UNMStUM
Envtamnnm Pnntetm
Offlotof
EPA/ROO/RM-aOOSB
Stptmter 1968
Superfund
Record of Decision:
National Starch, NC
-------
58271.181
REPORT DOCUMENTAnON II. RIJIOIT NO.
PAGE EPA/ROD/R04-88/039
.. T1tI8 and lulltltt8
SUPERFUND RECORD OP DECISION
~tional' Starch, NC
\st Remedial Action
7. AuttIor(s)
I.
.. It..,....... .. union No.
-
II. Aepoft Date
09/30/88
I.
-
.. Performl.,. Orpnlzatlon RePt. No;
9. P8ffonnIf18 Orpnlzatton Name and AcId.....
10. PnI'8CtlTau/WOftl Unit No.
-
-.
II. Contract(C) or Grant(G) No.
(C)
(G)
. 12. $ponsorlf18 Orpnlutlon Name and Add,...
U.S. Environmental Protection
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
U. T11I8 of Repott .. Period Cowered
Agency
800/000
-.
I".
15. Supplementary Not..
II. Ab8tr8ct (Umlt: 200 -nls)
The ~ational Starch and Chemical Corporation (NSCC) site is located in Rowan County,
North Carolina, approximately five miles south of the city of Salisbury. The site
consists of 500 acres and is occupied by the NCSS-owned Cedar Springs Road Plant which
currently manufactures textile finishing and custom specialty chemicals. Land use
adjacent to the site includes residential and industrial developments such as:
warehousing operations on the east site: a farm on the south side: and residential areas
'~dering the southwest and north sides. Ground water'in the aquifer beneath the site
. currently used as a source of drinking water with the closest well being 2,200 feet
northeast of the site. There are 1,539 homes within a 3-mile radius of the site that
are outside of the city water lines and potential users of ground water for drinking and
other domestic purposes. There is also potential for humans to directly contact or
ingest contaminated waters through recreational uses of nearby creeks which receive the
surface water runoff from the trench area. Prom 1971 to 1978, NSCC disposed of
approximately 350,000 gallons of reaction vessel wash waters classified as D002 waste
(corrosive waste with pH less than or equal to 2.0) in trenches constructed in a 5-acre
tract of land located behind the plant. The waste consisted predominantly of salt
brines, sulfuric acid solutions, sulfonating fats and oils, and solvents. The wastes
(See Attached Sheet)
. .
17. Document Ana.,.,. a. DelC:rlptora
ReCord of 'Decision
National Starch, NC
Pirst Remedial Action
Contaminated Media: gw
K~ 1~~I1-@ddihe~tals,
VOCs (TCE)
c. COSATI Field/Group
,. Availability Statement
19. Security Class (This Report)
None
20. Security Class (ThIs P.a.)
None
21. No. of P..es
32
.-
I
22. Price
($.. ANSI-Z39.181
Se. Instructions on Rever.e
OPTIONAL FORM 272 (.t-77)
(Formerly NTIs-35)
Department of Comm.rce
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-------
ePA/ROD/R04-88/039
l'Stional Starch, NC
'irst Remedial Action
16.
ABSTRACT (continued)
were disposed of in several approximately 250 feet by 9 feet deep trenches running
east/west and north/south. Trenches in this area also received liquid effluent from the
plant where it percolated into the ground. After the percolation rate substantially
declined, the trenches were backfilled and seeded. Site monitoring in 1976 and 1977
revealed shallow ground water contamination adjacent to or within the trench area.
Consequently, the North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources requested
that NSCC cease onsite waste disposal activities. Since 1978, production plant process
waters have been pretreated in a facility adjacent to and south of the production area
and discharged to the Salisbury publicly owned treatment works (POTW). The two main
areas of contamination identified at the site are the trench area and the wastewater
lagoon area. This Record of Decision (ROD) will address remediation of ground water; a
subsequent ROD will address soil contamination and, if necessary, sediment
contamination. The primary contaminants of concern affecting the ground water, surface
water, and sediments are VOCs including benzene, TCE, toluene and xylenes, and metals
including arsenic and chromium.
The selected remedial action for this site includes: installation of a ground water
interception and extraction system downgradient of the source area(s) with pretreatment
prior to discharge to the POTW (pretreatment may include air stripping, filtration
~,prough an activated carbon filter, metal removal, or treatment through the company's
'~isting lagoon system which includes presettling and surface aeration); and surface
.Iater and sediment monitoring. If the POTW declines to accept the treated ground water,
it will be discharged to a local surface stream under an NPDES permit. The estimated
present worth cost for this remedial action is $3,036,000 with annual O&M of $55,000.
~
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~.
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-------
BNlI'ORCEHENT
RBCORD OP DBCISION
REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVE SELECTION
NATIONAL STARCH AND CHEMICAL CORP.
SALISBURY, ROWAN COUNTY
NORTH CAROLINA
~
-
ilREPARED BY:
US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION IV
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
,
-------
DECLARATION FOR THE RECORD OF DECISION
Site Name and Location
National Starch and Chemical corporation
Salisbury, Rowan COunty, North Carolina
Statement of Basis and Purcose
This decision document represents the selected remedial action for the
National Starch and Chemical COrporation Site, located in Salisbury, North
carolina, developed in accordance with the Comprehensive Environmental .
Response, compensation, and Liability Act of 1980 (ORCLA), as amended by the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA) 42 u. S. C.
Section 9601 et. sea., and to the extent practicable, the National
COntingency Plan 40 CPR Part 300.
This decision is based upon and documented in the contents of the
Administrative Record. The attached index identifies the items which
comprise the Administrative Record. The State of North Carolina has
concurred on the selected remedy.
Scous and Role of Ouerable Unit
This operabla unit will address remediation of groundwater at the site as
well as monitoring of surface water and sediments. On-site contaminated
groundwater and possible off-site migration of contaminated groundwater,
surface water, and sediments constitute a principal threat at the site.
Groundwater remediation will meet cleanup goals throughout the plume(s),
thereby removing the principal threat from potential on-site groundwater use
or off-site migration. FUrther, groundwater remediation is expected to
mitigate any potential off-site migration of contaminated sediments or
surface water,' since groundwater recharge is one suspected source of this
contamination.
Soil contamination will be addressed in a subsequent Record of Decision.
This subsequent "source control" operable unit will involve additional soil
sampling in the vicinity of suspected source area(s). This sampling will
determine if another source, other than the trench area, i8 responsible for
the surface water/sediment contamination found, and will characterize 80il
contamination in such source area(s) for potential remediation. Contaminated
sediments will also be addressed further, as necessary, in the source control
operable unit. Potential off-site migration of contaminated sediments due to
erosion and surface runoff, a suspected source of such contamination, will be
addressed in this operable unit. The source control operable unit will
address a principal threat from dermal contact or ingestion of contaminated
soils or sediments.
