PB-220 046
REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE METRO-
POLITAN DALLAS-FT. WORTH ZNTRASTATE AIR
QUALITY CONTROL REGION (TEXAS)
National Air Pollution Control Administration
Washington, D.C.
October 1969
wares
DISTRIBUTED
^t^iji^jyT-Sj^ryTrfiTi'
5285 Port flop! Ro3d, Springfield Va. 22151
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tM9LIOGRAf'»i;C DATA
SHF.ET
I. Kvp itt N'».
APTD-1225
3. Kccifiicni's Accession
4. 1 Hi*1 an-i1^.:.:!!!;.-
Report for Consultation on the Metropolitan Dallas - Ft.
Worth Intrastate Air Quality Control Region (Texas)
5. K.-po.-l l)a'«
October 1969
6.
7.
8. Pr:fo.-.T.in,i Oii/J:i'-i Re
NJ. "
9.
10.
k/-1J'o:»: L'm: \i
U. S. Department of Health, Kducaticm, and Welfare
Public Health Service
Consumer Protection and Environmental Health Service
"ational Air Pollution Control Administration
II. Contfjct, Grant No.
12. S^onssn.-ig v>(>:a.t:Z4tton Niinr aid Address
Sane
13. Type ot' Report i Hetiod
Coveted
U.
15.
Notes
16. Abstucts
*The basic background information is presented for the consultation with state and
local authorities prior to the designation of air quality control regions as
stipulated in the Clean Air Act. Boundaries for the regions are proposed and the
factors vhich are the basis for Che proposed bto;:ndaries are discussed. Reports
for consultation consider these factors: geography:-population and econooic acti-
vity; their prospective growth; probable direction of physical growth: the emission
inventory and the location of sources; air quality and pollution transport analysis:
regional planning; air pollution control; and governr.cmtal jurisdictions.
17. K'."/ l»o:is 2^J Uocurr.«nt A
Air pollution
Regions
Geography
Humans
Industrial plants
Trends
Exhaust emissions
Inventories
Environmental surveys
I7b. I'entificrs/Opc-n-Kr.-ieJ Terms
17c. Dcscfi;.'.jri
Atnospheric diffusion
Planning
Abatement
Government
i"
Unlimited
r \'ij J_\>-jliJ;i.im
20. •! »•• -n'i! !^
46
.....J
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REPORT FOR CONSULTATION ON THE
DALLAS-FT. WORTH
INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
(TEXAS)
0. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service
Protection and Environmental Health Service
National .Air Pollution Control Administration
' October, 1969
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
SECTION I: THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO AIR QUALITY CONTROL AND
A FEDERAL PROPOSAL FOR THE DALLAS-FT. WORTH REGION
Preface • - i
The Regional Approach i i
Introduction li
Criteria for Determining Region Size iii
Procedures for Designating Region Boundaries vii
The Federal Proposal x
SECTION 11: ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL FUR THE METROPOLITAN DALLAS-
FORT WORTH 1KTRASTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
BY THE TEXAS AIR CONTROL BOARD
Evaluation of Engineering Factors..... 1
Introduction 1
Topography -. 1
Meteorology 5
Emission Inventory 7
Air Quality Analysis 11
Suspended Particulate Air Levels 15
Sulfur Oxide Levels 15
Carbon Monoxide Levels 18
Summary 18
Evaluation of Urban Factors 20
Introduction 20
Population 20
JL&
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TABLE OF CONTENTS, (Continued)
Industry 23
Regional Planning 23
Air Pollution Control Agencies 23
The Proposed Region. 25
Discussion of Proposal 25
References 29
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SECTION I
THE REGIONAL APPROACH TO AIR QUALITY CONTROL AND A
FEDERAL PROPOSAL FOR THE DALLAS-FT. WORTH REGION
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PREFACE
The Secretary, Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, is
directed by the Clean Air Act, as amended, to designate "air quality
control regions" prior to the adoption by the State(s) of air quality
standards and plans for the implementation of the standards. In
addition to listing the major factors to be considered in the develop-
ment of region boundaries, the Act stipulates that the designation of
a region shall be preceded by consultation with appropriate State and
local authorities.
