes (Pointe Coupee. West Feliciana.
East Feliciana, St. Helena. Tangipahoa. West Baton Rouge, Livingston.
Ascension, and Iberville).
CRPC was formed in July of 1967. has a
professional staff of three. and is financed by a per'capita assess-
ment plus matching Federal funds.
CRPC is presently engaged in the
development of a Comprehensive Plan,
with some thirty-seven studies
and reports published or in process.
Development is underway on a
regional Data Center and an Information Center on Government Assis-
tance Programs.
CRPC is the designated Federal assistance review
agency for the ten-parish area.
In addition to publishing a regular
newsletter and special reports and position papers. the CRPC has
completed, with the Louisiana Department of Highways and the U. s.
Bureau of Public Roads, a Metropolitan Area Transportation Study.
A member of the CRPC Executive Committee is also a member of the
Comprehensive Health Planning [314(b)] agency and chairs a joint"
health planning group within the region.
Planning for law enforce-
ment is separate.
The 314 (b) agency has established an environ-
mental committee which is studying air pollution.
Other regional planning commissions in Southern Louisiana
are the Lafayette Regional Planning Commission. Lafayette Parish,
and the Calcasieu Regional Planning Commission at Lake Charles.
-------
42
Economic Development Districts have been formed which
include all of Southern Louisiana butside the New Orleans SMSA:
the Evangeline EDD Counc~l at Lafayette, the Kisatchie-Delta
EDD Council at Alexandria (which includes thne parishes north
of the study region boundary), and the Capital EDD Council,
which includes an area similar to CRPC in Baton Rouge.
Parish planning commissions are established in St. Landry,
Lafayette, St. Martin,' Iberville, East Baton Rouge, West Baton
Rouge, Ascension, St. James, St. John the Baptist, St. Charles,
Terrebonne, Jefferson, Orleans (New Orleans City), and St.
Bernard Parishes (Figure 11).
Air Pollution Control Activities
The Louisiana Air Pollution Control Act (Act 259 of the 1964
legislature) pre-empts all authority for air pollution control
within the State.
It created the Louisiana Air Control Commission
chaired by the State Health Officer, and expressly stated, "this
law shall be the exclusive means within the State for the control
of air pollution."
There are, therefore, no local air pollution
control programs operating within the State.
The Act does provide,
however, that it shall not be construed "to prevent private actions
to abate nuisances under existing laws."
The Louisiana Air Control Commission, under a Technical
Secretary, has fourteen positions budgeted.
Additionally, Health
-------
Capital Region
Planning Commission
ALLIN
MlSS::;S!r:::
. Regional Planning.
CODlll1ssion for
Jefferson, Orleans,
and St. Bernard
Parishes
j
j
1
i
I
o 5
............
SC.Iol[ IN ...tl£S
10 20 30
<0
. Parishes with Planning
Source:
FIGURE 11 - Southern Louisiana Regional !lanning Agencies
U. S. Department of Commerce, Economic Development Administration.
....
....
-------
44
Department sanitarians mayprovidecertairi assistance.
Under an
. agreement with the New Orleans City Health Department, additional
program. assistance will be provided in that city.
The 1970 Air Control Plan provides the following immediate
objectives:
1. Adoption of sulfur oxide .stahdards.
2. A permit or registration system.
3.
investigation or enforcement programs in
a) the New Orleans-HaconRouge corridor;
b) Westlake-Lake Charles area; and
. c) New Orleans metropolitan. area.
4.
Adoption of emission standards for dust, suspended
particulates~ and sulfur compourids.
5.
Incinerator standards revision.
6.Redu~tion of open burning by 50 percent.
7.
Further efforts to control automobile anti-pollution
device performance.
Long-range object:~ves of the 1970 Louisiana Air Control ]'13n
include:
1.
Completion of studies in all metropolitan areas.
?
... .
The elimination of open burning with permissive
exceptions in special cases.
3.
Establishment of additional ambient air standards.
4.
Completinn of a statewide inventory and plan implementati0I1
for abatement of polJution from cotton gins, sugar ,dU",
rice mills, paper mills, and hot mix asphalt plants.
-------
"'t)
EVAUIATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS
Three major engineering factors were evaluated in'the Southern
T,ouisiana study area to assist in determining the geographical
extent of the Louisiana portion of the proposed Southern Louisiana-
Southeastern Texas Air Quality Control Region.
They'were meteorology,
distribution of idr pollutant emissions, and measured ambient air
quality data. ,Although a diffusion model was developed to determine
the theoretical air quality levels and patterns, it is not inc~uded
in this analysis as it used input data from only six of' the thirty-
eight parishes.
Examination of these three engineering factors
led to the basic conclusions on the size of the region.
METEOROLtX;y
Wind. direction, when evaluated along with the topography of
an area,
is the most important single factor to consider in
, examining the meteorological influence upon air pollution in an
area.
Figure 12 shows the annual, winter, and summer wind roses
for the New Orleans area.
It can be seen that the predominant
wind direction throughout the year is from the south.
This has
the beneficial aspect of carrying much of the New Orleans area
pollution aver Lake Pontchartrain and other sparsely settled
areas.
During the winter the wind is primarily from the northeast
and southeast quadrants while summer winds have high frequenceis
from the west and southwest.
Topography, discussed earlier in
the Urban Factors secti.on, has little or no effect on.the area
because of its flat character.
-------
FIGURE 12.
