REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
METROPOLITAN CHICAGO INTERSTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
(INDIANA-ILLINOIS)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
National Air Pollution Control Administration
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REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
METROPOLITAN CHICAGO INTERSTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
(INDIANA-ILLINOIS)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PubllC Health Servlce
Consumer Protection and Envlronmental Health Service
Natlonal Air Pollutl0n Control Administration
September 1968
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2
CONTENTS
Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3
lntroduc tion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
Proposed Region............................................... .11
Discussion of Proposal.....................................ll
Evaluation of Engineering Factors............................. .18
Evaluation of Urban Factors.................................... 33
Appendices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61
A.
Emission Inventory..................................... 62
B.
Air Quality Analysis................................... 69
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3
PREFACE
The Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, ~s
d~rected by the A~r Quality Act of 1967 to designate "a~r quality
control reg~ons" to provide a basis for the establishment of air
quality standards and the implementation of air quality control
programs.
In addition to listing the major factors to be considered
~n the development of reg~on boundar~es, the Act stipulates that the
designat~on of a reg~on shall be preceded by consultation with appro-
priate St&te and local authorities.
The Nat~onal Air Pollution Control Administration, DREW, has
conducted a study of the Metropolitan Chicago Area, the results of
which are presented ~n th~s report.
The Region* boundar~es proposed
in this report reflect considerat~on of all available and pertinent
data; however, the boundaries remain subject to revisions suggested
during consultation with State and local author~t~es.
Formal des~gna-
t~on of a Region will follow the consultation meet~ng. e This report is
~ntended to serve as background material for the consultation.
The Admin~stration appreciates ass~stance received either d~rectly
during the course of this study or indirectly during prev~ous act~vit~es
in the Chicago Metropolitan Area from the offic~al air pollut~on agencies,
The Northeastern Illinois Planning Commission, the Lake-Porter County
Regional Transportation and Planning Commission, the Chicago Area Trans-
portat~on Study, and the Plann~ng Departments of Chicago and Gary.
*For the purposes of this
will refer to the Metropol~tan
Region. When not capital~zed,
air quality control regions in
re~ort, the word regionA when cap~talized,
Ch~cago Interstate A~r ~ual~ty Control
unless otherwise noted, ~t will refer to
general.
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4
INTRODUCTION
"For the purpose of establishing ambient air
quality standards pursuant to section 108, and for
administrative and other purposes, the Secretary,
after consultation with appropriate State and local
authorities shall, to the extent feasible, within
18 months after the date of enactment of the Air
Quality Act of 1967 designate air quality control
regions based on jurisd1ctional boundaries, urban-
1ndustrial concentrations, and other factors
including atmospheric areas necessary to provide
adequate implementation of air quality standards.
The Secretary may from time to time thereafter, as
he determines necessary to protect the public health
and welfare and after consultation with appropriate
State and local authorities, revise the designation
of such regions and designate additional air quality
control regions. The Secretary shall immediately
notify the Governor or Governors of the affected
State or States of such designation."
Section 107 (a) (2), Air Quality Act of 1967
THE AIR QUALITY ACT
Air pollution in most of the Nation's urban areas is a regional
problem.
Consistent with the problem, the solution demands coordinated
regional planning and regional effort.
Yet, with few exceptions, such
coordinated efforts are notable by their absence in the Nation's urban
complexes.
Beginning with the Section quoted above, in which the Secretary
is required to designate air quality control regions, the Air Quality
Act presents an approach to a1r pollution control involving closely
coordinated efforts by Federal, State, and local governments, as shown
in Figure 1.
After the Secretary has (1) designated regions, (2) published
air quality criteria, and (3) published corresponding documents on
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States establish plans for Implementation,
HEW designates consldenng factors such as
. EXisting pollutant levels In the region
air qua IIty ~ "Number, location, a~d types of sources
. Meteorology
control regions . Control technology
. Air pollution growth trends
Implementation plans would set forth
~ abatement proced ures, outlining factors
suc has:
States hold . Emission standards for the categories of
HEW develops and ~ sources In the region
publishes air heanngs and r " . How enforcement will be employed to
HEW Insure uniform and coordinated control
quality cntena set air quality reviews action Involving State, local, and regional
-.. --. State - authorities
! based on sCientific standards In the
standards . Abatement schedules for the sources to
I eVidence of air air auallty ~ Insure that air quality standards wll! bE'
I po II uti 0 n effects achieved within a reasonable time
i I ' control regions
l I
.I,
! " "
HEW reviews
HEW prepares State implementation plans
-"
and pu bllshes
Information on I--
States act to control air
available control pollution In accordance with
techniques air quality standards and plans
for Implementation
V1
Figure 1. Flow diagram for State action to control air pollution on a regional basIs
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6
control technology and associated costs, the Governor(s) of the
State(s) must file with the Secretary within 90 days a letter of
intent, indicating that the State(s) will adopt within 180 days
ambient air quality standards for the pollutants covered by the
published criteria and control technology documents and adopt within
an additional 180 days plans for the implementation, maintenance,
and enforcement of those standards in the designated air quality control
regions.
The new Federal legislation provides for a regional attack on
air pollution and, at the same time, allows latitude in the form
which regional efforts may take.
While the Secretary reserves
approval authority, the State(s) involved in a designated region
assumes the responsibility for developing standards and an imp lemen-
tation plan which includes administrative procedures for abatement
and control.
Informal cooperative arrangements with proper safeguards
may be adequate in some regions, whereas in others, more formal ar-
rangements, such as interstate compacts, may be selected.
The ob-
jective in each instance will be to provide effective mechanisms for
control on a regional basis.
PROCEDURE FOR DESIGNATION OF REGIONS
Figure 2 illustrates the procedures used by the National Air
Pollution Control Administration for designating air quality control
regions.
A preliminary delineation of the region is developed by bringing
together two essentially separate studies - the "Evaluation of
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ENGINEERING EVALUATION
II. Eml,~~o~~ Computer 0 utput
~ Pollutant ... Iso-Intensity
i . Meteorology Diffusion Graphs j
I i -.Physlcal Dim Model
,
I
/ I EXisting Air
I
,
~ I Quality
~
\ I Sampling 1
; Data
j
. Preliminary Consultation Formal
.
,
Delineation ... with State ~ Designation
, of and Local by
Regions Officials Secretary-HEW
URBAN FACTORS
. Junsdlctional Boundanes
. Urban-Industnal Concentrations
. Cooperative Regional Arrangements
. Pattern and Rate of Growth
. EXisting State and Local Air
Pollution Control Legislation & Programs
--.J
Figure 2. Flow diagram for the designation of air quality control regions
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8
Engineering Factors," and the "Evaluation of Urban Factors."
The study of "Engineering Factors" indicates the location of
pollution sources and the geographic extent of serious pollutant
concentrations in the ambient air.
pollution sources are located by
an inventory of emissions from automobiles, industrial activities,
space heating, waste disposal, and other pollution generators.
Pollution concentrations in the ambient air are estimated from air
quality sampling data and from a theoretical diffusion model.
When
it exists, air quality sampling data is more reliable than the
theoretical diffusion model results since the data is directly recorded
by pollution measuring instruments.
Unfortunately, in many cases
air quality sampling data is available for only one or two pollutants
measured at an insufficient number of locations.
The theoretical
model is used to supplement inadequate air quality sampling data.
The box labeled "Input" in Figure 2 describes the information
required to apply the diffusion model.
This information consists of data
on the type, quantity, and location of pollution emissions, the
average deDth of air available for mixing and dilution, the frequency
of various wind velocities (direction and speed), and the physical
dimensions of the urban area under study.
Calculations are made with this
information in the next step, labeled "Computer."
The result, or "Output,"
of the diffusion model approach is the estimated pattern of air pollution
caused by the sources of a given pollutant within the area.
These patterns
describe the geographic extent of air pollution in the area and serve as a
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9
guide to the appropriate size of the air quality control region.
As
a whole, the engineering study indicates how large the air quality
control region must be in order to encompass most pollution sources
and most people and property affected by those sources.
The study of "Urban Factors" encompasses all considerations of a
non-engineering nature.
It reviews existing governmental jurisdictions,
current air pollution control programs, present concentrations of pop-
ulation and industry, and expected patterns of urban growth.
Other
non-engineering factors are discussed when they are relevant.
As a
whole, the study of urban factors indicates how large an air quality
control reg~on must be in order to encompass expected growth of pol-
lution sources in the future.
It also considers which group of
governmental jurisdictions will most effectively administer a strong
regional air quality control program.
The conclusions of the engineering study are combined with the
results of the urban factors study to form the basis of an initial
proposal for an air quality control region.
As shown in figure 2,
the proposal is then submitted for consultation with State and local
officials.
After reviewing the suggestions raised during the con-
sultation, the Secretary formally designates the region with a notice
in the Federal Register and notifies the governors of the States
affected by the designation.
The body of this report contains a proposal for the boundaries of
the Metropolitan Chicago Interstate Air Quality Control Region and
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10
supporting studies on engineering and urban factors.
The report
itself is intended to serve as the background document for the
formal consultation with appropriate State and local authorities.
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11
THE PROPOSED REG ION
Subject to the scheduled consultation, the Secretary, Department
of Health, Education, and Welfare, proposes to designate an air quality
control region for the Chicago metropolitan area, consisting of the
following jurisdict~ons:
In the State of Illinois
McHenry County
Lake County
Kane County
Cook County
DuPage County
Will County
In the State of Indiana
Lake County
Porter County
As so proposed, Metropolitan Chicago Interstate Air Quality
Control Region would consist of the territorial area encompassed by the
outermost boundaries of the above counties.
The proposed region is
illustrated in Figure 3.
DISCUSSION OF PROPOSAL
To be successful, all a~r quality control region should meet three
basic conditions.
First, its boundaries should encompass most pollution
sources as well as most people and property affected by those sources.
Second, the boundaries should encompass those locat~ons where industr~al
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WISCONSIN
BOONE
McHENRY
LAKE
."0(.-:.:,"'" ,'.','
DE KALB
:::::: KANE
COOK
DU PAGE
:'::~:::::::::::::::::::::::::::: :.:.:.