The National Air Pollution Control Administration (NAPCA) recently
established a new policy by which States may propose to the Federal
Government boundaries for air quality control regions. The Texas Air
Control Board is the first state agency to initiate proposals for region
boundaries under the new policy. The Air Control Board, with assistance
from NAPCA, has conducted a study of the Dallas-Ft. Worth metropolitan
area, the results of which are presented in the body of this report.
The Region boundaries proposed in the report reflect consideration of
available and pertinent data; however, the boundaries remain subject
to revision suggested by consultation between Federal, State, and
K»cal authorities. Formal designation will be withheld pending the
outcome of the meeting. This report is intended to serve as the
starting point for the consultation.
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11
THE REGIONAL APPROACH
Introduction
"For the purpose of establishing ambient air
quality standards pursuant to section 108, and for
administrative and other purposes, the Secretary,
after consultation vith appropriate State and local
authorities, shall, to the extent feasible, within
18 months after the date of enactment of the Air
Quality Act of 1967 designate air quality control
regions based on jurisdictional boundaries, urban-
industrial concentrations, and other factors including
implementation of air quality standards. The
Secretary may from time to time thereafter, as he
determines necessary to protect the public health
and welfare and after consultation with appropriate
Stat-: and local authorities, revise the designation
of such regions and designate additional air quality
control regions. The Secretary shall immediately
notify the Governor or Governors of the affected
State or States of such designation."
Section 107(a), Air Quality Act of 1967
Air pollution, because of its direct relationship to people and
their activities, is an urban problem. Urban sprawls often cover
thousands of square miles; they quite often include parts of more
than one state and almost always are made up of several counties and
an even greater number of cities. Air pollution, therefore, also
becomes a regional problem, and the collaboration of several govern-
mental jurisdictions is prerequisite to the solution of the problem in
any given area. Air quality control regions called for in the above-
quoted section of the Air Quality Act of 1967 are meant to define the
geographical extent of air pollution problems in different urban areas
and the combination of jurisdictions that must contribute to the
solution in each.
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iii
The regional approach set up by the Air Quality Act is illustrated
in Figure 1, The approach involves a series of steps to be taken by
Federal, State, and local governments, beginning with the designation
of regions, the publication of air quality criteria, and the publication
of information on available control techniques by the Federal Govern-
ment. Following the completion of these three steps, the Governors
of the States affected by a region must file with ti.e Secretary
within 90 days a letter of intent, indicating that the States will
adopt within 180 days ambient air quality standards for the pollutants
covered by the published criteria and control technology documents and
adopt within another 180 days plans for the implementation, maintenance,
and enforcement of those standards in the designated air quality control
regions.
The new Federal legislation provides for a regional attack on air
pollution and, at the same time, allows latitude in the form which
regional efforts may take. While the Secretary reserves approval
authority, the States involved in a designated region assume the
responsibility for developing standards and an implementation plan
which includes administrative procedures for abatement and control.
Criterial for Determining Region Size
Several objectives are important in determining how large an
air quality control region should be. Basically, these objectives
can be divided into three separate categories. First, a region should
be self-contained with respect to air pollution sources and receptors.
In other words, a region should include most of the important sources
as well as most of the people and property affected by those sources.
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HEW DESIGNATES
AIR QUALITY
CONTROL REGIONS.
HEW DEVELOPS AND
PUBLISHES AIR
QUALITY CRITERIA
BASED ON SCIENTIFIC
EVIDENCE OF AIR
POLLUTION EFFECTS.
HEW PREPARES
AND PUBLISHES
REPORTS ON
AVAILABLE CONTROL
TECHNIQUES
STATES INDICATE
THEIR INTENT
TO SET STANDARDS.
(PUBLIC
HEARINGS)
STATES Sr.T
AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS
FOR THE AIR
QUALITY CONTROL
REGIONS.
STATES ESTABLISH
COMPREHENSIVE PLANS
FOR IMPLEMENTING
AIR QUALITY
STANDARDS.
STATES SUBMIT
STANDARDS FOR
HEW REVIEW.
STATES SUBMIT
IMPLEMENTATION PLANS
FOR HEW REVIEW.
STATES ACT TO CONTROL
AIR POLLUTION IN ACCORDANCE
WITH AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
AND PLANS FOR IMPLEMENTATION.