1,
~
-c.,
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-------
Descrintion of the Selected Remedv
The Remedial Action presented in this document is the
the 8ite. Thia operable unit will be consistent with
remediation. Soil contamination will be addressed in
Deciaion.
first operable unit at
final site
a subsequent Record of
Groundwater
A groundwater interception and extraction sY8tem will be installed down
gradient of the di.poaal area(8) and will effectively contain and
r8lll8diate contaminated groundwater. The extracted groundwater will be
diacharged to the Salisbury PO'l'W. The level and degree of pretreatment
of the extracted groundwater will depend on the effluent limit. aet by
the POTW. The range of pretreatment for the extracted groundwater
include. air 8tripping, filtration through activated carbon filter,
treatment to remove metala, and treatment through the company' a exi8ting
lagoon system to meet POTW influent standards. Groundwater remediation
will be performed until all contaminated water meets the cleanup g0818
8pecified in the attached SWIIII&ry of Alternative Selection.
If the POTW declines to accept the extracted groundwater, treated or
untreated, then the extracted groundwater will be diacharged to a local
aurface stream under a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) pen2it.
Surface Water
A monitoring program for surface water and sediments wil~ be included and
initiated 8S P&rt of the Remedial Design stage. Additional soil samples
will be collected in the vicinity of surface waters and .uapected surface
area (a) , in part to determine if another source, other than the trench
area, is reaponsible for the surface water/sediment contamination found.
COntaminated sediments, if necessary, will be addressed further in the
subsequent 80il operable unit. The surface water/sediment mOnitoring
will continue until remediation goals are achieved.
Declaration
The aelected remedy is protective of huma.n health and the environment,
attains Pederal and State requirements that are applicable or relevant and
appropriate for this remedial action, and ia cost-effective. This remedy
8atisfies the preference for treatment that reduce. toxicity, mobility, or
volume as a principle element. Pinally it is deten2ined that this remedy
utilizea permanent solutions and alternative treatment technologies to the
maximum extent practicable to address the principal threats from groundwater
contamination at the site.
~trJ~
bL Greer C. Tidwell
, - Regional Administrator
9-30-;-1'
Date
-------
. ,\,,:.,",<;-,-' - . -,'"<-;-.', ," '" '.'-' '.
-'~e-~ '.. . ."'-.~-''-~~~'.-'.
SUMMARY OF REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVE
SELECTION
NATIONAL STARCH AND CBEHICAL CORP. SITE
SALISBURY, ROWAN COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
PREPARED BY:
u. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION IV
ATLANTA, GEORGIA
.C ';""'-. ,-'" ""-: , ~~"',~':-o-r; -.=-~7 e" "~,,,..:-, .'::- '< -,'. '.::-'., ~,~' ,r.1'.~~!,,',< .:,;..:::~,",:, ~.,'\." '1':-'.'.-';0:: '~,;~- ~" .:;;' 'j"--;' ~-;"~ '.";--'.0 ;I'~; ;"" -;; ..
-------
TABLE OP COHTBHTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Site Location and Description
................. ................ ............ ...
......................... .
1.2 Site History
................ .......... .... ....... ......
2.0 BRPORCBHBN'l' ANALYSIS
3.0 CORRBNT SITE STATUS
3.1 Hydrogeologic Settinq
3.2 Site Contamination
3.3 Summary of Site Risks
.. ................. ......... ......... ...
............... .......... ................
............. .................. ...
... ....... ...........................
......... ...........0.............
4.0 CI.BAHtJP CR.ITBRIA.............................................
5.0
6.0
7.0
4.1 Groundwater Remediation
4.2 Surface Water/Sediment Honitorinq
..... .... .......................
.............. ........
ALTERNATIVES EVALUATION
............ ........................
RBCOHMBHDED ALTERNATIVES
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
.......... .............. .... .......
camparion of Alternatives...............................
D..cription of Recommended Remedy......................
Operation and Maintenance
CoR of Recommended Al ternati ves
Schedule
Puture Actions
Oon8i8tency with other Environmental Laws ..............
.................. ........ ....
............ ..... ......
.......... .... .................................
........................................ .
COMMUNITY RELATIONS
.. ....... ..... ...... ............. .......
-'-', :: ': ;""'r;-::'=-'.'-~ "~;':::-;;'o-~.::_-:;~,,,,,--:.
.:-,,- ::":"~"~-;:i::'" ",'0'.
PAGE No.
1
1
4
6
6
6
7
14
19
19
21
21
29
29
30
30
31
31
31
31
32
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LIS'l' OF FIGURES
Pigure 1 - Site Location ........................................
rigure 2 -.Land 088 .............................................
Pigure 3 - Site Map .............................................
Pigure 4 - Surface Water Sampling Locations......................
Pigure 5 - Sediment Sampling Location ...........................
Pigure 6 - EPA Surface Water/Sediment Sampling Locations ........
Pigure 7 - Groundwater Sampling Locations .......................
'l'able 1
'l'able 2
'l'able J
'l'able 4
'l'able 5
'l'able 6
LIS'l' 01' 'l'ABLES
- Surface Water/Sediment Analytical Results ............
- SPA Surface Water/Sediment Analytical Results ........
- COncentrations of COntaminants Pound in Groundwater..
- Hazardous Sub8tances Found In the Groundwater .~......
- Groundwater Technologies .............................
- Groundwater Alternatives .............................
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PAGE No.
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-------
ENFORCEMENT
RECORD OF DECISION
SUMMARY OF REMEDIAL ALTERNATIVE SELECTION
NATIONAL STARCH & CHEMICAL CORP. SITE
SALISBURY, ROWAN COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
1.0
INTRODUCTION
The National Starch and Chemical COrporation Site was proposed for inclusion
on the National Priorities List (NPL) in April 1985 and reproposed in June
1988. The National Starch Site has been the subject of a Remedial
Inve8tigation (RI) and Feasibility Study (FS) performed by the re8pon8ible
party, National Starch, under an Administrative Order by COnsent dated
December 1, 1986. The RI report, which examines air, sediment, soil, surface
water, and groundwater contamination at the site was completed on June 21,
1988. The FS, which develops and examines alternatives for remediation of
the site, was issued in draft form to the public on September 3, 1988.
.
The Record of Decision has been prepared to summarize the
alternative selection process and to present the selected
remedial alternative.
remedial
groundwater
1.1 SITE LOCATION AND DESCRIPTION
The National Starch and Chemical Corporation Site is located in Rowan County,
North Carolina, approximately five miles south of the city of Salisbury
(Figure 1). Salisbury is located about 40 miles northeast of Charlotte,
North Carolina. According to 1986 statistics, Rowan County covers 517 square
miles with a population of 104,678. The population of the city of Salisbury
as of 1986, is 23,931.
In general, land use of the areas immediately adjacent to the site is a
mixture of residential and industrial developments (Figure 2). The east side
of the site, on the opposite side of Cedar springs Road, is an industrial
park primarily consisting of warehousing operations. A farm is adjacent to
the south side of the site. Grants Creek forms the western boundary of the
site. The Little Acres Mobile Bome Subdivision adjoins the extreme
southwestern corner of the site. A housing development, Kings Forest, is
adjacent to the north side of the site. The site actually forms the east,
west, and south boundaries of the development, 8uch that the site is adjacent
to the backyards of a number of homes in the development. A second
development, Stonybrook, lies across Airport Road on the northern side of the
site.