PER CENT FREQUENCY OF WIND DIRECTION
(NEW ORLEANS)
0.3
) 0..
f,.. . J
8.1
9.7
tHNTB:R
I '
\
N
~
OF occ1,m~:l'iCi~
o
<;
../
Ii)
15
PI£J { CLWJ.' i"rn:~~U:Eb (;y
C'- C\J
4.J. ~~ .:/
6.7
8.4
, c
b.:.;
5.1
13.5
SUMI\L;~11
0.)
t.)
ll- . (),
q ,)
L.. 0 l
, t, ~
.'. \) ~ :"
hl:.:';';,n1. '
\..1 r
/ . .-1
-------
47
Ei'-fIS S 1" mi INVEI\"'TOR'i
'L'he most extensive and irnporta,nt engineering factor evaluated
in thi~~ study was an emission inventory which showed the geographical
c11.stribution ;:mcl present levels of air pollutant emissions Hithin
the )8-parish study area.
Two separate emission inventories were
C011clucted by the National Air' Pollution Control Administration in
Southern Louisiana.
With ~he cooperation of the Louisiana State
Department of Health, existing reports were used to estimate the
quantity of pollutants in,each of these survey areas.
The first survey involved using the Rapid Survey Technique7~
to determine, on a grid zone basis, the emissions from a 6-parish
area that included Jefferson, Orleans, St. Bernard, St. Charles,
St. John the Baptist, and St. Tammany parishes.
In the rapid
survey technique, the major pollutant emitters are evaluated
individually while the remg,ining multitude of sources are considered
collectively as area or grid zone sources.
The results'of this
study are reported in the New Orleans Metropolitan Area Air Pollutant
Emission Inventory, Cktober, 1969.
The second emission inventory
examined the ,remaining 32 parishes of the Southern Louisiana
study area and reported emissions by parish totals.
A summary
of the major findings of these ~10 emission inventories is included
in the following section of this report.
The emission inventories conducted by the National Air
Pollution Control Administration were based on 1968 data and
o.:Ozolins, C. and Smith, R., Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
Community Air Pollution Emissions. U. S. DElfw, Division of Air
Pollution, October 1966.
-------
included five pollutants--particulates, sulfur oxides, carbon..
monoxide, hydrocarbons, an.d nitrogen oxid'es.
Only particulates,
sulfur oxides, and carbon monoxide are considered in the report.
Figure 13 graphically portrays the total 38-parish study
area emissions by the percent contribution of the various source
categories.
It is obvious that emissions from industrial process.
losses are the greatest contributors of pollution in the study
area.
For each of the three pollutants examined, over half the
total contribution are from these activities.
The second most
important pollution source (for particulates) is refuse disposal,
cmd transpprtation for sulfu,r oxides and carbon monoxide.
The
Southern Louisiana area is one of the few regions of the nation
where the automobile is not the major contributor of carbon
monoxide.
Since. natural gas is the major fuel used in the area,
pollutant emissions from fuel combustion are n.egligible.
Tables 5, 6, and 7 show the emission. distribution of each of
the thre~ pollutants by source category within each of the 38-parishes.
All values are in tons per year of the specific pollutant.
In
the parishes located within the Baton Rouge and New Orleans
metropolitan areas the figure for emissions from'mDtor vehicles
a180 includes aircraft, railroads, and vessels.
Figures 14, l5)
and 16 portray the data shown in the~e tables.
Particulate er.1issicm totals are greatest in the parishes
along the New Orleans to Baton Rouge industrial corridor Hith
tbe ex.ceptionof high values resul ting from i.ndustrial process
-------
49 .
TOTAL STUDY AREA EMISSIONS BY PER CENT
CONTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS SOURCE CATEGORIES,
1968. .
Combustion Fuels
(Stationary Sources)
. Transportation
FIGURE 13.
. PAR'I'ICULAT;~:S
(17Jj.,53() tons/year)
Combustion Fuels
(Stationary Sources)
o . OJ~.;~
CAUBO!'! 1'10;.;OXIDE
(),08),8JO'tons/year)
. Refuse Disposal
Combustion Fuels
(Stationary Sources)
0.0 c.; .
'rransporta tion
Refuse
Disposal
l/~
SULPUH OXIJ.):~3
(219,540 tons/year)
Refuse Disposal 3.5~
-------
50
. .
.TABLE
5. PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY
AND POLITICAL, JURISDICTION IN SOUTHERN
LOUIS lANA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR) . . .
CD
cu
U)
Emissions from Fuel Consumption U)
Q).
U U)
U Q ~
..... ..... Q) ~ Q,...
o <11 ... U) ..... .~ cr.
..... t:: +J+J U Q) U) Q)
.-< <11 ..... 0 u t: ..... ..... +J ..... U) v
<11 ..... <11"'" CU <11 Q) ..c: U) CD <11 ..... I-<
..... +J ..... +J ..... ..... ~ Q). t:: <11.-< ..... lJ g
I-< t:: .U ~ wl1. ~ .:> 0 :::= <11 I-<
;;.-. JJ Q) I-< JJ ' ..... CD JJ r.n
JJ U) "O Q) ..... e ... ..... '"' CD "0 0 U) .-<
t:: ::J "'" ~ t: <11 Q) <11 0 CD ..... Po .::J <11.-<
:J. "0 CD Q) ~ +J +J ..... ..... U) "0 JJ .....
o t:: Q) 0 t:: +J 0 0 0 e 0 'M t:: 04-
u ..... t:t:: UH (/)11. E-< ~w (/)Q H E-<---
Acadia 60 10 10 0 80 120 560 0 760
Allen 50 N N 0 50 80 230 150 410
Ascension 330 10 N 0 340 150* 370 4,880 5,740
Assumption 20 N N 0 .20 30 210 0 260
Avoyelles 50 10 N 0 60 90 430 2,200 2,780
Beauregard 30, N N 0 30 60 220 0 310
Calcasieu ~10 30 20 190 650 540 1,050 .5,650 7,890
Cameron 10 N N 0 10 40 40 0 90
East Baton
Rouge ~30 50 30 100 1,010 1 , 7701< 3,220 21,260 27,280.