Figure 1. FLOW DIAGRAM FOR ACTION TO CONTROL AIR POLLUTION ON A REGIONAL
BASIS. UNDER THE AIR QUALITY ACT.
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In this way, all the major elements of the regional problem will be
within one unified administrative jurisdiction. Unfortunately, since
air pollutants can travel long distances, it is impractical if not
impossible to delineate regions which are completely self-contained.
The air over a region will usually have at least trace amounts of
pollutants from external sources. During episodic conditions, such
contributions from external sources may even reach significant levels.
Conversely, air pollution generated within a region and transported
out of it can affect external receptors to some degree. It would be
impractical and inefficient to make all air quality control regions
large enough to encompass these low-level effects. The geographic
extent of trace effects overestimates the true problem area which
should be the focus of air pollution control efforts. Thus, the first
objective, that a region be self-contained, becomes a question of
relative magnitude and frequency. The dividing line between "important
influence" and "trace effect" will be a matter of judgment. The
judgment should be based on estimates of the impact a source has upon
a region, and the level of pollution to which receptors are subjected.
In this respect, annual and seasonal data on pollutant emissions and
ambient air concentrations are better measures of relative influence
than short-term data on episodic conditions.
The second general objective requires that region boundaries be
designed to meet not only present conditions but also future conditions.
In other words, the region should include areas where industrial and
residential expansion are likely to create air pollution problems in
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vi
the foreseeable future, and provide a way of maintaining areas now.
favored by clean air. This objective requires careful consideration
of existing metropolitan development plans, expected population growth,
and projected industrial expansion. Such considerations should result
in the designation of regions which will contain the sources and receptors
of regional air pollution for a number of years to come. Of course,
region boundaries need not be permanently fixed, once designated.
Boundaries should be reviewed periodically and altered when changing
conditions warrant readjustment.
The third objective is that region boundaries should be compatible
with and even foster unified and cooperative governmental administration
of the air resource throughout the region. Air pollution is a regional
problem which ofter? extends across several municipal, county, and even
state boundaries. Clearly, the collaboration of several governmental
jurisdictions is prerequisite to the solution of the problem. There-
fore, the region should be delineated in a way which encourages
regional cooperation among the various governmental bodies involved in
air pollution control. The pattern of cooperation among existing air
pollution control programs is a relevant factor. The existing
boundaries' of regional planning agencies or councils of government
may also become an important consideration. In general, administrative
considerations dictate that governmental jurisdictions should not be
divided. Although it would be impractical to preserve State jurisdictions
undivided, usually it is possible to preserve the unity of county
governments by including or excluding them in their entirety. Occasion-
ally, even this is impractical due to a county's large size, wide
variation in level of development, or striking topographical features.
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vii
To the extent that any two of the above three objectives lead to
Incompatible conclusions concerning region boundaries, the region must
represent a reasonable compromise. A region should represent the best
way of satisfying the three objectives simultaneously.
Procedures for^ Designating Region Boundaries
Figure 2 summarizes the procedure used by the National Air Pollution
Control Administration for designating air quality control regions whose
boundaries are proposed by the State.
A preliminary delineation of the region is developed by bringing
together two essentially separate studies—the "Evaluation of Engineering
Factors" and the "Evaluation of Urban Factors."
The study of "Engineering Factors" indicates the location of
pollution sources and the geographic extent of serious pollutant con-
centrations in the ambient air. Pollution sources are located by an
inventory of emissions from automobiles, industrial activities, space
heating, waste disposal, and other pollution generators. Pollution
concentrations in the ambient air are estimated from air quality
sampling data and from a theoretical diffusion model. When it exists,
£iir quality sampling data is more reliable than the theoretical
diffusion model results since the data is directly recorded by.pollution
measuring instruments. Unfortunately, in many cases extensive air
quality sampling data is unavailable in the rural areas surrounding
an urban complex.
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STATE INDICATES DESIRE TO
HAVE A REGION DESIGNATED
STATE PREPARES REPORT PRO-
POSING REGION BOUNDARIES
.(NAPCA ASSJ
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ix
The study of "Urban Factors" encompasses non-engineerIng con-
siderations. It reviews existing governmental jurisdictions,
current air pollution control programs, present concentrations of
population and industry, and expected patterns of urban growth.
Other non-engineering factors are discussed when they are relevant.