KENDALL
LAKE
GRUNDY
KANKAKEE
NEWTON
ILUNOIS
I-'
N
FIGURE 3
PROPOSED BOUNDARY FOR THE
METROPOLITAN CHICAGO INTERSTATE
AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
Region Boundary:
~; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~; ~ ~ ~ ~ ~;~ ~ n n:;: ~
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
LAPORTE
ST. JOSEPH
JASPER
INDIANA
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13
and residential development will create significant air pollution prob-
lems ~n the near future.
Th~rd, the boundaries should be chosen in a
way which is compatible with and even fosters un~fied and cooperative
governmental administration of the air resource throughout the region.
The "Evaluation of Engineering Factors" (discussion beginning
with page 18) is directed toward the first of these conditions and the
"Evaluation of Urban Factors" (page 33)
toward
the second and third.
The "Evaluation of Engineering Factors" indicates that at the
present time most air pollution sources are included with~n the
boundar~es of six counties:
Lake, Cook, Kane, DuPage and Will Counties
~n Illinois and Lake County in Indiana.
Emissions from these sources
directly affect the six counties.
The "Evaluation of Urban Factors"
indicates that the present density of population and industrial activity
is high in Lake, Kane, DuPage, and Cook Counties in Illinois and Lake
County in Indiana.
Furthermore, except ~n the City of Chicago, the
area included by these counties is likely to experience high rates of
growth during the next twenty years.
In light of these facts, it seems
clear that the Metropolitan Chicago Interstate Air Quality Control
Region should include at least s~x counties:
Lake, Cook, Kane, DuPage
and Will Count~es in Illinois and Lake County in Indiana.
These six
counties form the core area of the proposed Region.
Engineering data shows that air pollution is transported in
signif~cant concentrations from the six inner core counties to five
neighboring counties on the periphery of the core area; Porter, Kendall,
LaPorte, McHenry, and Grundy Counties.
The data also indicates that
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14
transpor,t of pollution_affects these five outer counties to yarying
degrees.
In the group above they appear according to decreasing degree
of involvement ~n the Chicago air mass.
, ~va1uation of urban factors revealed that Porter County, the most
affected county in the outer group, is also expected to experience the
highest percentage rate of ~rowth in population and industrial activity
of any county in the area.
In particular, the Burns Harbor Port
development is expected to attract heavy industry into Porter County.
Thus, it seems reasonable to include Porter County in the Air Quality
Control Region, despite the"fact that it is basically rural at ~he
present time.
Kendall County, second ~n the outer group, is a rural county with
sparse population at the present time.
Furthermore, it is expected to
grow at a low rate during the next twenty years.
As a basis for
compar~son, even at the present time Porter County is nearly three t~es
as densely populated as Kendall.
By 1990, Porter is expected to be six
times as densely populated as Kendall.
In other words, Kendall does not
contain many emission sources or people at the present time, and the
situation is unlikely to change much during the next twenty years.
Thus,
even though engineering data ~ndicates that Kendall is affected to some
degree by air pollution from the Chicago area, it Beems advisable to
exclude Kendall from the Air Quality Control Region.
LaPorte County, third in importance in the outer group, had a
population dens~ty slightly higher than Porter's ~n 1960 (157 residents
per square mile compared to 142 residents per square mile).
But
LaPorte is expected to grow at a much slower rate (53% compared to 335%
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15
increase over the period 1960 to 1990).
Therefore, it appears unneces-
sary t? include LaPorte- Co~ty in the Air Quality Control Region for the
same reason Kendall was excluded; at the present time LaPorte does not
contain many, emiss~on sources or people and the situation is not likely
to change much in the near future.
However, t~ere is a possibility that
LaPorte County will grow at a much higher rate than expected, depending
upon the impact of the Burns Harbor Port development located in neigh-
boring Porter County.
If LaPorte experiences accelerated development,
it should be reconsidered sometime in the future for inclusion in the
Air Quality Control Region.
MCHenry County, fourth in importance in the outer group, is less
densely populated than LaPorte County at the present time, but is
expected to grow somewhat mor~ quickly.
If only engineering data and
demographic proJections are considered, it might seem unnecessary to
include MCHenry in the Air Quality Control Region.
However, for more
than a decade McHenry has been part of the pla~ning region and has
cooperated with planning efforts in the Chicago Metropolitan area.
Therefore, it seems appropriate to include it in the Region in order to
maintain and foster regional cooperat~on and coordination among county
governments.
The inclusion of McHenry County will promote the goal of
unified and effective governmental administration of air pollution
control in the Chicago area.
Grundy County, least affected of the counties in the outer group,
is even less densely populated than Kendall at the present time and
is expected to grow at an even slower pace.
Thus, for the same reason
that Kendall and LaPorte were eXI'luded from the Air Quality Control
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16
Region, it seems reasonable not to include Grundy.
In conclusion, the core area of the proposed Metropolitan Chicago
Interstate Air Quality Control Region consists of six counties:
Lake,
Cook, Kane, DuPage and Will in Illinois, and Lake in Indiana.
Porter
County was included in the proposed region due to- its high expected
growth rate and the probable development of heavy industry within its
boundaries.
Kendall, LaPorte, and Grundy were excluded due to low
population density at the present time and low expected growth rates.
McHenry was included in recognition of existing planning regions and
ongoing governmental cooperation.
Counties located further from the
Chicago urban center were excluded because they are not significantly
affected.
As is true of most efforts to draw boundaries around an area to
differentiate it from its surroundings, there is always a likelihood
of boundary conditions existing or developing.
In the case of Air
Quality Control Regions, such a boundary condition would exist where
sources of pollution on one side of the region boundary affect in some
real way air quality on the other side of the boundary. Relocating the
boundary would only rarely provide relief from this condition. The
solution is to be found in the way in which control efforts are imple-
mented following the designation of an Air Quality Control Region.
Consonant with the basis objective of providing desirable air quality
within the problem area being designated as an Air Quality Control Region,
the implementation plan that follows the designation should have provi-
sions for the control of sources located close to but beyond the region
boundaries.
The level of control for such sources would be a function of,
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17
among other factors, the degree to which emissions from sources cause
air quality levels to exceed the standards chosen for application
within the Air Qual~ty Control Region.
The remaining two sections of this report describe the in~tial
evaluation of urban and engineering factors.
Each is, as much as
possible, independent of the other -- with respect to both subject and
conclusion.
As this discussion has indicated, the final proposal is
based upon both studies where there was agreement among them and upon
the balancing of the two where the two had differing conclusions.
The
Region proposed herein is considered on the whole to be the most
cohesive and yet inclusive area within which an effective regional
effort can be mounted to prevent and control air pollution in the two-
state urban area surrounding Chicago.
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EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS
The engineering evaluation was based in part on diffusion model
calculations using input data of air pollution emissions and meteorology
to calculate theoretical air quality levels.
These results were compared
with available measured a1r quality data.
Additional sources of infor-
mation data were the "Technical Report Number 6" of the Northeastern
Illinois Planning Commissionl, "Air Quality Data, State of I11inois"2,
and "Air Pollution Measurements of the National Air Sampling Network"~-6
.
and local air pollution control agencies.
EMISSIONS INVENTORY
The Rapid Survey Technique? emission inventory, conducted by the
National Air Pollution Control Administration*, developed estimates of
emissions for three major po11utants--particu1ates, carbon monoxide,
and sulfur oxides.
The results, presented in Tables A-1 through A-3,
Appendix A, page 64
, served as a basis for the diffusion model cal-
cu1ations.
The annual estimated emissions of each of the three pollutants
were converted to average daily emissions and separated by source
category for three different time periods--annua1, winter, and summer--
by apportioning according to heating-degree days those emissions which
\
vary as a function of heating season?
(Table A-4, Appendix A).
Annual average emission densities, expressed in tons/day/mi1e2,
*Air Quality Emissions Data Program, National Air Pollution Control
Administration, Public Health Service, U. S. Department of Health,
Education, and Welfare.
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19
were determined for each of the three pollutants by relating the total
quantiti of pollutants emitted in each of the reporting zones to the
land area of each zone.
-The resulting emission densities are presented
graphically in Fig~res 4-7;
Because sulfur oxide emissions change con-
sid~rably during the heating season, Figure 7 was included to show
sULtur-oxide emissions densities for an average winter space-heating
-
day, (December, January, and February);,
T~e pattern of pa:ticulate, carbo~ monoxide, and sulfur oxide
emissions show the geographic extent of the air pollution emission
sources.
The particulate emission densities indicate primarily the
extent of industrial, heating, power, ang incineration sources.
Figure 4 shows high particulate emission densities in the central
Chicago metropolitan area, primarily the result of winter commercial
space heating.
The hi~?ly industrialized area of Southeast Chicago
and East,Chicago-Northwest Gary registers high particulate emissions,
,
primarily from steel mills, power plants, and foundries.
The parti-
culate density in the East Chicago-Northw~st Gary area is substantially
higher than the density in central Chicago due to heavy industrial
point sources.
Carbon monoxide emission densities primarily indicate the impact
of motor vehicle emissions~ (Figure 5).
Over 92 percent7 of all carbon
monoxide emitted in the Chicago area comes from motor vehicles, com- ,
pared to 79 percent for the Gary metropolitan area.
This comparison'
indicates that stationary sources in the Gary area are significant
emitters of carbon monoxide.
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WISCONSIN
BOONE
McHENRY
DE KALB
KANE
KENDALL
GRUNDY
lLUNOIS
LAKE
LAKE
MICHIGAN
N
o
MICHIGAN
LAPORTE
WILL
KANKAKEE
NEWTON
JASPER
I . . , , , . J I
o
16
ST. JOSEPH
o 0.00 - 0 50
m 0.50 - 1.00
~ 1.00 - 2.00
. :> 2.00
32 m1les
l'A In' A It.. I A Figure 4. Particulate emission
IVL.ll~/V~ density, tons/day/mile2,
average annual space heating day
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WISCONSIN
McHENRY
BOONE
DE KALB
LAXE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
KENDALL
LAPORTE
ST. JOSEPH
WILL
PORTER
NEWTON
JASPER
o 0.00 - 0.50
m 0.50 - 1.00
~ 1. 00 - 4 00
. ~ 4.00
o . . , i6' , . 3'2 miles
GRUNDY
KANKAKEE
lLUNOIS
INDIANA Figure 5. C02emisS1on density,
tons/day/m1le , average annual
space heating day
N
f-'
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WISCONSIN
BOONE
McHENRY
DE KALB
KANE
KENDALL
GRUNDY
f ILUNOIS
N
N
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
LA PORTE, ST." JOSEPH
WILL
o 0.00 - 0.50
m 0.50 - 1.00
~ 1.00 - 2.00
.:::::>2 00
KANKAKEE
NEWrON
JASPER
I J I , I I , I ,
o 16 32 m11es
INDIANA Figure 6 SOxem1ssion density
tons/day/mi1e2 average '1
, annua
space heat1ng day. .