East Fe1iciana 20 N N 0 20 60 230 0 310
Evangel ine 40 10 N 130 180 60 360 4,810 5,410
Iberia 60 10 10 0 80 180 310 1,630 2,200
lberville' 310 10 .N 220 540 2201< 350 3,000 4,110
Jefferson 150 60 20 120 350 3,2401< 1,790 6,770 12, 150
Jefferson
Davis 40 10 N 0 50 90 3.6) 0 50C
Lafayette 100 20 10 30 160 370 470 .0 ] ,000
Lafoun;he 70 10 10 0 90 190 680 0 960
Livingston 30 10 N 0 /+0 90 320 0 450
Orleans 240 140 50' 310 740 3,760* 5,210 7,230' 16,940
Plaquemines 40 10 N 0 50 60 290 500 900
Pointe Coupee 30 10 N 0 40 60 260 0 360
Rapf.des 130 20 N 20 180 390 1,260 .10 1,840
St. Bernard 580 10 N 0 590 530* 160 11 , 800 13,080
St. Charles 290 N N 0 290 1,200* 120 15,930 17 , 540
St. Helena 10 N N 0 10 10 100 0 120
St. James ?10 N N 0 210 170* 220 10,310 10,910
St. John the
Baptist 20 N N 0 120 1,000* 100 4,570 5,790
St. Landry 00 20 10 0 130 250 620 0 1,000
St. Martin 40 10 N 0 50 50 340 0 440
St. Mary 70 10 10 30 120 190 450 17,100 17,860
continued
-------
51
TABLE 5, COnti.nued.
- ---
: en
Q)
r/)
en
Q)
Emissions from Fuel u r/)
C~nsumttion 0 ,..
.~ Q) tt 0,--
o <11 ..... .... rn
. ..... t:: ~ f/) u Q) cn III
...... <11 ...... 0 .w.w ..... .... .w ..... rn U
<11 .... <11 '0-1 U t::. Q) .£:: rn f/) <11 '''''; ~
.... .w .0-1 .w Q) <11. ;::I ~ t:: <11,-; .... E
I-< t:: u ;:J ..... ..... J:L. ...... 0 ~ <11 ~ W 0
. . .w Q) I-<.w WP-o .... cn .w rr
.!.J cn 'd Q) 'rl I ..... ~ f/) u 0 cn .....
r:: ::I -0-1 ~ ~ E I-<
-------
52
. TABLE 6.
SULFUR OXIDE EMISSIONS BY SOORCE CATEGORY
AND POLITICAL JURISDICTlOO IN SOUTHERN
LQUISIANA, 1968 (TONS/YEAR).
en
Q)
Emissions From U)
U)
Fuel Consumption QJ
0 U)
0 0 c::
." QJ ~ 0 r-,
'"' u) .-I "" If)
.w.w .0 Q) D U) Q)
.-I 0 c:: .-I "" .w .-I en 0
«I Q) «I Q) ..c:: If) en «I ." '"'
." .-I .-I ;:I Q) c:: «1.-1 ." 5 ;:I.
k 1LICl. r... :> 0 ~ I'd '"' ILl 0
;.-., .w I . "" If) .w V'J
.w CJ) 5 '"' .-I .'-' CJ) '1:1 0 en ...-I
c:: :::i I'd Q) I'd 0 en ." P. ;:I I'd...-l
::J '1:1 ~ ~ .w .w ." ...-I CJ) '1:1. .w...-l
o c:: 0 ~~ 0."" c:: o~
U H V'JCl. H CI)C H H'-'
cadia N 0 N 80 40 0 120
Allen .N 0 N 50 10 0 60
\scension N 0 N 200~ 30 0 230
ssumption N 0 N 20 10 0 30
\voyelles N 0 N 50 . 30 0 80
Beauregard N 0 N 40 10 0 50
":alcasiell .10 10 20 340 80 17,900 18,340
arneron N 0 N 30 N 0 30
;'ast Baton Rouge N N N 1,930* 210 38,300 40,440
EDst Fe1iciana N 0 N 50 10 0 60
E.'v;lnge 1 ine N N N 50 30 0 80 .
Theria N 0 N 100 20 4,000 4,120
Ibervil1 e N 10 10 380* 20 30,000 30,410
efferson N N N 2,930* 20q 11 ,000 14,130
efferson Davis N 0 N 60 30 420 510
afayette N N N 230 40 0 270
aFourche N .0 N 110 50 0 160
ivingston N 0 N 50 30 0 80
leans 10 20 30 3,870* 420 0 ' 4,320
1 aque'nines N 0 N 40 30 5,600 5,670
Puinte COllpee N 0 N 40 10 0 50
apides N N N. 240 90 0 330
t. Bernard 10 0 10 640* 20 16,600 17,270
t. Charles 10 0 10 1,600* 10 28, 700 30,320
t. Helena N 0 N 10 10 0 20
't. James N 0 N 350* 20 47,000 47,370
t. John the
Baptist N 0 N 1,330* 10 100 1,440
to Landry N 0 N 150 50 0 200
t. Martin N 0 N 30 30 0 60
t. Mary N N N 120 30 0 150
A
A
l
C
E
J
J
L
L
L
Or
P
R
S
S
S
S
S
s
s
s
continued.