As a whole, the study of urban factors indicates how large an air
quality control region must be in order to encompass expected growth
of pollution sources in the future. It also considers which group
of governmental jurisdictions will most effectively administer a
strong regional air quality control program.
The conclusions of the engineering study are combined with the
results of the urban factors study to form the basis of an initial
proposal for an air quality control region. As shown in Figure 2,
the proposal is then submitted to HAPCA for review and printing.
The report is mailed to State and local authorities in
preparation for the consultation between appropriate Federal, State,
and local officials. After reviewing the suggestions raised during
the consultation, the Secretary formally designates the region with
a notice in the Federal Register and notifies the Governor(s) of
the State(s) affected by the designation.
Section II of this report and the proposal therein were prepared
by the Texas Air Control Board. The report itself is intended to
serve as the background document for the formal consultation.
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THE FEDERAL PROPOSAL
The National Air Pollution Control Administration has
reviewed the proposal and the supportive discussion prepared by
the Texas Air Control Board. NAPCA concurs with the findings of
the Board and proposes to include Collin, Dallas, Denton, Ellis,
Johnson, Kaufman, Parker, Rockwall, Tarrant, and Wise Counties
in the Metropolitan Dallas-Fort Worth Intrastate Air Quality
Control Region.
The three objectives outlined in the subsection entitled
"Criteria for Determining Region Size" are met by the proposed
delineation. Most pollution sources and receptors are located
in two of the ten counties--Dallas and Tarrant. However, all
ten counties have population and industrial growth potential.
The National Air Pollution Control Administration encourages
the establishment of air quality control regions which correspond
to, or are compatible with, State or locally defined planning
regions. Such designation may be realized in those instances
where the air pollution problem area lies within the bounds of
the planning agency; this is the case in the Dallas-Fort Worth
area. The Region as proposed is coterminous with the jurisdicticnal
boundaries of the North Central Texas Ccuncil of Governments.
The Council of Governments may be capable of providing assistance
in the development of air quality standards and implementation
plans which recognize the close relationship between air
resource management, transportation, land-use patterns,
-------
Xi
solid-waste disposal, and other urban activities.
The proposed ten-cc-unty Region is considered to be one
which will be capable of abating air pollution in the metropolitan
Dallas-Fort Worth area.
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SECTION II
ANALYSIS AND PROPOSAL FOR THE METROPOLITAN DALLAS-FORT WORTH
INTRASTATE AIR QUALITY CONTROL REGION
BY THE TEXAS AIR CONTROL BOARD
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EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING FACTORS
INTRODUCTION
The engineering evaluation for the Dallas-Fort Worth area was
based on a study of topography, air pollutant emissions, meteorology,
estimated air quality levels, and available air quality data. The
emission inventory indicated the location of point and area sources
and the quantity of pollutants emitted from these sources. Emission
densities were calculated from the emission quantities and grid areas.
Emissions and average meteorological data were used in a diffusion
model to estimate air quality levels. Figure 1 shows the Dallas-
Fort Worth Metropolitan Area in relation to other metropolitan areas.
Figure 2 is a more detailed map of the ten-county study area.
TOPOGRAPHY
The topography of the ten counties within the study area is
basically similar. The area is a relatively flat rolling plain.
The City of Dallas lies in a depression formed by a portion
of the watershed of the Trinity River and its tributaries. The
elevations at the river level vary from UOO feet above sea level at
the southeast corner of Dallas County to 500 feet above sea level at
the northwest corner of Dallas County. The counties of Ellis, Johnson,
Tarrant, Wise, Denton, Collin, and Rockwall are contiguous to Dallas
County with elevations ranging from 500 to 1000 f *et above sea level.
See Figure 3« The Trinity River, flowing from the northwest to the
southeast, bisects Dallas County. The river basin may influence the
movement of air pollutants under certain meteorological conditions.
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WISE
DENTON
COLLIN
S to is ao 2$
FIGURE 2. DALLAS-FORT WORTH TEN COUI7Tir STUDY AREA
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FIGURE 3.
EtfVATIONS AND PRINCIPAL RIVERS AND TRIBUTARIES
OF DALLAS AND SURROUNDING COUNTIES
(Reservoirs omitted in order to emphasize natural drainage patterns.)