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WISCONSIN
BOONE
McHENRY
DE KALB
KANE
KENDALL
GRUNDY
ILUNOIS
WILL
KANKAKEE
NEWTON
LAAt:.
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
LAPORTE
JASPER
I , ,
o
INDIANA
ST. JOSEPH
o 0.00"- 0.50
rn 0.50 - 1.00
~ 1.00 - 2.00
. :::;>2 00
16
32 miles
Figure 7. SOx em1SS10n dens1 t
tons!day!m11e2, average winter;
space heating day. N
w
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24
The sulfur oxide emission densities illustrate the distribution
of fuel burning actlvities at private, commercial, industrial, or
governmental establishments and power plants.
The annual sulfur
oxide emission density map, Figure 6, shows high concentrations in the
central metropolitan-southern industrial Chicago area.
These high
densities extend into the East Chicago, Hammond, and Gary metropolitan
industrial area.
The average winter sulfur oxide emission density map,
Figure 7, shows higher densitles extending into the remainder of Cook,
DuPage, and eastern Wlll Counties.
These emlssions are primarily re-
lated to residential-indus trial-commercial space heating.
A map showing the major pOlnt sources of particulate and sulfur
dioxide emissions is shown in Figure A-l, Appendix A.
DIFFUSION MODEL RESULTS
, '
While the geographic 'distr~bution of pollutant emissions and
sources illustrate clearly tne core area ~f the air pollution problem,
it does not, by itself, provide complete insight as to the extent of
influence of the combined sources on the people and property located
outside the highly urbanized portion of the Chicago-Gary metropolitan
areas.
Thus, a study of air quality levels, measured or estimated, is
useful in determining which areas are affected by the pollution sources,
and thus are candidates for inclusion in the air quality region.
Such
analysis can be based directly on air quality sampling data in those
instances where the sampling program covers a large enough area, i.e.
extending near proposed regional boundaries under study.
Such air
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25
quality data, measured over a time period long enough to provide a
reliable pattern, rarely exists.
It becomes necessary then to estimate
prevailing air quality through use of the diffusion model technique. 8,9,10
A description of the diffusion model used in this study, the
meteorologic~l data input, the diffusion model results, and measured
air quality levels are shown in detail in Appendix B.
The diffusion
model results concerning the metropolitan Chicago Interstate Air Quality
Control Region are discussed below.
By estimating the patterns of dispersion of the three major pol-
lutants, 802' particulates, and carbon monoxide, the diffusion.model
technique provides a guide as to a possible minimum boundary for the
region but does not dictate the exact boundary location.
By way of
example, if significant concentrations of one or more of the three
pollutants in a county contiguous to a major urbanized area, is a
result or carryover from the core area, this would indicate the county
is involved in an area-wide problem.
This county, then, should be
considered for inclusion in the air quality control region, especially
when the county also contributes to the air pollution in the core area.
The final decision, however, should be based on joint consideration of
non-engineering as well as engineering factors.
Particulates
The diffusion model estimates of theoretical particulate concen-
trations may be less than ideal for two reasons:
1)
they do not in-
clude an allowance for background concentrations; and, 2)
they are
based on an emission inventory that estimates total particulate
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26
em1ssions, and therefore, do not. account for deposition of the larger
particles.
The first would cause the model est1mate to be lower than
measured concentrations, and the second would cause the estimate to be
higher than measured concentrations of suspended particulates;- however,
theoretical results compare quite well with measured air quality data. -
Theoretical results for suspended particulate levels show only
minor variation from a seasonal standpoint, (Figures B-2 through B-4,
Appendix B).
Comparing the annual theoretical suspended particulate
values," Figure 8, with annual measured suspended particulate values,
Figure B-5, Appendix B, good agreement exists on the 100 pg/m3 contour
~
line except where the measured- 100 pg/m} isoline extends further west
1nto Will, Kendall, and Kane Counties.
This difference is probably due
to the influence of some major point sources in central W1ll County,
shown 1n Figure A~l, Appendix A.
The 'diffusion model results tend to over-estimate suspended parti-
culate values inside the 100 pg/m3 contour line and under-estimate
values outside this contour line.
Because of this discrepancy between
theoret1cal and observed values 1t is difficult-to assign a constant
which adjusts theoretical to observed values.
Available data shows
the 75 pg/m3 measured suspended ~artic~late level to be the lim1t for
the area most affected by particulate emissions in the Chicago-Gary
The 40 pg/m3 "theoret1cal 1soline corresponds
metropol1tan area.
graphically to this measured level.
Using these two related levels as
guidelines for determining boundaries the following cuunties are affected
on a summer, winter, or annual basis:
Lake, Cook, Will, McHenry, Kane,
DuPage, Kendall, and Grundy, in Ill1nois; and Lake, Porter, and LaPorte,
in Ind1ana.
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-'\
WIStONSL
BOONE
2'0
, MICHIGAN
ST. JOSEPH
Figure - 8. -Theoretical
particulate concentrat10n-- g/m3
annual average P,
KANKAKEE
NEWTON
, JASPER
I ,
I I I I
16
32 m1les
o
INDIANA
ILLINOIS
,,",,
'-I
-------
28
Carbon Monoxide
The results of the theoretical diffusion model estimates for
carbon monoxide concentrations during the three seasonal conditions
are presented in Figures B-6 through B-9 in Appendix B, page 78
For the-purpose of showing the relative distribution of CO levels, the
model estimates are adequate, but to draw ~ny conclusions on regional
boundaries based on theoretical carbon monoxide levels a conversion
factor must be applied to the theoretical diffusion model results.
The
d~ffusion model results tend to be lower than measured carbon monoxide
levels, since the diffusion model does not reflect the built-up nature
of the urban are? in which-most of the CO is emitted and measured.
The
model assumes that the pollutant has more immediate space to disperse
than is the actual case.
In addition, CO measurements are made at sel-
,
, ected locations nea~ busy streets.
In the previous two Regions,
Washington, D. C., and New Jersey-New York-Connecticut, factors, 3.5
,
and 4.5 respectively, were applied to the theoretical results to bring
- "
measured and theoretical results into agreement.
These factors were
arrived at by comparing the theoretical values with measured results.
Taking the above information into consideration, and comparing the
theoretical and measured results in the metropolitan Chicago area,
a factor of 5 was derived and then applied to the average summer day
theoretic~l diffusion model results to give "adjusted" CO concentrations,
(Figure 9).
Theoretical diffusion model results for an average summer
day were chosen because this gave the pighest theoretical results among
the three seasons considered, and consequently affecting the largest area.
II
-------
WISCONSIN
~
McHENRY
DE KALE
0.5
0.4
lLUNOIS
0.4
F~gure 9. Adjusted Theoretical
CO concentrat~on-_ppm, based on
mean summer em~ss~on levels.
NEWTON
JASPER
I .
. .
32 mdes
16
o
INDIANA
N
\D
-------
30
Using the CO contour line of one ppm* for an average summer day
as a guide to the region boundary, the following counties are affected:
Lake, Cook, Will, McHenry, Kane, DuPage, and Kendall in Illinois; and
Lake and Porter in Ind1ana.
Sulfur Oxides
The results of the theoretical diffusion model estimates for sulfur
oxides for mean annual, summer, and winter conditions are presented in
Figures B-9 through B-ll in Appendix B.
A 3-hour half-life, (to allow
for the atmospheri~ r~action of SO into other sulfur compounds), was
x
applied to the initial output of the model because it gave the best
correlation with sampling data, (F1gure B-13).
The 0.01 ppm SO contour line for the 3-hour half-life diffusion
x
model results is considered an appropriate level for determining reg-
ional boundaries.
The 0.01 ppm SO level has been pointed out as the
x
average annual concentration at which human health begins to show signs
of deterioration.
It 1S also assumed that this level is close to the
background level in highly urbanized areas. This 0.01 contour l~ne, for
a mean annual condition (Figure 10) extends through, or encompasses the
following counties:
Lake, Cook, Will, McHenry, Kane, DuPage, Kendall,
and Grundy in Illinois; and Lake and Porter in Indiana.
This contour
line also extends into LaPorte County, Indiana for a mean summer con-
dition.
*l~pm of CO 1S assumed to be close to the background level 1n most
highly urbanized areas; this value at the outskirts of an area, then
might be used as a starting point in defining the area affected by
sources within the region.
-------
\
WISCONSIN
McHENRY
BOONE
DE KALB
MICHIGAN
LAPORTE
igure 10. Theoretical SOx
concentrat10n--ppm, mean annual
3 hour half life. '
JASPER
I I , 1 I I I , I
o 16
32 miles
ILUNOIS
INDIANA
W
I-'
-------
32
SUMMARY OF ENGINEERING EVALUATION
Particulates:
The 75 pg/m3 contour line extends near, through, or encompasses
e~ght Ill~no~s Count~es (Lake, Cook, W~ll, McHenry, Kane, DuPage, Kendall,
and Grundy); and three counties ~n Indiana
(Lake, Porter, and LaPorte) .
Carbon Monoxide:
The 1 ppm contour line encompasses or extends near, through, or
encompasses seven Ill~nois count~es (Lake, Cook, Will, McHenry, Kane,
DuPage, and Kendall) and two count~es in Ind~ana
(Lake and Porte~) .
Sulfur Oxides:
The 0.01 ppm countour l~ne extends near, through or encompasses
e~ght Illlnois count~es (Lake, Cook, Will, McHenry, Kane, DuPage,
Kendall, and Grundy) and three Ind~ana countles (Lake, Porter, and
LaPorte).