-------
53
TABLE 6. Continued...
--
en
Q)
f.}nissions From en
en
Fuel ConsumlJ ion. Q)
u (f)
o~ 0 C
Q) t c,-..
,., I/) . .... ''"" (f)
.LJ.LJ U Q) (f) Q)
.-4 U C .... or! .LJ .... I/) u
.t\1 Q) t\1 Q) .c: I/) (f) t\1 . '1"1 H
"'"" ...... .... ::I Q) C t\1.... -r! E ::I
,., W p-.. ~ .:;:.. 0 :3 t\1 '"' ~ 0
>., . .LJ ' I or! en .u r/J
U 1/). E ,., .... ,., en -a a I/) .-<
t:: =' t\1 (II
-------
54
TABLE 7. .CARBON MONOXIDE EMISS;rOOS BY SOURCE cATEGORY
AND POLITICAL JURISD;ICTIOO IN: SOUTHERN
. LOOISIANA, 1968 (TONS/YFAR). .
Motor Vehicle Solid Waste
Emissions Disposal
{/) {/)
'5 G)
.{/)
"" 11\
{/) 't:I G)
r-I {/) G) () {/)
G)"" ... 't:I .0 ~
::3 E G) G) ~ 0
~~ ~ ... ~ be "" {/)
G) 0 ~ {/) G.I
r;;; 5 p., ~ . "" "" ~ {/) ()
I ~ ~ tII "" ...
"" "" G) {/) p., {/) tII .... "" E ::3
...~ ~ G) , G) ... ;j ... ~ 0
>. ~ {/) ."". r-I ...... r-I G) I:Q ~ (/)
~ {/) ::3 r-I () G) () ~ {/) r-I
~ ::3.0 0"" {/)"" "" ~ ::3 tIIr-I
:1 't:I F. {/).c: G).c: () G.I 't:I ~......
o ~ 0 tII G) "" G) ~ 8' ~ 0<
U HU 0:> t:I:> H H H'-'
Acadia N 15,740 20 460 2,450 0 18,670
Allen N 9,880 10 180 990 0 11 , 060
Ascension 1,100 9,150 540 170 1,580 1,100 12,580'/(
Assumption N 4,480 10 170 910 0 5,570
l\.-,'oye11es N 11 ,460 20 .-330 1,850 106,000 119,660
Beauregard N 8,570 10 170 940 0 9;690
Ca1casj,eu 10 71,990 110 1,320 4,000 494,000 571 ,430
C .:une r on N 5,160 - 10 70 90 0 5,330
East Baton Rouge N 128,000 7,740 L670 13,400 186,000 343,910*
E.:lst Fe1iciana N 8,760 10' 180 980 0 9,930
Ev ange 1 ine N 8,470 10 290 1,570 232,000 242,340
Iberia N 23 , 720 40 440 1,110 5,800 31,110
lberville N 8,450 490 240 1,360 6,300 16,910*
Jefferson N 128,500 - 2,900 2,500 6,140 11,100 155,190*
Jefferson Davis N 11 , 700 20 260 1,500 0 13,480
Lafayette N 48,120 70 810 1,470 0 50,470
LaFourche N 23,760 40 530 2,950 0 27,280
Livingston N 11,390 20 240 1,390 0 13 , 040
Orleans 10 167,000 4,300 2,500 14,800 0 203,550*
Plaquemines N 7,780 10 220 460 56,000 64,470
Pointe Coupee N 7,320 10 200 1,120 0 8,650
Rapides N . 51,360 80 990 5,500 0 57,930
St. Bernard 10 14,1750 350 120 640 1,700 17 , 780'>'( .
St. Charles 10 10,100 280 280 480 2,500 14,220*
St. Helena N 1,440 N 90 - :,460 0 1,990
St. James N 2,130' 140 170 720 . 4,000 7 ,.230*
St. John the
Baptist N 7,900 200 270 370 0 9,210*
St. Landry N 32,330 50 750 2,370 0 35,500
St. Martin N 6,660 10 260 -1,500 0 8,430
St. Nary N 25,140 40 470 1,150 822,000 848,800
continued
-------
.'.
. ''fABLE:::7 t' Cont1n':1fJ9"~ .
~ J:~
. .
..
-"
~....\
.1-1
r::
;j
o
u
st. Tanmlany
Tangipahoa
Terrebonne
VClInil ion
Vernon
\.Jashington
\~est Baton Rouge
\~est Fel iciana
Southern
Loii is i..:ma
TOTALS
. .
If]
P
o
.,4
(/)
(/)
.-i .,-1
~S
40
r::
,-I 0
!11 .,-1
.',-1 .w
H I/)
~.~
'D e
r::o
He)
1,140
- " :.
. ',," .
.. .
. ,
. .
