United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Office of Pesticides
and Toxic Substances
Chemical Information Division
Washington, DC 20460
EPA-560/2-80-001
December 1980
Toxic Substances
c/EPA
Handbook for Obtaining
Chemical Use and Related
Economic Information
-------
EPA 560/2-80-001
December 1980
FINAL REPORT
HANDBOOK FOR OBTAINING CHEMICAL USE
AND RELATED ECONOMIC INFORMATION
by
Marcus Sittenfield
Project Manager
ROMAR CONSULTANTS INC.
Technical Information Division
1405 Locust Street, Suite 1915
Philadelphia, PA 19102
Contract No. 68-01-5926
Project Officer:
Richard G. McAllister
Environmental Protection Agency
Program Integration Division TS793
401 M Street, SW
Washington, DC 20460
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
ASSESSMENT DIVISION
OFFICE OF PESTICIDES AND TOXIC SUBSTANCES
WASHINGTON, DC 20460
-------
This report has been reviewed by the Assessment Division of
the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, Environmental
Protection Agency, and approved for publication.
Approval
does not signify that the contents necessarily reflect the
views and policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor
does mention of trade names or commercial products constitute
endorsement or recommendation for use.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The concept of a study to evaluate sources of Uses of Chemicals
and related economic information was initiated by }lr. Richard McAllister,
Project Officer. He provided valuable guidance in setting the objectives
to be followed in structuring the report.
Wendy L. Byer, Susan Hunsicker and Angela Mazella
ROMAR/TID staff provided substantive work in developing the
sources and evaluating them from the viewpoint of their use
chemical uses and their format.
of the
list of
in determining
Laura R. Loeb ably performed the evaluation of on-line data
sources and assisted in editing and rewrite.
Dr. Ralph Herbst, Jr. made a major contribution in the development
of the methodology far searching sources in order to obtain use and related
economic datao
Finally, the report could not have been prepared without the
excellent assistance of the secretarial staff, particularly Phyllis Gerb.
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Table of Contents
Paragraph
Page
1.1
1.2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.2.1
2.1.2.2
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.2.1
2.2.2.2
2.2.2.3
2.2.3
2.2.3.1
2.2.3.2
2.2.3.3
2.2.4
2.2.5
Title
SECTION I.
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
DEFINITIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ORGANIZATION OF HANDBOOK ...... ...... ....... ....., ......
SECTION II. METHODS OF FINDING CHEMICAL
ECONOMIC INFORMATION
GATHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
PHASE I """"""""
Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Classification of the Chemical.. ............. ..........
Definition of Categories and Classifying Chemicals "'"
Method of Classification
.... .. ... ... .. .. .. .. .... .... .. .
DETERMINE USE OF THE CHEMICAL:
PHASE II ...............
Consul t General Sources................................
Determine Functions of the Chemical.. """""""""
Consult Published Corporate and Trade Information
Sources. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Determine Chemical Derivatives..... ..... ........ .......
Determine Uses of Chemical Derivatives .. "" ........ ...
Determine Application of the Chemical
. ... .. . .. .. . .. . . . .
Identify Consuming Industries Sources
. .. .... .. .. .. .. . . .
Consult Published Corporate Information Sources
. . .. .. .
Consult Type-Specific Sources.. """'" ... '" """'"
Trace Uses to End-Use Applications ..... """" """"
Identify Chemical Alternates... ......... ..... """""
i
1-2
1-4
2-2
2-4
2-8
2-9
2-10
2-12
2-14
2-14
2-14
2-15
2-.18
2-18
2-18
2-18
2-18
2-19
2-19
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Table of Contents (Contd.)
Paragraph
Page
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.4
2.5
2.6
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Title
PHASE III
MARKET INFORMATION:
............... ......... .
Consumption Volume by Use Area
.. .................... ...
Price. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CHEMICALS ASSOCIATED WITH A SPECIFIC USE ......... ......
VERIFICATION OF USE INFORMATION ....... ....... ..........
INDIRECT PROCEDURES
.. . ...................... ...... ... ..
SECTION III. SOURCES OF CHEMICAL USE AND
RELATED ECONOMIC INFORMATION
SELECTION OF THE INFORMATION SOURCES ......... ..........
EVALUATION OF THE INFORMATION SOURCES. .................
ARRANGEMENT OF INFORMATION SOURCES .........'.'.'...' ...
USING THE INFORMATION SOURCES APPENDICES ... ............
APPENDIX A.
APPENDIX B.
APPENDIX C.
APPENDIX D.
APPENDIX E.
APPENDIX F.
APPENDIX G.
APPENDIX H.
EVALUATION SHEETS FOR SPECIFIC
INFORMATION SOURCES .. .....................
INFORMATION SOURCES INDEXED BY
PHYSICAL TYPE.......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL
USE (FUNCTION) ............................
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL
USE (APPLICATION) .........................
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON
CONSUMPTION BY USE........................
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON PRICE ...
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON
PRODUCERS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON
PRODUCTION/SALES VOLUME. ..... .............
II
2-24
2-24
2-25
2-25
2-26
2-27
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-3
A-1
B-1
C-1
D-1
E-1
F-1
G-1
H-1
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Table of Contents
(CQntd.)
Paragraph
Page
APPENDIX I.
APPENDIX J.
Title
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON
PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES. """'" ....
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON
OTHER SUBJECTS............................
~~~
I-I
J-l
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Exhibits
Exhibit
Title
Page
2-1
INFORMATION SEARCH FLOW...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-2
MOST FREQUENTLY USED SOURCES FOR GATHERING BACKGROUND
DATA ON CHEMICALS................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-3
EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION ....
2-4
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR CHEMICAL USE
INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-5
TRADE AND INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC INFORMATION SOURCES ...... .....
2-6
SAMPLE SOURCES FOR INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL PROCESSES ......
2-7
SAMPLE SOURCES OF INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC INFORMATION ...........
2-8
PART OF A USE TREE OF FORMALDEHYDE
-........ ........ .......
2-9
EXAMPLE OF A USE TREE ILLUSTRATING USE OF PROPYLENE
OXIDE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lV
2-3
2-5
2-11
2-13
2-16
2-17
2-20
2-22
2-23
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SECTION I.
INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE
To perform the various assessments of chemical substances and
mixtures which are necessary to implement the Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA), the Agency must often conduct a comprehensive search for
toxicological and exposure information about a subject chemical or family
of substances. In the event that insufficient information is available
about the subject, TSCA provides EPA with the authority to require industry
to develop, retain, or report information as necessary. Section 8(a) of
TSCA authorizes EPA to promulgate rules under which manufacturers and
processors must submit data that is reasonably necessary. The kinds of
information about a chemical that may be required under section 8(a)
include the names of manufacturers and processors, physical and chemical
data, use and production quantity information, number of employees and
workplace exposure levels, and the manner and method of disposal. To
the extent feasible, TSCA instructs the Agency to not require reporting
that is unnecessary or duplicative.
Therefore, while EPA may require the mandatory submission of
needed information, a search for available data should precede regulatory
action, to reasonably ensure that adequate information is not elsewhere
available. The purpose of this handbook is to describe ways to search
for the different types of information that are desired and thus assist
new or inexperienced staff to develop strategies for researching chemical
subjectso A second purpose is to list 2nd evaluate a number of information
sources that are available, to help researchers with any level of expertise
to more quickly identify where the desired information is likely to be
found.
1-1
-------
A large number of existing information sources, both published
and on-line, presently offer a great deal of information about specific
chemicals and mixtures, families of substances, and the chemical and
allied products industries. Much of the information the Office of Toxic
Substances (OTS) routinely uses in various assessments, including economic
analyses, material balance studies, and exposure assessments, can be found
in sources available at the OTS Technical Information Center. However, to
find the needed data may require searching through a number of data sources
and piecing together bits of information which in themselves do not provide
the information that is sought.
For many chemical subjects, an experienced researcher can quickly
ascertain the kinds of information that probably can be found by searching
through several well-known general sources to find only a couple of data
elements. To find data of greater detail and specificity may require
searching through sources that are published by or for specific industries.
At times, a researcher with the right background can learn a great deal
about a subject by investigating better-known analogs or alternatives.
When all else fails, the needed information may only be available from
the company that manufactures or processes the subject chemical. There
are steps that an evaluator can take to find the maximum amount of infor-
mation by carefully chosing the types of sources to search.
Of the many available information sources, some are useful for
obtaining general information about specific chemicals while some of the
information sources cover only a very specific subject area. Knowing which
sources are more likely to yield the desired data may save researchers a
great deal of time or point them in a more appropriate direction. In
addition, such knowledge may assist OTS contract project officers to better
direct the work of their contractors.
This handbook can aid EPA staff to more effectively use in-house
and otherwise available resources. The handbook describes a simple method-
ology that can be followed to gather chemical use and related economic
information and provides evaluations of many published and on-line sources
of such information. The handbook may be used as a workbook to guide the
evaluator through the methodologies for locating and accessing needed
information, and as a reference manual that describes and evaluates the
information sources.
1.1
DEFINITIONS
This handbook has been designed to provide the
guide to the kinds of information sources available that
wide variety of use and economic information that can be
in its implementation of TSCA.
reader with a
can provide a
useful to EPA
In evaluating a chemical
the environment, a large amount of
effects on the environment and the
the environment must be acquired.
for its potential hazard to health or
information on its toxicity, its
extent to which it may be present in
1-2
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Its presence in the environment is usually a function of its
economic activity. A measure of this activity is usually obtained by
an analysis of a chemical's uses, the quantity of production, the
quantity consumed in each of its use areas, and how and where both
human and environmental exposure can occur.
The analysis of a chemical's economic activity requires the
examination of a number of parameters:
.
.
Uses (function and application)
Quantity produced
Quantity consumed by use area
Market price
Chemical alternates
Manufacturers, distributors and processors
Chemical and physical properties.
.
.
.
.
.
The specific uses of a chemical define the industrial,
and environmental areas into which a chemical is introduced.
consumer
Chemical use has been defined in several studies prepared for
EPA as comprised of two aspects: function and application. The function
of a chemical is the action it performs or for which it is specially
suitedo Examples of functions are anti-oxidants, chemical intermediates,
surfactantso
The application of a chemical is the process or product in which
a chemical substance is consumed. Examples of applications are the manu-
facture of paints, the manufacture of household detergents, the drilling
of oil wells.
As an example of the
has three principal functions:
as a gasoline additive.
utilization of use information, benzene
a chemical intermediate, a solvent, and
to plant
reaction
As a chemical intermediate,
areas and workers associated
to produce another chemical.
basic exposure is limited primarily
with either its production or its
As a solvent, benzene could find both industrial and consumer
applications. Industrial applications would tend to limit its use to
an industrial site with potentially limited human and environmental
exposure. Consumer applications would tend to imply broader human and
environmental exposure.
As a gasoline additive, there is a potential of broad human and
environmental exposure depending on how the product mixture is handled.
The quantities of a chemical that are produced and/or its
consumption by use area provides another indication of the extent to
which the chemical could impinge on humans and/or the environment. The
greater the amount produced or consumed the greater is the potential
1-3
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for hazard that a chemical might have. It should be noted that a
complete analysis for potential risk of hazard depends on the combina-
tion of information on the uses of a chemical with a variety of toxicity,
health and environmental effects that a chemical has.
Market price, chemical alternates, the number (and names) of
manufacturers, distributors and processors are useful tools in evaluating
size of market, and the share of market by a given chemical and the
extent of the economic effect on industry of a regulatory action.
1.2
ORGANIZATION OF HANDBOOK
This Handbook for Obtaining Chemical Use and Related Economic
Information is presented in two parts:
Section II
Methods of Finding Chemical Economic
Information
Section III
Sources of Chemical Use and Related
Economic Information
The Methodology Section has been designed to provide the user
with a step-by-step procedure for developing use and related economic
information by employing information obtained directly from various
publicly available sources or derived from such information.
The Information Sources Section consists of Appendices A through
J containing many of the published and on-line sources of chemical use and
related economic information. Each of these sources, arranged alphabetically
in Appendix A, is evaluated by physical type, frequency of update, kinds of
information present and overall utility. Additional access to sources is
provided in arrangements by physical type, such as handbook or on-line
database, in Appendix B and by each evaluated parameter of chemical use,
such as function, application or price, in Appendices C through J.
1-4
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SECTION II.
METHODS OF FINDING CHEMICAL ECONOMIC INFORMATION
Chemical use and economic data are available to a greater or
lesser extent in the open literature, depending on the relative importance
of the chemical. Generally speaking, the more producers of a chemical
there are, and the greater the volume sold, the larger will be the
quantity of published information about that chemical, and the easier
it will be to findo
When the chemical is produced by fewer than three producers,
or is sold in small volumes, or is a recently commercialized chemical,
use and economic data may not be as readily available and indirect or
deductive means may be required to develop the desired use information.
The standard market research approach used by industry to find
chemical use and related economic information is to turn first to the
most general sources, and then proceed to more specific and indirect
sourceso The industrial market researchers often contact other companies,
both producers and consumers, to obtain information that will enable them
to understand better the market area they are studying.
This latter approach may not be open to the EPA investigator,
although it is probable that a contractor would be forced to use this
routeo
2-1
-------
There are two types of chemical use searches that an EPA
investigator may be required to make:
(1)
Only the chemical name is known, and the investigator
must develop complete use and related economic data.
(2)
The name, function and/or application of a chemical
are known, and the investigator must develop economic
and related information about it as well as alternate
chemicals.
The overall search plan for these two types of searches is
depicted in Exhibit 2-1. The first case, where only the chemical name
is known, will follow the entire scheme starting with gathering background
information and proceeding step-by-step to determining use and then
market and economic data.
In the second case, the researcher would start with the known
use, next obtain information on alternate chemicals and finally determine
market-economic data for each of the alternates. If detailed information
on each of the alternates is required, the investigator will return to
the first step of the Search Flow -Gather background information and
proceed in a step-by-step manner.
A discussion of each of these steps is presented in the following
sections.
2.1
GATHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION:
PHASE I
General sources can provide background information in such areas
as physical/chemical properties, broad use areas, manufacturers, price,
and quantity produced (or consumed). Not all of these data will be found
in every general source. Some of the data given on use, price and quantity
produced may be either very general in nature, very sketchy or old.
Nonetheless, this information will give the investigator an overview of
the subject, from which he/she will be able to select more specific search
terms and more narrowly defined search areas. To determine more detailed
information, it will be necessary to search a larger number of specific
sources. The number and type depend on the availability of information
for a specific chemical or class of chemicals, and the degree of thoroughness
required.
The order of searching sources generally will be as follows
bearing in mind that the individual industry sources should be consul~ed
only as a last resort, such as when verification or more up-to-date
information must be obtained or because no information was found during
the search of the publicly available sources:
.
Handbooks and dictionaries
.
Encyclopedia and textbooks
2-2
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PHASE I:
BACKGROUND
PHASE II:
USE
PHASE II I:
MARKET
EXHIBIT 2-1
CHEMICAL
, .. .
GATHER
BACKGROUND
INFORMATION
,
CLASSIFY CHEMICAL ASSESS QUANTITY
BY COMMERCIAL AND AVAILABILITY
CATEGORY OF INFORMATION
I .,.
I
~- - - - - - - - - -" I
I
I
IDENTIFY USES I
. FUNCTIONS I
. END USE I
APPLICATIONS '
DETERMINE
- CHEMICAL
ALTERNATES
HISTORICAL DETERMINE VOLUME
BACKGROUND ON CONSUMED BY
PRODUCTION AND FUNCTION OR
CONSUMPTION APPLICATION
HISTORICAL
PRICE DETERMINE PRICE
TRENDS
,
VERIFY
INFORHATIOlJ
INFORMATION SEARCH FLOW
2-]
-------
.
Government publications
.
Directories, buyers' guides
.
Business information sources
.
Trade Association publications
.
Trade journals: those not covered by the A & I
services, and the most current issues which have
not yet been incorporated in the indexes
.
Company information sources: house organs,
product bulletins and manufacturers literature
.
Abstracts and indexes: on-line files of the most
recent years (1970 +) will be searched first, for
more specific and detailed sources followed by
manual searches to give retrospective coverage,
where required.
.
Personal contacts with industry sources.
In the second case, where it is necessary to determine
alternates of a given chemical together with economic and related infor-
mation for each of the alternates, the investigator should proceed
directly to sources specific for the function and/or application of the
known chemical, i.e., category listings (e.g., lubricants) in buyers'
guides, encyclopedias for specific industries (e.g., Modern Plastics
Encyclopedia), in technical books and monographs organized by or devoted
to specific functions and applications (e.g., paints), or in literature
from producers of chemicals with the specified function. In other words,
when faced with this problem, the investigator initially by-passes the
general sources, and enters the information search flow (c.f., Exhibit
2-1. Information Search Flow) further down the line.
However, if detailed information is required
chemicals that have been identified, as noted earlier,
will return to the general sources and proceed through
gathering cycle, as described.
on the alternate
the investigator
the information
2.1.1
Sources
As noted earlier, the investigator who is to search a new
subject (chemical) will start with more general sources that cover many
chemicals and proceed to more industry specific, more detailed sources
that are specialized by function, application or chemical type.
Exhibit 2-2
which information can
may contain more than
lists, by category, some of the best sources from
be obtained. It should be noted that some sources
one kind of information (e.g., USITC - Synthetic
2-4
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EXHIBIT 2-2.
MOST FREQUENTLY USED SOURCES FOR GATHERING
USE DATA ON CHEMICALS
2-2.1
Synonyms, CAS Registry Number and Structure and Physical-Chemical
Properties
Dictionaries & Handbooks - Condensed Chemical Dictionary,
Merck Index, CRC Handbook of Chemistry & Physics,
SOCMA Handbook of Commercial Organic Chemical Names
On-line chemical dictionary files - Chemline (NLM),
Chemname (Lockheed), Chemdex (SDC)
Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (NIOSH)
Toxicology Data Bank (NLM)
2-2.2
Product Specifications
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals
SRI Chemical Economics Handbook
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
Product bulletins, manufacturer's literature
2-2.3
Names of Producers, Processors and Distributors
Buyers' Guides (usually include distributors as well as
producers): OPD, Chemicalweek
SRI Publications - Directory of Chemical Producers, Chemical
Economics Handbook
USITC Synthetic Organic Chemicals
Chemical Marketing Reporter Profiles
Faith, Keyes & Clark's Industrial Chemicals
On-line data bases - Chemical Industry Notes, Predicasts files,
Toxicology Data Bank, Organic Chemical Producers Data Base.
Thomas Register
2-5
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EXHIBIT 2-2.
(Continued)
2-2.4
Quantity of Chemical Produced and/or Sold
USITC Synthetic Organic Chemicals.
Sales - Annual Publication.
U.S. Production and
u.S. Bureau of the Census. Current Industrial Reports:
Inorganic Chemicals - Annual Publication.
u.S. Bureau of Mines - Minerals Year Book.
SRI Publications - Chemical Economics Handbook - a Study of
Industrial Data on Candidate Chemicals for Testing
Faith, Keyes & Clark's Industrial Chemicals
On-line databases: Chemical Industry Notes, Predicasts
PROMT, Toxicology Data Bank, Organic Chemical Producers
Database and CICIS
2-2.5
Price
USITC Synthetic Organic Chemicals, u.S. Production & Sales
Chemical Marketing Reporter - Weekly Price List, Chemical
Profiles
SRI's Chemical Economics Handbook
On-line databases - Chemical Industry Notes, Predicasts'
PROMT
Company Catalogs, e.g., Aldrich, Eastman Kodak, City Chemical,
K & K Laboratories, Strem Chemicals, Research Organics,
Hardwick Chemicals, Thiokol.
2-2.6
Existing Chemical Use or Economic Profiles
SRI, Chemical Economics Handbook
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
Faith, Keyes & Clark's Industrial Chemicals
SRI, Chemical Industry Profiles
Chemical Information Division's Index to CHIP, PUP and
Materials Balance Reports
EPA's Reports Bibliographies
2-6
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2-2.6
EXHIBIT 2-2.