LEGEND
300.500 Feet
500-1.000 Feet
1.000-1,400 Feet
Source: U. S. Geological Survey, as published by
the Bureau of Bo*i»»ss Research, The University of Texas,
Atlas of Texas, 1763. p. 5; Texas State Board of Water
Engineers. Surface Water Reservoirs, TWRP-4.1958, Plate V.
-------
The City of Fort Worth in Tarrant County also lies in the Trinity
River Basin.
METEOROLOGY
The climate of the study area la temperate with brief durations
of extreme weather. Prevailing winds are from the southeast averaging
11 mph, annually, except during the winter months when frequent passages
of high pressure areas bring invasions of polar air and usually high
winds. Although the prevailing winds are advantageous to the dispersal
of air pollution, thermal inversions do occur about 35% of the time.
Annual and seasonal wind roses for the Dallas-Fort Worth area are
shown in Figure 4.
Average mixing depth in meters for the Dallas-Fort Worth area
is shown below in Table I.
Morning
Afternoon
Winter
350
880
Table I
I
Spring j
565 . "
1190 I
1
1
Summer
605
1U30
Autumn
koo
13kQ
i
Average
8U5
The wind roc 3 data and mixing depth information were utilized in
the simulation model for the ten-county study area.
The degree to which pollutants accumulate is strongly affected
by the weather. Measured concentrations of ambient air quality may
vary markedly with changing weather conditions even though the total
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5.7 6,7
ANNUAL
Scale: 1" =
SUMMER
Figure 4. Wind Roses for Dallas-Furt Worth Area
(numbers indicate % of time)
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discharge of pollutants into the atmosphere remains relatively constant.
Stagnating anticyclones which are inducive to prolonged air pollution
episodes are almost non-existent in the Dallas area.
1
EMISSION INVENTORY
The National Air Pollution Control Administration in cooperation
with the State and local control programs conducted an inventory of air
pollutant emissions for the greater Dallas-Fort Worth area. The method
employed was the Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating Community Air
Pollution Emissions. This technique provided estimates of the total
emissions for the following five pollutants; sulfur oxides; nitrogen
oxides; hydrocarbons; carbon monoxide; and particulate itatter. Sulfur
oxides, total particulates and carbon monoxide are considered in this
report since they provide an indication of the geographic extent of
the air pollution problem.
Sulfur oxide levels and total particulate emissions illustrate
the impact of industrial processing activities from stationary sources.
Levels of carbon monoxide provide the best indication of the impact of
gasoline powered motor vehicles.
The ten-county study area was divide'! into grid zones which
serve as the basis for locating sources and reporting emissions.
Figure 5 shows the grid coordinate system for the Dalias-Fort Worth
study area. Major point source locations are shown in Figure 6.
Most of the major point sources are located in Dallas and Tarrant counties.
Figure 7 illustrates the sulfur oxide emission density for
the ten-county study area. Major sulfur emissions are shown for
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Figure 5. Dallas-Ft. Worth grid coordinate system.
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WISE
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A
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meters
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Figure 6. Location of Major Point Sources in the Study Area
-------
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SULFUR OXIDES,
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620000
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mites
Figure7. Sulfur oxides emission density from all sources in the Dallas - Ft. Worth study area, 1967-
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11
Dallas and Tarrant counties. Figure 8 shows the particulate emission
density for the study area. Again, Dallas and Tarrant counties show
relatively high emissions of particulates. Carbon monoxide emission
density is shown in Figure 9« Portions of Dallas, Tarrant, Parker,
Denton, Collin, Rockwall, Kaufman, Ellis, and Johnson counties show
carbon monoxide emissions.
A summary of the emissions by source category is shown in
r'igure 10.
AIR QUALITY ANALYSIS
The geographical distribution of pollutant sources illustrates
the core of the problem area. However, this does not elucidate the
extent of the influence of the pollution sources on the people and
the property located outside of the highly urbanized portions of the
Dallas-Fort Worth ares.. A study of air quality levels known to occur
is useful in determining the area affected by the pollution sources
and thus subject to inclusion in the Air Quality Ccntrol Region.
