United States                 Office of                     Publication 9200.5-008L
   Environmental Protection        Solid Waste and               November 1990
   Agency                      Emergency Response

  SuDerfund:    Future  Strategy

  and  Directions
When Superfund was established in 1980, EPA and Congress believed that only a few hundred sites
nationwide would require cleanup. Congress directed EPA to clean up acute threats that posed
imrnediate risks to human healdi and the en virontnent Congjiess also directed the Agency to evaluate
additional hazardous waste sites as they were discovered and Jo place the most dangerous sites on a
National Priorities List (NPL).

A Big Job

When Superfund was reauthorized six years later, it was apparent that the problem of uncontrolled haz-
ardous waste sites was larger than anyone had believed originally. More than 28,000 sites i^ad been
scheduled for preliminary review; more than 900 sites had been placed on the NPL; anymore than
800 emergency actions had been taken.

The program's progress increased dramatically wilhthepassageof the Superfund Amendments and
                                                                         But it
was clear that the growing size of the hazardous waste problem r— and EPA's growing understanding
of fte complexity of site cleanups — called for a new strategy.

A New Strategy

In June 1989, EPA Administrator William Reply's Superfund Management Review, also known as the
90-Day Study, articulated a new strategy "for the Superfund program. The strategy emphasizes:

  •  Increased use of EPA's enforcement powers to force potentially responsible parties to clean up
     .problems they create; and

  •  A revitalization of the Agency's approach to pay for site cleanups out of the Superfund Trust
     Fund.

Simply stated, the new strategy emphasizes addressing the worst problems at the worst sites first, in
accordance with the Agency's goal of overall risk reduction. Employing this new strategy, EPA will:

  •  Use enforcement first to compel private party response,

  •  Make sites safe from acute threats,

  •  Make sites dean over me long term, and

  •  Bring new technology to bear on the problem of hazardous waste contamination.

The new strategy also calls for EPA to improve program efficiency, encourage public involvement in
program decisions, and communicate program success more clearly.

Superfund is making solid progress in implementing the strategy, and for the first time in the program's
history the cost of projects in the construction pipeline exceeds the available funding.

Cleanup of sites already on the NPL is expected to cost an additional $19 billion beyond the $7.5
billion already obligated. And the NPL is expected to grow from approximately 1 ,200 sites to more
than 2,000 sites by the end of the century.

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