The Rowan COunty airport is located to the northeast of the site and the
Rowan County Landfill to the north of the airport.
The National Starch and Chemical Corporation owns a SOO,acre industrial site
known as the Cedar Springs Road Plant. Current information indicates that
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fIGURE 2
C:JNiCUR INTERVAL 10 FEEi
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-------
hazardous waste was disposed of on approximately five acres. The production
facility is located in the extreme southeastern portion of the site
(Pigure 3).
1.2 Site Historv
In September 1968, Proctor Chemical Company purchased the 465-acre Cedar
Springs Road property. Within the next year, Proctor Chemical was acquired
by Rational Starch and operated aa a a.parate au}:)aidiary. COnatruction of
the Cedar Springs Road plant began in 1970. On January 1, 1983, Proctor
Chemical company was dissolved and its operationa merged with Rational
Starch.
The Rational Starch facility is primarily a manufacturing plant for textile
finishing chemicals and custom specialty chemicals. Production takes place
on a batch basia and variea depending upon demand.
Based on a 1984 CERCLA 103(c) notification report filed by Rational Starch &
Chemical COrporation (RSCC), from 1971 to 1978, Rational Starch disposed of
approximately 350,000 gallons of D002 waste (corrosive waste with pH ~2.0)
reaction vessel wash waters in trenches constructed in a S-acre tract of land
located behind the plant. The corrosive reaction vessel wash water consisted
predominantly of salt brines, sulfuric acid solutions, sulfonating fats and
oils, and solvents. Trace levels of heavy metals may be due to deminimus
corrosion of process equipment. The wastes were disposed of in aeveral
trenches approximately 200 to 300 feet long and 8 feet deep. The trenches
ran both eaat to west and north to south.
Liquid effluent-from the plant production area flowed into the easternmost
~~~~~eatm~~t holding lagoon, which was unlined, and then was pumped to an
active trench in the trench area. Each trench was used until liquid no
longer readily percolated into the ground. Afterwards the trench was
backfilled and seeded, and a new trench was constructed.
In 1976, eight monitoring wells were installed around the -aite by Rational
Starch to determine if the trenching operations were impacting groundwater
quality. Four-of these monitoring wells were installed adjacent to or within
the trench area. Monitoring revealed that shallow groundwater immediately
within and adjacent to the trench area was contaminated. In June 1977,
sampling by the North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources,
Division of Environmental Management (DE!!) verified National Starch's earlier
conclusion that some of the monitoring wells were contaminated. Based on
analysis of samples taken at that time, DE!! requested that National Starch
cease onsite waste disposal activities.
Since 1978, production plant process waters have been directed to a
pretreatment facility located adjacent to and south of the production area.
The waste stream goes through presettling and surface aeration in holding
~a90ons prior ~o controlled discharge to the Salisbury publicly owneQ
treatment works (POTW).
-4-
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-------
The objectives of the site investigation were to:
* Determine the nature and extent of groundwater, 8urface water, 80il,
and sediment contamination en and adjacent to the site.
* Determine the attentuative and adsorptive properties of the shallow
8aturated media.
* Determine and describe on-site and off-8ite features that could affect
the method8 of containment or cleanup.
* Determine the extent to which the site posed an imminent hazard to
public health or the environment.
The purpo8e of the feasibility .tudy was to develop and examine remedial
alternatives for the 8ite, and to 8creen these alternatives on the basis of
protection of human health and the environment, co.t-effectivene.. and
technical implementability. In accordance with the comprehensive
Environmental Re8pon8e, compensation and Liability Act of 1980 (CERCLA), as
amended by the Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA),
alternatives in which treatment would permanently and .iqnificantly reduce
the volume, toxicity, or mobility of the hazardous 8ub8tances at the site
were preferred over those alternatives not involving such treatment.
2.0
ENFORCEMENT ANALYSIS
The National Starch Site was proposed for inclusion to the NPL in April 1985
and EPA a..umed lead responsibility for the site at that time. The current
owner and operator, National Starch and Chemical Corporation agreed to
perform the RIfFS. A notice letter was sent to National Starch on Hay
1986. Negotiations for the RI/FS Censent Agreement were concluded with
signing of the document by both EPA and National Starch on December 1,
30,
the
1986.
3.0
CtJRRENT SITE STATUS
.~.
3.1
HYDROGEOLOGIC SETTING
The geologic framework of Rowan COunty forms two distinct aquifers. The
first i8 a shallow aquifer created by the 8aprolite. The second is a bedrock
aquifer formed by the crystalline rocks. The two aquifers are interconnected
with the clay-rich saprolite aquifer acting as a storage re8ervoir for the
lower crY8talline rock aquifer. As a result, both the upper and lower
aquifers can be considered unconfined despite the tendency of water levels
within the crystalline rock aquifer to display artesian condition8. Water
leve18 within the deep aquifer tend to rise to levels near the upper water
table across the county, indicating a hydraulic connection between the twe.
-6-
. -:~:. :"~ . -' .' "::" -', ';~.. .'~,' ,,'-;-.....";" " ~:.
. ''':J; ;" .' ~-' .'~'''''': 'i;(~ ',,',c;lJ .~. J" >-:':' ,"C.:. -; ;
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-------
Well yields are low within the upper aquifer and tend to
gallons per minute. Successful wells drilled within the
generally have higher yields than those in the saprolite
approximately 40 to 50 gallons per minute.
range between 3 to 5
bedrock aquifer
aquifer and average
Grants Creek delineates the western most property line and flows in a
northeasterly direction. Grants Creek flows approximately 12 miles beyond
the National Starch property before reaching the Yadkin River. It joins the
Yadkin River approximately 2 miles below the water supply intake for the City
of Sali.bury. Sheet surface runoff, concentrated toward the middle of the
former trench area, carries 8urfacial drainage from the trench area.
Three unnamed tributaries of Grants Creek traverse the National Starch .ite.
The first stream passes within 200 yards of the front of the plant (the
eastern tributary), paralleling Cedar Springs Road and leaves the property to
the north. A small intermittent stream forms the southwestern site boundary
(the southwestern tributary). The USGS quadrangle indicates a third 8mBll
stream positioned in the northwest quadrant of the property (the northwest
tributary). Grants Creek and the unnamed tributaries receive the surface
water runoff from the former trench area.
3.2
SITE CONTAMINATION
.
The National Starch Site contains two main identified contaminant areas: the
trench area and the wastewater lagoon area. Soil, groundwater, surface
water, and sediment samples were collected in and around each of the two
areas and analyzed. All samples were analyzed for those chemicals included
on the Hazardous Substances List (HSL). These include organic volatiles,
pesticides, organic semi volatiles, polychlorinated biphenyls (PC~s), and
metals. ;:---.- '"
SURFACE WATER/SEDIMENT
The surface water sampling locations are shown. on Figure 4 and the sediment
sampling locations are shown on Figure S. The results of the analyses are
given in Table 1. In addition, EPA took additional surface water/sediment
samples from an eastern tributary in response to nearby residents' complaints
(Figure 6). Table 2 shows the results of EPA's sampling activities. Both
studies revealed high levels of contamination in the eastern tributary on
site.