Motor Vehicle
Emissions
'D
Q)
H
Q)
.~
o
p..,
I
Q) (/)
r:: Q)
.,4 ,-I
,-I U
o .,4
(/).c:
ctl Q)
0:>
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
26.200
24, 710
28,570
13,760
10,700
17,860
6,400
3,480
'D
Q)
H
Q)
~
'0
p.. (fJ
I Q)
,-I ,-I
Q) U
(/) .,4
Q).c:
.,4 Q)
Q:>
520
40
40
20
20
.30
260
10
1.047,910.'
. .
Solid Waste
Disposal
r::
o
.,4
'.w .
!11
H
Q)
.f;:
.,4
u
f;:
H
390
550
590
350
180
400
100
no
19,020
N= Negligible. .
','c= Includes emissions from all transportation sources
...' .
01)
r::.
.,-1
r::
,..
;j
~
f;:
Q)
8-
55
..1
(/)
Q)
(/)
(/)
Q)
U
o
~
\
i
\
------
,-I
!11
.~
.,..
.w
(f)
;j
'D
t::
H
rr.
~
0,......,
or-! VI
'/J CJ
Of, U
.,-1 H
E ::J
~ ')
rf:;
,-I
{"j~
.w......
r; ~
t-i '-'"
o 27,75()
o 2i),2~(J
I) 32,5:>0
o 15,990
o 11 ; SOO
o I 20,450
o \ 7,421)',';
() 4 ',()('
-t ,<. ~
,t
87,2601,928,500Ir,0i33,O'!I)";
640
2,990
3,320
1,860
900
2,160
540
600
-------
"
~: ',' "
I
I
,j'l
,'q
.' \
.", .. .'
.F)GtiRE'J~,'"."~,,,
~; > ,.
. . ,,', ...:::> ",L,:,.
,,-j" :,\'/;:'.::'" ,"
'\'.";"PARISH
A, :-'
if)
if)
>-<
. .
o
U
H
><
t=J
....
"
"
. ,.~
.;..""
;....:J
o
~
.LEGEiJD
Tons/Year
Under 500
500 -
1,500
1,.500
5,000
U'1
.5 , OOU - 10, 000
. A
. ,
,~ ,
fh~.1
, OVfjr
lu,OOO
D
D
flZJ
~
.
-------
FIGURE 15.
ANNUAL SULFUR OXIDES EMISSIONS BY PARISH
SOTITHERN,LOUISIANA STUDY AREA; 1968.
PARISH I DENTI FICA'/'l ON CODE
I ,- At' :II/,i.:l '
, ,
'\lll'l1
\. " As"cll:; i <>n
'J J ", St. Tamm:my
32 = T:l11gi pal1<>,'
33 ~ TCITeb"l1llf'
')4 =- Vel'llli 1 i')11
35 = Vernoll
36 W'lshillp,tllgc
1;,1:;1 /0'("1 iciilll.:l
1';\,;ll1g(~1 il1C
j h"l' i ,I
I h"I'v ill c
I,' i (('\" "')'11
r, '
" ,
I ..
"
" '
"
II)
II
I.'
I ;
I',
J "
. 11;' I I ~' I" :-i , \ 11
!1:1\I i s
'..II.':ee
1~,1j' i dc,;
'; :;(, l;elll:II:(/
>':' , c ~; 1:. i: iJ , II" .I e s
"i,- ~;t. j{1'IC'Il:t
, l)' ~; t. ,J '1:11," '
~I '-'~'t:. .1<>1,11
tI,," i),lpl:i st
,~, ' :'1:. L:lndry
'<) ", :;1'. H:HI: i,n
;() :'l:. ~1:tI'\'
I,.
I 'i
I"
'II
---
p" .
~..L
"'""
{/"J
(/)
---
(/)
(/)
"'""
,~,
, I
G
U
-'
'/
W
""
It1--
;;:.
.J
z-
...; .~
a
--,
57
IN
"
r-
LEGEND
'rons/Year
Under 100
3
~ ({)
r.L1
~ H
H
~ ~:
100 - 500
"
...
500 - 5,000
~
5,000 - 20,000
o
(/)
"1;
j. A
." ,
:..[~
Over 20,000
b
o
r7l
~
o
~
111
-------
58
FIGURE 16.
ANNUAL CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS BY PARISH IN
SOUTHERN LOUISIANA STUDY AREA, 1968.
PARISH 1 DENTIFTCATl ON CODE
I = AC'ldi.1
:\ I I I'll
'\ , :\..;.. ell'; i. 111
4 0 :\,";llIlll't i,'n
'i = ,\\"'vcrles
I> ., 1;l';1t1reganl
('" l,':\siell
J I " St. '[';1I1ull:my
'\:' '" T.ll1g i pa\i",'
1'\ ,"0 Terrell. 'nlH'
I/~ = Vermil 1"11
'I') = Vernon
36 '"' \~:lshinglol1
17 '-' West Bar-nn
RnlJgc
18 = \"c~;t Fcl ic 1.:111 a
,'II
.'1
H , l',lllIer. n
') = 1-:,lst l\al"n R(~lJge
II) c E:l,:t 1'('1 icial';!
II l-:v,lnge I i nc
I :' I bl'r i.1
I ~ I hI' rv i I I ('
(" ' ll'ffcr';"11
I') : .i,_q"fcl'S(111
\);1';' i S
II' , L:,(:1)','tt'('
17 = 1,ll"lIrclll~
!.i'" l.ivin)',stlJl1
1 'I ~ I 't'l (,:\11',
0.
~~
1'1;ICjIlI'1!,in('s .
I',) inrI' C"lIpce
1~:lpj 1ary
>-1
'JJ
(j')
>-1
en
en
>-1
.-.