(Continued)
Existing
Chemical Use or Economic Profiles (Continued)
NTIS on-line database
RADIAN - Plastic Industry Analysis (Draft Report -
Contract Number 68-03-2776-03)
CICIS on-line database
CHEMRIC on-line database
Unpublished government reports from EPA offices such as
OTE in Washington or Cincinnati
NIOSH Criteria Documents
ORDIS on-line database
2-7
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Organic Chemicals, contains such information as names of producers, sales,
production volume and average sales price on a large number of organic
chemicals). A more detailed list of sources that can be used have been
identified and grouped by type and category in the Appendices C-J.
They are evaluated in Appendix A as to their probable utility.
tion will
consulted
Most of the information needed to obtain
be concentrated in the following sources
first:
background informa-
which should be
Condensed Chemical Dictionary
Merck Index or CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
USITC - Synthetic Organic Chemicals
SRI - Chemical Economics Handbook
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.
One of the more difficult data items to obtain at this stage of
the investigation may be the production quantity, particularly for chemicals
that are manufactured by one or two companies. If published data are not
available, production volumes sometimes may be estimated based on plant
capacity if known or reported in published literature. Production or
consumption volume can sometimes be deduced by an analysis of various
indirect data sources as described in Section 2.6. It should also be
noted that most sources which may seem to name the producers of a chemical
(Exhibit 2-2) may in fact, identify distributors as well, e.g., OPD
Buyers' Guide.
2.1.2
Classification of the Chemical
Since there are presently over 50,000 chemicals listed in the TSCA
Inventory of Chemicals, the rapid and efficient development of use and eco-
nomic data for a specific chemical can present a difficult task. However,
there appears to be a definite relationship between the commercial classifi-
cation of a chemical and the availability, quantity and reliability of
information concerning its use. Moreover, one can utilize this relationship
to facilitate the identification of pertinent information sources and con-
sequently, shorten search time.
Therefore, in order to help the investigator, ROMAR has developed
a systematic method of classifying chemicals according to their commercial
status. The commercial status of a chemical is related to:
.
the quantity of the chemical that is produced
.
the price of the chemical
.
the number of producers
.
the type of product specifications.
2-8
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By evaluating each of the above, as described below, the
investigator can classify all chemicals in four categories: commodity
chemicals, specialty chemicals, fine chemicals, and small volume
chemicals 0 A fifth category. unclassified, has been created for
chemicals which do not have enough information to allow them to be
placed into one of the other four categories.
2.1.201
Definition of Categories and Classifying Chemicals
These five categories have been defined as follows:
.
Commodity Chemicals
These are chemicals characterized by large volume
production (over 100 million lbs./year), low price,
sold on the basis of composition specification and
produced by more than three companies.
They may be sold on a contract basis in bulk quantities
e.g., tank cars, pipeline, or barges, and have a
limited number of functions but many applications in
a variety of industries. They are often manufactured
by a great number of companies, at prices that range
between 20~ to 75~ per pound. Another characteristic
of commodity chemicals is that the product sold by
one producer can be used interchangeably with that of
other producers since the specifications are usually
the same.
Chemicals in this class are usually widely used and
much information on their production, major uses,
producers and prices are readily available. However,
chemicals in this class may require considerable effort
to uncover all of their end-use applications. Their
exposure potential can be high because of their wide-
spread applications. Examples of commodity chemicals
are benzene, vinyl chloride, ethylene and sulfuric
acid.
.
Specialty Chemicals
These are chemicals manufactured to a performance
specification* and therefore not usually interchangeable
with other chemicals made for the same use by different
producers. Specialty chemicals are not used as chemical
intermediates. Specialty chemicals are relatively high
* A chemical's performance is dependent on its
Hence a chemical that is sold on performance
to satisfy a customer's specific problem.
molecular structure.
means that it is designed
2-9
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in price, averaging 40~ per pound (range: 40~ to $2.00
per pound), and are produced in relatively small volumes.
They are generally diffentiated on the basis of per-
formance often achieved by variation in molecular
composition, and are frequently used in formulated
products. Chemicals in this class usually have only
one function and find limited application in a small
number of indusries. Because of their specialty nature,
there may be few manufacturers of a given chemical.
(Examples are noted in Exhibit 2-3.)
.
Fine Chemicals
Fine chemicals are manufactured to composition specifica-
tions, are produced in low-volume and sold at high prices
(above $1.00 per pound). Because of the limited market
size there are generally few producers. They also tend
to have specific functions and applications. Examples
are flavor and perfume chemicals, low volume cyclic
intermediates and medicinals.
.
Small Volume Chemicals
Small volume chemicals are produced in very low volume,
are very high in price and have limited uses in a small
number of industries. The price of a compound is well
over $2.00 per pound (range of $1.50 and up). Examples
are noble metal chemicals such as platinic acid (H2PtC16)'
catalytic agents, and rare earth chemicals.
.
Unclassified
This category is for chemicals for which little or no
information can be found from the sources suggested in
Exhibit 2-2. They generally do not fit in other categories
and require much more effort to develop use information.
They may even require deductive methods to determine
possible uses (see Section 2.6). These ae usually new
chemicals being registered for specific uses under
PreManufacturing Notice requirements.
Exhibit 2-3 illustrates how organic chemicals would fit within the
classification scheme.
2.1.2.2
Method of Classification
The classification system has been devised to provide a framework
which will help orient the investigator and give some indication of the
quantity and accessibility of data concerning a given chemical. Use of the
2-10
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EXHIBIT 2-3.
EXAMPLES OF ORGANIC CHEMICALS AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
(gource:
USITC Synthetic Organic Chemicals, 1978)
Commodity Chemicals
Name
(1978) Production Volume
(Millions of Pounds)
Price (1978)
$/lb.
Benzene
10,504
2,332
.101
.112
Cyclohexane
Naphthalene
Polyethylene Glycol
157
90
.156
.370
.280
Alkylbenzenes
Ani line
526
606
Oil soluble petroleum
sulfonate, calcium salt
275
.220
.520
Specialty Chemicals
Cobalt naphthenate
Fatty acid esters
3.7 $2.28
30 0 .52
53.0 1. 09
10.0 L01
24.7 .60
1.7 .42
Polyacrylamide
Sodium polyacrylate
Diethanolamine condensates
Polyethylene glycol distearate
Fine Chemicals
Ethyl propionate
N,N-Diethylaniline
.207
2.4
$1. 35
1.00
Tert-butylperoxy benzoate
3.5
1. 96
Small Volume Chemicals
Cedrol
.049
.007
$5.84
4.67
Phenethyl isobutyrate
2-Phenethyl phenylacetate
.023
4.94
2-11
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classification system will also permit a rapid assessment of the difficulty
which will be encountered in collecting both background data, and more de-
tailed use and market information.
Each chemical can be assigned to a classification category on
the basis of its production or sales volume*, price, number of producers
and product specifications. All this information, except for the product
specifications, will have been gathered from the sources listed in
Exhibit 2-2.
With regard to product specifications, there are two types to
which a chemical is produced, viz., composition or performance specifications.
When a chemical is produced to a composition specification, the amount of
impurities in the chemical must be within designated limits. Drugs, for
example, are produced to composition specifications. When a chemical is
produced to performance specifications, purity is not the prime concern but
rather how the chemical performs in its end use application. For example,
a defoamer must be able to reduce foaming and is formulated for optimal
results in each specific application for which it is used.
Exhibit 2-4 summarizes details of the conomic factors that
determine each classification category. The ranges of quantitative data
developed for this chart were derived from the USITC (Synthetic Organic
Chemicals, 1978). Most chemicals classified as commodity, specialty, fine
or small-volume will fall within the ranges noted in Exhibit 2-4. However,
these ranges are not to be considered prescriptive. All of the variables
(price, production volume, number of producers and sales specifications)
should be considered as a whole in classifying a chemical including the
general characteristics of each class as described previously.
Each chemical under investigation is compared to this table and
thus classified into one of the five categories.
2.2
DETERMINE USE OF THE CHEMICAL:
PHASE II
The purpose of the second phase is to identify the major uses and
some of the minor uses of the chemical and to quantify the volume produced
and/or the amount consumed in the major use areas. In this stage of infor-
mation gathering, tracking of the chemical and its derivatives through their
various applications and consuming industries is initiated. By tracking a
chemical through the different tiers of consumption, from primary producer
and distributors through processors to end use industries, a pattern of
the chemical IS consumption and use is developed. The general flow method
to be followed in determining uses of chemicals is described in the following
paragraphs.
* Note that if the production volume of a chemical is not known, the sales
volume can be used instead to classify the chemical.
2-12
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EXHIBIT 2-4.
CLASSIFICATION SCHEME FOR
CHEMICAL USE INFORMATION*
CLASS PRICE ANNUAL PRODUC- NUMBER OF PRODUCr
TION VOLUME PRODUCERS SPECIFICATIONS
A - COMHODITY Average of 401;: From 100 million Usually well Composition
CHEMICAL per lb. with a lbs. up over 3
range of 10<;: to
70)(:
B - SPECIALTY Average of 65<;: Between 2 and 20C Few. Usually Performance
CHEMICAL per lb. with a mi 11 ion lbs. 1 to 3
range of 40<;: to
S? 00
C - FINE Average of $1.25 Between 51,000 Few. Usually Composition
CHEMICAL with a range of pounds and 99 1 to 3
60<;: to $4.00 million pounds
D - SMALL VOLUME Usually well over 100 lbs. to Very few. Composition
CHEMICAL $2.00 per lb. 50,000 lbs. Usually only
Range $1.50 - up 1 or 2
E - UNCLASSIFIED Undetermined Undetermined Undetermined Undetermined
*
The quantitative values used in this scheme cover a wide range of dollars or pounds.
Nonetheless it is important to note that these values are based on 1978 dollars and
production volumes. The prices should be reviewed at least once a year and adjusted
according to standard economic indicators.
2-13
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2.2.1
Consult General Sources
General sources are the best starting point for determining
uses and can provide the background information required for Phase I.
will prove valuable in providing data on the major uses of chemicals,
ticularly commodity and specialty chemicals.
basic
They
par-
General sources naturally have their limitations:
1)
They may not distinguish between the function and
application of a chemical or may do so inconsistently.
2)
They seldom present minor uses and small volumes uses
of commodity chemicals.
3)
Use information given for chemical derivatives may not
be complete.
Despite these limitations general sources form the basis from
which our information flow evolves.
2.2.2
Determine Functions of the Chemical
The function of a chemical has been defined, for the purpose of
this handbook as the action it performs, or for which it is specially
fitted. Examples of functions of chemicals are antioxidants, plasticizers
or antifreeze.
In general, a chemical can function (1) as an intermediate in
the production of other chemicals, (2) as an adjunct in the production
or processing of other chemicals, and/or (3) function directly in an
end-use application, as, for example, in a formulated product. It is
often easier to collect information, particularly for a large volume or
commodity chemical which may have a myriad of functions and applications,
by considering its intermediate and adjunct functions separately from its
end-use functions.
2.2.2.1
Consult Published Corporate and Trade Information Sources
A wealth of information can be gleaned from the published infor-
mation distributed by the manufacturers, processors and distributors of a
commodity chemical concerning its physical/chemical properties, uses,
production processes, prices and other economic information. These include
sources such as:
.
Publicity releases
.
Product brochures
.
Material Safety data sheets
2-14
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.
Trade association publications
.
Bulletins announcing new uses
.
Advertisements
.
Annual reports
.
House organs
The complete information which some companies publish on a chemical is
equivalent to a textbook with technical reference and original data.
DuPont, for example, publishes a well-referenced textbook on dimethyl
formamide with physical and chemical property data, complete chemical
processes, and actual and possible uses. These publications are often
issued in the early stages of the commercialization of a chemical.
Such sources can be requested directly from the manufacturers
as soon as they have been identified. Company marketing or sales
departments can be contacted for additional information on uses and
new or potential markets.
A review of industry-specific and trade sources may yield
information on specific functions, consumption volumes and other eco-
nomic information not already uncovered, e.g., a new processor or
manufacturero These types of sources include industry or technical
handbooks (e.g., Vinyl Chloride and PVC Manufacture - Sittig; Surfactants
and Sequestrants - Gutcho), trade associations (e.g., American Petroleum
Institute, Society of the Plastics Industry) and special trade publica-
tions, trade magazine editors or feature writers.
Industry or trade associations can be identified through the
subject index to Gale's Encyclopedia of Associations. Trade and industry
journals and magazines will be found according to subject in Ulhrich's
Current Periodicals. Technical handbooks and monographs devoted to com-
mercial aspects of individual chemicals or industrial applications can be
found by searching Bowker's Books in Print, which has a good subject index,
and is also available as an on-line file. Eexhibit 2-5 lists typical
examples.
2.2.2.2
Determine Chemical Derivatives
Most large-volume chemicals function as intermediates or as adjuncts
in the production of other chemicals. In order to determine derivatives or
intermediate uses of any chemical one must first identify processes which use
the chemical in question as part of the input mix. Exhibit 2-6 lists sources
for process information on chemical derivatives.
Though process information is usually held confidential by most
chemical companies, they are usually willing to share information about the
kinds of products that the chemical they are making will produce, or in which
it can be used. Therefore, manufacturers, and, to a lesser extent, distributors
can be contacted to help identify the uses of their product, especially in the
synthesis of the smaller volume end-product chemicals.
2-15
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EXHIBIT 2-5.
EXAMPLES OF TRADE AND INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC INFORMATION SOURCES
Trade Associations
American Textile Manufacturers Institute
The Fertilizer Institute
Paint Research
Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry
Trade or Industry-Specific Journals
Adhesives Age
Elastomerics
Farm Chemicals
Modern Plastics
2-16
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EXHIBIT 2-6.
SAMPLE SOURCES FOR INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL PROCESSES
Handbooks, Textbooks and Encyclopedias
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
Chemical and Process Technology Encyclopedia
Chemical Technology, an Encyclopedia Treatment
Encyclopedia of Chemical Processing and Design
Organic Chemical Process Encyclopedia-Sittig
Groggins - Unit Processes in Organic Synthesis
SRI - Chemical Economics Handbook
SRI - Chemical Origins and Markets
On-line Data Bases
Chemical Industry Notes
Predicast's PROMT
Compendex
CA Condensates
Special Reports
Plant by Product Process (EPA)
Industrial Process Profiles for Environmental Use (EPA)
Other Sources
Chemical Abstracts
Patents
2-17
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2.2.2.3
Determine Uses of Chemical Derivatives
To complete the economic picture the chemicals derived from the
subject chemical can be treated as new chemicals, and background information
should then be collected on the manufacturers, production and sales volumes,
etc. In other words, for each chemical derivative a Phase I background review
may be conducted.
To complete the cycle, all chemical derivatives should be traced to
an end-use application. However, time constraints and the degree of thorough-
ness desired will influence the detail of the use profiles prepared for each
chemical derivative.
2.2.3
Determine Application of the Chemical
The application of a chemical has been defined, for the purpose of
this handbook, as the industrial sector in which a chemical is consumed for the
manufacture or production of finished products or other chemicals. Application
leads to an industry-oriented, as opposed to process-oriented, look at the use
of the chemical.
2.2.3.1
Identify Consuming Industries Sources
The industries that use the chemical in question should next be
identified. The sources that were used to identify the functions of the
chemical will also suggest relevant industries in which the chemicals are
used.
2.2.3.2
Consult Published Corporate Information Sources
Information distributed by the manufacturers, processors and
distributors of specialty chemicals concerning uses (especially applica-
tions), prices and users of the chemical in such forms as purchasing
catalogs, product brochures, advertisements, and publicity releases should
be obtained if possible. Again, company marketing departments may be con-
tacted for additional or more detailed information.
2.2.3.3
Consult Type-Specific Sources
Certain chemicals, in particular, specialty chemicals, have a limited
number of functions but may have a variety of end use applications in a number
of diversified industries. They are almost always components of formulated
products. Dyes, for example, can be used in food, packaging, paints, textiles,
cosmetic, plastics and the paper industries for a myriad of products which
consumers come in contact with both physically and in their homes or their
workplace.
2-18
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Formulators or processors of such chemicals can often produce detailed
information on applications, and can be identified in the following ways:
.
Through many of the sources used in Phase I, or In Section 2.2.2.
.
By knowing the industries that use
chemical's function, and verifying
facturers or trade associations.
the chemical based on the
the information with manu-
.
From manufacturers or processors directly.
Type-specific sources of use and/or manufacturer information can now
be consulted based on the industry application areas identified. For example,
a food chemical can be looked up in the Food Chemicals Codex. Sample sources
for organic chemicals are listed in Exhibit 2-7.
In addition, trade associations would be identified (using Gale's
Encyclopedia of Associations) as well as the editors of trade publications
(e.g., food manufacture, food product development) and other experts in the
specific industryo
All sources should be consulted for:
.
function/applications of the chemical
.
possible functions/applications
.
manufacturers/processors/distributors
.
possible manufacturers/processors/distributors
.
amount consumed by each use area.
2.2.4
Trace Uses to End-Use Applications
In this step, the consumption use tree (for examples, see Exhibits
2-8 and 2-9) is completed by reiterating the methods described in the earlier
steps until the chemical is traced to each of its end use applications.
As mentioned in the previous discussion concerning chemical deriva-
tives (see Section 2.10202), if possible the researcher should trace any uses
of a commodity chemical to its end-use when it reaches the consumer, usually
as a component of a formulated product. Otherwise, a complete picture of the
chemical cannot be developed. Again, there may be time constraints for
obtaining the data which do not allow a complete use determination.
2.2.5
Identify Chemical Alternates
In order to fully evaluate a particular chemical, it is often
necessary to compare that chemical with alternative or substitute chemicals.
2-19
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EXHIBIT 2-7.
SAMPLE SOURCES OF INDUSTRY-SPECIFIC INFORMATION
FLAVOR AND PERFUME CHEMICALS
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients
CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES
Chemical Abstracts
Aldrich Catalog of Fine Chemicals
Organic Processes - Groggins
FOOD CHEMICALS
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients
Food Chemicals Codex
MEDICINAL CHEMICALS
National Formulary
U. S. Dispensatory
U. S. Pharmacopeia
PLASTICS AND RESINS
Modern Plastics Encyclopedia
Whittington's Dictionary of Plastics
ELASTOMERS
Rubber Red Book
PLASTICIZERS
Encyclopedia of Basic Materials for Plastics
SURFACE ACTIVE AGENTS
McCutcheon's Detergents and Emulsifiers Annual
Soap and Chemical Specialties Bluebook
for Reference and Buyers' Guide
2-20
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EXHIBIT
2-7.
CContd.)
DYES AND PIGMENTS
Colour Index
American Association of Textile Chemists
and Colorists Buyers' Guide
RUBBER PROCESSING CHEMICALS
Rubber Red Book
2-21
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200
85
200
358
235
387
FORMALDEHYDE 1500
200
N
I 110
N
N 100
150
1825
150
- -
134
EXHIBIT 2-8.
PART OF A USE TREE OF FORMALDEHYDE
(units in MM 1b/yr)
230 Emulsion polymers
60 Other polymers
540 Acetal resins
Acety1enic chemicals (excluding THF)
45 ETHYL & METHYL ACRYLA.TE --'
15 N-BUTYL & ISOBUTYL ACRYLATE
15 2-ETHYLHEXYL & OTHER ACRYLATES
25 Misc.
. . .
ACRYLIC ESTERS
Chelating agents
40 Cyclonite explosive
~ Other, nonmilitary
53 Phenolic thermosetting
catalyst
HEXAMETHYLENETETRAMINE
MELAMINE- FORMALDEHYDE RES INS
PENTAERYTHRITOL
PHENOL-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS
TETRAHYDROFURAN
. . .
200 ALKYD RESINS 31 Surface coatings
36 Fungicide '~printing ink vehicles
20 Jet engine lubricants
36 Res;i.n esters
Textile treating applications
TRIMETHYLOLPROPANE
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE CONCENTRATES..