Such an analysis can be based directly on air sampling data in those
instances where the monitoring program covers a large enough area and
has been in existence long enough to provide a reliable pattern of
air quality throughout the region under study. Sine.; such compre-
hensive air quality 'data rarely exists, it becomes necessary to develop
estimates of prevailing air quality. Diffusion modeling is a technique
b.y which such estimates can be made based on the location and quantity
of the pollutant emissions arid on meteorological conditions. Topography
is reflected in the results of the model, but only to the extent that
it influences general meteorological conditions.
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12
37|0000
PARTICIPATES,
Ion/mi 2.
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13
CARBON MONOXIDE,
ton/mi
0 - 0.10 t" 1
6 9 «J 19 20 29 SO
Figure 9. Carbon monoxide emission density from alt sources in the Dallas - Ft. Worth study area, 1967.
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Transportation
21.%
Industrial Process
Emissions
70%
Combustion of Fuels
(Stationary Sources)
3.%
Refuse Disposal
6.%
Combustion Fuels
(Stationary Sourc
Refuse Disposal
0.9%
Transportation
33.*
Industrial Process
Emissions
66.%
PARTICULARS
'52,000 tons/year)
SULFUR OXIDES
{16,000 tons/year)
Industrial Process Baiasiona
(3.2%)
Combustion rf Fuels (Stationary Source n)
Refuse Disposal
CARBON HOUOXIDE
'1,113,000 tons/year)
Figure 10. Sunnary of Air Pollutant toiooions - 196?
"OTE: "SMs infomat.ion represents data on specific air pollutant eoloolons
sae==" f/jthered during the rapid survey for the mjor point sourcee shown in
Figure 6 and the area sources. It should not be interpreted as representative
of air pollutant emissions for any.specific location vithin the study area.
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15
The diffusion model was applied for each of the three pollutants
for an average summer day, winter day and annual day. Since the
/:
Martin-Tikvart model used in this study attempts to show long-term
rather than episodic air quality conditions, only average emissions
and lr»ng-term meteorology are considered. The results of the diffusion
model are theoretical in nature and are not meant to show exact concen-
trations. The relative magnitudes, however, should be valid. The
outputs from the computer modeling have been adjusted to reflect
existing air quality data. Figure 11, T&Ly and 13 show these adjusted
values for particulates, sulfur oxides and carbon monoxide, respectively.
SUSPENDED PARTICULATF. AIR LEVELS
The levels predicted by the diffusion model were generally lower
than the actual measured air quality date; however, the model aided in
delineating the affected area. The isopleths shown were adjusted for
background levels and for measured values, where available. Figure 11
shows the annual average distribution of particulate pollution. Portions
of Dallas, Tarrant, Parker, Wise, Denton, Collin, Ellis and Johnson
counties are shown to be experiencing levels above background.
SULFUR OXIDE LEVELS
Figure 12 shows the distribution of sulfur oxides over the
ten-county study area. The absence of high sulfur content fuels
eliminates the area-wide sulfur oxide problems ericountered in many
other metropolitan areas. Sulfur oxides are present in Dallas and
Tarrant counties.
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16
O 5 to is to 25 jo
FIGURE 11. ANNUAL PARTICULATE CONCENTRATIONS
( Pi )
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WISE
BARKER
DEHTON
TARRANT
COLLET
DALLAS
ROCKWALL
KAUFMAN
FIOfJRE 12. ANIIUAL .SULFUR OXIDE COKCEKTRATIONS (ppm)
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CARBON MONOXIDE LEVELS
Since the primary source of carbon monoxide is the internal
combustion engine, the distribution of this pollutant tends to
correlate with major traffic patterns. The influences of the interstate
freeway system are obvious. Portions of most of the ten counties ere
shown in Figure 13 to be experiencing carbon monoxide pollution. All
towns in the study area have a localized carbon monoxide problem
where main traffic arteries exist.
SUMMARY
The engineering evaluation of the ten county study area shows
that at the present time, the major point sources are located in
Dallas and Tarrant counties. Receptors in these two counties are
also shown to be experiencing the major air pollution problems.
However, the other eight surrounding counties are beginning to be
affected by Dallas and Tarrant counties pollution and will tend to
become major receptors in the years ahead.