Co
U
0-<
X
!:J
...
~
~
:::;-
(-
a
..~
c.
"
..
LEGEND
'l'ons/Year
Under 10,000
s
>-1
:...;
o
-i
i C/)
: ~
H
. :E:
..
10,000 - 25,000
25 ,000 - 50,000
.
..
!
o
(j')
.-r;
''''
.' .
W
f--<
.50,000-200,000
Over 200,000
D
D
ELJ
~
.
~
-------
59
losses in St. Mary, Evangeline, and Calcasieu parishes.
The
highest total for an individual parish is in East Baton Rouge
with a 1968 annual total of 27,280 tons.
Emission densities
are highest in Orleans (6.9 tons/square mile/month), St. Charles
(5.1), and East Baton Rouge (5.0).
Lowest densities were in
Cameron (0.005 tons/square mile/month), Vernon (0.019), and
St. Helena (0.024).
It is important to note that pollutant
emissions are spread throughout the study area rather than concen-
trated in the major p~pulation centers.
Sulfur oxide emission totals are highest in the Baton Rouge
and lower Mississippi River industrial areas.
Other areas having
relatively high totals include New Orleans and Lake Charles.
St. James parish has the highest annual sulfur oxide emission
total, 47,370 tons.
Emission densities are highest in St. James
(15.6 tons/square mile/month), St. Charles (8.8), and East Baton
Rouge (7.4).
Lowest densities were found in Beauregard (0.035
tons/square mile/month), and St. Helena (0.004).
Carbon monoxide emissions are highest in ~ive widely separated
parishes.
Over one-fourth of all study area carbon monoxide
emissions come from industrial process losses in one parish--St.
Mary.
The major source of these emissions are several carbon
black plants.
Evangeline Parish also has very high carbon monoxide.
emissions resulting fro~ the same problem.
The three other
parishes having over 200,000 tons per year carbon monoxide emissions
areCalcasieu, East Baton Rouge, and Orleans.
In only the latter
-------
60
parish is the motor vehicle the major contributor.
Parish.emission
. .
densities are highest in St. Mary (113 tons/square mile/year),
Orleans (83), East Baton Rouge (62), and Calcasieu (43).
Lowest
emission densities were found in Cameron (0.3 tons/square mile/
year) and St. Helena (0.4).
The approximate location of the major point sources within
the study a~ea are shown in Figures 17 and 18.
Twelve steam-electric
plants were operating within the study area during 1968.
The
predominant use of natural gas for fuel, however, caused these
power plants to be negligible contributors to total emission in
the area.
Major sources of aircraft emissions were Moisant and
Lakefront airports in New Orleans, and airports in Baton Rouge,
Lake Charles, Lafayette, and Alexandria.
Since the industrial composition of the study area is descrLbed
extensively in the urban factors portion of this report, only a
brief summary of the types of industrial point sources is given
in this section.
The following table gives the total number of
major plants in each industrial category (Not all of these plants
are shqwn on the point source maps).
Number of Plants
Type of Industrial Activity
7
2
88
13
65
8
4
Carbon Black plants
Cement plants
Cotton Gins .
Fertilizer plants
Grain Elevators
Gray and ductile! iron
Kraft Pulp Mills .
foundaries
-------
FIGURE 17.
61
APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF MAJOR POINT SOURCES,
SODTHERN LOUISIANA STUDY AREA.
. NOTEI Cross-hatched. area shown
in detail in Figure 18.
PARISH. If)ENTIFICATION CODE
I "-' AC:H.lia
:' -= Al 11~1I
1 '" Ascensil>n
4 '= ASSlll11pti0n
') '" Av"ycllcs
(, '" Ik:wregard
7 =. Calcasieu
8 =. C:lIlIcrcn
I) '" East Baton Rouge
10 '= E:".;t Fel iciana
11 0: Evangel ine
.I:> =. Iberia
! 1 = !hcrvi1le
. J', .= Jcfferson
15 " .Jefferson Davis
If:. " !.:!layette
II = L.'t,'urche
ld -= Livingston
1 (~ ,= (h:[ cans
:'() ,~ 1'1 :Hl'll~l1Iincs
:'1 .. Pointe Coupee
:':' " R:lpi des
:J -. St. Bernard
24 '" St. Charles
:.'5 .= St. Helena
:,1b = St. Jam
27 = St. John
the Baptist
JB = St. Landry
?9 '" St. H.1rtin
lU -= St. Hary
....
:z4-
&
o
..
o
..
~U)
. 0 t]
.H
S:J::
:I
!
o
] 1 " S t. 'l'anUlinny
32 = T.1ngipalw;,
33 = Terreb"1111c
34 '= VenniI ion
35 =. Vernnn
3h ~, Hashingt()n
37 '-' West Baton
Rouge
38 = West feliciana
\0
CO')
N
...... CO')
0.,
::L f
...... If)
C/) N
C/)
......
C/)
C/) a
...... .....
:;::::
o
U
H
X
~
.-'4
i:L.
c;
i:L.
S
v
LEGEI1D
.
. Industrial (j~ot
elsewhere noted)
o Power Plant
QAirport
R. Refinery
F Foundary
P Kraft Pulp Mill
C/)
-1;
x:
~
E-<
-------
FIGURE 18.
0-
N
APPROXIMATE LOCATION OF ~IAJOR POI NT SOURCES, BATON ROUGE - NEW ORLEANS
PORTION OF SOUTHERN LOUISIANA STUDY AREA.