UREA-FORMALDEHYDE RESINS
4,4'-METHYLENE DIANILINE
DICHLOROMETHYL ETHER
Other, including exports
35 Wood preservative
10 PENTAERYTHRITOL TETRANITRATE
18 Misc.
. . .
Corrosion inhibitor
Determination of tungsten & sulfates
Epoxy resin hardening agent
Polymer & dye intermediate
Source:
Plastics Industry Analysis
Draft Report to EPA
,
Radian Corp., 1979.
-------
tV
I
tV
W
PROPYLENE OXIDE
Source:
EXHIBIT
2-9.
EXAMPLE OF A USE TREE ILLUSTRATING USES OF PROPYLENE OXIDE
(CONSUHPTION BY USE AREA IS ALSO INCLUDED WHERE AVAILABLE)
PROPYLENE OXIDE
(units in MM lb/yr)
Food preservative
Fumigant
31 Surface coatings
1 Printing ink vehicles
Stabilizer for ni~rocellulose lacquer
44 DIPROPYLENE GLYCOL 30 ALKYD RESINS
860 POLYETIlER POLYOLS-POLYURETHAN (see acrolein)
POLYPROPYLENE GLYCOL
102 POLYETHER POLYOLS-misc.
29 GLYCOL ETHERS (see glycol ethers)
26 GLYCEROL (see acrolein)
304 PROPYLENE GLYCOL
87 Other chemicals
ISOPROPYLAMINES (see isopropanol)
PROPYLENE CARBONATE
HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE (see cellulose)
Hydroxypropyl starch
Adhesives
Antifoam agents
Coatings
Elastomers
Hydraulic fluids
Intermediate in urethan fOamB
Laboratory reagent
Paint formulations
Plasticizers
POLYESTER RESINS
Rubber lubricants
21 Brake & other functional fluids
44 CELLOPHANE 335 Caal film & sheet for
packaging
47 Exports
52 Misc.
270 POLYESTER RESINS
36 Polmeric plasticizers
39 Tobacco humectant
Cosmetics
Food additive
Inks
ALLYL ALCOHOL (see acrolein)
Plastics Industry Analysis Draft Report to EPA, Radian Corp., 1979.
-------
For example, if benzene were
the toxicity, market price,
such benzene substitutes as
benzene itself.
to be regulated, it would be important to know
availability and physical/chemical properties of
toluene, xylene or cyclohexane compared with
Alternatives are usually determined from the function of the chemical
and its application under study. For example, toluene, cyclohexane, and xylene
function as solvents. The function, and the application as well, are dependent
on the structure, physical and/or chemical properties of the chemical such as
its boiling point, reactivity or chemical groupings.
Determining alternate chemicals for a given function/application can
involve the following steps:
.
Consult encyclopedias, handbooks and trade literature to
ascertain chemicals used for the selected function
.
Consult buyers' guides for chemical manufacturers
.
Contact companies likely to buy chemicals with a function
.
Contact manufacturers of the alternate chemicals
.
Contact appropriate trade associations.
Projecting
uses of a chemical's
physical properties.
potential alternatives can be done based on established
generic analogs, or on the chemical's structure and
Once possible alternatives have been identified, their likelihood
as alternatives can be evaluated by examining their physical/chemical
properties, and economics of the alternatives such as production methods,
market price, availability, and toxicity. For example, functionally, ethyl-
benzene can be used as an alternative to benzene since it is also a solvent
with similar properties; however, its market price is prohibitively high
because benzene is used as a raw material in its manufacture. It is, therefore,
not a feasible alternative when compared to toluene or xylene, which are both
priced competitively with benzene.
2.3
MARKET INFORMATION:
PHASE III
The final phase of information collection involves the determination
of the consumption or sales volumes for end-use areas, particularly for commodity
chemicals, and uses in formulated products, especially for specialty chemicals,
as well as their derivatives.
2.3.1
Consumption Volume by Use Area
Trade associations, processors and distributors may be helpful in
filling in information gaps on use and consumption data. The amount of the
2-24
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chemical derivative produced from a commodity chemical can also be estimated.
With information on (1) the amount of the commodity chemical used in the
production of the chemical derivative and (2) the stoichiometry of the chemi-
cal reaction, the amount of the chemical derivative can be calculated.
Other reference sources cited earlier, such as industry and company
specific sources, might also include consumption volumes with use information.
In addition, secondary sources, such as on-line data bases, might also include
consumption volumes with use information.
Sample flow diagrams that would be used to represent the information
collected are presented in Exhibits 2-8 and 2-9.
When data on the consumption of a chemical by use area are not
available in published sources or industry contracts, they may be derived
indirectly, using information such as percentages or parts by weight used in
formulated products. These figures are frequently found in handbooks and
formularies. The amount of a chemical consumed for intermediates can usually
be calculated from reaction stoichiometry. Reference works on chemical
processing and formulating often contain information on the amounts of solvents
used. Total quantities of chemical consumed may be calculated based on
stoichiometry and formulation data.
2.3.2
Price
preliminary price data has already been collected during the back-
ground data gathering phase, used to classify the chemical for the purpose of
directing the cause of further data gathering. At this stage in the investiga-
tion, examining historic price trends may help indicate the increasing (or
decreasing) importance of the chemical, in terms of potential for use and
then exposure. This can be done by searching past issues of the USITC
Synthetic Organic Chemicals, U.S. Production and Sales, and consulting
relevant sections of the SRI Chemical Economics Handbook, which frequently
summarizes market history.
2.4
CHEMICALS ASSOCIATED WITH A SPECIFIC USE
The first step in identifying chemicals used in a particular
industrial sector, or having a specific function, is to consult one of the
many information sources which are organized in the "use to chemical" format.
Such sources are difficult to classify by type, as they run the gamut from
encyclopedias, handbooks and directories to specialized reviews, textbooks.
and supplier directories. (The latter are valuable because they often list
function categories associated with companies that manufacture or supply
chemicals in these categories.) However, some very general encyclopedias
and handbooks also list chemical uses and the associated functions (e.g.,
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Materials Handbook). Any
information which can be obtained from these sources regarding industrial
2-25
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uses which require
which use-specific
selected uses.
particular functional capabilities will serve to indicate
sources should be consulted to identify chemicals having
This task entails "working backwards" through information sources
to arrive at specific chemicals and the following steps should be taken:
2.5
1)
Consult appropriate buyers' guides and directories for the
specific industry and, where possible, for the specific use,
to identify manufacturers and processors. Examples of buyers'
guides include:
Adhesives Red Book
Paint Red Book
Rubber Red Book
Lockwood's Directory to the Paper Industry
Oils, Detergents and Maintenance Specialties
Glass Industry Directory
Chemical Week Buyers' Guide
2)
Consult the Census of Manufacturers Industry Series Reports
by appropriate industry code to identify manufacturers.
3)
Contact manufacturers and processors in specific industrial
use sectors to determine the chemicals bought and sold for
selected uses.
4)
Concurrently, conduct a search in Chemical Abstracts, Predicasts
(which covers the trade literature), and the patent literature,
by use, and review the retrieved abstracts or articles to
identify specific chemicals. Advertisements in trade journals
should also be scanned for use/chemical information, and
industry as well as company brochures, and patents for chemi-
cals having those uses which are sought.
VERIFICATION OF USE INFORMATION
Verification of use and economic information requires that the data
from a number of sources by compared.
This can be accomplished by several means:
.
Comparing several sources where there is a legal requirement
to report (i.e., USITC, Bureau of Census).
.
Make calculations based on a variety of information such as
Stoichiometry of chemical reaction
Amounts of chemical (or chemical by function) used in
formulating or processing products for which there
may be industry data.
o
Relate reported production data to installed capacity.
2-26
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Often a source will not present original data, but will reference
a sole source, such as a government report. In such instances, the
government agency should be contacted to ascertain the reliability of
the data in terms of coverage (of all companies), legal requirement for
reporting, the form in which the data are collected as related to the
published information.
Trade associations are often useful sources for verifying overall
data. Some collect and disseminate rather detailed data that can be used
to derive product specific informationo
Industry specific sources also can be contacted to verify the
data. However, unless there is a specific regulatory requirement, they
do not have to provide any information and they face no liability if the
data provided is false, incorrect or misleading.
When making industrial contacts, it is most efficient to advise
them of the information that has been collected, before asking them to
verify, comment on, or correct the data. It would help to highlight those
areas where information verification is most crucially needed (potential
high exposure situations). If industry is asked to "tell all" concerning
the use of a chemical they may consider the request burdensome and may be
more likely to consider the requested information as proprietary. However,
if they are asked to "review" information already prepared by EPA and to
"focus" only on certain aspects of the chemical's use, they are less likely
to protest the requesto
When conflicting information is retrieved from different sources,
it is important to consider the date and authority of the source and other
known facts about the subject, and to apply a certain amount of deductive
reasoning and knowledge of both the chemical industry and the authority of
the information sources. For example, if the price of hydroquinone is
given at $1.39/lb. in USITC and $6.50/500 grams in Aldrich Chemical Catalog,
one can easily deduce the price to use in the classification of the chemical.
Knowing that the total annual sale volume of the chemical is over 11 million
pounds, the higher price ($6.50/500 grams) would be for a laboratory chemical,
and the probable commercial price for hydro quinone would be $1.39/lb. One
also should know that Aldrich usually supplies laboratory quantities of a
chemical, often at higher purity than the industrial grade.
2.6
INDIRECT PROCEDURES
There may be chemicals for which information is sought, but has
not been found either at all, or to the extent required, using the procedures
outlined in this handbook. The sources of last resort are Chemical Abstracts
and the Patent Gazette. When no data on physical or chemical properties have
been uncovered in the information sources listed in Exhibit 2-2, it may
become necessary to do a retrospective manual search of Chemical Abstracts
to retrieve the original papers which describe the isolation or synthesis of
the chemical in question. These papers will usually give many of the chemical
2-27
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and physical
the identity
back as much
properties since these usually form the basis for establishing
of a chemical. In some cases it may prove necessary to search
as 100 years.
Similarly, if no uses for a chemical are uncovered from the
economic and trade literature, it may become necessary to do a retrospective
search through the IFI/Plenum Claims data base, and manually search through
the Patent Gazette. It should be noted that the Patent Gazette gives the
claims for the compound, rather than the actual specifications for an
application, and in some cases the original patent must be consulted to
determine the formulations and quantities.
This can
ditive.
such as:
A deductive approach can be taken to determine consumption volume.
be best illustrated by use of an example, such as a lubricant ad-
Industry-specific technical sources on lubricants are consulted,
.
oil and Gas Journal
.
American Petroleum Institute
.
Census of Manufacturers.
If formulations are given in which a known chemical with the desired function
is listed as a percent figure, then from the sources that list total lubricant
oil production, an approximate quantity for all chemicals that possess this
function and are used in lubricant oil manufacture can be estimated. Specific
alternate chemicals for this function can be identified by searching the
buyers' guides, industry-specific sources, encyclopedias and technical mono-
graphs. Price ranges for these alternates can usually be found in the USITC
Synthetic Organic Chemicals or current issues of the Chemical Marketing
Reporter. If all prices are approximately within the same range, then the
estimated total volume can be divided by the total number of alternate chem-
icals identified to obtain an estimate of the consumption volume for the
specific chemical under investigation. This method of estimation is open
to potential sources of error, of which a major factor would be failure to
identify the correct number of alternate chemicals sharing the market for
that particular function, and their relative price-performance character
that might give a major share of the market to one of the alternates.
2-28
-------
SECTION III. SOURCES OF CHEMICAL USE
AND RELATED ECONOMIC INFORMATION
Chemical use and related economic information can be derived
from a variety of resource materials ranging from those which contain
general information, such as handbooks and encyclopedias, to others with
highly specific information, such as trade publications and manufacturers'
product bulletins.
3.1
SELECTION OF THE INFORMATION SOURCES
For the purposes of this handbook, approximately one hundred
such information sources were selected and evaluated for their ability to
yield chemical use and economic information. These have been evaluated,
and the results of this evaluation are presented in various Appendices.
The information sources
major general sources of chemical
a wide range of industry specific
that have been evaluated comprise the
use and related economic information and
sourceso
The general sources may be considered a fairly comprehensive
list. However, it was not the intention, nor was it possible within the
scope of this work, to provide an equally comprehensive list of industry
specific sources. Rather, the industry specific source list was compiled
to indicate the type of sources that can be found for each important
industry or industry subgroupo
3-1
-------
3.2
EVALUATION OF THE INFORMATION SOURCES
Published sources were evaluated for the kind of chemical use
and related economic information they contain. The specific categories
that are useful in providing data needed to evaluate chemical uses and
provide information on quantities, price are:
chemical uses by function
price
chemical uses by application
producers
production or sales (amount)
physical/chemical properties
consumption (amount) by use
other (includes synonyms,
trade names, formulations,
import/export data)
The evaluation of the categories of information that a source
contains, enables the investigator to select those that will provide direct
data on a chemical and those that will be useful in providing data from
which desired use and economic information can be derived.
For example, u.s. International Trade Commission reports provide
direct data on production (sales and price) for those chemicals listed.
A source such as the Handbook of Adhesives would provide informa-
tion on adhesive formulations which when combined with overall data on
adhesive production that might be found in the appropriate Census of
Manufacturers report could provide an estimate of the amount of a chemical.
In addition to the data categories, the sources were
for their format, means of access, age and scheduled update of
for any limitations and difficulties that might be encountered
use.
evaluated
source and
in their
Format of Information relates to the way in which the data are
presented; that is, can the source be searched from individual chemical or
class of chemical to use or economic data, or from a specific use or applica-
tion to the chemical or chemical class, or from some other parameter as
trade name to use or to manufacturer.
Organization of Information is concerned with the means of access
to the source. In other words, does the source contain an index or other
alphabetical arrangement to link chemicals to use or vice versa, or is there
only random access to information as in advertisements or the body of the
text?
3-2
-------
Age and Scheduled Updates refers to the date of publication and
whether there is a regular schedule of updating, revision, etc.
Limitations and Difficulties that might be encountered in the
use of the source are discussed. Among these are access problems,
and the determination of relevancy of the search product to the
subject matter, of particular importance in evaluating on-line data-
bases.
The final evaluation of the source is a brief summary of its
overall value for retrieving chemical use and related economic information.
3.3
ARRANGEMENT OF INFORMATION SOURCES
The sources of chemical economic information are arranged in
several appendices as follows:
. Appendix A
. Appendix B
. Appendix C
. Appendix D
o Appendix E
. Appendix F
. Appendix G
. Appendix H
. Appendix I
. Appendix J
3.4
evaluation sheets for each selected source
arranged alphabetically by citation.
information sources indexed by physical
type (e.g., handbook, dictionary).
information sources indexed by chemical use
(function).
information sources indexed by chemical use
(applicat ion) .
information sources indexed by consumption
by use.
information sources indexed by price.
information sources indexed by producers.
information sources indexed by production/
sales volume.
information sources indexed by physical/
chemical properties.
information sources indexed for other
subjects, i.e., synonyms, trade names,
formulations, import or export data.
USING THE INFOR}~TION SOURCES APPENDICES
These appendices, which list and index the sources evaluated for
chemical use and economic information, are important tools that can be used:
(1)
To implement the search methodology evolved in Section II,
i.e., searching from general sources, such as dictionaries
3-3
-------
and encyclopedias, to specific sources such as trade
buyers' guides and publications or industry-specific
technical books (see Appendix B).
(2)
To find a specific type of information, e.g., the price
of a chemical, according to the eight data categories
examined in the evaluation of each information source
(see Appendices C-J).
(3)
To evaluate the usefulness of a specific information
source in providing chemical use and economic information.
For example, a look at the worksheet on the Kline Guide
to the Chemical Industry shows that it is useful in finding
the following types of information: chemical function and
application, consumption by use, price, producers,
production and sales volume. Its evaluation on the
worksheet states that it is an excellent source for
identifying the major use areas for a wide range of
chemicals (see Appendix A).
Thus the information sources assembled in the following appendices
will implement every information-gathering task required to assemble chemical
use and related economic data.
3-4
-------
APPENDIX A.
EVALUATION SHEETS FOR SPECIFIC INFORMATION SOURCES
A-l
-------
1.
Citation:
ABI/Inform. 1971 to present.
(Data Courier, Inc., Louisville,
Available from Lockhied.
KY) .
2.
Type of Source:
On-line data base.
.
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
. Function
. Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
.
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Chemical names and synonyms, trade names, controlled descriptors (e.g.,
"chemicals", "chemical products") and natural language may be entered
to obtain economic information.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties
This database
data.
does not always differentiate beteen use and economic
7.
Evaluation
ABI/lnform contains little technical information. It is primarily a
business publication with economic information on the chemical industry
in general and approximately 1,000 references to well-known chemicals
or chemical products.
A-2
-------
1.
Citation:
Adhesive Red Book. 1st Edition. 1968.
Palmerton Publishing Co., Inc. N.Y., N.Y.
2.
Buyer's guide.
Type of Source:
o
General
2821 - Adhesives.
Specific
.
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Published annually.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
a
Price
.
Function
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
Physical/Chemical Properties
a
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book is a typical buyer's guide listing manufacturers and their
adhesive products by class (i.e., epoxy, latex, sealants); sources
of chemicals, compounding materials, and chemicals by functions;
adhesive trade names and manufacturer.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
7.
Evaluation:
It is useful as a source of information on chemical manufacturers,
processors, and distributors and the chemical products used in formu-
lating adhesives. The function of chemicals used in adhesive formu-
lation is given.
A-3
-------
1.
Adhesives: Guidebook & Directory.
Noyes Data Corp. Park Ridge, N.J.
1972.
Citation:
2.
Directory
Type of Source:
o
General
Specific
2891 Adhesives & Sealants.
.
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Latest edition; no revision as yet
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
0 Function
. Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This is an alphabetical listing of companies that manufacture adhesives
with trade names, physical properties, and typical applications of
their products.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties
There is no access from chemical, class of chemical, or trade name to
use/economic information. No generic chemical names are included.
7.
Evaluation
This book supplies only names of manufacturers producing chemicals
in the adhesives industry. Chemicals are identified only by trade
name. This source is of low priority.
used
A-4
-------
1.
Citation:
APILIT. 1964 to present.
~erican Ketroleum lnstitute Refining Literature.
(American Petroleum Institute, New Yor~N.Yo)
Available from SDC.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
o
General
.
Specific SIC: 2911.
Petroleum Refining.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o
Chemical Use
.
Price
o
Function
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
S.
Format/Means of Access:
APILIT can be searched by chemical name, synonyms, chemical class or
use to economic data.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Abstracts are on-line only since January 1978. Prior to that date,
search output is a citation and controlled assigned vocabulary. One
may have to consult the original document to determine relevance.
7n
Evaluation:
This database, which covers the worldwide refining literature, is a
good source of economic information for petrochemicals. "Economics
and statistics" is a category code in this database.
Documents covered include trade magaz~nes, technical journals, meeting
papers and government reports.
A-S
-------
1.
Citation:
APIPAT. 1964 to present.
American Retro1eumlnstitute Refining Patents.
(American Petroleum Institute. New York, N.Y.)
Available from SDC.
2.
On-line database.
Type of Source:
o
General
Specific SIC: 2911
Patents related to petroleum refining.
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
o
Producers/P~ocessors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
APIPAT can be searched from chemical name, synonyms, trade names or
chemical class to use and from use to chemical name or chemical class.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
The APIPAT search product is the citation and controlled assigned
vocabulary. It may be necessary to obtain the patent in order to
determine relevance.
7.
Evaluation:
This index, which covers patents issued to the petroleum refining
and petrochemical industry in the United States and nine other
countries, is a valuable source of use information for petrochemicals.
A-6
-------
ASI, American Statistics Index. 1973 - present.
(Congressional Information Services, Inc.,
Washington, DC.)
Available from SDC and Lockheed.
1.
Citation:
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
o
Specific
3.
SIC:
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o Chemical Use
0 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
.
Price
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
Only the most important, major chemicals
the index to obtain economic data; other
retrieved by free-text searching if they
are directly searchable in
individual chemicals may be
appear in the abstracts.