Conclus~on:
Through the use of a d~ffus~on model one can estimate the concen-
tration of alr pollutants at var~ous locations.
Thus, if there is any
indication that the above pollutant levels ex~st ~n counties surrounding
the Metropolitan Chicago urban areas on a summer, wlnter, or annual basis,
those counties should be considered for ~nclusion in the alr quality
control Reg~on.
The eng~neering evaluation indicates that eight countles
in Illino~s (Lake, Cook, W~ll, McHenry, Kane, DuPage, Kendall, and
Grundy) and three count~es ~n Indiana
(Lake, Porter, ~nd LaPorte)
should be cons~dered for inclusion ln the Region.
-------
33
URBAN FACTORS
The second condition for alr quality control region boundaries
requires that they encompass antlcipated future development of industrlal
and residential land.
Projections for lndustrial and resldentlal
development in the Chicago-Gary metropolltan area demonstrate that most
of the growth WhlCh is llkely to occur during the next ten to fifteen
years will be located in an eight county area surrounding Chicago and
Gary.
Figure 11 shows population denslty in the Chicago-Gary area by
county according to the 1960 census.
Figure 12 registers the expected
absolute population growth (number of additlonal resldents per square
mile from 1960 to 1990) by county.
Figure l} shows the expected
populatlon density in 1990, by county.
See note 1 for an explanation
of the sources of population projections,page 58.
The statlstlcs presented in these flgures are only approximations
but are indicative of present and expected future changes in density
of populatlon.
They show that the City of Chicago, which is already
populated densely, will probably reglster llttle or no growth durlng
the next twenty years.
On the other hand, absolute population growth
will be very high in the suburbs immediately surrounding the City of
Chicago.
DuPage and suburban portlons of Cook County will have approx-
imately 2,000 more residents per square mlle in 1990 than they did in
1960.
Porter and Lake Counties ln Indlana and Kane and Lake Counties
in Illinois will also experlence large absolute increases ln population;
approximately 500 addltional resldents per square mile by 1990.
Although
-------
w
~
WISCONSIN
Figure 11. 1960 POPULATION DENSITY
BOONE
72
McHENRY
138
Residents Per Square Mile
GRUNDY
S2
kJilii;i}j
k,::::,;,1
I::::J
less than 1,000, more than 300
more than 1,000
DE KALB
81
....,.......................'
>,......,....................
.........,...................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
..................,...,......
.............................
............................
.::}1tanMWlll:r-:::;
less than 300
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
LA PORTE
KENDALL
55
157
WILL
226
.KANKAKEE
136
STARKE
58
NEWTON
JASPER
34
28
INDIANA
ILUNOIS
-------
WISCONSIN
BOONE
McHENRY
............-...........,..
.................""''''''''
'::::,':::::::::::::::::.':::::.
.............................
DE KALB
KENDALL
GRUNDY
ILUNOIS
Figure 12.
POPULATION GRQWTH FROM 1960 TO 1990
EXPRESSED IN ABSOLUTE TERMS
"""""''''''''''''''''''''''
.......-.........................
.................................
............,.,.................
................................,
1111,
'Additional-Residents Per Square Mile
WiiliM more than 1,000;
r~\:9 less than 1,000 but more than 400;
c::J less than 400;
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
LA PORTE
ST. JOSEPH
WILL
KANKAKEE
NEWTON
JASPER
INDIANA
w
VI
-------
W
0'\
WISCONSIN
BOONE
166
DE KALB
146
':::::::..................""
........................,....
KENDALL
113
GRUNDY
80
Figure 13. 1990 POPULATION DENSITY
Residents Per Square Mile
iii more than 1,000;
r:::::::::::::::::1 less than 1,000. but more than 300;
[:=J less than 300;
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
.;:::::::::::::::::
..........,........
,.,.........""'"
...................
,..............,..
.......,...........
..,.........,....,.
............,......
.......,.....,.....
LA PORTE
240
11(1111"
"11;\64"~:;I\i
STARKE
82
KANKAKEE
280
NEWTON
30
JASPER
43
ILLINOIS
INDIANA
-------
37
the absolute growth of McHenry and Wlll Counties is likely to be less
than the absolute growth of the more densely populated counties just
mentioned, population growth expressed in percentage terms for Will
and McHenry will be very hlgh.
It is expected to average about 35%
per decade, which wlll be higher than the percentage growth rate of
Kane, Lake, and suburban Cook areas.
Thus, by 1990 the City of Chicago will stlll have about 16,000
residents per square mile as it does today.
Suburban areas of Cook
County are expected to have a population density greater than 4,000
residents per square mile, while DuPage County is expected to surpass
the 1960 population density of suburban areas in Cook County wlth 2,700
residents per square mile.
Lake County, Illinois, and Lake County,
Indiana, are expected to approach the 1960 population density of suburban
Cook County, while Kane, Will, and Porter Counties wlll attaln densltles
comparable to the 1960 population level in Lake County, Illinols.
All
of these areas wlll have 550 or more residents per square mile by 1990.
The expected growth pattern wlll tend to erase the population density
difference between the clties of Chicago and Gary relative to the
surroundlng areas.
Thus, during the next twenty years, most of the
population growth in the Chicago-Gary area will take place in seven
counties; Lake, Kane, Cook, DuPage and Wlll Countles in Illinois and
Lake and Porter Counties ln Indlana.
None of the countles in Illlnois
and Indiana surrounding these seven counties is likely to even approach
signiflcant populatl0n growth, with the posslble exceptl0n of McHenry.
Slnce human activity is the ultimate cause of alr pollution,
-------
38
populat1on growth statistics often indicate the location of growing a1r
pollution emissions.
For example, growth of em1ssions from residential
space heating are closely related to population growth.
Figures 14 and
15 illustrate this by showing the percent of land in residential use
in 1960 and the expected increase in resident1al land use to 1995.
These
statistics indicate that growth in res1dential land use will parallel
the expected growth 1n populat10n; the bulk of the growth will occur in
the suburban areas surrounding Chicago and Gary.
Resident1al land
use, in turn, 1S d1rectly related to space heating emissions.
As another
example, population growth in suburban areas signals the probable
increase of emiSS10ns from automobiles.
F1gure 16 ind1cates the density
of automobile reg1strations in 1966 by county.
Automobile registrations
1n future years will undoubtedly rise with population growth 1n the suburbs.
The general conclusion to be drawn from these stat1stics is that
the major portion of populat10n growth, and the accompanying growth of
certain air pollution em1ssion sources, will be located w1thin seven
count1es surrounding Ch1cago and Gary.
Expected industrial development is another ind1cator of where
air pollution emissions are likely to increase.
Figure 17 shows the
present location of industrial activity in McHenry, Lake, Kane, DuPage,
Cook, Will, Lake, and Porter Counties.
Figure 18 shows the manufacturing
employment density for 1965 in six northeast Illinois counties, based
on the location of the manufacturing plant.
Figure 19 indicates 1960
manufacturing employment density for the whole Chicago-Gary metropolitan
area based on the location of the employee's residence.
These figures
indicate the general pattern of existing industrial activity.
It is
-------
WISCONSIN
4%
Figure 14.
1964 RESIDENTIAL LAND USE
McHENRY
LAKE
4%
11%
Percent Of Land In Residential Use
KANE
COOK
11%
DU PAGE
17%
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
WILL
INDIANA
ILUNOIS
VJ
1.0
-------
WISCONSIN .p-
o
McHENRY LAKE Figure 15. GROWTH IN RESIDENTIAL LAND USE
29% 1964 - 1995
31%
Percent Increase Per Decade
KANE COOK
30%
DU PAGE
23% LAKE
MICHIGAN MICHIGAN
WILL
43%
INDIANA
ILUNOIS
-------
WISCONSIN
, Figure 16.
BOONE
36
McHENRY
80
':,'::.':::::::,':::::::::,'::.'::: [[[
:::: [[[ ~~~~~tittttj~i~~tI~~~~~~~i1Ij~r~;~~~~jK~itij~j~1~~~i~{t~ijMtt..
...,......".................. ',',',',',',','."'.',',',',',',',',',',',',',',',',',',"',',',',',',',',',','.'.'.','.',"".',',',',',',','."'.,
DE KALB
39
KENDALL
32
GRUNDY
24
KANKAKEE
56
NEWTON
12
ILUNOIS
DENSITY OF PASSENGER CAR REGISTRATIONS
IN 1966
Car Registrations Per Square Mile
-
j::::::::::::::::::::d
I I
more than 500;
less than 500 but more than 100;
less than 100;
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
LA.PORTE
67
................................,......
.....................................,
.......................................
......................................
............................."........
................. "~""""""""'"
-------
42
.
.
McHENRY LAKE
. , - I,
~ FIGURE 17
. .
INDUSTRIALIZED AREAS OF
.
METROPOLITAN CHICAGO
KANE
2 ~ ~
. PORTER
.
LAKE
. WILL .
.
-------
WISCONSIN.
McHENRY
23
"""""""""""""'"
",...."..,.........,........
"""""""""'"''''''''
"""""""""""""""
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"""""""""""""""
:::~:?f4Iffl(.fff[:::::.
1111111111111
ILUNOIS
Figure 18.
""'........................,':.
.................................
................................
... """"" ..... """"""'"
~rrrr~:11111~r
~ilj:@!!1;itll!"t
DU PAGE
49
WILL
26
1965 MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT DENSITY
By Location of Employer Plant
Manufacturing Employees Per Square Mile:
l1li
more than 100;
t::::::::::..:::::::::1 less than 100 but more than 50;
I less than 50;
LAKE .:
. MICHIGAN
..MICHIGAN
INDIANA
..,..
w
-------
~
~
WISCONSIN
Figure 19.
1960 MANUFACTURING EMPLOYMENT DENSI1Y
BOONE
11
McHENRY
18
............,......,............
.................,...............
....... '............ ..... .......
.....,...........................
.................,..............
!lllllltlll::.