The source of contamination in the surface water has not been identified;
neither surface water runoff or groundwater discharge has been ruled out as a
potential source. Additional sampling will be conducted during the
supplemental RI for the soil remediation operable unit to determine if other
source area(s) exist on the National Starch property, and to determine the
related extent of migration of contamination. This supplemental RI will
occur concurrently with the Remedial Design stage of the first operable unit.
-7-
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-9-
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N
NATIONAL STARCH
PROPERTY UNE
. -. ~,.',. ,,'>...... ~"L .',-.-~.::" :.--;..,<'~,",'-7r- ',",.,'- ;-',.-''1";'--:::0 }':-- - - -', ---:
FIGURE 6
NATIONAL STARCH
CEDAR SPRINGS ROAD SITE
SAMPLING LOCATIONS
JUNE 17, 1987
\.
--N~4
~;:~
\.
c
~
~
~
~
-11-
~tRPORT RO~
.
O'
1000' 2000'
SCA1£
APPRO)Q..A'TE
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-------
TABLE 2
ANALY!ICAL DATA StiMMAR.Y - SEDIMENT SAMPLES
Nr.!IONAL STARc-~ .A~;t) CHE.~ICAL
CEDAR SPRINGS ROAD SITE
RO{.;AN COm-;!Y, NORTH CAROLINA
JUNE 17, 1987
NS-S3
CONTROL
NS-S2
AIRPORT
R.OAD
06/17/87
1545
NS-S4
FENCE
06/17/87 06/17/87
1700 1735
NORGANIC ELEMENT/COMPOu~D MG/KG MG/KG MG/KG
BARIUM 40 49 37
CHROMIUM 31 71 58
COPPER 34 62 30
NICKEL 7.5
STRONTIUM 14 13 17
TITANIUM 520 860 590
V AJ."'lAD IUM 140 240 140
YTTRIUM 16 7.8 6.8
ZINC 18 43 22
ALUMINUM 11000 22000 10000
MANGAKESE 150 640 470
. CALCIUM 1300 1300 3900
MAGNESIUM 610 1000 2200
IRON 22000 61000 34000
I
[
I ~TRACTABLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS UG/KG UG/KG UG/KG
,
HEXACHLOROBUTAD I ENE 400J
BENZOIC ACID 52 OJ
PETROLEUM PRODUCT N
2 UNIDENTIFIED COMPOUNDS 3000J
BIPHENYL 100JN
BIS(PHENYLMETHYL)BENZENEMETHANAMINE 700JN
DIPHENYLETHANEDIONE 200JN
HEXADECANOIC ACID 1000JN 900JN
OXYBISBENZENE 200JN
~~GEABLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS UG/KG UG/KG UG/KG
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 3400JN
~****~....~~~.A~~ii~A...ii.~********AA...**.AAAA***************
~FOOTNOTES***
I J - ESTIMATED VALUE
I N - PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE OF PRESENCE OF MATERIAL
MATERIAL WAS A.~ALYZED FOR Bu! NOT DETECTED
-12-
NS-Sl
KENSTER
PROPER~.
06/17/87
1420
KG/KG
.52
44
21
13
550
98
5.7
23
8500
490
2500
1900
25000
UG/KG
UG/KG
-------
TABLE 2 (continued;
A.~;'LY1'I CAL DATA S~.ARY - YATER SA;.'!PLES
NATIONAL STARCH AND CH~~ICAL
CEDAR SPRINGS ROAD SITE
RCi,'-A..~ COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
JUNE 17, 1987
NS-Y3 NS-Y4 NS-Y2 NS-T,;'l
CONTROL FENCE AIRPORT KE:':S:ER
ROAD PROPERTY
06/17/87 06/17/87 06/17/Si 06/:iI8i
1655 1730 1539 1402
~ORG~~! C ELEME~/CO~POt~~ UG/L UG/L UG/L UG/:
BARItJM 32 21 46 47
STRONTIUM 63 110 310 280
TITANIUM 40
VANADIUM 15
ALUMINUM 3100 230 200 210
MANGANESE 200 160
MG/L MG/L MG/L MG/L
..
CALCIUM 6.8 13 31 28
MAGNESIUM 3.3 5.4 13 12
IRON 3.5 1.1 0.39 O.-3l
SODIUM 4.2 13 9.6 9.2
:T 'ABLE ORGA.~IC cO~POm=DS UG/L UG/L UG/L CG/L
ETHYLHEXANOIC ACID 4JN
PHOSPHORIC ACID,T.RIETHYL ESTER 25JN
(DIMETHYLETHYL)PROPE~.~~IDE 3JN 20J~
(DIMETHYLETHYL)PROPENAMIDE (2 ISOMERS) 20JN
1 UNID~~IFIED COMPOUND 100J 50J 40J
ffiGEABLE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS UG/L UG/L UG/L UG/L
1,2-DICHLOROETHANE 4400J
.*~************************************************************
'*FOOTNOTES***
~ - ESTIMATED VALUE
N PRESUMPTIVE EVIDENCE OF PRESENCE OF MATERIAL
- MATERIAL YAS ANALYZED FOR BUT NOT DETECTED
-13-
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-------
GRotnmWA'rBR
During the remedial investigation, 23 monitoring wells were installed; 17
shallow wells to sample water in the saprolite and six deep wells to sample
water from the bedrock aquifer. Locations of the wells are shown on Figure 7
and the sampling results are given in Table 3.
Data collected from the groundwater wells indicated that the two
water-bearing zones (shallow and deep) are interconnected.
Three areas were targeted for groundwater investigation at this site: the
wastewater treatment lagoons, the area just west of the plant between the
plant and trench area (where .oil from wastewater lagoon retrofitting was
stockpiled and aerated, releasing volatile organics to the atmosphere) and
the trench area.
The data from the groundwater wells in the vicinity of the stockpile area and
the wastewater treatment lagoons did not show any impact on groundwater.
The groundwater in the trench area was found to be highly contaminated.
COntaminants, mostly in the form of volatile and base neutral organics, are
present in both the saprolite and bedrock aquifers.
3.3
Summary of Site Risks
CBRCLA direct. that the Agency IDUSt protect human health and the environment
from current and potential exposure to hazardous substances at the site. In
order to a..e.. the current and potential risks from this site, a risk
assessment was conducted as part of the Remedial Investigation. This section
summarizes the Agency's findings concerning the risks from exposure to
groundwater related to this site.
Eleven carcinogens and fourteen non-carcinogens have been identified in the
groundwater at this site. The toxicity, mobility and persistence
characteristics of these substances at the site do not warrant the exclusion
of any of these substances from consideration as chemicals of concern at this
site. The substances of concern for this site are listed in Table 4. This
table also presents the highest detected on-site levels for these substances,
as well as other related health information.