The index contains the terms "chemicals" and "chemical industry" as
well as broad categories of chemicals, e.g., organic chemicals (personal
communication, J. Payne, Congressional Information Service).
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
ASI is primarily a non-technical
federal statistical publications
of non-chemical citations.
7.
Evaluation:
While this database may contain a
economic data, it may be accessed
"chemicals", "chemical industry".
database. It is an index of all
and as such includes a large number
considerable amount of chemical
only in very general terms, such as
A-7
-------
1.
Citation:
Batteries. 1974.
Karl V. Kordesch, ed.
Vol. I-Manganese Dioxide.
Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York.
2.
Type of Source:
Book.
o
General
Specific
3691 - Storage Batteries
8
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source: 1974-latest edition, other later
volumes are secondary (rechargeable) batteries and solid-state batteries.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book, in narrative form, covers the construction and performance of
manganese dioxide batteries. It also discusses materials used (specific
chemicals). The index is a good list of specific chemicals.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Because this book has a narrative format, it is necessary to read or
scan whole portions of the text to obtain information.
7.
Evaluation:
This source provides function use information for specific chemicals
used in storage batteries. It is well indexed for chemicals.
A-8
-------
1.
Citation:
Systems.
1970.
Batteries and Energy
C . L. Mart ell,
McGraw-Hill, N.Y.
2.
Type of Source:
Book.
o
General
.
Specific
SIC:
3691 Storage Batteries.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
1970 is the latest edition.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
.
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book describes designs and properties of all types of standard
batteries and mentions important applications. The index contains
only chemical classes that are used as electrodes. Some functional
classes (e.g., dipolarizers) can also be located in the index.
6,
Limitations/Difficulties:
There is no access to individual chemicals; only chemical classes
are indexed.
7.
Evaluation:
This source may be used to identify the classes and specific functions
of chemicals used in batteries.
A-9
-------
1.
Citation:
"Biological Abstracts On-line". 1969 - present.
(Biosciences Information Service, Philadelphia, PA.)
Available from SDC as Biosis and from Lockheed as Biosis
Previews.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
There is a natural language indexing system for chemicals. Since the
chemical name indexed is the name used by the author, all synonyms
should be searched. The index can be searched by chemical names,
trade name, chemical class, names of elements and their compounds to
obtain use information.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties
since there is no controlled chemical vocabulary, one must search all
synonyms or chemical class.
This source contains no chemical economic data. Chemical information
involves studies of biological activity in man and animals, as well as
the effects of chemicals on ecology and environmental health.
7.
Evaluation
Biological Abstracts contains many references to chemicals, but only
in relation to biological topics. Although chemical use information
can be obtained, this is not a prime source of chemical use/economic
information.
A-IO
-------
1.
Citation:
Books In Print. 1979-80.
R. R. Bowker Company. New York.
2.
Type of Source:
Directory
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Annual
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o
Chemical Use
o
Price
o
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This is an author-title series index to the
(PTLA) which is a listing of all books that
in the United States.
Publisher's Trade List Annual
are published or distributed
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
There is no subject index; however, a companion publication, Subject
Guide to Books in Print, lists books under the Library of Congress
subject headings.
7.
Evaluation:
This useful reference tool lists all books on chemical subjects that are
in print and available in the United States.
A-ll
-------
1.
2.
Citation:
Chern Sources, USA. 1972.
13th Edition.
Directories Publishing Co., F1emington, N.J.
Type of Source:
Buyer's guide.
.
General
Specific
o
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Annual.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
0 Function
. Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
s.
Format/Means of Access:
The first part of this book lists generic chemicals alphabetically
and gives the manufacturer.
The second section lists major classes of chemicals by function and
application with the major manufacturers.
The last section lists the chemical manufacturers alphabetically and
gives their addresses and telephone numbers.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Chern Sources primarily provides identification of chemical manufacturers
along with a small amount of use information. No other economic data is
presented.
7.
Evaluation:
Chern Sources is useful for identifying manufacturers of specific chemicals
or manufacturers that supply chemicals for specific functions or applications
A-12
-------
1.
Citation:
1967 - present.
Columbus, Ohio.)
as CA Search (Lockheed).
"Chemical
(Chemical
Available
Abstracts
Abstracts
as CAS 77
On-line".
Service.
(SDC) and
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
o
Spec ific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Biweekly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
.
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
~
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Only 300 cornmon chemicals are indexed to retrieve use data directly.
This information is retrieved for other chemicals by random access only.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Since these databases are bibliographic, and abstracts are not available
on-line, it is often necessary to consult the primary source to qualify
use information.
Furthermore, the use information may not be related to the chemical
searched but to something else in the article.
7.
Evaluation:
These databases contain some use information for a limited number of
chemicals but this is not the primary focus of the database.
It does include patents, which are a good source of use information.
A-13
-------
1.
"Chemical Dictionar Files On-line"
Chemline National Library of Medicine)
Chemname (Chemsearch and Chemsis, Lockheed
Services)
Chemdex (SDC)
Dialog Retrieval
Citation:
2.
On-line databases.
Type of Source:
.
General
Specific
o
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Quarterly
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o Chemical Use 0 Price
o Function 0 Producers/Processors/Distributors
o Application 0 Production/Sales Quantity
o Consumption by Use Area 0 Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Chemical nomenclature
Synonyms
5.
Format/Means of Access:
These are chemical name dictionaries which can
a generic name, a chemical name, a trade name,
or the molecular formula of a compound.
be searched by entering
the CAS Registry Number
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Any of the three can be used as a preliminary searching tool. They
contain no chemical economic information. However, the nomenclature
information provided, particularly synonyms, is invaluable for searching
other manual and on-line sources.
7.
Evaluation:
These data bases are useful for obtaining the CAS Registry Number,
synonyms, chemical name, or trade names for entry into other dat&-
bases.
A-l4
-------
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Citation:
Chemical Economics Handbook.
Stanford Research Institute.
Menlo Park, California.
Type of Source:
1977 .
24 Volumes.
Specific
SIC:
Handbook, available to subscribers only.
8
General
o
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
edition every 8 years.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
8 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
8
Price
Periodic supplements; new
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
Format/Means of Access:
The Chemical Economics Handbook consists of detailed reports on
individual chemicals and chemical classes. This source provides
a tremendous amount of chemical use/economic data, derived both
from published sources (e.g., USITC's Synthetic Organic Chemicals)
and from SRI estimates based on market conditions in the chemical
industry. An especially valuable feature is the breakdown of con-
sumption by use area presented in some of the profiles. There are
alphabetical indexes of specific chemicals and chemical classes
(acetyl plastics and resins, adhesives, etc.).
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source does not cover small volume,
For the chemicals covered, it supplies a
The source has no index of applications,
search from use to chemical.
Evaluation:
non-commodity chemicals.
great deal of information.
making it difficult to
The Chemical Economics Handbook is an excellent source of use/economic
information for major commodity chemicals. It is complete, thorough,
and convenient. This should be one of the first sources consulted
when preparing chemical use profiles. ~6 4
./J'laterhll S B 1 . ,. ':C;'J
~O£1]:~ ~~;;'.~:? S~(T c.,'
v\TasiHnu!o 'r " (T0-793)
bL n,1)O 2'0460
A-ls
-------
1.
Citation:
Chemical Industry Notes. 1974 - present.
(American Chemical Society, Columbus, Ohio)
Available from Lockheed as Chemical Industry
SDC as CIN.
Notes and
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
publications.
o Specific SIC:
Based on chemical business
8
General
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
for SDC.
Monthly for Lockheed; weekly
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
8
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This database can be searched from chemical name and synonyms to use or
economic information. Also from use or economic descriptors to chemical
through controlled vocabulary and natural language.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Since there is no controlled chemical vocabulary, one must enter all
synonyms of the chemical in order to assure maximum retrieval of
relevant information. Use information is not always linked to
chemical of interest. Some economic information is descriptive, not
informative.
7.
Evaluation:
This database contains brief abstracts of articles from chemical
business publications. The concepts of "sales and consumption",
". " d" d . d" .
pr1ces, an pro uct10n ata are 1ndexed and therefore, searchable
in the database. This source is particularly valuable for current
pricing information.
A-16
-------
1.
Citation:
Chemical Materials Catalog. 1973.
24th Edition, Reinhold Publishing Co., Stamford, Conn.
(Has been combined with the Engineering Catalogue.)
2.
Type of Source:
Catalogue.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
.
Function
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The first section lists in alphabetical order functional groups of
classes of chemicals and specific chemicals with the names of the
companies that produce them.
uses,
The next section lists alphabetically the trade names of specific
chemicals with the companies that produce them.
The last section is composed of advertisements by companies (alpha-
betically). Sometimes, physical properties and suggested applications
are g~ven.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties
This source serves to identify chemical producers, but provides little
other use/economic information.
7.
Evaluation
The Chemical Materials Catalog
trade name, specific chemical,
to manufacturer.
is a good source for searching from
class of chemical or chemical function
A-17
-------
1.
Citation:
Chemical Mono ra h Referral Center (CHEMRIC). 1975 - present
Consumer Product Safety Comm1ssion, Bethesda, MD.)
2.
Type of Source:
Search requests
. General
On-line, in-house database.
can be made to the Consumer
o Specific SIC:
Product Safety Commission.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source: Continuous update as monographs
become available.
4. Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use 0 Price
8 Function 8 Producers/Processors/Distributors
8 Application II Production/Sales Quantity
o Consumption by Use Area 8 Physical/Chemical Properties
8 Other: Toxicity data.
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The database can be searched from chemical or class of chemicals to
use or economic information and from use to chemical or class of
chemicals.
CHEMRIC provides access to citations from technical reports, government
documents and books to over 450 monograph records which are produced
by U.S. and international government agencies, private corporations and
industrial and trade organizations.
Limitations/Difficulties:
6.
The search product is citations; therefore, the document would have to
be acquired. In addition, the emphasis of these monographs is on
toxicity.
7.
Evaluation:
Although these monographs are selected for their toxicity data on
chemicals, they do contain valuable chemical use information.
A-18
-------
1.
Citation:
Chemical Origins & Markets. 1980.
5th Edition. Gloria M. Lawler, Ed,
Chemical Information Services.
Stanford Research Institute. Menlo
Park, CA.
2.
Type of Source:
Marketing statistics book.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
supplements every 3-4 years.
8 to 10 year intervals, with
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o
Chemical Use
.
Price
o
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
.
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
.
Production and consumption flowcharts for 2,400 intermediate
chemicals (inorganic and organic).
.
Production volume (U.S.) of 280 commercial chemicals.
.
Market (end use) consumption by major consumer groups of the top
166 major chemicals (organic or inorganic).
.
Supplements update statistics on organic intermediates.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
End-use statistics are given for a limited number of chemicals.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of production data for chemical intermediates and
provides consumption patterns for a limited number of chemicals.
A-19
-------
1.
Citation:
Chemical Profiles. Chemical Marketing Reporter.
Schnell Publishing Company. New York.
2.
Type of Source:
Periodical.
8
General 0 Specific SIC:
Coverage of a limited number of major chemicals.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Profiles added weekly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use 8 Price
0 Function 0 Producers/Processors/Distributors
o Application 8 Production/Sales Quantity
8 Consumption by Use Area 0 Physical/Chemical Properties
8
Other:
Plant Capacity and Demand
5.
Format/Means of Access:
8
From individual chemical to use and economic information.
8
Random access to specific chemicals.
The Chemical Profile is a regular feature of Chemical Marketing
Reporter, a weekly newspaper. There is only one profile per issue,
limiting coverage to no more than 52 chemicals yearly. As a result,
only commodity chemicals are included. Profiles are updated and
repeated approximately everyone to three years.
Access to chemicals is totally random. There is no alphabetical
arrangement nor index. The Profiles may be purchased in quarterly
segments. An alphabetical list is available for each segment, but
there is no master list.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties
The information contained in the Chemical Profiles is rather general.
Chemical uses are usually given as the industries in which the chemical
is used, rather than the more specific function(s) and application(s).
Producers are listed with their total production capacities and plant
sites, but no actual production figures are presented. Demand (sales)
A-20
-------
Chemical Profiles.
Chemical Marketing Reporter (Continued)
Limitations/Difficulties (Continued)
6.
figures are listed, including a projection for future demand. Price
data are provided as the high and low prices during a given time
span, along with the current price. There is no indication of when
the high and low prices were in effect, so no trends can be established.
A very helpful feature is the breakdown of consumption by use area.
Also useful are the portions on strength, weakness, and outlook for
the chemical which summarize current market conditions.
7.
Evaluation
The Chemical Marketing Reporter Profiles provide basic, rather general
chemical economic information. Of particular interest is the break-
down of consumption by use area. Accessing the information on a given
chemical is difficult. If an up-to-date profile can be easily obtained,
it will provide useful economic background information for the chemical
in question.
A-2l
-------
1.
Citation:
Chemical Specialties. 1946.
H. Bennett.
Chemical Publishing Co., N.Y.
2.
Type of Source:
Handbook.
o
General
Specific SIC:
Production and sales of chemical specialities.
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Update, latest edition, 1978.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
Price
o
o
Function
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
.
Application
Production/Sales Quantity
o
o
Consumption by Use Area
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
o
Other:
Formulations
5.
Format/Means of Access:
A chapter is included on formulations of a wide variety of consumer
products such as Adhesives, Cosmetics, Emulsions, Farm and Garden
Specialties, Food Products, Inks & Crayons, Leather & Fur Dressings,
oils & Essences, Building Materials, Metals & Treatment, Paper Treatment,
Paints & Lacquers, Photography. Polishes, Plastics & Wax, Pyrotechnics,
Soaps & Cleaners, Textiles, Miscellaneous. The formulae ingredients
are given as generic names.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties
Chemicals are not included in the index.
7.
Evaluation
This book provides information
An accurate evaluation was not
was available for review.
on chemicals having a specific application.
possible, because only the 1946 edition
A-22
-------
1.
Citation:
Names.
1978.
Chemical Synonyms & Trade
William Gardner.
8th Ed., Technical Press
,
Oxford.
2.
Type of Source:
Dictionary.
.
General
o
SIC:
Specific
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Irregular.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
o
Function
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
.
Other:
Trade name identification.
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This is an alphabetical list of trade names giving the generic
(if proprietary) the raw materials and the major applications.
facturer names are sometimes provided.
name or
Manu-
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
The entries in this work are only trade names. There is no index or
other route of access directly to generic chemical names.
7.
Evaluation:
This source is useful for the identification of trade name products
and their major uses. Generic chemical names cannot be searched.
A-23
-------
1.
Citation:
Synonyms.
1955.
Chemical Trade Names & Commercial
Haynes. 2nd Edition.
Van Nostrand Co., Princeton, N.J.
2.
Directory.
Type of Source:
.
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Out of print.
4..
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
.
Function
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Trade names
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This is an alphabetical listing of trade names, most with generic
equivalent, major application and manufacturer.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source has not been updated in 25 years.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source for obtaining generic names for trade names;
however, use/economic information obtained from it should be used
with caution, due to the age of the material.
A-24
-------
1.
Citation:
Chemical Week.
McGraw-Hill, Inc.
New York, N.Y.
2.
Type of Source:
Weekly chemical business periodical.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
N/A
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use . Price
8 Function . Producers/Processors/Distributors
. Application . Production/Sales Quantity
. Consumption by Use Area 0 Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Market trends, regulations, stock prices, production
capacity.
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Access to the wide variety of material in Chemical Week is random.
Information is contained in articles, news summaries, special reports
and advertisements throughout each issue. Computerized data bases,
such as Predicasts PROMT and Chemical Industry Notes index Chemical
Week, and provide the most efficient means of locating relevant
articles. Although these data bases are up-to-date and on-line
searching is quick, the original article must be examined, adding
time and efforto (Refer to the discussions of these and other on-line
data bases.)
6.
Limitations/Difficulties
Although Chemical Week can provide a great deal of valuable information,
its lack of accessibility detracts from its usefulness as a direct
source.
7.
Evaluation
Chemical Week alone cannot be used efficiently as a source of chemical
use/economic information. However, when searched via a computerized
data base in conjunction with other chemical business publications, it
can provide a great deal of current, relevant information on specific
chemicals, applications and corporate financial data.
A-25
-------
1.
Citation:
Chemical Week Buyers' Guide Issue.
McGraw-Hill. New York, N.Y.
2.
Type of Source:
Buyers' guide.
.
General
Specific
o
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Annua 1 .
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
0 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The main section of this buyers' guide lists chemicals in alphabetical
order with names of suppliers. Information on uses and physical/chemical
properties of a limited number of chemicals appears in the advertisement
section, which is arranged by company. Access is random.
The buyers' guide also has an alphabetical section of chemical trade
names, listing manufacturers and a very brief description of the product.
Company addresses are provided, as well as an advertisers' index (by
company, not product).
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
The Chemical Week Buyers' Guide provides easy access
identification of producers/distributors. Any other
mation must be extracted by scanning advertisements.
only. to the
relevant infor-
7.
Evaluation:
This book is useful only in providing names
facture and process a chemical or chemicals
(See also OPD Buyers' Guide.)
of companies that manu-
with common fuctions.
A-26
-------
1.
Citation:
Chemicals in Commerce Information System (CICIS). 1978-present
C?repared for the Office of Toxic Substances Environmental
,
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. by Informatics, Inc.,
Rockville, MD.)
2.
Type of Source:
for in-house use only.
On-line database
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Unspecified.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o
Chemical Use
o
Price
o
Function
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Access by chemical name yields a range of production volume.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties
Largely proprietary information.
7.
Evaluation
This database is a storage and retrieval system for the chemical
information collected under the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA).
It can be used to obtain the production range of a chemical; however,
most of the data is confidential.
A-27
-------
1.
Citation:
1972 - 1976.
Abstracts Service.
from Lockheed.
Columbus, OH.)
CHEMSIS.
( Chemical
Available
2.
On-line database.
Type of Source:
.
General
Specific
o
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Closed file.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o Chemical Use 0 Price
0 Function 0 Producers/Processors/Distributors
o Application 0 Production/Sales Quantity
o Consumption by Use Area 0 Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Synonyms and nomenclature
5.
Format/Means of Access:
CHEMSIS is a non-bibliographic dictionary file (see Chemical Dictionary
Files). It is accessed by CAS Registry Number, molecular formula,
systematic nomenclature, synonyms and other chemical substance data.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
CHEMSIS contains substances indexed only once
The relative rareness of these substances can
using this database, because they will not be
chemical dictionary files.
in Chemical Abstracts.
be an advantage of
included in other
7.
Evaluation:
This chemical substan~e dictionary for singly indexed substances
cited during the 9th Collective Index period of Chemical Abstracts
is a companion file to CHEMNAME which contains substances cited more
than once since 1972. It is a valuable tool to support specific
substance searching and substructure searching via nomenclature in
the DIALOG Chemical Information System.
A-28
-------
1.
Citation:
CLAIMS/Chern. 1950 - 1970.
(IFI/Plenum Data Company, Arlington,
Available from Lockheed.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
o
Specific
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
4.
SIC:
Va. )
Closed file, not updated.
.
Chemical Use
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Function
.
Application
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
o
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
From chemical name and synonyms, chemical class, U.S. Patent classi-
fication group and natural language to chemical use.
60
Limitations/Difficulties
No controlled chemical name index.
Retrieves title only.
7.
Evaluation
This source contains over 265,000
patents issued from 1950 - 1970.
the file are foreign equivalentso
information.
U.So chemical
Approximately
It is a good
A-29
and chemically-related
20% of the patents in
source of chemical use
-------
1.
Citation:
CLAIMS/Chem/Uniterm. 1950 - present.
IFI/P1enum Data Company. Arlington, VA.
Available from Lockheed.
2.
On-line database.
Type of Source:
-
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Quarterly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
- Chemical Use
- Function
- Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This source can be searched using a controlled vocabulary of assigned
Uniterms, systematic chemical names, synonyms, or classification codes
to obtain use information. It includes all patents listed in the
chemical section of the U.S. Patent Office Official Gazette and
chemically related patents from other sections of the Gazette. Foreign
equivalent and C.A. references are also given. The contents parallel
the CLAIMS/Chern, CLAIMS/U.S. Patents and CLAIMS/U.S. Patent Abstracts
files. The uniterm codes are designed to facilitate retrieval of
chemical structures and polymers.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties
Use information may not always be linked with the chemical of interest.