By Location of Employee Residence
Manufacturing Employees Per Square Mile:
10
III}
I»~?l
c:=J
less than 100 but more than SO;
more than 100;
DE KALB
less than 50;
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
KENDALL
8
LA PORTE
23
.......,...........,......,...........
....... ,.. ,.,...... ,_.... .....,.... ....
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............................,.........
,...........".,.....,............""
................................."...
...,......................""""""
:;iIJ\!iliir
WILL
29
GRUNDY
7
KANKAKEE
15
NEWTON
2
JASPER
2
INDIANA
ILLINOIS
-------
45
apparent that industry is concentrated most heavily ln Cook County in
Illinois and Lake County in Indlana.
Lake and Kane Counties in Illinois
also have significant levels of industrial activity.
It is interestlng
to note that due to Elgin and Aurora, Kane County has a heavier lndustrial
base than DuPage, even though DuPage is closer to Chicago.
In fact,
it appears from comparison of Figure 18 and Figure 19 that many manufacturlng
employees reside in DuPage but commute to Cook and Kane in order to work.
Figure 17 reveals a buffer rlng of relatively non-industrial area
formed by the outer portlons of the eight most urban countles.
This
buffer ring appears to surround the concentrated industrial areas near
the urban centers.
Flgure 20 shows the expected absolute growth of manufacturing
employment for six counties in Illinois from 1965 to 1995.
Table 1
lists the expected increase in manufacturing land use for these six
counties.
Figure 21 lndicates the density of new capital expenditures
on manufacturing plant for 1963 by county for the entire Chicago area.
Since capltal expendltures vary widely from year to year, these last
statistics can serve only as approximate indicators of industrial
development trends.
This series of figures anticipates major industrial
growth in Cook and DuPage Counties, with Lake (Illinois) and Kane
experiencing moderate industrial growth.
Unfortunately, industrial
activity forecasts for Indiana by county are not available.
However,
regarding this topic the Indiana Employment Security Division has
forecast important changes in the Porter County economy resulting from
the Burns Harbor Port project in that county.
According to the forecast,
-------
WISCONSIN
McHENRY
20
ILLINOIS
................................
....,...........................
.................................
...........,.........,..,.......
..................,..,..........,
IIII##¥!tttttrI
~'r"l!i"f:,i"'11\
WILL
12
.I:'-
0'
20. GROWTH OF MANUFACTIJRING EMPLOYMENT FRa.1 1965 TO 1995
Expressed, In Absolute Terms
Additional Manufacturing Employees Per Square Mile:
-
k»d
c=:J
more than 75;
less than 75 but more than 30;
less than 30;
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
INDIANA
-------
47
TABLE 1 .
MANUFACTURING LAND USE IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS BY COUNTY,
1964 AND PROJECTIONS FOR 1985
MANUFACTURING LAND
Square Ml1es Percent
COUNTY 1964 1985 Increase Change
Lake 3.3 9.4 6.1 +184.9
McHenry 1.2 5.7 4.5 +375.0
Kane 2.6 10.4 7.8 +300.0
DuPage 2.6 7.2 4.6 +176.9
Will 4.3 7.7 3.4 + 79.1
Cook 27.5 43.5 16.0 + 58.2
Postal Zone
Chicago 11.0 17.0 6.0 + 54.5
Suburban
Cook 16.5 26.5 10.0 + 60.6
Northeastern
Illinois 41.5 83.9 42.4 +102.2
Source: 1964 Metropolitan Planning Guidelines: Land Use
Northeastern I11inols Planning Cornmlsslon, 1965
-------
WISCONSIN
BOONE
4
DE KALB
7
McHENRY
8
KENDALL
11
GRUNDY
3
ILUNOIS
.j:-.
(X)
Figure 21.
DENSITY OF NEW INDUSTRIAL CAPITAL EXPENDITURES FOR 1963
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.............. .....
................. .
.............. .,..,
... .......... .....
........... ,_. .....
............. .....
.................. .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
.................. .
........"""'" .
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
"""",'t.::k~:""""""'"
111:111111111111111111:'"..
WILL
15
KANKAKEE .
10
NEWTON
o
Thousands of Dollars Per Square Mile:
It\\\tl\}t\t}:1
k/»I
I I
more than 100;
less than 100 but more than 50;
less than 50;
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
LA PORTE
16
ST. JOSEPH
27
JASPER
o
INDIANA
-------
49
the rural tradition of Porter County will be signif1cantly altered by
the Burns Harbor Port.
Already Midwest Steel Divis10n of the National
Steel Company has announced plans to bU1ld a plant in Porter County
which will nearly double Midwest's f1n1sh1ng capacity.
Bethlehem Steel
is planning a completely integrated plant for the Burns Harbor area.
These basic steel production plans will attract many assoc1ated steel
fabricators and manufacturers.
The resulting basic industr1al base
and the port transportation fac1lities will 1nduce other 1ndustrial
and commercial enterprises to locate in the Burns Harbor area.
The general conclus10n to be drawn from the above data 1S that
the bulk of jndustrial growth in the Chicago area during the next twenty
years w111 occur 1n Cook, DuPage, Kane, and Lake Counties in Il11no1s
and in Lake and Porter Counties in Ind1ana.
Growth of heavy industry
in Porter County 1S likely to be especially rapid.
Will and McHenry
Counties w111 probably exper1ence moderate industrial growth during the
next twenty years.
The buffer r1ng of non-industrialized area mentioned
above w1ll probably continue to surround the industrial core areas.
Thus, economic and populat1on forecasts seem to 1nd1cate that during
the next twenty years most of the res1dential and industr1al development
in the Chicago area will take place with1n seven counties - Lake, Kane,
DuPage, Cook, and Will in Il11nois, and Lake and Porter in Indiana.
McHenry approaches elig1bil1ty for this list.
The third condition for air quality control region boundar1es
requires that they should be compat1ble with and even foster the
development of a governmental un1t to adm1n1ster an effective air
-------
50
quality control program.
Recent developments concerning the Northeastern
Illinois Planning Commission (NIPC) and the Lake Porter County Regl0nal
Transportation and Planning Commission (hereafter referred to as the
Lake Porter Commission) suggest that an eight-county region would be
the most natural one for a unified governmental approach to air quality
control.
These recent events have culminated the gradual emergence of
regional planning in the Chicago area over a period of forty years.
As early as 1925 the Chicago Regional Planning Associatlon was established
as a non-governmental corporation for the purpose of conductlng regional
studies and coordlnating local development plans.
The study area of
this association included Lake, Porter, and LaPorte Countles in Indiana
and three counties in Wisconsin as well as nine counties in Northeastern
Illinois. Responding to rapld growth in the Chicago region in the period
followlng World War II, during 1957, the Illlnois legislature established
the Northeastern Illinols Planning Commisslon, and granted it authority
to conduct research, coordinate development plans, and prepare a compre-
hensive plan for the six northeast Illinois Counties, McHenry, Lake,
Kane, DuPage, Cook, and Will.
The Commlssl0n's authority is advisory
rather than operational ln nature.
Its findlngs and proposals do not
have binding force on local government.
However, NIPC's authority
is considerably enhanced by the provisions in section 701 of the Housing
Act and 204 of the Model Citles Act, which require that applications
for Federal grants under those two programs include an assessment from a
deslgnated planning agency of the compatibility of the applicant's
plan with existing plans for the plannlng area.
Although the planning
agency's approval is not a prerequisite for Federal approval of an
-------
51
application, the planning agency's assessment is usually a significant
factor in the Federal decisl0n.
NIPC is financed almost entirely wlth
voluntary approprlations from various governmental units.
The Commission
does not have taxing power or any source of guaranteed fixed income.
During recent years NIPC's annual budget has been somewhat over $400,000;
about 50% of the budget has been funded by local government, about
35% by the Federal government, and about 15% by the State of Illinois.
The Lake Porter County Regl0nal Transportation and Planning Commlssion
is NIPC's counterpart on the Indiana slde of the State boundary.
ThlS
Commissl0n was established by State leglslation during January 1967.
Its authority and responsibillties are slmilar to those of NIPC:
to
conduct studies, to reVlew local plans and applicatl0ns for Federal
funds, and to develop a comprehensive plan for the region.
The Lake
Porter Commission's 1968 budget of $172,000 was financed by a 30 cents
per capita tax on residents of Lake and Porter Counties.
During 1967 the Lake Porter Commission and NIPC jointly established
and Interstate Coordinating Commlttee to review plans and appllcatl0ns
for Federal funds which have interstate implication.
The Coordinating
Committee is supported by finances and staff from the two planning
agencies.
In the course of its one-year existence, it has reviewed a
signlficant number of applications for Federal grants and planning
proposals.
This year of activity has provided a base for interstate
planning cooperation in the future.
In addition, the Chicago Area Transportation Study, an organization
which has greatly influenced transportation plannlng in Chicago since
-------
52
its inception in 1955, 1S invest1gating the possibi11ty of a cooperative
agreement with NIPC and the Lake Porter Commission.
This cooperative
arrangement would provide for joint data acqu1sition, joint planning
efforts, and sharing of staff.
These developments indicate a growing
interest 1n and capability for regional planning 1n the Chicago-Gary
area.
In addition to these developments in the regional p1ann1ng field,
there have been two regional stud1es which have focused specif1ca1ly on
air pollution.
From 1957 to 1959 the Indiana State Board of Health and
the Illinois Department of Pub11C Health collaborated with Purdue
University to produce a report entitled "Bistate Study of A1r Pollution
in the Chicago Metropolitan Area."
The study area included five counties
1n I1lino1s (Lake, Kane, Cook, DuPage, and Will) and Lake County in
Ind1ana.
The report rev1ewed the results of previous studies dea11ng
w1th air po11ut10n in the Chicago area, outlined the existing State
legislation applicable to air pollution control, and discussed various
em1ssion sources 1n the area.
From 1964 to 1967 NIPC conducted a study of air pol1ut10n in
Northeastern Illinois.
The report of this study, 'Nanaging the Air
Resource in Northeastern I111nois," investigated the five main sources
of pollution, the health effects of pollution, the transport of pollution,
the measured air quality, the level of public concern, and the relationship
between air quality control and comprehensive planning.