3.3.1
BxDosure Assessment
Groundwater in the area is a current source of drinking water; it is
classified as Class IIA based on the Agency's Groundwater Classification
Strategy. A 1988 survey of existing off-site water supply wells revealed a
total of 1,539 homes within a 3-mile radius of the site that are outside the
limits of the city water lines and could potentially use the groundwater for
drinking and other domestic purposes. The closest well is located 2,200 feet
northeast of the site.
-14-
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-------
In developing the hypothetical exposure scenarios for groundwater at this
.ite, it was assumed that nearby residents would be eXposed to water
contaminated at the highest concentrations found on site. This is a
reasonable assumption based on the facts that residences are located almost
directly along the site boundaries in the direction of apparent groundwater
flow, and because the data indicate that the groundwater plume is advancing
rapidly.
The potential routes of human expo.ure relative to the groundwater include
water u.ed for drinking and other dome.tic purpo.e.. Relative to the .urface
water., there is a potential for humans to directly contact or inge.t
contaminated waters through recreational uses of nearby cr_u.
3.3.2
Toxicitv Assessment
Kleven carcinogens and fourteen non-carcinogen. were identified in the
groundwater at this site. These substances are listed in Table 4. For the
carcinogens, this table also lists the concentration for each substance which
is equivalent to a 10-6 risk. The Agen~ considers individual excess
cancer risks in the range of 10-4 to 10- as protective; however, the
10-6 risk level is used as the point of departure for setting cleanup
levels at Superfund sites. A 10-6 level is particularly appropriate as a
point of departure at this site given the number of carcinogens that nearby
residents may be exposed to from the site.
For non-carcJ.nogens, the concentration which would be equivalent to either
the reference do.e (RfD) or the acceptable chronic intake (ACI) for that
sub.tance i. li.ted in that table. The RfD and ACI are levels to which
humans can be exposed to on a daily basis without adverse effect. Exposures
which exceed concentrations equivalent to these RfDs and ACIs would be
considered an unacceptable risk at this site.
3.3.3
Summary of Risk Characterization
.,
Given the pro~~ty of the residents to the site boundary (particularly those
residences in the King's Forest Subdivision and the Little Acres Trailer
court) and the rapid advancement of the groundwater plume, the risks from
current and potential exposure to contaminated groundwater from this site are
unacceptable. Future operable units for this site will deal with the risks
associated with exposure to contaminated surface water, sediments, soil and
air from this site, the risks to human health and the environment will be
further assessed in the investigation for those operable units.
-18-
.~ . < .:'. .~ ""\: /'.:~:-. ':''':~':''-'.- .'~' '... ": . ," , ". ~,. ",:. ~':-'. >; :".' .'- ,-. -, _r
-------
4.0
CLEANUP CRITERIA
4.1
GROUNDWATER
Based on the risks to human health described in the section 3.3 above,
protective cleanup goals must be set for the chemicals of concern in the
groundwater. The cleanup levels for these aubatances are aet at the Maximum
COntaminant Level (MCI.) or, if an MCI. is not currently available, at the
limit of detection for that aubstance. Therefore, the following levela lDUat
be achieved throughout the plume(s) in order to protect human health at thi.
aite:
Arsenic 10 ppb
Benzene 5 ppb
Bis (2-chloroethyl ether) 5 ppb
Bromodichloromethane 5 ppb
Chloroform 5 ppb
1,2-dichloroethane 5 ppb
1,1-dichloroethylene 7 ppb
Methylene chloride 5 ppb
1,1,2-trichloroethane 5 ppb
Trichloroethylene 5 ppb
Vinyl chloride 2 ppb
..
In addition, cleanup goals are being set for the fourteen non-carcinogens
identified at the site. These levels will be set at the MCI.. If an MCI. is
not available, the level will be set at the RfD or ACI equivalent
concentration levels. However, in the case of ethyl benzene, the cleanup
criterion ia based on the proposed Maximum COntaminant Goal which is a
health-based goal that takes into account recent data. Therefore, the
following level. IDUst be met throughout the plume(s) at this site in order to
protect human health:
Acetone 3,500 ppb
Barium 1,000 ppb
Beryllium 17.5 ppb
Cadmium 10 ppb
Chromium 50 ppb
1,2-Dichloropropane 6 ppb
Ethyl benzene 3,500 ppb
Manganese 7,700 ppb
Hickel 350 ppb
4-Hitrophenol 350 ppb
Selenium 10 ppb
Toluene 2,000 ppb
Xylenes 350 ppb
Zinc 7,350 ppb
The cleanup goals listed above for carcinogens and non-carcinogens will also
meet the chemical-specific applicable or relevant and appropriate
requirements for this site.
-19-
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-------
TABLE 4
HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES FOUND IN 'l'BE GROUNDWATER
AT 'l'BE NATIONAL STARCH SITE
HIGHEST CONC. 10-6 EXCESS CtJRREN'1'
CARCINOGENS FOUND ON SITE CANCER RISK MeI.
Ar.enic 310 ppb 0.02 ppb 10 ppb
Benzene 8 ppb 1.2 ppb 5 ppb
Bi8(2-chloroethyl) ether 14,000 ppb 0.03 ppb none
Bromodichloromethane 7 ppb 0.43 ppb none
Chloroform 49 ppb 0.43 ppb none
1,2-dichloroethane 350,000 ppb 0.38 ppb 5 ppb
l,l-dichloroethylene 11 ppb 0.06 ppb 7 ppb
Methylene chloride 8 ppb 5.0 ppb none
1,1,2-trichloroethane 11 ppb 0.59 ppb none
Trichloroethylene 10 ppb 3.0 ppb 5 ppb
Vinyl chloride 90 ppb 0.02 ppb 2 ppb
HIGHEST CONC. CONC. EQUIV. CtJRREN'1'
NON-CARCINOGENS POUND ON SITE TO R!D OR ACI MeI.
Acetone 89,000 ppb 3,500 ppb none
Barium 2,290 ppb 1,800 ppb 1,000 ppb
Beryllium 120 ppb 17.5 ppb none
cadmium 114 ppb 10 ppb 10 ppb
Chromium 554 ppb 175 ppb 50 ppb
1,2-dichloropropane 29,000 ppb 6 ppb 6ppb*
Ethyl benzene 1,500 ppb 3,500 ppb 680 ppb *
Manqane8e 1,400,000 ppb 7,700 ppb none
Nickel 5,190 ppb 350 ppb none
4-nitrophenol 13,000 ppb 350 ppb none
Selenium 274 ppb 105 ppb 10 ppb
Toluene 6,000 ppb 2,000 ppb 2,000 ppb *
Xylene8 3,800 ppb 350 ppb 440 ppb *
Zinc 14,900 ppb 7,350 ppb none
* . Propo8ed Maximum COntaminant Level Goal (MCLG)
-20-
-------
The State of North Carolina has belatedly identified groundwater cleanup
levels more stringent than those identified above. These cleanup goals can
be found in North Carolina Administrative COde, Title 15, Department of
Natural Resources and Community Development, Environmental Management
Division, Subchapter 2L - Classifications and Water Quality Standards
Applicable to the Groundwaters of North carolina - Sections .0100, .0200 and
.0300. The Agency will initiate discussions with the State to determine if
these 8tandards are applicable to the site. Even if these more stringent
cleanup levels are found to be applicable, they would not alter the remedial
action selected for this operable unit.