EAS'2.'
.. }:;ATOJ:
HOUGe;
o
t
N
I
ST.
'l'AHI.iA;.iY
PARISE
I I I I I I
0 10 20 )0 40 .50
MILES
\) TJ ;xJ(J) [> 00 .
~ '3j ~ "tI en > "tI H
'1 0 CD '1 -0 .... 0 CD:3
II> ~ I-f;) .... Zt-' '1 ~ I-'p.
H,) ::s .... s CD"" 't:I CD CIJ ~ f;;
ci' P. :3 II> ~p. 0 '1 CDCIJ
\I) CD '1 '1 ~cT ~
"tI '1 ~ C< o~ cT "tI ::r''1
~ « "< '111> ..... CD "",. Z
I-' en I-'CIJ g '11» t::1
't:I S CDci' CD ..1-'
CD gCD ci'
:3: ..... t:I-
.... ci' CIJ t:' O~
I-' CD w .... ci'0
I-' '1 CIJ CDcT
O't:l P.
:30
I-'CIJ
«I»
-I-'
-------
63
\
Number of Plants
Type of Industrial Activit~
3
9
4
1
1
41
8
Nitric Acid plants
Petroleum Refineries
Hl0sphoric Acid plants
Primary Aluminum Reduction plants
Primary Lead Smelter and Refinery
Rendering plants .
Sulfuric ACid plants
AIR" QUALITY ANALYSIS
The regional approach to air resource management requires
that all the major sources of pollution in an area be located within
the same air quality control region.
One must also consider
the influence of pollution upon the people and property once it is
emitted into the ambient air.
Upon determining this, a region
1
which will envelop nearly all the sources and receptors for a
particular area may be selected.
Although reliable measured air
sampling data for the Southern Louisiana study area is limited,
the distribution of pollution emissions OVer such a large area
and the high densities calculated for several parishes indicate
that the region boundaries will necessarily contain a very large
land a'tea.
The following table gives suspended particulate values for
various cities within the Southern Louisiana study area.
fity
Yea!:
New Orleans
(National Air Sampling
Network)
1957
1960
1963
1966
1968
Geometric Mean(micrograms
" per cubic meter)
101
85
91
82
86
-------
64
fli.y
Year
Geometric ~an(micrograms
per cubic meter)
Baton Rouge (NASN)
(1968-LSDH)
1957
1960
1962
1965
1968
1962
1964
:1968
157
.113
124
86
103
76
63
89
(1968- LSDH)
Lake Charles (NASN)
Lafayett~ (LSDH)
1966
1968
144
138
"
Daily gaseous ciata at the New Orleans station ranged as fo11<7Ns: ,-;
Sulfur dioxide, 3 to 49~g/m3; ~itrogen dioxide, 17 to 279~g/m3;
~
Aldehyde, 2 to 23 ~g/xn'; Ammonia, 29 to 6~ g/m3; and total Oxidant':
5 to 43~g/m.3.
,"
Gaseous data was also available for a station located at the
U. S. Public Health Service Hospital near Carville (Iberville
Parish) .
The daily values ranged as follows:
Sulfur dioxide,
4 to 4~g/m3; Nitrogen dioxide, 56
3 3
22,/< g/m ; Ammonia, 33 to 10l,Ag/m ;
. . /
to 163~g/m3; Aldehyde, 0 to
,
and total Oxidant '. 7 to 3~g/m3..
Using emission and meteorological data, a diffusibn model can
i,
~ .
be developed to predict pollutant concentrations and dispersion
patterns.
This procedure is particularly useful in areas where
little air sampling data is available.
After developing a diffusion
model for the 6-parish New Orleans metropoli~an area, analysis
of emission data and industrial location patterns revealed that
a much larger area must be considered for an accurate evaluation.
Rather than rerun the diffusion madel with the emission data
~
-------
d~veloped in the Rapid Survey, it was felt that it would be more
valuable to run the analysis at a later date during the cre~tion
of the Region's implementation plan.
In conclusion, the evaluation of engineering factors show
that pollutant emissions are highest in the Baton Rouge to New
Orleans corridor but also affect most other parishes to a sig-
nificant degree.
Use of natural gas has kept fuel combustion
pollution relatively low compared to other metropolitan areas.
Industrial process losses, however, are much higher than the
average region.
Air sampling data is not sufficient to use in
defining the boundaries of the area.
Based on emission data
and industrial plant locations, all of Southern Louisiana should
be treated as one common problem area.
65
-------
66
THE RECOMMENDED REGION
Subject to the scheduled consultation, the Secretary,
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, proposes to
designate a region in the Southern Louisiana-Southeast Texas
area consisting within the State of Louisiana the territory
encompassed by t~e following jurisdictions:
Acadia Parish
Allen Parish
Ascension Parish
Assumption Parish
Avoyelles Parish
Beauregard Parish
Calcasieu Parish
Cameron Parish
East Baton Rouge Parish
East Feliciana Parish
Evangeline Parish
Grant Parish
Iberia Parish
Iberville Parish
Jefferson Parish
Jefferson Davis Parish
Lafayette Parish
Lafourche Parish
Livingston Parish
Orleans Parish
Plaquemines Parish
Pointe Coupee Parish
Rapides Parish
St. Bernard Parish
St. Charles Parish
St. Helena Parish
St. James Parish
St. John the
Baptist Parish
St. Landry Parish
St. Martin Parish
St. Mary Parish
St. Tammany Parish
Tangipahoa Parish
Terrebonne Parish
Vermilion Parish
Vernon Parish
Washington Parish
West Baton Rouge Parish
West Feliciana Parish
As so recommended, the Southern Louisiana portion of the
proposed Southern Louisiana-Southeast Texas Air Qual~ty Control
Region would consist of the territorial area encompassed by the
outermost boundaries of the listed jurisdictions.