Commenting on
exist1ng air pollution control programs, the 1967 report stated;
"Under Illinois law, authority to deal with air pollution is
div1ded between mun1c1pa1ities, counties and the state.
-------
53
"The baslc responslbllity for the prevention, abatement and control
of air pollution throughout the State is vested in the Illinois
Air Pollution Control Board...
"Efforts to lmplement (the Board's) broad powers have been meager.
The State budget for the 1965-67 bienium totals $282,000, including
$128,000 in Federal grants. On an annual basis this amounts to
a llttle more than ten per cent of the expendltures for air
pollution control in the City of Chicago...
"The eXlsting air pollutl0n programs conducted by the six counties
range from a small but intensive program in Cook County to almost
nothlng in several of the other counties. The four basic elements
expected to be ln an establlshed county program include the adoption
and enforcement of a comprehensive ordinance, an annual budget for
the program, technical employees, and an adequate number of sampllng
stations to test alr quality...(The 1966 status of programs in
the SlX countles is summarized in Table 2 .)
"Municipal authority to control alr pollutl0n lS explicltly
granted under Chapter 24 of the Illinols Statutes...
"The use of these powers varies wldely among the 250 existing
cities and villages in the Slx-county area...
"Chicago, with 3.5 million people, has one of the strongest
air pollutl0n control programs in the nation. It has a compre-
hensive ordlnance enacted in 1950 and amended most recently in
1963. It has a budget of nearly $1,271,000 about 30% Federal
ald. The technical staff exceeds 75 people, wlth many different
speclalities. An extenslve pollutant sampling network includes
the first telemetered system in the county."
The NIPC report proceeded to cite examples of munlcpal programs
operating with budgets of only a few thousand dollars and no full-time
staff.
The Indiana State Alr Pollution Control program is operating with
a budget of approximately $90,000 during 1968.
About half of the budget
came from Federal grants.
The program supports a staff of eight to
ten people.
Plans for 1969 call for a budget increase of 50 to 100
per cent.
The Gary City air pollution control program has a budget of
-------
County
Cook
DuPage
Kane
Lake
McHenry
Wlll
TABLE 2
COUNTY AIR POLLUTION PROGRAMS IN NORTHEASTERN ILLINOIS, 1966
Source of Authorlty for
Alr Pollution Control
Speclfic comprehenslve
air pollutlon ordinance
enacted 1963
Speclflc alr pollutlon
ordlnance enacted 1963
County Zonlng Ordlnance
General
tlons
None b/
None £j
nUlsance regula-
Current
Budget
(000)
153.5
~/
None
None
None
25~/
a/Budget part of Health Department budget.
E/Ordlnance being drafted.
~/Conductlng speclal survey (wlth Federal
to determine control needs.
i/Enforcement actlon usually follows from
that lS flled.
Technlcal Staff
Sampling
No. of
Statlons
15
Program
Type
SPM
SPM
Sulf .
None
SPM
None
SPM
Dust
Sulf .
Matter
\JI
.p.
Type of
Enforcement
Complalnt~/
Investigatlon
Complalnt~/
Investlgatlon
Complalnt~./
Investlgatlon
Complalnt~/
Investlgatlon
None
None
1 Admlnlstrator
1 Chief air pollutlon supervlsor
1 Electrlcal equlpment technlcian
1 Vlolatlons superVlsor
5 Inspectors
1 Chemlcal englneer
1 Statlstlcian and lnformatlon
technlclan
1 Chemlst
1 Laboratory techniclan
1 Englneer
Some lnspectlon by health depart-
ment sanitarlans
BUlldlng Department staff respon-
sible for air pollution control
1/4 to 1/2 of a sanltarlan's
t lID e
None
No permanent staff
3 Englneers temporary for
speclal survey
1
None
2
None
11
NOTE:
Suspended Particulate
Sulfur Dloxlde
Sulfatlon
Dustfall
grant)
SPM =
S02 =
Sulf.=
Dust.=
a complalnt
-------
55
approximately $100,000, of which about 60% is Federal money.
In the
Gary area (including the cities of Wh1ting, Hammond, East Chicago, and
other parts of Lake County) there are approximately twenty sampling
stat10ns, wh1ch measure suspended particulates, settled particulates,
and S02 on a 24 hour basis.
Lake County is supporting a program limited to one part-time
san1tary engineer and a budget level of about $10,000.
Porter County
does not support an air pollution control program at the present time.
However, Porter County has contracted with Valparaiso Un1versity for
a study of air pollution in Porter County in order to determine the
extent of the problem.
After review1ng the air resource s1tuat10n in Northeastern
Illinois, the NIPC study made the following program recommendat10n for
air resource managemert:
"A1r pollut10n in the Northeastern Il11n01s-Northwestern Ind1ana
area is a problem of regional scope requir1ng a regional approach
involv1ng the six counties of Northeastern Illinois and two counties
of Northwestern Ind1ana. To implement proper management of the air
resource in the region, a coordinated effort by all levels of
government - local, State, and Federal - is recommended.
"...The States appear to be the logical organizations to perform
region-wide functions. If two separate State programs become the
most encompassing regional form attainable, the two operations
must be closely coordinated. BaS1C operat1ng po11cies, reg10nal
air quality goals, a1r quality samp11ng, emission standards and
enforcement are major act1V1ty areas 1n which consistency and
uniform1ty throughout the reg10n 1S requ1red.
"In the event that the two States are unw1lling or unable to
undertake the reg10nal respons1b11it1es, an inter-county reg10nal
air conservation agency should be formed, preferably encompassing
the e1ght counties."
Thus, the NIPC report of August 1967 clearly supports a regional
air resource management program reaching across State boundar1es and
-------
56
including the area of the eight most urban count~es ~n the Chicago-Gary
area.
In 1965, Illino~s and Indiana submitted for Congress~onal approval
an Interstate Compact for the control of 1nterstate a~r pollut~on.
The
provisions of this compact established an ~nterstate commission and
charged ~t with responsib~lity to set standards and to enforce those
standards through court act~on.
Although this compact has met w~th
some difficulties, it is another ~ndication of the cooperative spirit
which extends across the State l~ne between Indiana and Illino~s.
In view of the ~nterstate cooperation and regional planning
activities noted above, as well as the recommendations of the regional
a~r qual~ty study, an air qual~ty control reg~on which encompasses
eight counties would appear to form a natural unit for existing govern-
mental jur~sdict~ons and planning activities.
Although the counties
and smaller polit~cal subd~vis~ons w~thin th~s area have air pollution
control programs of w~dely varying effect~veness, regional data,
reg~onal plann~ng and reg~onal cooperation have developed to an
advanced level ~n an eight county area.
For these reasons, that eight
county area seems to best satisfy the th~rd condit~on of air qual~ty
control region boundaries:
that they are compat~ble with and even
foster a un~fied governmental adm~nistrat~on of an effective a~r
qual~ty control program.
In conclusion, urban factors seem to ind~cate that an eight-county
area, cons~sting of Lake, Kane, McHenry, W~ll, DuPage, and Cook ~n
Illino~s and Lake and Porter in Indiana, would form the most appropr~ate
a~r quality control region.
At the present time the population dens~ty
-------
57
and 1ndustrial activity level in McHenry, Will, and Porter are quite
low.
However, suburban expanS10n westward from Chicago w1ll begin to
alter McHenry and Will Counties dur1ng the next ten to twenty years.
And, rap1d industrial development in Porter will accompany sharp popula-
tion growth eastward from Gary.
Count~es bordering the eight-county area hFve low populat~
density and industrial activ1ty at the present time, and are likely to
experience low growth rates during the next twenty years.
The reg10nal data, cooperation and communication fostered by NIPC
and the Lake Porter County Regional Transportat10n and Plann1ng Comm1ssion
are strong arguments in favor of an eight-county region.
Ultimately,
it is the will and ability of governmental units to work cooperatively
and aggressively that will determine the success or failure of air
quality control in the Ch1cago-Gary area.
The e1ght-county area is
the one most likely to succeed in this respect.
-------
58
Note l--Sources and Procedures for the Population Projections
The 1960 populat1on f1gures are from the 1960 census.
The
Rand McNally Commerc1al Atlas and the Hospital Planning Counc1l for
Metropolitan Ch1cago have developed est1mates for 1968 population by
county.
These figures were publ1shed 1n 1968.
However, the Hospital
Planning Counc1l est1mates cover only the Ch1cago Standard Consolidated
Area; i.e. McHenry, Lake, Kane, Cook, Dupage, W1ll 1n Illinois, and
Lake and Proter 1n Ind1ana.
These 1968 population estimates are
based on housing starts, birth and death rates, and other factors.
The Rand McNally f1gures compare closely with these of the Hospital
Plann1ng Counc1l (less than plus or minus 3% d1fference). Slnce the
Rand McNally estimates covered a larger area, they were used in order
to calculate the populat1on growth rate for the decade 1960-1970, the
1960-1968 growth rate was multipl1ed by 5/4.
This method 1mplic1tly
assumes a llnear growth pattern for population.
Although such an
assumpt10n 1S subject to critic1sm, 1t provides a reasonable est1mate
for populat1on growth dur1ng the decade.
For example, even if one
assumes an exponential growth pattern for population, the growth for
the decade would be larger by only zero to five percent.
Population growth estimates for the decades 1970-1980, 1980-1990
came from two sources.
The Ind1ana project1ons were published during
1968 by the Indiana State Department of Natural Resources as part of
the State Water Plan.
These project1ons rel1ed upon earl1er studies,
espec1ally the Ind1ana Un1vers1ty Study publ1shed 1n 1966.
The forecasts
for McHenry, Lake, Cook, DuPage, Kane, and with counties in Illinois
were prepared dur1ng 1968 by Northeastern Ill1no1s Plann1ng Comm1ssion;
-------
59
they are st1ll subJect to reV1ew and revis10n before f1nal publication.
These forecasts were developed for the ten year periods 1965-1975,
1975-1985, and 1985-1995.
In order to have forecasts for time per10ds
correspond1ng to the Ind1ana project1ons, growth rates for 1970-1980
and 1980-1990 were calculated according to the equations:
2
rgrowth "1
L 1970-l98~ =
~2
growth -
~ 1980-1990 -
fgrowth I rgrowth I
L- 1965-l97~ ' 1-- 1975-l98~
f;rowth ~ ~rowth ~
~ 1975-l9~ ~ 1985-l9~
In other words, the geometr1c averages were calculated.