4.2
StJRlPACB WA'rBR/SEDIHBN'l' MONI'l'ORING
Surface water and 8ediment contamination have been detected in on-site
streams in unacceptably hiqh concentration8. The source of this
contamination has not been determined. A supplemental RI to sUpPOrt a source
control operable unit will be conducted to determine if a 80urce, other than
the trench area, exists. If other source(s) are found, they will be
remediated in the source control operable unit. The groundwater extraction
system will be desiqned to remediate contaminated groundwater throughout the
plume and to prevent offsite migration of contaminated ground water. Surface
water and 8ediment sampling will be conducted to determine the source of the
contamination, and to verify that contamination has not migrated to offsite
surface water and sediments.
5.0
AL'l'ERNATIVJ:S EVALUATION
The pUrPOse of this remedial action at the National Starch Site is to
mitigate and minimize contamination in the groundwater and to reduce
potential ri8ks to human health and the environment.
Groundwater
An initial screening of possible technologies was performed to identify those
which best meet the criteria of Section 300.68 of the National COntingency
Plan (NCP) (Table 5) and which satisfies the statutory criteria of SARA
Section 121.
Followinq the initial screeninq of technologies, potential remedial action
alternatives were identified and analyzed. These alternatives were further
screened and those which best satisfied the cleanup objectives and
applicable or relevant and appropriate requirements (ARARs) were develoPed
for consideration (Table 6).
-21-
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------ ----- - .-"--- ------
~~
)~
t,
~
;~
q:
.
~,
~
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~,
:"uwJd Watt.!c ~,
!. ~,
i>
'11I.!cal RespOl uoe ~ial ~r:
~~
I ion Technology Pro.:ess Option Efft!Cti veness Implementability Cost Status ~f
r\
. j\,~
'ction None Not Applicable Does not unsure N/A; will likely UJw O&M Retainoo ;'
~.
achievement of remf.dial require lcng-term (long-term !:
action objectives DD'1itori09 lI01itori09) ~~i
]
.-
i tutiOlldl Access Deed Effectiveness depends lsJal requirements Negligible Retainro f~
i\
"ns restrictia1S reslrictia1S on continued future b
impl~ntation; does ",.
.t'
,~
not reduce contamination "
;:
~
.,
Alternative New ooom.mity Effective in preventing N/A Pb:lerate Disloissoo "
"-
!.'j
water supply well use of contaminated capital, ~
:,
groundwater; no low O&M /.~
contamination reduCtion ~
~-
!i
tb1itoring Groundwater Useful for documenting Easily implemented; UJw Retained I {..,
N ~
DOli tor i09 conditions; does not serves to 1000itor capital, N f!
I
mitigate {''OI1tamination contamination, not low O&M i~~
mitigate ~;
contamination :~
r
t:.
::)IltiJ inment Vertical Slurry wall feasible because Difficult to verify Disillissoo t'
Not High ~
weriers grOllBiwCtter is continuity of slurry capital, "
contaminalL'U "
-;;
of fractured bedrock bedrock; no capital, I;
excavation required; low O&M ~
!S'
limi ted to 50 feet i:
"
Horizontal Not effective because Continuity is High i
Grout Dismissro I'
;'
barriers injL>ction of fractured bedrock difficult to verify capital, L
j~
low O&M .
f
!.
I:
-------
TABLE 5
uund Water
lI~r...l Response Remedial Prex.."ess
tion Tedu)()logy Optioo Effectiveness Implementability Cost Status
Steam stripping Ef fect i ve for relloval Because of high flbderate Di5mi5soo
of volatile organics: chloride, content capital,
not applicable to equilxnent may high
inorganics require alloy O&M
materials for
constructioo
Evaporatioo Effective if properly WOULd require High Dismissed
designed bench-scale testing capital,
and continued O&M high
0irM
Reverse OSIlDSis . Effective in Readily inpl~nted: High Dismissed
OOIl<"'eI1tcating salts in membranes Rlay foul if capital, I
wastewater: may be solubility limits ace moderate M
N
OOI,sidered as a exceeded O&M I
pretreat'Dent step
Filtration Effective in reducing Readily implemented J..cw Retained
suspended sol ids pc ior capital,
to further treatment moderdte
0irM
Carhon Not effective for Readily implemented High Rete) i 1100
adsorption inorganic <..'OOtaminants: capital,
not as effective for high O&M
water soluble compounds
Biological Biological Effective lmler good Readily implemented J..cw Retainl:!d
treatment degrddation prOl...'ess control using conventional capital,
conditions equipnent moderate
O&M
-------
TAUU2 5
Ground Water
Jeiioral Respmisu Remedial Process
Action Technology Option
Effectiveness
Implementability
Cost
Status
Collection
treatment
discharge
Extration
Extraction
wells/deep
well system
Subsurface
drains
Physical-
chemical
treatment
Interceptor
trenches
Neutralization
Precipitation/
Flocculation
Ion exchange
Air stripping
Effectiveness can be
verified by monitoring;
performance is
sensitive to design;
collected water must
be treated or disposed
of
Effective for
downgradient fracture
flow interception
Effective and reliable
for stabilizing pH of
groundwater prior to
treatment
Effective and relaible;
requires sludge disposal
Not an optimum process
when dealing with
saline water
conditions that exist
at site
Effective for removal
of volatile organics;
not applicable to
inorganics
Easily implemented;
continued O&M
required
Very difficult to
implement; requires
deep trenching
through rock
Readily implemented
Readily implemented
Groundwater would
require pretreatment
before implementing
this option
Easily implemented;
existing aeration
basins on-site may
be applicable
Moderate
capital,
moderate
O&M
High
Capital,
low O&M
Low
capital,
moderate
O&M
Moderate
capital,
moderate
O&M
High
capital,
high
O&M
Moderate
capital
moderate
O&M
Retained
Dismissed
Retained
Retained
Retained
I
rr
Retained
-------
TABLE 5
: round Water
uneral Response Remedial
Action Technology
t>l lection Treatment in
reatment existing
ischarge lagoons
continued)
In situ
treatment
On-site
discharge
Off -site
discharge
Process
Option
Effective in air
stripping volatile
organics may be
efficient
bioreactors
Biolegradation
Gheinical
treatment
Local stream
RCKA facility
Sewer line/POTW
Effectiveness
Readily implemented,
will require testing
Not effective in
fractured bedrock and
saline water
conditions
Not effective in
fractured bedrock
Effective and reliable
Effective and reliable,
but requires
transportation
Effective and reliable
I mplementabi 1 i ty
Low
capital,
moderate
O&M
Not easily
implemented; requires
bench-scale testing;
would require
numerous wells for
injection
Not easily
implemented; would
require numerous
wells for injection
Not easily
implemented; NPDtS
permit required
Permits required
Readily implemented
through existing
sewer line to POTW
if pretreatment
standards are met
Cost
Retained
High
capital,
moderate
O&M
High
capital,
high O&M
High
capital,
high O&M
High
capital,
low O&M
Low
capital,
moderate
O&M
Status
Dismissed
Dismissed
Retained
Retained
Retained
I
in
(N
-------
5.1
GROUNDWATER ALTERNATIVES
ALTERNATIVE 1:
NO ACTION
This alternative includes no remedial action measures, but will include
continued groundwater and surface water monitoring and the filing of a deed
restriction identifying the known areas of contamination. The deed
restriction will prevent on-site developD8Dt in the trench area and prevent
on-site use of the groundwater.