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FIGUEE 13. ANNUAL CARBON MONOXIDE CONCENTRATIONS (ppm)
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EVALUATION OF URBAN FACTORS
INTRODUCTION
A number of urban factors are relevant to the problems of
defining the boundaries of air quality control regions. These factors
include the location of population and industry, the population density,
projected growth of both population and industry, and jurisdictional
considerations such as control agencies and regional planning commissions.
These are all important considerations since human activity is the
initial cause of most air pollution. Humans are also the receptors
affected by the pollution. The projected growth patterns are most
Important for future planning purposes.
POPULATION
Table II shows the population growth for the study area from
I960 to 1967 with an overall growth of 26%. Estimates of future
population shows that there will be almost 4 million people in the ten-
7
county area by the year 1990- Currently more than 88$ of the population
for the study area reside in Dallas and Tarrant counties. The remaining
"&$> is spread among the other eight counties which are primarily rural.
Figure lU shows the "population density", and indicates that the cities
of Fort Worth and Dallas are already outgrowing their respective county
boundaries. Of the ten counties, only Wise and Parker counties are
not included in either the Dallas or Fort Worth Standard Metropolitan
Statistical Area.
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Table II Population and Area Characteristics For
The Dallas-Fort Worth Study Area, 196?
County
Collin
Dallas
Denton
Ellis
Johnson
Kauftaan
Parker
Rockwall
Tarrant
Wise
TOTAL
I960
Population
1*1,21*7
951,527
U7,U32
^3,395
3**,720
29,931
22,880
5,878
538,1*95
17,012
1,732,517
1967
Population
50,51*0
1,297,230
61,680
* »
1*6,000
35,370
31,170
26,520
6,130
615, !*oo
16,780
2,186,820
Land
Area
867
875
911
950
7l*0
815
903
ll*7
868
922
7,998
Population
Density(l967)
58.3
1,1*82.5
67.7
1*8.1*
1*7.8
38.2
29.1*
1*1.7
708.9
18.2
273.1*
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3710000
mile* .**
Figure 14. Population density for the Dallas - Ft. Worth study area, 1967-
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INDUSTRY
The ten-county study area is generally void of major heavy
industry with Dallas and Tarrant counties containing most of the
industry at the present time. Examples of the industry are one
sulphuric acid plant, one refinery, three cement plants, concrete
or asphaltic batching plants and miscellaneous secondary metals
foundaries. Figure £ verifies that the industrial sources are
primarily concentrated in Dallas ana Tarrant counties. The planned
canalization of the Trinity River from the Gulf of Mexieo to the
Dallas-Kort Worth area is certain to enhance the industrial expansion
potential of Tarrant, Dallas, Ellis, Kaufman, Wise and Denton counties.
This navigation project, as proposed by the Army Corps of Engineers
is now in the planning stages; however, a completion date in the
1980's is possible.
REGIONAL PLANNING
The North Central Texas Council of Governments is the regional
planning agency for the area. The ten counties of the study area
including 82 cities and 18 school districts make up the council which
was formed in 1966. Projects relating to comprehensive planning,
regional police academy, law enforcement study, regional codes study,
and mod^l clean air ordinance have been completed. Coordination of
planning activities relative to this region may best be performed by
the North Central Texas Council of Governments.
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL AGENCIES
The Texas Air Control Board is the State agency responsible
for air pollution control activities. The Texas Clean Air Act provides
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for full enforcement of State Rules and Regulations by local governments
(cities, counties, and health districts). The State Board has adopted
regulations relating to smoke and suspended particulate matter, outdoor
burning, sulfur compounds and toxic materials. Enforcement provisions
allow both injunctive relief and civil and criminal penalty of up to
$1000 per day. Within the ten-county study area organized local control
programs are presently functional in the City of Dallas and the City
of Fort Worth.
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TOE PROPOSED REGION
Subject to the scheduled consultations, The Texas Air Control
Board recommends that the Secretary, Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare, designate an air quality control region for the Dallas-
B'ort Worth area, consisting of the following jurisdictions in Texas:
Dallas County
Tarrant County
Wise County
Denton County
Collin County
Parker County
Rockwall County
Kaufman County
Johnson County
Ellis County
As so proposed, the Dallas-Fort Worth Air Quality Control
Region would consist of the territorial area encompassed by the
outermost boundaries of the proposed jurisdictions. The proposed
Region is shown in Figure 15.