This
procedure 1S subject to cr1ticism.
However, the approximate growth
forecasts which result satisfy the present requirements for heuristic
rather than defin1tive data.
The forecasts for other count1es in
Illinois were publ1shed during 1967 by the Department of BUS1ness and
Econom1c Development of the State of Ill1no1s.
-------
60
REFERENCES
1.
Technical Report No. 6~ Northeastern Illlnois Plannlng Commlsslon,
managlng the air resource of Northeastern Illinols, August 1967.
2.
Alr Quallty Data from the State of Illlnois Air Sampling Network~
Summary Report 1966-l967~ Bureau of Air Pollution Control~ Illinois
Department of Public Health.
3.
Air Quallty Data from the National Air Sampling Networks and
Contributlng State and Local Networks, 1957-l96l~ USDHEW~ PHS~
Clncinnatl~ Ohio.
4.
Air Quality Data from the National Air Sampling Networks and
Contrlbuting State and Local Networks~ 1962~ USDHEW, PHS~ Cincinnati~
Ohio.
5.
Air Quality Data from the Natlonal Air Sampling Networks and
Contributing State and Local Networks, 1963, USDHEW, PHS~ Cincinnati,
Ohio.
6.
Air Quality Data from the Natlonal Air Sampling Networks and
Contributing State and Local Networks~ 1964-l965~ USDHEW~ PHS,
Cincinnati~ Ohio.
7 .
"Rapld Survey Technique for Estimating Communlty Air Pollution
Emissions~" PHS~ Publication No. 999-AP-29~ Environmental Health
Series~ USDHEW~ NCAPC~ Cincinnati~ Ohlo~ October 1966.
8.
Pasquill~ F.~ "The Estimatlon of the Dlspersion of Windborn
Material~" Meteorology Magazlne~ 90~ 1963~ pp. 33-49.
9.
Turner~ D. B. ~ "Workbook of Atmospheric Dlspersion Estimates~"
USDHEW~ Cincinnatl~ Ohio~ 1967.
10.
Martin ~ D.O. ~ Tikvart ~ J. A. ~ "A General Atmospheric Dlffusion
Model for Estimating the Effects on Air Quallty of One or More
Sources~" paper no. 68-148, 6lst Annual Meeting~ APCA~ St. Paul~
Minnesota~ June 1968.
-------
Appendix A:
Appendix B:
Emission
APPENDICES
Inventory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Page
62
Air QualHy Analysis.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 69
61
-------
62
APPENDIX A.
EMISSION INVENTORY
The follow1ng information is the result of a rapid emiss10n
inventoryl of air pollutant sources 1n the Metropolitan Ch1cago
area.
The objectives of this study were to determine the total quan-
t1ties of various air pollutants emitted, using appropriate em1ssion
factors,2 and to estimate the geograph1ca~ and seasonal variat10n in
air pollutant em1ssions.
To accomplish th1s task, the Study area was
div1ded into a grid coordinate system and the emiss10n quant1t1es were
reported 1n terms of tons of pollutant per grid on an average annual
day, average summer day, and average w1nter day.
The pollutants cons1dered in this survey are sulfur oxides, part1-
culates, and carbon monox1de.
The emissions of other pollutants were
not est1mated due to a lim1tation of time, personnel, and available
aaLa.
Data presented here1n are for the most part representative of
1967 and were or1g1nally gathered by the acknowledged State and local
agencies.
The study area included S1X counties in Northeastern Il11n01s
~
t
(Lake, Cook, Will, McHenry, Kane, and Dupage), and two counties in
Northwestern Ind1ana, (Lake and Porter).
-------
WISCONSIN
DU PAGE LAKE
MICHIGAN MICHIGAN
LAPORTE Sf. JOSEPH
KENDALL
PORTER
GRUNDY
A Industrial ,sources
. Power plants
KANKAKEE
NEWI'ON JASPER
INDIANA
ILUNOIS Figure A-I Major Point Sources. 0\
w
In)NE
McHENRY
LAKE
DE KALB
KANE
COOK
-------
Table A-I
PARTICULATE EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY IN THE
CHICAGO-GARY METROPOLITAN AREA. 1966-1967
TONS/YEAR
0\
+:-
C~ty or County ue1 Combust~on Industrial Refuse Transpor- Total
Res~dent~a1 Commercial Industr~a1 Power Plants Total Fuel Process D~sposa1 tat ion
1
Cook 6000 36700 28100 6300 77100 12000 4600 5900 99600
Ch~cago 13000 23600 32900 9500 79000 44000 14000 9700 146700
DuPage 600 7000 5000 - 12600 300 900 630 14430
Kane 730 4600 4300 - 9630 600 600 370 11200
Lake 630 440 4300 3300 8670 300 840 530 10340
McHenry 220 1500 1500 - 3220 300 240 I 160 3920
Will 900 3700 3200 11000 18800 300 550 340 19990
Subtotal . 22080 77540 79300 30100 209020 57800 21730 17630 306180
(Illino~s)
Lake 330 1900 1500 - 3730 ". - - 1300 340 5370
Gary 650 650 9500 9030 19830 120000 1700 250 141780
Hammond 460 450 3600 9300 13 810 50 1000 340 15200
E. Ch~cago 350 210 22000 - 22560 87300 90 170 110120
Whiting 60 30 3900 - 3990 1500 40 20 5550
Porter 180 970 460 - 1610 - 50 110 1770
Subtotal 2030 4210 40960 18330 65530 208850 4180 1230 279790
(Indiana) -
Area Total 24110 81750 120260 48430 274550 266650 25910 18860 585980
-------
Table A-2
CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS BY SOURCE
CHICAGO-GARY METROPOLITAN AREA,
TONS/YEAR
CATEGORY IN THE
1966-1967
- - Fuel Combustl0n Industrlal Refuse Transpor-
Clty or County Resldential Commerclal Industrial Power Plants Total Fuel Process Dlsposal tation Total
Cook 11400 37800 1500 400 SHOO n.a.* 9100 745000 805200
Chicago 26800 22400 1900 800 51900 n.a. 34500 905000 991400
DuPage 770 7100 280 - 8150 n.a. 1800 153000 162950
Kane 1400 4500 240 - 6140 n.a. HOO 91000 98240
Lake 800 450 240 400 1890 n.a. 1700 127000 130590
McHenry 300 1500 80 - 1880 n.a. 480 39000 41360
Wl11 1900 3600 180 1800 7480 n.a. 1200 82000 90680
Subtotal 43370 77350 4420 3400 128540 n.a. 49880 2142000 2320420
(Ilhnois)
Lake 80 1860 530 - 2470 - 2300 86000 90770
Gary 1200 560 560 280 2600 - 3000 64000 69600
Hammond 870 390 180 300 1740 - 1800 88000 91540
E. Chlcago 660 180 1400 - 2240 60200 420 46000 108860
Whltlng 100 30 200 - 330 6600 80 6500 13510
Porter 30 930 340 - 1300 - 900 29000 31200
Subtotal 2940 3950 3210 580 10680 66800 8500 319500 405480
(Indlana)
Area Total 46310 81300 7630 3980 139220 - 58380 2461500 2725900
*n.a. - not aval1able
0'\
\.J1
-------
Table A-3
SULFUR OXIDE (SO) EMISSIONS BY SOURCE CATEGORY
CHICAGO-GA~Y METROPOLITAN AREA, 1966-1967
TON S /YEAR
0'\
0'\
IN THE
C~ty or County Fuel Combustion Industr~a1 Refuse Transpor
Resident~a1 Commerc~a1 Industr~a1 Power Plants Total Fuel Process Disposal tat~on Total
I
Cook 80000 71000 68300 101000 320300 n.a.* 840 2300 323440
Ch~cago 62600 56000 92700 201000 412300 n.a. 1400 3500 417200
14900 14100 12100 41100 ' 170 470 41740
DuPage - n.a.
Kane 3700 8900 10600 - 23200 n.a. 100 280 23580
Lake 3700 820 10600 112000 127120 n.a. 160 400 127680
McHenry 1200 2900 3500 - 7600 n.a. 40 120 7760
Will 4300 1100 7800 458000 471200 n.a. 110 260 471570
Subtotal 170400 154820 205600 872000 1402820 n.a. 2820 7330 1412970
(Ilhnois) ,
Lake 2100 4700 3300 - 10100 - 20 270 10390
Gary 4400 1900 , 32900 74500 113 700 - , 30 200 113930
Hammond , 3100 1300 7400 75000 86800 18000 20 270 105090
,
E. Chicago 2400 570 89800 - 92770 18000 5 ' 140 10915
"
Whiting 400 100 8800 - 9300 13000 - 20 22320
Porter 1100 2300 1200 4600 - 10 90 4700
Subtotal 13500 ' 10870 143400 149500 3172 70 49000 85 990 367345
(Ind~ana) "
",
Area Total 183900 165690 349000 1021500 1720090 \ 49000 2905 8320 1780315
"
*n.a. - not available.
-------
Table A-4
MEAN DAY EMISSIONS FOR VARIOUS AVERAGING TIMES
(CHICAGO-GARY METROPOLITAN AREA)
(TONS)
Sulfur DJ..oxJ..de Carbon MonoxJ..de Particulate
County Annual WJ..nter Summer Ann ual WJ..nter Summer Annual Winter Summer
Cook 3192 4015 2524 4903 4679 5017 850 ' 1251 - 531
Dupage 138 255 43 449 429 459 99 133 71
Kane 54 95 20 269 260 272 36 56 - 20
Lake 43 65 26 122 118 124 18 24 14
McHenry 21 37 9 116 109 118 14 20 --
Will 188 346 76 243 234 247 145 185 112
-
Subtotal 3636 4813 2698 6102 5829 6237 1162 1769 748
(Illinois)
Lake 1308 1508 1142 1022 951 1066 808 882 746
Porter 13 24 3 85 80 89 5 9 2
Subtotal 1321 1532 1145 1107 1031 1155 813 891 - 748
(IndJ..ana)
Area Totals 4957 6345 3843 7209 6860 6392 1975 2660 1496
0\
-..J
-------
68
References for Append1x A.