COntamination, over time, may be reduced becau.e of biodegradation, chemical
transformation and dilution. However, given the cont.mi "ant concentrationa
at the Site, the time required to siqnificantly reduce contaminant levels is
unrealistic. No action does not provide permanent groundwater remediation;
prevent off site migration of contaminated groundwater, surface water, and
sediments; or actively restore contaminated groundwater throughout the
plume. There are short-term imPacts on human health or the environment
involved in the implementation of this alternative.
Because this alternative will result in hazardous substances remaining onsite
above health-based levels, a 5-year review process would be conducted as
described in SARA Section 121 to ensure adequate protection of human health
and the environment.
This alternative does not meet the statutory preference for treatment to the
maximum extent practicable; nor does it meet ARARs.
Present Worth.
$220,000.00
ALTERNATIVE 2:
OFF-SITE DISPOSAL OJ!' GROUNDWATER TO RCRA TSD FACILITY
This alternative includes the extraction of contaminated groundwater, the
collection of groundwater at a central on-site location, and the off-site
disposal of the collected groundwater by bulk tank trunks to a RCRA
Treatment, St.orage 4Dd Disposal (TSD) facility.
Groundwater will be extracted at a rate of 50,000 gallons per day and will be
placed in an above ground tank for no more than 90 days. The tanks will
store the extracted groundwater until it is transferred to bulk tank trucks
and transported to a RCRA TSD facility.
COntinued groundwater monitoring will be performed after removal of the
contaminated groundwater to verify the effectiveness of the groundwater
extraction operation.
This alternative would meet groundwater remedial action objectives by
removing the contaminated groundwater but will not destroy the contaminants.
Thus, it is not considered a permanent remedy. Further, it does not satisfy
the statutory preference for treatment to the maximum extent practicable
-26-
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TABLE 6
GROUNDWATER ALTERNATIVES
ALTERNATIVE
REDUCES
MOBILITY/TOXICITY/VOLUME
COST
Alternative 1
No Action
Minor Reductions in
contaminant volume,
require an extended
period .
$220,000
Long-term GW monitoring
will
time
Alternative 2
GW recovery
Provides permanent and
significant reductions
in M/T/V
$103,601,000
Off-site disposal
at a RCRA approved
facility
Alternative 3
GW recovery
Direct Di8charge to POTW
Provides permanent and
significant reductions
in M/T/V
$781,000
Alternative 4
GW recovery Provides permanent and
Pre-treatment/air stripping
significant
reductions
A. $7,104,00
B. $8,522,0
A. Discharge to POTW in M/T/V
B. Discharge to Grants Creek
Alternative 5
GW recovery
Pre-treatment
A. Metals removal
B. Air stripping,
removal
Lagoon
Discharge to POTW
Provides permanent and
significant reductions
in M/T/V
A. $3,014,00
B. $3,726,00
metals
M - mobility
T - toxicity
V - volume
-27-
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-------
Short-term impacts to human health and the environment involve increased
traffic from tanker trucks. This alternative permanently remediates the
groundwater, but does not satisfy the statutory preference for treatment to
the maximum extent practicable.
Present Worth:
$103,623,000.00
AL'l'BRNATIVE 3:
GROUNDWA'l'BR EXTRACTION AND DISCHARGE DIRECTLY TO PO'l'W
This alternative involves extracting the contaminated groundwater and
discharging it to the Salisbury PO'l'W for treatment. The PO'l'W is a 5 million
gallon per day biological treatment plant. Bench-scale testing may be
required by the PO'l'W to determine if the PO'l'W is capable of treating this
contaminated groundwater.
National Starch currently discharges plant wastewater effluent to a sewer
line connected to the PO'l'W.
The extracted groundwater would be discharged into the existing sewer line.
The discharge to the Salisbury PO'l'W will have to be negotiated with the City
of Salisbury.
Groundwater will be extracted until the groundwater at the site meets the
ARARs established for this site throughout the plume area(s). There are no
short-term impacts to human health or the environment from this alternative.
Long-term effects include restoring contaminated groundwater onsite for
potential beneficial use, prevention of offsite migration of contaminated
groundwater, and prevention of offsite migration of contaminated surface
water and sediments which might be related to groundwater discharge. This
groundwater alternative meets the statutory preference for treatment to the
maximum extent practicable and for permanent remediation. Discharge of
effluent from the PO'l'W will be in accordance with the POTW'S NPDES permit.
This alternative meets ARARe.
Present Worth:
$781,000.00
ALTERNATIVE 4: ,GROUNDWATER EXTRACTION. PRE-TREA'l'MENT BY AIR STRIPPING/METALS
REMOVAL. DISCHARGE TO PO'l'W OR TO GRANTS CREEK
In this alternative, the groundwater will be extracted, treated to meet
acceptable effluent limits of the POTW, once negotiated, then discharged to
the PO'l'W, or discharged to Grants Creek in compliance with a NPDES permit.
The treatment process will include pH adjustment, precipitation,
flocculation, and clarification for metals removal. Air stripping with fume
incineration followed by biotreatment will be used to remove the BSL
organics, and to reduce COD and BOD. The process will be designed to meet
all pretreatment requirements for producing a final effluent suitable for
discharge to the Salisbury POTW.
-28-
-------
This alternative has the saine short and long term impacts as Alternative 3.
This groundwater alternative meets the statutory preference for treatment to
the maximum extent practicable and for permanent remediation. This
alternative meets ARABs.
Groundwater will be extracted until the groundwater at the site meet8 the
ARARs established for this 8ite throughout the plume area(8).
Present Worth:
$7,104,000.00
ALTBRNATIVB 5:
GROmmWA'l'ER EX'1'RAC'l'ION. PRB-'l'REATMBR"r IN
EXISTING LAGOON SYSTBH. DISCHARGE 'l'O PO'l'W
This alternative includes the extraction of groundwater and pretreatment as
required to allow the groundwater to be combined with the current plant
effluent prior to treatment and treated in the existing lagoons for discharge-
to the Sali8bury PO'l'W. The level of pretreatment required will depend on the
effluent limits set by the PO'l'W. -
The pretreatment 8Y8tem may include meta18 removal by lime precipitation,
stripping of volatile organics, or treatment with activated carbon. If
stripping of volatile organic8 is r8qu~, air monitoring will be
instituted, and carbon filter unit8 used as necessary to address potential
air emi8sions. Activated carbon used to prevent air emissions or as a
treatment proces8 for contaminated groundwater will be incinerated or
regenerated, whichever 1s most cost-effective. -
~ This alternative has the same short- and- long term impact8 a8 Alternative 3.