This database is very expensive to use, costing $300 per- connect hour.
7.
Evaluation
This is a valuable source of use information. The uniterm codes allow
for easier access to chemical patents. Because of the high cost of
connect time, the CLAIMS/Chem/Uniterm database should be used judiciously.
A-30
-------
1.
Citation:
CLAIMS/Class.
(IFI/Plenum Data Company,
Available from Lockheedo
Arlington, VA.)
2.
Type of Source:
On-line
database.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Replaced annually.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o
Chemical Use
o
Price
o
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Patent classifications
5.
Format/Means of Access:
CLAIMS/Class is a dictionary file of the classes and subclasses of the
U.S. Patent Classification System.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source contains no actual use/economic information, but does serve
to make searching of other patent files easier.
7.
Evaluation:
CLAIMS/Class allows identification of classes and subclasses of patents
to permit more comprehensive searching of CLAIMS/Chern, CLAIMS/U.S. Patents
71 - 77, CLAIMS/UoS. Patent Abstracts, 78 - present, and CLAIMS/U.S.
Patent Abstracts Weekly.
A-3l
-------
1.
Citation:
CLAIMS/U.S. Patent Abstracts. 1978-
CLAIMS/U.S. Patent Abstracts Weekly.
(IFI Plenum Data Company. Arlington,
Available from Lockheed.
VA. )
present.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
Specific
o
SIC:
3.
Weekly file contains
Every month the contents
4.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source: Monthly.
patents from the current month, updated weekly.
are transferred to the main file.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This database can be accessed by chemical name and synonyms, chemical
class, U.S. Patent Classification groups, and natural language to obtain
use information.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
No controlled vocabulary.
Use information is not always linked to the chemical searched.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of chemical use information. In addition to
chemical patents, scientific and technical patents are included.
It should be noted that the patent literature is an excellent source
of chemical use information particularly for new uses. The literature
may be searched manually or on-line, using the data bases available
from Lockheed and other vendors. SDC offers the World Patent Index
file, covering the major industrial nationso WPI, produced by Derwent
Publications, Ltd., could not be evaluated because it is available
on-line only by subscription.
A-32
-------
1.
Citation:
1977 .
Arlington, VA.)
CLAIMS/U.S. Patents 1971 -
(IFI/Plenum Data Company.
Available from Lockheed.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Quarterly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
Price
o
.
Function
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
.
Application
Production/Sales Quantity
o
o
Consumption by Use Area
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
One can search from chemical name and synonyms, U.S. Patent Classification
Group, chemical class, and natural language to chemical use.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
No controlled vocabulary.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of use information. Although these are not
abstracts, patent titles regularly contain use information.
A-33
-------
1.
Citation:
Colour Index. 1971.
3rd Edition. 5 Volumes.
American Association of Textile
Research Triangle Pk., NC.
Chemists & Colorists.
2.
Type of Source:
Directory.
o
General
Spec ific
2865
2899
Dyes.
SIC:
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
in 1975; quarterly update publication.
Supplement and revision published
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
8
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Volumes 1-3 list colorants according to their generic types (acid,
azoic, basic) and applications (leather, etc.) with C.I. names, which
fibers the colorant dyes or prints, fastness properties, and non-
textile uses.
Volume 4 lists dyes by C.l. name and is arranged according to generic
type with formulas for the dyes.
The first section of Volume 5 lists dyes by generic type and C.I. name
and gives the manufacturer. The second section lists trade names with
manufacturer and C.I. name.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
There is no index from C.I. name to application. To obtain the desired
information, it is frequently necessary to refer to more than one volume.
7.
Evaluation:
The Colour Index is a good source if searching from application to C.I.
name. Then Volume 4 must be used to go from C.I. name to formula or
Vol. 5 to go from C.I. name to manufacturer. It is much harder to
search in reverse since there is no index of C.I. name to application.
The Colour Index is the leading reference in the field of colorants.
A-34
-------
1.
Citation:
Commercial Names and Sources. 1978.
The International Plastics Selector, Inc.
San Diego, CA.
2.
Type of Source:
Directory and guidebook.
o
General
SIC: 282-Plastic Materials and Synthetics.
3079-Miscellaneous Plastic Products.
Specific
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
About every two years.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The first section lists alphabetically the commercial name with
material type (additive, foam, elastomer, etc.). generic name (if
resin), function (if additive) or color (if colorant), manufacturer
and sometimes chemical type.
The second section lists the material type (see above) alphabetically
with generic name-function-color as subcategories.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
There is no index of generic chemical names.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source if searching from function to commercial name,
manufacturer and sometimes chemical type. Also good if searching
from commercial name to manufacturer, function and sometimes chemical
type.
A-35
-------
1.
Citation:
Commercial Organic F1occu1ants. 1976.
J. Vostrci1 & F. Juracka.
Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J.
2.
Type of Source:
Handbook-Guidebook.
Specific SIC: Water Treating Compounds 2899
F1occu1ants Industrial Inorganic Chemicals 2819
o
General
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
1976 - no current plans to
update.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
0 Function
- Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The first section lists flocculants
(the order can be obtained from the
information, it also gives examples
according to chemical composition
table of contents). Among other
of applications.
The second section lists flocculants alphabetically by trade name,
most with composition, physical properties; sometimes with recommended
dosages and manufacturer.
60
Limitations/Difficulties:
Sections are not arranged by individual chemicals.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source if searching from type of flocculant to type of
application or if searching from trade name to recommended dosage.
A-36
-------
1.
Citation:
Agents for Paper and
Commercially Available Chemical
Board Manufacturers. 1980.
Walter Fo Reynolds, ed.
PAPY Press Report. Atlanta, GA.
2.
Type of Source:
Report.
o
General
.
SIC:
261 Pulp Mills
Specific
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
o
Function
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This source lists trade names of chemicals with their manufacturers in
tabular form, arranged by functiono An index of trade names is provided.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
There is no access to or by generic chemical names; only trade names
are used. There is no access from trade name (chemical) to use.
7.
Evaluation:
This source is useful only if identification of trade names and manu-
facturers for a given function is desired. Searching from chemical to
use is not practicalo A source that identifies the chemical composition
of trade named products must be used to identify specific chemicals or
chemical classes.
A-37
-------
1.
Citation:
Compendex. January 1970 - present.
CEngineeringlndex, N.Y., N.Y.)
Available from SDC and Lockheed.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
8
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This file can be searched by chemical name in the index and in the
free text to obtain use information. Only well-known chemicals or
chemical classes appear in the general index; others might be found
in the text of the abstract or in the citation.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Only broad chemical terms are in the controlled vocabulary. One should
also search by synonyms and chemical class when necessary. Economic
information is very general, e.g., "a low-cost production process",
and there is very little hard economic data-.--
7.
Evaluation:
This data base is a valuable source of information on the
of organic chemicals, as well as metals and their alloys.
ticularly useful for novel applications.
applications
It is par-
The information in COMPENDEX encompasses many industries, i.e., plastics,
rubber, coal, petroleum, paper, printing, textiles; therefore this data
base is an excellent overall source for the use of chemicals in a broad
range of industries and technologies. It should be given a high priority
after hard-core chemical and economic data baseso
A-38
-------
1.
Citation:
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 1977
G. G. Hawley, ed. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co.
Ne\\T York.
2.
Type of Source:
Dictionaryo
.
General
SIC:
Specific
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Irregular.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
.
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Synonyms
5.
Format/Means of Access:
.
From individual chemical to use information.
.
Alphabetical
information.
arrangement of chemicals as a direct link to use
.
Also included are synonyms cross-referenced to preferred names.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Function and application are sometimes
both are usually included under uses.
readily available and comprehensive.
difficult to tell apart, although
This source is easy to use,
7.
Evaluation:
This is an excellent general source for chemical use
should be included among the first sources consulted
chemical economic information.
information.
in developing
It
A-39
-------
1.
Citation:
Conference Papers Inpex. 1973 to present.
(Data Courier, Inc., Louisville, KY.)
Available from Lockheed and SDC.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Conference Papers Index is searchable from chemical name and synonyms
to use; by activity or use, through natural language, to chemical.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
A search produces only citations; therefore, one must often consult
original documents for information.
7.
Evaluation:
This is an index of current research papers presented at conferences
and meetings throughout the world. Biochemistry and Chemistry, and
Chemical Engineering, which are two of the major subject areas,
constitute approximately 16% of the file. Some, but not all, chemical
names are included in the index (personal commentary, S. Kennedy,
Data Courier).
A-40
-------
1.
Citation:
Dictionary of Commercial Chemicals 0 1962.
Snell & Snell. 3rd Ed.
Van Nostrand Co., Inc., Princeton, N.J.
2.
Type of Source:
Dictionary.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Out of print.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
.
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The book is divided into about 40 different chapters on classes of
chemicals (i.e., inorganic oxides, alcohols and mercaptans, waxes).
Each chapter lists alphabetically specific chemicals with short
narratives about physical properties, methods of manufacture (reactions)
and major categories of uses.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source
arranged by
is required
provides only superficial use information. Since it is
chemical class, a knowledge of chemical classification
for efficient utilization of this work.
7.
Evaluation:
The Dictionary of Commercial Chemicals gives a very superficial look
at uses of chemicals. However, like all dictionaries, it is a good
source to use as a "glossary" to determine the chemical structure of
an unfamiliar term or name.
A-4l
-------
1.
Citation:
1966.
Domestic & Industrial Chemical Specialties.
L. Chalmer. MacMillan Co., N.Y.
2.
Type of Source:
Specialty Cleaning Polishing and
SIC: Sanitation Preparations 2842
Book.
o
General
Specific
.
Household Products
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Out of Print.
4. ,
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
Price
o
.
Function
Producers/processors/Distributors
.
.
Application
Production/Sales Quantity
o
o
Consumption by Use Area
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
.
Other:
Formulations
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The text is in narrative form and includes formulations using generic
names. Topics covered include Soap, Synthetic Detergents, Laundry
Syndets, Laundry Bleaches, Mothproofing, Insect Pest Control, Polishes,
Adhesives, Disinfectants and Antiseptics, Aerosols, Paints, Abrasives
and Polishes, Toiletries.
Appendix II is an alphabetical list of chemical trade names with producers,
chemical class, and application.
The index gives both end-use applications and chemicals (specific and
classes).
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
7.
Evaluation:
Although this book is over 14 years old, it can act as
of information on both specific chemicals and chemical
household products.
a general source
classes used in
A-42
-------
1.
Citation:
1973.
Dry Cell Batteries: Chemistry & Design.
Louis F. Martino
Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J.
2.
Type of Source:
Patent collection.
o
General
-
Specific
SIC: 3691 Storage Batteries.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source: 1973 is latest edition.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
- Chemical Use
- Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book lists 130 recent patents for storage batteries. The patents
describe and give formulations for materials that make up batteries
(e.g., electrodes, separators, sealants, electrolytes, etc.).
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
There is no means of searching from a specific chemical to find its
use.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source for new developments
up to 1973. Searching from function (in a
chemical is easy.
in the battery industry
battery) to the specific
A-43
-------
1.
Citation:
Dry Strength Additives.
Reynolds, W.F., ed.
PAPY Press. Atlanta, GA.
1980.
2.
Type of Source:
Book.
o
General
Specific
261 Pulp Mills.
SIC:
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
0 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Chemical trade names are listed according to applications (e.g., paper,
board, etc.), with manufacturer name. Also included is an index of
the trade names.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
There is no access to chemicals by gener1c chemical name.
7.
Evaluation:
This book provides a link between trade names and applications in the
paper industry. Access is only by trade name, not by generic name.
A-44
-------
1.
Citation:
Economic Abstracts International. 1974 to present.
(Learned Information, Ltd., London, England.)
Available from Lockheed.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
a
SIC:
Specific
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source: Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o
Chemical Use
.
Price
o
Function
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
.
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Economics Abstracts International can be searched from chemical name,
synonyms, British spellings, chemical class or chemical industry to
use, as well as from use to chemical or broad class of chemicals.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
"Abstracts" are, in fact, annotations. It may be necessary to consult
the original documents to determine relevance.
7.
Evaluation:
This is an excellent database for international economic data, primarily
by industry. Coverage includes books, dictionaries and economic reports.
Some use information is given.
A-45
-------
1.
Citation:
Elastomeric Materials.
International Plastics
San Diego, CA.
1977 .
Selector, Inc.
2.
Type of Source:
Handbook.
o
General
Specific
SIC: 3D-Rubber & Plastic Products.
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
1977 - new edition scheduled
for 1980.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The first section lists elastomers by their stretchability
with commercial name, generic type, manufacturer, and page
for more information.
or "value"
reference
The second section lists elastomers by generic type (polyester, ethylene,
etc.) in groups arranged by physical characteristic or type of ap-
plication (thermoplastic, liquids, gums, formulated products) with
manufacturer, commercial name, special features, suggested applications,
and physical properties.
Another section lists additives alphabetically by trade name with
generic name, function, and manufacturer. There is also a section
of generic names of elastomers arranged alphabetically with manu-
facturers and trade names.
A section listing commercial names with generic names and manufacturers
is included.
7.
Limitations/Difficulties:
8.
Evaluation:
This is a good source if searching from elastomer (generic or trade name)
to application, or from additive trade name to function. It permits a
researcher to relate the generic chemical or chemical class to application
and function of a chemical.
A-46
-------
1.
Citation:
Enc clo edia of Associations. Vol.l National Or anizations
of the Unlted States. 19 O.
N. Yakes and D. Akey, eds., Gale Research Company. Detroit,
Michigan.
2.
Type of Source:
Encyclopedia.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Annual.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o
Chemical Use
o
Price
o
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Individual organizations are accessed by an alphabetical and key word
index.
They are grouped by broad subject areas within the volume and arranged
alphabetically within each subject area.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
7.
Evaluation:
This volume includes detailed descriptions, addresses and telephone
numbers of over 14,000 associations and professional societies.
A number of these organizations can be contacted directly to provide
rapid, current information on chemical economic subjects.
A-47
-------
1.
Citation:
Encyclopedia of Chemistry. 1973.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
2.
Type of Source:
One-volume encyclopedia.
.
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Covers advances in chemistry
since 1966.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use 0 Price
. Function 0 Producers/Processors/Distributors
. Application 0 Production/Sales Quantity
o Consumption by Use Area 8 Physical/Chemical Properties
8
Other:
Natural occurrence,
History. Processes
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book is arranged alphabetically. Entries include chemical names,
chemical classes, use categories (e.g., soaps), and general chemical
terms. The volume has an index, which includes specific chemical names
and provides cross references. This source combines the completeness of
longer, encyclopedia-style entries with the convenience of a single
volume.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Use information is generally given in rather broad terms. Other economic
information is sometimes provided. Although some entries have separate
headings for use and/or other economic factors, it is necessary to scan
the entire text of an entry to be certain the information obtained is
complete..
7.
Evaluation:
The Encyclopedia of Chemistry should be consulted when use information
is particularly desired, as well as for a general overview of a chemical
or chemical classes. This source should be among the first consulted,
although there are others which provide the same or more information in
a briefer format.
A-48
-------
1.
Citation:
Agents.
1952.
Encyclopedia of Surface-Active
Sisley & Mood.
Chemical Publishing Co., N.Y.
2.
Type of Source:
Encyclopedia.
o
General
.
Specific
SIC: 2843-Surface-Active Agents.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
New edition - 1980.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
o
Function
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
One chapter summarizes areas of application for surface-active agents
according to industry (textile, etc.) and function (flotation, etc.)
In another chapter classes of fatty acids are listed according to their
precursors (e.g., fats, fatty acid esters, etc.). The classes are
described narratively and brief accounts of their properties, manu-
facture and uses are given. The last section lists brand names of
surface-active agents alphabetically with manufacturing composition
and recommended applications. Vol. II appeared in 1964 and has a
similar format.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Individual chemicals are not listed by their generic names,
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source if searching from brand name to manufacturer or
generic name.
A-49
-------
1.
Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network (ECDIN).
1973 - present (Joint Research Center of European Communities,
Ispra, Italy.)
Citation:
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
Available through the European Information Network.
o Specific SIC:
8
General
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Irregular.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use 0 Price
8 Function 8 Producers/Processors/Distributors
8 Application 8 Production/Sales Quantity
8 Consumption by Use Area 8 Physical/Chemical Properties
8
Other:
Environmental effects and fate.
Synonyms (European trade names).
5.
Format/Means of Access:
ECDIN can be searched by preferred systematic chemical name, common
name, trade name, name in several languages or CAS number to obtain
use or economic data and from use to chemical.
Information on over 4,000 compounds is displayed as citations and data.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Access is by request to the Joint Research Center in Europe.
7.
Evaluation:
This database contains chemical economic data for commercial chemicals
produced in excess of 500 Kg/year, their by-products and metabolic
degradation products. However, it can be accessed only by writing or
calling the Joint Research Center in Italy.
A-50
-------
1.
Citation:
1975.
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals.
F. A. Lowenheim and M. K. Moran, eds.
John Wiley and Sons. New York.
2.
Type of Source:
Handbook.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Irregular.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
.
Price
o
Function
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
.
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Consumption by Use Area
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
.
From individual chemical to economic information.
.
Contains index and alphabetical arrangement of chemicals as direct
link to economic information.
.
Each chemical included has a separate chapter which contains a
complete market analysis. Each chapter describes one or more
manufacturing processes for the chemical, shows consumption per-
centages by use area, and includes a graphic representation of
price and production history. Physical properties and shipping
regulations are noted, along with a list of manufacturers and plant
sites. A lengthy discussion of economic factors provides an overall
assessment of the chemical's status.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Only a small number of major chemicals are included. For chemicals
not having separate sections, some information may be gleaned by
examining the pages referenced in the index. Here, some material
can be gathered on chemicals used in the manufacturing processes of
the featured chemical, or on substances replacing or being replaced
by the featured chemical.
A-51
-------
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals (Continued)
7.
Evaluation:
Although this source includes only a small number of chemicals,
coverage of economic aspects is thorough and complete. This source
provides an excellent overview and starting point for developing
assessments of the chemicals featured.
A-52
-------
1.
Citation:
Fert Flash
(The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D.C.)
2.
Type of Source:
Monthly report.
o
General
.
Specific
SIC:
2873 - Nitrogenous Fertilizer.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthlyo
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o Chemical Use
0 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
From a survey of manufacturers, preliminary data
tabular form on production of nine major product
such as arnrnonias, potash, and phosphates.
are presented in
groups of fertilizer,
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
The statistics presented are not final figures and may therefore be
subject to change.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of data on bulk fertilizer production.
A-53
-------
1.
Citation:
The Fertilizer Index
(The Fertilizer Institute, Washington, D.C.)
2.
Type of Source:
Report.
o
General
Specific
SIC: 2873 Nitrogenous Fertilizers.
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Annua 1 .
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o Chemical Use
0 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
.
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The Fertilizer Index presents tabulated and written summaries of major
fertilizer groups (nitrogen, phosphates, potash and mixtures) for the
previous eleven months, as well as monthly production, inventory and
disappearance data. Data is for five to eight major products in each
group.
Data is also presented in terms of "index value" where 100 is the
previous year's average monthly tonnage.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Production statistics are not provided in great detail.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of statistical data on production of major
of fertilizers. However, the Census of Manufacturers would give
in-depth information about production.
groups
more
A-54
-------
1.
Citation:
Fire Retardants Formulations. 1972, last edition.
Vijay Mohar Bhatnagar
Technomic Publishing Co. Westport, Conn.
2.
Type of Source:
Formulary.
o
General
8
Specific
SIC:
2899
Fire Retardants
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Book now discontinued.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
0 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
a
Price
a
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
a
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Subjects are accessed through the Table of Contents. The topics
covered include Wood and Paints, Polymers, Textile-Fabrics and Paper,
and General Formulation. The formulations under each heading are not
arranged in any particular order. Almost every formulation contains
trade names only. There is an author and a subject index. The subject
index includes applications, but not specific chemicals.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
If combined with a sourcebook of trade names, one can search from
application to chemical. It is impossible to search from chemical
to application without reading the entire book.