DISCUSSION OF PROPOSAL
The proposed Region boundaries coincide with the boundaries
of the North Central Texas Council of Governments. la general,
state or locally defined planning regions do not automatically
qualify as air quality control regions. However, the Air Quality
Act of 1967 requires region boundaries to take into account existing
jurisdictions, among other factors. Clearly, a council of governments
created under a state enabling act is an important jurisdictional
consideration. Therefore, this study of the geographic extent of
the air pollution problem indirectly evaluates the suitability of
the ten-county area as a geographic basis of attack on the air
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O S '0 IS 20 -25
fc ".:»-rj:L---r:t:.v:.-V —~ '
Figure 15. - Proposed Dallas-Fort Worth Air Qua lit' Control Region
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pollution problem. As discussed below, the ten counties in the council
of governments area satisfy the three requirements for air quality
control region boundaries.
To be successful, an air quality control region should meet three
basic conditions. First, its boundaries should encompass most pollution
sources as well as most people and property affected by those sources.
Second, the boundaries should encompass those locations where industrial
and residential development will create significant air pollution
problems in the future. Third, the boundaries should be chosen in a
way which is compatible with and even fosters unified and cooperative
governmental administration of the air resources throughout the region.
The "Evaluation of Engineering Factors" (discussion beginning with
page 1 ) discussed the first of these conditions, and the "Evaluation
of Urban Factors" (page 20 ), the second and third.
The first consideration—that most air pollution sources and
receptors be within the Region boundaries—is satisfied by the proposed
Region. Major point sources are located in two counties—Dallas and
Tarrant. Emission densities of particulates, carbon monoxide, and
sulfur oxides are greatest in these two jurisdictions.
The second consideration is directed towards 'future population
and industrial expansion. Approximately 2,000,000 people live in the
proposed Region, which represents about 20% of the population.of the
State. Estimates for the year 1990 show approximately 4,000,000 people
in the ten-county area. Industrial expansion is certain to include
the counties which today are primarily rural. The proposed canalization of
the Trinity River is certain to have an impact on the industrial
development of the entire area.
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The third objective relates to governmental administration
in the area. Regional planning is coordinated by the North Central
Texas Council of Governments whose jurisdiction includes all ten of the
counties. The'Council wa& established in 1966 and consists of
representatives of 82 cities, 10 counties, and 13 school districts.
Based on the technical data presented on air pollutant emissions
and resultant ambient air concentrations, presently only two counties
(Dallas and Tarrant) need be part of the Region to attack the air
pollution problem. Several of the other eight counties are primarily
rural but as time passes they will become more urbanized,particularly
those contiguous to Dallas and Tarrant counties. However, since all
ten counties have joined in the administration of the Council of
Governments, it is logical to include them all in the Air Quality
Control Region for admirdstrative purposes despite low air pollution
potential in several of the counties.
In summary, the Region proposed is considered on the whole
to be the most cohesive and yet inclusive area within which an
effective regional effort can be mounted to prevent and control
air pollution in the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Area.
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REFERENCES
1. "Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Air Pollutant Emission
Inventory", U.S.D.H.E.W., P.H.S., C.P.E.H.S., N.A.P.C.A.,
April, 1969. '
2. "An Appraisal of the Air Resources of Dallas and Dallas County,
Texas", November 9 thru November 15, 19&5» Dallas City and
County Health Depts., Texas State Dept. of Health, April 25, 1966.
3. "U. S. Weather Bureau, Normal Surface Wind Data for the United
States", Washington, D.C., 1942.
k. "Synoptic Climatology and Air Pollution, Dallas, Texas", by
Robert Orton, Texas State Climatologist, Environmental Science
Services Administration, Austin, Texas, 1965.
^ *
VV 3
5. Ozollns, G. and Smith, R., "Rapid Survey Technique for Estimating
Community Air Pollution Emissions", U.S.D.H.E.W., P.H.S., October, 1966.
6. "General Atmospheric Diffusion Model for Estimating the Effects
on Air Quality of One or More Sources," Martin, P. and Tikvart,
J., Paper No. 68-1U8, 6lst Annual Meeting, APCA, St. Paul,
Minnesota, June, 1968.
7. North Central Texas Council of Governments - Population Projections
* B. S. GOVERNMENT PBiriTINC OFFICE : ty.l— 315-97V 8
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