The recommended
Region is shown in Figure 19.
'DISCUSSION OF THE PROPOSAL
To be successful, an air quality control region should meet
-------
FIGURE 19.
PROPOSED BOUNDARIES FOR THE SOUTHERN LOUISIANA
PORTION OF THE SOUTHERN LOUISIANA-SOUTNEAST TEXAS 67
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION.
PARISH IDENTTFlCAT10N CODE
J = AC:ldia
~ = A1Il'n
'j -= Ascensinn
4 = Ass1llnptic'n
5 = Avoye lles
(, ;. BC:HIregard
7 = Ca] cas ieu
8 = Camercn
9 = East 'Baton Rouge
10 = East Feliciana
11 = EV:Jngel ine
.12 = Iberia
I'i .-= lberville
J4 ;. Jefferson
15 ;. Jefferson Oavis
16 '" L:d:uyette
] 7 ;. l..lf"urche
IH ~ l.ivingston
1<1 :c. Prleans
.)0 '" P] aqllc1!lines
:.! 1 " Po i nte Cnupee
~~:~ =. Rapidcs
:~]'- :'l. I\ernanl
24 ;. St. Charles
:>.5 ': S t. Hp 1 ena
:~6 ;. St. Jam
27 = St. John
the Baptist
28 = St. Landry
29 = St. Martin
30 -= St. Mary
31 '" St. l'an1Jll;my
32 :: Tangipalw.,
33 :: Tcrreb.'nllc
34 :: Vermilion'
35 :: Vernon
36 = Washington
37 = \.Jest Baton
Rouge
= West Feliciana
\D
C')
.....
p.
p.
.....
CI) If)
N
CI)
.....
CI)
CI)
.....
--
.-.
o
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68
.three basic conditions.
First, its boundari~s should encompass
most pollution sources as well as most peop1~ and property affected
by those sources.
Second, the bound~ries should encompass those
locations where industrial and residential development will create
significant air pollution problems in the future.
Third, the
boundaries should be chosen in a ~ay which is compatible with
and even fosters unified and cooperative governmental administration
of the air resources throughout the region.
The "Evaluation of
~o
Engineering Factors" (beginning with page 45) discussed the first
of these conditions, and the "Evaluation of Urban Factors" (page 1),
the second and third.
The first major consideration, that of including most pollution
sources and receptors, is generally satisfied by examining the
results of, the emission inventory and population densities.
The
maps on pages 57-59 clearly show the problems involved in limiting
the proposed region to a smaller area.
In addition to the very
strong ties in the Baton Rouge-New Orleans industrial corridor,
there are relatively high emission within counties along two
additional axes.
These axes include the Baton Rouge to Alexandria
corridor and the Baton Rouge to Lake Charles corridor.
Finally,
carbon monoxide emission totals are quite high in nearly all
of the western parishes of the proposed region.
The proposed
.region includes all of the major point sources in southern
Louisiana.
Examination of the population totals and densities point
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69
out that most of the r~ceptors (people and property) of the pollution
sources are included within the proposed region.
The population
densities of the six parishes directly outside the northern
boundary of the proposed region--Sabine, Natchitoches, Winn, La Salle,
Catahoula, and Concordia--are in all cases less than the parish
that each borders within the proposed region.
Consideration should
be given to providing the benefits of the regional approach by
including these parishes in one of the two new regions recently
announced for future designation in northern Louisiana.
The second major consideration is directed toward future
population and industrial expansion.
Population growth rates
during the past twenty years have been highest in parishes ~
within the proposed region's outer boundaries.
None of the
parishes adjacent to the proposed northern boundary or even in
the second tier of parishes from this boundary have grown at
a greater population growth rate than the State of Louisiana
has averaged.
However, 16 of the remaining 25 parishes in the
proposed region have had a greater percentage growth rate than
the State average.
As detailed earlier in this report, future
population and industrial growth rate projections are limited.
Nevertheless, industrial and resultant population expansion.
has, and appears likely to continue, occurred along the New Orleans-
Baton Rouge-Lafayette-Lake Charles corridor.
This corridor lies
well within the region's boundaries and thus the second consideration
is satisfied.
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iO
The third objective relates to government administration in
the arca.
Two separate Couneils of Government and four regional
planning commissions are included in their entirety within the
proposed boundaries.
Additionally, Economic Development Districts
exist in all portions of the proposed region.
With one exception,
none of these EDD Councils are split by the proposed region's
boundaries.
The exception is the Kisatchie-Delta EDD Council,
which contains three parishes outside the northern boundary of
the proposed region.
These parishes were riot 'includ~d because
of low population densities and few significant emission sources.
However, consideration should be given at the Consultation to
include these three parishes if warranted to maintain administrative
uniformity.
In summary, the 39-parish area proposed for the northern
Louisiana portion of the Southern Louisiana-Southeast Texas Air
Quality Control Region is considered on the whole to be the most
cohesive and yet inclusive area within ~hich an effective regional
effort can be mounted to prevent and control air pollution in
the southern half of Louisiana.
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