This groundwater alternative meets the statutory preference for'treatment to
the maximum extent practicable and for permanent remediation. This
alternative meets ARABs.
Groundwater will be extracted until the groundwater at the site meets the
ARARs established for this site throughout the plume area(s).
Present Worth:.
$3,036,000.00
6.0
RECOKMBRDED ALTERNATIVES
6.1
COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES
Alternative 1, no Action alternative which must be considered as a base line
for comparison (SARA Section 121), does not meet ARARs, and does not satisfy
the statutory criteria, nor to the extent practicable, the NCP. Alternative
2, provides for removal of a principle threat from the site, but not for
remediation of contaminated groundwater. It does not satisfy the statutory
preference for treatment for the maximum extent practicable.
-29-
-------
Alternatives 3, 4 and 5 differ principally in the range of pretreatment
provided for contaminated groundwater before release to the Salisbury PO'l'W.
Alternative 3, provide8 for no pretreatment which allows no flexibility
should the Salisbury PO'l'W bench-scale test (see discussion on Alternative 3)
indicate that pretreatment would be necessary for discharge of the
groundwater directly to the PO'1'W. 'l'herefore, this alternative may fail to
meet the remediation goals 8pecified within the ROD. Alternative 4, provide8
for cii.charge to the PO'1'W or Grants Creek after pretreatment, ancI 18
equivalent to Alternative 5 in protectiv8D8.8. However, Alternative 5, which
specifie8 pretreatment a. neees.ary with discharge to Salisbury PO'1'W doe. DOt
require an additional BPDBS permit.
. .
6.2
DBSCRIP'l'ION OF RECOMMENDED RBMBDY
'1'h8 reeCllllll8nded alternative (Alternative 5) for remediation of groundwater. i.
to in.tall a groundwater interception and extraction sY8tam downgradient of
the source area (S) . 'l'he level and degree of pretreatment of the extracted
groundwater will depend on the effluent l~ts set by the PO'l'W. 'l'he range of
pretreatment for the extracted groundwater includes air stripping, filtration
through activated carbon filter, metal removal, and treatment through the
company's existing lagoon system. 'l'he extracted groundwater will be
discharged to the Salisbury PO'1'W. Groundwater remediation will be performed
until all contaminated water meets cleanup goals specified in Section 4
throughout the plume area(s).
In the possibility that a mutual arrangement cannot be reached between
National Starch & Chemical Corporation and the PO'1'W to accept the extracted
groundwaterr-treated or untreated, the extracted groundwater will be
discharged to a local surface stream under a BPDES pe~t.
A monitoring program will be established for surface water and sediment.
Additional soil samples will be collected in the vicinity of surface water
and in the vicinity of any suspected source area(s) to determine if other
source(s), other than the trenc.h area, are responsible for the surface water
and 8ediment contamination found. 'l'he surface water and sediment monitoring
will continue .until cleanup goals have been met.
'l'he recommended alternative meets the requirements of 'l'he National Oil and
Hazardous Substances Contingency Plan (NCP), 40 CPR 300.68 (j), and the
Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986 (SARA). 'l'his remedy
permanently and significantly reduces the potential threat due to groundwater
contamination at the site through reduction of toxicity, mobility, and volume
of contaminants, and utilizes treatment technologies to the maximum extent
practicable for this operable unit.
6.3
OPERA'l'ION AND MAIN'l'BNANCE
After this operable unit is completed, no long term operation and maintenance
for groundwater will be required other than monitoring requirements.
-30-
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-------
6.4
COST OP RECOMMENDED ALTERNATIVE
capital costs for groundwater remediation is $597,000 with system operating
and maintenance cost at $55,000 per year, which includes sampling and
analysis. The total present worth of the groundwater remediation is
$1,001,000.
6.5
Sl!R1mtJLB
The planned schedule for remedial activities at the Rational Starch Site will
be governed by the signing of the COnsent Decree and'the finalization of the
site on the NPL, but tentatively i. as follows.
September 1988- Approve Record of Decision
January 1989- Sign COnsent Decree
Pebruary 1989- Begin Remedial Design
July 1989- complete Remedial Desigd
August 1989- Begin Mobilization
6.6 PtJ'l'tJRB ACTIONS
,.
Groundwater, surface water and sediment monitoring will be required
throughout this remedial action to monitor the achievement of cleanup goals.
A supplemental RI (remedial investigation) consisting of soil sampling to
identify additional source area(s) and associated pathways for surface water
and sediment contamination will be initiated during remedial design. A
subsequent source control operable unit addressing soils, and as necessary,
, sediment., will provide further site remediation to address any principal
threat from ingestion of or dermal contact with contaminated soils or
sediments.
6.7
CONSISTENCY WITH OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS
Remedial actio~s performed under CERCLA must comply with all applicable or
relevant and appropriate Pederal and State environmental regulations. All
alternatives considered for the National Starch Site were evaluated on the
basis of the degree to which they complied with these regulations. The
recommended alternative was found to meet or exceed all applicable or
relevant and appropriate requirements as discussed below:
*
Clean Water Act
COntamination was detected in surface water and sediment samples
on-site.
*
Safe Drinking Water Act
Maximum COntaminant Levels (MCLs) established under the Safe
Drinking Water Act were found to be relevant and appropriate to
remedial action at the National Starch Site. The cleanup goals
for groundwater were established in Section 4.
-31-
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*
Bndangered Species Act
The' recommendect remectial alternative is protective of 8pecie.
li.tect as enctangerect or threatened uncter the Bnctangered Specie.
Act. Requirements of the Interagency Section 7 Con8ultation
Proce.8, SO CPR, Part 402, will be met. The Departm8nt of the
Interior, Pish anct Wildlife Service will be con8Ultecl during
r8lD8clial de.ign to u.ura that any end&D98rect or threatenect
.pecie. are not adver.ely impacted by implementation of thi..
r8lD8dy.
*
Clean Air Act (Ambient Air Quality Stanctarct.)
The qrounctwater treatment SY8tems will be cl8siqnect and
monitorecl to assure that air emi8sions meet all local, State
and Pecteral .tanctards.
7.0
COMMUNITY RELATIONS
Pact .heets were transmitted in Pebruary 1987, to interested parties,
residents near the Site, mectia and state, local and federal officials before
the RI work began at the site.
An information repository was established at the Rowan County Library in
Salisbury, Borth Carolina.
A PUblic meeting was held on April 2, 1987, at the Civic Center in Salisbury
to di.cu.. the RI/PS activities and to introduce Superfund to the community.
Another PUblic meeting was held on Karch 31, 1988, at the Civic Center in
Salisbury to di.cuss the results of the RI.
The final PUblic meeting was held on September 14, 1988, at the Civic center
in'Salisbury to discuss the alternatives from the Peasibility Study and
describe BPA's preferred remedial alternative. The three-week public comment
period endect on September 24, 1988. The Proposed Plan fact sheet was
distributed to the public, including the Information Repository, in September
1988.
A Responsiveness Summary has been prepared to summarize community concerns
and BPA's community relations activities.
-32-
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