7.
Evaluation:
(See #6 above.)
A-55
-------
1.
Citation:
Foams. 1978.
The International Plastics Selector.
San Diego, CAo
2.
Type of Source:
Handbook.
o
General
Specific
282-Plastics Materials and Synthetics
3079-Miscellaneous Plastic Products.
.
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
About every 2 years.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book provides information on the manufacture of thermosetting
and thermoplastic foams, and the additives used in the formulation
of foams. The book is accessed through the Table of Contents to the
class of foams, engineering data and additive sections.
Each section indexes relevant information.
The sections on foams discusses foam ingredients, methods of process1ng,
and engineering data.
The engineering data sections provide information on manufacturer,
trade name, physical properties, etc.
The section on additives, describes
type format. An alphabetical table
functional type, with.manufacturer,
name.
the additives in short dictionary-
lists the additives according to
trade name and generic chemical
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good listing of foams and additives, enabling one to search
from chemical class and function to specific chemical or manufacturer.
A-56
-------
1.
Food, Sci7nce and Technology Abstracts.
CInt7rnatlonal Food Information Service,
Rea~lng, Berkshire, England.)
Avallable from SDC and Lockheed as FSTA.
1969 - present.
Shenfield,
Citation:
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
o
General
2087, 2899, 2865
. Specific SIC:
Food industry.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
. Function
. Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
.
Price (occasionally)
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This database can be searched by chemical name, trade name, synonyms
and alternate spellings, and chemical class to find chemical use
information. Also from chemical use (e.g., preservative) to chemical.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
The chemical aspects of this index focuses on chemicals in foods, such
as additives or residues, and the chemical analysis of foods.
While there is some information on the price of additives, most economic
statistics are for the foods themselves.
No controlled vocabulary.
7.
Evaluation:
Since this database concerns only chemicals used in the food industry,
it is of limited utility to EPA.
A-57
-------
1.
Citation:
Hackh's Chemical Dictionary. 1969.
- Julius Grant. McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York.
2.
Type of Source:
Dictionary.
.
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Irregular.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
0 Function
. Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
.
From individual chemical to economic information.
.
Contains alphabetical arrangement of chemicals as a direct link
to economic information.
Hackh's has an easy-to-use dictionary format.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This dictionary covers chemical economic information poorly. A great
many entries are not actually chemicals but related substances or
topics, often with unfamiliar nanes. Chemical use, the only economic
factor dealt with at all, receives little attention.
7.
Evaluation:
Hackh's Chemical Dictionary is a poor source of chemical economic
information. It could be useful for identification of unfamiliar
or little used terminology, but is not recommended as a source of
chemical economic data.
A-58
-------
1.
Citation:
Handbook of Adhesives. 1977.
T. Skeist, ed. 2nd Edition.
Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., N.Y.
2.
Type of Source:
Handbook.
o
General
SIC:
2891 Adhesives & Sealants.
Specific
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Irregular; latest edition, 1977.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
.
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Formulations
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Section A contains five articles on topics general to all adhesives
(constitution, influence, application, testing, etc.).
Section B contains thirty-five articles, each dealing with a speci~ic
type of adhesive.
Section C has sixteen articles, each dealing with a particular appli-
cation of adhesives (plastic, wood, electrical industry, etc.).
Sometimes formulations are given in Sections Band C, many times
with brand-name chemicals.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
The index contains terms relating more to applications than to specific
chemicals.
7.
Evaluation:
The Handbook of Adhesives is
number of different adhesive
application.
an acceptable source for obtaining a
formulations appropriate to a given
A-59
-------
1.
Citation:
Handbook of Cosmetic Materials. 1954.
Greenberg & Lester. Interscience, N.Y.
2.
Dictionary.
Type of Source:
o
General
Specific
2844 Toiletries
SIC:
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Out of print.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
8
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This is an alphabetical listing of ingredients and generic chemicals
used in the making of cosmetics. The handbook contains formulas, a
few properties, and very general uses (e.g., "perfumery and flavoring")
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
The Handbook of Cosmetic Materials is over 25 years old, and out of
print.
7.
Evaluation:
It has value only for obtaining chemical formulas of ingredients in
cosmetics. The age of the material must be considered.
A-60
-------
1.
Citation:
1970.
Handbook of Materials and Processes for Electronics.
Charles A. Harper, ed.
McGraw-Hill Co., New York, N.Y.
2.
Type of Source: Handbook.
o
General
8
Specific
SIC: 367 Electronic Components and
Accessories.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book is divided into fifteen sections, each of which describes
classes of materials or fabricating processes used in the electronics
industry (e.g., plastics, elastomers, semiconductor materials, metallic
and chemical finishes, etc.). The text is in narrative form and contains
a good deal of information on physical properties of materials and their
fabrication/production for electrical applications. It does not, however,
give recommendations for applications of the materials (like plastics).
The index includes functions and chemical classes.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Access is to chemical classes, rather than individual chemicals.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source for searching from the electronic component (wires,
cables, semiconductors, films) to the class of chemical used in their
manufacture or from the function (moisture protector, coatings) to
chemical class.
A-6l
-------
1.
Citation:
Handbook of Water-Soluble
Ro L. Davidson, ed.
McGraw-Hill, New York.
Gums and Resins.
1980.
2.
Type of Source:
Handbook.
o
General
. Specific SIC: 2861, 2899
Water-soluble gums and resins in a
industries.
wide variety of
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
New.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
Price
o
.
Function
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
.
Application
Production/Sales Quantity
.
o
Consumption by Use Area
Physical/Chemical Properties
.
.
Other:
Formulations
Trade names
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book covers twenty-three major commercial varieties of natural and
synthetic gums and resins. It contains surveys of consuming industries
and includes material on physical properties, processes and toxicology
for the gums and resins. There are also sample formulations and a
list of trade names. The book is arranged to be searchable under gum
or resin name, basic function, end product, industry, property or
characteristic. There is also an index.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source was not available for examination. It was
on the publisher's advertising circular; therefore, no
were apparent.
evaluated based
shortcomings
7.
Evaluation:
This work seems to be a good and useful source of information on the
various types of water-soluble gums and reS1ns.
An objective evaluation is not possible without having the book available
for inspection.
A-62
-------
1.
Citation:
Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals.
U.S. International Trade Commission.
U.S. Government Printing Office.
Washington, D.C.
2.
Type of Source:
Government statistical report.
o
General
.
Specific SIC: Cyclic Intermediates 2865
Benzenoid Chemicals,
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Annual.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
o
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Import Data.
5.
Format/Means of Access:
.
From chemical class to economic information. Import information is
arranged in tables by chemical class and use area. These include
benzenoid intermediates, finished benzenoid products, dyes, and
several other groups. There is no index, so access to chemicals
is frequently random, unless a chemical is known to belong to one
of the categories listed in the table of contents. If this infor-
mation is not available, table by table scanning of the entire
publication may be necessary. The large table of benzenoid
intermediates is a good starting point.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
One drawback to the use of this source is that its coverage is limited
to benzenoid chemicals. Also, it supplies only import data. (A
small amount of use information can sometimes be derived indirectly
by noting the heading. of the table in which the chemical appears.) A
final problem is the lack of a straight-forward means of locating the
desired chemical.
7.
Evaluation:
Although limited in coverage and scope, Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals
is an important source of import statistics. When used in conjunction
with U.S. Imports for Consumption, a much broader coverage of chemical
imports is achieved. This source is an official government publication
and is considered reliable.
A-63
-------
1.
Citation:
Industrial Solvents Handbook. 1977.
1. Me Han.
2nd Edition.
Noyes Data Corp., Park Ridge, N.J.
2.
Type of Source:
Handbook.
.
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
1st edition was 1970.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o Chemical Use
0 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The book is divided into fourteen chapters by chemical classes (e.g.,
hydrocarbon solvents, phenols, acids, etc.). The table of contents
lists all the elements covered in each chapter by order of complexity
(simple molecules to large molecules). The text gives physical
property data in tabular or graphical form.
Also included is a chapter comparing the physical properties of all
the chemicals covered (molecular weight, density, melting point,
boiling point). The chemicals in this chapter are listed as they
appear in the earlier chapters.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This handbook contains only physical property data; no other use/
economic information is available.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of physical property data for
solvents. This information is particularly helpful
chemical's suitability to a given use.
chemicals used as
for predicting a
A-64
-------
1.
Citation:
ISMEC. Information Service in Mechanical
1973 to present.
(Data Courier, Inc., Louisville, KY,)
Available from SDC and Lockheed.
Engineering.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
o
General
.
SIC:
Specific
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
- Chemical Use 0 Price
- Function 0 Producers/Processors/Distributors
. Application 0 Production/Sales Quantity
o Consumption by Use Area 8 Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Chemical properties
and effects.
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Using controlled vocabulary, one
"chemical industry" or "chemical
as well as from use to chemical.
the controlled vocabulary.
can search from broad terms, such as
properties and effects" to chemicals
Metals and their alloys are also in
Chemical names, synonyms and British spellings can be searched in
free text.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
There are no chemical names in the controlled vocabulary.
This is an indexing service to citations.
to consult the original document.
Therefore, it may be necessary
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of use information for chemicals associated with
the fields of mechanical engineering. In addition to international
journals, the index covers relevant books, reports and conference
proceedings.
A-65
-------
1.
Citation:
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical ~e~hno1ogy.
John Wiley & Sons. New York. 2nd Ed~t~on,
3rd Edition, 1978-80 (in progress).
1970.
2.
Type of Source: Encyclopedia.
-
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source: Irregular intervals; update in
progress.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
- Chemical Use
- Function
- Application
- Consumption by Use Area
o Other
-
Price
-
Producers/Processors/Distributors
-
Production/Sales Quantity
-
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
-
From individual chemical or chemical class to economic/use
information.
-
Contains an index as a direct link to information.
-
Kirk-Othmer is a comprehensive chemical encyclopedia. Sometimes a
chemical is the subject of an entire chapter; other chemicals are
accessed via the index. The encyclopedia focuses on chemical
technology, so there are sections on such aspects as production
processes, shipping and quality control. Sections on uses and
economic aspects include information on price, production volumes
and consumption by use area, where available.
The new 3rd edition of Kirk-Othmer is currently in preparation,
with at least eight to ten volumes available at present. For complete
and up-to-date cov~rage, both the entire 2nd edition and the completed
volumes of the 3rd edition must be searched. Interim indexes to the
3rd edition are published after every few volumes; however, the only
way to access a new volume before it is indexed is through the tables
of contents. Overlap between the two editions is insufficient to
allow cross-searching.
A-66
-------
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology (Continued)
7.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Kirk-Othmer can be cumbersome to use in its present status, with one
edition complete and another under way. Locating information on more
obscure chemicals may involve examining a number of volumes of the
encyclopedia. More complete material can be found, with greater ease,
for major chemicals, especially those which have entire chapters
devoted to them. Since Kirk-Othmer is not published frequently, data
on such factors as price and production volume are not up-to-date.
These figures are very useful for examining historical trends.
8.
Evaluation:
Kirk-Othmer is a good source of chemical economic information. It
contains data and analyses of all aspects of its subject and provides
a valuable background for in-depth research.
A-67
-------
1.
Citation:
The Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry.
Mary K. Meegan, ed. Charles H. Kline & Co.
Fairfield, New Jersey.
1977 .
2.
Type of Source:
Handbook.
8
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Irregular.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
8 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
8
Price
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
Format/Means of Access:
5.
8
From individual chemical and chemical class
information.
to economic
8
From category of use to individual chemical and chemical class.
8
Contains an index of chemicals as a direct link to economic
information.
The Kline Guide is arranged in broad sections with titles such as
"Basic and Intermediate Chemicals" and "Multipurpose Additives."
Each section covers a range of chemical classes (e.g., surfactants)
and use categories (e.g., printing chemicals). Individual chemicals
are discussed in the text and may be located through the index. Each
subsection contains a description of the industry, a discussion of
the important chemicals in the category. and information on price,
producers, production; government regulations, and uses, including,
in some cases, a breakdown of consumption by use area. The major
subsections also list pertinent sources of additional information,
such as trade associations, journals and directories, and there is
a separate chapter covering such sources for the chemical industry in
general.
A-68
-------
The Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry (Continued)
7.
Limitations/Difficulties:
The Kline Guide deals with the chemical industry as a whole, empha-
sizing segments of the industry, rather than providing specific
coverage of individual chemicals. A chemical is discussed in terms
of its role within a segment of the chemical industry, rather than
as an individual chemical. Chemicals seem to be assigned to only
one subsection and no mention is made of other uses.
8.
Evaluation:
The Kline Guide is an excellent source for providing an overview of
specific segments of the chemical industry. Although its emphasis
is not on individual chemicals, it identifies the major use areas
for a wide range of chemicalso The assessments of economic trends
and status, for both the chemical industry as a whole and its sub-
groups, provide valuable insights and a strong foundation for more
detailed work.
A-69
-------
1.
Citation:
Materials Handbook. 1977.
G. S. Brady and H. R. Clauser.
McGraw-Hill Book Company. New
York.
2.
Type of Source:
Handbook.
8
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Irregular.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
8
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
8
From individual chemical and class of chemical to economic
information.
8
Contains an index and alphabetical arrangements of chemicals as
direct link to economic information.
8
The Materials Handbook is a one-volume encyclopedia intended for
purchasing managers, engineers and others requiring information
about the properties and uses of various materials. The main
headings are arranged alphabetically, but it is necessary to use
the index to find references to substances which are not main
headings.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
The Materials Handbook covers a wide variety of materials, not con-
centrating on chemicals, although a large number are included. While
use is generally the only chemical economic factor discussed, the
sections contain useful descriptions of the substances and general
background material. Use descriptions are not highly technical,
but provide a basis for more detailed, specific assessment.
A-70
-------
Materials Handbook (Continued)
8.
Evaluation:
The Materials Handbook is a good source of preliminary information
on a large number of common chemicalso Use information from this
source will provide a link to other, more specific resources necessary
for the development of a complete chemical economic profile.
A-7l
-------
1.
Citation:
The Merck Index. 1977.
M. Windholz, ed. 9th Edition.
Merck and Co., Inc. Rahway. N.J.
2.
Type of Source:
Encyclopedia.
8 General 0 Specific
Biomedical orientation.
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Irregular.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
8
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Access is from individual chemical to use. The Merck Index contains
an index and alphabetical arrangement of chemicals as a direct link
to economic information. It also contains a cross index section of
the names of the drugs and chemicals discussed in the body of the
work. This section links synonyms to the preferred nomenclature,
and should be consulted before going to the alphabetized monographs.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
The only chemical economic information available from this source
concerns uses, broken down into human therapeutic, veterinary and
general chemical usage. While nearly 10,000 substances are covered,
the Merck Index has a heavier concentration of drugs and biological
chemicals.
This source provides Chemical Abstracts names, synonyms, formulas
and structures, physical data, including toxic effects, and material
on chemical derivatives, as well as use information.
7.
Evaluation:
The Merck Index is a good, easy-to-use source of chemical use infor-
mation, particularly for drugs and organic chemicals. It is recommended
as one of the first references to be consulted in preparing a chemical
economic profile.
A-72
-------
1.
Citation:
Metadex (Metals Abstracts/Alloys Index). 1966 to present.
(Alloys Index, 1974 to present.)
(Am~rican Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH.)
Ava~lable from Lockheed.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
o
General
8
Specific
Metals
SIC: Primary Metal Industry SIC 30
Misc. Chern. Products 2899
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Access to chemicals is by chemical names and synonyms, British spelling,
chemical classes, and uses, using a controlled vocabulary or natural
language.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Complete abstracts are available on-line only since 1979.
7.
Evaluation:
METADEX is a valuable source of use information for
compounds and chemicals used in the metals industries.
international and includes conference papers, reviews,
and books. Little economic information is included.
metals, metallic
Coverage is
technical reports
A-73
-------
1.
Citation:
NTIS. National Technical Information Service. 1964
(U.S. Department of Commerce. Springfield, VA.)
Available from Lockheed and SDC.
to present
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Bi-week1y.
4. Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use 0 Price
. Function 0 Producers/Processors/Distributors
. Application 0 Production/Sales Quantity
o Consumption by Use Area 0 Physical/Chemical Properties
o Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
The NTIS database can be searched from systematic chemical name and
synonyms, trade names, some CAS Registry numbers (if they appear in
document) to use, and from assigned controlled descriptors and categories
to chemicals.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Abstracts are often descriptive, rather than informative.
Numerous thesauri are utilized.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source. of technical use data at the R & D level but it
contains little economic information.
About 5,000 chemicals per year are indexed, excluding common chemicals
(personal communication, E. Lehmann, NTIS).
It can be searched to find preexisting chemical use or economic profiles.
A-74
-------
1.
Citation:
Oceanic Abstracts. 1964 to present.
(Data Courier, Inc., Louisville, KY.)
Available from Lockheed as Oceanic Abstracts'
,
from SDC as Oceanic.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
o
General
8
Specific
SIC:
N/A
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Bi-monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
8
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Using controlled vocabulary. one can search from broad chemical class,
such as hydrocarbons, to use. Metals, alloys and metallic compounds
are indexed and can be searched directly. One can also search from
activity to chemical.
Chemical names and synonyms can be searched in free text.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source deals with marine-related material and would thus be of
limited usefulness to EPA.
7.
Evaluation:
This database has limited value for chemical use information.
is good coverage of marine pollution.
There
A-75
-------
1.
Citation:
Oils,. Detergents and Maintenance Specialties.
(Vol. 2, Formulary.)
Benjamin Levitt. Chemical Publishing Co., New
1967.
York.
2.
Type of Source:
Formulary 0
o
General
Specific
2841-Soaps & Other Detergents.
2842-Po1ishes & Sanitation Goods.
.
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Not updated.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
Price
o
o
Function
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
.
Application
Production/Sales Quantity
o
o
Consumption by Use Area
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
.
Other:
Formulations 0
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Table of Contents includes: Aerosols, Bactericides-Fungicides-
Sanitizers, Cleaners, Floor Care, Laundering & Dry Cleaning, Metal
Treatment, Miscellaneous. Formulations are presented for various
consumer-type products (e.g., for aerosols - oven cleaners, insecti-
cides, etc.). Many of the constituents are given as brand names
with suppliers. The addresses of the suppliers are given as an
appendix.
The index includes applications as well as individual chemicals
(by brand name).
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Chemicals are only accessible by trade name; generic equivalents are
not provided.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of brand name chemicals for the above applications.
It is also a good source of applications, given the brand name of a
chemical. Contact must be made with chemical manufacturer to determine
specific or generic chemical name, if no other source relates trade
names with chemical name. (e.g., McCutcheon's Detergent's (look up
actual name) or Chemical Synonyms & Trade Names, Wm. Gardner, Ed.)
A-76
-------
1.
Citation:
OPD Chemical Buyers' Directory.
Chemical Marketing Reporter.
Schnell Publishing Co., New York.
Annual.
2.
Type of Source:
Buyers' guide.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Annua 1 .
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o Chemical Use
0 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Access is from individual chemical to economic information. This
directory contains an alphabetical arrangement of chemicals as a
direct link to economic information.
Since there is no cross-referencing, a chemical may be listed under
several synonyms.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source provides information only on the producers, processors
and distributors of a given chemical.
7.
Evaluation:
The OPD Buyers' Guide is useful primarily for identification of
chemical suppliers. Information of this nature may often be a key
to additional economic data, through knowledge of the chemical
industry and contact with the companies.
A-77
-------
1.
Citation:
Or anic Chemical Producers' Data Base (OCPDB). 1976 - present
Prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency,
Cincinnati, OR by the Radian Corporation, Austin, Texas.)
2.
On-line in-house database.
Type of Source:
8 General 0
Organic Chemicals.