1.
"Rap1d Survey Technique for Est1mating Community Air Pollution
Em1ssions," PHS, Publication No. 999-AP-29, Environmental Health
Series, USDHEW, NCAPC, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 1966.
2.
Duprey, R. L., "A Comp11ation of Air Pollution Emission Factors,"
USDHEW, PHS, BDPEC, NCAPC, Durham, North Carolina, 1968.
-------
69
APPENDIX B. AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
Title I, Section 107(a)(2) of the Air Quality Act of 1967 (Public
Law 90-148, dated November 21, 1967), calls for the designation of air
quality control regions, based on a number of factors, including
"atmospheric conditions," interpreted to mean that the boundaries of
air quality control regions should reflect the technical aspects of
air pollution and its dispersion.
Within this guidelines, however, the
position has been taken that region boundaries cannot be based on an
extreme set of circumstances which might have a theoretical chance of
occurrence.
Hence the analys1s of a region's atmospheric dilution
potential is largely based on mean annual values, although summer and
winter mean values are analyzed with respect to reviewing seasonal
variations in meteorology and pollutant emissions.
With the realization that the meteorological analysis would help
define tentative boundaries only and that final boundaries would be
developed subsequently to reflect local government aspects, it was
decided that the meteorological assessment should be as unpretentious
as possible.
Accord1ngly, the widely accepted long-term Gaussian
diffusion equation, described by Pasquilll and Turner3, has been applied
with a few modifications2 for app11cation to the multiple-source
situation of an urban area, 1nherent to the delineation of air quality
control regions.
The basic equation assumes that the concentration of
a pollutant w1thin a plume has a Gaussian distr1bution about the plume
centerline in the vertical and horizontal directions, with the standard
deviations in the two directions being a function of distance from the
-------
70
source, certain characteristics of mixing layer, collect~vely referred
to as "stability class."
Graphs have been developed which give (CTz
'vertical and~y (horizontal) diffusion co-efficients versus stabilLty
class and distance downwind.
Reference 5 describes the Gaussian-based
diffusion model and the inherent assumptions made when it is applied.
In summary, the Gaussian diffusion equation is utilized to provide a
theoretical estimate of the geographical d~stribution of long-period
mean ground-level concentrat~ons of SOx, CO, and suspended particulates.
The model used has the necessary flexibility to utilize information on
emissions from both point and area-wide sources.
To maintain simplicity, air pollutant sources were assumed-to be
at ground level; for CO this assumption is realistic.
The same
assumption is used for major point sources of SOx and particulates,
since the distances of interest are suff~ciently great to obviate
the source-height-effect for most receptors.
-A. three nour ha 1f life
for S'Ox was arbitrarily selected for comparison.
No deposition term-
was applied to the evaluation of suspended particulate concentration
distributions.
METEOROLOGICAL DATA INPUT
The meteorological data input to the model is screened to determine
the representativeness of the data.
Appropriate surface wind rose data
are selected from U.S. Weather Bureau records; if necessary, special
wind data tabulat~ons are obtained from the National Weather Records
Center (NWRC).
The mean mixing depth for each reg~on, for each respective
time period (seasonal and average), is determined on the basis of
computed mixing depths documented by Holzworth4,5 and recent tabulations
-------
71
furu1shed the Meteorology Program by the National Weather Records
Center (ESSA).
The diffusion model was applied for each of the three pollutants
for the three d1fferent time periods--annual, w1nter, and summer.
F1gure B-1 and Table B-1 show the meteorological data requ1red to apply
the model for each of the three time per10ds.
Figure B-1 shows the percent frequency of occurrence of wind
d1rect1on from 1951 through 1960 at the M1dway A1rport for summer,
winter, and annual conditions.
From an analysis of available w1nd rose data in the Ch1cago area,
the wind data from Midway Airport was selected as adequately representing
prevai11ng w1nd patterns throughout the area.
The mixing depths for these time per10ds are an average of the mean
daytime and mean nighttime values as shown in Table B-1.
Table B-1
Average Mixing Depths for the Ch1cago-Gary Area by Season
Mixing Depth, Meters
SEASON I
Morn1ng Afternoon Average
Average Average
Winter (Dec., Jan., Feb.) 372 642 507
Summer (June, July, Aug.) 309 1601 955
Annual 349 1193 771
Using the forego1ng 1nformation with emiss10ns data, concentrat1ons
were calculated for each of the three pollutants for each of the three time
-------
72
periods at a total of 97 ground-level receptor points at each of the
16 compass points (20, 30, 40, 50, 70, and 100 kilometers from an
assumed center point located at City Hall in downtown Chicago).
The
theoretical concentrations estimated by this process are in addition
to "background" levels since the model was not supplied with information
on sources located outside the area initially surveyed.
The results
are presented in Fugures B-2 through B-ll, Appendix B, as theoretical
concentrations and are discussed in the basic part of the report.
-------
8
8
8
7
10
8
ANNUAL
5
6
8
11
8
SUMMER
(June, July, August)
73
Figure B-1 Percent frequency of
w~nd d~rect~on for var~ous
" averaging t~mes, based on 1951-60
data from Midway Airport.
6
7
8
7
PERCENT
5
10
15
10
,4
11
9
7
WINTER
(December, January, February)
-------
WISCONSIN
BOONE
KANKAKEE
ILUNOIS
-...J
.j::'-
Figure B-2 Theoretical
particulate concentration-- / 3
m~an ann ual . pg m ,
o
.. , . I
I I" , ~ '.~
,C 16
32 miles
'0;'
INDIA'NA
-------
OOONE
20
LAKE -
40
DE KALB
KANE .
. ST. JOSEPH
Figure B-3 Theoretical
particulate concentration-- 1m3
mean winter. pg ,
JASPER
r I
,,' I , I
o
16
32 miles
lLUNOIS
INDIANA
'-I
\Jl
-------
20
.......
(J"\
WISCONSIN
BOONE
igure B-4 Theoret1cal
particulate concentrat1on-- / 3
Ulean sunnner. }lg Ul ,
KANKAKEE
JASPER
. . , I I I r I 1
o 16
32 miles
INDIANA
ILUNOIS
-------
WISCONSIN
IroNE
McHENRY
DE KALB
KANE
,
LAKE
MICHIGAN
MICHIGAN
,
LAPORTE
KANKAKEE
NEWI'ON
I I
JASPER
o
16
ILUNOIS
INDIANA
ST. JOSEPH
Figure B-5 Measured suspended
part~culate concentration--pg!m3
annual average. '
Measured values .
No data -_u--
I ,
32 miles
--.J
--.J
-------
-...J
ex>
In)NE
igure.B-6 Theoretical carbon
monox1de concentrat1on--ppm
mean annua L '
I I
I I ,
o
16
32 m1les
INDIANA
lLUNOIS
-------
DE
0.04
OOONE
ST. JOSEPH
Figure B-7 Theoretical carbon
monox1de concentration--
mean winter. ppm,
0.06 , ,
I I , J I I
.04 0
INDIANA
16
32 miles
lLUNOIS
"-I
\0
-------
0.08
00
o
WISCONSIN
In)NE
McHENRY
0.06
0.1
Figure ~8 Theoretical carbon
monoxide concentration-- m
mean s PP ,
ummer.
0.08
NEWTON
JASPER
I I I I I I I I
o 16
32 miles
0.06
INDIANA
ILUNO/s
-------
WISCONSIN
McHENRY
B(X)NE
DE KALB
MICHIGAN
LA PORTE
ST. JOSEPH
Figure B-9 Theoretical SO
concentration--ppm, mean ~nnual
3 hour half life. '
NEWTON
JASPER
~ . , . l~ ' , , ~2 miles
INDIANA
ILUNOIS
00
......
-------
BOONE
McHENRY
OJ
N
WISCONSIN
DE KALB
KANE
MICHIGAN
ST. JOSEPH
F~gure B-lO Theoret~cal SO
concentrat~on--ppm mean ~
3 h ,w~nter
our half l~fe. '
NEWTON
JASPER
, I I , I I I ,
o
16
32 m~les
ILUNOIS
INDIANA
-------
BOONE
McHENRY
KANE
WISCONSIN
DE KALE
MICHIGAN
LA PORTE
ST. JOSEPH
19ure B-ll Theoret1cal SO
concentrat1on--ppm mean x
3 h ' summer
our half life '
KANKAKEE
NEWTON
JASPER
I I
I , , , I I
o
16
32 mdes
INDIANA
ILUNOIS
00
w
-------
WISCONSIN
BOONE
McHENRY
DE KALB
KANE
KENDALL
GRUNDY
ILUNOIS
,
LAKE
MICHIGAN
00
-I>-
MICHIGAN
LAPORTE
WILL
KANKAKEE
ST. JOSEPH
Figure B-12 Measured S02--ppm,
mean annue 1.
Measured values
No data
-------
NEWTON
JASPER
I . .
, , I I I
16
32 m~les
o
INDIANA
-------
85
References for Appendix B.
1.
Pasqu~ll, F., "The Est~mat~on of the Dispers~on of Windborn
Material," Meteorology Magaz~ne, 90, 1963, pp. 33-49.
2.
Martin, D. 0., Tikuart, J. A., "A General Atmospheric D~ffusion
Model for Estimating the Effects on A~r Quality of One or More
Sources," paper no. 68-148, 61st Annual Meet~ng, APCA, St. Paul,
Minnesota, June, 1968.
3.
Turner, D. B., "Workbook of Atmospher~c D~spersion Est~mates,"
USDHEW, C~ncinnati, Ohio, 1967.
4.
Holzworth, G. C., "Mixing Depths, W~nd Speeds and Air Pollution
Potential for Selected Locations in the United States," J. Appl.
Meteor., No.6, December, 1967, pp. 1039-1044.
5.
Holzworth, G. C., "Estimates of Mean Maximum Mixing Depths ~n
the Cont~guous United States," Mon. Weather Rev. 92, No.5,
May, 1964, pp. 235-242.
<> U S GOVERNMENT pRINTING OFFICE 1968344-837 (4010)
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