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Irregular.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use 8 Price
8 Function 8 Producers/Processors/Distributors
8 Application 8 Production/Sales Quantity
o Consumption by Use Area 8 Physical/Chemical Properties
8
Other:
CAS number, synonyms 0
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This database can be searched by chemical name and synonyms or CAS
number to obtain use and chemical economic information. It can also
be searched from use to chemical.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
7.
Evaluation:
OCPDB is a primary source of use and chemical economic
600 organic chemicals produced in the United States.
among the first information sources consulted.
data for over
It should be
A-78
-------
1.
Citation:
PAPERCHEM. July 1969 to present.
(Institute of Paper Chemistry. Appleton,
Available from SDC.
Wisconsin.)
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
o
General
26 Paper and Allied Products.
Specific
SIC:
8
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
PAPERCHEM can be searched from chemical name, synonyms, trade name,
and chemical class to use and from use to chemical name or chemical
class.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
7.
Evaluation:
PAPERCHEM is a fine source primarily of use information for chemicals
of the pulp-, paper-, and board-manufacturing and consuming industries.
It provides abstracts of worldwide scientific and
patent gazettes of six major countries, symposium
secondary sources.
technical periodicals,
proceedings and some
This database corresponds to the printed publication "Abstract
Bulletin of the Institute of Paper Chemistry".
A-79
-------
1.
Citation:
(Petroleum/Energy News.)
Petroleum Institute. New
from SDC.
1975 to present.
York, N. Y . )
PiE News.
(American
Available
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
o
General
Specific SIC: 29.
Petroleum and Energy.
8
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Weekly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use 8 Price
8 Function 8 Producers/Processors/Distributors
8 Application 8 Production/Sales Quan t i ty
o Consumption by Use Area 0 Physical/Chemical Properties
8
Other:
Export and import levels.
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This index can be searched from chemical name or chemical class to
use and from use to chemical.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Unit record is a citation and index terms. One must consult original
document to determine relevance and obtain complete data.
Use terms are not always linked to chemical searched.
7.
Evaluation:
This petroleum and energy business news index is a valuable source of
international economic references to petrochemicals. However, one
must obtain the original document for hard data.
A-80
-------
1.
Citation:
Petr~leum Facts & Figures. 1971 Edition.
Amer1can Petroleum Institute. Washington, D.C.
2.
Type of Source:
Statistical report by API.
o
General
291 - Petroleum Refining.
Specific
SIC:
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Annual publication.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o Chemical Use
0 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
.
Price
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book is accessed
as well as the index.
production, petroleum
through the Table of Contents for each section
Data is presented on the quantity of petroleum
refinery runs and refined petroleum products.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Use of statistics are given for only fuels, asphalts and tars.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a
petroleum
chemicals
It can be
technical
good source if looking for statistics on production by
refineries. It is not useful as a source of information on
used in the production and refining of petroleum products.
useful in determining total amounts of such chemicals if
or formulation data are available.
A-81
-------
1.
Citation:
PIRA. 1975 to present.
(The Research Association for the Paper and
printing and Packaging Industries. Surrey,
Available from Lockheed.
Board,
England.)
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
o
General
Specific
26 Paper and Allied Products.
SIC:
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
Price
.
.
Function
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
.
Application
Production/Sales Quantity
.
a
Consumption by Use Area
Physical/Chemical Properties
a
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Chemical names or synonyms, British spellings, chemical classes,
and uses are searchable using natural language.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
There is no controlled vocabulary.
Information is not always linked to chemical of interest.
7.
Evaluation:
PIRA is a good source
for chemicals used in
It also provides some
of use information from
the paper, printing and
economic data.
the world literature
packaging industries.
The on-line records
PIRA publications:
Packaging Abstracts
in the PIRA database are taken from the following
Paper and Board Abstracts, printing Abstracts,
and Management and Marketing Abstracts.
A-82
-------
1.
Citation:
1972.
Plasticizer Guidebook and Directory.
Noyes Data Corp. Park Ridge, N.J.
2.
Type of Source:
Directory.
o
General
8 Specific SIC:
Plasticizers
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Out of print.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
0 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book is an alphabetical listing of manufacturers, trade names of
plasticizers produced, physical properties and suggested applications.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source has no index.
trade name.
The plasticizers are identified only by
7.
Evaluation:
This is a poor source of chemical use/economic information. There is
no means of searching for specific chemicals, or of searching from use
to chemical. It is essentially a list of the trade name plasticizers
produced by various companies.
A-B3
-------
1.
Citation:
Plastics Industry Analysis. 1979.
Prepared for the Environmental Protection
by the Radian Corporation, Austin, Texas.
Agency
2.
Type of Source:
Report.
o
General
Specific
Plastics
282
SIC:
.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
None; report completed.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
Price
o
.
Function
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
.
Application
Production/Sales Quantity
.
.
Consumption by Use Area
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Thirty key polymers are arranged alphabetically in tabular form along
with their annual production volume and sales value.
Chemical use diagrams are presented for the monomeric or starting
materials used in the production of the thirty polymers.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
There is no general, alphabetical index of the chemicals presented in
the report.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a valuable
of key polymers of
components.
source of chemical economic information for a number
the plastics industry as well as their monomeric
A-84
-------
1.
Citation:
Pollution ~bstracts. 1970 to present.
(Da:a Cour1er Inc. Louisville, KY.)
Ava1lable from Lockheed as Pollution Abstracts'
,
from SDC as Pollution.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
8
General
SIC:
Specific
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Bi-monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
o
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
In the controlled vocabulary, one can search by chemical class, trade
names or common names, some well-known chemical compounds, or elements
and their compounds to obtain useful information.
This database can also be searched from use to chemical.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
No controlled chemical vocabulary.
7.
Evaluation:
This is primarily an environmental database. Use information can often
be derived indirectly from a chemical's effect on the environment.
In addition to journals, coverage includes books, conferences, directories,
glossaries and historical and literature reviews.
A-85
-------
1.
Citation:
1972 - present.
Predicasts' Funk & Scott Indexes.
(Predicasts, Inc., Cleveland, OR.)
Available from Lockheed.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
8
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
8
8
Producers/processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This index can be searched by Product Code (SIC
controlled chemical name, Event Code (e.g., use
natural language.
Code), trade name,
of materials), and
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Information appears as annotations; one must consult the original
document for numerical data.
7.
Evaluation:
This index provides valuable chemical use and economic information.
While the annotations
for chemical use, the
economic information.
generated by a search are usually sufficient
original document must be consulted for complete
A-86
-------
1.
Citation:
Predicasts' International Forecasts.
(Predicasts, Inc., Cleveland, OR.)
~vailable from Lockheed only. SDC plans
1n the near future.
to offer it
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
.
Price
.
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Measure name
Growth rate
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Abstracts can be searched by Product Code (SIC Code) trade name,
controlled chemical name, Event Code (e.g., use of materials),
Measure Name (used for statistical account of products and events)
and natural language.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source does not include United States data.
7.
Evaluation:
This source contains use data and statistics for current and future
production and consumption, sales and price.
It covers all the countries of the world except the United States.
A-87
-------
1.
predicasts' International Time Series.
(Predicasts, Inc., Cleveland, OR.)
Available from Lockheed only; SDC plans
in the near future.
1972 - present.
Citation:
to offer it
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
8
General
Specific
SIC:
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Quarterly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
8 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
8
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Data can be searched
chemical vocabulary,
language.
by Product Code (SIC Code), trade name, controlled
Event Code (e.g., use of materials), and natural
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source can be used only for major materials. It would not provide
economic information on a new chemical or one with limited usage.
7.
Evaluation:
Includes historical data from 1957 and projected published forecasts
through 1990 for 50 major countries of the world (excluding the U.S.).
Largely an economic information source for widely-used materials or
products. Only major use data is covered.
A-88
-------
1.
Citation:
Predicasts' PROMT. 1972 - present.
(Predicasts, Inc., Cleveland, OR.)
Available from SDC as PROMT and from
PTS PROMT and PTS Predalert.
Lockheed as
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
8
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
. Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
8 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
8
Price
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Abstracts can be searched by Product Code(s) (SIC
controlled vocabulary chemical names and chemical
(e.g., use of materials), and natural language.
Codes), Trade name(s),
classes, Event Code(s)
60
Limitations/Difficulties:
When using natural language, information is not always linked to chemical
searched.
7.
Evaluation:
These on-line abstracts are a prime source of chemical economic infor-
mation. They also contain uses for intermediate products of the chemical
searched, such as in the fibers, food, metals, paper and plastics
industries.
The thesaurus with its product names and event codes provides easy
access to this database.
A-89
-------
1.
Citation:
Predicasts' u.s. Forecasts. July 1971 - present.
(predicasts, Inc., Cleveland, OR.)
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
8
General
Specific
o
SIC:
3.
Quarterly.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
8 Consumption by Use Area
. Other - Growth Rate (%)
Price
8
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Abstracts can be searched by Product Code (SIC Code), trade name,
controlled chemical name, Event Code (e.g., use of materials),
Measure Name (used for statistical accounting of products and
events) and natural language.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
When natural language is used, information is not always linked to
chemical searched.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of use data. It provides statistics for current
and future production and consumption volumes, sales and price.
A-90
-------
1.
Citation:
present.
Predicasts' U.S. Time Series.
(predicasts, Inc., Cleveland,
Available from Lockheed only;
the near future.
July 1971 -
OH. )
SDC plans to
offer it in
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
8
General
o
SIC:
Specific
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
8 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
8
Price
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Data can be searched
chemical vocabulary,
language.
by Product Code (SIC Code), trade name, controlled
Event Code (e.g., use of materials), and natural
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Only major materials are covered. This source would not provide
economic information on a rare chemical or one with limited usage.
7.
Evaluation:
Contains historical data from 1957 and projected forecasts through 1990
Largely an economic information source for widely-used materials or
products. Only general, major use data is included.
A-9l
-------
1.
printing Inks. Developments Since 1975.
J. 1. Du ffy .
Noyes Data Corp., Fairfield, N.J.
1979.
Citation:
2.
Patent collection.
Type of Source:
o
General
Specific
2893-printing Inks.
SIC:
8
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Developments since 1975.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This is a good list of recently developed inks and other printing
chemicals. The text is entirely made up of patents. The papers are
arranged according to application and functional areas (e.g., flexo-
graphic inks, binder resins, additives for conventional printing inks,
pigments and dyestuffs, textile printing),
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
There is no index.
Access is from function or application to chemical.
7.
Evaluation:
This book shows recent developments in the printing ink field. Because
it is arranged by use, with no index, individual chemicals are difficult
to search. It is valuable for identifying chemicals and chemical
classes having a given function.
A-92
-------
1.
Citation:
RAPRA Abstracts. 1972 to present.
(Rubber and Plastics Research Association of
Great Britain. Shawbury, Shrewsbury, Shropshire,
England.)
Available from Lockheed.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
o
General
.
Specific
SIC:
282 Plastic Materials and Rubber
Synthetics.
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
8 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
8
Price
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
RAPRA may be searched from chemical name and synonyms with British
spellings, trade name, chemical class, controlled descriptors and
natural language to use and economic information.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
As with other databases, data are not always linked to chemical
searched.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of use and economic information for chemicals
used or produced by the rubber and plastics industries. It has
patent information as well.
A-93
-------
1.
Citation:
A Study of Industrial Data on Candidate
for Testing, 1977.
SRI International.
U.S. Environmental
Chemicals
NTIS PB 274-264.
Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.
2.
Type of Source:
Government report.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
None; final report published.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
.
Price
o
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
.
Production/Sales Quantity
.
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
e
Other:
Imports, exports.
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This report provides economic and use information on 667 organic
chemicals with annual sales volume of 1 million 1bs. or more. For
these chemicals, listed in descending order of production volumes,
information is provided on production volume, data source and
estima'ted environmental release potential. Access to the chemicals
is random.
Data on production volume for 1791 chemicals is provided in a second
section. In this section, the chemicals are arranged in 26 classes
by structure. Tables list chemical name, CAS number, production
volume, price, market value, data source and year. No price or
market value data are provided for chemicals with sales volume
between 1 million and 1000 1bs; under 1000 1bs. production, only
CAS number and name are given.
More detailed economic and use information, including consumption
patterns, major and potential uses, are given for 109 chemicals
with over 1 million pounds annual production. Access to these is
through an alphabetical index. Access to other chemicals is random.
A-94
-------
A Study of Industrial Data on Candidate Chemicals for Testing,
1977 (Continued)
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Accessing the desired chemical poses the greatest difficulty with
using this source. The amount of data available increases with
increasing production volume. Almost no information is provided
for smaller volume chemicals (i.e., under 1,000 lbs./year), but
for high-volume chemicals (for which information is readily available
in many sources), full market profiles are presented. For those
chemicals without production volume listings in USITC'S Synthetic
Organic Chemicals, SRI has estimated figures. These estimates are
valuable for chemicals with little published data.
Only organic chemicals are covered in the report.
The physical format of the report may pose problems. Some
tables are reproductions of computer print-outs and may be
in places.
of the
illegible
7.
Evaluation:
This source is a compilation of existing data
part, available from other sources. There is
not obtainable elsewhere.
that is, for the most
almost no information
This report is most useful for the 109 chemicals having market
forecasts. Also of particular interest are the SRI estimates of
production volumes where no published figures are available.
A-95
-------
1.
Citation:
Surface Coat in s Abstracts (SCA). 1976 to present.
Paint Research Association of Great Britain.
Middlesex, England.)
Available from Lockheed.
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
o
General
Specific
SIC: 285 Paints and Allied Products.
8
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
8 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
8
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
SCA can be searched by chemical name and synonyms, trade name, or
chemical class to use. It is also searchable by activity and through
natural language to chemical.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
No controlled vocabulary.
Some economic abstracts are descriptive rather than informative.
7.
Evaluation:
SCA contains use, statistical and economic information on paints,
varnishes, lacquers, component pigments, printing inks, adhesives,
dyestuffs, fire retardants, resins, solvents and plasticizers.
Patents, a good source of information, are included.
A-96
-------
1.
Citation:
Synthetic Organic Chemicals:
and Sales.
United S~ates International
Washington, D.C.
United States Production
.
Trade Commission.
2.
Type of Source:
Government statistical report.
8 General 0 Specific
Organic chemicals only.
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source: Annual.
year are generally released in the fall of the
preliminary data is available earlier.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
Final figures for the
following year;
4.
o Chemical Use
0 Function
0 Application
8 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
8
Price
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
8
From category of use to individual chemical.
8
This source has no index or other alphabetical arrangement of
chemicals. It is organized into 15 sections, according to use.
Among the categories are Medicinal Chemicals, Surface Active
Agents, and Dyes. Each section contains a narrative summary and
three tables. The first table lists sales and production volumes
and prices for the leading chemicals of the section. The data
is reported by the manufacturers and is published for those
chemicals having three or more producers and a production/sales
volume of 5,000 lbs. or sales value of $5,000 or more (for most
categories). The second table lists all chemicals for which
production/sales data has been reported, along with manufacturer
codes. The third table lists manufacturer names and codes. An
appendix provides company addresses.
Chemicals are listed alphabetically within each section, sometimes
with subdivisions by chemical class. To locate a specific chemical,
it is necessary to choose the appropriate section of the book.
Advantageous initial choices are the sections on Cyclic Intermediates
and Miscellaneous Chemicals. There is no index relating individual
chemicals to sections. Occasionally a chemical may appear in more
than one section.
A-97
-------
Synthetic Organic Chemicals:
United States Production and Sales (Continued)
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Sometimes chemical use can be inferred, based on the section of the book
in which a particular chemical is listed.
There is usually a time lag of nearly a year before final annual statistics
are published; preliminary figures are released earlier but those are for
a limited number of chemicals in all categories.
7.
Evaluation:
This is the official government publication of organic chemical production
and sales statistics. Figures in other sources are often based on this
publication. For those chemicals having production and sales data listed,
this is an excellent information sourceo It is also a reliable source of
manufacturer identification. Although lack of an index makes it difficult
for the inexperienced user to locate information, this should be one of
the first sources consulted.
A-98
-------
1.
Citation:
Toxicology Data Bank, TDB.
(National Library of Medicine.)
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
8
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Quarterly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use 0 Price
8 Function 8 Producers/Processors/Distributors
o Application 8 Production/Sales Quantity
8 Consumption by Use Area 8 Physical/Chemical Properties
8
Other:
Import, Export information,
Synonyms.
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Direct access to hard data on chemical use and chemical
information is obtained by searching chemical name, CAS
Number, molecular formula and/or synonyms. Major uses,
pattern, U.S. production, imports, and exports are data
the TDB system.
econom~c
Registry
consumption
elements in
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Only major uses are included. It does not
Sources are not primary; material is taken
reference sources such as the Merck Index.
cover price or sales volume.
from other secondary
7.
Evaluation:
This is an excellent source of chemical economic information for more
than 2600 chemical substances. Should be among the first on-line
databases searched for such information. It saves the time of looking
at several secondary sources which are covered.
A-99
-------
1.
Citation:
Tulsa. 1965 to present.
(University of Tulsa. Tulsa, Oklahoma.)
Available from SDC.
2.
On-line database.
Type of Source:
o
General
Specific
29 Petroleum.
8
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
8
8
Producers/Processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
TULSA can be searched from chemical name, synonyms, trade name,
chemical class to use and from use to chemical name and chemical
class.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Search product is the citation plus controlled, assigned vocabulary.
It may be necessary to consult original documents to correlate use
to chemical searched.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a worthwhile source of use and economic information for
petrochemicals. It provides worldwide coverage of literature and
patents and includes such subject areas as ecology and pollution
and alternative fuel and energy sources.
This database corresponds to the printed publication, "Petroleum
Abstracts."
A-100
-------
1.
Citation:
u.s. Exports.
CU.S. Department of Commerce.
Available from Lockheed.
Washington, D.C.)
2.
Type of Source:
On-line database.
.
General
o
Specific
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Annual.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o
Chemical Use
.
Price
o
Function
.
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Application
.
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
.
Other:
Exports.
5.
Format/Means of Access:
Access to U.S. Exports is by chemical name, synonyms, chemical class,
trade name or chemical industry to economic data.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Access is restricted to U.S. passwords only.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source of sales and export statistics for
and non-government shippers. However, access is limited
passwords only.
government
to U.S.
A-lOl
-------
1.
Citation:
General 1m orts.
the Census.
Washington, D.C.
2.
Type of Source:
Government statistical report.
.
General
Specific
o
SIC:
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Annua 1.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
o Chemical Use
0 Function
0 Application
0 Consumption by Use Area
. Other: Import volume
Price
o
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
5.
Format/Means of Access:
From individual chemical to economic information. Contains index of
chemicals as direct link to economic information. This source is
arranged by TSUSA classification numbers, which must be obtained from
a separate publication, Tariff Schedules of the United States Annotated.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
Chemicals
Chemicals
th rough a
and Related Products is a major section of the Tariff Schedules.
are arranged randomly within the section and must 'be accessed
separate index.
7.
Evaluation:
This is the official government publication of import statistics, and is
a valuable source of this information.
A-102
-------
1.
Citation:
and Related
Uses and Applications of Chemicals
Materials. 1944.
Vol. II. Thomas C.
Reinhold Publishing
Gregory.
Corp., N. Y .
2.
Type of Source:
Book.
.
General
SIC:
Specific
o
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Out of print.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
.
Chemical Use
o
Price
o
Function
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
.
Application
o
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Consumption by Use Area
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
o
Other
5.
Format/Means of Access:
This book begins with an index
applications with the pages in
chemicals can be found.
of uses, an alphabetical listing of
Volume I or II where the relevant
The second part is an alphabetical listing of chemicals with their
uses.
A third section is a numerical list of U.S. Patents with the volume
and page where the chemical will be found.
The last section is an alphabetical list of patent holders and their
addresses.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
This source is over 35 years old and out of print. No trade names
are used, nor are statistics or formulations presented.
7.
Evaluation:
This is a good source for
chemical to application.
in it should be used with
if possible.
searching from
Because of the
discretion and
applications to chemical or
age of this book, the material
verified in other sources,
A-103
-------
1.
World Textiles. 1970 to present.
(Shirley Institute. Manchester, England.)
Available from Lockheed.
Citation:
2.
On-line database.
Synthetic Fibers 2823
2824
Type of Source:
o
General
8 Specific SIC:
Textile Industry.
Textile Processing
Assistants 2843
3.
Frequency of Update or Age of Source:
Monthly.
4.
Type of Chemical Economic Information:
8 Chemical Use
8 Function
8 Application
8 Consumption by Use Area
o Other
Price
8
o
Producers/Processors/Distributors
8
Production/Sales Quantity
o
Physical/Chemical Properties
s.
Format/Means of Access:
The database may be accessed by chemical name and synonyms, British
spellings, chemical classes, use and natural language. It has a
controlled vocabulary of key terms.
6.
Limitations/Difficulties:
World Textiles provides citations only; it is often necessary to
examine the original document in order to determine relevance.
7.
Evaluation:
This index is a valuable secondary source of use information for
chemicals, especially polymers, used in the textile industry.
It also covers production, consumption and international trade data.
Patents are included.
A-l04
-------
APPENDIX B.
INFORMATION SOURCES INDEXED BY PHYSICAL TYPE
Books
Batteries
Batteries and Energy Systems
Chemical Origins and Markets
Domestic and Industrial Chemical Specialties
Dry Strength Additives
Uses and Applications of Chemicals and Related
Materials
Buyers' Guides, Catalogues and Directories
Adhesives: Guidebook and Directory
Adhesives Redbook
Books In Print
Chemical Materials Catalog
Chem Sources, USA
Chemical Trade Names and Commercial Synonyms
Chemical Week Buyers' Guide Issue
Colour Index
Commercial Names and Sources
OPD Chemical Buyers' Directory
Plasticizers. Guidebook and Directory
Dictionaries
Chemical Dictionary Files On-line
CHEMSIS
CLAIMS/Class
Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary
Dictionary of Commercial Chemicals
Hackh's Chemical Dictionary
Encyclopedias
Encyclopedia of Associations. Vol. 1. National Organizations
of the United States
Encyclopedia of Chemistry
Encyclopedia of Surface-Active Agents
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
The Merck Index
Formularies
Fire Retardants Formulations
Oils, Detergents and Maintenance Specialties (Vol. 2, Formulary)
B-1
-------
APPENDIX B.
INFORMATION SOURCES INDEXED BY PHYSICAL TYPE (Cont.)
6.
Handbooks
Chemical Economics Handbook
Chemical Specialties
Commercial Organic F1occu1ants
E1astomeric Materials
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals
Foams
Handbook of Adhesives
Handbook of Cosmetic Materials
Handbook of Materials and Processes for Electronics
Handbook of Water-Soluble Gums and Resins
Industrial Solvents Handbook
The Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry
Materials Handbook
7.
On-Line Databases
Ii
ABI/Inform
American Statistics Index, ASI
APILIT (American Petroleum Institute refining literature)
APIPAT (American Petroleum Institute refining p;tents)
Biological Abstracts On-Line (includes Biosis, 10sis Previews)
Biosis (see "Biological Abstracts On-Line")
Biosis Previews (see "Biological Abstracts On-Line")
Chemical Abstracts On-Line (includes CA Search, CAS 77)
Chemdex (see "Chemical Dictionary Files On-Line")
Chemical Dictionary Files On-Line (includes Chem1ine, Chemname, Chemsearch)
Chem1ine (see "Chemical Dictionary Files On-Line)
Chemname (see "Chemical Dictionary Files On-Line)
Chemsearch (see "Chemical Dictionary Files On-Line)
Chemical Industry Notes
Chemical Monograph Referral Center (CHEMRIC)
Chemicals in Commerce Information System (CICIS)
CHEMSIS
CLAIMS/Chern
CLAIMS/Chem/Uniterm
CLAIMS/Class
CLAIMS/U.S. Patent Abstracts, CLAIMS/U.S. Patent Abstracts Weekly
CLAIMS/U.S. Patents, 1971-77
Compendex
Conference Papers Index
Economics Abstracts International
Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network (ECDIN)
Food, Science and Technology Abstracts, FSTA
ISMEC (Information Service in Mechanical Engineering)
Metadex (Metals Abstracts/Alloys Index)
B-2
-------
APPENDIX B.
INFORMATION SOURCES INDEXED BY PHYSICAL TYPE (Cont.)
I.
On-Line Databases (Cont.)
NTIS (National Technical Information Service)
Oceanic Abstracts
Organic Chemical Producers' Database (OCPDB)
PiE News (Petroleum/Energy News)
PAPERCHEM
PIRA (Paper, printing, Packaging Industries Research Association)
Pollution Abstracts
Predicasts' Funk and Scott Indexes
Predicasts' International Forecasts
Predicasts' International Time Series
Predicasts' PROMT
Predicasts' U.S. Forecasts
Predicasts' U.S. Time Series
RAPRA Abstracts (Rubber and Plastics Research Association)
Surface Coating Abstracts
Toxicology Data Bank (TDB)
Tulsa
U.S. Exports
World Textiles
8.
Patent Collections
Dry Cell Batteries: Chemistry and Design
Printing Inks. Developments since 1975.
9.
Periodicals
Chemical Profiles.
Chemical Week
Chemical Marketing Reporter
LO.
Reports (Includes Statistical Reports)
Commercially Available Chemical Agents for Paper and Board Manufacturers
Fert Flash
The Fertilizer Index
Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals.
Petroleum Facts and Figures
Plastics Industry Analysis
A Study of Industrial Data on Candidate Chemicals for Testing
Synthetic Organic Chemicals: United States Production and Sales
U.S. Imports for Consumption and General Imports (Report FT 246)
U.S. International Trade Commission
B-3
-------
APPENDIX C.
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL USE (FUNCTION)
ABI Inform
Adhesives: Guidebooks and Directory
Adhesives Redbook
APIPAT (American Petroleum Institute refining ~ents)
Batteries
Batteries and Energy Systems
Biological Abstracts On-line
Chemical Abstracts On-line
Chemical Economics Handbook
Chemical Industry Notes
Chemical Materials Catalog
Chemical Monograph Referral Center (CHEMRIC)
Chemical Profiles, Chemical Marketing Reporter
Chemical Trade Names and Commercial Synonyms
Chemical Week
Chemical Week Buyers' Guide Issue
CLAIMS/Chern
CLAIMS/Chem/Uniterm
CLAIMS/U.S. Patent Abstracts, CLAIMS/U.S. Patent Abstracts Weekly
CLAIMS/U.S. Patents
Colour Index
Commercial Names and Sources
Compendex
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary
Conference Papers Index
Dictionary of Commercial Chemicals
Domestic and Industrial Chemical Specialties
Dry Cell Batteries: Chemistry and Design
Elastomeric Materials
Encyclopedia of Chemistry
Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network (ECDIN)
Foams
Food, Science and Technology Abstracts, FSTA
Handbook of Adhesives
Handbook of Cosmetic Materials
Handbook of Materials and Processes for Electronics
Handbook of Water-Soluble Gums and Resins
Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals. U.S. International Trade Commission
ISMEC (Information Service in Mechanical Engineering)
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
The Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry
Materials Handbook
The Merck Index
Metadex (Metals Abstracts/Alloys Index)
NTIS (National Technical Information Service)
Oceanic Abstracts
C-l
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APPENDIX C.
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL USE (FUNCTION) (Contd.)
Organic Chemical Producers' Database (OCPDB)
PiE News (Petroleum/Energy News)
PAPER CHEM
PIRA (Paper, printing, Packaging Industries Research Association)
Plastics Industry Analysis
Pollution Abstracts
Predicasts' Funk and Scott Indexes
Predicasts' International Forecasts
Predicasts' International Time Series
Predicasts' PROMT
Predicasts' U.S. Forecasts
Predicasts' U.S. Time Series
Printing Inks. Developments since 1975
RAPRA Abstracts (Rubber and Plastics Research Association)
A Study of Industrial Data on Candidate Chemicals for Testing
Surface Coatings Abstracts
Synthetic Organic Chemicals:
Toxicology Data Bank, (TDB)
Tulsa
World Textiles
United States Production and Sales
C-2
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APPENDIX D.
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL USE (APPLICATION)
ABI Inform
Adhesives: Guidebook and Directory
Adhesives Redbook
APIPAT (~erican Petroleum Institute refining ~ents)
Batteries and Energy Systems
Biological Abstracts On-line
Chern Sources, USA
Chemical Abstracts On-line
Chemical Economics Handbook
Chemical Industry Notes
Chemical Specialties
Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names
Chemical Week
CLAIMS/Chern
CLAIMS/Chem/Uniterm
CLAIMS/U.S. Patent Abstracts, CLAIMS/U.So Patent Abstracts Weekly
CLAIMS/U.So Patents
Colour Index
Commercial Organic Flocculants
Commercially Available Chemical Agents for Paper and Board Manufacturers
Compende~
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary
Conference Papers Index
Dictionary of Commercial Chemicals
Domestic and Industrial Chemical Specialties
Dry Strength Additives
Elastomeric Materials
Encyclopedia of Chemistry
Encyclopedia of Surface-Active Agents
Environmental Chemical Data and Information Network (ECDIN)
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals
Fire Retardants Formulations
Foams
Food, Science and Technology Abstracts, FSTA
Hackh's Chemical Dictionary
Handbook of Adhesives
Handbook of Cosmetic Materials
Handbook of Materials and Processes for Electronics
Handbook of Water-Soluble Gums and Resins
ISMEC (Information Service in Mechanical Engineering)
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
The Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry
Materials Handbook
The Merck Index
Metadex (Metals Abstracts/Alloys Index)
NTIS (National Technical Information Service)
Oceanic Abstracts
D-l
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APPENDIX D.
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON CHEMICAL USE (APPLICATION) (Contd.)
Oils, Detergents and Maintenance Specialties (Vol. 2, Formulary)
Organic Chemical Producers' Database (OCPDB)
PiE News (Petroleum/Energy News)
PAPERCHEM
PIRA (Paper, printing, Packaging Industries Research Association)
Plasticizers. Guidebook and Directory
Plastics Industry Analysis
Pollution Abstracts
Predicasts' Funk and Scott Indexes
Predicasts' International Forecasts
Predicasts' International Time Series
Predicasts' PROMT
Predicasts' U.S. Forecasts
Predicasts' U.S. Time Series
RAPRA Abstracts (Rubber and Plastics Research Association)
Surface Coatings Abstracts
Toxicology Data Bank, (TDB)
Tulsa
Uses and Applications of Chemicals and Related Materials
World Te~tiles
D-2
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APPENDIX E.
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON CONSUMPTION BY USE
Chemical Economics Handbook
Chemical Origins and Markets
Chemical Profiles. Chemical Marketing Reporter
Chemical Week
Economics Abstracts International
Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network (ECDIN)
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals
Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals. U.S. International Trade Commission
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
The Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry
The Merck Index
Plastics Industry Analysis
Predicasts' International Forecasts
Predicasts' International Time SerieB
Predicasts' PROMT
Predicasts' U.S. Forecasts
Predicasts' U.S. Time Series
RAPRA Abstracts (Rubber and Plastics Research Association)
A Study of Industrial Data on Candidate Chemicals for Testing
Surface Coatings Abstracts
Toxicology Data Bank, (TDB)
World Textiles
E-l
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APPENDIX F.
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON PRICE
ABI/Inform
American Statistics Index, ASI
APILIT (American Petroleum Institute refining literature)
Chemical-Economic; Handbook-
Chemical Industry Notes
Chemical Origins and Markets
Chemical Profiles. Chemical Marketing Reporter
Chemical Week
Economic Abstracts International
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals
The Fertilizer Index
Food, Science and Technology Abstracts, FSTA
Kirk - Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
The Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry
Organic Chemical Producers' Database (OCPDB)
PiE News (Petroleum/Energy News)
Petroleum Facts and Figures
PIRA (Paper, printing, Packaging Industries Research Association)
Predicasts' Funk and Scott Indexes
Predicasts' International Forecasts
Predicasts' International Time Series
Predicasts' PROMT
Predicasts' U.S. Forecasts
Predicasts' U.S. Time Series
RAPRA Abstracts (Rubber and Plastics Research Association)
A Study of Industrial Data on Candidate Chemicals for Testing
Surface Coatings Abstracts
Synthetic Organic Chemicals:
Tulsa
U.S. Exports
World Textiles
United States Production and Sales
F-l
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APPENDIX G.
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON PRODUCERS
Adhesives Redbook
American Statistics Index, ASI
APILIT (American Petroleum Institute refining literature)
Chern Soui"ces, USA-
Chemical Economics Handbook
Chemical Industry Notes
Chemical Materials Catalog
Chemical Monograph Referral Center (CHEMRIC)
Chemical Profiles. Chemical Marketing Reporter
Chemical Synonyms and Trade Names
Chemical Trade Names and Commercial Synonyms
Chemical Week
Chemical Week Buyers'
Chemicals in Commerce
Colour Index
Commercial Names and Sources
Commercial Organic Flocculants
Commercially Available Chemical Agents for Paper and Board Manufacturers
Dry Strength Additives
Economic Abstracts International
Elastomeric Materials
Encyclopedia of Surface-Active Agents
Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network (ECDIN)
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals
Foams
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
The Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry
OPD Chemical Buyers' Directory
Oils, Detergents and Maintenance Specialties (Vol. 2, Formulary)
Organic Chemical Producers' Database (OCPDB)
PiE News (Petroleum/Energy News)
Petroleum Facts and Figures
PIRA (Paper, printing, Packaging Industries Research Association)
Predicasts' Funk and Scott Indexes
Predicasts' International Forecasts
Predicasts' International Time Series
Predicasts' PROMT
Predicasts' UoS. Forecasts
Predicasts' U.S. Time Series
RAPRA Abstracts (Rubber and Plastics Research Association)
Surface Coatings Abstracts
Synthetic Organic Chemicals:
Toxicology Data Bank, (TDB)
Tulsa
U.S. Exports
Guide Issue
Information System (CICIS)
United States Production and Sales
G-l
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APPENDIX H.
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON PRODUCTION/SALES VOLUME
ABI/Inform
American Statistics Index, ASI
APILIT (American Petroleum Institute refining literature)
Chemical EconomicS-Handbook-
Chemical Industry Notes
Chemical Monograph Referral Center (CHEMRIC)
Chemical Origins and Markets
Chemical Profiles. Chemical Marketing Reporter
Chemical Week
Chemicals in Commerce Information System (CICIS)
Domestic and Industrial Chemical Specialties
Economic Abstracts International
Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network (ECDIN)
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals
Fert Flash
The Fertilizer Index
Handbook of Water-Soluble Gums and Resins
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
The Kline Guide to the Chemical Industry
OPD Chemical Buyers' Directory
Oils, Detergents and Maintenance Specialties (Vol. 2, Formulary)
Organic Chemical Producers' Database (OCPDB)
PiE News (Petroleum/Energy News)
Petroleum Facts and Figures
PIRA (Paper, printing, Packaging Industries Research Association)
Plasticizers. Guidebook and Directory
Plastics Industry Analysis
Predicasts' Funk and Scott Indexes
Predicasts' International Forecasts
Predicasts' International Time Series
Predicasts' PROMT
Predicasts' U.S. Forecasts
Predicasts' U.S. Time Series
RAPRA Abstracts (Rubber and Plastics Research Association)
A Study of Industrial Data on Candidate Chemicals for Testing
Surface Coatings Abstracts
Synthetic Organic Chemicals:
Toxicology Data Bank, (TDB)
Tulsa
U.S. Exports
World Textiles
United States Production and Sales
H-l
-------
APPENDIX I.
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Adhesives: Guidebook and Directory
Chemical Abstracts On-line
Chemical Monograph Referral Center (CHEMRIC)
Chemical Specialties
Chemical Week
Chemical Week Buyers' Guide Issue
Colour Index
Commercial Organic Flocculants
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary
Dictionary of Commercial Chemicals
Elastomeric Materials
Encyclopedia of Chemistry
Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network (ECDIN)
Faith, Keyes and Clark's Industrial Chemicals
Foams
Handbook of Adhesives
Handbook of Cosmetic Materials
Handbook of Materials and Processes for Electronics
Handbook of Water-Soluble Gums and Resins
Industrial Solvents Handbook
ISMEe (Information Service in Mechanical Engineering)
Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology
Materials Handbook
The Merck Index
Organic Chemical Producers' Database (OCPDB)
Plasticizers. Guidebook and Directory
Toxicology Data Bank, (TDB)
I-I
-------
APPENDIX J.
SOURCES CONTAINING INFORMATION ON OTHER SUBJECTS
A.
Synonyms, Trade Names
Chemical
Chemical
Chemical
CHEMSIS
Commercially Available Chemical Agents for Paper and Board Manufacturers
The Condensed Chemical Dictionary
Environmental Chemicals Data and Information Network (ECDIN)
Handbook of Water-Soluble Gums and Resins
Organic Chemical Producers' Database (OCPDB)
Toxicology Data Bank, (TDB)
Dictionary Files On-line
Synonyms and Trade Names
Trade Names and Commercial Synonyms
B.
Formulations
Handbook of Adhesives
Handbook of Water-Soluble Gums and Resins
Oils, Detergents and Maintenance Specialties
(Vol. 2, Formulary)
C.
Import or Export Data
Imports of Benzenoid Chemicals.
PiE News (Petroleum/Energy News)
A Study of Industrial Data on Candidate Chemicals for Testing
Toxicology Data Bank, (TDB)
U.S. Imports for Consumption and General Imports (Report FT246)
U.S. Exports
U.S. International Trade Commission
J-l
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~a21Z -, 01
REPORT DOCUMENTATION J.L_REPORT NO.
PAGE I EPA 560/2-80-001
12-
I
- ---l3. ReelPlent's AccHSJon No.
II 5. RepOrt Oate
December 1980
16-
j-
I &. P"rlom'l,ne O"lan,zation R"Pt. NO.
.. rrt" and Subtitle
Handbook for Obtaining Chemical Use and Related
Economic Information
7. Author(s)
Marcus Sittenfield
9. ~orminc O..anization Name and Address
10. ProjectlTukfWori< Unit No.
Romar Consultants Inc., Technical Information Division
1405 Locust St., Suite 1915
Philadeiphia, PA. 19102
11. Cont~c:t(C) 0' Grant(G) No.
(C) 6 8 - 0 1- 5 9 26
(G)
12. Spomonnc OrpniZatlon Na.... and Add....
Office of ~oxic Substances
u.S. Environmental Protection
Washington, D.C. 20460
Agency
13. Type of Report & Pe,iod Cove..d
Final Report
9/79 -- 12/80
14.
15. Supplementary Not..
The handbook describes methods of finding chemical use and economic inform-
--------- -..-.
.16. Abstract (Umit 200 WMds)
The handbook describes methods of finding chemical use and economic inform-
ation in reference, on-line, and industry sources, and evaluates many current
sources which contain information such as physical/chemical properties,
chemical functions and applications, and production/consumption quantities.
Sections 1-3 describe steps that can be followed to learn basic information
about the uses of a chemical and the economics of those uses, either by
chemical or by use. Appendix A evaluates over 100 sources in a standard
format that displays the type of information in the source, the means of
access to the information, organ~zation of the information, and limitations
or diff~culties in utilizing the sources. Appendices B- provide lists of
sources for different kinds of information and lists of different kinds of
sources.
.
.
17. Document Analysis a. Descriptors
Chemicals
Information
Sources
Specifications
Chemical Industry
Industrial production
b. Identlfiers/Ogen.Ended Terms
.. COSATl Fi~'d/G",uo
1L ""ailaoility Statement
99, 88E, 96A
119. Security Class (This RepOrt)
i 20. Security Clus (This Pace>
121. /110. of PaC"
i 22. Price
,
Is.. ANSI-Z39.18)
See Inatruct'0It8 on R...eraa
OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-771
(Form"rly NTI5-35)
D
-------
United States
Environmental ProtectIon
Agency
Official Business
Penalty for Private Use
$300
Washington DC 20460
Special Fourth-Class Rate
Book
Postage and Fees Paid
EPA
Permit No. G-35
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